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[ "Our Day Will Come. \"Our Day Will Come\" is a popular song composed by Mort Garson with lyrics by Bob Hilliard. It was recorded by American R&B group Ruby & the Romantics in 1963, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100.", "Our Day Will Come. Frankie Valli recorded and released \"Our Day Will Come\" in 1975. His rendition features Patti Austin on accompanying vocals.", "Our Day Will Come. The song's composers were hoping to place \"Our Day Will Come\" with an established easy listening act and only agreed to let the new R&B group Ruby & the Romantics record the song after Kapp Records' A&R director Al Stanton promised that if the Ruby & the Romantics' single failed Kapp would record the song with Jack Jones. Stanton cut two versions of \"Our Day Will Come\" with Ruby & the Romantics, one with a mid-tempo arrangement and the other in a bossa nova style; the latter version, featuring a classic Hammond organ solo, was selected for release as a single in December 1962 and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1963. \"Our Day Will Come\" also charted at number 11 in Australia and at number 38 the United Kingdom.[1] The personnel on the original recording were: Leroy Glover on organ; Vinnie Bell, Al Gorgoni and Kenny Burrell on guitars; Russ Savakus on bass; Gary Chester on drums; and George Devens on percussion.", "Our Day Will Come. Recorded for her 2003 debut album Frank, the Amy Winehouse remake of \"Our Day Will Come\" was first issued on the singer's posthumous compilation album Lioness: Hidden Treasures. The song was released to UK contemporary hit radio on November 2, 2011, as the album's second single,[15] Winehouse's first solo single release since \"Love Is a Losing Game\" in 2007 (a duet with Tony Bennett on \"Body and Soul\" had been issued as a single on September 14, 2011—which would have been her 28th birthday).", "Our Day Will Come. That said, the thinking behind the decision to release Winehouse's rendition of Ruby and the Romantics' 1963 hit 'Our Day Will Come' quickly becomes apparent. Over a smoky melody and reggae-tinged beat she promises wistfully, \"Our day will come, and we'll have everything,\" before professing her everlasting love for her beau. The result serves as a timely reminder that beneath the demons that plagued her final years, her raw talent was undeniable.[16]", "Our Day Will Come. Producer Salaam Remi who had worked with Winehouse on her albums Frank and Back to Black, as well as on the posthumous compilation, stated that \"Our Day Will Come\" will serve as a poignant reminder of the star's talent. The music video for \"Our Day Will Come\": a montage of Winehouse throughout her career with clips from music videos, live performances and press coverage, was sent to UK music channels on 21 November 2011. Following the release of the music video, Winehouse's father tweeted: \"I just almost watched Amy's 'Our Day Will Come' video. She is so lovely.\" Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song four stars out of five and a positive review, stating:", "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song). The song was first recorded by Trinidadian singer Edric Connor and his band \"Edric Connor and the Caribbeans\" on the 1952 album Songs From Jamaica; the song was called \"Day Dah Light\".[1] Belafonte based his version on Connor's 1952 and Louise Bennett's 1954 recordings.[2][3]", "Hello Stranger. McLaughlin flew to New York City to pitch \"Hello Stranger\" to Atlantic Records, who had picked up Lewis' previous two singles for national release. Atlantic optioned \"Hello Stranger\" but then had second thoughts on the viability of releasing such an unusual track. The ascendancy of \"Our Day Will Come\" by Ruby & the Romantics to the top of the Pop and R&B charts in March 1963 motivated Atlantic to release \"Hello Stranger\" that month;[2] entering the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1963, the track took another month to reach the Top 40. Impelled by its #1 status in St. Louis, MO, it entered the Billboard Top Ten that June for a five-week stay.", "What a Diff'rence a Day Made. The English lyrics were written by Stanley Adams, and was played by Harry Roy & his Orchestra. It was published in late 1934. The most successful early recording, in 1934, was by the Dorsey Brothers, although it was first recorded in English by Cleveland crooner Jimmie Ague.[3]", "A New Day Has Come (song). \"A New Day Has Come\" is a song recorded by Canadian recording artist Celine Dion for her sixth English-language album of the same name (2002). The song was written by Aldo Nova and Stephan Moccio and produced by Walter Afanasieff and Nova. It was released as the album's lead single on 11 March 2002. \"A New Day Has Come\" is a piano-driven ballad in 6\n8 time. However, the midtempo radio remix, co-produced by Christian B & Marc Dold of (S.A.F.) along with Ric Wake converted the song into 4\n4 time and was released as the lead single. Both versions are included on the album.", "We Shall Overcome. The suit acknowledged that Seeger himself had not claimed to be an author of the song, stating of the song in his autobiography, \"No one is certain who changed 'will' to 'shall.' It could have been me with my Harvard education. But Septima Clarke, a Charleston schoolteacher (who was director of education at Highlander and after the Civil Rights Movement was elected year after year to the Charleston, S.C. Board of Education) always preferred 'shall.' It sings better.\" He also reaffirmed that the decision to copyright the song was a defensive measure, with his publisher apparently warning him that \"if you don't copyright this now, some Hollywood types will have a version out next year like 'Come on Baby, We shall overcome tonight'\". Furthermore, the liner notes of Seeger's compilation album If I Had a Hammer: Songs of Hope & Struggle contained a summary on the purported history of the song, stating that \"We Shall Overcome\" was \"probably adapted from the 19th-century hymn, 'I'll Be All Right'\", and that \"I'll Overcome Some Day\" was a \"possible source\" and may have originally been adapted from \"I'll Be All Right\".[42]", "Gorillaz. The band's first release was the EP Tomorrow Comes Today, released in 2000. The band's first single was \"Clint Eastwood\" and was released on 5 March 2001, reaching No. 4 in the UK.[19] It was produced by hip hop producer Dan the Automator and originally featured UK rap group Phi Life Cypher, but the version that appears on the album features American rapper Del the Funky Homosapien,[20] known on the album as Del tha' Ghost Rapper, a spirit in the band's drummer Russel Hobbs.[21] The Phi Life Cypher version of \"Clint Eastwood\" appears on the B-side album G Sides. Later that same month, their first full-length album, the self-titled Gorillaz, was released, producing four singles: \"Clint Eastwood\", \"19-2000\", \"Tomorrow Comes Today\", and \"Rock the House\". In June 2001, \"19–2000\" charted at No. 6 in the UK, and a remix of the song was used as the title theme for EA Sports FIFA video game FIFA Football 2002.[19]", "Perfect Day (Lou Reed song). The cover was parodied on a 1997 special Harry Enfield and Chums, as well as by Matt Lucas and David Walliams.", "Our Day Will Come. Valli's version reached #11 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and on the Adult Contemporary chart it spent two weeks at number two. Internationally, it also reached the Top 40 in Canada (#30) and the UK (#11), doing best in Ireland, where it reached number three.", "Come Tomorrow (album). All songs written by David J. Matthews except where noted. [18]", "The Day Before You Came. \"The Day Before You Came\" is a song recorded and released by Swedish pop group ABBA, their second longest (after \"Eagle\") at almost 6:00 in length. It was originally released in 1982 as both a single, and a track on the compilation album The Singles: The First Ten Years. Although it was the final ABBA recording until 2018; almost 35 years later, it was not the last song to be released as their final single was \"Under Attack\", which also featured on the singles compilation album.", "It's Been a Long, Long Time. Other artists who have recorded it include Doris Day (on her 1965 \"Sentimental Journey\" album), Guy Mitchell,[10] Sammy Cahn, Shelley Fabares for her album Shelley!, Helen Forrest (with Harry James), Sammy Kaye, The Ink Spots, Tina Louise, Jimmy Roselli, Brook Benton, Rosemary Clooney, Chet Atkins (with Les Paul on their album Chester and Lester), Al Hirt released a version on his 1965 album, They're Playing Our Song,[11] and Star Trek: The Next Generation's Brent Spiner on his 1991 album, Ol' Yellow Eyes Is Back.", "The Four Seasons (band). In 1975, record sales exploded for both Valli and the Four Seasons as both acts had million-selling singles in the United States (\"My Eyes Adored You\" hit #1 on the Hot 100 for Valli in March, \"Who Loves You\" peaked at #3 in November for the band). In the United Kingdom, Tamla Motown released \"The Night\" as a single and saw it reach the #7 position on the UK Singles Chart. \"My Eyes Adored You\" was also a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom, in February of that year. Valli had his first truly solo hit in the summer of 1975 when the Bob Crewe-produced \"Swearin' to God\" followed \"My Eyes Adored You\" into the upper reaches of the Hot 100, peaking at the #6 position and capitalizing on the growing disco craze. The song was released in three forms: the eight-minute album version, the ten-minute extended 12-inch single version, and the four-minute single version. This record featured Patti Austin on bridge vocals, before she became well-known. Valli followed this with a discofied #11 hit version of Ruby & the Romantics' \"Our Day Will Come\", also featuring Austin.", "A Beautiful Morning. \"A Beautiful Morning\" is a song written by Felix Cavaliere and Eddie Brigati and recorded by the Rascals. Coming out in early 1968, it was the group's first single released under that name rather than the Young Rascals. The song continued the theme of carefree optimism that had distinguished the previous year's \"Groovin'\". The song was a big hit in the United States, reaching number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and also reaching number 36 on the Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart.[1] It was RIAA-certified as a Million Seller on June 28, 1968. The first album on which the song appeared was Time Peace: The Rascals' Greatest Hits.", "Doris Day. While working with Brown, Day scored her first hit recording, \"Sentimental Journey\", released in early 1945. It soon became an anthem of the desire of World War II demobilizing troops to return home.[24][25] This song is still associated with Day, and she rerecorded it on several occasions, including a version in her 1971 television special.[26] During 1945–46, Day (as vocalist with the Les Brown Band) had six other top ten hits on the Billboard chart: \"My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time\", \"'Tain't Me\", \"Till The End of Time\", \"You Won't Be Satisfied (Until You Break My Heart)\", \"The Whole World is Singing My Song\", and \"I Got the Sun in the Mornin'\".[27] In the 1950s she became the most popular and one of the highest paid singers in America.[28]", "Your Time Is Gonna Come. \"Your Time Is Gonna Come\" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin, released on their 1969 debut album Led Zeppelin. The lyrics concern an unfaithful girl who will pay the price for her deceitful ways.", "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song). Also in 1956, folk singer Bob Gibson, who had travelled to Jamaica and heard the song, taught his version to the folk band The Tarriers. They recorded a version of that song that incorporated the chorus of \"Hill and Gully Rider\", another Jamaican folk song. This release became their biggest hit, reaching number four on the pop charts, where it outperformed Belafonte's version. The Tarriers' version was recorded by Shirley Bassey in 1957 and it became a hit in the United Kingdom.[5] The Tarriers, or some subset of the three members of the group (Erik Darling, Bob Carey and Alan Arkin, later better known as an actor) are sometimes credited as the writers of the song; their version combined elements of another song and was thus newly created.", "A Brand New Day (The Wiz song). \"A Brand New Day\", also known as \"Everybody Rejoice\", is a song from the 1975 Broadway musical The Wiz written by American R&B singer and songwriter Luther Vandross. (In 1976 Vandross recorded a version of the song for his album Luther, on Cotillion Records.) In the play, the song is sung to celebrate because Dorothy has killed Evilene, the tyrannical Wicked Witch of the West. Dorothy, the Tin Man, the Cowardly Lion, and the Scarecrow sing the song with the newly freed Winkies, who were ruled and enslaved by Evilene. It was later featured in the 1978 film version, sung by cast members Diana Ross, Michael Jackson, Nipsey Russell, and Ted Ross (credited as The Wiz Stars). Given the all-Black cast of The Wiz, the song's many references to freedom and new possibilities (especially as sung by African American characters who had just been freed from enslavement) certainly invoked the struggles and history of Blacks in America. In the onscreen version of the song, Nipsey Russell can even be heard exclaiming \"Free at last!\"—a reference to civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. (His impromptu addition to the song is not heard on the soundtrack album version, instead replaced by sung vocals by Diana Ross.)", "Diana Ross. The group appeared as a trio of singing nuns in a 1968 episode of the popular NBC TV series Tarzan. Between their early 1968 single \"Forever Came Today\" and their final single with Ross, \"Someday We'll Be Together\", Ross would be the only Supremes member to be featured on many of their recordings, often accompanied by session singers the Andantes or, as in the case of \"Someday, We'll Be Together\", Julia and Maxine Waters and Johnny Bristol.[11] Gordy, drove Ross diligently throughout this period and Ross, due to anxiety arising from Gordy's demands of her, began suffering from anorexia nervosa, according to her autobiography, Secrets of a Sparrow. During a 1967 performance in Boston, Massachusetts, Ross collapsed onstage, and had to be hospitalized for exhaustion.", "Time Has Come Today. The song has appeared in many films. Director Hal Ashby used all 11:06 as the backdrop to the climactic scene when Captain Robert Hyde (Bruce Dern) \"comes home\" to an unfaithful wife (Jane Fonda) in the 1978 Academy Award winning film Coming Home.", "Jane Morgan. In 1958 Kapp released The Day the Rains Came (a French song by Gilbert Becaud called \"Le jour où la pluie viendra\") with Morgan singing in English on one side and in French on the other. It reached number one in the UK Singles Chart in early 1959.[11] This led to her first television special, Spectacular: the Jane Morgan Hour in early 1959, the same year she married her first husband, Larry Stith. She was featured on the November 10, 1959 jazz special, Timex-All-Star Jazz III.[12]", "Glenn Miller. In the early-to-mid-1930s, Miller also worked as a trombonist, arranger, and composer in The Dorsey Brothers, first when they were a Brunswick studio group (under their own name and providing accompaniment for many of The Boswell Sisters sessions), and finally when they formed an ill-fated co-led touring and recording orchestra.[22] Miller composed the songs \"Annie's Cousin Fanny\",[23][24]<[25] \"Dese Dem Dose\",[22][25] \"Harlem Chapel Chimes\", and \"Tomorrow's Another Day\" for the Dorsey Brothers Band in 1934 and 1935. In 1935, he assembled an American orchestra for British bandleader Ray Noble,[22] developing the arrangement of lead clarinet over four saxophones that eventually became the sonic keynote of his own big band. Members of the Noble band included future bandleaders Claude Thornhill, Bud Freeman and Charlie Spivak. Glenn Miller made his first movie appearance in the 1935 Paramount Pictures release The Big Broadcast of 1936 as a member of the Ray Noble Orchestra performing \"Why Stars Come Out at Night\".[26] The Big Broadcast of 1936 starred Bing Crosby, George Burns, Gracie Allen, Ethel Merman, Jack Oakie, and Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson. The film also featured other performances by Dorothy Dandridge and the Nicholas Brothers, who would appear with Miller again in two movies for Twentieth Century Fox in 1941 and 1942.", "Blue Mink. The members continued with their session work despite the success of the band.[1] In March 1970, Cook, Bell, Parker and Morgan appeared on Elton John's eponymous first solo album; Elton John covered \"Good Morning Freedom\" (written by Albert Hammond) anonymously on the Deacon Records budget compilation album Pick of the Pops.[1] In April, Cook and Greenaway played briefly in Currant Kraze, and together they continued to write songs such as \"You've Got Your Troubles\", \"I've Got You on My Mind\" and \"I'd Like To Teach the World To Sing\".[1] Other side projects included: involvement with Parker's band The Congregation; Herbie Flowers' contributions to Lou Reed's Transformer album;[1] and the involvement of Flowers, Morgan and Parker in sessions with Pete Atkin in March 1971, that later appeared on his Driving Through Mythical America album.", "Doris Day. In 1953, Day appeared as the title character in the comedic western-themed musical, Calamity Jane.[35] A song from the film, \"Secret Love\", won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Day's fourth No. 1 hit single in the U.S.[36]", "Rich Mullins. Mullins formed his first band in 1976–77 while attending Cincinnati Bible College.[17] His musical career formally began with Zion Ministries in the late 1970s, where he wrote music and performed with a band called Zion.[17] The band released one album in 1981, Behold the Man.[17] While working for this ministry, Mullins wrote a song called \"Sing Your Praise to the Lord\", which was recorded by singer Amy Grant in 1982 and became an immediate hit on Christian radio.[17] In 1983 Debby Boone recorded Mullins' \"O Come All Ye Faithful\" (first presented on January 19, 1977 during a concert: \"In Worship of the Coming King\"), for her Surrender album. In 1984, the song was also featured in a TV movie called Sins of the Past.[17]", "Green Day. In September 2006, Green Day collaborated with U2 and producer Rick Rubin to record a cover of the song \"The Saints Are Coming\", originally recorded by The Skids, with an accompanying video. The song was recorded to benefit Music Rising, an organization to help raise money for musicians' instruments lost during Hurricane Katrina, and to bring awareness on the eve of the one-year anniversary of the disaster.[118] In December 2006, Green Day and NRDC opened a web site in partnership to raise awareness on America's dependency on oil.[119][120]", "It's a Great Day to Be Alive. It was subsequently covered by Pat Green and Cory Morrow on their March 2001 album Songs We Wish We'd Written." ]

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[ "To Bring You My Love. To Bring You My Love is considered to be PJ Harvey's breakthrough. It garnered massive critical acclaim worldwide and became her best-selling album. The single \"Down by the Water\" received extensive airplay on radio and on MTV. The album was placed on Rolling Stone magazine's original list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.", "The Boatman's Call. Musically, the album's tone is considered sombre and minimalist and marks a major departure for Cave and The Bad Seeds. Moving away from full-band arrangements and character-based narratives, the album's music and lyrics move towards the more intimate sound of Cave's solo voice accompanied by piano or a few other instruments. The tempo is also generally slow, reflecting many of the moods of the songs. Many of the lyrics seem to reflect on Cave's personal relationships and spiritual yearnings at the time of writing. Some songs are thought to be directed at either the mother of Cave's oldest son Luke, Viviane Carneiro (in \"Where Do We Go Now But Nowhere?\") or singer PJ Harvey, with whom he had a brief relationship around that time (as referenced in \"West Country Girl\", \"Black Hair\" and \"Green Eyes\"). Green Eyes includes a line from “Sonnet 18”, by Louise Labé (Kiss me, rekiss me, & kiss me again).", "To Bring You My Love. As her second full-length release on a major label, To Bring You My Love received a heavy promotional push from Island Records. Extensive MTV rotation and college radio airplay for the first single \"Down by the Water\" — with its eccentric, eye-catching Maria Mochnacz-directed music video of Harvey drowning in an emerald pond while wearing an extravagant wig, heavy make-up and a slinky red satin evening gown — gave Harvey her biggest radio hit to date, reaching #2 on Billboard's Modern Rock chart.[20] The album itself debuted at #40 on the Billboard 200[21] and #12 in the UK,[22] and went on to sell roughly one million copies. [23] The moderate commercial breakthrough of To Bring You My Love had nothing to do with any scaling-down of her trademark lyrical intensity: the infanticide fable \"Down by the Water\" — whose whispered coda of \"Little fish big fish swimming in the water/Come back here, man, gimme my daughter\" references the old Lead Belly blues standard \"Salty Dog\" — ostensibly deals with a mother drowning her child.[24]", "The Words That Maketh Murder. The song was written after the release of PJ Harvey's seventh studio album, White Chalk, in 2007. The lyrics to the song were written prior to the music, as Harvey used this technique with all the songs written for the album, citing it as \"the starting point\" and explaining that it is \"the root level\" of her style of song-writing.[1] Recorded during the sessions for Let England Shake, the song was recorded over a five-week period in April and May 2010[2] with long-time collaborators John Parish and Mick Harvey, and, like other songs on the album, was recorded live so that Parish and Harvey could \"bring their feelings into it.\"[3]", "The Water Is Wide (song). PJ Harvey recorded this song in 2014 for the second season of BBC Two's \"Peaky Blinders\".[15]", "Down by the Bay. The song lyrics are usually as follows:", "Down by the River (Milky Chance song). The meaning behind the song, as explained by Clemens in a track by track commentary,[1] is literally about a river; the Fulda, to be exact. The song was written based on a \"Experiences I (Clemens) had down by the river.\" He does not like to explain the story behind it because when he's writing a song, he prefers to \"draw a picture\" of it, so that everybody can make their own story for it.", "To Bring You My Love. PJ Harvey took a break from the spotlight in 1994. After releasing two studio albums (Dry and Rid of Me) and a compilation (4-Track Demos) in less than two years, she kept a low profile for most of the year. Harvey made only one public appearance in 1994, performing The Rolling Stones' \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" with Björk at the annual BRIT Awards.", "The Words That Maketh Murder. Critical reception of the song, as well as the album, was positive. Rolling Stone described the song as \"fairly peppy for a PJ Harvey song about murder\" and rated it three stars out of five.[10] In Pitchfork Media's review of Let England Shake, Scott Plagenhoef stated that \"Harvey blackly and comically shakes her head at those post-WWI diplomatic hopes\" and described it as \"a hilariously depressing coda; her song's character has experienced the unimaginable and is looking to an international peacekeeping body for help.\"[11] Plagenhoef also cited it as the album's key song, alongside \"Written on the Forehead.\" The Guardian described the song as \"a masterstroke\" and stated \"Harvey clearly understands that the horror doesn't really need embellishing: her way sounds infinitely more shocking and affecting than all the machine-gun sound effects in the world.\"[12] Patti Smith, to whom Harvey has been compared in the past by critics, hailed the single. Speaking to The Guardian in January 2011, Smith said: \"It just makes me happy to exist. Whenever anyone does something of worth, including myself, it just makes me happy to be alive. So I listened to that song all morning, totally happy.\"[13]", "Battle of Chunuk Bair. Musician PJ Harvey sings about the aftermath of this battle in the song \"On Battleship Hill\" from her 2011 album Let England Shake.", "Down by the Bay. Down by the bay,\nWhere the watermelons grow,\nBack to my home,\nI dare not go,\nFor if I do,\nMy mother will say:", "Rock Me on the Water. Browne addressed the gospel and religious issues in the song, saying that \"it's not about religion, it's about society.\" The song is meant to employ gospel language, but, he said, he turns \"it around 180 degrees... If you heard even three seconds of it, you would say, 'well, that's gospel,' but you have to have an idea in a gospel song, and if it's not going to be Jesus, then it must at least be salvation. If I say 'when my life is over, I'm going to stand before the father, but the sisters of the sun are going to rock me on the water now' is like a way of, lovingly, and in a friendly way, refuting the traditional and conventional messages of redemption having to do with the straight and narrow... I staked a lot on that song, because it was a combining of that social awareness and paying attention to what's going on around, with the inner search for spiritual meaning.\"[7]", "Down by the Water. Down by the Water may refer to:", "Wade in the Water. The song relates to both the Old and New Testaments. The verses reflect the Israelites' escape out of Egypt as found in Exodus 14.[2] The chorus refers to healing: see John 5:4, \"For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had.\"", "To Bring You My Love. To Bring You My Love is the third studio album by English alternative rock musician PJ Harvey. It was released by Island Records in February 1995. Recorded after the break-up of the PJ Harvey trio it stands as her first proper solo album. The songs on the album are heavily influenced by American blues music.", "Sheela-Na-Gig (song). \"Sheela-Na-Gig\" is a song by English alternative rock singer-songwriter PJ Harvey, written solely by Harvey. The song was released as the second single from her debut studio album, Dry, in February 1992.[1] The single was the second, and final, single from Dry and only single from the album to enter the charts in both the United Kingdom and United States. An accompanying music video, directed by Maria Mochnacz, was released alongside the single.", "Down by the Bay. Usually the insertion lyrics follow some kind of variation of the question \"Did you ever see a _____, _____ing a _____?\", with rhyming words. For example:", "Bridge over Troubled Water (song). \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" was composed by Paul Simon very quickly, so much so that he asked himself, \"Where did that come from? It doesn't seem like me.\" [7] The chorus lyrics were partly inspired by Claude Jeter's line \"I'll be your bridge over deep water if you trust in me,\" which Jeter sang with his group, the Swan Silvertones, in the 1958 song \"Mary Don't You Weep.\"[8] According to gospel producer and historian Anthony Heilbut, Simon later acknowledged his musical debt to Jeter in person, and additionally handed Jeter a check as compensation.[9] Simon wrote the song initially on guitar but decided to transpose it to the piano, to both better reflect the gospel influence and to suit Garfunkel's voice.[3]", "To Bring You My Love. All tracks written by PJ Harvey.", "Slippery When Wet. Much of the album was written by Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora, whereas \"You Give Love a Bad Name,\" \"Livin' on a Prayer,\" \"Without Love\" and \"I'd Die For You\" were co-written with Desmond Child, and \"Wild in the Streets\" was by Bon Jovi alone. This was the first time Child worked with Jon and Richie. He came to New Jersey, where they worked on the four songs in Sambora's mother's basement.", "I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair. \"I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair\" was adapted for a commercial jingle for Clairol hair coloring in the 1970s. PJ Harvey referenced the song in her 1992 single \"Sheela-Na-Gig\" with the repeated lyric \"gonna wash that man right outa my hair\".[3] 50 Foot Wave's song \"Bone China\" also references this song in the lyric, \"Gonna wash that man right out of my head / and soap him into my eyes\".", "When the Whip Comes Down. Quite unusual, even for the late 1970s, the lyrics deal openly with the perspective of a gay man:", "To Bring You My Love. The subject matter and tone of the songs on To Bring You My Love differ somewhat from what Harvey had presented on her earlier albums. The songs on Rid of Me (1993), for example, are more aggressive in their depictions of relationships. They focus more on revenge (\"Rid of Me\", \"Rub Til It Bleeds\"), or act as an attack on traditional masculinity[6] (\"Man-Size\", \"50ft. Queenie\", \"Me-Jane\"). Although these songs do directly consider longing and loss, many of the songs on To Bring You My Love focus particularly on these topics, specifically considering the loss of, or longing for, a departed lover. The title track presents a narrator who not only desires love but is willing to sacrifice everything to get it. \"I’ve lain with the devil,\" Harvey sings, \"Cursed God above/Forsaken Heaven/To bring you my love.\"", "Bridge over Troubled Water. In the summer of 1969, Simon, his wife Peggy and Garfunkel rented a house on Blue Jay Way in Los Angeles, as Garfunkel did not want to withdraw from Catch-22, which was being filmed on the West Coast. In this session, the duo experimented on a new song with numerous objects to create unusual sounds, such as a falling bundle of drum sticks. Garfunkel had a cassette recorder with a reverberation effect, so that each sound received an echo. When finished, Simon gave the tape to Halee, who then worked on the song, condensing sounds and copying them. The song features Simon as percussionist on the xylophone, an instrument he had never played before, and as acoustic guitarist. He began with a random line, \"You're breaking my heart. I'm down on my knees,\" and when finished it was what later became \"Cecilia\". The drummer was again Blaine,[30][31] and Simon's brother Eddie played on guitar.[22] The song is about an unfaithful girl who invites another lover to her bed, while the singer (the first) is in the bathroom. David Browne suggested that the name may be derived from the patron of music, Saint Cecilia.[32] It has an unusually fast tempo compared to their prior songs.[30]", "I Am Not a Human Being II. In a positive review, David Jeffries of AllMusic said that the album is an \"indulgent jumble of a sideline release, but that doesn't mean Wayne isn't in fine form\", and observed \"stunning talent, true wit, and a John Holmes level of cocksure\" from him.[52] USA Today's Steve Jones found it \"solid\" and \"often entertaining in the crass, lewd and rude way that's uniquely Wayne.\"[65] MSN Music's Robert Christgau called it \"progress\" than most of the songs \"deploy the P-word\" sexually rather than pejoratively and felt that it suggests that, \"unlike most rappers and related pop lifeforms who brag about sex, Weezy really seems to savor it ... A loose-lipped ship-sinker is what he was meant to be.\"[57]", "Sheela-Na-Gig (song). All songs written by PJ Harvey unless otherwise noted.", "Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough. The lyrics refer to a past relationship between two people as narrated by the two singers, and their efforts to move on with their respective lives and make sense of the aftermath: There's a reason why people don't stay where they are / Baby sometimes love just ain't enough. In the final chorus, there is a slight lyrical change to this line (\"stay where they are\" becomes \"stay who they are\"). Also, the line It's sad when you know it's your heart you can't trust is changed to It's sad when you know it's your heart they can't touch.", "The Words That Maketh Murder. \"The Words That Maketh Murder\" is a song by English musician PJ Harvey. It is the fourth track and lead single from her eighth studio album, Let England Shake, and was released on 6 February 2011 on Island Records. Dealing with diplomacy, the ongoing conflicts in Afghanistan and world wars, \"The Words That Maketh Murder\" was produced by Flood, John Parish, Mick Harvey and PJ Harvey. It was Harvey's first single since 2008's \"The Devil\" and uses similar dynamics of song-writing to its predecessor, including folk influence and instrumentation.", "Through the Rain. I've always tried to insert positivity into my songs wherever I can, to inspire other people who go through stuff. I mean the stuff they talked about in tabloids and the things that were so overly exaggerated, that's one aspect. I also went through a lot of personal stuff, a lot of family stuff this year. Losing a parent is an intense thing for anybody. It's brought me to another place. People are going to read into it as, 'This is Mariah and her struggle'. But the way I try to word it is, 'It's OK once you say I can make it through the rain.' Not just me going, 'I can make it through the rain,' it's me telling people that if you believe you can get through whatever you're going through, you can get to the other side.[22]", "More Than You'll Ever Know. The song is a ballad, that paints the picture of a man coming to terms with his own emotions and struggling to convey the depth of his feelings to the woman in his life.", "Aesop Rock. Bavitz's lyrics are generally seen as being both complex and abstract while others dismiss them as verbose. His frequent use of homonyms exacerbates this. Critics state that the use of words can be so detailed that it becomes difficult to determine their originally intended meaning.[37] The lyrics are sometimes inspired by events which have occurred in Bavitz's personal life and are thus naturally prone to subjective interpretation by outsiders.[38][39]", "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground. “Dark was the Night, Cold was the Ground” was used on the Oscar-nominated soundtrack to Pier Paolo Pasolini's classic film, The Gospel According to St Matthew, in scenes where Judas Iscariot laments betraying Christ and a cripple asks to be healed.[17] Ry Cooder based his soundtrack to the Palme d'Or-winning film, Paris, Texas on \"Dark was the Night, Cold was the Ground\", which he has described as \"the most soulful, transcendent piece in all American music.\"[18] Wim Wenders, the director of Paris, Texas, included Blind Willie Johnson's music and life in his 2003 documentary The Soul of a Man, produced for the PBS series \"The Blues\".[19]" ]

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[ "Blazing Saddles. Blazing Saddles is a 1974 American satirical Western comedy film directed by Mel Brooks. Starring Cleavon Little and Gene Wilder, the film was written by Brooks, Andrew Bergman, Richard Pryor, Norman Steinberg, and Al Uger, and was based on Bergman's story and draft.[4] The film received generally positive reviews from critics and audiences, was nominated for three Academy Awards, and is ranked No. 6 on the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Laughs list.", "Cleavon Little. Cleavon Jake Little (June 1, 1939 – October 22, 1992) was an American stage, film, and television actor. He began his career in the late 1960s on the stage. In 1970, he starred in the Broadway production of Purlie, for which he earned both a Drama Desk Award and a Tony Award. His first leading television role was that of the irreverent Dr. Jerry Noland on the ABC sitcom Temperatures Rising (1972–1974). Shortly before the program's conclusion, Little gave what has become his signature performance, portraying Sheriff Bart in the Mel Brooks comedy film Blazing Saddles (1974).", "Blazing Saddles. A television series titled Black Bart was produced for CBS based on Bergman's original story. It featured Louis Gossett, Jr. as Bart and Steve Landesberg as his drunkard sidekick, a former Confederate officer named \"Reb Jordan\". Other cast members included Millie Slavin and Noble Willingham. Bergman is listed as the sole creator.", "Blazing Saddles. The film satirizes the racism obscured by myth-making Hollywood accounts of the American West, with the hero being a black sheriff in an all-white town. The film is full of deliberate anachronisms, from the Count Basie Orchestra playing \"April in Paris\" in the Wild West, to Slim Pickens referring to the Wide World of Sports, to the German army of World War II.", "Slim Pickens. Louis Burton Lindley Jr. (June 29, 1919 – December 8, 1983), better known by his stage name Slim Pickens, was an American rodeo performer and film and television actor.[1] During much of his career, Pickens played mainly cowboy roles,[1] and is perhaps best remembered today for his comic roles in Dr. Strangelove and Blazing Saddles.", "Russell Johnson. From 1959 to 1960, Johnson had a recurring role as Marshal Gib Scott on ABC's half-hour Western series Black Saddle, with Peter Breck as the gunslinger-turned-lawyer Clay Culhane, Anna-Lisa as Nora Travers, J. Pat O'Malley as Judge Caleb Marsh, and Walter Burke as Tim Potter.", "Cleavon Little. He then starred on the ABC sitcom Temperatures Rising, which aired in three different iterations from 1972–74, with Little's character of Dr. Jerry Noland as the only common element. In 1974, he starred in the television disaster film The Day the Earth Moved, opposite Jackie Cooper and Stella Stevens. He was also cast as Sheriff Bart in the comedy film Blazing Saddles (1974), after the studio rejected Richard Pryor, who co-wrote the script. Studio executives were apparently concerned about Pryor's reliability, given his reputation for drug use and unpredictable behavior, and thought Little would be a safer choice. This role earned him a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles.", "Blazing Saddles. Brooks appears in two supporting roles, Governor William J. Le Petomane and a Yiddish-speaking Indian chief; he also dubs lines for one of Lili von Shtupp's backing troupe. The supporting cast includes Slim Pickens, Alex Karras, and David Huddleston, as well as Brooks regulars Dom DeLuise, Madeline Kahn, and Harvey Korman. Bandleader Count Basie has a cameo as himself.", "Blazing Saddles. The film won the Writers Guild of America Award for \"Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen\" for writers Mel Brooks, Norman Steinberg, Andrew Bergman, Richard Pryor, and Alan Uger.[26]", "Blazing Saddles. Casting was problematic. Richard Pryor was Brooks' original choice to play the Sheriff Bart, but the studio, claiming his history of drug arrests made him uninsurable, refused to approve financing with Pryor as the star.[9] Cleavon Little was cast in the role, and Pryor remained as a writer. Brooks offered the other leading role, the Waco Kid, to John Wayne; he declined, deeming the film \"too blue\" for his family-oriented image, but assured Brooks that \"he would be the first one in line to see it.\"[11] Gig Young was cast, but he collapsed during his first scene from what was later determined to be alcohol withdrawal syndrome, and Gene Wilder was flown in to replace him.[12][13] Johnny Carson and Wilder both turned down the Hedley Lamarr role before Harvey Korman was cast.[14] Madeline Kahn objected when Brooks asked to see her legs during her audition. \"She said, 'So it’s THAT kind of an audition?'\" Brooks recalled. \"I explained that I was a happily married man and that I needed someone who could straddle a chair with her legs like Marlene Dietrich in Destry Rides Again. So she lifted her skirt and said, 'No touching.'\"[15]", "Blazing Saddles. In the American frontier of 1874, construction on a new railroad will soon be going through Rock Ridge, a town inhabited exclusively by white people with the surname Johnson. The conniving attorney general Hedley Lamarr wants to force Rock Ridge's residents to abandon their town, thereby lowering land prices. After he sends a gang of thugs, led by his flunky Taggart, to shoot the sheriff and trash the town, the townspeople demand that Governor William J. Le Petomane appoint a new sheriff to protect them. Lamarr persuades the dim-witted Le Petomane to appoint Bart, a black railroad worker who was about to be executed for starting a fight. A black sheriff, he reasons, will offend the townspeople, create chaos, and leave the town at his mercy.", "Blazing Saddles. The idea for the film came from a story outline written by Andrew Bergman that he originally intended to develop and produce himself. \"I wrote a first draft called Tex-X\" (a play on Malcolm X's name), he said. \"Alan Arkin was hired to direct and James Earl Jones was going to play the sheriff. That fell apart, as things often do.\"[6] Brooks was taken with the story, which he described as \"hip talk—1974 talk and expressions—happening in 1874 in the Old West\", and purchased the film rights from Bergman. Though he had not worked with a writing team since Your Show of Shows, he hired a group of writers (including Bergman) to expand the outline, and posted a large sign: \"Please do not write a polite script.\"[7] Brooks described the writing process as chaotic: \"Blazing Saddles was more or less written in the middle of a drunken fistfight. There were five of us all yelling loudly for our ideas to be put into the movie. Not only was I the loudest, but luckily I also had the right as director to decide what was in or out.\"[8] Bergman remembers the room being just as chaotic, telling Creative Screenwriting, \"In the beginning, we had five people. One guy left after a couple of weeks. Then, it was basically me, Mel, Richie Pryor and Norman Steinberg. Richie left after the first draft and then Norman, Mel and I wrote the next three or four drafts. It was a riot. It was a rioter’s room!\"[6]", "The Young Riders. In the second season, Don Franklin joined the cast to portray the character Noah Dixon. In doing so, he became the third African-American actor to hold a starring role in a television western – after Raymond St. Jacques, who had co-starred on the final season of Rawhide as cattle drover Simon Blake (1965) and Otis Young, who co-starred with Don Murray on the short-lived (1968–69) TV series The Outcasts. Having never ridden a horse before, Franklin was sent to \"Cowboy Camp\" for 3–4 days where he learned how to mount and dismount, and the basics of riding. Desiring to also work behind the cameras, Franklin talked with producers about writing and directing an episode for the series. In an interview, he noted that the series producers were very receptive and was regularly encouraging the cast to not only make suggestions, but also follow through with them. When the cast noted that they didn't like the series becoming a \"guest-villain-of-the-week\", it was changed to refocus back on the individual characters and their relationships with each other. Franklin himself also encouraged that more black characters be included in the series.[4]", "Fess Parker. In 1962, he starred in the title role of the TV series Mr Smith Goes to Washington, portraying the same idealistic character that James Stewart had played in the 1939 film. Parker took to the stage in 1963, in a traveling production of Oklahoma! as Curly. The movie roles he sought were elusive.[10] In 1966, Parker starred in the movie Smoky, directed by George Sherman where he played the role of Clint Barkley, who finds a black stallion named Smoky a wild stallion who eventually becomes a wonderful cutting horse and the best friend an old cowboy could ever want.", "Russell Johnson. Russell David Johnson (November 10, 1924 – January 16, 2014) was an American actor, best known for his role as Professor Roy Hinkley in Gilligan's Island.[1] He was also known as Marshal Gib Scott in Black Saddle.", "James Best. Best began his screen acting career with an uncredited role in the 1950 film One Way Street. Some of his more notable roles include Jason Brown in the 1955 historical drama about the abolitionist John Brown titled Seven Angry Men and as Kit Caswell in the 1958 western Cole Younger, Gunfighter, based on the infamous outlaw. He was further cast as Private Ridges in the 1958 film adaptation of Norman Mailer's The Naked and the Dead. He played the outlaw Billy John in Ride Lonesome (1959), Dr. Ben Mizer in the 1966 comedy Three on a Couch, the gunfighter Drew in Firecreek (1968), with James Stewart and Henry Fonda, and the cross-dressing Dewey Barksdale in the 1976 drama Ode to Billy Joe.", "Sean Connery. In the spring of 1957, Connery hired agent Richard Hatton who got him a role as Spike, a minor gangster with a speech impediment in Montgomery Tully's No Road Back alongside Skip Homeier, Paul Carpenter, Patricia Dainton and Norman Wooland.[34] In April 1957, Rakoff—after being disappointed by Jack Palance—decided to give the young actor his first chance in a leading role, and cast Connery as Mountain McLintock in BBC TV's outstanding production of Requiem For a Heavyweight, which also starred Warren Mitchell and Jacqueline Hill. He then played a rogue lorry driver, Johnny Yates, in Cy Endfield's Hell Drivers (1957) alongside Stanley Baker, Herbert Lom, Peggy Cummins and Patrick McGoohan.[35] Later in 1957, Connery appeared in Terence Young's poorly received MGM action picture Action of the Tiger opposite Van Johnson, Martine Carol, Herbert Lom and Gustavo Rojo; the film was shot on location in southern Spain.[36][37] He also had a minor role in Gerald Thomas's thriller Time Lock (1957) as a welder, appearing alongside Robert Beatty, Lee Patterson, Betty McDowall and Vincent Winter; this commenced filming on 1 December 1956 at Beaconsfield Studios.[38]", "Blazing Saddles. The film received three Academy Award nominations in 1974: Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Madeline Kahn), Best Film Editing, and Best Music, Original Song (the title song). The film also earned two BAFTA awards nominations, for Best Newcomer (Cleavon Little) and Best Screenplay.[24][25]", "Blazing Saddles. The original title, Tex X, was rejected, as were Black Bart and Purple Sage. Brooks said he finally conceived Blazing Saddles one morning while taking a shower.[9] For the movie's title song, Brooks advertised in the trade papers for a \"Frankie Laine-type\" singer; to his surprise, Laine himself offered his services. \"Frankie sang his heart out ... and we didn't have the heart to tell him it was a spoof. He never heard the whip cracks; we put those in later. We got so lucky with his serious interpretation of the song.\"[10]", "Howard Johnson's. In the film Blazing Saddles, a joke is made of recreating the town of Rock Ridge \"right down to the orange roof on Howard Johnson's outhouse\" and signage boasting \"1 flavor\". The character named Howard Johnson was played by John Hillerman.[50]", "Alex Karras. Alexander George Karras (July 15, 1935 – October 10, 2012) was an American football player, professional wrestler, sportscaster, and actor.[1] He was a four-time Pro Bowl player with the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL), where he played from 1958 to 1970. As an actor, Karras is noted for his role as Mongo in the 1974 comedy film Blazing Saddles. He was also known for starring as Webster Long's (Emmanuel Lewis) adoptive father, George Papadopolis, in the ABC sitcom Webster (1983–1989) alongside his wife Susan Clark. He was also featured prominently in Victor/Victoria, starring Julie Andrews and James Garner. He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame.", "Moses Gunn. He may be best remembered in film for his portrayal of mobster Ellsworth Raymond \"Bumpy\" Jonas in the first two Shaft movies, Booker T. Washington in the 1981 movie Ragtime, a performance which won him an NAACP Image Award, and as Cairon, the Childlike Empress' imperial physician, in the 1984 film The NeverEnding Story. He was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1977 for his role in the TV mini-series Roots. He also co-starred with Avery Brooks on the TV series A Man Called Hawk. Gunn appeared in six episodes as atheist shop owner Carl Dixon on Good Times, as boxer-turned-farmer Joe Kagan on Little House on the Prairie, and as \"Moses Gage\" in Father Murphy. In 1989, Gunn appeared in two episodes of The Cosby Show as two different characters. His final acting role was as murder suspect Risley Tucker in \"Three Men and Adena\", an episode of Homicide: Life on the Street.[citation needed]", "Blazing Saddles. In 2006, Blazing Saddles was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.[26]", "What's Up, Doc? (1972 film). Several actors who later appeared in Mel Brooks films appear in this film, including Madeline Kahn (Blazing Saddles, Young Frankenstein, High Anxiety, History of the World Part I), Kenneth Mars (The Producers, Young Frankenstein), Liam Dunn (Blazing Saddles, Young Frankenstein, Silent Movie), and John Hillerman (Blazing Saddles).", "Fess Parker. Parker became a contract star for Disney and appeared in The Great Locomotive Chase, Westward Ho, the Wagons!, Old Yeller, and The Light in the Forest. He complained that they were all basically the same role. Disney refused to lend Parker for roles outside that persona, such as Jeffrey Hunter's role opposite John Wayne in The Searchers and Marilyn Monroe's leading man in Bus Stop.[11]", "Blazing Saddles. Brooks had numerous conflicts over content with Warner Bros. executives, including frequent use of the word \"nigger\", Lili Von Shtupp's seduction scene, the cacophony of flatulence around the campfire, and Mongo punching out a horse. Brooks, whose contract gave him final content control, declined to make any substantive changes, with the exception of cutting Bart's final line during Lili's seduction: \"I hate to disappoint you, ma'am, but you're sucking my arm.\"[16] When asked later about the many \"nigger\" references, Brooks said he received consistent support from Pryor and Little. He added, \"If they did a remake of Blazing Saddles today [2012], they would leave out the N-word. And then, you've got no movie.\"[17] Brooks said he received many letters of complaint after the film's release, \" ... but of course, most of them were from white people.\"[18]", "Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. Peckinpah deliberately cast his film's supporting roles with legendary Western character actors such as Chill Wills, Katy Jurado, Jack Elam, Slim Pickens, Barry Sullivan, Dub Taylor, R.G. Armstrong, Elisha Cook, Jr., and Paul Fix. Jason Robards had starred in Peckinpah's earlier films, the television production Noon Wine (1966) and The Ballad of Cable Hogue (1970), and had a cameo appearance as the governor. The large supporting cast also included Richard Jaeckel, Charles Martin Smith, Harry Dean Stanton, Matt Clark, L.Q. Jones, Emilio Fernández, Aurora Clavel, Luke Askew, Jack Dodson, Richard Bright, and John Beck.", "Thomas Mitchell (actor). Thomas John Mitchell (July 11, 1892 – December 17, 1962) was an American actor. Among his most famous roles in a long career are those of Gerald O'Hara in Gone with the Wind, Doc Boone in Stagecoach, Uncle Billy in It's a Wonderful Life and Mayor Jonas Henderson in High Noon. Mitchell was the first male actor to win an Oscar, an Emmy, and a Tony Award.", "Mississippi Burning. Appearing as the three civil rights activists are Geoffrey Nauffts as \"Goatee\", a character based on Michael Schwerner; Rick Zieff as \"Passenger\", based on Andrew Goodman; and Christopher White as \"Black Passenger\", based on James Chaney.[20][22] Producers Frederick Zollo and Robert F. Colesberry also make appearances in the film; Zollo briefly appears as a news reporter,[22] and Colesberry appears as a news cameraman who is brutally beaten by Frank Bailey.[19] While scouting locations in Jackson, Mississippi, Parker arranged an open casting call for local actors and extras.[19] He and Colesberry met music teacher Lannie McBride, who appears as a gospel singer in the film.[19]", "Sam Elliott. Samuel Pack Elliott (born August 9, 1944) is an American actor. His lanky physique, thick moustache, deep and resonant voice, and Western drawl have led to frequent roles as cowboys and ranchers.[1] His other credits over the years have included playing The Stranger in The Big Lebowski (1998), Gar in Mask (1985), General John Buford in Gettysburg (1993), Virgil Earp in Tombstone (1993), Sergeant Major Basil L. Plumley in We Were Soldiers (2002) and Marvel Comics characters Thunderbolt Ross in Hulk (2003) and The Caretaker in Ghost Rider (2007).", "Count Basie. Through steady changes in personnel, Basie led the band into the 1980s. Basie made a few more movie appearances, such as the Jerry Lewis film Cinderfella (1960) and the Mel Brooks movie Blazing Saddles (1974), playing a revised arrangement of \"April in Paris\".", "Giancarlo Esposito. New York theatre credits for Esposito include The Me Nobody Knows, Lost in the Stars, Seesaw, and Merrily We Roll Along. In 2008 he appeared on Broadway as Gooper in an African American production of Tennessee Williams' Pulitzer Prize-winning drama Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, directed by Debbie Allen and starring James Earl Jones, Phylicia Rashad, Anika Noni Rose, and Terrence Howard.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "Publishers Clearing House. Publishers Clearing House was founded in 1953 in Port Washington, New York, by Harold Mertz,[4][5] a former manager of a door-to-door sales team for magazine subscriptions.[6] The company started in Mertz's basement with help from his wife LuEsther and daughter Joyce.[7][8] Its first mailings were of 10,000 envelopes from Mertz's home in Long Island, New York, and offered 20 magazine subscriptions. 100 orders were received. Within a few years the company moved out of Mertz's basement into an office building and started hiring staff. When PCH moved its headquarters in 1969, its prior location was donated to the city and renamed the Harold E. Mertz community center.[8] The company revenue had grown to US$50 million by 1981, and $100 million by 1988.[6]", "Publishers Clearing House. Publishers Clearing House (PCH) is a direct marketing company that markets merchandise and magazine subscriptions with sweepstakes, and prize-based games.", "Publishers Clearing House. Publishers Clearing House was founded in 1953 by Harold Mertz to replace door-to-door magazine subscription sales by a single vendor offering multiple subscriptions by mail. It introduced its sweepstakes in 1967. In the early 1990s, the company was the subject of concerns and legal actions regarding whether consumers were misled about their odds of winning the sweepstakes and whether purchases increased their chances. By 2010, the company had reached settlements with all 50 states.", "Publishers Clearing House. PCH also reached an agreement with Iowa in 2007.[28] In 2010 the company paid $3.5 million to the Attorneys General of 32 states and the District of Columbia to settle possible contempt charges that it had violated the terms of the 2001 agreement. The company denied wrongdoing, but agreed to work with both an ombudsperson and a compliance counsel who would review its mailings quarterly.[29][30][31][32]", "Publishers Clearing House. The company also sells magazine subscriptions at a discount and advertises subscriptions along with its sweepstakes.[40] It's estimated that companies like PCH keep 75-90 percent of the fees from the original subscription, while publishers use the increased distribution to improve circulation numbers and revenue from renewals.[10][41] PCH popularized the idea of using sweepstakes to sell magazine subscriptions in the direct-marketing market and became known by detractors as a producer of junk-mail for advertising through mass-mailings.[5][40] Documents filed with the New York State Department in 1993 said that year the company mailed 220 million envelopes. Frequent buyers can receive 30-40 mailings a year.[42]", "Publishers Clearing House. Although PCH advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions, no purchase is necessary to enter or win.[10][42][43] In 1995, PCH began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl.[44] As of 2012, $225 million in prizes have been distributed.[8] Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life,[45] or $10 million.[46] Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500, $1 million or $3 million.[47] The larger cash prizes are paid in installments, typically with a balloon payment at 30 years,[48] reducing the present value of prizes to much less than their nominal values.", "Publishers Clearing House. In 1967 PCH started its first sweepstakes as a way to increase subscription sales,[9] based on the sweepstakes held by Reader's Digest.[4] The first prizes ranged from 25 cents to $10 and entrants had a 1 in 10 chance of winning. After the sweepstakes increased response rates to mailings, prizes of[8] $5,000[6] and eventually $250,000 were offered.[10] PCH began advertising the sweepstakes on TV in 1974.[7][11] It was the only major multi-magazine subscription business until 1977. Former client Time Inc. and several other publishers formed American Family Publishers (AFP) to compete with PCH after the company refused repeated requests by Time for a larger share of sales revenue from magazine subscriptions.[4][8]", "Publishers Clearing House. In 1994 PCH sent mailings telling recipients they were all \"finalists\", which led to[10] a lawsuit involving the attorneys general of 14 US states.[19][20][21] Later that year, PCH denied wrongdoing, but agreed to pay a settlement of $490,000 and to change their practices.[20] Under the agreement, PCH said it would define terms like \"finalist\" and disclose the chances of winning.[22]", "Publishers Clearing House. In 1997, a contestant of competitor AFP flew to Tampa, Florida, thinking he had won, though he had not. The resulting publicity caused more lawsuits for both companies.[6] PCH reached a $30 million national settlement in 1999.[8][23] In 2000, another $18 million settlement was reached with 24 states, after the company sent mass mailings that said \"You are a winner!\" and used mock personalized checks.[17][24] PCH agreed to avoid similar mailings in the future, and add a \"sweepstakes fact box\" to mailings.[17][24]", "Publishers Clearing House. PCH is a direct-marketing company that sells merchandise, magazine subscriptions and operates several prize-based websites.[11] While best known for the sweepstakes and Prize Patrol it uses to promote its magazine subscriptions,[1][13][35] the majority of the company's revenue now comes from merchandise.[11] The company has been selling books, media, jewelry and other consumer items[4] since the 1980s.[8] PCH operates eight websites, including PCH Search and Win, PCH Lotto, PCH Games, PCH Save and Win, and Candystand.[1][11]", "Publishers Clearing House. In April 2014, an investigation by the Senate Special Committee on Aging concluded that PCH had \"pushed the limits\" of prior agreements and that additional legislation may be needed.[33]", "Clearing house (finance). A clearing house is a financial institution formed to facilitate the exchange (ie., \"clearance\") of cheques (\"checks\" in American English) and other payments. In contrast, a central counterparty clearing (CCP) also provides clearing services, but takes on the settlement risk of the counterparties (member banks and broker-dealers).", "Publishers Clearing House. State attorneys spoke out against the national settlement from 2000 and additional lawsuits were filed by individual states.[8] Another $34 million settlement was reached in 2001 in a lawsuit involving 25 states.[1][25] As part of the settlement, PCH was required to avoid terms like \"Guaranteed Winner,\" add disclaimers to mailings saying that the recipient has not won and that purchasing merchandise won't increase their chances.[26][25][27] PCH reached settlements with all fifty states and agreed to work with a \"compliance counsel.\"[6] PCH apologized in the settlement and said it would contact customers who had spent more than $1,000 on merchandise the prior year\".[27]", "Publishers Clearing House. The company acquired search company Blingo in 2006,[3] online gaming company Funtank in 2010, and mobile marketing company Liquid Wireless in 2012.", "Publishers Clearing House. AFP and PCH competed for exclusive rights to magazines and for the better promotion and prize ideas. When AFP increased their jackpot to $1 million,[10] then to $10 million in 1985, PCH raised its prizes to match.[4] $7 million in prizes were distributed by 1979,[12] $40 million by 1991[5] and $137 million by 2000.[9] In 1989 two members of its advertising team, Dave Sayer and Todd Sloane, started the Prize Patrol, a publicized event where winners are surprised with a check at their home. The idea was inspired by the 1950s television series \"The Millionaire\".[4][13][14]", "Publishers Clearing House. In the 1990s PCH and its primary competitor, AFP, experienced a series of legal troubles due to concerns that their mailings misled consumers about their odds of winning and implied that magazine purchases increased their chances.[4][10] This led to the Deceptive Mail Prevention and Enforcement Act of 2000, which regulates direct mail businesses.[4] At the senate hearings regarding this Act, PCH said most consumers were not confused about their chances of winning or that purchases did not increase their chances. The company said less than five percent of participants spend more than $300.[8] Government officials from California said 5,000 local consumers paid more than $2,500 each in magazine purchases under the false belief that they were increasing their odds of winning the sweepstakes.[17]", "Publishers Clearing House. According to the official rules, as of 2018, the odds of winning “$7000 a Week for Life” in Giveaway 11000 are 1 in 6.2 billion. [49] The odds of winning a PCH sweepstakes vary depending on the number of entries and what prize or sweepstakes is involved.[47] Smaller prizes have better odds that may vary from one in 223 to one in 80,000, depending on the prize.[47]", "Publishers Clearing House. In 1992 thousands of discarded sweepstakes entries from contestants who had not bought magazine subscriptions were found in the trash by city employees,[4][15] reinforcing beliefs that the company favored those who made purchases in selecting a sweepstakes winner.[4] PCH said this was done by a disgruntled employee at their mail processing vendor.[8] A class action ensued, which PCH settled by giving discarded entrants a second chance to win.[4][15][16]", "Publishers Clearing House. Robin B. Smith", "Publishers Clearing House. In December 2010, PCH acquired Funtank and its online gaming site Candystand.com.[37] In 2011, PCH promoted a \"$5,000 every week for life\" sweepstakes in TV ads and the front page of AOL.com.[11][26] The following year the company acquired a mobile marketing company, Liquid Wireless.[38] The company utilized, then stopped then started again utilizing coregistration (through other websites) to expand its customer base.[39]", "Clearing house (finance). \"CHIPS is the largest private-sector U.S.-dollar funds-transfer system in the world, clearing and settling an average of $1.5 trillion in cross-border and domestic payments daily. It combines best of two types of payments systems: the liquidity efficiency of a netting system and the intraday finality of a RTGS.\"[12] Organized in 1970 by eight New York banks who were members of the Federal Reserve system, CHIPS competes with the Federal Reserve for high value payments. Until 2001, CHIPS settled at the end of the day, but now provides intraday payment finality through a real-time system.[13]", "HQ Trivia. HQ has been criticized for its method of paying winners. Typically, victorious players receive between $10 and $14,[15] but payouts have been as low as $0.28 or as high as $50,000, on two cases.[16][17] In order to cash out and receive their winnings through a PayPal deposit, winners previously needed to have achieved a \"minimum prize balance\" of $20 accumulated within a period of 90 days, or all prior winnings are forfeited, per the game's terms of service.[16][18] Starting on January 26, 2018, during the 3 pm EST show, it was announced that there would be no minimum amount to cash out.[19]", "Clearing house (finance). Clearing houses were formed to facilitate transactions among banks.", "Clearing house (finance). All ten banks might have clerks to take cheques drawn on the other banks to those banks, and wait for payment. Clearing houses were set up to streamline the process by collected all cheques drawn on the other banks, and collecting payment from that other bank for the total to be cleared.", "Clearing house (finance). Jumping forward several centuries, the Cheque and Credit Clearing Company is the United Kingdom's clearing house.", "Clearing house (finance). The Federal Reserve System check clearing system was established in the United States in 1913 to act as a central, well-capitalized clearing house. The objective was to prevent the occasional panics, where banks would refuse to accept cheques drawn on banks whose solvency was uncertainty. The Federal Reserve can physically accept and transport cheques.[9]", "Clearing house (finance). Cheque clearing (or check clearing in American English) or bank clearance is the process of moving a cheque from the bank in which it was deposited to the bank on which it was drawn, and the movement of the money in the opposite direction. This process is called the clearing cycle and normally results in a credit to the account at the bank of deposit, and an equivalent debit to the account at the bank on which it was drawn. If there was not enough funds in the account when the cheque arrived at the issuing bank, the cheque would be returned as a dishonoured cheque marked as non-sufficient funds.[1]", "Clearing house (finance). As the automation of cheque processing improved, fully electronic payment systems obviating the need for paper. Two methods were developed: the Automated Clearing House (ACH) for smaller payments which complete in two business days, and Clearing House Interbank Payments System (CHIPS) for larger value same day payments.", "Clearing house (finance). Beginning at 5 pm, a clerk for each debtor bank was called to go to a rostrum to pay in cash to the Inspector of the Clearing House the amount their bank owed to other banks on that day. After all of the debtor clerks had paid the Inspector, each clerk for the banks that were owed money went to the rostrum to collect the money owed to their bank. The total cash paid by the debtor banks equaled the total cash collected by the creditor banks. On the rare occasions when the total paid did not equal the total collected, other clerks working for the Inspector would examine the paper trail of documents so that the numerical errors could be found and corrected.[4]", "Special journals. Cash Payments Journals record transactions that involve expenditures paid with cash.[3] Source documents are likely receipts and cheque butts. The CPJ records the cash outflow of a business. If the owner of a business withdraws cash from the business an entry is made in the CPJ. Discount received is the cash discount received by a purchaser, it is an income item for the purchaser.", "Clearing house (finance). The Suffolk Bank opened the first clearing house in 1818 in Boston, and one was incorporated in New York in 1850.[5] A clearing house for bankers was opened in Philadelphia in 1858.[6]", "Cheque. Since 1995, all cheque printers must be members of the Cheque Printer Accreditation Scheme (CPAS). The scheme is managed by the Cheque and Credit Clearing Company and requires that all cheques for use in the British clearing process are produced by accredited printers who have adopted stringent security standards." ]

[ 2.748046875, 0.7763671875, -0.2152099609375, -1.9208984375, 0.06964111328125, -0.787109375, 0.94873046875, -2.431640625, -1.4970703125, 2.595703125, -2.830078125, -2.826171875, -1.62109375, -2.04296875, 0.07061767578125, -1.1826171875, -2.46875, -0.424072265625, -3.14453125, -1.6875, -2.966796875, -5.921875, -3.869140625, -2.994140625, -3.626953125, -3.408203125, -2.43359375, -5.10546875, -1.8427734375, -7.47265625, -3.013671875, -7.828125 ]

[ "Cake. Later, during the post-war boom, other American companies (notably General Mills) developed this idea further, marketing cake mix on the principle of convenience, especially to housewives. When sales dropped heavily in the 1950s, marketers discovered that the cake in a box rendered the cake-making function of housewives relatively dispiriting. This was a time when women, retired from the war-time labor force, and in a critical ideological period in American history, were confined to the domestic sphere and oriented towards the freshly blossoming consumerism in the US.[9] In order to compensate for this situation, the marketing psychologist Ernest Dichter ushered in the solution to the cake mix problem: frosting.[10] Since making the cake was so simple, housewives and other in-home cake makers could expend their creative energy on cake decorating inspired by, among other things, photographs in magazines of elaborately decorated cakes.", "Cake. During the Great Depression, there was a surplus of molasses and the need to provide easily made food to millions of economically depressed people in the United States.[8] One company patented a cake-bread mix in order to deal with this economic situation, and thereby established the first line of cake in a box. In so doing, cake as it is known today became a mass-produced good rather than a home- or bakery-made specialty.", "Cake. Sponge cakes, leavened with beaten eggs, originated during the Renaissance, possibly in Spain.[7]", "Birthday cake. In the 15th century, bakeries in Germany began to market one-layer cakes for customers' birthdays as opposed to only marketing cakes for weddings, and thus the modern birthday cake was born.[citation needed] During the 17th century, the birthday cake took on its contemporary form. These elaborate 17th century cakes had many aspects of the contemporary birthday cake, like multiple layers, icing, and decorations. However, these cakes were only available to the very wealthy. Birthday cakes became accessible to the lower class as a result of the industrial revolution and the spread of more materials and goods.", "Funnel cake. The concept of the funnel cake dates back to the early medieval Persian world, where similar yeast-risen dishes were first prepared and later spread to Europe.[1] Pennsylvania Dutch immigrants brought the yeast dish, known as Drechderkuche, to America and around 1879 developed the baking powder version along with its new name, funnel cake.[1]", "Chiffon cake. The chiffon cake was invented in 1927 by Harry Baker (1883–1974), a California insurance salesman turned caterer. Baker kept the recipe secret for 20 years until he sold it to General Mills, which spread the recipe through marketing materials in the 1940s and 1950s. The name was changed to \"chiffon cake\" and a set of 14 recipes and variations was released to the public in a Betty Crocker pamphlet published in 1948.[2]", "German chocolate cake. On June 3, 1957, a recipe for \"German's Chocolate Cake\" appeared as the \"Recipe of the Day\" in The Dallas Morning News.[3] It was created by Mrs. George Clay, a homemaker from 3831 Academy Drive, Dallas, Texas.[3] This recipe used the baking chocolate introduced 105 years prior and became quite popular. General Foods, which owned the Baker's brand at the time, took notice and distributed the cake recipe to other newspapers in the country. Sales of Baker's Chocolate are said to have increased by as much as 73% and the cake would become a national staple. The possessive form (German's) was dropped in subsequent publications, forming the \"German Chocolate Cake\" identity and giving the false impression of a German origin.[4][5][2]", "Birthday cake. Birthday cakes have been a part of birthday celebrations in Western European countries since the middle of the 19th century.[1] However, the link between cakes and birthday celebrations may date back to ancient Roman times.", "Tres leches cake. The idea for creating a cake soaked in a liquid is likely of Medieval European origin, as similar cakes, such as British Trifle and rum cake, and tiramisu from Italy, use this method.[1] Recipes for soaked-cake desserts were seen in Mexico as early as the 19th century, likely a result of the large cross-cultural transfer which took place between Europe and the Americas.[1] Recipes appeared on Nestlé condensed milk can labels in the 1940s, which may explain the cake's widely disseminated popularity throughout Latin America as the company had created subsidiaries in Argentina, Chile, Cuba, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela in the 1930s.[2] The cake is popular in Central and South America, North America and many parts of the Caribbean, Canary Islands, as well as in Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and some other parts of Europe.[3] In recent years its popularity has increased in Turkey under the name of Trileçe.", "Sponge cake. Before the cooked cake has cooled, it is still flexible. This allows the creation of rolled cakes such as the Swiss roll. This basic recipe is also used for many treats and puddings, such as madeleines, ladyfingers, and trifles, as well as some versions of strawberry shortcake;[8] the earliest recipe for shortcake is in an English cookbook from 1588.[10] In addition, the foam cake technique is used in angel food cake (where only egg whites are used) [11] and some recipes for Belgian waffles (where the egg whites are separated from the yolks and folded into the batter at the end of preparation).", "German chocolate cake. Its roots can be traced back to 1852 when American baker Samuel German developed a type of dark baking chocolate for the Baker's Chocolate Company. The brand name of the product, Baker's German's Sweet Chocolate, was named in honor of him.[2]", "Cakewalk. A Grand Cakewalk was held in Madison Square Garden, the largest commercial venue in New York City, on February 17, 1892.[27]", "Baker's Chocolate. By 1849, under Walter Baker, the Baker's Chocolate brand had spread to California, during the Gold Rush era. Production was limited to one kind of chocolate until 1852, when employee Samuel German created \"German's Sweet Chocolate\" that had a higher sugar content than previous baking chocolates. In 1957 a Dallas, Texas newspaper printed a cake recipe for \"German's Chocolate Cake\" based on this chocolate, which was reprinted by the company's owner General Foods under the \"German chocolate cake\", becoming the accepted name.", "Sponge cake. In the United Kingdom a sponge cake is produced using the batter method, while in the US cakes made using the batter method are known as butter or pound cakes. Two common British batter-method sponge cakes are the layered Victoria sponge cake and Madeira cake. The Victorian creation of baking powder by English food manufacturer Alfred Bird in 1843 enabled the sponge to rise higher than cakes made previously.", "Cake. Some varieties of cake are widely available in the form of cake mixes, wherein some of the ingredients (usually flour, sugar, flavoring, baking powder, and sometimes some form of fat) are premixed, and the cook needs add only a few extra ingredients, usually eggs, water, and sometimes vegetable oil or butter. While the diversity of represented styles is limited, cake mixes do provide an easy and readily available homemade option for cooks who are not accomplished bakers.", "Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man. The earliest version set to music appears in 'A Christmas Box' by James Hook, published in 1796. [4]", "Cakewalk. In July 1898, the musical comedy Clorindy, or The Origin of the Cake Walk opened on Broadway in New York. Will Marion Cook wrote ragtime music for the show. Black dancers mingled with white cast members for the first instance of integration on stage in New York.[29][30] Cook wrote, \"My chorus sang like Russians, dancing meanwhile like Negroes, and cakewalking like angels, black angels! When the last note was sounded, the audience stood and cheered for at least ten minutes. This was the finale which Witmark had said no one would listen to. It was pandemonium.... But did that audience take offense at my rags and lack of conducting polish? Not so you could notice it!\"[31]", "Raisin cake. Raisin cake is a type of cake that is prepared using raisins as a main ingredient. Additional ingredients are sometimes used, such as chocolate and rum. Raisin cake dates back to at least the time of the reign of David, circa 1010–970 BCE. Boiled raisin cake is prepared by boiling various ingredients and then baking the mix in an oven. It dates back to at least the time of the American Civil War (1861–1865).", "Aunt Jemima. St. Joseph Gazette editor Chris L. Rutt, of St. Joseph, Missouri, and his friend Charles G. Underwood bought a flour mill in 1888. Rutt and Underwood's Pearl Milling Company faced a glutted flour market, so they sold their excess flour as a ready-made pancake mix in white paper sacks with a trade name (which Arthur F. Marquette dubbed the \"first ready-mix\"[8]).[1][9]", "Sponge cake. Both the traditional and modern methods are relatively quick and simple, producing consistent results, making this type of mixture one of the most popular for children and people in a hurry. This basic \"cake\" mixture has been made into a wide variety of treats and puddings, including cupcakes, chocolate cake, and Eve's pudding.[17][9][8]", "Cakewalk. Tom Fletcher, who was born in 1873 and had a show business career beginning in 1888,[10] wrote in 1954 that when he was a child, his grandparents told him about the chalk-line walk/cakewalk, but they did not know when it started.[11] Fletcher's grandfather told him, \"your grandmother and I, we won all the prizes and were taken from plantation to plantation. The dance became a great fad. It took skill and good nerves...The plantation is where shows like yours first started, son.\"[12] Fletcher adds that the dance was called the \"chalk like walk\" and \"There was no prancing, just a straight walk on a path made by turns and so forth, along which the dancers made their way with a pail of water on their heads. The couple that was the most erect and spilled the least water or no water at all was the winner.\"[13] He describes it being \"revived with fancy steps by Charlie Johnson, a clever eccentric dancer\" and becoming known as the \"Cake Walk\".[14][15]", "Cakewalk. The Illustrated London News carried a report of a barn dance in Ashtabula, Ohio, in 1897 and written by an English woman traveler. \"The origin of that expression 'taking the cake', had previously been an enigma to me, if I had ever thought about it before, but it was suddenly in an unexpected and most practical way (revealed to me).\" Just before the ball was declared finished a long procession of couples was formed who walked in their very best manner around the room three times before the criticizing eyes of a dozen old people, who selected the best turned-out pair, and gravely presented them with a large plum cake.[28]", "Sponge cake. The sponge cake is thought to be one of the first of the non-yeasted cakes, and the earliest attested sponge cake recipe in English is found in a book by the English poet Gervase Markham, The English Huswife, Containing the Inward and Outward Virtues Which Ought to Be in a Complete Woman (1615).[2] Though it does not appear in Hannah Glasse's The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy (1747) in the late 18th century, it is found in Lydia Maria Child's The American Frugal Housewife (1832),[3] indicating that sponge cakes had been established in Grenada in the Caribbean by the early 19th century.", "Johnnycake. The earliest attestation of the term \"johnny cake\" is from 1739 (in South Carolina); the spelling \"journey cake\" is only attested from 1775 on the Gulf Coast, but may be the earlier form.[6][7]", "Marketing mix. The origins of the 4 Ps can be traced to the late 1940s.[8][9] The first known mention of a mix has been attributed to a Professor of Marketing at Harvard University, Prof. James Culliton.[10] In 1948, Culliton published an article entitled, The Management of Marketing Costs[11] in which Culliton describes marketers as 'mixers of ingredients'. Some years later, Culliton's colleague, Professor Neil Borden, published a retrospective article detailing the early history of the marketing mix in which he claims that he was inspired by Culliton's idea of 'mixers', and credits himself with popularising the concept of the 'marketing mix'.[12] According to Borden's account, he used the term, 'marketing mix' consistently from the late 1940s. For instance, he is known to have used the term 'marketing mix' in his presidential address given to the American Marketing Association in 1953.[13]", "Crowded House. \"Chocolate Cake\", a humorous comment on American excesses that was not taken well by some US critics and sections of the American public, was released in June 1991 as the first single. Perhaps unsurprisingly it failed to chart in the US, however it reached number two on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks chart.[6] The song peaked at number seven in New Zealand and reached the top 20 in Australia.[4][5] The second single, \"Fall at Your Feet\", was less successful in Australia and New Zealand but did at least reach the US Hot 100.[6] The album reached number one in New Zealand,[5] number two in Australia,[4] number six in the UK[21][22] and made the top 20 in several European countries.[23][24][25] The third single from Woodface, \"Weather With You\", peaked at No. 7 in early 1992 giving the band their highest UK chart placement. By contrast, the album had limited success in the US, only reaching number 83 on the Billboard 200 Album Chart.[7]", "Culture of the United Kingdom. Home baking has always been a significant part of British home cooking. Influential cookbooks include The Experienced English Housekeeper (1769), Modern Cookery for Private Families (1845), and Isabella Beeton's Book of Household Management (1861). Home-made cakes and jams are part of the traditional English village fête. Filmed in bunting-draped marquees in scenic gardens, the success of the 2010s television show The Great British Bake Off (which was inspired by the village fête) is credited with spurring a renewed interest in home baking, with supermarkets and department stores in the UK reporting sharp rises in sales of baking ingredients and accessories. A popular cake to bake, Victoria sponge (named after Queen Victoria who enjoyed a slice), was created following the discovery of baking powder by English food manufacturer Alfred Bird in 1843, which enabled the sponge to rise higher in cakes.[291]", "Jell-O. New flavors were continually added and unsuccessful flavors were removed: in the 1950s and 1960s, apple, black cherry, black raspberry, grape, lemon-lime, mixed fruit, orange-banana, pineapple-grapefruit, blackberry, strawberry-banana, tropical fruit and more intense \"wild\" versions of the venerable strawberry, raspberry and cherry. In 1966, the Jell-O \"No-Bake\" dessert line was launched, which allowed a cheesecake to be made in 15 minutes. In 1969, Jell-O 1∗2∗3 (later Jell-O 1•2•3), a gelatin dessert that separated into three layers as it cooled, was unveiled. Until 1987, Jell-O 1•2•3 was readily found in grocery stores throughout most of the United States, but the dessert is now rare. In 1971 packaged prepared pudding called Jell-O Pudding Treats were introduced. Jell-O Whip 'n Chill, a mousse-style dessert, was introduced and widely promoted; it remains available in limited areas today.", "Cake. Cake is often served as a celebratory dish on ceremonial occasions, such as weddings, anniversaries, and birthdays. There are countless cake recipes; some are bread-like, some are rich and elaborate, and many are centuries old. Cake making is no longer a complicated procedure; while at one time considerable labor went into cake making (particularly the whisking of egg foams), baking equipment and directions have been simplified so that even the most amateur cook may bake a cake.", "Birthday Cake (song). Upon the release of Talk That Talk, \"Birthday Cake\" debuted on several world charts. The song entered the South Korea Gaon International Chart at number 67 on November 26, 2011, with sales of 6,661 digital downloads.[22] In the United Kingdom, \"Birthday Cake\" debuted at number 172 on December 3, 2011.[23] In the United States, the song charted at number 22 on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which represents the 25 songs which failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100.[24] On March 3, 2012, \"Birthday Cake\" made its first appearance on the US Digital Songs chart at number 62, following the release of the official remix featuring Brown,[25] and has peaked at number 30.[26] Due to strong airplay spins, the interlude of \"Birthday Cake\" peaked at number 4 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[27] \"Birthday Cake\" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of over 500,000 units.[28]", "Food packaging. Bagged cake mix", "Marks & Spencer. M&S began selling Christmas cakes and Christmas puddings in 1958. In an effort to improve the quality of their Swiss rolls, they hired the food expert Nat Goldberg, who made a major improvement across their entire cake range, which had lost the public's favour a few years earlier. As a later measure to improve food quality, food labelling was improved and \"sell by dates\" were phased in between 1970 and 1972.[12]" ]

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[ "Morula. A morula is distinct from a blastocyst in that a morula (3–4 days post fertilization) is a 16-cell mass in a spherical shape whereas a blastocyst (4–5 days post fertilization) has a cavity inside the zona pellucida along with an inner cell mass. A morula, if untouched and allowed to remain implanted, will eventually develop into a blastocyst.[3]", "Blastocyst. The zygote develops by mitosis, and when it has developed into 16 cells becomes known as the morula. In many animals, though not in humans, the morula then develops by cavitation to become the blastula. Cellular differentiation then develops the blastula's cells into two types: trophoblast cells that surround the blastocoel and an inner mass of cells (the embryoblast). The conceptus is then known as the blastocyst. The side of the blastocyst where the inner cellular mass forms is called the animal pole, and the opposite side is the vegetal pole. The outer layer of trophoblast cells, resulting from compaction, pumps sodium ions into blastocyst, which causes water to enter through osmosis and form the internal fluid-filled blastocyst cavity (blastocoel). The blastocoel, trophoblast cells and inner cell mass cells are hallmarks of the blastocyst.[2]", "Morula. The morula is produced by a series of cleavage divisions of the early embryo, starting with the single-celled zygote. Once the embryo has divided into 16 cells, it begins to resemble a mulberry, hence the name morula (Latin, morus: mulberry).[4] Within a few days after fertilization, cells on the outer part of the morula become bound tightly together with the formation of desmosomes and gap junctions, becoming nearly indistinguishable. This process is known as compaction.[5][6] A cavity forms inside the morula, by the active transport of sodium ions from trophoblast cells and osmosis of water. This results in a hollow ball of cells known as the blastocyst.[7][8] The blastocyst's outer cells will become the first embryonic epithelium (the trophectoderm). Some cells, however, will remain trapped in the interior and will become the inner cell mass (ICM), and are pluripotent. In mammals (except monotremes), the ICM will ultimately form the \"embryo proper\", while the trophectoderm will form the placenta and extra-embryonic tissues. However, reptiles have a different ICM. The stages are prolonged and divided in four parts.[9][10][11][12]", "Morula. A morula (Latin, morus: mulberry) is an early stage embryo consisting of cells (called blastomeres) in a solid ball contained within the zona pellucida.[1][2]", "Zygote. After fertilization, the conceptus travels down the oviduct towards the uterus while continuing to divide[6] mitotically without actually increasing in size, in a process called cleavage.[7] After four divisions, the conceptus consists of 16 blastomeres, and it is known as the morula.[8] Through the processes of compaction, cell division, and blastulation, the conceptus takes the form of the blastocyst by the fifth day of development, just as it approaches the site of implantation.[9] When the blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida, it can implant in the endometrial lining of the uterus and begin the embryonic stage of development.", "Blastocyst. During human embryogenesis, approximately 5–6 days after fertilization, the cells of the morula begin to undergo cell differentiation, and the morula changes into the blastocyst. In the uterus the zona pellucida surrounding the blastocyst breaks down, allowing it to implant into the uterine wall approximately 6 days after fertilization. Implantation marks the end of the germinal stage of embryogenesis.[1]", "Prenatal development. The embryo spends the next few days traveling down the Fallopian tube. It starts out as a single cell zygote and then divides several times to form a ball of cells called a morula. Further cellular division is accompanied by the formation of a small cavity between the cells. This stage is called a blastocyst. Up to this point there is no growth in the overall size of the embryo, as it is confined within a glycoprotein shell, known as the zona pellucida. Instead, each division produces successively smaller cells.", "Cat. At 124 hours after conception, the morula forms. At 148 hours, early blastocysts form. At 10–12 days, implantation occurs.[195][196]", "Blastula. A common feature of a vertebrate blastula is that it consists of a layer of blastomeres, known as the blastoderm, which surrounds the blastocoele.[3][4] In mammals the blastula is referred to as a blastocyst. The blastocyst contains an embryoblast (or inner cell mass) that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus, and the trophoblast, which goes on to form the extra-embryonic tissues.[2][5]", "Blastula. In the mammalian blastocyst (term for mammalian blastula) there are three lineages that give rise to later tissue development. The epiblast gives rise to the fetus itself while the trophoblast develops into part of the placenta and the primitive endoderm becomes the yolk sac.[5]", "Embryogenesis. Cell division with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells that is the same size as the original zygote, is called cleavage. At least four initial cell divisions occur, resulting in a dense ball of at least sixteen cells called the morula. The different cells derived from cleavage, up to the blastula stage, are called blastomeres. Depending mostly on the amount of yolk in the egg, the cleavage can be holoblastic (total) or meroblastic (partial).[2]", "Embryogenesis. Mammals at this stage form a structure called the blastocyst,[1] characterized by an inner cell mass that is distinct from the surrounding blastula. The blastocyst must not be confused with the blastula; even though they are similar in structure, their cells have different fates.", "Blastula. The blastula (from Greek βλαστός (blastos), meaning \"sprout\") is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres, surrounding an inner fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoele formed during an early stage of embryonic development in animals.[1] Embryo development begins with a sperm fertilizing an egg to become a zygote which undergoes many cleavages to develop into a ball of cells called a morula. Only when the blastocoele is formed does the early embryo become a blastula. The blastula precedes the formation of the gastrula in which the germ layers of the embryo form.[2]", "Germ layer. In the human embryo, after about three days, the zygote forms a solid mass of cells by mitotic division, called a morula. This then changes to a blastocyst, consisting of an outer layer called a trophoblast, and an inner cell mass called the embryoblast. Filled with uterine fluid, the blastocyst breaks out of the zona pellucida and undergoes implantation. The inner cell mass initially has two layers: the hypoblast and epiblast. At the end of the second week, a primitive streak appears. The epiblast in this region moves towards the primitive streak, dives down into it, and forms a new layer, called the endoderm, pushing the hypoblast out of the way (this goes on to form the amnion.) The epiblast keeps moving and forms a second layer, the mesoderm. The top layer is now called the ectoderm.[6]", "Embryogenesis. After the 7th cleavage has produced 128 cells, the embryo is called a blastula.[2] The blastula is usually a spherical layer of cells (the blastoderm) surrounding a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity (the blastocoel)[citation needed]", "Blastocyst. In humans, blastocyst formation begins about 5 days after fertilization, when a fluid-filled cavity opens up in the morula, a ball of cells.\nThe blastocyst has a diameter of about 0.1–0.2 mm and comprises 200–300 cells following rapid cleavage (cell division). About 1 day after blastocyst formation (5–6 days post-fertilization), which is when the blastocyst usually reaches the uterus, the blastocyst begins to embed into the endometrium of the uterine wall where it will undergo further developmental processes, including gastrulation. Embedding of the blastocyst into the endometrium requires that it hatches from the zona pellucida, which prevents adherence to the oviduct as the pre-embryo makes its way to the uterus. The blastocyst is completely embedded in the endometrium only 11–12 days after fertilization.[citation needed]", "Blastocyst. The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early development of mammals. It possesses an inner cell mass (ICM) which subsequently forms the embryo. The outer layer of the blastocyst consists of cells collectively called the trophoblast. This layer surrounds the inner cell mass and a fluid-filled cavity known as the blastocoele. The trophoblast gives rise to the placenta. The name \"blastocyst\" arises from the Greek βλαστός blastos (\"a sprout\") and κύστις kystis (\"bladder, capsule\").", "Blastocyst. The use of blastocysts in in vitro fertilization (IVF) involves culturing a fertilized egg for five days before implanting it into the uterus. It can be a more viable method of fertility treatment than traditional IVF. The inner cell mass of blastocysts is the source of embryonic stem cells.", "Embryogenesis. In amniotes, the cells of the morula are at first closely aggregated, but soon they become arranged into an outer or peripheral layer, the trophoblast, which does not contribute to the formation of the embryo proper, and an inner cell mass, from which the embryo is developed. Fluid collects between the trophoblast and the greater part of the inner cell-mass, and thus the morula is converted into a vesicle, called the blastodermic vesicle. The inner cell mass remains in contact, however, with the trophoblast at one pole of the ovum; this is named the embryonic pole, since it indicates the location where the future embryo will develop.[3]", "Human embryogenesis. Cleavage itself is the first stage in blastulation, the process of forming the blastocyst. Cells differentiate into an outer layer of cells (collectively called the trophoblast) and an inner cell mass. With further compaction the individual outer blastomeres, the trophoblasts, become indistinguishable. They are still enclosed within the zona pellucida. This compaction serves to make the structure watertight, containing the fluid that the cells will later secrete. The inner mass of cells differentiate to become embryoblasts and polarise at one end. They close together and form gap junctions, which facilitate cellular communication. This polarisation leaves a cavity, the blastocoel, creating a structure that is now termed the blastocyst. (In animals other than mammals, this is called the blastula.) The trophoblasts secrete fluid into the blastocoel. The resulting increase in size of the blastocyst causes it to hatch through the zona pellucida, which then disintegrates.[7][4]", "Cleavage (embryo). In embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula.", "Blastula. During the blastula stage of development, a significant amount of activity occurs within the early embryo to establish cell polarity, cell specification, axis formation, and regulate gene expression.[6] In many animals such as Drosophila and Xenopus, the mid blastula transition (MBT) is a crucial step in development during which the maternal mRNA is degraded and control over development is passed to the embryo.[7] Many of the interactions between blastomeres are dependent on cadherin expression, particularly E-cadherin in mammals and EP-cadherin in amphibians.[6]", "Blastula. Mammalian embryos undergo compaction around the 8-cell stage where E-cadherins as well as alpha and beta catenins are expressed. This process makes a ball of embryonic cells which are capable of interacting, rather than a group of diffuse and undifferentiated cells. E-cadherin adhesion defines the apico-basal axis in the developing embryo and turns the embryo from an indistinct ball of cells to a more polarized phenotype which sets the stage for further development into a fully formed blastocyst.[15]", "Blastula. The study of the blastula and of cell specification has many implications on the field of stem cell research as well as the continued improvement of fertility treatments.[5] Embryonic stem cells are a field which, though controversial, have tremendous potential for treating disease. In Xenopus, blastomeres behave as pluripotent stem cells which can migrate down several pathways, depending on cell signaling.[8] By manipulating the cell signals during the blastula stage of development, various tissues can be formed. This potential can be instrumental in regenerative medicine for disease and injury cases. In vitro fertilisation involves implantation of a blastula into a mother’s uterus.[9] Blastula cell implantation could serve to eliminate infertility.", "Blastula. In Xenopus embryos, the blastula is composed of three different regions. The animal cap forms the roof of the blastocoele and goes on primarily to form ectodermal derivatives. The equatorial or marginal zone, which compose the walls of the blastocoel differentiate primarily into mesodermal tissue. The vegetal mass is composed of the blastocoel floor and primarily develops into endodermal tissue.[6]", "Blastocyst. There are two types of blastomere cells:[5]", "Blastula. The blastula stage of early embryo development begins with the appearance of the blastocoele. The origin of the blastocoele in Xenopus has been shown to be from the first cleavage furrow, which is widened and sealed with tight junctions to create a cavity.[10]", "Blastocyst. Implantation in the uterine wall allows for the next step in embryogenesis, gastrulation, which includes formation of the placenta from trophoblastic cells and differentiation of the inner cell mass into the amniotic sac and epiblast.", "Developmental biology. The sperm and egg fuse in the process of fertilization to form a fertilized egg, or zygote.[12] This undergoes a period of divisions to form a ball or sheet of similar cells called a blastula or blastoderm. These cell divisions are usually rapid with no growth so the daughter cells are half the size of the mother cell and the whole embryo stays about the same size. They are called cleavage divisions. Morphogenetic movements convert the cell mass into a three layered structure consisting of multicellular sheets called ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, which are known as germ layers. This is the process of gastrulation. During cleavage and gastrulation the first regional specification events occur. In addition to the formation of the three germ layers themselves, these often generate extraembryonic structures, such as the mammalian placenta, needed for support and nutrition of the embryo,[13] and also establish differences of commitment along the anteroposterior axis (head, trunk and tail).[14]", "Blastula. In many organisms including Xenopus and Drosophila, the mid-blastula transition usually occurs after a particular number of cell divisions for a given species, and is defined by the ending of the synchronous cell division cycles of the early blastula development, and the lengthening of the cell cycles by the addition of the G1 and G2 phases. Prior to this transition, cleavage occurs with only the synthesis and mitosis phases of the cell cycle.[12] The addition of the two growth phases into the cell cycle allows for the cells to increase in size, as up to this point the blastomeres undergo reductive divisions in which the overall size of the embryo does not increase, but more cells are created. This transition begins the growth in size of the organism.[2]", "Blastula. In many organisms the development of the embryo up to this point and for the early part of the blastula stage is controlled by maternal mRNA, so called because it was produced in the egg prior to fertilization and is therefore exclusively from the mother.[11][12]", "Human embryogenesis. When the cells number around sixteen the solid sphere of cells within the zona pellucida is referred to as a morula[6] At this stage the cells start to bind firmly together in a process called compaction, and cleavage continues as cellular differentiation." ]

[ 6.6015625, 2.671875, 2.8984375, 0.5517578125, 0.049072265625, 1.576171875, -0.324951171875, -0.9423828125, 0.1431884765625, -1.875, -1.7216796875, -1.1064453125, 0.60595703125, 0.327880859375, -3.822265625, 0.9404296875, -0.89599609375, -3.400390625, -2.859375, -2.572265625, -2.486328125, -4.90625, -3.423828125, -5.90625, -5.1171875, -2.615234375, -5.23046875, -3.75, -4.83203125, -4.81640625, -4.86328125, -2.828125 ]

[ "Samsung Galaxy S5. The Samsung Galaxy S5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. Unveiled on 24 February 2014 at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain, it was released on 11 April 2014 in 150 countries as the immediate successor to the Galaxy S4. As with the S4, the S5 is an evolution of the prior year's model, placing a particular emphasis on an improved build with a textured rear cover and IP67 certification for dust and water resistance, a more refined user experience, new security features such as a fingerprint reader and private mode, expanded health features (such as a built-in heart rate monitor), and an updated camera.", "Samsung Galaxy S5. The Galaxy S5 was unveiled on 24 February 2014 as part of the company's presentation at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain. Samsung Electronics president JK Shin explained that consumers did not want a phone dependent on \"eye-popping\" or \"complex\" technology, but one with \"beautiful design and performance\", a \"simple, yet powerful camera\", \"faster and seamless connectivity\", and fitness-oriented features.[10]", "Samsung Galaxy (original). The Samsung Galaxy, known as Samsung GT-I7500 in some countries, is a mobile phone manufactured by Samsung that used the open source Android operating system. It was announced on 27 April 2009[2] and was released on 29 June 2009.[3] It is succeeded by the Samsung i5700.", "Samsung Galaxy Note 4. The Samsung Galaxy Note 5 (branded and marketed as Samsung Galaxy Note5) is an Android phablet smartphone developed and produced by Samsung Electronics. The Galaxy Note 5, along with the Galaxy S6 Edge+, was unveiled during a Samsung press conference in New York City on 13 August 2015. It is the successor to the Samsung Galaxy Note 4. The phone became available in the U.S. on 21 August 2015. The Note 5 is not found in high street retailers within Europe.[15]", "Samsung Galaxy S5. Samsung announced that it would release the S5 on 11 April 2014 in 150 countries—including the United Kingdom and United States.[11] On 18 June 2014, Samsung unveiled an LTE-Advanced version of the S5, exclusively released in South Korea. Unlike other models, the LTE-A version also upgrades the display to a quad HD, 1440p panel.[12][13]", "Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017). The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was announced on January 2, 2017, along with Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017). This move marks Samsung's first product launch since the discontinuation of the Galaxy Note 7 back on October 2016.[1]", "Samsung Galaxy Note 5. The Samsung Galaxy Note 5 (marketed as Samsung Galaxy Note5) is an Android phablet smartphone developed and produced by Samsung Electronics. Unveiled on 13 August 2015,[9] it is the successor to the Galaxy Note 4 and part of the Samsung Galaxy Note series.", "Samsung Galaxy Note series. The Galaxy Note 5 was announced on 13 August 2015. It is based upon the specifications and hardware design of the Galaxy S6, including its metal frame and glass backing, a 5.7-inch 1440p display, Exynos 7 Octa 7420 system-on-chip, as well as a new spring-loaded stylus slot. As with the S6 and unlike previous Note models, the Note 5 does not offer a user-replaceable battery or expandable storage.[10][11][12][13] The new \"Screen off memo\" feature allows the phone to be awoken directly to a note screen when the stylus is removed,[10] and the camera app allows public and private livestreaming directly to YouTube.[10]", "Samsung Galaxy S series. The original Samsung Galaxy S smartphone was announced in March 2010 and released in June 2010.", "Samsung Galaxy Note 5. The Galaxy Note 5 was briefly succeeded by the Samsung Galaxy Note 7, released in September 2016. However, that device was ultimately recalled and pulled from the market after repeated incidents where batteries overheated and caught on fire. [10][11] The discontinued Note 7 was later re-launched as Galaxy Note Fan Edition in July 2017.[12]", "Samsung Galaxy J5. Samsung Galaxy J5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics.[1] It was unveiled and released in June 2015.[2] It has an advanced 64-bit class system on a chip (SoC) backed by 1.5 GB RAM and uses a Snapdragon 410.", "Samsung Galaxy J5. Samsung galaxy J5 released dates by models:", "Samsung Galaxy Note 5. In February 2016, Samsung began to release Marshmallow for the Galaxy Note 5.[20]", "Samsung Galaxy S series. Samsung announced the Galaxy S II on 13 February 2011.", "Samsung Galaxy S series. The Samsung Galaxy S5 was announced on 24 February 2014. It improves upon the Galaxy S4 by adding a heart rate monitor,[27] IP67 water resistance,[28] a fingerprint scanner,[29] the ability to record 4K videos,[30] the ability to take better photos in low light levels,[31] a \"Download Booster\" feature to increase download levels to the maximum bandwidth allowed,[32] the ability to restrict the usage of battery by limiting the phone's usage,[33] and USB 3.0.[34] It removes the temperature sensor, humidity sensor, and \"Story Album\" feature from the Galaxy S4.", "Samsung Galaxy S5. A hardware revision called the Galaxy S5 Neo was quietly released in August 2015. The S5 Neo is a lower cost variant of the original Galaxy S5 that downgrades the SoC to an Exynos 7580 Octa system-on-chip, while improving the front camera to a 5-megapixel unit. Other changes include the removal of a fingerprint sensor and a conventional USB 2.0 port in lieu of a USB 3.0 port with a water-resistant cover, the latter of which had been a source of complaints from users who found the cover was easily broken from regular use, compared to the previous year's model. Samsung also released Android 7.0 Nougat with Samsung Experience which the original S5 did not have.[47] The S5 Neo was initially made available in Europe (SM-G903F) and Canada (SM-G903W).", "Samsung Electronics. In May 2013, Samsung announced that it had finally managed to test speed-enhanced fifth generation (5G) technology successfully.[44]", "Samsung Galaxy S6. Samsung officially unveiled the Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge during the first Samsung Unpacked 2015 event at Mobile World Congress on 1 March 2015, for a release on 10 April 2015 in 20 countries.[7] In Japan, the S6 and S6 Edge are marketed solely under the Galaxy brand, with most references to Samsung removed; sales of Samsung phones have been impacted by historical relations between Japan and South Korea, and a Samsung spokesperson stated that the Galaxy brand was \"well-established\" in the country.[12][13][14]", "Samsung Galaxy S5. An update to Android 5.0 \"Lollipop\" was first released for S5 models in Poland in December 2014.[40] The update incorporates performance improvements, an updated \"Recent apps\" view that utilizes a card-based layout, access to notifications on the lock screen, and modifications to the TouchWiz interface to adhere to Material design language.[40] In April 2016, Samsung released an update to Android 6.0.1 \"Marshmallow\" for international S5 models.[41] It enables new features such as \"Google Now on Tap\", which allows users to perform searches within the context of information currently being displayed on-screen, and \"Doze\", which optimizes battery usage when the device is not being physically handled.[42][41]", "Samsung Galaxy Note series. On September 3, 2014, at IFA Berlin, Samsung unveiled a successor to the Galaxy Note 3, the Galaxy Note 4. The new model, released on October 2014, introduced a new design with a plastic leather backing and metal frame, a 5.7-inch (145 mm) QHD display, a 16 MP camera with OIS, improved S-Pen stylus, an upgraded digitizer with 2,048 levels of pressure sensitivity and expanded functionality, fingerprint scanner, and other features taken from the Galaxy S5.", "Samsung Galaxy Alpha. In early-June 2014, images leaked of an upcoming Samsung phone tentatively known as the \"Galaxy F\", shown alongside a Galaxy S5: it incorporated a metallic frame, thinner bezels around the screen than the S5, and was to allegedly include a quad HD display,[6] Snapdragon 805 system-on-chip, along with the heart rate sensor and water/dust-proofing from the S5.[6][7] On June 18, 2014, Samsung would unveil an LTE-Advanced version of the S5 with a quad HD display, exclusively for release in South Korea. A Samsung representative stated it had \"no plans\" to release this device globally.[8]", "Samsung Galaxy S5. In August 2015, following the release of its latest flagship, the Galaxy S6, Samsung released an updated version called the \"Galaxy S5 Neo\" which has a Exynos 7 Octa (7580) processor clocked at 1.6 GHz. It has 2 GB of RAM, 16 GB of internal storage and comes with Android 5.1.1 \"Lollipop\". The Canadian Samsung Galaxy S5 Neo has 7.0 \"Nougat\" with Samsung Experience. [9]", "Boost Mobile. On May 19, 2014, Boost Mobile released the Samsung Galaxy S5 at a starting price of $599 USD, making it the first flagship smartphone to be released along the same time frame as contract phone companies.", "Nexus 5. Nexus 5 (codenamed Hammerhead)[12] is an Android smartphone manufactured by LG Electronics for Google. Co-developed with and marketed by Google Inc. as part of its Nexus line of flagship devices and unveiled on October 31, 2013, it is a successor to the Nexus 4. Nexus 5 served as the launch device for Android 4.4 \"KitKat\", which introduced a refreshed interface, performance improvements, increased Google Now integration, better battery life and other features.", "Samsung Galaxy Alpha. Samsung Galaxy Alpha is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. Unveiled on 13 August 2014, the device was released in September 2014. A high-end device, the Galaxy Alpha is Samsung's first smartphone to incorporate a metallic frame, although the remainder of its physical appearance still resembles previous models such as the Galaxy S5. It also incorporates Samsung's new Exynos 5430 system-on-chip, which is the first mobile system-on-chip to use a 20 nanometer manufacturing process.", "Samsung Galaxy S series. On 12 June 2014, Samsung announced the first-generation Galaxy Tab S tablets. These were later released on 2 July 2014.", "Samsung Galaxy Alpha. On August 13, 2014, Samsung officially unveiled the Galaxy Alpha. Samsung Electronics CEO JK Shin explained that the Alpha was \"built and designed based on the specific desires of the consumer market.\"[1] The company touted that the Galaxy Alpha would mark a \"new design approach\" for Samsung's products, and that elements from the Alpha could appear on future Samsung models.[13]", "Samsung Galaxy. The line was mainly replaced by the Samsung Galaxy J series starting from 2015.", "Samsung Galaxy S series. The Samsung Galaxy S series is a line of high-end Android smartphones and tablets by Samsung Electronics. The first device in the series, the Samsung Galaxy S smartphone, was announced by Samsung in March 2010 and released in June of that year.", "Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017). Following the unveiling, Samsung announced that they will sell up to 20 million smartphones, targeting Western and Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia and Latin America. Unlike its predecessors, the Galaxy A5 (2017) will not be coming to the United States.[3] However, the Galaxy A5 (2017) is going to be sold in Canada,[4] unlike the 2016 edition.", "Samsung Gear VR. Although the Samsung Gear VR consumer edition was released in November 2015, Samsung had obtained a patent on a HMD (Head Mounted Display) in January 2005. This was one of the first ideas of using a mobile phone as the display for a HMD. However, mobile phone technology at the time the patent was submitted limited the degree of quality and performance possible. Samsung continued to research VR and HMD internally.", "Samsung Galaxy S7. Samsung Galaxy S7 and Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge are Android smartphones manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The S7 series serves as the successor to the Galaxy S6, S6 Edge and S6 Edge+ released in 2015. The phones were officially unveiled on 21 February 2016, during a Samsung press conference at Mobile World Congress, with a European and North American release on 11 March 2016.[5][6]" ]

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[ "Heather O'Rourke. In the Poltergeist trilogy, O'Rourke played Carol Anne Freeling, a young suburban girl who becomes the conduit and target for supernatural entities. The New York Times noted that she had played the key role in the films and commented, \"With her wide eyes, long blonde hair and soft voice, she was so striking that the sequel played off her presence.\"[3] During the production of the original Poltergeist, Spielberg twice accommodated the child actress when frightened. When scared by performing a particular stunt, Spielberg replaced O'Rourke with a stunt double wearing a blonde wig; and when disturbed by the portrayal of child abuse, Spielberg did not require her to perform the take again.[12] For her work in Poltergeist, O'Rourke earned between $35,000 and $100,000.[13] O'Rourke played the role in all three films.[14] O'Rourke and Zelda Rubinstein were the only original cast members to appear in the third film, Poltergeist III.[15]", "Heather O'Rourke. Heather Michele O'Rourke (December 27, 1975 – February 1, 1988)[2] was an American child actress. She was discovered by director Steven Spielberg when she was visiting MGM's studios.[3] Spielberg cast her as Carol Anne Freeling in the horror film Poltergeist (1982), where she had the movie's most recognizable line: \"They're here!\" She reprised the role in the second and third installments.", "Annie Potts. Anne Hampton Potts (born October 28, 1952)[1] is an American film, television, and stage actress. She is known for her roles in popular 1980s films such as Ghostbusters (1984), Ghostbusters II (1989), Pretty in Pink (1986), Jumpin' Jack Flash (1986), and Who's Harry Crumb? (1989). In the 1990s, she voiced Bo Peep in the animated films Toy Story (1995) and Toy Story 2 (1999). She is also known for playing Mary Jo Jackson Shively on the CBS sitcom Designing Women (1986–1993).", "Jane Krakowski. After her film debut, National Lampoon's Vacation in 1983,[12] Krakowski appeared in Fatal Attraction, The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (where she played Betty Rubble), Marci X, Alfie, Go, Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant, Dance with Me, Stepping Out, Pretty Persuasion, Kit Kittredge: An American Girl and Mom at Sixteen. Krakowski was originally cast in the horror film Sleepaway Camp, but dropped out just before filming began because she felt her character's death scene with a curling iron was too violent. She appeared in When Zachary Beaver Came to Town as a mother who wants to become a singer. In 2004, she starred in Alan Menken's TV movie version of A Christmas Carol, featured as The Ghost of Christmas Past. In 2006, she provided the voice of the deer Giselle in the Sony animated movie, Open Season.", "Candice Bergen. In 1966, Bergen made her screen debut playing a university student in The Group, which delicately touched on the then-forbidden subject of lesbianism. The same year, she played the role of Shirley Eckert, an assistant school teacher in The Sand Pebbles (1966) with Steve McQueen. The movie was nominated for several Academy Awards. In 1968, she played the leading female role in The Magus, a British mystery film also starring Michael Caine and Anthony Quinn, that was almost universally ridiculed on its release. She was featured in a 1970 political satire, The Adventurers, playing a frustrated socialite.", "Anne Shirley. Montgomery disapproved of Minter's performance, writing she had portrayed \"a sweet, sugary heroine utterly unlike my gingerly Anne\", and complained about a scene where Shirley waved about a shotgun as something as her Anne would never do.[59]", "Jane Carr. In 1970, she co-starred with Angela Lansbury and Michael York in Something for Everyone, and also starred in Danny Jones (1972) with Frank Finlay. Her other film roles have included the TV movie The Bunker (1981), Deal of a Lifetime (1999), Crazy as Hell (2002), Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties (2006), Hannah Montana: The Movie (2009) and The Five-Year Engagement (2012). In 2014, she voiced Mrs. Goggins and Granny Carbunkle in Postman Pat: The Movie,[2] and portrays Sister Serpent in the Halloween themed slasher film 31 (2015).[3]", "Danielle Harris. The same year, Harris starred in the also Halloween-themed Left for Dead. For Fearnet, she hosted Route 666: America's Scariest Home Haunts. 2009 saw her in a leading role in Blood Night: The Legend of Mary Hatchet, as Felicia Freeze in the comedic superhero film Super Capers and alongside Robert Patrick in The Black Waters of Echo's Pond.[60] Fear Clinic, a Fearnet original web series featuring Harris as well as Robert Englund and Kane Hodder, made its debut the week of Halloween 2009.[61] Also in 2009, Harris reprised her role of Annie Brackett in the sequel Halloween II. Halloween II was officially released on August 28, 2009 in North America, and was met with negative reception from most critics. On October 30, 2009 it was re-released in North America to coincide with the Halloween holiday weekend. The original opening of the film grossed less than that of the 2007 remake, with approximately $7 million. The film would go on to earn $33,392,973 in North America and $5,925,616 in foreign countries, giving Halloween II a worldwide total of $39,318,589.", "Heather O'Rourke. In a contemporary interview with American Premiere magazine, producer Steven Spielberg explained that he was looking for a \"'beatific' four-year-old child...every mother's dream\" for the lead in his horror film Poltergeist (1982).[9] While eating in the MGM commissary,[3] Spielberg saw five-year-old Heather O'Rourke having lunch with her mother[9] while older sister Tammy was shooting Pennies from Heaven.[10] After his lunch, Spielberg approached the family and offered O'Rourke the Poltergeist role; she was signed the next day, beating Drew Barrymore, who was up for the role.[9][11]", "Sally Kellerman. Kellerman began the decade as Mary, a divorced middle-aged suburban mother struggling to raise her rebellious daughter (Jodie Foster) in Adrian Lyne's Foxes (1980); Martha, a six-times-married eccentric, in Bill Persky's Serial, and the silly-but-sophisticated Mrs. Liggett in Jack Smight's Loving Couples. Later roles included Mary, a child psychiatrist in a sadomasochistic relationship with a psychology professor (Stephen Lackman) after they meet by accident (literally) in Michael Grant's Head On, and a 1920s socialite in Kirk Browning's made-for-television film adaptation of Dorothy Parker's 1929 short story Big Blonde (both 1980). From October 3 to November 15, 1980, Kellerman starred as Julia Seton in an Ahmanson Theatre production of Philip Barry's Holiday (directed by Robert Allan Ackerman) with Kevin Kline, Maurice Evans and Marisa Berenson.[33]", "Carol Ann Susi. Carol Ann Susi was born in Brooklyn,[1] of Italian descent.[9] She studied acting at HB Studio in New York City before moving to Los Angeles in the 1970s.[1]", "Caroline Munro. Caroline Munro (born 16 January 1949)[1] is an English actress and model known for her many appearances in horror, science fiction and action films of the 1970s and 1980s.[2]", "Catherine O'Hara. O'Hara has appeared in several films directed by Tim Burton, beginning with the role of Delia Deetz in the 1988 film Beetlejuice. Other roles she has portrayed in Burton films include the voices of Sally/Shock in The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) and Susan Frankenstein in Frankenweenie (2012). She has also frequently collaborated with director and writer Christopher Guest, appearing in the mockumentary films Waiting for Guffman (1996), Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), and For Your Consideration (2006). In 2000 she won a Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role for the film The Life Before This. She is also known to audiences as Kate McCallister, the mother of Kevin, in both Home Alone (1990) and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), and for her voice work in multiple animated films like Pippi Longstocking (1997), Bartok the Magnificent (1999), Chicken Little (2005), Over the Hedge (2006), Monster House (2006), Brother Bear 2 (2006), Barbie in the 12 Dancing Princesses (2006), Where the Wild Things Are (2009), A Monster in Paris (2011), and When Marnie Was There (2014). Her other film credits include Dick Tracy (1990), The Paper (1994), Wyatt Earp (1994), Tall Tale (1995), Home Fries (1998), Surviving Christmas (2004), Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004), Penelope (2006), Killers (2010), and A.C.O.D. (2013).", "Caroline Munro. Munro's career continued to thrive well in the 1980s, appearing in many slasher and Eurotrash productions. Her first film shot on American soil was the William Lustig production Maniac.[12] This was soon followed by the \"multi-award winning, shot during the Cannes Film Festival\" shocker The Last Horror Film[6] (directed by David Winters), in which she was reunited with her Maniac co-star Joe Spinell. She had a cameo role in the film Don't Open Till Christmas,[6] Slaughter High,[6] Paul Naschy's Howl of the Devil, and Jess Franco's Faceless, followed in rapid succession. She reteamed with Starcrash director, Luigi Cozzi, for Demons 6: De Profundis (aka Il gatto nero) in 1989, though this would be her last major film appearance.", "Sarah Paulson. Paulson has appeared on Broadway in the plays The Glass Menagerie in 2005 and Collected Stories in 2010.[2][3] She also starred in a number of independent films, and had a leading role on the ABC comedy series Cupid in 2009. She later starred in the independent drama film Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011), and received Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for her performance as Nicolle Wallace in the HBO film Game Change (2012).[1] She starred as Mary Epps in the 2013 historical drama film 12 Years a Slave, as Abby Gerhard in the 2015 romantic drama film Carol and as Toni Bradlee in the 2017 politicial thriller The Post. All three films received widespread critical acclaim and were nominated for multiple Academy Awards.", "Elaine Hendrix. After recuperating from her accident, Hendrix was cast in the short-lived 1995 Get Smart series. She has also appeared on the television series Joan of Arcadia, Friends, Ellen, Charmed and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and had a recurring role in Married... with Children, User Friendly (1995) and Lez Be Friends (1997). Films in which she appeared include Romy and Michele's High School Reunion, the remake of The Parent Trap, Superstar, the movie version of Inspector Gadget — Inspector Gadget 2, and What the Bleep Do We Know!?. In 2006, she also appeared in an episode of Ghost Whisperer and the movie Coffee Date. In 2008 Hendrix appeared in two episodes of the now cancelled ABC Family show The Middleman as Roxy Wasserman, a succubus who works as a fashion designer.", "Alice Krige. Alice Maud Krige (/ˈkriːɡə/; born 28 June 1954) is a South African actress and producer. Her first feature film role was in Chariots of Fire (1981) as the Gilbert and Sullivan singer Sybil Gordon. She is well known for playing the dual role of Eva Galli/Alma Mobley in Ghost Story (1981 film), and for the Borg Queen in the Star Trek franchise, beginning with the film Star Trek: First Contact.", "Sandra Bullock. Sandra Annette Bullock (/ˈsændrə ˈbʊlək/; born July 26, 1964)[1] is an American actress, producer, and philanthropist. She made her acting debut with a minor role in the 1987 thriller Hangmen, and made her television debut in the film Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman (1989), and played the lead role in the short-lived NBC sitcom Working Girl. Her breakthrough role was in the film Demolition Man (1993). She subsequently starred in several successful films including Speed (1994), While You Were Sleeping (1995), The Net (1995), A Time to Kill (1996), Hope Floats (1998), and Practical Magic (1998).", "Carol Ann Susi. Susi made her first screen appearance in Kolchak: The Night Stalker. Other television and film credits included: McMillan & Wife, Coyote Ugly, Just Go with It, The Big Bang Theory, Becker, Grey's Anatomy, That '70s Show, Out of Practice, Cats & Dogs, Just Shoot Me, Married... with Children, Night Court, The King of Queens, Death Becomes Her, Seinfeld, The Secret of My Success, My Blue Heaven, and Sabrina, The Teenage Witch.[6] She also had extensive experience in live theatre[7][8] and voiced a character on the video game installment of CSI: NY.", "Julie Andrews. In 1982, Andrews played a dual role of Victoria Grant and Count Victor Grezhinski in the film Victor/Victoria once again playing opposite James Garner. Her performance earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, as well as a nomination for the 1982 Academy Award for Best Actress, her third Oscar nomination.[1][43]", "Elaine Hendrix. Katherine Elaine Hendrix (born December 28, 1970) is an American actress, model, producer, singer, dancer, and activist. She is best known for her roles in the 1998 remake of The Parent Trap, Inspector Gadget 2, and the 2004 documentary What the Bleep Do We Know!?", "Kim Dickens. From 2010 to 2013, Dickens was a regular on the HBO ensemble drama series, Treme, as Janette Desautel. From 2013 to 2014, she had a recurring role as Colette Jane in the FX crime drama, Sons of Anarchy.[13] In 2015, she had a recurring role in the Netflix political drama House of Cards. In film, she co-starred in Footloose (2011) and At Any Price (2012). In 2014, she had a major supporting role as Detective Rhonda Boney in the psychological thriller film Gone Girl, directed by David Fincher,[14][15] and in 2016, co-starred as the lead character's mother in Tim Burton's film Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children.[16]", "House on Haunted Hill. Eccentric millionaire Frederick Loren (Vincent Price) invites five people to a party he is throwing for his fourth wife Annabelle (Carol Ohmart) in an allegedly haunted house he has rented, promising to give each $10,000 with the stipulation that they must stay the entire night in the house after the doors are locked at midnight. The five guests are test pilot Lance Schroeder (Richard Long), newspaper columnist Ruth Bridges (Julie Mitchum), psychiatrist Dr. David Trent (Alan Marshal) who specializes in hysteria, Nora Manning (Carolyn Craig) who works for one of Loren's companies, and the house's owner Watson Pritchard (Elisha Cook). Pritchard disapproves of Loren's use of the house for his \"party,\" making it unclear how Loren acquired access to the house in the first place.", "Julia Garner. In 2012, director David Chase invited her to play a small role which he wrote specifically for her in his movie Not Fade Away.[1] Her first starring role was in the 2012 movie, Electrick Children.[1] In 2013, she starred alongside Ashley Bell in the horror film The Last Exorcism Part II, and played the lead in the American remake of the Mexican horror film We Are What We Are.", "Cate Blanchett. In 2015, Blanchett starred in five films. She portrayed Nancy in Terrence Malick's Knight Of Cups, which premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival.[90] Indiewire named Blanchett's performance in Knight of Cups one of the 15 best performances in Terrence Malick films.[91] She then portrayed Lady Tremaine, Cinderella's evil stepmother, in Disney's live-action re-imagining of Charles Perrault's Cinderella and the 1950 animated film, to critical acclaim.[92][93] She starred opposite Rooney Mara in Carol, the film adaption of Patricia Highsmith's The Price of Salt, reuniting her with director Todd Haynes. Blanchett is an executive producer on the film.[94] She received Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, and BAFTA Award nominations for her performance in Carol.[95][96][97] She also portrayed Mary Mapes opposite Robert Redford's Dan Rather in Truth, a film about the Killian documents controversy. Blanchett's production company was a producing partner for the film.[98] Blanchett also appeared in Manifesto, Julian Rosefeldt's multi-screen video installation, in which 12 artist manifestos are depicted by 13 different characters played by Blanchett.[99] In 2016, Blanchett narrated one of two versions of Terence Malick's documentary on Earth and the universe, Voyage of Time, which had its world premiere at the 73rd Venice Film Festival.[100][101][102]", "Anne Shirley. The British scholar Faye Hammill observed that such is the popularity of Shirley that she has overshadowed her creator, L.M Montgomery as license plates in Prince Edward Island bear the slogan \"P.E.I Home of Anne of Green Gables\" rather than \"P.E.I Birthplace of L.M Montgomery\".[64] The actress Mary Miles Minter played Shirley in the 1919 film adaption of Anne of Green Gables later had her career ruined when the film director William Desmond Taylor was murdered in 1922, and her name came up as a suspect, through she was never charged.[64] When Minter attempted a comeback as an advice columnist later in the 1920s, she used the pen-name Anne Shirley in an attempt to restore her wholesome image, which had been ruined by the Taylor murder scandal.[64] The actress Dawn O'Day who played Shirley in the 1934 film adaption of Anne of Green Gables liked the character so much she legally changed her name to Anne Shirley.[64] Montgomery during her youth had experiences of what she called \"the flash\"-moments of quiet contemplation of the beauty of nature when she was walking alone that gave her emotional ecstasy and what she regarded as the awareness of a higher spiritual power running through nature and her.[65] Despite Montgomery's claim that Shirley was not autobiographical, the moments when Shirley experienced moments of a mystical communion with nature are almost word for word the same as Montgomery's descriptions of \"the flash\" in her diary.[64]", "Jennifer Connelly. Her first leading role was in Italian giallo-director Dario Argento's 1985 film Phenomena, as a girl who uses her psychic powers to communicate with insects, in order to pursue the serial killer of students of the Swiss school where she has just enrolled.[20] She next had the lead in the coming-of-age movie Seven Minutes in Heaven, released the same year.[21]", "Diana Rigg. Rigg made her professional stage debut in 1957 in The Caucasian Chalk Circle, and joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1959. She made her Broadway debut in the 1971 production of Abelard & Heloise. Her film roles include Helena in A Midsummer Night's Dream (1968); Countess Teresa di Vicenzo, wife of James Bond, in On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969); Lady Holiday in The Great Muppet Caper (1981); and Arlena Marshall in Evil Under the Sun (1982). She won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for the 1989 BBC miniseries Mother Love, and an Emmy Award for her role as Mrs. Danvers in the 1997 adaptation of Rebecca. Her other television credits include You, Me and the Apocalypse (2015), Detectorists (2015), and the Doctor Who episode \"The Crimson Horror\" (2013) opposite her daughter, Rachael Stirling.", "Karen Dotrice. Dotrice took on the role of Maria Beadnell in two episodes of the serial Dickens of London (1976), starring her father as both Charles and John Dickens.[13] In 1977, credited as Karen Dotrice Nalle, she appeared with Ann-Margret in Joseph Andrews, a German telefilm based on the Henry Fielding novel Joseph Andrews;[14] and as Princess Ozyliza in the Jackanory episode \"The Princess and the Hedgehog\".[11]", "Louise Fletcher. After Cuckoo's Nest, Fletcher had mixed success in film. She made several financially and critically successful films, while others were box office failures. Fletcher's film roles were in such features as Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977), The Cheap Detective (1978), The Lady in Red (1979), The Magician of Lublin (1979), Brainstorm (1983), Firestarter (1984), Invaders From Mars (1986), Flowers in the Attic (1987), Two Moon Junction (1988), Best of the Best (1989), Blue Steel (1990), Virtuosity (1995), High School High (1996), and Cruel Intentions (1999, as Sebastian's aunt). Additionally, she played the character Ruth Shorter, a supporting role, in the 2005 film Aurora Borealis alongside Joshua Jackson and Donald Sutherland, and appeared in the Fox Faith film The Last Sin Eater (2007).", "Wendie Malick. After graduating from Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio, in 1972, Malick began fashion modeling for the Wilhelmina modeling agency. She left to work for Republican Congressman Jack Kemp.[5] She soon left Washington, DC, to pursue a career in stage and screen. She began working as an actress in 1982 in the film A Little Sex. In same year, Malick auditioned for the role of Diane Chambers in the NBC sitcom Cheers,[6] but lost the part. She later was cast as regular in ABC medical drama series Trauma Center. The series was cancelled after a single season. In 1986, Malick guest starred as Cecile's henchwoman in the 5559th episode of Another World. In the late 1980s, Malick began her career in television comedies. She had a recurring role on Kate & Allie and played a supporting role in the 1988 film Scrooged as Bill Murray's sister-in-law.", "Annie Potts. Potts played receptionist Janine Melnitz in the Ghostbusters film series and then achieved fame as the pragmatic interior designer Mary Jo Shively on the CBS television sitcom Designing Women (1986–1993), and has had a wide variety of prominent roles in both television and film. She was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1994 for role as Dana Palladino on Love & War (1993–1995). Other notable roles include Mary Elizabeth (O'Brien) Sims on the Lifetime Television drama series Any Day Now (1998–2002), for which she was nominated for two Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series, the voice of Little Bo Peep in the first two Toy Story films, a supporting role in John Hughes's Pretty in Pink, and guest-starring roles on such CBS's television series as Magnum, P.I., Joan of Arcadia, Close to Home, Two and a Half Men, and ABC's Men in Trees, Ugly Betty, and Boston Legal. She played a recurring role as Sophie Devere in the NBC's Law & Order: Special Victims Unit from 2005 to 2009." ]

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[ "BB gun. BB guns are often regulated as a type of air gun. Air gun laws vary widely by jurisdiction.", "Air gun. An air gun (or airgun) is any kind of gun that launches projectiles pneumatically with compressed air or other gases that are pressurized mechanically without involving any chemical reactions, in contrast to a firearm, which relies on an exothermic chemical oxidation (deflagration) of combustible propellants to generate propulsive energy. Both the long gun and handgun forms (air rifle and air pistol) typically propel metallic projectiles, that are either diabolo-shaped pellets, or spherical shots called BBs. Certain types of air guns (usually rifles) may also propel darts or arrows.", "BB gun. BB guns are a type of air gun designed to fire spherical metal projectiles similar to shot pellets of approximately the same size. Modern BB guns usually have a barrel with a bore caliber of 4.5 mm (0.177 in) and are available in many varieties. These guns usually use steel BB shots, plated either with zinc or copper to resist corrosion, and measure 4.3 to 4.4 mm (0.171 to 0.173 in) in diameter and 0.33 to 0.35 g (5.1 to 5.4 gr) in weight. Some manufacturers still make lead balls around 0.48 to 0.50 g (7.4 to 7.7 gr) in weight and slightly larger in diameter, which are generally intended for use in rifled barrels.", "Air gun. Typically BBs are used for indoor practice, casual outdoor plinking, training children, or for air gun enthusiasts who like to practice, but cannot afford high-powered air gun systems that use pellets. Some shotgunners use sightless BB rifles to train in instinctive shooting. Similar guns were also used briefly by the United States Army in a Vietnam-era instinctive shooting program called \"Quick Kill\".[10]", "Air gun. The BB was once the most common airgun ammunition in the USA, thanks to the popularity of Daisy’s line of BB airguns. A BB is a small metallic ball, typically made of steel (with a copper or zinc coating) or lead, in 4.5 mm/.177\" diameter. Originally called the “round shot”, the contemporary name came from the “BB”- size lead birdshot used in shotguns, which the first BB gun invented in 1886 was designed to shoot. Steel BBs can be acceptably accurate at short distances when fired from properly designed BB guns with smoothbore barrels. Lead number 3 buckshot pellets can be used in .25\" caliber airguns as if they were large BBs.", "BB gun. BB guns can use any of the operating mechanisms used for air guns. However, due to the inherent limited accuracy and short range of the BB, only the simpler and less expensive mechanisms are generally used for guns designed to fire only BBs.", "BB gun. Some gas-powered BB guns use a larger source of gas, and provide machine gun-like fire. These types, most notably the Shooting Star Tommy Gun (originally known as the Feltman) are commonly found at carnivals. The MacGlashan BB Gun, was used to train antiaircraft gunners in the United States Army Air Corps and United States Navy during World War II. A popular commercial model was the Larc M-19, which used 1 pound (454 g) canisters of Freon-12 refrigerant. These types have very simple operating mechanisms, based on a venturi pump. The gas is released in a constant stream, and this is used to suck the BBs up into the barrel at rates as high as 3600 rounds per minute.[3]", "BB gun. The term \"BB gun\" is often incorrectly used to describe a pellet gun, which fires non-spherical projectiles. Although in many cases a steel BB can be fired in a pellet gun,[1] pellets usually cannot be fired in a gun specifically designed for BBs. Similarly, the term is also often used incorrectly to address airsoft guns, which shoot plastic balls that are larger but much less dense.", "BB gun. Most BB-firing airguns can shoot faster than 60 m/s (200 ft/s). Some airguns have the ability to fire considerably faster, even beyond 170 m/s (560 ft/s)[citation needed]. Although claims are often exaggerated, a few airguns can actually fire a standard 0.177 caliber lead pellet faster than 320 m/s (1,000 ft/s), but these are generally not BB-firing guns.", "Air gun laws. Airguns are defined as of \"...calibre less that 5.6 mm (.22 calibre)...\" and, \"...muzzle energy less than 8 joules...\" These do not require a licence, but those of higher calibre or power are considered firearms.[23][24]", "BB gun. Multiple-pump pneumatic guns are also common. Many pneumatic pellet guns provide the ability to use BBs as a cheaper alternative to lead shot. Some of these guns have rifled barrels, but the slightly undersized BBs don't swage in the barrel, so the rifling does not impart a significant spin. These are the types of guns that will benefit most from using precision lead BB shot. The pneumatic BB gun can attain much higher velocities than the traditional spring piston types.", "BB gun. Subsequently, the term BB became generic, referring to any small spherical projectiles of various calibers and materials. This includes bearing balls often utilized by anti-personnel mines, .177 caliber lead/steel shots used by air guns, plastic round balls (such as the pellets used by airsoft guns), small marbles and many others. It has become ubiquitous to refer to any steel ball, such as a BB, as a ball bearing. However, BBs should not be confused with a ball bearing, which is a mechanical component using bearing balls.", "Air gun. Spring-piston air guns (or simply \"spring guns\" or \"springers\") operate by means of a coil spring-loaded piston pump assembly contained within a compression chamber separate from the gun barrel. Before shooting, the user need to manually cock the gun by flexing a lever connected to the pump assembly. The cocking drives the pump piston backwards and compress the spring until its rear engages the sear. The act of pulling the trigger disengages the sear, allows the spring to decompress and release the elastic potential energy stored within it, and pushes the piston forward thereby compressing the air in the pump cylinder. Because the pump outlet (located to the front of the pump) is directly behind the pellet sitting in the barrel chamber, once the air pressure has risen enough to overcome any static friction and/or barrel restriction holding back the pellet, the pellet is propelled forward by an expanding column of pressurized air. All this takes place in a fraction of a second, during which the air undergoes adiabatic heating to several hundred degrees and then cools as the air expands. This can also cause a phenomenon referred as \"dieseling\", where flammable substances in the compression chamber (e.g. petroleum-based lubricant) can be ignited by the compression heat like in a diesel engine, and lead to an afterburner effect with (often unpredictable) additional thrusts, as well as combustion smoke coming out of the muzzle upon firing. Most spring-piston guns are single-shot breechloaders by nature, but multiple-shot repeaters with magazine feeders have become more common in recent years.", "Air gun. While in some countries air guns are not subject to any specific regulation, in most there are laws, which differ widely. Each jurisdiction has its own definition of an air gun; and regulations may vary for weapons of different bore, muzzle energy or velocity, or material of ammunition, with guns designed to fire metal pellets often more tightly controlled than airsoft weapons. There may be minimum ages for possession, and sales of both air guns and ammunition may be restricted. Some areas require permits and background checks similar to those required for proper firearms.", "Air gun laws. Any device developing a muzzle energy equal to, or higher than, 7.5 joules is considered a \"high-power air gun\", requiring Police licensing and registration for purchase and detention just like any firearm. Bows, crossbows and similar are exempt from this rule. The muzzle energy of such devices is certified by a governance office called \"Banco di Prova\".[11] Air guns developing less than 1 joule of muzzle energy are categorized as airsoft, which are considered by law as toys, with no restriction whatsoever to their trade, except that they can never be modified to achieve a higher muzzle energy and must be only able to shoot 6 mm plastic pellets.", "BB gun. Around 1900, Daisy Manufacturing Company (formerly Plymouth Air Rifle Company), one of the earliest makers of birdshot-caliber air rifles, changed their BB-size bore diameter to 0.175 in (4.4 mm), and began to market precision-made lead shot specifically for their BB guns. They called these \"round shots\", but the BB name was already well established, and most users continued calling their guns BB guns, and the projectiles as BB shots or just BBs.[citation needed]", "Air gun. Due to the hardness of the steel, they can not \"take\" to rifled barrels, which is why they are undersized (4.4 against 4.5 mm) to allow them to be used in .177\" rifled barrels, which when used in this configuration can in effect be considered smoothbore, but with a poorer gas-seal. Were they 4.5 mm diameter, they would jam in the bore. Therefore, BB's lack the spin stabilization required for long-range accuracy, and usage in any but the cheapest rifled guns is discouraged.", "Air gun laws. Air guns with both a muzzle velocity greater than 152.4 meters per second (500 feet per second) and a muzzle energy greater than 5.7 joules (4.2 foot-pounds) are firearms for purposes of both the Firearms Act and the Criminal Code.[4] Usually the manufacturer’s specifications are used to determine the design muzzle velocity and energy. Air rifles that meet these velocity and energy criteria are generally classified as non-restricted firearms; however, some are classified as restricted or prohibited, depending on the exact design of the air rifle. Air pistols are classified as restricted if their barrel is longer than 105 mm or prohibited if their barrel length is 105 mm or less. The lawful possession of these airguns requires that the owner have a valid firearms licence and that the airgun be registered as a firearm.", "Air gun. Some makes of air guns incorporate a gas spring (commonly referred to as a gas piston, gas ram, gas strut or nitro piston) instead of a mechanical coil spring. The spring itself is essentially a stand-alone enclosed piston pump without outlet and with pressurized air or inert gas (such as nitrogen) held tightly sealed within the cylinder. When the gun is cocked, the gas inside the cylinder gets further compressed by the piston, stores potential energy and acts in effect as a pneumatic accumulator. Gas spring units require higher precision to manufacture, since they require a low-friction sliding seal that can withstand the high pressures when cocked. The advantages of the gas spring include the ability to keep the gun cocked and ready to fire for extended periods of time without long-term spring fatigue, smoother recoil pattern and lower vibration, and faster \"lock time\" (the time between pulling the trigger and the pellet being discharged) which results in better accuracy. Gas spring air guns are also usually less \"hold-sensitive\" and hence easier to achieve consistent shot groupings.", "Air gun. The first air guns were developed as early as the 1500s. They have been used in hunting, sporting and warfare. Modern air guns use one of three types of power source depending on the design: spring-piston, pneumatic, and bottled compressed gas (most commonly carbon dioxide).", "Air gun laws. Air guns with a muzzle energy over 16 J (12 ft⋅lbf) require the same licence as firearms and police registration. Such air guns can be used only at the shooting ranges.[6]", "Air gun laws. The Australian gun law is quite restrictive and differs on a state-by-state basis; however, as general rule all air guns — regardless of action type, caliber and muzzle energy — are considered firearms for legal purposes; e.g.[1] air rifles are considered Class A firearms and as such are subject to licensing and registration.", "Air gun. Pneumatic air guns propel the projectiles by utilizing the pneumatic potential energy within compressed air, which is pressurized beforehand and stored inside the gun, and then released through valves during shooting. Single-stroke and multi-stroke pump guns utilize an on-board pump to pressurize air in an internal reservoir, while pre-charged pneumatic guns' reservoirs are filled from an external source using either a high-pressure hand pump or by decanting air from a diving cylinder.", "Air gun. The different methods of powering an air gun can be broadly divided into three groups: spring-piston, pneumatic, and compressed CO2. These methods are used in both air rifles and air pistols.[6]", "Air gun laws. While in some countries air guns are not subject to any specific regulation, in most there are laws, which differ widely. Each jurisdiction has its own definition of an air gun; and regulations may vary for weapons of different bore, muzzle energy or velocity, or material of ammunition, with guns designed to fire metal pellets often more tightly controlled than airsoft weapons. There may be minimum ages for possession, and sales of both air guns and ammunition may be restricted. Some areas in the world require permits and background checks similar to those required for firearms proper.", "Air gun. One of the first commercially successful and mass-produced air guns was manufactured by the William F. Markham's Markham Air Rifle Company in Plymouth, Michigan. Their first model air gun was the wooden Challenger and marketed in 1886. In response, Clarence Hamilton from the neighboring Plymouth Air Rifle Company (later renamed to Daisy Manufacturing Company in 1895) marketed their all-metal Daisy BB Gun in early 1888, which prompted Markham to respond with their Chicago model in 1888 followed by the King model in 1890. The Chicago model was sold by Sears, Roebuck for 73 cents in its catalog. In 1928 the name of the Markham company was changed to King Air Rifle Company after the company was purchased by Daisy in 1916 after decades of intense competition,[5] and continued to manufacture the \"King\" model air rifle until 1935 before ceasing operation all together in the 1940s.", "Air gun. During the 1890s, air rifles were used in Birmingham, England, for competitive target shooting. Matches were held in public houses, which sponsored shooting teams. Prizes, such as a leg of mutton for the winning team, were paid for by the losing team. The sport became so popular that in 1899, the National Smallbore Rifle Association was created. During this time over 4,000 air rifle clubs and associations existed across Great Britain, many of them in Birmingham. During this time, the air gun was associated with poaching because it could deliver a shot without a significant report.", "Air gun. Custom air guns are available in even larger calibers such as 20 mm (0.79\") or .87 (22.1 mm).", "Air gun. Some modern air guns are designed to discharge arrows and are called arrow guns or sometimes airbows. These arrows are designed with a hollow shaft that is open in the rear where the nock would normally be. When loaded, the hollow arrow shaft is slid rearwards over a barrel whose external diameter is only fractionally smaller than the shaft's interior diameter, providing a close enough fitting that minimizes rattling and gives reasonable enveloping seal without causing too much friction. During shooting, the trigger releases high-pressure air from the barrel to the front portion of the hollow arrow shaft, pushing the arrow forward. Such air guns can shoot arrows at launch velocities rivalling or even exceeding high-end crossbows, while retaining consistency of precision unaffected by archer's paradox, but they are also more expensive to setup and maintain.", "Air gun. The most common air gun calibers are", "Air gun. At that time, they had compelling advantages over the primitive firearms of the day. For example, air guns could be discharged in wet weather and rain (unlike both matchlock and flintlock muskets), and discharged much faster than muzzle-loading guns.[1] Moreover, they were quieter than a firearm of similar caliber, had no muzzle flash, and were smokeless. Thus, they did not disclose the shooter's position or obscure the shooter's view, unlike the black powder muskets of the 18th and 19th centuries.", "BB gun. The last common type of power for BB guns is pre-compressed gas, most commonly the 12 gram CO2 powerlet. The powerlet is a disposable metal flask containing 12 grams of compressed carbon dioxide, which expands to propel the BB. These are primarily used in pistol BB guns, and unlike spring-piston or pneumatic types, these are capable of rapid fire. A typical CO2 BB pistol uses a spring-loaded magazine to feed BBs, and a double-action trigger mechanism to chamber a BB and cock the hammer. However some guns (either to stay true to the original gun or to make the trigger pull easier) do have a single-action trigger. Either type of gun may also have blowback action, where CO2 will push the slide back in addition to firing a BB. When firing, the hammer strikes a valve hooked to the CO2 source, which releases a measured amount of CO2 gas to fire the BB, this also gives it a realistic feature. Velocities of CO2 powered BB pistols are moderate, and drop off as the pressure in the CO2 source drops. Many CO2 BB guns are patterned after popular firearms such as the Colt M1911, and can be used for training as well as recreation." ]

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[ "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for her fourth studio album, Red (2012). Swift co-wrote the song with its producers, Max Martin and Shellback. The song was released as the lead single from Red on August 13, 2012, by Big Machine Records. Its lyrics depict Swift's frustrations at an ex-lover who wants to re-kindle their relationship. Rolling Stone magazine named the song the second best song of 2012[1] while it took the fourth spot in Time's end-of-year poll. The song received a Grammy Award nomination for Record of the Year. It also received a People's Choice Awards nomination for Favorite Song of the Year.", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. Digital download/Limited Edition CD single[6][7][8][117][118]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. After writing Speak Now (2010) entirely solo, Swift opted to collaborate with different songwriters and producers for Red. Thus, she called Max Martin and Shellback, two songwriters and producers whose work she admired, to discuss a possible collaboration. The trio conceived the concept for \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" shortly after a friend of Swift's ex-boyfriend walked into the recording studio and spoke of rumors he heard that Swift and her former flame were reuniting. After the friend left, Martin and Shellback asked Swift to elaborate on the details of the relationship, which she described as \"break up, get back together, break up, get back together, just, ugh, the worst\". When Martin suggested that they write about the incident. Swift began playing the guitar and singing, \"We are never ever......\", and the song flowed rapidly afterwards. She described the process as one of the most humorous experiences she had while recording, and said the musical partners matched her expectations. An audio clip of her sarcastically speaking about breakups can be heard before the final chorus.[2] The song is reportedly about Swift's ex, Jake Gyllenhaal, as the two had broken up in January 2011 but had been seen on a date a few days later.[3] After the release of the music video, more clues linking the song to Gyllenhaal emerged,[3] with the actor looking like Gyllenhaal,[4] the actor in the video giving her a scarf as Gyllenhaal had reportedly done for Swift and a bracelet Swift wears in the video that is speculated to look similar to that of which Gyllenhaal was rumored to have given Swift for her birthday.[3]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" became Swift's second number one in Canada, following \"Today Was a Fairytale,\" after debuting at number one; it is her second song to do so, tying her with Eminem and Katy Perry for multiple songs to debut at number one.[83] The song spent four non-consecutive weeks at number one.[84] It stayed at the top ten for thirteen weeks and charted for twenty-four weeks.[85] The single is certified Gold by Music Canada for sales exceeded of 40,000 digital downloads.", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. Credits are adapted from the liner notes of the CD single.[119][120]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" entered at number twenty-five on Billboard Radio Songs, the highest debut rank for a song by a female country act in the airplay tally's 21-year history.[68] The single entered the top ten at number ten on its fourth week, became Swift's fourth top ten hit on Billboard Radio Songs.[69] It reached its peak at number three on the week-ending October 3, 2012 and stayed there for three non-consecutive weeks.[70]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" gave Swift's second top ten hit in the United Kingdom after it debuted at number five, and eventually ascended to number four.[86] The single sold 465,000 copies in the UK during 2012 making it the 26th best selling single that year.[87] It charted in United Kingdom for twenty-nine weeks; ten weeks of it is within the top ten.[86] The single was certified Platinum in July 2014 by the British Phonographic Industry for 600,000 combined download and streaming chart-sales. In Ireland, the song jumped at number four on its second week after debuting at number eleven, became Swift's second top ten hit after her 2009 hit \"Love Story\".[88] \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" also Swift's second top ten hit in Norway after it reached number seven in its third week.[89] It also appeared in Netherlands at number sixteen, in Spain at number nine.[90][91]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. Swift premiered the single on August 13, 2012, during a live chat on Google+[5] and the song was released on Google Play that day[6] for digital download with it being released to iTunes and Amazon.com the next day, August 14.[7][8] A lyric video also premiered on Swift's official Vevo that same day.[9] The song was released to Adult Contemporary radio stations on August 13, 2012[10] with it being released to mainstream radio stations the next day.[11] The song was later released to country radio on August 21, 2012.[12] The music video for the song premiered on August 30, 2012.[13] A limited edition individually numbered CD single was released to Swift's official store and Amazon.com on September 4, 2012. The limited edition CD single was packaged with a \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" T-shirt and backpack.[14] The CD single was also able to be bought individually.[15] The CD single was also released exclusively to US Walmart stores the same day.[16]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" became Swift's sixth top ten hit in Australia after it vaulted from number thirteen to number three in its second week.[92] It stayed at the top ten for seven weeks and charted for a total of twenty-four weeks.[85] The single is certified quintuple platinum by Australian Recording Industry Association for the shipment of over 350,000 copies, her highest certified song in the region. In New Zealand, it debuted at number two, the highest debut of the week, and on its second week it rose to the number-one spot, making it Swift's first single to top the chart.[93] It stayed at the top ten for nine weeks, charted for a total of nineteen weeks and placed at number nineteen in New Zealand's 2012 year-end chart.[85][94]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. Rolling Stone named it the second-best song of 2012 in their end-of-year critics' poll: \"It's like a Clash of the Titans: Swift, the world's hottest pop singer or songwriter, meets up with Max Martin, the Swedish maestro who's been the Dr. Evil of global trash-disco for more than a decade. To nobody's surprise, they cook up a perfect three-minute teen tantrum about country girls getting mad at high-strung indie boys, topping the charts faster than you can say, \"This is exhausting.\" It's a stadium-chant breakup song that may have less to do with the actual guy it's about than with the massive raging-cowgirl audience Swift has led to the pinnacle of the music world.[38] The song was marked at number four on Time magazine's \"Top 10 Songs of 2012 Playlist\".[39] It was voted the sixth best single of 2012 by The Village Voice's 40th annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll.[40] \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" was named the 169th best song of 2010-2014 on Pitchfork's \"The 200 Best Tracks of the Decade So Far (2010-2014)\" list.[41] It has also received a Grammy nomination for Record of the Year for the 2013 Grammy Awards.[42]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. The three-minute-and-twelve-second song[6] features electronic heavy production accompanied to acoustic guitars, a banjo, and a pop music vocal styling, a musical transition for Swift.[17] The country radio release featured a different instrumental arrangement. The alternate mix replaced the guitar, drum machine, and synthesisers with a mandolin, fiddle, steel guitar and snare drums.[18] It was written in the key of G Major with a common time signature and a slow tempo of eighty-six beats per minute Moderate Rock beat, with Swift's vocals spanning one octave and five notes, from G3 to E5.[19] The track features an acoustic guitar (some of its sounds are reversed) and various synthesizers over an electronic drum beat. The song was written by Swift, along with Max Martin and Shellback.[18][20] The lyrics discuss Swift's frustration towards a former male lover who wants to rekindle their relationship. Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine describes it as a bubblegum pop number[21][22] while AllMusic categorized the song under the dance-pop genre.[23] James Lancho, reviewing the album Red called the song \"sassy pop-rock in the mould of Katy Perry.\"[24]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. On Billboard Hot Country Songs, it debuted at number thirteen on the week-ending September 1, 2012, thus tied the record for the second highest chart debut on that chart with \"Feel Like a Rock Star\" by Kenny Chesney and Tim McGraw.\"[71] On October 11, 2012, Billboard implemented a new policy for the Hot Country Songs where digital download sales and streaming data were factored into the 50-position rankings, along with existing radio airplay data monitored by Nielsen BDS. As a result of this methodology change, \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" jumped from number twenty-one to one on Billboard Hot Country Songs and became Swift's seventh song to top the chart.[72] In doing so, \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" became the first song to top both the country and Hot 100 charts since Lonestar's \"Amazed\" in March 2000. When it reached its ninth week atop the chart the week of December 15, the song surpassed Connie Smith's \"Once a Day\" (from November 1964 to January 1965) for the longest run at number one on the chart by a female solo artist; in addition, the song became the first to remain at number one for nine consecutive weeks since \"Almost Persuaded\" by David Houston (from August to October 1966). After dropping back to number two for three weeks, the song returned to number one on January 12, 2013 due to it having garnered the digital gainer that week, allowing the song to notch its tenth week at number one,[73] and in the process becoming the first song to spend at least ten weeks atop the chart since Buck Owens' \"Love's Gonna Live Here\" (a 16-week number in 1963-1964). The song is however Swift's first officially promoted single not to reach Top 10 in the Country Airplay chart as the song is considered to be pop by some in country music radio.[74]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. The song was an instant commercial success, becoming Swift's first number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States, as well as the first song to hold the top spot for more than one week after a huge leap from a lower position since Kelly Clarkson's two-week run at number one with \"My Life Would Suck Without You\", which rocketed from number 97 to the top spot in 2009. A music video for the song was released in August 2012. It was the first music video to be presented in 4K resolution and received positive reviews from critics. A CD single was released in September 2012 by Swift's official store, Amazon.com and US Walmart stores. The single has been certified Quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The song is one of the best-selling singles worldwide, with worldwide sales reaching 7 million copies to date (according to the IFPI).", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. Swift performed the song on the British version of The X Factor on October 14, 2012.[108] She performed the song on the German TV show Schlag Den Raab.[109] On January 25, 2013, Swift performed \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" at the Los Premios 40 Principales in Spain.[110] The next day, she performed it in Cannes, France during the NRJ Music Awards.[111] On February 10, 2013, Swift performed the song at the 2013 Grammy Awards, opening the ceremony. She performs the song on her Red Tour nightly as the finale. A rock version of the song was performed on The 1989 World Tour. More recently, the song is being performed as a mashup with \"This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things\" as the finale on Swift's Reputation Stadium Tour.", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" debuted atop the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart, selling 623,000 digital copies in the week ending September 1, 2012. It is Swift's fourth number one on that chart.[63] It set the record for the biggest digital sales week ever for a song by a female artist, surpassing the record held by Kesha's \"Tik Tok\", which sold 610,000 digital copies in its largest week. It also surpassed Lady Gaga's song \"Born This Way\" to become the song with the highest first-week digital sales for a female act.[76] It is also the second largest figure ever overall. Only Flo Rida's \"Right Round\" has sold more in a week, when it debuted at number one with 636,000 on the Digital Songs chart dated February 28, 2009; both Swift and Rida's records were surpassed by Adele's \"Hello\", which sold 1,112,000 downloads in its first sales week in 2015.[77] \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" spent a second week at number one on the Digital Songs chart with 307,000 downloads sold. Despite a 51% drop, the song became one of just five songs in 2012 to sell more than 300,000 downloads in multiple weeks.[78] The song topped again the chart on the succeeding three weeks, making it the first song to spend its first five weeks at number one on Billboard Hot Digital Songs since Eminem and Rihanna's \"Love the Way You Lie\" did it in July 2010.[79] It reached the 3 million American download mark in November 2012 and has been certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. It became Swift's sixth song to pass two million mark there, which is more than any other country artist in the United States.[80][81] As of November 2017, the song has sold 4.1 million copies in the United States.[82]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. On Billboard Pop Songs, the song debuted at number eighteen, the fifth-best opening rank ever, and soon reached number two on that chart for four weeks, behind Maroon 5's \"One More Night\". It debuted at number sixteen on Billboard Adult Contemporary, the best entrance for a non-holiday song by a woman since Faith Hill's \"There You'll Be\" debuted at number fifteen the week of June 2, 2001. On the week-ending October 20, 2012, it entered the top ten at number ten and stayed in that position for seven-consecutive weeks.[75]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. The song and video were parodied by teddiefilms in the style of Breaking Bad. The parody, called \"We Are Never Ever Gonna Cook Together,\" was uploaded to YouTube on October 18, 2012.[112] The 22nd episode of Grey's Anatomy's tenth season is titled \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\".[113] On September 8, 2012, YouTube star Shane Dawson, parodied the song, releasing a studio version[114] and a music video on his YouTube channel.[115] Sky News remixed portions of speeches by David Cameron to make it appear as though he was reciting the chorus as promotion for their coverage of the 2014 Scotland Independence Referendum.[116]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. Upon initial release, the song received positive reviews from music critics. Robert Myers of The Village Voice felt that the song, while \"good\", was \"not Swift at her best\" and speculated that the decision to release it as a lead single was made for commercial reasons: \"I doubt 'Never Ever' is even close to being the best song on Red; it's a teaser, an indication to her fans of what's coming up. That sounds like commercial calculation of the worst kind, but I don't think it is. Swift's connection with her audience is possibly more important than her connection with her boyfriends. And there is one brilliant touch: the spoken bit that comes after the middle eight.\"[29] Grady Smith of Entertainment Weekly drew comparisons with Avril Lavigne and praised the \"undeniable, instantly catchy hook\".[18] While describing the song as \"joyous\", he nevertheless expressed concern that the song's \"juvenile sensibilities\" marked a regression following Swift's work on Speak Now.[18] Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone noted that the song's \"hooks, plural, have a zing that's more Stockholm than Nashville. But it's unmistakably Taylor: a witty relationship postmortem, delivered in inimitable girlie-girl patois. And this bit – \"I'm just, I mean, this is exhausting. Like, we are never getting back together. Like, ever\" – might be the most sublime spoken-word interlude in pop since Barry White died.\"[28]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. James Montgomery of MTV praised the video stating that the video is \"truly a treat to watch\".[99] Jim Farber of the New York Daily News comment on the video was that \"[Swift's] tone and demeanor in the clip is conversational and sarcastic, ideally suited to simulating intimacy with her massive teen girl fan-base.\"[100] Carl Williott of Idolator commented on the video's content and stated \"what more could you ask for in a visual for a #1 pop smash?\"[101] Rolling Stone called it \"flinging strong-willed sass\".[102] David Greenwald of Billboard stated that the video \"is a quirky celebration that finds Swift singing and dancing with band members in animal costumes in between relationship flashbacks -- all filmed in an elaborate long shot. Swift wears large glasses and a pair of printed pajamas as she shrugs off her not-so-nice ex-boyfriend, a scruffy, seemingly older musician-type with a penchant for drama.\"[103]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. A music video for the song premiered on CMT, MTV and TeenNick on August 30, 2012 at 7:49 pm Eastern time, and later on MTV.com, CMT.com, and VH1.com the same day at 8:00 pm Eastern time. The video is directed by Declan Whitebloom, with whom Swift has worked on the music videos for both \"Mean\" and \"Ours\".[13] The video was shot like a pop-up book using a Sony F65 Cinealta camera in one continuous shot with no editing, and features Swift in five different outfits. It is also the first music video to be featured in 4K resolution.[95] According to Swift, she wanted the video to be as \"quirky as the song sounds\" and stated that \"There's just knitting everywhere; there's just random woodland creatures popping up.\"[37] Prior to the video's release, a fourteen-second preview was released by CMT on their official YouTube on August 30, 2012.[96] As of May 2018, it has over 520 million views on YouTube.[97]", "Max Martin. Martin produced and co-wrote the Billboard Hot 100 number 1 hit \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" (2012), on Taylor Swift's fourth album Red (2012), which became her first number-one single in the US. Upon its release, the song reached the top position on the iTunes singles chart in 50 minutes, hence breaking the previous record held by Lady Gaga's song \"Born This Way\" with a record of an hour, making \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" the fastest selling single in digital history at that time. Swift's \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" set the record for the biggest digital sales week (623,000) ever for a song by a female artist, surpassing the record held by Kesha's \"Tik Tok\" (2009). It also reached the top of the iTunes single chart in 32 countries. He also co-wrote and produced two other singles on the album: \"I Knew You Were Trouble\" (2012), which peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, and also \"22\" (2013).", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. Swift performed the song live for the first time at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards on September 6, 2012, which was held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles.[13][104] Swift was the last performance of the night and, wearing a red and white striped shirt and black shorts, began her performance in an area resembling a recording studio before taking the stage along with her back-up singers, dancers and band (in animal costumes) took the stage.[105] Swift also performed the song live at the iHeartRadio Music Festival in 2012 and 2014. During her visit to Brazil, she performed the song on TV Xuxa and during a concert in Rio de Janeiro on September 13, 2012.[106][107]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. The song debuted at number seventy-two on the Billboard Hot 100 based on two days of airplay alone in the chart week ending August 25, 2012.[61] On its second week, it jumped to number one. It is the first song in Swift's career to top the Billboard Hot 100 and her eleventh top ten hit, tying with Kenny Rogers' record for the most top ten hits by a country artist in chart history.[62][63] It also makes Swift the first female country artist to top the Billboard Hot 100 since Carrie Underwood debuted in the top spot in July 2005 with \"Inside Your Heaven.\"[63] It held the position for a two-week span after a huge successful leap, making Swift the second artist to hold the position since Kelly Clarkson's \"My Life Would Suck Without You\".[64][65] On its fifth week on the chart, the song rebounded to number one after falling at number two, making it the first country song to spend three weeks on top since Kenny Rogers' \"Lady\" top the chart for six weeks in 1980.[66] The single stayed at the top ten for a total of thirteen weeks, tying with \"Love Story\" as Swift's second longest-running top ten hit of her career, and charted for twenty-four weeks.[67]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. The video, which is done seemingly as one continuous shot, begins with Swift in colorful pajamas recounting the events of her off and on again relationship with her ex-boyfriend (played by Noah Mills). The video then segues into Swift going into her living room where her band is dressed up in animal costumes and Swift belts out the chorus of the song. The video then goes to a TV where Swift says \"Like, ever.\" and then to the dining room where we see she returns to recounting the events of her relationship and receives a phone call from her ex who is calling her from a nightclub. Swift hangs up on him and he walks off screen into the nightclub. It then goes to the two in a truck having an argument then to them having a stroll in the park. Swift then runs off and we see her on the phone telling the person on the other line how she and her ex are not getting back together and her frustration of their entire relationship. The video then segues back to Swift's living room where a party is going on and her ex shows up unannounced trying to woo her back and she slams the door in his face. The video ends with Swift on her window ledge where she was at the beginning of the video, singing the last line of the song.[98]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. Marah Eakin of The A.V. Club commented on \"what a good song it is\": \"With its thumping kick drum, clipped syncopation, and mildly snarky lyrics, it’s a teen dream in the vein of Swift’s other sing-along jams like \"Love Story\" or \"You Belong with Me.\"[30] Kevin Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a failing D grade, calling it a \"huge step backward\".[31] James Montgomery of MTV felt the \"fantastic\" song may \"represent a turning point in her career ... Swift no longer has any interest in being the victim ... [She] displays a defiant, liberated streak\". He noted that the song seemed \"custom-crafted to dominate radio ... all shiny, silvery guitars and walloping, whomping choruses\".[32] Amy Sciarretto of Popcrush praised Swift for capturing a \"universal feeling in an upbeat, empowering song\" and described it as \"one of the catchiest tunes she’s ever penned\".[33] Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine described \"the melodic hook\" as the song's best attribute but criticized Swift's \"stilted phrasing\". He described her vocal performance as a \"complete misfire\", pointing out that her voice was at its \"most unpleasant and nasal\". However, Keefe warned that it was \"premature\" to say the \"full-on pop\" song \"signals anything more than a temporary breakup\".[21] David Malitz of The Washington Post found the song immature and remarked, \"the chorus is catchy but if this is representative of what awaits on Red, it’s hard to be too excited\".[34] Glenn Gamboa of Newsday described it as \"anthemic in a slick pop way, rather than her usual modern country way ... Part of T. Swizzle’s charm is the way she makes her songs sound genuine and conversational and 'Never Ever' is no exception\".[35] Billy Dukes of Taste of Country stated that \"[Swift] captures the anger of young love gone wrong better than anyone since, well…[Taylor] Swift\" and that the song's melody is \"difficult to embrace quickly.\"[36] However, Camille Mann of CBS News considered the song to be \"catchy\".[37]", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together. Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on-demand audio and/or video song streams in addition to downloads.[186]", "List of Lip Sync Battle episodes. Gray:\n\"Summertime\" by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince\n\"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" by Taylor Swift", "Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. In 2017, Krayzie Bone and Bizzy Bone announced that they would be releasing their long-awaited duet album together entitled New Waves under the name Bone Thugs. The album's lead single \"Coming Home\" featuring Stephen Marley was released on March 24. Krayzie confirmed that the full Bone Thugs-n-Harmony group was working on a new album, but said that they would no longer be auctioning off the album's rights.[35]", "I Knew You Were Trouble. The song received generally positive reviews from critics, who complimented its mainstream appeal though many noted Swift's experimentation with dubstep was relatively limited. The New York Times critic Jon Caramanica praised the song, calling it \"one of [2012's] great pop songs\" and noting that the dubstep element \"arrives halfway through like a wrecking ball, changing the course not just of the song but also of Ms. Swift's career.\"[22] Spin's Mark Hogan compared the song positively to lead single \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\", calling it \"peppy, uber-catchy pop\" and \"a far cry from traditional country\". The reviewer also commented that \"yes, 'Trouble' shows some wub... But as dubstep breakdowns have increasingly become just another feature of the ever-changing pop landscape, like Auto-Tune or 2 Chainz guest spots, what emerges here is merely another sharply crafted Swift kiss-off, in post-David Guetta dance-pop clothing.\"[24] Ray Rahman of Entertainment Weekly commented in a short review that \"I Knew You Were Trouble\" had the same kind of \"defiant pop-radio oomph that made her fourth album’s other big breakup banger, 'We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together,' a number one.\"[25] Lewis Corner from Digital Spy gave the song four out of five stars and made a comparison that \"[l]ike peanut butter and jelly, Taylor Swift and [dubstep] may seem at odds with her angelic image, but the result is surprisingly satisfying\".[31] Randall Roberts from Los Angeles Times wrote in-depth about the repercussions of Swift using dubstep in her songs, and her departure from country music with the songs from Red:", "You Will Never Be One of Us. You Will Never Be One of Us is the third studio album by American hardcore punk band Nails, released on June 17, 2016. It is the band's first album issued through Nuclear Blast Records.[2] It is their longest release to date at 21 minutes, and features their longest song, \"They Come Crawling Back\", which runs for eight minutes.", "Adrienne Bailon. Though they were heavily involved with The Cheetah Girls, Kiely and Adrienne were still members of 3LW, though progress on their fourth album had halted due to their work with The Cheetah Girls. The group's fourth studio album was originally called Phoenix Rising, but was renamed Point of No Return.[28][29] The lead-off single, \"Feelin' You\", was added on radio stations July 12, 2006. The album was supposed to be released later that year but was pushed back to a 2007 release because of Adrienne and Kiely's involvement with Disney's Cheetah Girls franchise, and eventually fell off the release schedule. The album delays were caused by image conflicts between both groups. As a result, the album was never released. In early 2007, Bailon stated in Girls Life magazine that 3LW was on hold because of the Cheetah Girls project. However, rumors were finally put to rest by Bailon in an interview with Jonathon Jackson in 2008 when Bailon confirmed that 3LW officially disbanded after they were removed from the So So Def roster. Bailon and Williams decided to then pursue The Cheetah Girls franchise full-time.", "Whistle (Flo Rida song). \"Whistle\" debuted at number 64 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. For the week dating August 25, 2012, the song reached number one on the chart, selling 317,000 copies and overtaking Carly Rae Jepsen's \"Call Me Maybe\", which had been at the top for the preceding nine weeks since June 23, 2012.[12] The following week, however, it was overtaken by Taylor Swift's crossover hit \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\". On the week of September 8, 2012, \"Whistle\" once again topped the Billboard Hot 100 for another week, until once again being overtaken by \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together.\" The song has sold 3,372,000 copies in the US as of November 2012.[13]" ]

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[ "Good and evil. Christian theology draws its concept of evil from the Old and New Testaments. The Christian Bible exercises “the dominant influence upon ideas about God and evil in the Western world.”[27] In the Old Testament, evil is understood to be an opposition to God as well as something unsuitable or inferior such as the leader of the fallen angels Satan[28] In the New Testament the Greek word poneros is used to indicate unsuitability, while kakos is used to refer to opposition to God in the human realm.[29] Officially, the Catholic Church extracts its understanding of evil from its canonical antiquity and the Dominican theologian, Thomas Aquinas, who in Summa Theologica defines evil as the absence or privation of good.[30] French-American theologian Henri Blocher describes evil, when viewed as a theological concept, as an \"unjustifiable reality. In common parlance, evil is 'something' that occurs in experience that ought not to be.\"[31]", "Good and evil. Evil, in a general context, is the absence or opposite of that which is described as being good. Often, evil is used to denote profound immorality.[2] In certain religious contexts, evil has been described as a supernatural force.[2] Definitions of evil vary, as does the analysis of its motives.[3] However, elements that are commonly associated with evil involve unbalanced behavior involving expediency, selfishness, ignorance, or neglect.[4]", "Evil. Evil, in a general context, is the absence or opposite of that which is described as being good. Often, evil denotes profound immorality.[1] In certain religious contexts, evil has been described as a supernatural force.[1] Definitions of evil vary, as does the analysis of its motives.[2] However, elements that are commonly associated with evil involve unbalanced behavior involving anger, revenge, fear, hatred, psychological trauma, expediency, selfishness, ignorance, or neglect.[3]", "Evil. vil according to a Christian worldview is any action, thought or attitude that is contrary to the character or will of God. This is shown through the law given in both the Old and New Testament. There is no moral action given in the Bible that is contrary to God's character or God's will. Therefore, evil in a Christian world view is contrasted by and in conflict with God's character or God's will. This evil shows itself through deviation from the character or will of God.", "Evil. A href=\"/wiki/Christian_theology\" title=\"Christian theology\">Christian theology draws its concept of evil from the Old and New Testaments. The Christian Bible exercises \"the dominant influence upon ideas about God and evil in the Western world.\"[23] In the Old Testament, evil is understood to be an opposition to God as well as something unsuitable or inferior such as the leader of the fallen angels Satan [24] In the New Testament the Greek word poneros is used to indicate unsuitability, while kakos is used to refer to opposition to God in the human realm.[25] Officially, the Catholic Church extracts its understanding of evil from its canonical antiquity and the Dominican theologian, Thomas Aquinas, who in Summa Theologica defines evil as the absence or privation of good.[26] French-American theologian Henri Blocher describes evil, when viewed as a theological concept, as an \"unjustifiable reality. In common parlance, evil is 'something' that occurs in experience that ought not to be.\"[27]", "Good and evil. Evil according to a Christian worldview is any action, thought or attitude that is contrary to the character or will of God. This is shown through the law given in both the Old and New Testament. Therefore, evil in a Christian world view is contrasted by and in conflict with God's character or God's will. This evil shows itself through deviation from the character or will of God. Similarly, good according to a Christian worldview is any action, thought or attitude that is consistent with the character or the will of God, for God is good, the ultimate goodness.", "Lord's Prayer. Translations and scholars are divided over whether the final word here refers to \"evil\" in general or \"the evil one\" (the devil) in particular. In the original Greek, as well as in the Latin translation, the word could be either of neuter (evil in general) or masculine (the evil one) gender. Matthew's version of the prayer appears in the Sermon on the Mount, in earlier parts of which the term is used to refer to general evil. Later parts of Matthew refer to the devil when discussing similar issues. However, the devil is never referred to as the evil one in any known Aramaic sources. While John Calvin accepted the vagueness of the term's meaning, he considered that there is little real difference between the two interpretations, and that therefore the question is of no real consequence. Similar phrases are found in John 17:15 and 2 Thessalonians 3:3.[52]", "Evil. Is consistent in his or her sins. Evil people are defined not so much by the magnitude of their sins, but by their consistency (of destructiveness)", "Evil. ne school of thought that holds that no person is evil, and that only acts may be properly considered evil. Psychologist and mediator Marshall Rosenberg claims that the root of violence is the very concept of evil or badness. When we label someone as bad or evil, Rosenberg claims, it invokes the desire to punish or inflict pain. It also makes it easy for us to turn off our feelings towards the person we are harming. He cites the use of language in Nazi Germany as being a key to how the German people were able to do things to other human beings that they normally would not do. He links the concept of evil to our judicial system, which seeks to create justice via punishment—punitive justice—punishing acts that are seen as bad or wrong.[citation needed]He contrasts this approach with what he found in cultures[which?] where the idea of evil was non-existent. In such cultures[citation needed] when someone harms another person, they are believed to be out of harmony with themselves and their community, are seen as sick or ill and measures are taken to restore them to a sense of harmonious relations with themselves and others.", "Matthew 5:37. There are also multiple understandings of the final phrase. In Matthew 13:19, and in other parts of the New Testament, \"Evil One\" is used as a name for Satan. Schweizer believes that in this instance the gospel of Matthew describes Jesus saying that swearing was evil, not Satanic. Theologically there is little difference.[3]", "Evil. hus, evil is more of an intellectual concept than a true reality. Since God is good, and upon creating creation he confirmed it by saying it is Good (Genesis 1:31) evil cannot have a true reality.[13]", "Evil. The root meaning of the word is of obscure origin though shown[5] to be akin to modern German Das Übel (although evil is normally translated as Das Böse) with the basic idea of transgressing.[6]", "Good and evil. One school of thought that holds that no person is evil, and that only acts may be properly considered evil. Psychologist and mediator Marshall Rosenberg claims that the root of violence is the very concept of evil or badness. When we label someone as bad or evil, Rosenberg claims, it invokes the desire to punish or inflict pain. It also makes it easy for us to turn off our feelings towards the person we are harming. He cites the use of language in Nazi Germany as being a key to how the German people were able to do things to other human beings that they normally would not do. He links the concept of evil to our judicial system, which seeks to create justice via punishment—punitive justice—punishing acts that are seen as bad or wrong.[citation needed]He contrasts this approach with what he found in cultures[which?] in which the idea of evil was non-existent. In such cultures[citation needed] when someone harms another person, they are believed to be out of harmony with themselves and their community, are seen as sick or ill and measures are taken to restore them to a sense of harmonious relations with themselves and others.", "Good and evil. Thus, evil is more of an intellectual concept than a true reality. Since God is good, and upon creating creation he confirmed it by saying it is Good (Genesis 1:31) evil cannot have a true reality.[17]", "Evil. Abuses political or emotional power (\"the imposition of one's will upon others by overt or covert coercion\") [35]", "Evil. The modern English word evil (Old English yfel) and its cognates such as the German Ãœbel and Dutch euvel are widely considered to come from a Proto-Germanic reconstructed form of *ubilaz, comparable to the Hittite huwapp- ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European form *wap- and suffixed zero-grade form *up-elo-. Other later Germanic forms include Middle English evel, ifel, ufel, Old Frisian evel (adjective and noun), Old Saxon ubil, Old High German ubil, and Gothic 'ubils'.", "Tree of the knowledge of good and evil. The phrase in Hebrew: טוֹב וָרָע, tov wa-raʿ, literally translates as good and evil. This may be an example of the type of figure of speech known as merism, a literary device that pairs opposite terms together in order to create a general meaning, so that the phrase \"good and evil\" would simply imply \"everything\". This is seen in the Egyptian expression evil-good, which is normally employed to mean \"everything\". In Greek literature, Homer also uses the device when he lets Telemachus say, \"I know all things, the good and the evil\" (Od.20:309-10).[1]", "Evil. Is consistently self-deceiving, with the intent of avoiding guilt and maintaining a self-image of perfection", "Matthew 5:39. This verse, as with Matthew 5:37, is vague on evil. It could be interpreted as a reference to the Evil One, i.e. Satan, the general evil of the world, as translated by the KJV, or the evil of specific individuals, as is translated by the WEB. The third interpretation is the one held by most modern scholars.[5]", "Good and evil. The modern English word evil (Old English yfel) and its cognates such as the German Ãœbel and Dutch euvel are widely considered to come from a Proto-Germanic reconstructed form of *ubilaz, comparable to the Hittite huwapp- ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European form *wap- and suffixed zero-grade form *up-elo-. Other later Germanic forms include Middle English evel, ifel, ufel, Old Frisian evel (adjective and noun), Old Saxon ubil, Old High German ubil, and Gothic ubils.", "Theodicy. Christian theologians generally define evil in terms of both human responsibility and the nature of God: \"If we take the essentialist view of Christian ethics... evil is anything contrary to God's good nature...(character or attributes).\"[23] The Judaic view, while acknowledging the difference between the human and divine perspective of evil, is rooted in the nature of creation itself and the limitation inherent in matter's capacity to be perfected; the action of freewill includes the potential for perfection from individual effort and leaves the responsibility for evil in human hands.[24]:70", "Evil. he Bahá'í Faith asserts that evil is non-existent and that it is a concept for lack of good, just as cold is the state of no heat, darkness is the state of no light, forgetfulness the lacking of memory, ignorance the lacking of knowledge. All of these are states of lacking and have no real existence.[13]", "Evil. quot;Nevertheless a doubt occurs to the mind—that is, scorpions and serpents are poisonous. Are they good or evil, for they are existing beings? Yes, a scorpion is evil in relation to man; a serpent is evil in relation to man; but in relation to themselves they are not evil, for their poison is their weapon, and by their sting they defend themselves.\"[13]", "Good and evil. Many medieval Christian theologians both broadened and narrowed the basic concept of Good and evil until it came to have several, sometimes complex definitions[10] such as:", "Evil. ccording to the Ahmadiyya understanding of Islam, evil does not have a positive existence in itself and is merely the lack of good, just as darkness is the result of lack of light.[22]", "Abomination (Bible). The common but slighty different Hebrew term, tōʻēḇā, is also translated as abomination in the Authorized King James Version, and sometimes in the NASB. Many modern versions of the Bible (including the NIV and NET) translate it detestable; the NAB translates it loathsome. It is mainly used to denote idolatry; and in many other cases it refers to inherently evil[3] things such as illicit sex, lying, murder, deceit, etc.; and for unclean foods.", "Evil eye. The evil eye is mentioned several times in the classic Pirkei Avot (Ethics of Our Fathers). In Chapter II, five disciples of Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakai give advice on how to follow the good path in life and avoid the bad. Rabbi Eliezer says an evil eye is worse than a bad friend, a bad neighbor, or an evil heart. Judaism believes that a \"good eye\" designates an attitude of good will and kindness towards others. Someone who has this attitude in life will rejoice when his fellow man prospers; he will wish everyone well.[14] An \"evil eye\" denotes the opposite attitude. A man with \"an evil eye\" will not only feel no joy but experience actual distress when others prosper, and will rejoice when others suffer. A person of this character represents a great danger to our moral purity.[15] Many Observant Jews avoid talking about valuable items they own, good luck that has come to them and, in particular, their children. If any of these are mentioned, the speaker and/or listener will say \"b'li ayin hara\" (Hebrew), meaning \"without an evil eye\", or \"kein eina hara\" (Yiddish; often shortened to \"kennahara\"), \"no evil eye\". Another way to ward off the evil eye is to spit three times (or pretend to). Romans call this custom \"despuere malum,\" to spit at evil. [16]It has also been suggested[by whom?] the 10th commandment: \"do not covet anything that belongs to your neighbor\" is a law against bestowing the evil eye on another person.", "Evil. ractically this can refer to 1) the three selfish emotions—desire, hate and delusion; and 2) to their expression in physical and verbal actions. See ten unvirtuous actions in Buddhism. Specifically, evil means whatever harms or obstructs the causes for happiness in this life, a better rebirth, liberation from samsara, and the true and complete enlightenment of a buddha (samyaksambodhi).", "Evil. ccording to Peck, an evil person:[32][33]", "Good and evil. Every language has a word expressing good in the sense of \"having the right or desirable quality\" (ἀρετή) and bad in the sense \"undesirable\". A sense of moral judgment and a distinction \"right and wrong, good and bad\" are cultural universals.[5]", "Good and evil. Anton LaVey, founder of the Church of Satan, was a materialist and claimed that evil is actually good. He was responding to the common practice of describing sexuality or disbelief as evil, and his claim was that when the word evil is used to describe the natural pleasures and instincts of men and women, or the skepticism of an inquiring mind, the things called evil are really good.[46]", "Good. Many medieval Christian theologians both broadened and narrowed the basic concept of Good and evil until it came to have several, sometimes complex definitions[9] such as:" ]

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[ "Proton-exchange membrane. PEMFCs contain advantages over other types of fuel cells such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). PEMFCs operate at a lower temperature, are lighter and more compact, which makes them ideal for applications such as cars.\nHowever, some disadvantages are: the ~80 °C operating temperature is too low for cogeneration like in SOFCs, and that the electrolyte for PEMFCs must be water-saturated. However, some fuel-cell cars, including the Toyota Mirai, operate without humidifiers, relying on rapid water generation and the high rate of back-diffusion through thin membranes to maintain the hydration of the membrane, as well as the ionomer in the catalyst layers. High-temperature PEMFCs operate between 100 °C and 200 °C, potentially offering benefits to electrode kinetics and heat management, and better tolerance to fuel impurities, particularly CO in reformate. These improvements potentially could lead to higher overall system efficiencies. However, these gains have yet to be realized, as the gold-standard perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes lose function rapidly at 100 °C and above if hydration drops below ~100%, and begin to creep in this temperature range, resulting in localized thinning and overall lower system lifetimes. As a result, new anhydrous proton conductors, such as protic organic ionic plastic crystals (POIPCs) and protic ionic liquids, are actively studied for the development of suitable PEMs.[6][7][8]", "Proton-exchange membrane. Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are believed to be the most promising type of fuel cell to act as the vehicular power source replacement for gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines. They are being considered for automobile applications because they typically have a low operating temperature (~80 °C) and a rapid start-up time, including from frozen conditions. PEMFCs operate at 40–60% efficiency and can vary the output to match the demands. First used in the 1960s for the NASA Gemini program, PEMFCs are currently being developed and demonstrated from ~100 kW cars to a 59 MW power plant.[citation needed]", "Proton-exchange membrane. A proton-exchange membrane, or polymer-electrolyte membrane (PEM), is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct protons while acting as an electronic insulator and reactant barrier, e.g. to oxygen and hydrogen gas.[1] This is their essential function when incorporated into a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell or of a proton-exchange membrane electrolyser: separation of reactants and transport of protons while blocking a direct electronic pathway through the membrane.", "Proton-exchange membrane. PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer membrane (a thin plastic film) as the electrolyte. This polymer is permeable to protons when it is saturated with water, but it does not conduct electrons.", "Proton-exchange membrane. The fuel for the PEMFC is hydrogen, and the charge carrier is the hydrogen ion (proton). At the anode, the hydrogen molecule is split into hydrogen ions (protons) and electrons. The hydrogen ions permeate across the electrolyte to the cathode, while the electrons flow through an external circuit and produce electric power. Oxygen, usually in the form of air, is supplied to the cathode and combines with the electrons and the hydrogen ions to produce water. The reactions at the electrodes are as follows:", "Chemiosmosis. It is worth noting that, as with any transmembrane transport process, the PMF is directional. The sign of the transmembrane electric potential difference \n\n\n\nΔ\n\nψ\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\Delta \\!\\psi }\n\n is chosen to represent the change in potential energy per unit charge flowing into the cell as above. Furthermore, due to redox-driven proton pumping by coupling sites, the proton gradient is always inside-alkaline. For both of these reasons, protons flow in spontaneously, from the P side to the N side; the available free energy is used to synthesize ATP (see below). For this reason, PMF is defined for proton import, which is spontaneous. PMF for proton export, i.e., proton pumping as catalyzed by the coupling sites, is simply the negative of PMF(import).", "Fuel cell vehicle. All fuel cells are made up of three parts: an electrolyte, an anode and a cathode.[3] In principle, a hydrogen fuel cell functions like a battery, producing electricity, which can run an electric motor. Instead of requiring recharging, however, the fuel cell can be refilled with hydrogen.[4] Different types of fuel cells include polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells, direct methanol fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, reformed methanol fuel cell and Regenerative Fuel Cells.[5]", "Proton-exchange membrane. PEMs can be made from either pure polymer membranes or from composite membranes, where other materials are embedded in a polymer matrix. One of the most common and commercially available PEM materials is the fluoropolymer (PFSA)[2] Nafion, a DuPont product.\n[3] While Nafion is an ionomer with a perfluorinated backbone like Teflon,[4] there are many other structural motifs used to make ionomers for proton-exchange membranes. Many use polyaromatic polymers, while others use partially fluorinated polymers.", "Proton-exchange membrane. PEM fuel cells have been used to power everything from cars to drones.[11][12] 3,000 fuel cell cars will be sold or leased in 2016 globally, with 30,000 intended for 2017. Ballard Power Systems has developed a completely viable commercial market supplying forklifts.", "Fluorine. The chemically resistant (but expensive) fluorinated ionomers are used as electrochemical cell membranes, of which the first and most prominent example is Nafion. Developed in the 1960s, it was initially deployed as fuel cell material in spacecraft and then replaced mercury-based chloralkali process cells. Recently, the fuel cell application has reemerged with efforts to install proton exchange membrane fuel cells into automobiles.[198][199][200] Fluoroelastomers such as Viton are crosslinked fluoropolymer mixtures mainly used in O-rings;[196] perfluorobutane (C4F10) is used as a fire-extinguishing agent.[201]", "Cellular respiration. The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H+ are needed to make 1 ATP. Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28–30 ATP molecules.[2] In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons.[5] Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons. When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat. This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals.", "Fuel cell vehicle. PEM fuel-cell-powered forklifts provide significant benefits over petroleum powered forklifts as they produce no local emissions. Fuel-cell forklifts can work for a full 8-hour shift on a single tank of hydrogen, can be refueled in 3 minutes and have a lifetime of 8–10 years. Fuel cell-powered forklifts are often used in refrigerated warehouses as their performance is not degraded by lower temperatures.[70] In design the FC units are often made as drop-in replacements.[71][72]", "Proton-exchange membrane. Proton-exchange membranes are primarily characterized by proton conductivity (σ), methanol permeability (P), and thermal stability.[5]", "Electrolysis of water. There are two main technologies available on the market, alkaline and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers. Alkaline electrolysers are cheaper in terms of investment (they generally use nickel catalysts), but less efficient; PEM electrolysers, conversely, are more expensive (they generally use expensive platinum-group metal catalysts) but are more efficient and can operate at higher current densities, and can therefore be possibly cheaper if the hydrogen production is large enough.", "Chemiosmosis. In most cases the proton-motive force is generated by an electron transport chain which acts as a proton pump, using the Gibbs free energy of redox reactions to pump protons (hydrogen ions) out across the membrane, separating the charge across the membrane. In mitochondria, energy released by the electron transport chain is used to move protons from the mitochondrial matrix (N side) to the stroma (P side). Moving the protons out of the mitochondrion creates a lower concentration of positively charged protons inside it, resulting in excess negative charge on the inside of the membrane. The electrical potential gradient is about -170 mV [7], negative inside (N). These gradients - charge difference and the proton concentration difference both create a combined electrochemical gradient across the membrane, often expressed as the proton-motive force (PMF). In mitochondria, the PMF is almost entirely made up of the electrical component but in chloroplasts the PMF is made up mostly of the pH gradient because the charge of protons H+ is neutralized by the movement of Cl− and other anions. In either case, the PMF needs to be greater than about 460 mV (45 kJ/mol) for the ATP synthase to be able to make ATP.", "Hybrid vehicle. The Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airplane has a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell/lithium-ion battery hybrid system to power an electric motor, which is coupled to a conventional propeller. The fuel cell provides all power for the cruise phase of flight. During takeoff and climb, the flight segment that requires the most power, the system draws on lightweight lithium-ion batteries.", "Hydrogen economy. Other fuel cell technologies based on the exchange of metal ions (e.g. zinc-air fuel cells) are typically more efficient at energy conversion than hydrogen fuel cells, but the widespread use of any electrical energy → chemical energy → electrical energy systems would necessitate the production of electricity.", "Electron transport chain. A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane. Protons can be physically moved across a membrane; this is seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV. The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction. The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm. Mitochondrial Complex III uses this second type of proton pump, which is mediated by a quinone (the Q cycle).", "Fuel cell vehicle. By 2010, advancements in fuel cell technology had reduced the size, weight and cost of fuel cell electric vehicles.[113] In 2010, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimated that the cost of automobile fuel cells had fallen 80% since 2002 and that such fuel cells could potentially be manufactured for $51/kW, assuming high-volume manufacturing cost savings.[114] Fuel cell electric vehicles have been produced with \"a driving range of more than 250 miles between refueling\".[114] They can be refueled in less than 5 minutes.[115] Deployed fuel cell buses have a 40% higher fuel economy than diesel buses.[113] EERE’s Fuel Cell Technologies Program claims that, as of 2011, fuel cells achieved a 42 to 53% fuel cell electric vehicle efficiency at full power,[113] and a durability of over 75,000 miles with less than 10% voltage degradation, double that achieved in 2006.[114] In 2012, Lux Research, Inc. issued a report that concluded that \"Capital cost ... will limit adoption to a mere 5.9 GW\" by 2030, providing \"a nearly insurmountable barrier to adoption, except in niche applications\". Lux's analysis concluded that by 2030, PEM stationary fuel cell applications will reach $1 billion, while the vehicle market, including fuel cell forklifts, will reach a total of $2 billion.[116]", "Internal combustion engine. Although there are multiple ways of producing free hydrogen, those methods require converting combustible molecules into hydrogen or consuming electric energy. Unless that electricity is produced from a renewable source—and is not required for other purposes— hydrogen does not solve any energy crisis. In many situations the disadvantage of hydrogen, relative to carbon fuels, is its storage. Liquid hydrogen has extremely low density (14 times lower than water) and requires extensive insulation—whilst gaseous hydrogen requires heavy tankage. Even when liquefied, hydrogen has a higher specific energy but the volumetric energetic storage is still roughly five times lower than gasoline. However, the energy density of hydrogen is considerably higher than that of electric batteries, making it a serious contender as an energy carrier to replace fossil fuels. The 'Hydrogen on Demand' process (see direct borohydride fuel cell) creates hydrogen as needed, but has other issues, such as the high price of the sodium borohydride that is the raw material.", "Fuel cell vehicle. In 2008, professor Jeremy P. Meyers, in the Electrochemical Society journal Interface wrote, \"While fuel cells are efficient relative to combustion engines, they are not as efficient as batteries, due primarily to the inefficiency of the oxygen reduction reaction. ... [T]hey make the most sense for operation disconnected from the grid, or when fuel can be provided continuously. For applications that require frequent and relatively rapid start-ups ... where zero emissions are a requirement, as in enclosed spaces such as warehouses, and where hydrogen is considered an acceptable reactant, a [PEM fuel cell] is becoming an increasingly attractive choice [if exchanging batteries is inconvenient]\". The practical cost of fuel cells for cars will remain high, however, until production volumes incorporate economies of scale and a well-developed supply chain. Until then, costs are roughly one order of magnitude higher than DOE targets.[128]", "Proton-pump inhibitor. Proton pump inhibitors act by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system (the H+/K+ ATPase, or, more commonly, the gastric proton pump) of the gastric parietal cells.[42] The proton pump is the terminal stage in gastric acid secretion, being directly responsible for secreting H+ ions into the gastric lumen, making it an ideal target for inhibiting acid secretion.", "Membrane potential. On the other hand, the high resting potential in undifferentiated cells can be a metabolic advantage. This apparent paradox is resolved by examination of the origin of that resting potential. Little-differentiated cells are characterized by extremely high input resistance,[27] which implies that few leakage channels are present at this stage of cell life. As an apparent result, potassium permeability becomes similar to that for sodium ions, which places resting potential in-between the reversal potentials for sodium and potassium as discussed above. The reduced leakage currents also mean there is little need for active pumping in order to compensate, therefore low metabolic cost.", "Hydrogen economy. Some hospitals have installed combined electrolyser-storage-fuel cell units for local emergency power. These are advantageous for emergency use because of their low maintenance requirement and ease of location compared to internal combustion driven generators.[citation needed]", "Hydrogen economy. Much of the interest in the hydrogen economy concept is focused on the use of fuel cells to power electric cars. Current hydrogen fuel cells suffer from a low power-to-weight ratio.[78] Fuel cells are much more efficient than internal combustion engines, and produce no harmful emissions. If a practical method of hydrogen storage is introduced, and fuel cells become cheaper, they can be economically viable to power hybrid fuel cell/battery vehicles, or purely fuel cell-driven ones. The economic viability of fuel cell powered vehicles will improve as the hydrocarbon fuels used in internal combustion engines become more expensive, because of the depletion of easily accessible reserves or economic accounting of environmental impact through such measures as carbon taxes.", "Lithium-ion battery. These features are required because the negative electrode produces heat during use, while the positive electrode may produce oxygen. However, these additional devices occupy space inside the cells, add points of failure, and may irreversibly disable the cell when activated. Further, these features increase costs compared to nickel metal hydride batteries, which require only a hydrogen/oxygen recombination device and a back-up pressure valve.[148] Contaminants inside the cells can defeat these safety devices. Also, these features can not be applied to all kinds of cells, e.g. prismatic high current cells cannot be equipped with a vent or thermal interrupt. High current cells must not produce excessive heat or oxygen, lest there be a failure, possibly violent. Instead, they must be equipped with internal thermal fuses which act before the anode and cathode reach their thermal limits.", "Ethanol. Commercial fuel cells operate on reformed natural gas, hydrogen or methanol. Ethanol is an attractive alternative due to its wide availability, low cost, high purity and low toxicity. There are a wide range of fuel cell concepts that have been trialled including direct-ethanol fuel cells, auto-thermal reforming systems and thermally integrated systems. The majority of work is being conducted at a research level although there are a number of organizations at the beginning of commercialization of ethanol fuel cells.[47]", "Alessandro Volta. However, this cell also has some disadvantages. It is unsafe to handle, since sulfuric acid, even if diluted, can be hazardous. Also, the power of the cell diminishes over time because the hydrogen gas is not released. Instead, it accumulates on the surface of the copper electrode and forms a barrier between the metal and the electrolyte solution.", "Anaerobic respiration. Cellular respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic) utilizes highly reduced chemical compounds such as NADH and FADH2 (for example produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle) to establish an electrochemical gradient (often a proton gradient) across a membrane, resulting in an electrical potential or ion concentration difference across the membrane. The reduced chemical compounds are oxidized by a series of respiratory integral membrane proteins with sequentially increasing reduction potentials with the final electron acceptor being oxygen (in aerobic respiration) or another chemical substance (in anaerobic respiration). A proton motive force drives protons down the gradient (across the membrane) through the proton channel of ATP synthase. The resulting current drives ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate.", "Hydrogen fuel. Fuel cell engines are two to three times more efficient than combustion engines, meaning that much greater fuel economy is available using hydrogen in a fuel cell.", "Vehicle. Another common medium for storing energy is batteries, which have the advantages of being responsive, useful in a wide range of power levels, environmentally friendly, efficient, simple to install, and easy to maintain. Batteries also facilitate the use of electric motors, which have their own advantages. On the other hand, batteries have low energy densities, short service life, poor performance at extreme temperatures, long charging times, and difficulties with disposal (although they can usually be recycled). Like fuel, batteries store chemical energy and can cause burns and poisoning in event of an accident.[34] Batteries also lose effectiveness with time.[35] The issue of charge time can be resolved by swapping discharged batteries with charged ones;[36] however, this incurs additional hardware costs and may be impractical for larger batteries. Moreover, there must be standard batteries for battery swapping to work at a gas station. Fuel cells are similar to batteries in that they convert from chemical to electrical energy, but have their own advantages and disadvantages.", "Stoma. When conditions are conducive to stomatal opening (e.g., high light intensity and high humidity), a proton pump drives protons (H+) from the guard cells. This means that the cells' electrical potential becomes increasingly negative. The negative potential opens potassium voltage-gated channels and so an uptake of potassium ions (K+) occurs. To maintain this internal negative voltage so that entry of potassium ions does not stop, negative ions balance the influx of potassium. In some cases, chloride ions enter, while in other plants the organic ion malate is produced in guard cells. This increase in solute concentration lowers the water potential inside the cell, which results in the diffusion of water into the cell through osmosis. This increases the cell's volume and turgor pressure. Then, because of rings of cellulose microfibrils that prevent the width of the guard cells from swelling, and thus only allow the extra turgor pressure to elongate the guard cells, whose ends are held firmly in place by surrounding epidermal cells, the two guard cells lengthen by bowing apart from one another, creating an open pore through which gas can move.[8]" ]

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[ "Alcohol dehydrogenase. Alcohol dehydrogenase is also involved in the toxicity of other types of alcohol: For instance, it oxidizes methanol to produce formaldehyde and ethylene glycol to ultimately yield glycolic and oxalic acids. Humans have at least six slightly different alcohol dehydrogenases. Each is a dimer (i.e., consists of two polypeptides), with each dimer containing two zinc ions Zn2+. One of those ions is crucial for the operation of the enzyme: It is located at the catalytic site and holds the hydroxyl group of the alcohol in place.", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. A third family of alcohol dehydrogenases, unrelated to the above two, are iron-containing ones. They occur in bacteria and fungi. In comparison to enzymes the above families, these enzymes are oxygen-sensitive.[citation needed] Members of the iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family include:", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. In humans, ADH exists in multiple forms as a dimer and is encoded by at least seven different genes. There are five classes (I-V) of alcohol dehydrogenase, but the hepatic form that is used primarily in humans is class 1. Class 1 consists of α, β, and γ subunits that are encoded by the genes ADH1A, ADH1B, and ADH1C.[18] The enzyme is present at high levels in the liver and the lining of the stomach.[19] It catalyzes the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde (ethanal):", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. The main alcohol dehydrogenase in yeast is larger than the human one, consisting of four rather than just two subunits. It also contains zinc at its catalytic site. Together with the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenases of animals and humans, these enzymes from yeasts and many bacteria form the family of \"long-chain\"-alcohol dehydrogenases.", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) (EC 1.1.1.1) are a group of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ to NADH). In humans and many other animals, they serve to break down alcohols that otherwise are toxic, and they also participate in generation of useful aldehyde, ketone, or alcohol groups during biosynthesis of various metabolites. In yeast, plants, and many bacteria, some alcohol dehydrogenases catalyze the opposite reaction as part of fermentation to ensure a constant supply of NAD+.", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. The active site of human ADH1 (PDB:1HSO) consists of a zinc atom, His-67, Cys-174, Cys-46, Thr-48, His-51, Ile-269, Val-292, Ala-317, and Phe-319. In the commonly studied horse liver isoform, Thr-48 is a Ser, and Leu-319 is a Phe. The zinc coordinates the substrate (alcohol). The zinc is coordinated by Cys-46, Cys-174, and His-67. Leu-319, Ala-317, His-51, Ile-269 and Val-292 stabilize NAD+ by forming hydrogen bonds. His-51 and Ile-269 form hydrogen bonds with the alcohols on nicotinamide ribose. Phe-319, Ala-317 and Val-292 form hydrogen bonds with the amide on NAD+.[16]", "Alcohol intoxication. Ethanol is metabolised to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which is found in many tissues, including the gastric mucosa. Acetaldehyde is metabolised to acetate by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which is found predominantly in liver mitochondria. Acetate is used by the muscle cells to produce acetyl-CoA using the enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase, and the acetyl-CoA is then used in the citric acid cycle.[16]", "Ethanol metabolism. In human adults, ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde using NAD+, mainly via the hepatic enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase IB (class I), beta polypeptide (ADH1B, EC 1.1.1.1). The gene coding for this enzyme is located on chromosome 4, locus 4q21-q23. The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this enzyme family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. This encoded protein, consisting of several homo- and heterodimers of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, exhibits high activity for ethanol oxidation and plays a major role in ethanol catabolism. Three genes encoding alpha, beta and gamma subunits are tandemly organized in a genomic segment as a gene cluster.[10]", "Alcohol (drug). Approximately 90% of the metabolism of ethanol occurs in the liver.[5][6] This occurs predominantly via the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, which transforms ethanol into its metabolite acetaldehyde (ethanal).[5][6] Acetaldehyde is subsequently metabolized by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase into acetate (ethanoate), which in turn is broken down into carbon dioxide and water.[5] Acetate also combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA, and hence may participate in metabolic pathways.[7] Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase are present at their highest concentrations in the liver, but are widely expressed throughout the body, and alcohol dehydrogenase may also be present in the stomach and small intestine.[7] Aside from alcohol dehydrogenase, the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS), specifically mediated by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1, is the other major route of ethanol metabolism.[5][6] CYP2E1 is inducible by ethanol, so while alcohol dehydrogenase handles acute or low concentrations of ethanol, MEOS is predominant with higher concentrations or with repeated/chronic use.[5][6] A small amount of ethanol undergoes conjugation to form ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate.[7] There may also be another metabolic pathway that metabolizes as much as 25 to 35% of ethanol at typical concentrations.[8]", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. The alcohol dehydrogenases comprise a group of several isozymes that catalyse the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones, respectively, and also can catalyse the reverse reaction.[15] In mammals this is a redox (reduction/oxidation) reaction involving the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+).", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. In early 1960, it was discovered in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila.[15]", "Alcohol tolerance. High level of alcohol dehydrogenase activity results in fast transformation of ethanol to more toxic acetaldehyde. Such atypical alcohol dehydrogenase levels are less frequent in alcoholics than in nonalcoholics and, alongside other symptoms, can indicate various forms of liver disease.[citation needed] Furthermore, among alcoholics, the carriers of this atypical enzyme consume lower ethanol doses, compared to the individuals without the allele.", "Ethanol metabolism. \"This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the second enzyme of the major oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. Two major liver isoforms of aldehyde dehydrogenase, cytosolic and mitochondrial, can be distinguished by their electrophoretic mobilities, kinetic properties, and subcellular localizations. Most Caucasians have two major isozymes, while approximately 50% of East Asians have the cytosolic isozyme but not the mitochondrial isozyme. A remarkably higher frequency of acute alcohol intoxication among East Asians than among Caucasians could be related to the absence of a catalytically active form of the mitochondrial isozyme. The increased exposure to acetaldehyde in individuals with the catalytically inactive form may also confer greater susceptibility to many types of cancer. This gene encodes a mitochondrial isoform, which has a low Km for acetaldehydes, and is localized in mitochondrial matrix. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.\" [19]", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. This allows the consumption of alcoholic beverages, but its evolutionary purpose is probably the breakdown of alcohols naturally contained in foods or produced by bacteria in the digestive tract.[20]", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. The substrate is coordinated to the zinc and this enzyme has two zinc atoms per subunit. One is the active site, which is involved in catalysis. In the active site, the ligands are Cys-46, Cys-174, His-67, and one water molecule. The other subunit is involved with structure. In this mechanism, the hydride from the alcohol goes to NAD+. Crystal structures indicate that the His-51 deprotonates the nicotinamide ribose, which deprotonates Ser-48. Finally, Ser-48 deprotonates the alcohol, making it an aldehyde.[16] From a mechanistic perspective, if the enzyme adds hydride to the re face of NAD+, the resulting hydrogen is incorporated into the pro-R position. Enzymes that add hydride to the re face are deemed Class A dehydrogenases.", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. The human genes that encode class II, III, IV, and V alcohol dehydrogenases are ADH4, ADH5, ADH7, and ADH6, respectively.", "Blood alcohol content. Alcohol is metabolized mainly by the group of six enzymes collectively called alcohol dehydrogenase. These convert the ethanol into acetaldehyde (an intermediate more toxic than ethanol). The enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase then converts the acetaldehyde into non-toxic acetic acid.", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. In humans, sequencing of the ADH1B gene (responsible for production of an alcohol dehydrogenase polypeptide) shows two variants, in which there is an SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) that leads to either a Histidine or an Arginine residue in the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of ethanol into acetaldehyde. In the Histidine variant, the enzyme is much more effective at the aforementioned conversion.[7] The enzyme responsible for the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate, however, remains unaffected, which leads to differential rates of substrate catalysis and causes a buildup of toxic acetaldehyde, causing cell damage.[7] In humans, various haplotypes arising from this mutation are more concentrated in regions near Eastern China, a region also known for its low alcohol tolerance and dependence.", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity varies between men and women, between young and old, and among populations from different areas of the world. For example, young women are unable to process alcohol at the same rate as young men because they do not express the alcohol dehydrogenase as highly, although the inverse is true among the middle-aged.[23] The level of activity may not be dependent only on level of expression but also on allelic diversity among the population.", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. In yeast[25] and many bacteria, alcohol dehydrogenase plays an important part in fermentation: Pyruvate resulting from glycolysis is converted to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide, and the acetaldehyde is then reduced to ethanol by an alcohol dehydrogenase called ADH1. The purpose of this latter step is the regeneration of NAD+, so that the energy-generating glycolysis can continue. Humans exploit this process to produce alcoholic beverages, by letting yeast ferment various fruits or grains. It is interesting to note that yeast can produce and consume their own alcohol.", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. The first-ever isolated alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was purified in 1937 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast).[10] Many aspects of the catalytic mechanism for the horse liver ADH enzyme were investigated by Hugo Theorell and coworkers.[11] ADH was also one of the first oligomeric enzymes that had its amino acid sequence and three-dimensional structure determined.[12][13][14]", "Blood alcohol content. Alcohol is absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but more slowly in the stomach than in the small or large intestine. For this reason, alcohol consumed with food is absorbed more slowly, because it spends a longer time in the stomach. Furthermore, alcohol dehydrogenase is present in the stomach lining. After absorption, the alcohol passes to the liver through the hepatic portal vein, where it undergoes a first pass of metabolism before entering the general bloodstream.[39]", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. In plants, ADH catalyses the same reaction as in yeast and bacteria to ensure that there is a constant supply of NAD+. Maize has two versions of ADH - ADH1 and ADH2, Arabidopsis thaliana contains only one ADH gene. The structure of Arabidopsis ADH is 47%-conserved, relative to ADH from horse liver. Structurally and functionally important residues, such as the seven residues that provide ligands for the catalytic and noncatalytic zinc atoms, however, are conserved, suggesting that the enzymes have a similar structure.[27] ADH is constitutively expressed at low levels in the roots of young plants grown on agar. If the roots lack oxygen, the expression of ADH increases significantly.[28] Its expression is also increased in response to dehydration, to low temperatures, and to abscisic acid, and it plays an important role in fruit ripening, seedlings development, and pollen development.[29] Differences in the sequences of ADH in different species have been used to create phylogenies showing how closely related different species of plants are.[30] It is an ideal gene to use due to its convenient size (2–3 kb in length with a ~1000 nucleotide coding sequence) and low copy number.[29]", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. There have been studies showing that ADH may have an influence on the dependence on ethanol metabolism in alcoholics. Researchers have tentatively detected a few genes to be associated with alcoholism. If the variants of these genes encode slower metabolizing forms of ADH2 and ADH3, there is increased risk of alcoholism. The studies have found that mutations of ADH2 and ADH3 are related to alcoholism in Northeast Asian populations. However, research continues in order to identify the genes and their influence on alcoholism.[43]", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. Another evolutionary purpose may be metabolism of the endogenous alcohol vitamin A (retinol), which generates the hormone retinoic acid, although the function here may be primarily the elimination of toxic levels of retinol.[21][22]", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. A further class of alcohol dehydrogenases belongs to quinoenzymes and requires quinoid cofactors (e.g., pyrroloquinoline quinone, PQQ) as enzyme-bound electron acceptors. A typical example for this type of enzyme is methanol dehydrogenase of methylotrophic bacteria.", "Alcohol flush reaction. Around 80% of Asian people (less common in Thailand, Laos and the Indian subcontinent) have a variant of the gene coding for the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase called ADH1B, whereas almost all Japanese, Korean and Chinese peoples have a variant of the gene called ADH1C,[9] both resulting in an alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme that converts alcohol to toxic acetaldehyde at a much higher efficiency than other gene variants (40- to 100-fold in case of ADH1B).[3]", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. Genetic evidence from comparisons of multiple organisms showed that a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, identical to a class III alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-3/ADH5), is presumed to be the ancestral enzyme for the entire ADH family.[2][3][4] Early on in evolution, an effective method for eliminating both endogenous and exogenous formaldehyde was important and this capacity has conserved the ancestral ADH-3 through time. Gene duplication of ADH-3, followed by series of mutations, the other ADHs evolved.[3][4]", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. The mechanism in yeast and bacteria is the reverse of this reaction. These steps are supported through kinetic studies.[16]", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. In biotransformation, alcohol dehydrogenases are often used for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure stereoisomers of chiral alcohols. Often, high chemo- and enantioselectivity can be achieved. One example is the alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis (LbADH), which is described to be a versatile biocatalyst.[38] The high chemospecificity has been confirmed also in the case of substrates presenting two potential redox sites. For instance cinnamaldehyde presents both aliphatic double bond and aldehyde function. Unlike conventional catalysts, alcohol dehydrogenases are able to selectively act only on the latter, yielding exclusively cinnamyl alcohol.[39]", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. Mammalian alcohol dehydrogenases also have a structural zinc site. This Zn ion plays a structural role and is crucial for protein stability. The structures of the catalytic and structural zinc sites in horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH) as revealed in crystallographic structures, which has been studied computationally with quantum chemical as well as with classical molecular dynamics methods. The structural zinc site is composed of four closely spaced cysteine ligands (Cys97, Cys100, Cys103, and Cys111 in the amino acid sequence) positioned in an almost symmetric tetrahedron around the Zn ion. A recent study showed that the interaction between zinc and cysteine is governed by primarily an electrostatic contribution with an additional covalent contribution to the binding.[17]", "Alcohol dehydrogenase. Brewer's yeast also has another alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH2, which evolved out of a duplicate version of the chromosome containing the ADH1 gene. ADH2 is used by the yeast to convert ethanol back into acetaldehyde, and it is expressed only when sugar concentration is low. Having these two enzymes allows yeast to produce alcohol when sugar is plentiful (and this alcohol then kills off competing microbes), and then continue with the oxidation of the alcohol once the sugar, and competition, is gone.[26]" ]

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[ "Lizzie and Mika Samuels. Lizzie and Mika Samuels are recurring fictional characters from the fourth season of the AMC television series The Walking Dead portrayed by Brighton Sharbino and Kyla Kenedy. Introduced in the fourth season premiere, Lizzie and Mika are two young siblings, and the daughters of Ryan Samuels. Following the death of their father, Carol agrees to raise the girls as her own children. The struggles of Lizzie and Mika are contrasted within the series as Lizzie, capable of taking a human life, is unable to understand and adapt by killing walkers, instead believing she can communicate with them and have an emotional connection. Conversely, Lizzie's younger sister, Mika, willingly kills walkers, but her compassion for others prevents her from taking the life of another human being.", "Lizzie and Mika Samuels. Lizzie and Mika are first seen in the fourth season premiere, \"30 Days Without an Accident\", with other children who are naming the walkers outside the fence, which leads Carl Grimes to tell Lizzie that they are not people, that they are not pets, and that they eat people, concluding with telling her not to name them. In the episode \"Infected\", their father is bitten when walkers get loose in the prison, and before dying he asks Carol to look after his daughters. Lizzie expresses intentions to stab his corpse in the head to prevent reanimation but is emotionally unable to. Carol does it instead, and later tells Lizzie she is weak and needs to toughen up. Mika calms down her sister by telling her to \"look at the flowers\". In the episode \"Isolation\", Lizzie gets the flu and is forced into quarantine, and Carol is disturbed by Lizzie's apparently personal connection with walkers. In the episode \"Indifference\", Carol talks to Lizzie before departing with Rick, and Lizzie accidentally calls her \"Mom\". In the episode \"Internment\", when some infected residents succumb to the virus and reanimate, Lizzie rescues Glenn from a walker by leading it away. After being treated with medicine, she plays with Glenn's blood. In the mid-season finale episode \"Too Far Gone\", when the Governor attacks the prison, Lizzie convinces the other children to help in the battle. She and Mika carry Rick's baby daughter Judith and rescue Tyreese from two of the Governor's soldiers – shooting Tara's girlfriend Alisha in the head.", "Lizzie and Mika Samuels. In the episode \"Inmates\", Lizzie, Mika and Tyreese are shown to have escaped the prison with Judith. Lizzie kills a group of rabbits, and during a walker attack she covers Judith's mouth to try to stop her from crying but nearly smothers the baby. Carol finds the children, and then takes them to Tyreese. In the episode \"The Grove\", they come to stay at an abandoned farm with a pecan grove. Lizzie shows great distress when walkers are killed and Mika is unwilling to toughen up and become hardened, due to her compassion for others. Lizzie believes that walkers are \"just different\" and that they want her to \"feel the way they feel\" rather than kill living humans, but Mika reassures the adults that she is not like her sister, and understands that walkers are dangerous. Carol and Tyreese come back to the farmhouse after gathering food in the woods and they see that Lizzie has stabbed Mika to death and plans to do the same to Judith. Lizzie tells Tyreese and Carol that she has spared Mika's brain so that she will come back as a walker, and asks them – at gunpoint – to leave Mika's body alone. Carol later kills Lizzie after taking her outside to \"look at the flowers\" to distract and calm her. Tyreese reveals that Lizzie had admitted to being the one at the prison who fed rats to walkers at the fence (as seen in \"Infected\") and who dissected the rabbit that Tyreese found in the tombs (as seen in \"Too Far Gone\").", "Lizzie and Mika Samuels. In the mid-season premiere \"What Happened and What's Going On\", Lizzie and Mika appear as hallucinations, along with Beth Greene and Bob Stookey, in Tyreese's mind as he is dying from a walker bite. They try to comfort him and assure him he made the right choices and that it is OK to move on while Martin and the Governor taunt him about his actions and their consequences. For a moment Lizzie and Mika hold out their hands, which he holds, but in reality this is Rick holding his arm out so Michonne can amputate it. When Tyreese is bleeding out in the car he sees Lizzie, Mika, Beth and Bob once more; he decides that he wants to let go and join them, and dies peacefully.", "Lizzie and Mika Samuels. Lizzie and Mika Samuels first appear as recurring characters in season 4, as the daughters of Ryan Samuels, a newcomer at the prison. Mika was stabbed by Lizzie and Lizzie was shot in the head .", "The Grove (The Walking Dead). On how the planned deaths of Lizzie and Mika would be shown on screen, Scott Gimple explained:", "Lizzie and Mika Samuels. Paul Vigna of the Wall Street Journal commented on the cynicism of the episode \"The Grove\", saying, \"Of all the sick, demented things that have happened in the zombie apocalypse on The Walking Dead, it's hard to imagine any as shocking and sad as seeing insane little Lizzie standing over the sister she just stabbed to death, no concept of what she'd just done, fully expecting her to 'come back.' Carol being forced to kill Lizzie was a close second.\"[3]", "List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters. After The Governor executes most of the able-bodied Woodbury residents, who had been members of his army, only the children and elderly townspeople remain at Woodbury (under the watchful eye of Tyreese and Sasha). After Andrea's suicide due to being bitten, Rick and his group return to the prison with the remaining Woodbury survivors (including Tyreese, Sasha, Karen, Eryn, Jeanette, and Ms. McLeod), swelling the prison's population from the original ten to around 30. Six to seven months afterwards, numerous other survivors have joined the prison community, from various locations and backgrounds. Some of those people are Ryan Samuels, Mika Samuels, Patrick, Zach, Lizzie Samuels, Luke, Owen, Molly, Julio, and Charlie. The compound is initially peaceful and thriving, until a flu epidemic spreads throughout the community and infects numerous residents, killing many of those stricken. However, when the scouting group returns with medicine, the issue is resolved. Shortly afterwards, The Governor returns with a militia and executes the captive Hershel, igniting a firefight between the two groups. This battle leads to the fall of the prison community after The Governor tears down the fences. As a result of the flu and The Governor's assault, the numbers dwindle significantly. The escaping newcomers are found dead on the public transport bus for the prison, while five other newcomers remain alive. Lizzie and Mika are later killed, as well as Bob and lastly Tyreese. Sasha is only prison newcomer still alive.", "The Grove (The Walking Dead). Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman), Carol (Melissa McBride), and sisters Lizzie (Brighton Sharbino) and Mika (Kyla Kenedy) continue their journey to Terminus along the railroad tracks, while caring for Rick's toddler daughter Judith. Carol and Tyreese are concerned for the survival of Mika and Lizzie, as Mika is too gentle and Lizzie appears to not understand what walkers are. They spot a walker get snarled on the train tracks, and Lizzie pleads with Tyreese to spare it. Nearby, they find an abandoned home in a pecan grove, Carol suggesting they may want to rest there a few days. While Tyreese and Carol clear the house of walkers, a walker approaches the sisters; Mika is quick to shoot it in the head, while Lizzie looks on with tears. They secure the perimeter of the house and settle in.", "Lizzie and Mika Samuels. Lizzie's psychotic behavior and Mika's innocence are addressed in the second half of the season, with the revelation that Lizzie was feeding rats to the walkers at the prison. Most notably during \"The Grove\" episode, Lizzie murders Mika, and intends to allow her to reanimate. Having found this out, and knowing that she also planned to kill Rick's daughter, Carol made the decision to kill Lizzie. The scene sparked controversy among critics, who continue to refer to it as one of the darkest scenes and episodes of the series.", "Lizzie and Mika Samuels. Marciela Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly described Lizzie in the episode \"Inmates\" as \"cold and steely\" and notes that when walkers approach, \"Mika calls out for Lizzie's help, but Lizzie is too busy smothering Judith to death.\"[1]", "Lizzie and Mika Samuels. In the episode \"Consumed\", Lizzie and Mika's corpses appear in a flashback when Carol and Tyreese are burying them.", "Carol Peletier. In the episode \"Inmates\", Carol reappears unexpectedly, saving Lizzie, Mika, and Judith from a pair of Walkers in a forest. She returns the children to Tyreese and tells him that she saw the prison fall, and, after losing sight of him and the children, managed to catch up with them. Sensing that Tyreese does not know of her involvement in Karen's death, Carol makes up a story about how she did not return with Rick because she wanted to find more supplies for the group. Later, after taking the advice of a man who had been bitten on the side of the road, she follows Tyreese and the children as they to travel to a sanctuary named \"Terminus.\" In the episode \"The Grove\", Carol and her group take a break from following the train tracks to Terminus, and find a house in the middle of a pecan grove. Carol is concerned that Mika is too gentle to survive, and that Lizzie is confused about the nature of walkers, thinking that they are still people. She continues to teach Lizzie and Mika lessons of survival, despite the girls remaining adamant to surviving in their own methods. Carol and Tyreese later return from a hunting trip to find that Lizzie has killed Mika and was about to kill Judith, thinking that everyone would understand that Mika was just a changed person after reanimating as a walker. Viewing Lizzie as too dangerous to be around other people, Carol and Tyreese discuss Lizzie's fate, and Carol executes Lizzie by shooting her in the head. Afterward, Carol confesses to Tyreese her role in killing Karen and David. Tyreese is furious, but he forgives Carol for what she did, although he says he will not forget. After burying the two girls' bodies, Tyreese, Carol, and baby Judith restart their trek toward Terminus.", "The Grove (The Walking Dead). This episode focuses entirely on the characters of Carol Peletier (Melissa McBride), Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman), and recurring characters Lizzie Samuels (Brighton Sharbino), and Mika Samuels (Kyla Kenedy). This episode marked the final appearances of Sharbino and Kenedy, whose characters were killed off in the episode. On Carol's reasons for having to kill Lizzie (reminiscent to Of Mice and Men) and Carol's mindset in the episode, McBride explained:", "The Grove (The Walking Dead). The following day, Carol sees Lizzie attempting to play tag with a walker, and she runs out and kills it. Lizzie yells at her for killing her friend. Later, Carol takes Mika to hunt, but she cannot bring herself to shoot a deer. When they return, they find Tyreese has gotten the water pump working, and he suggests they may want to settle here permanently. Later that day, Lizzie and Mika go back to the train tracks, and Lizzie feeds the trapped walker a mouse; she moves in closer, preparing to let the walker bite her, telling Mika that the walkers \"want [her] to change\", but a group of walkers suddenly appear and the two flee back to the house. Their screams prompt Carol and Tyreese outside and the four eliminate the walkers. Later that evening, Carol talks with Lizzie about why the walkers are dangerous and why it is necessary to kill them. Mika says she does not want to \"be mean\" by killing people. Lizzie tells her you have to, but only sometimes.", "The Grove (The Walking Dead). This is the final episode to feature Lizzie and Mika Samuels, with their deaths being received positively by most critics. Upon airing, the episode was watched by 12.87 million American viewers and received an 18-49 rating of 6.4.[1] This marks an increase in viewership and 18-49 ratings from the previous episode.[2]", "The Grove (The Walking Dead). Carol and Tyreese leave Judith in the care of the sisters as they go hunt. When they return, they find that Lizzie has killed Mika with a knife. Lizzie, looking happy, says it's okay because \"she'll come back\". Lizzie tries to prevent them from interfering by holding a gun at them, insisting that Mika will be okay since she did not stab her brain. Carol calms Lizzie down enough to obtain the gun, and asks her to take Judith and go inside with Tyreese while she ties Mika up so she doesn't go anywhere. Lizzie said she was going to do the same to Judith but Carol calmly points out that she can't even walk yet. Lizzie agrees and goes with Tyreese. Carol starts to cry as she mourns over Mika and slowly pulls out her knife to stab her. Later, Carol and Tyreese discuss what to do with Lizzie; he says she admitted to luring walkers to the prison fence using rats as bait. It was also Lizzie who made the bizarre splayed rabbit effigy back at the prison. Tyreese wonders if she was the one responsible for killing Karen and David but Carol professes that Lizzie is innocent, however she still poses a threat to Judith. Tyreese offers to take Judith and continue on to Terminus but Carol says Judith needs them both. They both conclude Lizzie is too dangerous to be around other people.", "Brighton Sharbino. Brighton Rose Sharbino (born August 19, 2002) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Lizzie Samuels on the AMC television series The Walking Dead.", "List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters. Carol Peletier, portrayed by Melissa McBride,[12] is Sophia's protective mother and Ed's abused wife. Before the outbreak, she was a meek housewife, and in the beginning of the apocalypse she often depended on others for survival and appeared weak, despite showing compassion and kindness to others, particularly Daryl, and putting the good of the group ahead of her own needs. After Sophia's death, Carol gradually undergoes a transformation from a former victim of domestic abuse to a hardened and pragmatic warrior. She manages to survive under difficult circumstances, and soon begins sharing her survival tactics with others. Her story time program at the prison is revealed as a cover for teaching a group of young children self-defense and a weapons training course. When the father of two children, Lizzie and Mika, dies following a walker attack, she becomes their adoptive mother by the father's wishes. Carol begins taking bold risks in order to survive, especially during the epidemic that breaks out, killing the severely ill Karen and David mercifully to prevent any others from dying. After Tyreese's devastated reaction at losing Karen, Rick banishes Carol from the prison with a car and some supplies. When she sees smoke from the prison's destruction, she heads back and encounters Tyreese traveling with Lizzie, Mika, and Rick and Lori's infant daughter Judith. Carol is further hardened when she is forced to kill Lizzie, who has murdered her sister Mika to convince Carol and Tyreese that turning into a walker is just a change, not death. Carol eventually confesses Tyreese that she was responsible for Karen and David's deaths and Tyreese forgives her. With Judith, the two move towards Terminus only to discover its true nature. Carol successfully destroys Terminus and saves her friends. Rick asks her to rejoin the group and she accepts. She joins Daryl on a rescue mission for Beth in Atlanta, but Beth is killed, leaving Carol devastated. Carol arrives with the group at Alexandria and pretends to be a weak housewife so that the Alexandrians underestimate her, particularly so that she can steal guns from the armory. Young Sam Anderson takes a liking to her despite her efforts to get rid of him, and their odd friendship is what brings to light the abuse Sam, his mother, and his brother face at the hands of his father. Carol believes that the Alexandrians are weak and that they may need to take the settlement for themselves, but after reflecting on her views with Morgan, Carol realizes she had killed about twenty-five people since the beginning of the apocalypse and becomes distraught. She leaves Alexandria and, along with Morgan, discovers the Kingdom. At the Kingdom she is able to receive medical treatment from multiple gunshot wounds. After learning of the deaths of Glenn and Abraham, Carol joins the fight against the Saviors.", "The Grove (The Walking Dead). The next day, Carol asks Lizzie to come outside to get some flowers for Mika. Lizzie realizes Carol is upset at her and thinks it is because she pointed a gun at her. Lizzie starts crying and saying she was sorry but Carol, now crying also, insists she look at the flowers. She then shoots Lizzie in the back of the head, and buries hers and Mika's bodies. She returns to the house and gives the gun to Tyreese, admitting she had killed Karen and David to prevent the spread of infection at the prison. She tells Tyreese to do whatever he needs to do. After asking her if Karen suffered, he says won't forget but he forgives her because it is in the past. The next day, Carol and Tyreese leave the house and continue towards Terminus.", "Carol Peletier. In the television series, Carol evacuated her home with her abusive husband Ed and her daughter Sophia in hopes of a safe haven in Atlanta, Georgia. Nearing their destination, she came into the company of Lori Grimes (Sarah Wayne Callies) and Shane Walsh (Jon Bernthal), who had evacuated the city. The Peletiers then joined a camp of survivors. Following the deaths of her husband and daughter, Carol forms a close bond with fellow Atlanta camp survivor Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus). After the prison falls, she becomes the adoptive mother to Lizzie and Mika Samuels (Brighton Sharbino and Kyla Kenedy). The trio, along with Judith Grimes, meet up with Tyreese (Chad Coleman) and Carol saves the rest of Rick’s group from the cannibals at Terminus. After arriving at the Alexandria Safe-Zone, Carol becomes one of its key defenders and attempts a relationship with a resident named Tobin, but quickly realizes Tobin is really no more than a bandaid on her pain. She begins to feel the guilt of those she's killed and becomes suicidal, until saved by Morgan (Lennie James) and brought to the Kingdom led by King Ezekiel.", "30 Days Without an Accident. Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus) has increased in popularity among the residents for his role as the group's hunter; Carl's friend, Patrick (Vincent Martella) thanks Daryl for supplying the meat through his hunting. Carol (Melissa McBride) speaks privately with Daryl about the walkers, noting they are not spreading themselves along the fence line as before. Elsewhere, Glenn Rhee (Steven Yeun) tells his wife Maggie Greene (Lauren Cohan) that she should not accompany him on the supply run scheduled for later that day. Carl criticizes a group of the prison's children, Lizzie (Brighton Sharbino) and her sister, Mika (Kyla Kenedy), among them, for naming one of the walkers at the fence.", "Lizzie and Mika Samuels. No, I don't think there was really any other option. There's a lot of nature versus nurture going on in this episode to look at. As much as it broke Carol's heart to have to do this and to realize this had to be done. They were walking toward the flowers in that scene and Lizzie says, \"You're mad at me and I'm sorry.\" You'd think she'd be sorry for stabbing her sister to death, but instead she's sorry for pointing gun at her, so she just doesn't get it. It's not a world that's safe for anyone. The ability to fight isn't a one-size fits all; everybody is different. Thematically, there's a lot said about change. Something I got out of this episode for Carol, too, is that you have to change. The world will change you -- you have to adapt or die. It's about hanging on to that part of yourself: You can change but don't lose yourself. That's what was happening to Carol -- her mindset -- she was so hell-bent on protecting these children that she lost a bit of something, and that was her nurturing aspect. She was missing a lot of stuff because her eyes were so set on survival.[2]", "The Grove (The Walking Dead). Carol, Tyreese, Lizzie, Mika, and Judith come across a house in a pecan grove on their trek to Terminus and deal with the moralistic concepts of the world of walkers, an unstable Lizzie who kills her sister Mika, and the admission by Carol of killing Karen to Tyreese.", "Carol Peletier. In the season premiere, \"30 Days Without an Accident\", six months after the conflict with the Governor has ended, Carol begins secretly teaching the children of the prison how to use knives to defend themselves and not to have any sympathy for the walkers. Carl Grimes discovers the lessons are taking place, and she asks him not to tell his father. In the episode, \"Infected\", Carol begins caring for two girls, Lizzie (Brighton Sharbino) and Mika (Kyla Kenedy), after killing their father Ryan who was bitten by a walker. This makes Carol even more determined to keep those she cares about safe. In the episode \"Isolation\", when a new disease starts spreading in the prison, two people who are infected are killed – Karen (Melissa Ponzio) the Woodbury survivor and girlfriend of Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman), and prison newcomer David. Unknown to the other survivors, Carol killed them in their sleep and burned their bodies in the belief it would stop the infection from spreading. An enraged Tyreese finds the burned bodies and attacks Rick while Carol watches, and later demands that Rick find the killer. Despite the deaths of Karen and David, the infection continues to spread. Carol discovers Lizzie is ill, but reassures her that she will be fine. Tyreese asks Carol to look after his sister, Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green), who is also ill, believing Carol is a very caring person, which upsets Carol even more. Later, she is shown recklessly pumping up water despite knowing walkers are nearby, and is forced to flee as Rick shoots them down to save her. Rick soon uncovers the truth and confronts Carol over the murders. In the episode, \"Indifference\", Rick and Carol go on a supply run together to gather medical supplies to help Hershel. Carol talks more about her past, revealing her late husband pushed her down the stairs on at least three occasions and she learned how to fix a dislocated arm because she was too afraid to go to the hospital. They discuss the murders of Karen and David and Carol explains that, at the time, she believed killing them would stop the spread of the infection, therefore saving the lives of everyone else in the prison. During the supply run, Rick sees how different Carol has become and ultimately decides that she cannot return to the prison. He sees her as a threat, but is also concerned that Tyreese will kill her when he finds out that she murdered Karen. Carol is forced to accept banishment, leaving everyone she cares about behind.", "Tyreese. In the episode \"Inmates\", following the attack on the prison, Tyreese is split into a group with Lizzie, Mika and Judith where they are soon joined by Carol, who doesn't mention anything about her exile from the group by Rick. They follow a set of train tracks where they discover a sign indicating that a place called Terminus promises sanctuary and community. In the episode \"The Grove\", the group takes a break from following the train tracks to Terminus, and find a house in the middle of a pecan grove. Carol and Tyreese later return from a hunting trip to find that Lizzie had killed Mika and was about to kill Judith, thinking that everyone would understand that Mika was just a changed person after reanimating as a walker. Viewing Lizzie as too dangerous to be around other people, Carol and Tyreese discuss Lizzie's fate, and Carol is forced to shoot Lizzie in the head. Afterward, Tyreese learns that Carol was responsible for killing both Karen and David. She slides a .38 Colt Detective Special revolver across the table, telling Tyreese to do what he has to do. Tyreese refuses to kill her, saying that he forgives her, but he can't forget what she's done because it has now become a part of who she is. Tyreese, Judith and Carol leave the pecan grove and resume following the train tracks.", "Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead). Mitch (Kirk Acevedo) destroys the fences with his tank, leaving the prison vulnerable, and the militia infiltrates the prison. Rick ambushes The Governor and the two struggle in a fist fight. With the tank blasting holes in the prison, the inhabitants begin boarding the evacuation bus. Maggie (Lauren Cohan) takes a sick Glenn (Steven Yeun) aboard the bus, but quickly departs to find Beth (Emily Kinney), who left to find Judith. Maggie, Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green), and Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.) flee the prison after the bus drives off and Bob is shot. Tara (Alanna Masterson), shaken by the gunfire, runs off. As a large number of walkers stream through the downed fences, Tyreese is cornered by Alisha (Juliana Harkavy) and another soldier, but both are killed by Lizzie (Brighton Sharbino) and Mika (Kyla Kenedy). The children then run towards the prison, with Tyreese following them, telling them to go the other way. Daryl blows up the tank with a grenade, kills Mitch and flees the prison with Beth.", "Lizzie and Mika Samuels. On Carol's reasons for having to kill Lizzie and Carol's mindset in the episode \"The Grove\", Melissa McBride explained:", "List of The Following characters. Portrayed by Maggie Grace. Dr. Sarah Fuller was the last victim of Joe Carroll before his capture. Working as a doctor, Sarah lived a normal life, the only thing to remind her of her past being the scars that remained. Her next door neighbors were a gay couple, their respective names being Billy Thomas and Will Wilson, or so they claimed. They were actually two of Carroll's followers, Paul and Jacob, and the time they spent as her neighbors was merely a ploy to gain her trust. When Carroll escaped from prison, they kidnapped her and brought her over to a property they owned, the Lighthouse Bed and Breakfast, so that he could finish his work.", "Bloodletting (The Walking Dead). Lori, Glenn (Steven Yeun), Carol (Melissa McBride), Daryl (Norman Reedus), and Andrea (Laurie Holden) are still searching for Carol's daughter, Sophia (Madison Lintz), when they overhear a gunshot. Meanwhile, on the highway, Dale (Jeffrey DeMunn) believes that T-Dog (IronE Singleton) has contracted a blood infection from the wound he received in the previous episode, and both search for antibiotics, but they fail to find any.", "Brighton Sharbino. Brighton played the recurring role of Lizzie Samuels on The Walking Dead.[1] She appeared as Young Abby Sciuto in the \"Hit and Run\" episode of NCIS. She has also appeared in television shows such as Prime Suspect, Hannah Montana, The New Normal, and True Detective.[2] Brighton also played the role of Abby Beam in the movie Miracles From Heaven. She recently played cyber bullying victim Mandy Fowler in an episode of Law and Order: Special Victims Unit.", "Claire Holt. Claire Rhiannon Holt[1] (born 11 June 1988)[1] is an Australian actress, known for her roles as Rebekah Mikaelson in the television series The Vampire Diaries and its spinoff series The Originals, Samara Cook in Pretty Little Liars, Emma in H2O: Just Add Water, and Kate in the survival horror film 47 Meters Down." ]

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[ "Net neutrality in the United States. Arguments associated with net neutrality regulations came into prominence in mid-2002 with nine different bills introduced on this issue between 2006 and 2013.", "History of the Internet. On February 26, 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet.[159][160][161] The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, \"This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept.\"[162]", "Net neutrality in the United States. In the United States, net neutrality has been an issue of contention among network users and access providers since the 1990s.[1][2]", "Net neutrality in the United States. On January 16, 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U. S. Congress HR discussion draft bill, that made concessions to net neutrality but prohibited the FCC from accomplishing that goal, or from enacting any further regulation affecting ISPs.[101][102] Two weeks later, on January 31, AP News reported the FCC would present the notion of applying (\"with some caveats\") common carrier status to the Internet in a vote expected on February 26, 2015.[103][104][105][106][107] Adoption of this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications[108] and ensure net neutrality, according to FCC chairman Tom Wheeler.[109][110] On the day before the FCC vote, the FCC was expected to vote to regulate the Internet in this manner, as a public good,[9][10] and on February 26, 2015, the FCC voted to apply common carrier of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to the Internet.[8][111][112][9][10] On the same day, the FCC also voted to preempt state laws in North Carolina and Tennessee that limited the ability of local governments in those states to provide broadband services to potential customers outside of their service areas. While the latter ruling affects only those two states, the FCC indicated that the agency would make similar rulings if it received petitions from localities in other states.[113] In response to ISP and opponent views, the FCC chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, \"This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept.\"[114]", "Net neutrality in the United States. In the late 1980s the Internet became legally available for commercial use, and in the early years of public use of the Internet, this was its main use – public access was limited and largely reached through dial-up modems (as was the Bulletin board system dial-up culture that preceded it). The Internet was viewed more as a commercial service than a domestic and societal system. Being business services, cable modem Internet access and high-speed data links, which make up the Internet's core, had always since their creation been categorized under U.S. law as an information service, unlike telephone services (including services by dial-up modem), and not as a telecommunications service, and thus had not been subject to common carrier regulations, as upheld in National Cable & Telecommunications Association v. Brand X Internet Services.", "Net neutrality in the United States. In February 2004, then Federal Communications Commission Chairman Michael Powell announced a set of non-discrimination principles, which he called the principles of \"Network Freedom\". In a speech at the Silicon Flatirons Symposium, Powell encouraged ISPs to offer users these four freedoms:[29]", "Net neutrality in the United States. Following that ruling, the FCC took steps to reclassify ISPs as common carriers subject to Title II regulation. The FCC issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) soliciting comments from the public on the issue. The FCC received 3.7 million comments, a substantial majority of which supported reclassifying internet to a telecommunications service and ISPs to common carriers subject to Title II regulatory authority. The FCC then went forward, reclassifying retail providers of BIAS as common carriers, and adopted revised open Internet requirements. On February 26, 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by reclassifying broadband as a common carrier under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996.[8][9][10] On April 13, 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new \"net neutrality\" regulations.[11][12] These rules went into effect on June 12, 2015.[13]", "Net neutrality in the United States. In the early 2000s, legal scholars such as Tim Wu and Lawrence Lessig raised the issue of neutrality in a series of academic papers addressing regulatory frameworks for packet networks. Wu, in particular, noted that the Internet is structurally biased against voice and video applications. The debate that started in the U.S. extended internationally with distinct differences of the debate in Europe.[28]", "History of the Internet. On April 23, 2014, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that would permit Internet service providers to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position.[138][139][140] A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School.[141] On May 15, 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality.[142][143] On November 10, 2014, President Obama recommended the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality.[144][145][146] On January 16, 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H. R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers (ISPs).[147][148] On January 31, 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying (\"with some caveats\") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on February 26, 2015.[149][150][151][152][153] Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications[154] and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality.[155][156] The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.[157][158]", "Net neutrality in the United States. Social media platforms had a large role on engaging the public in the debate surrounding net neutrality. Popular websites such as Tumblr, Vimeo, and Reddit also participated in the Internet slowdown on September 10, 2014, which the organization said was the largest sustained (lasting more than a single day) online protest effort in history.[118] On January 26, 2015, popular blogging site Tumblr placed links to group Fight For The Future, a net neutrality advocacy group. The website displayed a countdown to the FCC vote on Title II on February 26, 2015. This was part of a widespread Internet campaign to sway congressional opinion and encourage users to call or submit comments to congressional representatives.[119] Net neutrality advocacy groups such as Save the Internet coalition[120] and Battle for the Net[121] responded to the 2015 FCC ruling by calling for defense of the new net neutrality rules.[120]", "Net neutrality in the United States. However, by the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Internet started to become common in households and wider society. Also in the 1980s, arguments about the public interest requirements of the telecommunications industry in the U.S. arose; whether companies involved in broadcasting were best viewed as community trustees, with obligations to society and consumers, or mere market participants with obligations only to their shareholders.[26] The legal debate about net neutrality regulations of the 2000s echoes this debate.", "Net neutrality in the United States. In December 2010, the FCC approved the FCC Open Internet Order banning cable television and telephone service providers from preventing access to competitors or certain web sites such as Netflix. On December 21, 2010, the FCC voted on and passed a set of six net \"neutrality principles\":", "Net neutrality in the United States. In early 2005, in the Madison River case, the FCC for the first time showed the willingness to enforce its network neutrality principles by opening an investigation about Madison River Communications, a local telephone carrier that was blocking voice over IP service. Yet the FCC did not fine Madison River Communications. The investigation was closed before any formal factual or legal finding and there was a settlement in which the company agreed to stop discriminating against voice over IP traffic and to make a $15,000 payment to the US Treasury in exchange for the FCC dropping its inquiry.[30] Since the FCC did not formally establish that Madison River Communications violated laws and regulation, the Madison River settlement does not create a formal precedent, though established that it would take enforcement action in such situations.[31]", "Federal Communications Commission. On February 26, 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet.[51][52][53]", "Net neutrality in the United States. In August 2008, the FCC made its first Internet network management decision.[46] It voted 3-to-2 to uphold a complaint against Comcast ruling that it had illegally inhibited users of its high-speed Internet service from using file-sharing software because it throttled the bandwidth available to certain customers for video files to ensure that other customers had adequate bandwidth.[47][48] The FCC imposed no fine, but required Comcast to end such blocking in the year 2008, ordered Comcast to disclose the details of its network management practices within 30 days, submit a compliance plan for ending the offending practices by the end of the year, and disclose to the public the details of intended future practices. Then-FCC chairman Kevin J. Martin said the order was meant to set a precedent, that Internet providers and all communications companies could not prevent customers from using their networks the way they see fit, unless there is a good reason. In an interview Martin stated that \"We are preserving the open character of the Internet\" and \"We are saying that network operators can't block people from getting access to any content and any applications.\" The case highlighted whether new legislation is needed to force Internet providers to maintain network neutrality, i.e., treat all usages of their networks equally. The legal complaint against Comcast was related to BitTorrent, software that is commonly used for downloading movies, television shows, music and software on the Internet.[49]", "Net neutrality in the United States. In December 2006, the AT&T/Bell South merger agreement defined net neutrality as an agreement on the part of the broadband provider: \"not to provide or to sell to Internet content, application or service providers ... any service that privileges, degrades or prioritizes any (data) packet transmitted over AT&T/BellSouth's wireline broadband Internet access service based on its source, ownership or destination.\"[38]", "Net neutrality in the United States. On November 21, 2017, FCC chairman Ajit Pai unveiled plans to repeal the net neutrality policy in the United States.[259] A vote was held on December 14, 2017,[260] and the FCC voted 3–2, along party lines, to repeal the Title II net neutrality.[19][20][21][23]", "Net neutrality in the United States. An alternate position was proposed in 2010 by then-FCC Commissioner Julius Genachowski, which would narrowly reclassify Internet access as a telecommunication service under Title Two of the Communications Act of 1934. It would apply only six[247] common carrier rules under the legal principle of forbearance that would sufficiently prevent unreasonable discrimination and mandate reasonable net neutrality policies under the concept of common carriage. Incumbent ISP AT&T opposed the idea saying that common carrier regulations would \"cram today's broadband Internet access providers into an ill-fitting 20th century regulatory silo\" while Google supported the FCC proposal \"In particular, the Third Way will promote legal certainty and regulatory predictability to spur investment, ensure that the Commission can fulfill the tremendous promise of the National Broadband Plan, and make it possible for the Commission to protect and serve all broadband users, including through meaningful enforcement\".[248]", "Net neutrality in the United States. In 2005, under Republican Chair Abernathy, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted policies and rules establishing principles of “network neutrality” in order to carry out the policy of the United States “to preserve the vibrant and competitive free market that presently exists for the Internet” and “to promote the continued development of the Internet,\" “encourag[ing] the deployment on a reasonable and timely basis of advanced telecommunications capability” – broadband – “to all Americans.”. [3] The FCC noted that Congress had cited the Internet's educational and informational importance, and the fact that \"[t]he Internet also represents “a forum for a true diversity of political discourse, unique opportunities for cultural development, and myriad avenues for intellectual activity,\" as well as \"play[ing] an important role in the economy, as an engine for productivity growth and cost savings.\"", "Net neutrality in the United States. Public response was heated, pointing out FCC chairman Tom Wheeler's past as a president and CEO of two major ISP-related organizations, and the suspicion of bias towards the profit-motives of ISPs as a result. Shortly afterwards, during late April 2014, the contours of a document leaked that indicated that the FCC under Wheeler would consider promulgating rules allowing Internet service providers (ISPs) to violate net neutrality principles by making it easier for Internet users to access certain content — whose owners paid fees to the ISPs (including cable companies and wireless ISPs) — and harder to access other content,[78] thus undermining the traditional open architecture of the Internet. These plans received substantial backlash from activists, the mainstream press, and some other FCC commissioners.[79][80] In May 2014, over 100 Internet companies — including Google, Microsoft, eBay, and Facebook — signed a letter to Wheeler voicing their disagreement with his plans, saying they represented a \"grave threat to the Internet\".[81] As of May 15, 2014, the \"Internet fast lane\" rules passed with a 3–2 vote. They were then open to public discussion that ended July 2014.[82]", "Net neutrality in the United States. In November 2005, Edward Whitacre Jr., then chief executive officer of SBC Communications, stated \"there's going to have to be some mechanism for these [Internet upstarts] who use these pipes to pay for the portion they're using\", and that \"The Internet can't be free in that sense, because we and the cable companies have made an investment,\"[240] sparking a furious debate. SBC spokesman Michael Balmoris said that Whitacre was misinterpreted and his comments only referred to new tiered services.[241] Net neutrality laws are generally opposed by the cable television and telephone industries.[242][243]", "Net neutrality in the United States. Towards the end of 2009, FCC Chair Julius Genachowski announced at the Brookings Institution a series of proposals that would prevent telecommunications, cable and wireless companies from blocking certain information on the Internet, for example, Skype applications.[50] In September 2009, he proposed to add two rules to its 2005 policy statement, viz., the nondiscrimination principle that ISPs must not discriminate against any content or applications, and the transparency principle, requiring that ISPs disclose all their policies to customers. He argued that wireless should be subject to the same network neutrality as wireline providers.[51] In October 2009, the FCC gave notice of proposed rule making on net neutrality.[52]", "Net neutrality in the United States. In February 2008, Kevin Martin, then Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, said that he is \"ready, willing and able,\" to prevent broadband ISPs from irrationally interfering with their subscribers' Internet access.[57]", "Net neutrality in the United States. Throughout 2005 and 2006, corporations supporting both sides of the issue zealously lobbied Congress.[4] Between 2005 and 2012, five attempts to pass bills in Congress containing net neutrality provisions failed. Each sought to preserve the open Internet that consumer groups sought, and to prohibit Internet service providers from using various variable pricing models based upon the user's quality of service level, described as tiered service in the industry and as price discrimination arising from abuse of \"local monopolies enshrined in law\" by some economists.[5][6][7]", "Net neutrality in the United States. By the 1990s, some U.S. politicians began to express concern over protecting the Internet:", "Net neutrality in the United States. On May 15, 2014, in the face of continuing intense focus and criticism, the FCC stated it would consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality.[83][84] The same day, the FCC opened a public comment period on how FCC rulemaking could best protect and promote an open Internet, garnering over one million responses, the most the FCC had ever received for rulemaking.[85] The FCC proposal for a tiered Internet received heavy criticism. Opponents argued that a user accessing content over the \"fast lane\" on the Internet would find the \"slow lane\" intolerable in comparison, greatly disadvantaging any content provider who is unable to pay for \"fast lane\" access. They argued that a tiered Internet would suppress new Internet innovations by increasing the barrier to entry. Video providers Netflix[86] and Vimeo[87] in their comments filed with the FCC used the research of S.S. Krishnan and Ramesh Sitaraman that provided quantitative evidence of the impact of Internet speed on online video users.[71] Their research studied the patience level of millions of Internet video users who waited for a slow-loading video to start playing. Users with faster Internet connectivity, such as fiber-to-the-home, demonstrated less patience and abandoned their videos sooner than similar users with slower Internet connectivity.[88][89][90]", "Net neutrality in the United States. During the FCC's hearing, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association urged the FCC to adopt the four criteria laid out in its 2005 Internet Policy Statement as the requisite openness. This made up a voluntary set of four net neutrality principles.[34] Implementation of the principles was not mandatory; that would require an FCC rule or federal law.[35] The modified principles were as follows:[36][37]", "Net neutrality in the United States. On March 12, 2015, the FCC released the specific details of its new net neutrality rules,[115][116][117] and on April 13, 2015, the final rule was published.[11][12]", "Net neutrality in the United States. In two rulings, in April and June 2010 respectively, both of the above were rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in Comcast Corp. v. FCC. On April 6, 2010, the FCC's 2008 cease-and-desist order against Comcast to slow and stop BitTorrent transfers was denied. The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that the FCC has no powers to regulate any Internet provider's network, or the management of its practices: \"[the FCC] 'has failed to tie its assertion' of regulatory authority to an actual law enacted by Congress\",[53][54] and in June 2010, it overturned (in the same case) the FCC's Order against Comcast, ruling similarly that the FCC lacked the authority under Title One of the Communications Act of 1934, to force ISPs to keep their networks open, while employing reasonable network management practices, to all forms of legal content.[55] In May 2010, the FCC announced it would continue its fight for net neutrality.[56]", "Internet service provider. On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to the Internet.[25][26][27] The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, \"This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept.\"[28] On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules.[29][30][31] On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new \"Net Neutrality\" regulations.[32][33] These rules went into effect on 12 June 2015.[34]", "Net neutrality in the United States. On May 18, 2017, the FCC voted to move forward with Pai’s Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) on \"Restoring Internet freedom\"[128] by rolling back net neutrality regulations.[129] The official \"Comment Date\" was July 17, 2017, with the \"Reply Comment Date\" being August 16, 2017.[130]", "Net neutrality in the United States. On January 14, 2014, the DC Circuit Court determined in the case of Verizon Communications Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission[65][66] that the FCC had no authority to enforce network neutrality rules as long as service providers were not identified as \"common carriers\".[67] The court agreed that FCC can regulate broadband and may craft more specific rules that stop short of identifying service providers as common carriers.[68]" ]

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[ "The Butterfly Effect. Kutcher plays 20-year-old college student Evan Treborn,[2] with Amy Smart as his childhood sweetheart Kayleigh Miller, William Lee Scott as her sadistic brother Tommy, and Elden Henson as their neighbor Lenny. Evan finds he has the ability to travel back in time to inhabit his former self (that is, his adult mind inhabits his younger body) and to change the present by changing his past behaviors. Having been the victim of several childhood traumas aggravated by stress-induced memory losses, he attempts to set things right for himself and his friends, but there are unintended consequences for all. The film draws heavily on flashbacks of the characters' lives at ages 7 and 13, and presents several alternative present-day outcomes as Evan attempts to change the past, before settling on a final outcome.", "The Butterfly Effect. The third installment in the series, The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations, was released by After Dark Films in 2009. This sequel follows the life of a young man who journeys back in time in order to solve the mystery surrounding his high school girlfriend's death. This film has no direct relation to the first two and uses different time travel mechanics. Reel Film Reviews characterized the 3rd installment as \"A very mild improvement over the nigh unwatchable Butterfly Effect 2.\"[21]", "Butterfly (Crazy Town song). The song's music video, directed by Honey, shows the band in a fantasy-like forest complete with butterflies. Shifty Shellshock and Epic Mazur sing praises to two women with butterfly wings. At one point in the video, Shifty's star-shaped tattoos fly off into the air.", "The Butterfly Effect. The Butterfly Effect 2 was released on DVD on October 10, 2006. It was directed by John R. Leonetti and was largely unrelated to the original film. It features a brief reference to the first film in the form of a newspaper headline referring to Evan's father, as well as using the same basic time travel mechanics. It received a negative reception from Reel Film Reviews, which called it \"An abominable, pointless sequel.\"[20]", "In the Time of the Butterflies (film). Minerva, along with her family, is invited to a formal ball at Trujillo's palace, where she dances with him. During their dance, Minerva asks for permission to attend law school, but Trujillo declines. He grabs Minerva inappropriately, and she responds by recoiling and slapping him in the face. Her family quickly rushes to her side, and Trujillo allows them to leave. The next day, the chief of police, Captain Peña (Pedro Armendáriz, Jr.), arrives at the family farm and takes Minerva's father away. The sisters spend several weeks dealing with the police bureaucracy, trying to locate their father, before it's suggested that there is a way Minerva can get her father out of prison. Minerva goes to the palace, and Trujillo suggests that her father can leave if she stays. Minerva points out that her mother is waiting outside and would \"appreciate his hospitality\" too. Trujillo decides that they should leave it to chance (a dice roll) to determine if Minerva and her family go free, or if Minerva stays at the palace while her family is released. Minerva accepts, but asks to \"up the stakes\"—if she wins, she goes free and also gets to attend law school, and if she loses, Trujillo can \"have his wish\". She rolls the dice and wins, and Trujillo lets her leave.", "The Butterfly Effect. The Butterfly Effect is a 2004 American supernatural psychological thriller film written and directed by Eric Bress and J. Mackye Gruber, starring Ashton Kutcher and Amy Smart. The title refers to the butterfly effect, a popular hypothetical situation which illustrates how small initial differences may lead to large unforeseen consequences over time.", "The Crow & the Butterfly. The music video for \"The Crow & the Butterfly\" was shot on June 24, 2010, which happens to be the 2nd anniversary of The Sound of Madness. A photo was published of the set, which appeared to be a large room in a mansion.[4] On July 17, 2010, the music video premiered on Yahoo Music. The video begins with the band playing on a stage while a group of mysterious people wearing their black clothes eating dinner and putting their silverware down. Then, a woman with a black mascara teardrop on her eyes comes in and sees the people finishing their dinner. During the dance scene and the chorus, the girl decided to go through the people while searching for a boy. During the bridge, she was too late to find him and she found the man who walked closer to her while transforming as the band. He gives the girl the locket and whispered in her ears. The video ends with the boy and the band walking away into the light while the girl stares at the camera.[5]", "Dolly Parton. As a songwriter, Parton has twice been nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song, for \"9 to 5\" and \"Travelin' Thru\" (2005) from the transgender-themed film Transamerica. \"Travelin' Thru\" won as Best Original Song award at the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards (2005). The song was also nominated for both the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song (2005) and the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award (also known as the Critics' Choice Awards) for Best Song (2005). A cover version of \"Love Is Like A Butterfly\", recorded by singer Clare Torry, was used as the theme music for the British TV show Butterflies.[citation needed]", "The Butterfly Effect. Seven years later, while entertaining a girl in his dorm room, Evan discovers that when he reads from his adolescent journals, he can travel back in time and redo parts of his past. His time traveling episodes account for the frequent blackouts he experienced as a child, since those are the moments that his adult self occupied his consciousness, such as the moment his father strangled him when he realized that Evan shared his time-traveling affliction. However, there are consequences to his revised choices that dramatically alter his present life. For example, his personal time-line leads to alternative futures in which he finds himself, variously, as a college student in a fraternity, an inmate imprisoned for murdering Tommy, and a double amputee. Eventually, he realizes that, even though his intentions to fix the past are good, his actions have unforeseen consequences, in which either he or at least one of his friends does not benefit. Moreover, the assimilation of dozens of years' worth of new memories from the alternative timelines causes him brain damage and severe nosebleeds. He ultimately reaches the conclusion that he and his friends might not have good futures as long as he keeps altering the past, and he realizes that he is hurting them rather than helping.", "In the Time of the Butterflies (film). While in law school, Minerva discovers that Lio has been killed by Trujillo supporters even though he was out of the country. She meets other members of the resistance, who, through Lio, know of her as \"Butterfly\". She becomes a member of the resistance, and over time Patria and Mate learn of her activities and become involved too. She falls in love with Manolo Tavárez (Demian Bichir), a fellow law student and member of the resistance, and they are married.", "In the Time of the Butterflies (film). Minerva and her three sisters, Patria (Lumi Cavazos), Dedé (Pilar Padilla), and María Teresa \"Mate\" (Mía Maestro), live on a farm in rural Ojo De Agua. Minerva, the outspoken sister, convinces her father, Enrique Mirabal (Fernando Becerril), to send her, Patria, and Mate to a boarding school. The sisters spend five years away at school, during which time Minerva captures the attention of Trujillo (Edward James Olmos), who notices her at a school play.", "Walking with Dinosaurs (film). Walking with Dinosaurs is a 2013 family film about dinosaurs set in the Late Cretaceous period, 70 million years ago. The production features computer-animated dinosaurs in live-action settings with actors John Leguizamo, Justin Long, Tiya Sircar, and Skyler Stone providing voiceovers for the main characters. It was directed by Neil Nightingale and Barry Cook from a screenplay by John Collee.", "Madama Butterfly. In 1904, a U.S. naval officer named Pinkerton rents a house on a hill in Nagasaki, Japan, for himself and his soon-to-be wife, \"Butterfly\". Her real name is Ciocio-san (cio-cio, pronounced \"chocho\" [t͡ʃoːt͡ʃoː], the Japanese word for \"butterfly\" (蝶々, chōchō); san is a plain honorific). She is a 15-year-old Japanese girl whom he is marrying for convenience, since he intends to leave her once he finds a proper American wife, since Japanese divorce laws are very lax. The wedding is to take place at the house. Butterfly had been so excited to marry an American that she had earlier secretly converted to Christianity. After the wedding ceremony, her uninvited uncle, a bonze, who has found out about her conversion, comes to the house, curses her and orders all the guests to leave, which they do while renouncing her. Pinkerton and Butterfly sing a love duet and prepare to spend their first night together.", "In the Time of the Butterflies (film). In the Time of the Butterflies is a 2001 feature film, produced for the Showtime television network, directed by Mariano Barroso and based on Julia Álvarez's book of the same name. The story is a fictionalized account for the lives of the Mirabal sisters, Dominican revolutionary activists, who opposed the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo and were assassinated on November 25, 1961.", "The Butterfly Effect. The film was released on DVD as the Infinifilm edition on July 6, 2004. This edition was released with the theatrical cut (113 minutes) on one side and the director's cut (120 minutes) on the other. The DVD also includes two documentaries (\"The Science and Psychology of the Chaos Theory\" and \"The History and Allure of Time Travel\"), a trivia subtitle track, filmmaker commentary by directors Eric Bress and J. Mackye Gruber, deleted and alternative scenes, and a short feature called \"The Creative Process\" among other things.[17]", "Butterfly effect. The idea that one butterfly could eventually have a far-reaching ripple effect on subsequent historic events made its earliest known appearance in \"A Sound of Thunder\", a 1952 short story by Ray Bradbury about time travel.[6]", "In the Time of the Butterflies (film). The film begins with pictures and video of the actual victims of Trujillo. During the montage, a title card appears that says:", "The Butterfly Effect. Matt Soergel of The Florida Times-Union rated it 3 stars out of 4, writing, \"The Butterfly Effect is preposterous, feverish, creepy and stars Ashton Kutcher in a dramatic role. It's a blast... a solidly entertaining B-movie. It's even quite funny at times...\"[10] The Miami Herald said, \"The Butterfly Effect is better than you might expect despite its awkward, slow beginning, drawing you in gradually and paying off in surprisingly effective and bittersweet ways,\" and added that Kutcher is \"appealing and believable... The Butterfly Effect sticks to its rules fairly well... overall the film is consistent in its flights of fancy.\"[11] The Worcester Telegram & Gazette praised it as \"a disturbing film\" and \"the first really interesting film of 2004,\" adding that Kutcher \"carries it off\":", "Black Butterfly (2017 film). Paul wakes up in the morning and finds a group of FBI agents searching his house and sees the sheriff, who is uninjured. Paul also encounters the truck driver from the diner, Laura, and Jack, all wearing FBI badges. Jack explains that they have been \"tracking\" him for three years and plays a recording of Paul's explanation of what it is like to kill from the previous night. Paul complains that any evidence collected from his house is tainted because Jack and Laura had access to the house and could have planted it and that the tape recording is just his notes for a screenplay. Jack fears that they do not have enough evidence for a conviction when he notices an excavator with dirt on it. Looking through Paul's possessions, he finds a picture of Paul's wife in a yard that shows no artificial pond. Paul is impressed and attempts to make a deal with him to avoid the death penalty and have an ending living with the pain but Jack prefers \"his own ending\". The film ends with Paul waking up from what appeared to be a dream that happened to be the events of the film, and quickly attempts to type out the dream as a new script entitled Black Butterfly.", "The Butterfly Effect. Written and directed by Eric Bress and J. Mackye Gruber, who co-wrote Final Destination 2, this is much more intelligent than their earlier film would suggest... The Butterfly Effect may be a little too unconventional to succeed with a mass audience, but filmgoers claiming they want 'something different' from Hollywood ought to take note.[12]", "In the Time of the Butterflies (film). When school is over, Minerva wishes to study to become a lawyer, but women are not allowed in law school. The sisters return to the farm, and Minerva soon meets and falls in love with Virgilio \"Lio\" (Marc Anthony), a member of the Dominican resistance, who gives her the nickname \"Butterfly\", or Mariposa in Spanish. Lio's activities during a college protest are noticed, and he is forced to leave the country out of fear for his life, though he continues to write to Minerva.", "Hayden Panettiere. Panettiere was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1999 for A Bug's Life.[25] In 2004, she recorded a song entitled \"My Hero Is You\" with a video for the Disney Channel film she starred in, Tiger Cruise, and \"Someone Like You,\" a duet with Watt White for another film, The Dust Factory (also with an accompanying video). The next year she recorded a song entitled \"I Fly\" for the Disney film Ice Princess in which she also co-starred. She recorded a song for the Hollywood Records compilation Girl Next (2006) and another song entitled \"Go to Girl\" for Girl Next 2 (2007). Also in 2007, she recorded a cover for \"Cruella De Vil\" for DisneyMania 5, \"Try\" for the Bridge to Terabithia soundtrack and a ballad called \"I Still Believe\" for Cinderella III: A Twist in Time.", "The Butterfly Effect. With his brain terribly damaged and aware that he is about to be committed to a psychiatric facility where he will lose access to his time travel ability, Evan makes a desperate attempt to change the timeline by travelling back to his pre-birth self (by viewing a family film of his father's), where he strangles himself in the womb with his umbilical cord so as to prevent the multi-generational curse from continuing, consistent with an added scene where a fortune teller describes Evan to Evan and his mother as \"having no lifeline [on his hands]\" and \"not belonging to this world\".", "Butterflies (TV series). In November 2000, the cast (save for Michael Ripper who had recently died) reunited for a 13-minute episode in aid of Children in Need. The premise is Ria's 60th birthday and the lack of change to her situation.", "In the Time of the Butterflies (film). After law school, Minerva has children but continues her resistance activities. After a series of increasingly dangerous events, she, Mate, and many resistance members are arrested and sent to jail. Minerva becomes a symbol, and many prisoners, guards, and outsiders secretly voice their support for \"the Butterflies\".", "The Girl Who Leapt Through Time (2006 film). At Kuranose High School in Tokyo, Japan, Makoto Konno discovers a message written on a blackboard and inadvertently falls upon a walnut-shaped object. On her way home, Makoto is ejected into a railroad crossing when the brakes on her bicycle fail and is hit by an oncoming train, but finds herself transported back to the point in time when she was riding her bicycle right before the accident. After entering the Tokyo National Museum to meet with Kazuko Yoshiyama, she explains to Makoto that she has the power to \"time-leap\", to literally leap through time. At first, Makoto uses her powers to avoid being late, getting perfect grades, and even relive a single karaoke session for several hours, but soon discovers that her actions can adversely affect others.", "In the Time of the Butterflies (film). Another title card appears at the end that says:", "Journey to the Beginning of Time. Cesta do pravÄ›ku was made on what would be considered a small budget by western film-makers. It discussed the various time epochs as defined by palaeontologists and the types of animals typical of those periods, using information known in the 1950s. Whilst many animated feature films, particularly those in the US, used models of prehistoric animals in contrived sequences, Zeman instead depicted animals acting naturally in their own environments as if being filmed for a documentary, with the actors observing from the relative safety of the river. Such a philosophy was unusual at the time and was more typical of later TV productions that depicted prehistoric animals in an educational context (including the BBC's Walking with Dinosaurs and Walking with Beasts series) which became popular following the advent of computer-generated imagery that negated the need for time-consuming, highly skilled manual animation. The original release of Zeman's film was 93 minutes, although the East German release had a slightly shorter running time.", "In the Time of the Butterflies (film). While returning from a trip to visit their husbands, Minerva, Patria, and Mate are stopped on the road by a large group of Trujillo's men. They are taken some distance off the main road, and the men surround them and beat them to death.", "Somewhere in Time (film). Somewhere in Time is a 1980 American romantic science fiction drama film directed by Jeannot Szwarc. It is a film adaptation of the 1975 novel Bid Time Return by Richard Matheson, who also wrote the screenplay. The film stars Christopher Reeve, Jane Seymour, and Christopher Plummer.", "Step in Time. In the 1964 film Mary Poppins the first part of the song, the lines he says in the verses are \"Kick your knees up\", \"'Round the chimney\", \"Flap like a birdie\", \"Up on the railing\", \"Over the rooftops\" and \"Link your elbows\" followed by an interlude. The interlude continues with Bert, Mary Poppins, Michael, Jane and all the chimney sweepers dancing around the rooftops and as Admiral Boom looks at them with the telescope, he thinks that they're Hottentots, so he orders Mr. Binnacle to make them scram with colorful fireworks.", "Ed Wood (film). The scene where Bela is seen walking towards his house after Ed drops him off, he mentions how Hollywood has changed its horror films and how they aren't what they used to be back in the 1930s. He mentions movies about giant bugs (Them!), giant spiders, (Tarantula) and giant grasshoppers (Beginning of the End), however these movies came out after when the scene was supposed to be set and after the release of Glen or Glenda.[original research?]" ]

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[ "Rahab. According to the book of Joshua (Joshua 2:1-7), when the Hebrews were encamped at Shittim, in the \"Arabah\" or Jordan valley opposite Jericho, ready to cross the river, Joshua, as a final preparation, sent out two spies to investigate the military strength of Jericho. The spies stayed in Rahab's house, which was built into the city wall. The soldiers sent to capture the spies asked Rahab to bring out the spies (Joshua 2:3). Instead, she hid them under bundles of flax on the roof. It was the time of the barley harvest, and flax and barley are ripe at the same time in the Jordan valley, so that \"the bundles of flax stalks might have been expected to be drying just then\".[11]", "The Twelve Spies. When ten of the twelve spies showed little faith in the doom and gloom report they gave about the land, they were slandering what they believed God had promised them. They did not believe that God could help them, and the people as a whole were persuaded that it was not possible to take the land. As a result, the entire nation was made to wander in the desert for 40 years, until almost the entire generation of men had died.[2] Joshua and Caleb were the two spies who brought back a good report and believed that God would help them succeed. They were the only men from their generation permitted to go into the Promised Land after the time of wandering.[3]", "Battle of Jericho. Joshua sent spies to Jericho, the first city of Canaan to be taken, and discovered that the land was in fear of Israel and their God. The Israelites marched around the walls once every day for seven days with the seven priests and the Ark of the Covenant. On the seventh day, they marched around the walls seven times. Then the priests blew their seven ram's horns, the Israelites raised a great shout, and the walls of the city fell. Following God's law of herem the Israelites took no slaves or plunder but slaughtered every man, woman and child in Jericho, sparing only Rahab - a Canaanite prostitute who had sheltered the spies, and her family.", "Joshua. Later, Joshua was identified as one of the twelve spies sent by Moses to explore and report on the land of Canaan (Numbers 13:16-17), and only he and Caleb gave an encouraging report, a reward for which would be that only these two of their entire generation would enter the promised land (Numbers 14:22-24).", "The Twelve Spies. God had promised the Israelites that they would be able to conquer the land with its indigenous Canaanite nations. Moses instructed the spies to report back on the agriculture and lay of the land. However, during their tour, the spies saw fortified cities and resident giants, which frightened them and led them to believe that the Israelites would not be able to conquer the land as God had promised. Ten of the spies decided to bring back an unbalanced report, emphasizing the difficulty of the task before them.[4]", "Sinai and Palestine Campaign. Also on 19 January the first air reconnaissance of the Ottoman army rear over the towns of Beit Jibrin, Bethlehem, Jerusalem, and Jericho was carried out by Roberts and Ross Smith, escorted by Murray Jones and Ellis in Martinsydes. Junction Station was also reconnoitred on 27 January.[135]", "The Twelve Spies. For 40 years, the Israelites wandered in the wilderness, eating quail and manna. They were led into the Promised Land by Joshua; the victory at Jericho marked the beginning of possession of the land. As victories were won, the tracts of land were assigned to each tribe, and they lived peacefully with each other. God brought victories where needed, and his promise to Abraham was fulfilled.", "Rahab. Rahab told the spies (Joshua 2:9-13):", "The Twelve Spies. This was considered a grave sin by God. Corresponding to the 40 days that the spies toured the land, their God decreed that the Israelites would wander in the wilderness for 40 years as a result of their unwillingness to take the land. Moreover, the entire generation of men who left Egypt during the Exodus would die in the desert, save for Joshua and Caleb who did not slander the land.[2]", "The Twelve Spies. The Twelve Spies (Hebrew: שנים עשר המרגלים), as recorded in the Book of Numbers, were a group of Israelite chieftains, one from each of the Twelve Tribes, who were dispatched by Moses to scout out the Land of Canaan for 40 days[1] as a future home for the Israelite people, during the time when the Israelites were in the wilderness following their Exodus from Ancient Egypt. The account is found in Numbers 13:1-33.", "The Twelve Spies. Two of the spies — Joshua and Caleb — did not go along with the majority and tried to convince the Israelites that they could conquer the land:", "1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. In response to these challenges the British army command (\"I\" Branch) and battalion headquarters across Palestine issued a daily intelligence bulletin every afternoon detailing political developments.[108] Special Service Officers (SSOs) assigned to intelligence gathering reported directly to their local command headquarters and their cars were equipped with wireless transmitters so that high grade intelligence could be reported directly to \"I\" Branch immediately.[108] These sources of intelligence gradually became more important than those of the C.I.D. in Palestine, which had been dependent on Arab informers, and which were no longer reliable.[108]", "The Twelve Spies. They gave Moses this account, \"We went into the land to which you sent us, and it does flow with milk and honey! Here is its fruit. But the people who live there are very powerful, and the cities are fortified and very large. We even saw descendants of Anak there.\"", "The Twelve Spies. God had promised Abraham that there would be a Promised Land for the nations to come out of his son, Isaac. The land of Canaan which the spies were to explore was the same Promised Land. Moses asked for an assessment of the geographical features of the land, the strength and numbers of the population, the agricultural potential and actual performance of the land, civic organization (whether their cities were like camps or strongholds), and forestry conditions. He also asked them to be positive in their outlook and to return with samples of local produce.", "Sinai and Palestine Campaign. The weather was beginning to improve and railways and roads were being repaired and developed. A lateral line of communication north of the Jaffa to Jerusalem road required the complete reconstruction of the track from Amwas through Beit Sira by the Egyptian Labour Corps. The standard gauge line reached Ludd and was within .25 miles (400 m) of Allenby's headquarters 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Ramleh. He wrote on 25 January: \"I want to extend my right, to include Jericho and the N. of the Dead Sea.\"[262][263] On 3 January two Australian aircraft discovered boats carrying corn and hay produced on the plains to the east and south-east of the Dead Sea for the forces at Amman. The boats moving from Ghor el Hadit (behind Point Costigan) and Rujm el Bahr at the northern end of the Sea were bombed and sprayed with bullets by the Australian aircraft which returned again and again until the boat service stopped.[264]", "The Twelve Spies. However, the Israelite community believed the majority's conclusions. All of the spies, except Joshua and Caleb, were struck down with a plague and died.[5]", "Zacchaeus. Because the lucrative production and export of balsam was centered in Jericho, his position would have carried both importance and wealth.[4][5] In the account, he arrived before the crowd who were later to meet with Jesus, who was passing through Jericho on his way to Jerusalem. He was short in stature and so was unable to see Jesus through the crowd (Luke 19:3). Zachaeus then ran ahead and climbed a tree along Jesus' path. When Jesus reached the spot he looked up into the branches, addressed Zacchaeus by name, and told him to come down, for he intended to visit his house. The crowd was shocked that Jesus, a religious teacher/prophet, would sully himself by being a guest of a tax collector.", "Jericho. The Christian Gospels state that Jesus of Nazareth passed through Jericho where he healed blind beggars (Matthew 20:29), and inspired a local chief tax-collector named Zacchaeus to repent of his dishonest practices (Luke 19:1–10). The road between Jerusalem and Jericho is the setting for the Parable of the Good Samaritan.[46]", "1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. In September 1937, the Jewish Agency appointed Reuven Zaslany liaison officer for intelligence and security affairs between the Political Department of the Jewish Agency and the intelligence arms of the Royal Air Force and the C.I.D.[109] Zaslany sifted through intelligence collected by Jewish-controlled field operatives and forwarded it to the British military.[109] He was a frequent visitor at the headquarters of British intelligence and the army, the police and C.I.D. and he also travelled to Damascus to liaise with the Arab opposition's peace bands and with the British Consul in Iraq.[109] Colonel Frederick Kisch, a British army officer and Zionist leader, was appointed chief liaison officer between the British army and the Jewish Agency Executive with Zaslany as his deputy.[109] Zaslany also worked as interpreter for Patrick Domville, head of RAF Intelligence in Palestine (who was described by Haganah leader Dov Hos as the \"best Zionist informer on the English\"), until the latter was posted to Iraq in 1938, and through him became acquainted with many of the British intelligence officers.[110]", "Battle of Jericho. The story of Jericho is told in Joshua 6:1-27.", "Miracles of Jesus. Mark's Gospel also has an account of the healing of a man named Bartimaeus, done as Jesus is leaving Jericho.[15] The Gospel of Matthew [16] has a simpler account loosely based on this, with two unnamed blind men instead of one (this 'doubling' is a characteristic of Matthew's treatment of the Mark text) and a slightly different version of the story, taking place in Galilee, earlier in the narrative.[17] The Gospel of Luke tells the same story of Jesus healing an unnamed blind man, but moves the event in the narrative to when Jesus approaches Jericho.[18][19]", "The Twelve Spies. According to Rabbinic tradition (as seen in the Mishnah Taanit 4:6), the sin of the spies produced the annual fast day of Tisha B'Av. When the Israelites accepted the false report, they wept over the false belief that God was setting them up for defeat. The night that the people cried was the ninth of Av, which became a day of weeping and misfortune for all time.[9]", "A Tale of Two Cities. In 1780, French émigré Charles Darnay is on trial for treason against the British Crown. The key witnesses against him are two British spies, John Barsad and Roger Cly, who claim that Darnay gave information about British troops in North America to the French. Barsad states that he would recognise Darnay anywhere, at which point Darnay's defense counsel, Stryver, directs attention to Sydney Carton, a barrister present in the courtroom who looks almost identical to him. With Barsad's eyewitness testimony now discredited, Darnay is acquitted.", "Battle of Jericho. Scholars are virtually unanimous that the account of the Battle of Jericho in the Book of Joshua holds little historical value to studies of early Israel and that the migration of Israel as described in the Book of Joshua most likely relates to a later historical period.[4]", "Culper Ring. The focus of intelligence gathering returned to New York, where Washington lacked a spy network.[52] On August 7, 1778, Washington received a letter from Lieutenant Caleb Brewster at Norwalk, Connecticut with an offer to report on the enemy, to which Washington cautiously agreed and replied with advice.[52] Brewster sent his first report on August 27, including the condition of British warships after a storm and some battles with French warships at the beginning of the Battle of Rhode Island.[53] Brewster also reported that several regiments of British troops were boarding ships to take them to Newport, Rhode Island.[54]", "Jericho. On 14 March 2006, the Israel Defense Forces launched Operation Bringing Home the Goods, raiding a Jericho prison to capture the PFLP general secretary, Ahmad Sa'adat, and five other prisoners, all of whom had been charged with assassinating the Israeli tourist minister Rehavam Zeevi in 2001.[88]", "Joshua. Although Joshua was regarded by some classical scholars as the prophetic successor to Moses (موسى‎),[46] Tabari relates in his History of the Prophets and Kings that Joshua was one of the twelve spies and Muslim scholars believe that the two believing spies referred to in the Qur’ān are Joshua and Caleb. Joshua was exceptional among the Israelites for being one of the few faithful followers of Allah.", "Battle of Trenton. George Washington had stationed a spy named John Honeyman, posing as a Tory, in Trenton. Honeyman had served with Major General James Wolfe in Quebec at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham on September 13, 1759, and had no trouble establishing his credentials as a Tory. Honeyman was a butcher and bartender, who traded with the British and Hessians. This enabled him to gather intelligence, and also to convince the Hessians that the Continental Army was in such a low state of morale that they would not attack Trenton. Shortly before Christmas, he arranged to be captured by the Continental Army, who had orders to bring him to Washington unharmed. After being questioned by Washington, he was imprisoned in a hut, to be tried as a Tory in the morning, but a small fire broke out nearby, enabling him to \"escape.\"[8]", "Chris Jericho. Jericho appeared in the 2009 film Albino Farm.[231] In the film MacGruber, released May 21, 2010, he briefly appeared as Frank Korver,[232] a former military teammate of the eponymous Green Beret, Navy Seal, and Army Ranger.", "Battle of Jericho. The story of Jericho, and the conquest generally, probably represents the nationalist propaganda of the kings of Judah and their claims to the territory of the Kingdom of Israel after 722 BCE.[9] These chapters were later incorporated into an early form of Joshua written late in the reign of King Josiah (reigned 640–609 BCE), and the book was revised and completed after the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians in 586, and possibly after the return from the Babylonian exile in 538.[10]", "Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho. Ralph Flanagan adapted it under the title \"Joshua\". Ralph Flanagan and His Orchestra recorded the spiritual in New York City on March 1, 1950. It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-3724 (in USA)[7] and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog numbers B 9938 and IP 604.", "Culper Ring. A letter by loyalist soldier Nehemia Marks, uncovered in 2015, identifies brothers Nathaniel and Phillip Roe as supporters of the spy ring, with Nathaniel providing intelligence and Phillip material aid. The letter also provides evidence that the Culper ring operated in Drowned Meadow beyond Setauket and Oyster Bay, as previously believed. The letter is housed in the William L. Clements library at the University of Michigan, where it was discovered by a former resident of Port Jefferson researching the Culper Ring.[117][118]" ]

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[ "Catelyn Stark. Catelyn is portrayed by Michelle Fairley on the HBO series Game of Thrones.[1] Jennifer Ehle was originally cast as Catelyn Stark and appeared in the unaired pilot, but left the series for family reasons before the first season began.[2][3] Fairley's portrayal of Catelyn has garnered critical acclaim, with many in particular praising her performance during the episode \"The Rains of Castamere\".[4] Due to this popularity, many fans were disappointed she did not appear in the series' fourth season, despite the character's resurrection in the novels.[5][6]", "Catelyn Stark. Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Catelyn is the lady of Winterfell, an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional kingdom of Westeros. She was born into House Tully of Riverrun.", "Michelle Fairley. She took over the role of Mrs. Granger from Heather Bleasdale (who had played Mrs. Granger in Chamber of Secrets) in the Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows films. She played the role of Catelyn Stark in the HBO series Game of Thrones, replacing Jennifer Ehle who played the character in the original pilot episode.[1]", "Catelyn Stark. Catelyn Stark (née Tully) is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. She is a prominent point of view character in the novels.", "Catelyn Stark. Michelle Fairley's performance has received critical acclaim. Time wrote about \"The Rains of Castamere\": \"Michelle Fairley’s fantastic performance captures the horror, with the edge of desperation, anguish, and madness of a woman who has lost her sons (she believes all of them), lost her grandchild, may have lost her daughters, and for all she knows, is witnessing the extinction of the house she belongs to...\".[9] The closing scene of \"Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things\" was praised by HitFix's Alan Sepinwall, highlighting Michelle Fairley's acting as Catelyn gathers allies to arrest Tyrion.[10]", "Catelyn Stark. In January 2007 HBO secured the rights to adapt Martin's series for television.[7][8] Jennifer Ehle was originally cast as Catelyn Stark and filmed her scenes in the unaired pilot until she eventually left for family reasons.[2][3] Michelle Fairley was then cast in the role which she played for three seasons. Catelyn's storyline diverges from the book following the Red Wedding; as of the sixth season, no mention has been made of Lady Stoneheart, Ser Beric Dondarrion has reappeared as the leader of the Brotherhood, and the two associated POV characters, Brienne and Jaime, have both gone through the Riverlands without encountering her. It is widely assumed she has been cut from the television adaptation.", "List of Game of Thrones characters. Catelyn Stark (season 1–3) portrayed by Michelle Fairley. Catelyn Stark of House Stark and House Tully (née Tully), Lady of Winterfell, is the wife of Lord Eddard Stark. Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands, she is the elder sister of Lysa Arryn, Lady of the Vale and Mistress of the Eyrie, and Lord Edmure Tully, Lord of Riverrun. After deducing that the Lannisters are responsible for the attempt on Bran Stark's life, she travels to King's Landing to warn Ned, and on her return trip has a chance encounter with Tyrion Lannister. Since Catelyn does not know about Tyrion's complete innocence, she decides to take him captive because she believes that he is behind the attempt on her son's life. She takes him to her sister, Lysa Arryn, so that he can be brought to justice but is not successful, as Tyrion is found innocent after a trial by combat. After her husband is arrested and her eldest son Robb goes to war for his release, she joins her son's war council. Upon learning that her husband was executed by orders of King Joffrey, she vows to her son Robb that the Lannister family will pay with their lives. Throughout Season 2, she aids her son Robb in the rebellion by advising him and attempting to broker alliances. While trying to form an alliance with Renly Baratheon, another claimant to the Iron Throne, she takes Brienne of Tarth into her service as an armswoman after Renly's assassination. She frees Jaime Lannister, a valuable hostage to the Starks, in an attempt to exchange him for her captive daughters. Robb, feeling betrayed by what his mother has done, puts her under house arrest. Catelyn travels north with her son to her father's funeral at her childhood home of Riverrun. She is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre after her desperate (and futile) pleas to the Freys to spare her son, threatening to slit Lady Frey's throat if Robb dies. She keeps her promise, and is herself killed moments later when \"Black\" Walder Frey cuts her throat to the bone. In Season 4, it is stated that her body was stripped naked and thrown into the river after the massacre as a mockery of House Tully's funeral traditions. Though House Stark is stripped of all lands and titles by House Lannister as a result of Robb's death and his ultimately failed rebellion against the Iron Throne, Catelyn and her son are later avenged in Season 6 and the first episode of Season 7 when her eldest daughter Sansa Stark and Sansa's half brother Jon Snow successfully overthrow House Bolton and retake Winterfell and Jon is crowned the King in the North by the remaining Northern lords, wildlings, and Knights of the Vale, restoring Stark rule in the North in the process, while her youngest daughter Arya Stark returns to Westeros, murders Walder Frey, and later uses his face to disguise herself as him to poison all his sons and male descendants at the Twins, ultimately avenging the Red Wedding and exterminating House Frey.", "Jennifer Ehle. In August 2009, it was announced that Ehle would play the character of Catelyn Stark in the pilot of HBO's Game of Thrones, an adaptation of George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire fantasy book series. Ehle filmed the pilot episode, but decided it was too soon to return to work after the birth of her daughter. She was replaced by Northern Irish actress Michelle Fairley.[15][16]", "Game of Thrones (season 1). After the pilot was shot and the series picked up, it was announced that the role of Catelyn had been recast, with Michelle Fairley replacing Ehle.[52] Later, it was also confirmed that Emilia Clarke would replace Tamzin Merchant as Daenerys.[53][54] The rest of the cast was filled out in the second half of the year, and included Charles Dance as Tywin Lannister, Aidan Gillen as Petyr 'Littlefinger' Baelish, and Conleth Hill as Varys.[12]", "Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things. The closing scene was praised by HitFix's Alan Sepinwall, highlighting Michelle Fairley's acting as Catelyn gathers allies to arrest Tyrion.[24]", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters. Catelyn Stark is the wife of Ned Stark, and mother to his children Robb, Sansa, Arya, Bran, and Rickon. She is the daughter of Lord Hoster Tully of Riverrun; sister to Lysa Arryn of the Vale; and sister to Edmure Tully.", "Michelle Fairley. Michelle Fairley is an actress from Northern Ireland, best known for her roles as Catelyn Stark in the HBO series Game of Thrones, Dr. Ava Hessington in multiple episodes of USA Network series Suits, and as terrorist Margot Al-Harazi, a main antagonist in 24: Live Another Day.", "Kate Dickie. She appears in the HBO television series Game of Thrones, where she plays the role of Lysa Arryn.[8]", "Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things. Critical reaction to the episode was mostly positive, with critics citing the Night's Watch scenes at the Wall as highlights, as well as Michelle Fairley's performance as Catelyn Stark in the final scene of the episode with Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 2.5 million in its initial broadcast.", "Catelyn Stark. Catelyn Tully Stark is described as beautiful, with auburn hair, blue eyes, and long fingers, and dressed simply in the grey color of House Stark or the blue and red of her father’s House Tully. She is proud, strong, kind, and generous, has a strong grasp of politics, and is often governed by the desire to protect her children. Catelyn is usually in accord with her husband Eddard Stark, but resents his admission of his illegitimate son Jon Snow into their household.", "Catelyn Stark. Catelyn's brother Edmure Tully places Catelyn under house arrest at Riverrun, but Robb pardons her after he announces his wedding to Jeyne Westerling, invalidating his marriage proposal to House Frey. Lord Walder Frey agrees to forgive Robb if Edmure marries his daughter Roslin, and Catelyn travels to the Frey seat of the Twins to attend the wedding with Robb and other northern lords. However, Walder Frey and his men take revenge on Robb for his slight on their house by slaughtering the northern host, an act of treachery that became known as the \"Red Wedding\". In an attempt to save her son's life, Catelyn takes Aegon Frey hostage and kills him when Roose Bolton kills Robb regardless, but she still has her throat slashed by Raymund Frey. Three days later, Catelyn is resurrected by Lord Beric Dondarrion, who sacrifices his life force to revive her. However, the period of time she spent deceased has caused Catelyn's body to decay; furthermore, upon her reanimation, she loses most of her previous personality, except for her hatred of House Frey. Catelyn then assumes command of Dondarrion's outlaw band, the Brotherhood Without Banners, and changes their aim to exterminating House Frey. Her uncompromising brutality earns her the moniker \"Lady Stoneheart\".", "Kate Dickie. Kate Dickie (born 1971) is a Scottish actress who has appeared in television series, stage plays and films. She is known for her television roles as Lex in the BBC series Tinsel Town (2000–01) and Lysa Arryn in the HBO series Game of Thrones (2011–14). She supports the theatre company Solar Bear, which is known for its collaborations with deaf people, in part through her role as patron.[1]", "Brienne of Tarth. In the television series, Brienne is portrayed by British actress Gwendoline Christie, and is introduced in the show's second season. After appearing as a recurring cast member for two seasons, Christie was promoted to the main cast from season four onwards. For her performance in the third season, she was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television, and was nominated for two Screen Actors Guild Awards alongside the rest of the cast for the third and fourth seasons.", "Aidan Gillen. He is best known for portraying Petyr \"Littlefinger\" Baelish in the HBO series Game of Thrones (2011–2017), Tommy Carcetti in the HBO series The Wire (2004–2008), Stuart Alan Jones in the Channel 4 series Queer as Folk (1999–2000), John Boy in the RTÉ series Love/Hate (2010–2011) and CIA operative Bill Wilson in The Dark Knight Rises (2012). He also hosted seasons 10 through 13 of Other Voices.", "Ciarán Hinds. In 2013, he was cast as the wildling leader Mance Rayder in Season 3 of the HBO television series Game of Thrones.[14] He reprised this role in Season 4, and reprised it once more in Season 5.[15] On Broadway at The Richard Rodgers Theater in New York, he was Big Daddy to Scarlett Johansson in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, which opened on 17 January 2013,[16][17][18] and had previews on 18 December 2012.", "Winter Is Coming. The new pilot episode was filmed in 2010 by new director Tim Van Patten, and several actors appearing in the original pilot did not return for the series. Tamzin Merchant was replaced as Daenerys Targaryen by Emilia Clarke, and Jennifer Ehle was replaced as Catelyn Stark by Michelle Fairley.[14] Additionally, Ian McNeice was replaced as Magister Illyrio by Roger Allam,[15] Richard Ridings[16] as Gared by Dermot Keaney, and Jamie Campbell Bower[16] as Ser Waymar Royce by Rob Ostlere.[17]", "Catelyn Stark. After the royal party arrives at Winterfell, Catelyn receives a letter from her sister Lysa Arryn stating that the Lannisters had killed her husband Jon Arryn, the king's 'Hand' (second-in-command). King Robert Baratheon persuades Eddard to take his place. When her son Bran is injured and goes into a coma, she sits by his bed until they are attacked by an assassin who has come to kill Bran. Catelyn is wounded in the attack, and travels to King's Landing to warn Eddard after recovering. There, her childhood companion Petyr Baelish tells her that the dagger used in the attack belongs to Tyrion Lannister. On her way back to Winterfell, she takes Tyrion to her sister at the Eyrie for trial, where Tyrion escapes execution by demanding and winning a trial by combat. After the news of Eddard's execution by order of King Joffrey reaches Catelyn, she argues for peace, but is overruled by the newly crowned King Robb and his bannermen.", "Conleth Hill. Since April 2011, he has appeared as Lord Varys in the television series Game of Thrones, based on the novel series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin. Martin hinted, in a February 2013 post on his website, that he thought Hill would be a good choice to play the title character in a TV show based on Martin's science fiction novel Tuf Voyaging.[11] He appeared in the second episode of the second series of Peter Kay's Car Share as Elsie, the drunk deli counter supervisor.[citation needed]", "The Ghost of Harrenhal. On the other hand, the exchange between Arya and Tywin was unanimously praised, both in terms of acting and direction.[13][14][17] Writing for The Huffington Post, Maureen Ryan commended Maisie Williams for being able to hold her own in a scene with the charismatic Charles Dance.[20] Another scene that was usually highlighted was Brienne's pledge of fealty to Catelyn Stark. Lacob described Christie's acting superlative, rendering a tragic air to Brienne,[14] while VanDerWerff noted how Fairley's subtle performance with just a hint of tears and wavering voice made the scene almost a perfect one.[18]", "Bella Ramsey. Bella Ramsey (born 2003)[1][2] is an English actress. She made her professional acting debut as the young noblewoman Lyanna Mormont in the HBO fantasy television series Game of Thrones.[3]", "Petyr Baelish. Aidan Gillen has received award nominations for his portrayal. His nominations include Portal Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2012,[19] and Irish Film & Television Awards for Best Supporting Actor on Television in 2012 and 2014.[20][21]", "Game of Thrones. Nina Gold and Robert Sterne are the series' primary casting directors.[50] Through a process of auditions and readings, the main cast was assembled. The only exceptions were Peter Dinklage and Sean Bean, whom the writers wanted from the start; they were announced as joining the pilot in 2009.[51][52] Other actors signed for the pilot were Kit Harington as Jon Snow, Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon, Harry Lloyd as Viserys Targaryen and Mark Addy as Robert Baratheon.[52][53] Addy was, according to showrunners Benioff and Weiss, the easiest actor to cast for the show, being that his audition was on point.[54] Catelyn Stark was scheduled to be played by Jennifer Ehle, but the role was recast with Michelle Fairley.[55] Daenerys Targaryen was also recast, with Emilia Clarke replacing Tamzin Merchant.[56][57] The rest of the first season's cast was filled in the second half of 2009.[58]", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters. In the HBO television adaptation, she is portrayed by Gwendoline Christie.[S 18]", "What Is Dead May Never Die. For the role of Brienne the producers chose the English actress Gwendoline Christie. According to the character's creator George R. R. Martin, when he saw the first batch of auditions he saw \"a dozen actresses who were reading for Brienne and one actress who was Brienne,\" and it was one of the cases when there wasn't any debate.[5] Due to her outstanding height (6 ft 3 in, 1.91 m) she was earmarked early on by fans of the books as a good fit for the character, and one of them even emailed her agent. Christie already knew about the role and felt that she could relate to the character after having been bullied for her height and androgynous looks. After deciding to \"go all out for it,\" she read the books, started building up with cardio-vascular exercises and kickboxing practices, and even started to wear unisex clothing in order to increase her own masculinity. After she had been cast, she continued to train and received extensive sword fighting and horse-riding lessons. Her last step in the process of transformation was cutting off her long hair, which she found deeply upsetting because she felt it was her last bond to her old self. The day after her hair was cut off, she went to her hotel room and cried.[6]", "Gwendoline Christie. Her debut was in the second season's third episode, \"What Is Dead May Never Die\", which aired on 15 April 2012.[17] Her debut performance was well received by critics; Nina Shen Rastogi praised her \"eloquent and economical physical performance\", noting that her walk, stance, and mien effectively conveyed Brienne's single-minded devotion to her self-given quest to become a knight.[18][19] For her performance as Brienne in the show's third season, Christie was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television in 2014.[20] As a part of the cast, she was also nominated for a total of four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (she was not a part of the nominated cast on certain years depending of her number of appearances each season).[21][22][23][24][25]", "The Rains of Castamere. This episode marks the final appearance of Richard Madden (Robb Stark), Oona Chaplin (Talisa Stark) and Michelle Fairley (Catelyn Stark).", "Caroline Blakiston. In the 1960s, Blakiston appeared in three episodes of The Avengers as well a number of ITC productions such as The Saint and the 1969 Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) episode \"Never Trust a Ghost\". She appeared to great acclaim as Marjorie Ferrar in the BBC Television adaptation of Galsworthy's The Forsyte Saga in 1967. In 1977 she appeared in Raffles as Lady Paulton, and also in Murder Most English as Helen Carobleat." ]

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[ "Orogeny. Regions can also experience uplift as a result of delamination of the lithosphere, in which an unstable portion of cold lithospheric root drips down into the mantle, decreasing the density of the lithosphere and causing buoyant uplift.[22] An example is the Sierra Nevada in California. This range of fault-block mountains[23] experienced renewed uplift after a delamination of the lithosphere beneath them.[22][24]", "Mountain. Block mountains are caused by faults in the crust: a plane where rocks have moved past each other. When rocks on one side of a fault rise relative to the other, it can form a mountain.[19] The uplifted blocks are block mountains or horsts. The intervening dropped blocks are termed graben: these can be small or form extensive rift valley systems. This form of landscape can be seen in East Africa, the Vosges, the Basin and Range Province of Western North America and the Rhine valley. These areas often occur when the regional stress is extensional and the crust is thinned.", "Fault block. Lifted type block mountains have two steep sides exposing both sides scarps, leading to the horst and graben terrain seen in northern Europe, including the Upper Rhine valley, a graben between two horsts, the Vosges mountains (in France) and Black Forest (in Germany). Another graben is the basin of the Narmada River in India, between the Vindhya and Satpura horsts.", "Mountain formation. When a fault block is raised or tilted, block mountains can result.[17] Higher blocks are called horsts and troughs are called grabens. A spreading apart of the surface causes tensional forces. When the tensional forces are strong enough to cause a plate to split apart, it does so such that a center block drops down relative to its flanking blocks.", "Fault block. Because most stresses relate to the tectonic activity of moving plates, most motion between blocks is horizontal, that is parallel to the Earth's crust by strike-slip faults. However vertical movement of blocks produces much more dramatic results. Landforms (mountains, hills, ridges, lakes, valleys, etc.) are sometimes formed when the faults have a large vertical displacement. Adjacent raised blocks (horsts) and down-dropped blocks (grabens) can form high escarpments. Often the movement of these blocks is accompanied by tilting, due to compaction or stretching of the crust at that point.", "Mountain formation. Several movements of the earth's crust that lead to mountains are associated with faults. These movements actually are amenable to analysis that can predict, for example, the height of a raised block and the width of an intervening rift between blocks using the rheology of the layers and the forces of isostasy. Early bent plate models predicting fractures and fault movements have evolved into today's kinematic and flexural models.[25][26]", "Geology of the United States. Although there are other types of faults in the Basin and Range province, the extension and crustal stretching that have shaped the present landscape produce mostly normal faults. The upthrown side of these faults form mountains that rise abruptly and steeply, and the down-dropped side creates low valleys. The fault plane, along which the two sides of the fault move, extends deep in the crust, usually an angle of 60 degrees. In places, the relief or vertical difference between the two sides is as much as 10,000 feet (3,000 m).[7]", "Fault block. Fault-block mountains often result from rifting, another indicator of tensional tectonic forces. These can be small or form extensive rift valley systems, such as the East African Rift zone. Death Valley in California is a smaller example. There are two types of block mountains; lifted and sloped.", "Orogeny. Areas that are rifting apart, such as mid-ocean ridges and the East African Rift, have mountains due to thermal buoyancy related to the hot mantle underneath them; this thermal buoyancy is known as dynamic topography. In strike-slip orogens, such as the San Andreas Fault, restraining bends result in regions of localized crustal shortening and mountain building without a plate-margin-wide orogeny. Hotspot volcanism results in the formation of isolated mountains and mountain chains that are not necessarily on tectonic-plate boundaries.", "Mountain. During and following uplift, mountains are subjected to the agents of erosion (water, wind, ice, and gravity) which gradually wear the uplifted area down. Erosion causes the surface of mountains to be younger than the rocks that form the mountains themselves.[20] Glacial processes produce characteristic landforms, such as pyramidal peaks, knife-edge arêtes, and bowl-shaped cirques that can contain lakes. Plateau mountains, such as the Catskills, are formed from the erosion of an uplifted plateau.", "Yosemite National Park. Erosion acting upon different types of uplift-created joint and fracture systems is responsible for creating the valleys, canyons, domes, and other features we see today. These joints and fracture systems do not move, and are therefore not faults.[52] Spacing between joints is controlled by the amount of silica in the granite and granodiorite rocks; more silica tends to create a more resistant rock, resulting in larger spaces between joints and fractures.[53]", "Mountain range. The early Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado provides an example. As the uplift was occurring some 10,000 feet (3,000 m) of mostly Mesozoic sedimentary strata were removed by erosion over the core of the mountain range and spread as sand and clays across the Great Plains to the east.[7] This mass of rock was removed as the range was actively undergoing uplift. The removal of such a mass from the core of the range most likely caused further uplift as the region adjusted isostatically in response to the removed weight.", "Wasatch Fault. The Wasatch Fault is a normal (vertical motion) fault which forms the eastern boundary of the Basin and Range geologic province which comprises the geographic Great Basin. The Wasatch Mountains have been uplifted and tilted to the east by movement of the fault. The average rate of uplift along the fault over its history is approximately 1 millimetre (0.04 in) per year, although there are indications that more rapid slip has occurred in the past few thousand years. The fault, however, does not continually slowly slip; instead, it remains locked for hundreds to thousands of years until approximately 1 to 4 metres (3 to 13 feet) of slip occurs rapidly, producing a strong earthquake.", "Mountain. Fold mountains occur when two plates collide: shortening occurs along thrust faults and the crust is overthickened.[17] Since the less dense continental crust \"floats\" on the denser mantle rocks beneath, the weight of any crustal material forced upward to form hills, plateaus or mountains must be balanced by the buoyancy force of a much greater volume forced downward into the mantle. Thus the continental crust is normally much thicker under mountains, compared to lower lying areas.[18] Rock can fold either symmetrically or asymmetrically. The upfolds are anticlines and the downfolds are synclines: in asymmetric folding there may also be recumbent and overturned folds. The Jura Mountains are an example of fold mountains.", "Anticline. Anticlines are usually developed above thrust faults, so any small compression and motion within the inner crust can have large effects on the upper rock stratum. Stresses developed during mountain building or during other tectonic processes can similarly warp or bend bedding and foliation (or other planar features). The more the underlying fault is tectonically uplifted, the more the strata will be deformed and must adapt to new shapes. The shape formed will also be very dependent on the properties and cohesion of the different types of rock within each layer.", "Mountain range. Mountain ranges are constantly subjected to erosional forces which work to tear them down. The basins adjacent to an eroding mountain range are then filled with sediments which are buried and turned into sedimentary rock. Erosion is at work while the mountains are being uplifted until the mountains are reduced to low hills and plains.", "Zealandia. Compression across the boundary has uplifted the Southern Alps, although due to rapid erosion their height reflects only a small fraction of the uplift. Farther north, subduction of the Pacific Plate has led to extensive volcanism, including the Coromandel and Taupo Volcanic Zones. Associated rifting and subsidence has produced the Hauraki Graben and more recently the Whakatane Graben and Wanganui Basin.", "Geology of the United States. Within the Basin and Range Province, the Earth's crust (and upper mantle) has been stretched up to 100% of its original width. The entire region has been subjected to extension that thinned and cracked the crust as it was pulled apart, creating large faults. Along these roughly north-south-trending faults mountains were uplifted and valleys down-dropped, producing the distinctive alternating pattern of linear mountain ranges and valleys of the Basin and Range province.[7]", "Erosion. However, erosion can also affect tectonic processes. The removal by erosion of large amounts of rock from a particular region, and its deposition elsewhere, can result in a lightening of the load on the lower crust and mantle. Because tectonic processes are driven by gradients in the stress field developed in the crust, this unloading can in turn cause tectonic or isostatic uplift in the region.[44]:99[54] In some cases, it has been hypothesised that these twin feedbacks can act to localise and enhance zones of very rapid exhumation of deep crustal rocks beneath places on the Earth's surface with extremely high erosion rates, for example, beneath the extremely steep terrain of Nanga Parbat in the western Himalayas. Such a place has been called a \"tectonic aneurysm\".[55]", "Santa Cruz Mountains. The Santa Cruz Mountains are largely the result of compressive uplift caused by a leftward bend of the San Andreas Fault. The Salinian Block basement rocks are overlain by Miocene rock strata of the Lompico Sandstone, the Vaqueros Sandstone and the Santa Margarita Formation.", "Erosion. Tectonic processes control rates and distributions of erosion at the Earth's surface. If tectonic action causes part of the Earth's surface (e.g., a mountain range) to be raised or lowered relative to surrounding areas, this must necessarily change the gradient of the land surface. Because erosion rates are almost always sensitive to local slope (see above), this will change the rates of erosion in the uplifted area. Active tectonics also brings fresh, unweathered rock towards the surface, where it is exposed to the action of erosion.", "Basin and Range Province. It is generally accepted that basin and range topography is the result of extension and thinning of the lithosphere, which is composed of crust and upper mantle. Extensional environments like the Basin and Range are characterized by listric normal faulting, or faults that level out with depth. Opposing normal faults link at depth producing a horst and graben geometry, where horst refers to the upthrown fault block and graben to the down dropped fault block.", "Fault (geology). In a normal fault, the hanging wall moves downward, relative to the footwall. A downthrown block between two normal faults dipping towards each other is a graben. An upthrown block between two normal faults dipping away from each other is a horst. Low-angle normal faults with regional tectonic significance may be designated detachment faults.", "Sierra Madre Occidental. Grabens have formed in the north, and some of these are filled with volcanic and sedimentary floors,[49] and long depressions have formed in the southern Sierra Madre.[59] The faulting decreases in the center of the range where the faults are mostly small normal faults, but increases once again on the western slope.[51] In fact, the major normal faults tend to diverge around the center of the core and join at either end.[40] Some of these faults may have allowed ignimbrites to erupt from the surface, and so there may be some association between the ignimbrite occurrence and faults;[59] this can be used to find out information about different kinds of basement rock present.[43]", "Orogeny. Finally, uplift and erosion related to epeirogenesis (large-scale vertical motions of portions of continents without much associated folding, metamorphism, or deformation)[25] can create local topographic highs.", "Fault (geology). Faults may be reactivated at a later time with the movement in the opposite direction to the original movement (fault inversion). A normal fault may therefore become a reverse fault and vice versa.", "Geography of New Zealand. The rapid uplift and high erosion rates within the Southern Alps combine to expose high grade greenschist to amphibolite facies rocks, including the gemstone pounamu (jadeite). Geologists visiting the West Coast can easily access high-grade metamorphic rocks and mylonites associated with the Alpine Fault, and in certain places can stand astride the fault trace of an active plate boundary.[34]", "Fault block. Tilted type block mountains have one gently sloping side and one steep side with an exposed scarp, and are common in the Basin and Range region of the western United States.", "Mountain range. Mountain ranges are usually segmented by highlands or mountain passes and valleys. Individual mountains within the same mountain range do not necessarily have the same geologic structure or petrology. They may be a mix of different orogenic expressions and terranes, for example thrust sheets, uplifted blocks, fold mountains, and volcanic landforms resulting in a variety of rock types.", "Sierra Madre Occidental. Faults in the area tend to be younger than the upper volcanics, excluding those associated with calderas,[51] but do occur in distinct periods.[40] The large faults along the eastern slope[51] have caused the slope to be made up of large escarpments that face into the interior basins.[58] These faults are commonly covered by alluvium and basalt, making them difficult to discern, but can be found in certain fault blocks.[51]", "Lake. Often, the tectonic action of crustal extension has created an alternating series of parallel grabens and horsts that form elongate basins alternating with mountain ranges. Not only does this promote the creation of lakes by the disruption of preexisting drainage networks, it also creates within arid regions endorheic basins that containing salt lakes (also called saline lakes). They form where there is no natural outlet, a high evaporation rate and the drainage surface of the water table has a higher-than-normal salt content. Examples of these salt lakes include Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. another type of tectonic lake caused by faulting is sag ponds.[17][19][18][20]", "Mountain. There are three main types of mountains: volcanic, fold, and block.[14] All three types are formed from plate tectonics: when portions of the Earth's crust move, crumple, and dive. Compressional forces, isostatic uplift and intrusion of igneous matter forces surface rock upward, creating a landform higher than the surrounding features. The height of the feature makes it either a hill or, if higher and steeper, a mountain. Major mountains tend to occur in long linear arcs, indicating tectonic plate boundaries and activity." ]

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[ "Sodium in biology. Normal serum sodium levels are between approximately 135 and 145 mEq/liter (135 - 145 mmol/L). A serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L qualifies as hyponatremia, which is considered severe when the serum sodium level is below 125 mEq/L.[15][16]", "Hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is a low sodium level in the blood.[3] It is generally defined as a sodium concentration of less than 135 mmol/L (135 mEq/L), with severe hyponatremia being below 120 mEql/L.[2][7] Symptoms can be absent, mild or severe.[1][8] Mild symptoms include a decreased ability to think, headaches, nausea, and poor balance.[2] Severe symptoms include confusion, seizures, and coma.[1][8]", "Hyponatremia. Acute hyponatremia is when sodium levels drop rapidly, resulting in potentially dangerous effects, such as rapid brain swelling, which can result in coma and death.", "Health effects of salt. Hyponatremia, or blood sodium levels below 135 mEq/L, causes brain cells to swell; the symptoms can be subtle and may include altered personality, lethargy, and confusion. In severe cases, when blood sodium falls below 115 mEq/L, stupor, muscle twitching or spasms, seizures, coma, and death can result.[16] Acute hyponatremia is usually caused by drinking too much water, with insufficient salt intake.[17]", "Hypernatremia. Severe symptoms are usually due to acute elevation of the plasma sodium concentration to above 157 mmol/L[8] (normal blood levels are generally about 135–145 mmol/L for adults and elderly).[8] Values above 180 mmol/L are associated with a high mortality rate, particularly in adults.[9] However, such high levels of sodium rarely occur without severe coexisting medical conditions.[10] Serum sodium concentrations have ranged from 150–228 mmol/L in survivors of acute salt overdosage, while levels of 153–255 mmol/L have been observed in fatalities. Vitreous humor is considered to be a better postmortem specimen than postmortem serum for assessing sodium involvement in a death.[11][12]", "Sodium. Unusually low or high sodium levels in humans are recognized in medicine as hyponatremia and hypernatremia. These conditions may be caused by genetic factors, ageing, or prolonged vomiting or diarrhea.[92]", "Cobalt. Cobalt is an essential element for life in minute amounts. The LD50 value for soluble cobalt salts has been estimated to be between 150 and 500 mg/kg.[108] In the US, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has designated a permissible exposure limit (PEL) in the workplace as a time-weighted average (TWA) of 0.1 mg/m3. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.05 mg/m3, time-weighted average. The IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health) value is 20 mg/m3.[109]", "Sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite is a strong oxidizer. Oxidation reactions are corrosive. Solutions burn the skin and cause eye damage, especially when used in concentrated forms. However, as recognized by the NFPA, only solutions containing more than 40% sodium hypochlorite by weight are considered hazardous oxidizers. Solutions less than 40% are classified as a moderate oxidizing hazard (NFPA 430, 2000).", "Sodium. Hypertension causes 7.6 million premature deaths worldwide each year.[83] (Note that salt contains about 39.3% sodium[84]—the rest being chlorine and trace chemicals; thus, 2.3 g sodium is about 5.9 g, or 2.7 ml of salt—about one US teaspoon.[85][86]) The American Heart Association recommends no more than 1.5 g of sodium per day.[87]", "Health effects of salt. Studies found that excessively low sodium intake, below about three grams of salt per day, is associated with increased mortality and higher risk for cardiovascular disease.[10][11]", "Hepatorenal syndrome. The minor criteria are the following: a low urine volume (less than 500 mL (18 imp fl oz; 17 US fl oz) per day), low sodium concentration in the urine, a urine osmolality that is greater than that in the blood, the absence of red blood cells in the urine, and a serum sodium concentration of less than 130 mmol/L.[3]", "Hyponatremia. Neurological symptoms typically occur with very low levels of plasma sodium (usually <115 mmol/L).[10] When sodium levels in the blood become very low, water enters the brain cells and causes them to swell. This results in increased pressure in the skull and causes hyponatremic encephalopathy. As pressure increases in the skull, herniation of the brain can occur, which is a squeezing of the brain across the internal structures of the skull. This can lead to headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, brain stem compression and respiratory arrest, and non-cardiogenic accumulation of fluid in the lungs.[13] This is usually fatal if not immediately treated.", "Health effects of salt. USA: The FDA Food Labeling Guide stipulates whether a food can be labeled as \"free\" \"low,\" or \"reduced/less\" in respect of sodium. When other health claims are made about a food (e.g., low in fat, calories, etc.), a disclosure statement is required if the food exceeds 480 mg of sodium per 'serving'.[46]", "Hypernatremia. Hypernatremia, also spelled hypernatraemia, is a high sodium ion level in the blood.[3] Early symptoms may include a strong feeling of thirst, weakness, nausea, and loss of appetite.[1] Severe symptoms include confusion, muscle twitching, and bleeding in or around the brain.[1][2] Normal serum sodium levels are 135 – 145 mmol/L (135 – 145 mEq/L).[5] Hypernatremia is generally defined as a serum sodium level of more than 145 mmol/L.[3] Severe symptoms typically only occur when levels are above 160 mmol/L.[1]", "Health effects of salt. UK: The Food Standards Agency defines the level of salt in foods as follows: \"High is more than 1.5 g salt per 100 g (or 0.6 g sodium). Low is 0.3 g salt or less per 100 g (or 0.1 g sodium). If the amount of salt per 100 g is in between these figures, then that is a medium level of salt.\" In the UK, foods produced by some supermarkets and manufacturers have 'traffic light' colors on the front of the packet: red (high), amber (medium), or green (low).[45]", "Salt poisoning. Early on, the intoxicant will experience a strong feeling of thirst, followed by weakness, nausea, and loss of appetite. More severe symptoms ensue, including confusion, muscle twitching, and bleeding in or around the brain. Death results by the swelling of the brain against the skull. (Normal serum sodium levels are 135 – 145 mEq/liter (135 – 145 mmol/L). Severe symptoms typically only occur when levels are above 160 mEq/L.) The human renal system actively regulates sodium chloride in the blood within a very narrow range around 9 g/L (0.9% by weight).", "Hyponatremia. Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia include nausea and vomiting, headache, short-term memory loss, confusion, lethargy, fatigue, loss of appetite, irritability, muscle weakness, spasms or cramps, seizures, and decreased consciousness or coma.[10] The presence and severity of signs and symptoms are related to the level of salt in the blood, with lower levels of plasma sodium associated with more severe symptoms. However, emerging data suggest that mild hyponatremia (plasma sodium levels at 131–135 mmol/L) is associated with numerous complications or subtle, presently unrecognized symptoms[11] (for example, increased falls, altered posture and gait, reduced attention).[12]", "Hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is the most commonly seen water–electrolyte imbalance.[15] The disorder is more frequent in females, the elderly, and in people who are hospitalized. The incidence of hyponatremia depends largely on the patient population. A hospital incidence of 15–20% is common, while only 3–5% of people who are hospitalized have a serum sodium level (salt blood level) of less than 130 mmol/L. Hyponatremia has been reported in up to 30% of elderly patients in nursing homes and is also present in approximately 30% of depressed patients on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.[11]", "Hyponatremia. Chronic hyponatremia is when sodium levels drop gradually over several days or weeks and symptoms and complications are typically moderate. Chronic hyponatremia is often called asymptomatic hyponatremia in clinical settings because it is thought to have no symptoms; however, emerging data suggests that \"asymptomatic\" hyponatremia is not actually asymptomatic.[11]", "Sodium in biology. Severely dehydrated persons, such as people rescued from ocean or desert survival situations, usually have very high blood sodium concentrations. These must be very carefully and slowly returned to normal, since too-rapid correction of hypernatremia may result in brain damage from cellular swelling, as water moves suddenly into cells with high osmolar content.", "Sodium. One study found that people with or without hypertension who excreted less than 3 grams of sodium per day in their urine (and therefore were taking in less than 3 g/d) had a higher risk of death, stroke, or heart attack than those excreting 4 to 5 grams per day. Levels of 7 g per day or more in people with hypertension were associated with higher mortality and cardiovascular events, but this was not found to be true for people without hypertension.[88] The US FDA states that adults with hypertension and prehypertension should reduce daily intake to 1.5 g.[86]", "Salt. While reduction of sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day is recommended by developed countries,[3] one review recommended that sodium intake be reduced to at least 1,200 mg (contained in 3 g of salt) per day, as a further reduction in salt intake the greater the fall in systolic blood pressure for all age groups and ethinicities.[64] Another review indicated that there is inconsistent/insufficient evidence to conclude that reducing sodium intake to lower than 2,300 mg per day is either beneficial or harmful.[70]", "Reference Daily Intake. In 2010, the U.S. Institute of Medicine determined that the government should establish new consumption standards for salt to reduce the amount of sodium in the typical American diet below levels associated with higher risk of several cardiovascular diseases, yet maintain consumer preferences for salt-flavored food.[7] The daily maximum for sodium in the United States had been above estimated minimums for decades.[8] For instance, the National Research Council (United States) found that 500 milligrams of sodium per day (approximately 1,250 milligrams of table salt) is a safe minimum level.[9] In the United Kingdom, the daily allowance for salt is 6 g (approximately 2.5 teaspoons, about the upper limit in the U.S.), an amount considered \"too high\".[10][11]", "Hyponatremia. The causes of hyponatremia are typically classified by a person's body fluid status into low volume, normal volume, or high volume.[3] Low volume hyponatremia can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics, and sweating.[3] Normal volume hyponatremia is divided into cases with dilute urine and concentrated urine.[3] Cases in which the urine is dilute include adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and drinking too much water or too much beer.[3] Cases in which the urine is concentrated include syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).[3] High volume hyponatremia can occur from heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure.[3] Conditions that can lead to falsely low sodium measurements include high blood protein levels such as in multiple myeloma, high blood fat levels, and high blood sugar.[4][5]", "Hyponatremia. The history, physical exam, and laboratory testing are required to determine the underlying cause of hyponatremia. A blood test demonstrating a serum sodium less than 135 mmol/L is diagnostic for hyponatremia.[29] The history and physical exam are necessary to help determine if the patient is hypovolemic, euvolemic, or hypervolemic, which has important implications in determining the underlying cause. An assessment is also made to determine if the patient is experiencing symptoms from their hyponatremia. These include assessments of alertness, concentration, and orientation.", "Hyponatremia. False hyponatremia, also known as spurious, pseudo, hypertonic, or artifactual hyponatremia is when the lab tests read low sodium levels but there is no hypotonicity. In hypertonic hyponatremia, resorption of water by molecules such as glucose (hyperglycemia or diabetes) or mannitol (hypertonic infusion) occurs. In isotonic hyponatremia a measurement error due to high blood triglyceride level (most common) or paraproteinemia occurs. It occurs when using techniques that measure the amount of sodium in a specified volume of serum/plasma, or that dilute the sample before analysis.[30]", "Hypernatremia. Hypernatremia is typically classified by a person's fluid status into low volume, normal volume, and high volume.[1] Low volume hypernatremia can occur from sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic medication, or kidney disease.[1] Normal volume hypernatremia can be due to fever, inappropriately decreased thirst, prolonged increased breath rate, diabetes insipidus, and from lithium among other causes.[1] High volume hypernatremia can be due to hyperaldosteronism, be health care caused such as when too much intravenous 3% normal saline or sodium bicarbonate is given, or rarely be from eating too much salt.[1][2] Low blood protein levels can result in a falsely high sodium measurement.[4] The cause can usually be determined by the history of events.[1] Testing the urine can help if the cause is unclear.[1]", "Salt. The World Health Organization recommends that adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium (which is contained in 5 g of salt) per day.[63] Guidelines by the United States recommend that people with hypertension, African Americans, and middle-aged and older adults should limit consumption to no more than 1,500 mg of sodium per day and meet the potassium recommendation of 4,700 mg/day with a healthy diet of fruits and vegetables.[3][69]", "Necrotizing fasciitis. A white blood cell count less than 15,000 cells/mm3 and serum sodium level greater than 135 mmol/L has a sensitivity of 90% in detecting the necrotising soft tissue infection. It also has 99% chance of ruling out necrotising changes if the values has shown otherwise. There are various scoring system being developed to determine the likelihood of getting necrotising fasciitis but a scoring system developed by Wong and colleagues in 2004 is the most commonly used. It is the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC) score which can be utilized to risk stratify people having signs of severe cellulitis or abscess to determine the likelihood of necrotizing fasciitis being present. It uses six labolatory values: C-reactive protein, total white blood cell count, hemoglobin, sodium, creatinine and glucose.[2] A score greater than or equal to 6 indicates that necrotizing fasciitis should be seriously considered.[11] The scoring criteria are as follows:", "Hyponatremia. Treatment is based on the underlying cause.[3] Correcting hyponatremia too quickly can lead to complications.[4] Rapid partial correction with 3% normal saline is only recommended in those with significant symptoms and occasionally those in whom the condition was of rapid onset.[3][5] Low volume hyponatremia is typically treated with intravenous normal saline.[3] SIADH is typically treated with fluid restriction while high volume hyponatremia is typically treated with both fluid restriction and a diet low in salt.[3] Correction should generally be gradual in those in whom the low levels have been present for more than two days.[3]", "DASH diet. As stated by Sacks, F. et al., reductions in sodium intake by this amount per day correlated with greater decreases in blood pressure when the starting sodium intake level was already at the U.S. recommended dietary allowance, than when the starting level was higher (higher levels are the actual average in the U.S.). These results led researchers to postulate that the adoption of a national lower daily allowance for sodium than the currently held 2,400 mg could be based on the sound scientific results provided by this study.[12] The U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend eating a diet of 2300 mg of sodium a day or lower, with a recommendation of 1500 mg/day in adults who have elevated blood pressure; the 1500 mg/day is the low sodium level tested in the DASH-Sodium study.", "Health effects of salt. As an essential nutrient, sodium is involved in numerous cellular and organ functions. Salt intake that is too low, below 3 g per day, may also increase risk for cardiovascular disease and early death.[10][11]" ]

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[ "Category 7: The End of the World. Category 7 was the top rated network miniseries in 2006.[2] The first part of the miniseries came in number 16 among the top 25 network programs aired in the week of October 31-November 6, and was the second most watched program for that Sunday with 14.7 million viewers.[11][12] The second part of the film was also the second most watched program for its timeslot on November 13, with 13.85 million viewers.[13]", "Category 7: The End of the World. Category 7: The End of the World is a 2005 four-hour television film miniseries that was broadcast in the United States on CBS in two parts, the first part aired on November 6 and the second on November 13. It was directed by Dick Lowry.[1] A sequel to the 2004 miniseries Category 6: Day of Destruction, this film starts directly after the events shown in that film. The new director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) must continue to contend with the massive storm system that hit Chicago in the first film. The storm has continued to gain strength, spawning additional storms around the world, with three converging over Washington, D.C. and forming a massive tropical cyclone scale 7 hurricane (although no tropical cyclone scale has a category numbered 7).", "Category 7: The End of the World. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with many critics feeling that the first portion of the film was weak and confusing due to the large number of characters being introduced at once. SciFi.com's Kathie Huddleston considered the film to be \"a pretty good disaster movie as disaster movies go\", praising the overall acting, particularly the chemistry between Shannen Doherty and Randy Quaid, while criticizing it for having a weak opening, having a large, confusing number of characters, and for the inclusion of too many \"silly things that distract\", including most of the Fundamentalist plague and kidnapping subplot.[5]", "Category 7: The End of the World. Category 7 was initially aired on CBS as a two-part, four-hour miniseries. The first part aired on Sunday, November 6, 2005. The second part aired a week later.[5][6]", "Category 7: The End of the World. Category 7 holds together better than either of last year's disaster minis, Category 6 or NBC's 10.5. While I'd absolutely love it if the writers didn't feel they had to resort to kidnapped teenagers and poisonous frogs when other storm-related drama would make so much more sense, Category 7 kind of brought me back to the good old days of the Poseidon Adventure and Earthquake. Ah, the memories. Back then they really knew how to make a disaster flick warm the cockles of your heart.", "Category 7: The End of the World. The miniseries was released to DVD by Echo Bridge Entertainment on April 4, 2006 on a single disc.[7] On March 4, 2008, Echo Bridge released the film as a two movie set with another disaster film, 10.5: Apocalypse.[8] This was later followed by an April 2008 release of the film to Blu-ray, and a July 2008 Blu-ray release of the two movie pack.[9][10]", "Category 7: The End of the World. The film was nominated for multiple awards in 2006, including a Primetime Emmy Award for \"Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special.\"[14] It was nominated for a Saturn Award for \"Best Television Presentation\",[15] a Cinema Audio Society Award for \"Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Movies and Mini-Series\",[16] and two Golden Reel Awards for \"Best Sound Editing in Television Long Form — Dialogue and Automated Dialogue Replacement\" and \"Best Sound Editing in Television Long Form — Sound Effects & Foley.\"[17][18]", "Category 7: The End of the World. During these catastrophic events, two Christian fundamentalists (James Brolin and Swoosie Kurtz) fake the arrival of the plagues of Egypt to lure in new converts, culminating in their kidnapping of the first-born children of Judith Carr and other high-ranking officials. When Tommy and Faith get their data to FEMA in New York, Judith realizes that Hurricane Eduardo is heading towards Washington, D.C. and the Category 6 storm in New York is heading in the same direction. When both storms collide with the mesosphere, it turns into a \"Category 7\" hurricane, obliterating anything in its path. The force of the storm is so massive, that a category 7 could potentially cause a global catastrophe, possibly leading to the apocalypse.", "Category 7: The End of the World. Before Category 7 aired, CBS was criticized for choosing to air the miniseries only months after two devastating hurricanes, Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita, hitting the United States, and a third, Hurricane Wilma, causing destruction in Florida in the same month the film was slated to première.[19]", "Category 7: The End of the World. Following the events in Category 6: Day of Destruction, the superstorm that hit Chicago is continuing to grow in size and strength, with tornadoes hitting Paris and destroying the Eiffel Tower. Judith Carr (Gina Gershon), the new head of FEMA struggles to coordinate efforts to prepare for the aftermath of the storm and provide aid to ravaged areas. She calls in her former college lover, Dr. Ross Duffy (Cameron Daddo), and her father Senator Ryan Carr (Robert Wagner) to help her try to determine what is causing the storms and how to deal with the political issues. \"Tornado Tommy\" (Randy Quaid), who survived his seeming death in the previous film, returns to aid in tracking the storm in the United States, assisted by scientist Faith Clavell (Shannen Doherty). Similar storms are developing around the country and an interaction between urban heat islands and \"falling chunks of mesosphere\" fuels the storms making it more powerful. Hurricane Eduardo strikes toward Florida, while the Category 6 storm hits Buffalo and heads towards New York City.", "Category 7: The End of the World. The miniseries was produced by von Zerneck/Sertner Films, which also produced Category 6.[2] It was filmed at various locations around Winnipeg, Canada and the Canadian air force base 17 Wing was used for the fictional version of Biloxi, Mississippi's Keesler Air Force Base. Air force members were tapped as extra by the production company to play the United States Air Force members seen during the film. The air force base commander noted that the filming helped to boost the local economy, due to the $600,000 in salaries generated during filming, but did not cause interfering with operations or security at the base.[3]", "Category 7: The End of the World. David Price, the weather man for CBS's The Early Show who was given a cameo role in Category 6, returned for another cameo in Category 7. In this film, Price appears in a brief scene as a reporter who questions the character Judith Carr about bringing her former lover, Dr. Duffy, in to help with the storm issue. In an interview for his own show, Price said it took him a lot of practice to deliver his \"crucial line\" just right, with it taking four hours to shoot the brief scene. Director Dick Lowry jokingly noted that his biggest mistake in the film was giving Price the key line in that scene.[4]", "Seven Pounds. Variety's film reviewer Todd McCarthy predicted that the movie's climax \"will be emotionally devastating for many viewers, perhaps particularly those with serious religious beliefs,\" and characterized the film as an \"endlessly sentimental fable about sacrifice and redemption that aims only at the heart at the expense of the head.\"[19] A. O. Scott, writing for The New York Times, said that the movie \"may be among the most transcendently, eye-poppingly, call-your-friend-ranting-in-the-middle-of-the-night-just-to-go-over-it-one-more-time crazily awful motion pictures ever made.\"[20]", "This Is the End. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a letter grade of \"A\", saying, \"You could sit through a year's worth of Hollywood comedies and still not see anything that's genuinely knock-your-socks-off audacious. But This Is the End . . truly is. It's the wildest screen comedy in a long time and also the smartest, the most fearlessly inspired and the snort-out-loud funniest.\"[30] Brian D. Johnson of Maclean's wrote, \"There could be worse ways to experience the apocalypse than with a party of stoned celebrities at James Franco's house. For one thing, his epic art collection can be used to board up the cracking walls against demons and zombies. That's the screwball scenario of This Is the End...The film unfolds as a profanely funny showbiz parody. But with perfect timing, it also sends up a genre that has recently gone viral at the multiplex: the apoca-blockbuster.\"[31] At the other end of the spectrum, Canada's The Globe and Mail compared the film to the interminable wait for a cancelled bus, giving it one and a half stars out of five. The critic referred to the actors in the film as \"the lazy, the privileged and the mirthless\".[32]", "It's Only the End of the World. AlloCiné, a French cinema website, gave the film an average of 3.2/5, based on a survey of 44 French reviews.[46] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 46% approval rating based on 72 reviews, with an average score of 5.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"It's Only the End of the World is stocked with talent and boasts a story steeped in conflict, but the end result proves a disappointing misfire from writer-director Xavier Dolan\".[47] At Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received a score of 48, based on 11 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[48]", "Seven (1995 film). Released on September 22, 1995 by New Line Cinema, Seven was the seventh-highest-grossing film of the year, grossing over $327 million worldwide.[2] It was well received by critics, who praised the film's darkness, brutality and themes. The film was nominated for Best Film Editing at the 68th Academy Awards, but lost to Apollo 13.", "It's Only the End of the World. The film screened at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, where it received divided reactions from critics. Dolan became the second Canadian director to receive the Cannes Grand Prix. It also won six Canadian Screen Awards, including Best Motion Picture, and three César Awards, including Best Director.", "It's Only the End of the World. It's Only the End of the World was selected as the Canadian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards.[56] In December 2016, it made the shortlist of nine films to be considered for a nomination,[57] though it was not ultimately nominated.[58] The film received nine nominations for the Canadian Screen Awards[59] and six nominations for France's César Awards.[60] At the César Awards, the three wins tied with Divines for the most honours of the night.[61] It's Only the End of the World was also the major film winner at the Canadian Screen Awards, where producer Sylvain Corbeil read statements by Dolan, who was unable to attend while working on a film in Paris.[62][63]", "List of apocalyptic films. This is a list of apocalyptic feature-length films. All films within this list feature either the end of the world, a prelude to such an end (such as a world taken over by a viral infection), and/or a post-apocalyptic setting.", "Seven (1995 film). Seven (stylized as SE7EN) is a 1995 American neo-noir crime thriller film directed by David Fincher and written by Andrew Kevin Walker. It stars Brad Pitt, Morgan Freeman, Gwyneth Paltrow, John C. McGinley, R. Lee Ermey, and Kevin Spacey. It tells the story of David Mills (Pitt), a detective who partners with the retiring William Somerset (Freeman) to track down a serial killer (Spacey) who uses the seven deadly sins as a motif in his murders.", "The Seventh Seal. The film is now regarded as a masterpiece of cinema.[42] Empire magazine ranked it the eighth-greatest film of world cinema in 2010.[43] In a poll held by the same magazine, it was voted 335th 'Greatest Movie of All Time' from a list of 500.[44] In addition, on the 100th anniversary of cinema in 1995, the Vatican included The Seventh Seal in its list of its 45 \"great films\" for its thematic values.[45]", "It's Only the End of the World. It was featured in competition at the Sydney Film Festival in June 2016.[24] The film was also screened at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival.[25] The film was released in Quebec and France on 21 September 2016,[26][27] with its Toronto release following on 23 September.[28] In 2017, the film was in competition for the Grand Jury Prize at Italy's Riviera International Film Festival.[29]", "This Is the End. This Is the End is a 2013 American disaster comedy horror film written and directed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg and stars Rogen, James Franco, Jonah Hill, Jay Baruchel, Danny McBride, Craig Robinson, Michael Cera and Emma Watson. The story features real life actors playing fictionalized versions of themselves in the aftermath of a global biblical apocalypse. The film premiered at the Fox Village Theater on June 3, 2013 and was released in the United States on June 14, 2013 by Columbia Pictures, before being re-released on September 6, 2013.[3] The film grossed $126 million on a $32 million budget.[2]", "M. Night Shyamalan. Manoj Nelliyattu \"M. Night\" Shyamalan[1] (/ˈʃæməlɑːn/;[2] /ˈʃɑːməlɑːn/;[3] Maṉōj Nelliyāṭṭu Śyāmaḷaṉ; Malayalam: മനോജ് നെല്ലിയാട്ട് ശ്യാമളന്‍; Tamil: மனோஜ் நெல்லியட்டு ஷியாமளன் born 6 August 1970)[4] is an American film director, screenwriter, author, producer, and actor known for making movies with contemporary supernatural plots and surprise endings. His most well-received films include the supernatural horror thriller The Sixth Sense (1999), the superhero thriller Unbreakable (2000), the science fiction horror Signs (2002), and the historical drama-horror film The Village (2004). Afterwards, Shyamalan released a series of poorly received but sometimes financially successful movies, including, the dark fantasy film Lady in the Water (2006), the horror thriller film The Happening (2008), the film adaptation of The Last Airbender (2010), and the science-fiction film After Earth (2013). Following the financial failure of After Earth, Shyalaman's career was revived with the release of the found footage horror The Visit (2015) and the psychological horror Split (2016), the latter of which is set in the same universe as his previous film Unbreakable. He was a producer for Devil (2010) and was instrumental in the creation of the Fox science fiction series Wayward Pines.", "The Seventh Seal. The Jesuit publication America identifies it as having begun \"a series of seven films that explored the possibility of faith in a post-Holocaust, nuclear age\".[38] Likewise, film historians Thomas W. Bohn and Richard L. Stromgren identify this film as beginning \"his cycle of films dealing with the conundrum of religious faith\".[39]", "It's Only the End of the World. In Canada, Marc-André Lussier of La Presse gave the film three and a half stars, commending Gaspard Ulliel for giving one of his best performances and cinematographer André Turpin for superb visuals.[40] T'cha Dunlevy of The Montreal Gazette awarded it four stars, praising Turpin and \"Dolan's daring cinematic approach to the subject matter\", noting the number of close-ups.[41] On 7 December 2016, the film was named to the Toronto International Film Festival's annual Canada's Top 10 list.[42] In France, Isabelle Regnier wrote in Le Monde that the film far exceeded low expectations, and was one of Dolan's strongest works.[43] Thierry Chèze of L'Express found the ambition admirable, and the film's contrasts to mirror Dolan's.[44] Télérama's Louis Guichard wrote Dolan kept his style with his first all-French cast and a darker story.[45]", "Mad Max. Mad Max holds a 90% \"Fresh\" rating on review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 54 positive critic reviews, with consensus being \"Staging the improbable car stunts and crashes to perfection, director George Miller succeeds completely in bringing the violent, post-apocalyptic world of Mad Max to visceral life.\"[38] The film has been included in \"best films of all time\" lists by The New York Times[39] and The Guardian.[40]", "Backstreet Boys. In August 2015, band members Carter, Dorough, and McLean filmed a movie that Carter wrote entitled Dead 7. The film centers around a ragtag band of gunslingers operating during a post-apocalyptic zombie plague.[143] The movie premiered on April 1, 2016 on SyFy channel. A free copy of the theme song \"In the End\" was released on March 28, performed by band members Nick Carter, AJ McLean and Howie D.; Joey Fatone and Chris Kirkpatrick from NSYNC; Jeff Timmons from 98 Degrees; and Erik-Michael Estrada from O-Town.[144] The official physical DVD was released on June 7, 2016.[145]", "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction. In the obscure 2013 Australian film These Final Hours, a massive asteroid hits the Atlantic ocean dooming all life. The film follows James, who decides to head to the 'party-to-end-all-parties' and there spend the last 12 hours before the global firestorm reaches Western Australia.", "Wrigley Field. In the movie Category 6: Day of Destruction, a terrorist turns off all the electricity at the stadium for a few minutes to demonstrate how hackers could penetrate city electrical systems.", "Sharknado (film series). Sharknado is a series of American disaster horror comedy science-fiction films released by Syfy starting in 2013. The sixth film concluded the series in 2018. It has since been expanded into video games and comics, including a spin-off film, Sharknado: Heart of Sharkness, that was released in 2015.", "The Magnificent Seven (2016 film). MTV's Amy Nicholson decried the film, writing: \"Fuqua’s made two clean piles separating good and evil, and in doing so, he’s thrown away the film’s point. Now we can trade our conscience for a bucket of popcorn. Today’s The Magnificent Seven is just another superhero flick that spends half its running time assembling a band of bulletproof daredevils. Which makes sense — the original inspired The Avengers, which published its first comic three years after it was a hit.\"[68]" ]

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[ "Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. As of 2015, Eminem holds the record for the most wins in this category, with six. Lauryn Hill is currently the only female artist to win in this category, when she won in 1997 with the Fugees. Kanye West was presented the award four times, and the duo known as Outkast received the award twice. Jay-Z holds the record for the most nominations, with nine, which resulted in one win. Canadian artist Drake became the first non-American winner in this category when he won in 2013. The Roots have received the most nominations without a win, with five. In 2016, Drake's If You're Reading This, It's Too Late became the first mixtape to get nominated for the award. In 2017, Chance The Rapper's Coloring Book became the first mixtape to win the award.", "Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. The Grammy Award for Best Rap Album is an award presented to recording artists for quality albums with rapping at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards.[1] Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to \"honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position\".[2]", "60th Annual Grammy Awards. Best Rap Album", "Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. In 1995, the Academy announced the addition of the award category Best Rap Album.[3] The first award was presented to the group Naughty by Nature at the 38th Grammy Awards the following year. According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards, the award is presented for \"albums containing at least 51% playing time of tracks with newly recorded rapped performances\".[4] Award recipients often include the producers, engineers, and/or mixers associated with the nominated work in addition to the recording artists.[5]", "Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. ^[I] Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.", "List of awards and nominations received by Kendrick Lamar. Lamar received a total of seven nominations at the 2014 Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year. A year later, at the 2015 Grammy Awards, he won Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance for his song \"i\". Lamar received his second Album of the Year nomination for the 58th Grammy Awards, also leading the list with 11 categories.[2] For the latter, he became the rapper with the most nominations in a single night.[3] At the ceremony, Lamar won five awards, including Best Rap Album for To Pimp a Butterfly, Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance for \"Alright\", and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"These Walls\".", "To Pimp a Butterfly. To Pimp a Butterfly also earned Lamar 11 nominations at the 58th Grammy Awards, which was the most nominations for any rapper in a single night.[92] It was nominated in the categories of Album of the Year and Best Rap Album, winning the latter. \"Alright\" won for Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song while also being nominated for Song of the Year and Best Music Video. \"These Walls\" won for Best Rap/Sung Performance.[93] At the previous year's ceremony, \"i\" had won Grammy Awards for Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance.[94] To Pimp a Butterfly also received a nomination for Top Rap Album at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards.[95]", "Eminem. After his debut album Infinite (1996) and then Slim Shady EP (1997), Eminem signed with Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment and subsequently achieved mainstream popularity in 1999 with The Slim Shady LP, which earned him his first Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. His next two releases, 2000's The Marshall Mathers LP and 2002's The Eminem Show, were worldwide successes, with each being certified diamond in U.S. sales and both winning Best Rap Album Grammy Awards—making Eminem the first artist to win the award for three consecutive LPs. They were followed by Encore in 2004, another critical and commercial success. Eminem went on hiatus after touring in 2005, releasing Relapse in 2009 and Recovery in 2010. Both won Grammy Awards and Recovery was the best-selling album of 2010 worldwide, the second time he had the international best-selling album of the year (after The Eminem Show). Eminem's eighth album, 2013's The Marshall Mathers LP 2, won two Grammy Awards, including Best Rap Album; it expanded his record for the most wins in that category and his Grammy total to 15.[2] In 2017, he released his ninth studio album, Revival.", "Grammy Award for Album of the Year. Only two artists have won the award in two consecutive years, Frank Sinatra and Stevie Wonder. Sinatra had wins in 1966 and 1967 and Wonder followed with wins in 1974 and 1975. (Lauryn Hill also won as a producer in 2000, after winning previously in 1999 as an artist and producer; Bruno Mars won as an artist and producer in 2018, after winning previously in 2017 as a producer) Wonder and Sinatra both won the most Grammys for Album of the Year within a decade. Sinatra had wins in 1960, 1966 and 1967, while Wonder had wins in 1974, 1975 and 1977.", "Sean Combs. The album earned Combs five nominations at the 40th Grammy Awards in 1998, winning the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album.[31][32] On September 7, 2000, the album was certified septuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over 7 million copies.[33] In 1997, Combs was sued for landlord neglect by Inge Bongo. Combs denied the charges.[34] By the late 1990s, he was being criticized for watering down and overly commercializing hip hop, and for using too many guest appearances, samples, and interpolations of past hits in his new songs.[28]", "Eminem. Eminem has received fifteen Grammy Awards, has been praised for his \"verbal energy\" and lyrical quality and was ranked ninth on MTV's Greatest MCs of All Time list.[314][315] In 2003, he was thirteenth on MTV's 22 Greatest Voices in Music list[316] and 82nd on Rolling Stone's Immortals list.[317] In 2008, Vibe readers named Eminem the Best Rapper Alive.[318][319]", "The Marshall Mathers LP 2. The Marshall Mathers LP 2 received positive reviews from critics, who praised Eminem's technical rapping abilities and production choices. The album marked an improvement in reception over Eminem's previous three albums, and was named on multiple \"Albums of the Year\" year-end lists. It also debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 and was the second-best selling album sales of 2013. As of early 2014, the album has sold 3.8 million copies worldwide.[2] The album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 57th Grammy Awards.", "Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life. Vol. 2... became Jay-Z's first album to debut at #1 on the Billboard 200, selling over 350,000 copies in its first week.[13] It is Jay-Z's best selling album as of 2013[update] and was certified 5x Platinum by the RIAA in 2000. By 2013, the album had sold 5,400,000 copies in the United States.[14] The album won Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards. Though he won the nomination he boycotted the ceremony, citing what he sees as the Grammys' continuing disrespect of hip hop because they were not going to broadcast the rap nominations. He told MTV, \"I am boycotting the Grammys because too many major rap artists continue to be overlooked. Rappers deserve more attention from the Grammy committee and from the whole world. If it's got a gun everybody knows about it; but if we go on a world tour, no one knows.\"", "60th Annual Grammy Awards. Best Rap Performance", "List of awards and nominations received by Eminem. As of September 2017, Eminem has won a total of about 600 awards out of 727 nominations and is the most awarded rap artist of all time.", "List of awards and nominations received by Eminem. Eminem quickly gained popularity in 1999 with his major-label debut album, The Slim Shady LP, which won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. The following album, The Marshall Mathers LP, became the fastest-selling solo album in United States history.[1]", "The Eminem Show. The Eminem Show became Eminem's third to win the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album and also swept the MTV Music Video Awards, winning four awards for Best Male Video, Video of the Year, Best Direction, and Best Rap Video. It also won Best Album at the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards,[35] as well as Album of the Year and R&B/Hip-Hop Album of the Year at the 2002 Billboard Music Awards.[36] The Eminem Show was awarded Best International Album and International Album of the Year at the Brit Awards and the Juno Awards respectively in 2003.[37]", "Drake (musician). As of 2017, Drake has won three Grammy Awards from 27 nominations.[392] He has also won two MTV Video Music Awards. Complex ranked him at number one on their \"Best Rapper Alive Every Year Since 1979\" list for 2011, 2012, and 2015.[393] Billboard editor Ernest Baker stated \"Drake managed to rule hip-hop in 2014\", adding \"the best rapper in 2014 didn't need a new album or hit single to prove his dominance\".[394] Drake was listed fourth on the Billboard year-end chart for Top Artists of 2015,[395] third on the same chart in 2016[396] and was named the IFPI Global Recording Artist of 2016.[397] In 2017, he surpassed singer Adele's record for most wins at the Billboard Music Awards in one night, winning 13 awards from 22 nominations.[202] Pitchfork have ranked him in the fifth position in the publication's list of the \"Top 10 Music Artists\" since 2010.[398][399][not in citation given]", "Tha Carter III. Tha Carter III was ranked number one in Blender's list of the 33 best albums of 2008.[64] Christgau ranked its deluxe edition as the second best album of 2008.[65] The album was also ranked number three on Rolling Stone's list of the top 50 albums of 2008.[66] It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Album of the Year,[67] and it won for Best Rap Album at the 2009 Grammy Awards, while \"Lollipop\" won for Best Rap Song and \"A Milli\" won for Best Rap Solo Performance.[68] Billboard magazine ranked the album number 103 on its list of the Top 200 Albums of the Decade.[69] In 2012, the album was ranked number 437 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[70] In 2012 Complex named the album one of the classic albums of the last decade.[71]", "Grammy Award records. The record for most Album of the Year wins is four.", "DJ Jazzy Jeff. As a duo, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince had several gold and platinum-selling albums and singles in the late 1980s and early 1990s, earning them the first rap Grammy Award ever presented in 1989 for \"Parents Just Don't Understand.\"[4] They also won a second Grammy for \"Summertime\".[5]", "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy. My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album, presented at the 54th Grammy Awards in 2012.[160] The song \"All of the Lights\" was nominated for Grammy Awards for Song of the Year, Best Rap Song, and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration, winning in the latter two categories.[160] However, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy was not nominated for Album of the Year, which was viewed as a \"snub\" by several outlets, along with the rejection of Watch the Throne, West's collaborative album with Jay-Z, for that category.[161][162][163][164] In an article for Time, music journalist Touré elaborated on the album's acclaim, called West's nominations in minor categories \"booby prizes\", and stated, \"MBDTF is by far the best reviewed album in many years: the critical community flipped out over it like nothing since Radiohead’s zenith. And it sold well, over 1.2 million so far. So what happened? How is it Grammy overlooked Kanye’s magnum opus and gave noms to four sonic widgets and Adele's 21?\"[165] He explored possible reasons for The Recording Academy to snub him, including split votes between My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and Watch the Throne, concerns over West's past controversies, and more commercially appealing nominees, but ultimately stated:", "Tupac Shakur. His double album, All Eyez on Me, is one of the highest-selling rap albums of all time, with over 5 million copies of the album sold in the United States alone by April 1996; it was eventually certified 9x platinum in June 1998 by the RIAA.[200] In July 2014 it was recertified 10x platinum.[201]", "List of awards and nominations received by Eminem. The Marshall Mathers LP and his fourth album, The Eminem Show, also won Grammy Awards, making Eminem the first artist to win Best Rap Album for three consecutive LPs. He then won the award again in 2010 for his album Relapse, giving him a total of 15 Grammys in his career. In 2003, he won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for \"Lose Yourself\" from the film, 8 Mile, in which he also played the lead role. \"Lose Yourself\" would go on to become the longest running No. 1 hip hop single.[2] Eminem then went on hiatus after touring in 2005. He released his first album since 2004's Encore, titled Relapse, on May 15, 2009. Eminem is the best-selling artist of the decade on the US Nielsen SoundScan,[3] and has sold over 300 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time. In 2010, Eminem released his seventh album Recovery. It became Eminem's sixth consecutive number-one album in the US and achieved international commercial success, charting at number one in several other countries. It stayed at number-one on the US Billboard 200 chart for five consecutive weeks and a total of seven weeks.[4][5] Recovery was also reported by Billboard to be the best-selling album of 2010, making Eminem the first artist in Nielsen SoundScan history to have two year-end best-selling albums.[6]", "Grammy Award records. Quincy Jones holds the record for the most Grammy nominations with 79.[9][10]", "Grammy Award. With 31 Grammy Awards, Sir Georg Solti is the artist with the most Grammy wins.[23] Alison Krauss is the biggest winner among female artists with 27 awards.[24] U2, with 22 Grammy Awards, holds the record for most awards won by a group.[25]", "List of awards and nominations received by Nicki Minaj. The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States. Minaj was the first female rapper to have a solo performance on the Grammy Awards show, performing her song \"Roman Holiday\" at the 2012 ceremony. Minaj has been nominated 10 times since 2011.[44][45][46]", "60th Annual Grammy Awards. Best Rap Song", "Rap God. The song entered the Guinness World Records as the hit single which contains the most words; which includes 1,560 words.[2] It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance, but lost to Kendrick Lamar's \"i\".[3]", "Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album. Ziggy Marley holds the record for the most wins in this category, with seven wins as of 2017.", "To Pimp a Butterfly. To Pimp a Butterfly debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 and received widespread acclaim from critics, who praised its musical scope and the social relevance of Lamar's lyrics. It was ranked as the best album of 2015 by many publications, including Rolling Stone, Billboard and Pitchfork. It was nominated for Album of the Year and won Best Rap Album at the 58th Grammy Awards. Its singles \"i\" (in 2015) and \"Alright\" (in 2016) each won a Grammy for Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance, with the latter also nominated for Song of the Year. Additionally, \"These Walls\" won Best Rap/Sung Collaboration. The album was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). By June 2017, the album had sold one million copies in the United States.", "Grammy Award. In an article for The Huffington Post, music executive and author Steve Stoute criticized the Recording Academy and the Grammy Awards for having \"lost touch with contemporary popular culture\" and noted \"two key sources\" for it: \"(1) over-zealousness to produce a popular show that is at odds with its own system of voting and (2) fundamental disrespect of cultural shifts as being viable and artistic.\"[38] Stoute accused them of snubbing artists with more cultural impact, citing respective losses by the critical and commercial successes in Eminem's The Marshall Mathers LP (2000) and Kanye West's Graduation (2007) in the Album of the Year category, and stated:" ]

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[ "Hemp. Hemp was made illegal to grow without a permit in the U.S. under the Controlled Substances Act passed in 1970 because of its relation to marijuana,[17] and any imported hemp products must meet a zero tolerance level.[105] Some states have made the cultivation of industrial hemp legal, but farmers in many states have not yet begun to grow it because of resistance from the federal Drug Enforcement Administration,[106] making \"large-scale hemp growing\" in the United States \"not viable\" as late as 2013.[107] In 2013, after the legalization of cannabis in the state, several farmers in Colorado planted and harvested several acres of hemp, bringing in the first hemp crop in the United States in over half a century.[108] Colorado,[109] Vermont, California, and North Dakota have passed laws enabling hemp licensure. All four states are waiting for permission to grow hemp from the DEA. Currently,[110] Oregon has licensed industrial hemp as of August 2009[update].[111] Congress included a provision in the Agricultural Act of 2014 that allowed colleges and state agencies to grow and conduct research on hemp in states where it is legal.[17] Hemp production in Kentucky, formerly the United States' leading producer, resumed in 2014.[112]", "Legal history of cannabis in the United States. In 1925, the United States supported regulation of Indian hemp, also known as hashish, in the International Opium Convention.[26] The convention banned exportation of \"Indian hemp\", and the preparations derived therefrom, to countries that had prohibited its use and required importing countries to issue certificates approving the importation and stating that the shipment was required \"exclusively for medical or scientific purposes\". The convention did not ban trade in fibers and other similar products from European hemp, traditionally grown in the United States. According to the 1912 edition of the Swedish encyclopedia Nordisk familjebok, the European hemp grown for its fibers lacks the THC content that characterizes Indian hemp.[27]", "Hemp Farming Act of 2018. Hemp production in the United States essentially ceased in the 1950s due to market conditions and federal regulations.[10][11][12] Since the mid-1990s, there has been a resurgence of interest in the United States in producing industrial hemp.[13] Executive Order 12919 (1994) identified hemp as a strategic national product that should be stockpiled.[14][15]", "Legal history of cannabis in the United States. After the Philippines fell to Japanese forces in 1942, the Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Army urged farmers to grow hemp fiber and tax stamps for cultivation were issued to farmers. Without any change in the Marihuana Tax Act, over 400,000 acres of hemp were cultivated between 1942 and 1945. The last commercial hemp fields were planted in Wisconsin in 1957.[39] New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia, who was a strong opponent of the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act, started the LaGuardia Commission that in 1944 contradicted the earlier reports of addiction, madness, and overt sexuality.[40]", "Hemp. In 1971, the cultivation of hemp became illegal, and the production was substantially reduced. Because of EU regulations 1308/70, 619/71 and 1164/89, this law was revoked (for some certified seed varieties).[153]", "Arguments for and against drug prohibition. The War on Drugs has resulted in the outlawing of the entire hemp industry in the United States. Hemp, which is a special cultivar of Cannabis Sativa, does not have significant amounts of psychoactive (THC) substances in it, less than 1%. Without even realizing the plant had been outlawed several months prior, Popular Mechanics magazine published an article in 1938 entitled The New Billion-Dollar Crop anticipating the explosion of the hemp industry with the invention of machines to help process it. Recently, governmental refusal to take advantage of taxing hemp has been a point of criticism. Hemp has a large list of potential industrial uses including textiles, paper, rope, fuel, construction materials, and biocomposites (for use in cars for example). Hemp has some drawbacks, however, one being that the long fibers in hemp are only a part of the outer bast, and this has contributed to hemp having only modest commercial success in countries (for example in Canada) where it is legal to harvest hemp.[citation needed]", "Hemp. In 1937, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 was passed in the United States, levying a tax on anyone who dealt commercially in cannabis, hemp, or marijuana. The passing of the Act to destroy the US hemp industry has been disputed to involve businessmen Andrew Mellon, Randolph Hearst and the Du Pont family.[133][134][135]", "Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Congress in 1968 prohibited the cultivation of Cannabis-related crops, including hemp, as part of anti-drug legislation, although hemp does not have the psychoactive properties of cannabis as a drug. Industrial hemp is legal in Canada.[102] The law in the U.S. is enforced by the Drug Enforcement Administration. In August 2000 and July 2001, federal DEA agents destroyed industrial hemp crops on the Pine Ridge reservation.[102] After the raid destroyed his crops, the farmer Alex White Plume[102] appealed a DEA court order that prohibited his growing the crop, but the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court ruling in United States v. White Plume,(8th Cir. 2006), that the Lakota had to comply with DEA registration process and get a permit to cultivate hemp.[103] The former crop is currently growing wild in the area.[104]", "Legal history of cannabis in the United States. In 1916, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) chief scientists Jason L. Merrill and Lyster H. Dewey created a paper, USDA Bulletin No. 404 \"Hemp Hurds as Paper-Making Material\",[63] in which they stated that paper from the woody inner portion of the hemp stem broken into pieces, so called hemp hurds, was \"favorable in comparison with those used with pulp wood\". Merrill and Dewey's findings were not repeated in a later book by Dewey[64] and have not been confirmed by paper production experts. The consistency of long fibers is too low in hemp hurds for commercial papermaking. Numerous machines had been devised for breaking and scutching hemp fibers, but none had been found to be fully satisfactory in actual commercial work.[51][64][65] To produce fiber from hemp was a labor-intensive process if harvest, transport and processing are included. Technological developments decreased the labor but not sufficiently to eliminate this disadvantage.[66]", "Hemp. In Western Europe, the cultivation of hemp was not legally banned by the 1930s, but the commercial cultivation stopped by then, due to decreased demand compared to increasingly popular artificial fibers.[150] Speculation about the potential for commercial cultivation of hemp in large quantities has been criticized due to successful competition from other fibers for many products. The world production of hemp fiber fell from over 300,000 metric tons 1961 to about 75,000 metric tons in the early 1990s and has after that been stable at that level.[151]", "Race in the United States criminal justice system. In 1937, the Marijuana Transfer Tax Act was passed. Several scholars have claimed that the goal was to destroy the hemp industry,[21][22][23] largely as an effort of businessmen Andrew Mellon, Randolph Hearst, and the Du Pont family.[21][23] These scholars argue that with the invention of the decorticator, hemp became a very cheap substitute for the paper pulp that was used in the newspaper industry.[21][24] These scholars believe that Hearst felt[dubious – discuss] that this was a threat to his extensive timber holdings. Mellon, United States Secretary of the Treasury and the wealthiest man in America, had invested heavily in the DuPont's new synthetic fiber, nylon, and considered[dubious – discuss] its success to depend on its replacement of the traditional resource, hemp.[21][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] However, there were circumstances that contradict these claims. One reason for doubts about those claims is that the new decorticators did not perform fully satisfactorily in commercial production.[32] To produce fiber from hemp was a labor-intensive process if you include harvest, transport and processing. Technological developments decreased the labor with hemp but not sufficient to eliminate this disadvantage.[33][34]", "Legal history of cannabis in the United States. In 1619, King James I decreed that the American colonists of Jamestown would need to step up efforts to do their fair share towards supporting England. The Virginia Company enacted the decree, asking Jamestown's land owners to grow and export 100 hemp plants to help support England's cause. Later the colonists would grow it to support its expansion in the Americas.[4][5] George Washington grew hemp at Mount Vernon as one of his three primary crops. The use of hemp for rope and fabric later became ubiquitous throughout the 18th and 19th centuries in the United States. Medicinal preparations of cannabis became available in American pharmacies in the 1850s following an introduction to its use in Western medicine by William O'Shaughnessy a decade earlier in 1839.[6]", "Harry J. Anslinger. Restrictions on cannabis (Cannabis indica, often called \"Indian Hemp\" in documents before the 1940s) as a drug started in local laws in New York in 1860. This was followed by local laws in many other states and by state laws in the 1910s and 1920s.[5] The federal Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 regulated the labeling of patent medicines that contained \"cannabis indica\". In 1925 United States supported regulation of \"Indian hemp\" as use as a drug, in the International Opium Convention.[6] Recommendations from the International Opium Convention inspired the work with the Uniform State Narcotic Act between 1925 and 1932.", "War on drugs. In 1937, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 was passed. Several scholars have claimed that the goal was to destroy the hemp industry,[23][24][25] largely as an effort of businessmen Andrew Mellon, Randolph Hearst, and the Du Pont family.[23][25] These scholars argue that with the invention of the decorticator, hemp became a very cheap substitute for the paper pulp that was used in the newspaper industry.[23][26] These scholars believe that Hearst felt[dubious – discuss] that this was a threat to his extensive timber holdings. Mellon, United States Secretary of the Treasury and the wealthiest man in America, had invested heavily in the DuPont's new synthetic fiber, nylon, and considered[dubious – discuss] its success to depend on its replacement of the traditional resource, hemp.[23][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] However, there were circumstances that contradict these claims. One reason for doubts about those claims is that the new decorticators did not perform fully satisfactorily in commercial production.[34] To produce fiber from hemp was a labor-intensive process if you include harvest, transport and processing. Technological developments decreased the labor with hemp but not sufficient to eliminate this disadvantage.[35][36]", "Hemp. In the early 1990s, industrial hemp agriculture in North America began with the Hemp Awareness Committee at the University of Manitoba. The Committee worked with the provincial government to get research and development assistance, and was able to obtain test plot permits from the Canadian government. Their efforts led to the legalization of industrial hemp (hemp with only minute amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol) in Canada and the first harvest in 1998.[96][97]", "Legal history of cannabis in the United States. In some states where poison laws excluded cannabis, there were nonetheless attempts to include it. A bill introduced in 1880 in the California state legislature was titled 'An act to regulate the sale of opium and other narcotic poisons' and would have forbidden anyone to keep, sell, furnish, or give away any \"preparations or mixtures made or prepared from opium, hemp, or other narcotic drugs\" without a doctor's prescription at a licensed store. That bill was withdrawn in favor of one specifically aimed at opium, though further bills including hemp-based drugs were introduced in 1885 and in 1889.[6]", "Legal history of cannabis in the United States. Cannabis was officially outlawed for any use (medical included) with the passage of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) of 1970. Multiple efforts to reschedule cannabis under the CSA have failed, and the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled in United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative and Gonzales v. Raich that the federal government has a right to regulate and criminalize cannabis, even for medical purposes. Despite this, states and other jurisdictions have continued to implement policies that conflict with federal law, beginning with the passage of California's Proposition 215 in 1996. By 2016 a majority of states had legalized medical cannabis,[3] and in 2012 the first states legalized recreational use.", "Hemp Farming Act of 2018. The 2018 legislation was preceded by a failed Industrial Hemp Farming Act (109th Congress [House] and 114th Congress [Senate]) and a hemp- and CBD-related attempt to amend to the Controlled Substances Act (114th Congress);[16] and the Agricultural Act of 2014, which created a regulated, national agricultural hemp pilot program under which states could create their own pilot program regulations. There existed \"ongoing tension between federal and state authorities over state hemp policies\" due to non-cooperation of the DEA with state programs,[17] and lawsuits brought or threatened by farmers and states against the DEA.[18][19] The DEA and conflicting Federal court decisions regarding \"low THC content [hemp] and marijuana of greater THC content\"[20] left a perplexing environment for would-be producers with \"general uncertainty about how federal authorities will respond to production in states where state laws allow cultivation\", especially after the Justice Department's 2018 recission of the 2013 Cole Memorandum.[21] By 2018, groups calling for de-scheduling of hemp included the American Farm Bureau Federation, the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture, the National Farmers Union and the National Conference of State Legislatures.[18]", "Legal history of cannabis in the United States. The decision of the United States Congress to pass the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 was based on poorly attended hearings and reports based on questionable studies.[41][42] In 1936 the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) noticed an increase of reports of people smoking marijuana, which further increased in 1937. The Bureau drafted a legislative plan for Congress seeking a new law, and the head of the FBN, Harry J. Anslinger, ran a campaign against marijuana.[43][44] Newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst's empire of newspapers used the \"yellow journalism\" pioneered by Hearst to demonize the cannabis plant and spread a public perception that there were connections between cannabis and violent crime.[45] Several scholars argue that the goal was to destroy the hemp industry,[46][47][48] largely as an effort of Hearst, Andrew Mellon and the Du Pont family.[46][48] They argue that with the invention of the decorticator hemp became a very cheap substitute for the wood pulp that was used in the newspaper industry.[46][49] However, Hearst newspapers owed large debts to Canadian suppliers of paper, who used wood as raw material. If an alternative raw material for paper had emerged, it would have lowered the price of the paper needed to print Hearst's many newspapers—a positive thing for Hearst.[50][51] Moreover, by the year 1916 there were at least five \"machine brakes\" for hemp[52] and it is unlikely that in 1930s hemp became a new threat for newspapers owners.", "Legal history of cannabis in the United States. The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 effectively made possession or transfer of marihuana illegal throughout the United States under federal law, excluding medical and industrial uses, through imposition of an excise tax on all sales of hemp. Annual fees were $24 ($637 adjusted for inflation) for importers, manufacturers, and cultivators of cannabis, $1 ($24 adjusted for inflation) for medical and research purposes, and $3 ($82 adjusted for inflation) for industrial users. Detailed sales logs were required to record marihuana sales. Selling marihuana to any person who had previously paid the annual fee incurred a tax of $1 per ounce or fraction thereof; however, the tax was $100 ($2,206 adjusted for inflation) per ounce or fraction thereof to sell any person who had not registered and paid the annual fee.[37]", "History of the Food and Drug Administration. The second wave concerned medical marijuana in the 1990s and 2000s. Though Virginia passed a law with limited effect in 1979, a more widespread trend began in California in 1996. In 2009, the Obama Administration de-prioritized enforcement of federal law against patients using the drug in compliance with state law, but reversed this policy in 2011.[21] Recreational marijuana remains illegal (but not necessarily criminal) in all states and at the federal level, as of 2009.", "Hemp. The Spaniards brought hemp to the Western Hemisphere and cultivated it in Chile starting about 1545.[124] However, in May 1607, \"hempe\" was among the crops Gabriel Archer observed being cultivated by the natives at the main Powhatan village, where Richmond, Virginia is now situated;[125] and in 1613, Samuell Argall reported wild hemp \"better than that in England\" growing along the shores of the upper Potomac. As early as 1619, the first Virginia House of Burgesses passed an Act requiring all planters in Virginia to sow \"both English and Indian\" hemp on their plantations.[126] The Puritans are first known to have cultivated hemp in New England in 1645.[124]", "Hemp. Only in 1997, starting with Ireland, did the Commonwealth countries and then other countries begin to legally grow industrial hemp again. Iterations of the 1930s decorticator have been met with limited success, along with steam explosion and chemical processing known as thermomechanical pulping.[citation needed]", "Legal history of cannabis in the United States. After Proposition 215 passed, the Clinton administration threatened to revoke the prescription-writing privileges of doctors who recommend or prescribe cannabis.[116] Additionally, threats were made by the administration to criminally prosecute physicians, and ban them from participating in Medicare and Medicaid.[117] A group of physicians challenged this policy as a violation of First Amendment rights, and in September 2000 prevailed in the case Conant v. McCaffrey, which affirmed the right of physicians to recommend (but not prescribe) cannabis.[98] As a result, cannabis must be recommended instead of prescribed in all states where its medical use has been legalized.", "Legal history of cannabis in the United States. In 1936 the Convention for the Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Dangerous Drugs (1936 Trafficking Convention) was concluded in Geneva. The U.S., led by Anslinger, had attempted to include the criminalization of all activities in the treaty – cultivation, production, manufacture and distribution – related to the use of opium, coca (and its derivatives), and cannabis, for non-medical and non-scientific purposes. Many countries opposed this and the focus remained on illicit trafficking. Article 2 of the Convention called upon signatory countries to use their national criminal law systems to \"severely\" punish, \"particularly by imprisonment or other penalties of deprivation of liberty\", acts directly related to drug trafficking.[35] The U.S. refused to sign the final version because it considered the convention too weak, especially in relation to extradition, extraterritoriality and the confiscation of trafficking profits.[36]", "Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The North Dakota legislature has authorized hemp growing statewide and issued the nation's first two state licenses to grow hemp. The licensed farmers may face DEA legal problems if they do not acquire DEA permits. As the DEA had not yet acted on their requests, in June 2007 the men filed a lawsuit seeking federal court permission to grow the crop without being subject to federal criminal charges.[103]", "History of Kentucky. On April 19, 2013, Kentucky legalized Hemp when Governor Steve Beshear refused to sign or veto Senate Bill 50, allowing the state law to go into effect. Beshear had been one of the last obstacles blocking SB50 from becoming law.[129] Under federal law, hemp is a Schedule 1 narcotic, just like PCP and heroin, in spite of the fact that hemp typically only has 0.3 percent THC, compared to the three percent to 22 percent usually found in marijuana. The Schedule 1 designation was exempted for Kentucky's pilot hemp research projects when the federal Farm Bill (a.k.a. The Agricultural Act of 2014) was passed.[130]", "Cannabis in California. The Poison Act was passed in 1907, and in 1913 an amendment (Stats. 1913, Ch. 342, p. 697) was made to make possession of \"extracts, tinctures, or other narcotic preparations of hemp, or loco-weed, their preparations and compounds\" a misdemeanor.[3] There's no evidence that the law was ever used or intended to restrict pharmaceutical cannabis; instead it was a legislative mistake, and in 1915 another amendment (Stats. 1915, Ch. 604, pp. 1067–1068) forbade the sale or possession of \"flowering tops and leaves, extracts, tinctures and other narcotic preparations of hemp or loco weed (Cannabis sativa), Indian hemp\" except with a prescription.[3] Both bills were drafted and supported by the California State Board of Pharmacy.[3]", "Legal history of cannabis in the United States. In the West, the first state to include cannabis as a poison was California. The Poison Act was passed in 1907 and amended in 1909 and 1911, and in 1913 an amendatory act was made to make possession of \"extracts, tinctures, or other narcotic preparations of hemp, or loco-weed, their preparations and compounds\" a misdemeanor.[6] There is no evidence that the law was ever used or intended to restrict pharmaceutical cannabis; instead it was a legislative mistake, and in 1915 another revision placed cannabis under the same restriction as other poisons.[6] In 1914, one of the first cannabis drug raids in the nation occurred in the Mexican-American neighborhood of Sonoratown in Los Angeles, where police raided two \"dream gardens\" and confiscated a wagonload of cannabis.[19]", "Hemp. In Japan, hemp was historically used as paper and a fiber crop. There is archaeological evidence cannabis was used for clothing and the seeds were eaten in Japan back to the Jōmon period (10,000 to 300 BC). Many Kimono designs portray hemp, or asa (Japanese: 麻), as a beautiful plant. In 1948, marijuana was restricted as a narcotic drug. The ban on marijuana imposed by the United States authorities was alien to Japanese culture, as the drug had never been widely used in Japan before. Though these laws against marijuana are some of the world's strictest, allowing five years imprisonment for possession of the drug, they exempt hemp growers, whose crop is used to make robes for Buddhist monks and loincloths for Sumo wrestlers. Because marijuana use in Japan has doubled in the past decade, these exemptions have recently been called into question.[152]", "Hemp. Hemp was used extensively by the United States during World War II to make uniforms, canvas, and rope.[148] Much of the hemp used was cultivated in Kentucky and the Midwest. During World War II, the U.S. produced a short 1942 film, Hemp for Victory, promoting hemp as a necessary crop to win the war.", "Legal history of cannabis in the United States. An article in Harper’s Magazine (1883), attributed to Harry Hubbell Kane, describes a hashish-house in New York frequented by a large clientele, including males and females of \"the better classes,\" and further talks about parlors in Boston, Philadelphia and Chicago.[6] Hemp cigarettes were reported to be used by Mexican soldiers early as 1874.[13]" ]

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[ "Switched at Birth (season 5). On October 21, 2015, Freeform announced that it has picked up a fifth season of its hit original drama series Switched at Birth.[1] The fifth season premiered on January 31, 2017.[2] On March 11, 2016, it was confirmed that the ten-episode fifth season would be the last.[3]", "Switched at Birth (TV series). On October 21, 2015, ABC Family (now rebranded as Freeform) confirmed the series had been renewed for its fifth season,[7] which was later confirmed to be the final season.[8] On March 19, 2016, it was announced that the fifth season was bumped from a March 2016 to a January 2017 premiere date.[9] In October 2016, the network announced that the final season would premiere on January 31, 2017.[10]", "List of Switched at Birth episodes. Switched at Birth is an American television drama series which premiered on ABC Family on June 6, 2011.[1][2] Created by Lizzy Weiss, the series follows two teenage girls who learn that they were switched at birth. On August 17, 2012, ABC Family renewed Switched at Birth for a second season,[3] which premiered on January 7, 2013.[4] All of the episode titles take their names from pieces of artwork. On July 30, 2013, ABC Family renewed the series for a full 22-episode third season, which premiered in January 2014. The second half of season 3 premiered on June 16, 2014. On August 13, 2014, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 6, 2015.[5] ABC Family, which changed its name to Freeform in January 2016, announced on Wednesday October 21, 2015, that it had renewed the series for a fifth and final season.[6][7] The fifth season began airing on January 31, 2017, and concluded on April 11, 2017. During the course of the series 103 episodes of Switched at Birth aired over five seasons.", "Switched at Birth (TV series). The show's debut was ABC Family's highest-rated series debut to date.[3] The series won an honorary Peabody Award in 2013, and on July 30, ABC Family ordered a third season which premiered on January 13, 2014.[4] On August 13, 2014, ABC Family renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered on January 6, 2015.[5][6]", "Switched at Birth (season 1). The first season of Switched at Birth, an American drama television series, began airing on ABC Family on June 6, 2011 and concluded on October 22, 2012 after 30 episodes.[1]", "Switched at Birth (season 5). The one-hour scripted drama revolves around two young women who discover they were switched at birth and grew up in very different environments.[4] While balancing school, jobs, and their unconventional family, the girls, along with their friends and family, experience Deaf culture, relationships, class differences, racism, audism, and other social issues.", "Switched at Birth (season 4). On August 13, 2014, ABC Family announced that it has picked up a fourth season of its hit original drama series Switched at Birth,[1] premiering on January 6, 2015.[2] The season is produced by ABC Family, Pirates' Cove Entertainment, and Suzy B Productions, with Paul Stupin and series creator Lizzy Weiss serving as executive producers.", "Switched at Birth (TV series). On August 1, 2011, ABC Family announced that they were ordering more episodes for the first season of Switched at Birth, bringing the first season to a total of 30 episodes. After the airing of the series' initial 10 episodes ended on August 8, 2011, the series continued with a winter premiere on January 3, 2012, airing an additional 12 episodes through March 20, 2012.[13][14] The series began airing the remaining 8 episodes of its first season on September 3, 2012.[15] On August 17, 2012 (2012-08-17), ABC Family renewed Switched at Birth for a second season;[16] it premiered on January 7, 2013 (2013-01-07).[17] After the spring finale on March 11, 2013 (2013-03-11), the second season resumed on June 10, 2013 (2013-06-10).[18] On July 30, 2013, ABC Family renewed the show for a third season to premiere on January 13, 2014.[4]", "Switched at Birth (season 2). The second season of ABC Family drama television series Switched at Birth was commissioned on August 17, 2012.[1] It premiered on January 7, 2013 in the United States[2] and consisted of 21 episodes.[3] The season is produced by ABC Family, Pirates' Cove Entertainment and Suzy B Productions, with Paul Stupin, Becky Hartman Edwards, John Ziffren, and series creator Lizzy Weiss serving as executive producers.[4]", "Switched at Birth (season 1). On August 1, 2011, ABC Family announced that they were ordering more episodes for the first season of Switched at Birth, bringing the first season to a total of 30 episodes. The series continued with a winter premiere on January 3, 2012, ending on March 20, 2012, with 12 episodes.[3][4] The series began airing its remaining 8 episodes for its first season, beginning September 3, 2012.[5]", "Switched at Birth (season 5). 90-minute series finale.[3] The Kennishes and Vasquezes reminisce about the five years they had together since the switch was discovered.", "Switched at Birth (season 5). Toby and Lily come for a visit with the baby. They are fighting because Lily misses work, while Toby is working too much and not helping with the baby. Toby reveals his gambling problem has returned. They decide to move back to the States. Lily gets her job back at the university, and Kathryn will help with the baby. When Bay tries to rekindle her friendship with Mary Beth, she is upset to learn Mary Beth is now dating Tank. Regina decides to go public about her relationship with Luca. John teases her about the age difference, but relents after she scolds him for applying a sexist double standard. Kathryn and Daphne are both supportive and happy for Regina. Daphne is having nightmares about Bay's illness in China. Luca recognizes it as PTSD. Luca accidentally spills the secret about Bay's illness to Regina and Bay and Daphne have to tell everyone about it.", "Switched at Birth (season 5). Bay and Daphne meet a girl named Ally who has Angelo's heart through heart surgery, but they find out she's not who she seems she is. Regina refuses to see her because it will bring up memories about Angelo's death. Toby is deciding whether or not to baptize Carlton. Emmett and Travis try to make amends during Melody's birthday.", "Switched at Birth (season 3). The third season of ABC Family drama television series Switched at Birth began on January 13, 2014, and will consist of 22 episodes. The season is produced by ABC Family, Pirates' Cove Entertainment, and Suzy B Productions, with Paul Stupin and series creator Lizzy Weiss serving as executive producers.", "Switched at Birth (TV series). Switched at Birth is an American teen/family drama television series that premiered on ABC Family on June 6, 2011, at 9:00 ET/PT.[1] The one-hour scripted drama is set in the Kansas City metropolitan area, and revolves around two teenagers who were switched at birth and grew up in very different environments: one in an affluent suburb, and the other in working-class areas. According to ABC Family, it is \"the first mainstream television series to have multiple deaf and hard-of-hearing series regulars and scenes shot entirely in American Sign Language (ASL)\".[2]", "Switched at Birth (season 5). Bay meets the man who molested Travis when he was twelve: his uncle. She tries to make him tell his mother about what happened and reconnect. Chris tries to make Daphne cheat on his drug test so he won't get kicked out of the baseball team for using steroids. Regina finds out her coffeehouse is being robbed, so she put security cameras all over the place. She finds out the culprit is Eric, who has returned to get back a secret stash he hid in the coffeehouse so he and his son, Will, can start a new life. He asks her to come with him, but she refuses.", "Switched at Birth (TV series). Airing on March 4, 2013 to mark the 25th anniversary of the \"Deaf President Now\" protests at Gallaudet University, the season 2 episode \"Uprising\"—which featured a similar student-led protest surrounding the closure of Carlton School for the Deaf, was produced almost entirely in sign language.[21]", "Switched at Birth (season 5). Early during her trip to China, Bay becomes seriously ill and spends weeks recovering. When she does, the summer is almost over and she has not seen much of the country so she convinces Daphne to stay the whole school year. Travis then comes to China and begins a relationship with Bay. Eight months later, the three are called home when Emmett overdoses on a mix of medications. He claims that he is not suicidal and that the overdose was accidental. Bay, Daphne, and Travis decide to stay in Kansas City and Daphne is upset to learn how behind she is in her studies; she also learns Mingo has a new girlfriend and that there is no housing for her at the university. Regina allows Bay to stay in the empty apartment above the Cracked Mug with Travis, but Bay tells Travis she wants Daphne to move in with her instead. Regina ends her relationship with her much younger secret boyfriend, Luca. Mingo invites Daphne to a karaoke costume party. His costume is of Lil Wayne and he takes a selfie with Daphne, causing outrage from some who view it as blackface.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Switched at Birth is an American television drama series centering on Bay Kennish and Daphne Vasquez, who at the age of 15 learn that they were switched at birth. The wealthy Kennish family must struggle with the fact that their biological daughter is deaf from having meningitis as a child and must accept the character of working-class, recovering alcoholic Regina Vasquez, Daphne's single \"mother.\" Bay and Daphne attempt to find out how their lives would have been if they hadn't been switched. The one-hour-long series premiered on June 6, 2011.", "Switched at Birth (season 5). Daphne finds out from Iris that three boys put cotton balls in front of the Black Student Union building and they got tickets for littering and a three day suspension instead of being expelled from campus which is the reason Iris is hunger striking. Bay does an art project with Emmett and tries to do so without making Travis jealous.", "Switched at Birth (season 4). The one-hour scripted drama revolves around two young women who discover they were switched at birth and grew up in very different environments.[3] While balancing school, jobs, and their unconventional family, the girls, along with their friends and family, experience deaf culture, relationships, class differences, date rape, audism, and other social issues.", "Switched at Birth (TV series). The show's premiere on the ABC Family network was the highest-rated ever, with 3.3 million viewers. The total, including the first episode's repeat later that evening, was an estimated 4.9 million.[citation needed]", "Rachel Shenton. On 28 April 2014 it was announced that Shenton would make her American TV debut in season 3 of the ABC Family drama Switched at Birth playing young student teacher, Lilly Summers. Shenton went on to shoot season 4 and 5 which was when the show ended. The final season aired in February 2017. In October 2017 Shenton joined the cast of BBC2 hit TV series White Gold playing Alpha Female Joanne Scott Alongside inbetweeners stars James Buckley and Joe Thomas.", "Switched at Birth (season 4). Regina gets Eric and Hope to put aside their differences and co-parent Will, however, that means that he'll be relocating to Atlanta. Daphne tries to curb Mingo's jealousy when Quinn shows up to interview her for a summer program. Bay holds her first art show, but later finds out that Travis orchestrated the whole event. He admits that he's in love with her and they kiss. Afterwards, Emmett finds her for a heart-to-heart about the last year. Meanwhile, John and Kathryn are at odds over a car wash deal. Lily and Toby welcome their baby boy, Carlton. Daphne and Bay decide to travel to China together. Ten months later, the two girls are settled abroad when Bay gets a phone call about an emergency back home.", "Switched at Birth (season 4). Bay's community service run ends early when she saves her supervisor from choking. She wants to resume her art career and decides to make opportunities for herself. Travis is struggling in English, but is reluctant to take advice from Kathryn. Daphne is interested when Mingo asks her to spend some time together, but soon realizes that he only wants to be friends with benefits.", "Switched at Birth (season 2). The one-hour scripted drama revolves around two teenagers who discover they were switched at birth and grew up in very different environments.[5] While balancing school, jobs, and their unconventional family, the girls, along with their friends and family, experience deaf culture, relationships, classism, racism, audism, and other social issues.", "Switched at Birth (season 1). Bay and Daphne team up to shoot an ASL zombie movie for Emmett's birthday. Kathryn is upset at John for sharing personal family information to Sarah Lazar, who she suspects had an affair with her husband. Emmett and Simone feel guilty about what they did together. Wilke finds out about what had happened between them and Emmett tells his mom that he had made a mistake with another girl. Melody asks him to decide if it is worth telling Bay. Daphne is also upset at the fact that she had missed out on so many Kennish family memories and blames Regina for not telling her about the switch earlier. They later reconcile during a late night swim. Regina finally agrees to help Kathryn write her book on the switch after they have a conversation about living in denial.", "Switched at Birth (season 4). Summer is over and Daphne and Bay deal with the consequences of Bay taking the fall for Daphne. No one is happy about it, especially Emmett who has to leave for school, leaving Bay behind. Daphne decides to put off Gallaudet, going to the nearby UMKC (University of Missouri - Kansas City) so she can support Bay, who is unhappy with her decision.", "Switched at Birth (season 2). The ninth episode of the season entitled \"Uprising\" made television history by becoming the first episode of a national mainstream television series to be told almost entirely in American Sign Language.[4]", "Switched at Birth (season 1). The one-hour scripted drama revolves around two young women who were switched at birth and grew up in very different environments.[2] While balancing school, jobs, and their unconventional family, the girls, along with their friends and family experience deaf culture, relationships, classism, racism, audism, and other social issues.", "Switched at Birth (season 1). The show resumes at the beginning of the school year and Bay returns from her trip with a new boyfriend, Alex. Kathryn finally releases her book on the switch, which causes some problems in the Kennish household. Daphne lands a job at a restaurant with the help of Kathryn, but things do not go smoothly, as the head chef thinks that having a deaf person in the kitchen could raise hazards. After she is demoted to dish-washing, Kathryn tries to intervene. Bay is not completely over Emmett, especially after seeing a mural that he had painted of their relationship, and this leads to her breaking it off with Alex. Later, Bay and Emmett meet up and while he is deeply sorry about what had happened between him and Simone, Bay doesn't think that they could ever be the same. Meanwhile, Regina and the Kennishes have been trying to help Angelo stay in the country, but after he is ordered by a judge to be deported back to Italy, Regina steps in and decides to marry him the exact same day.", "Switched at Birth (TV series). ABC Family promoted the series by launching an online game, Switched at Birth: Hunt for the Code one week before the premiere. Bay, a graffiti artist, left her signature stencil image on ten different websites, and players searched for the picture and accompanying code to redeem sneak peeks and enter a drawing to win $4,000.[46] Each weekday, ABCFamily.com posted two clues hinting at a site featuring the image, and instructed users to scan the code with a Microsoft Tag Reader for exclusive content.[47] Additionally, each code had two letters for fans to collect and enter to win upon completion of the ten-digit code." ]

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[ "Game of Thrones (season 8). The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016.[1][2] Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.[3]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show, saying, \"From the beginning we've wanted to tell a 70-hour movie. It will turn out to be a 73-hour movie, but it's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning, middle and now we're coming to the end. It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way, I'm very happy we've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to.\"[31] The season is set to air in 2019.[7]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, HBO programming president Casey Bloys stated that instead of the series finale being a feature film, the final season would be \"six one-hour movies\" on television. He continued, \"The show has proven that TV is every bit as impressive and in many cases more so, than film. What they're doing is monumental.\"[26] Filming officially began on October 23, 2017.[27]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss will serve as showrunners for the eighth season. The directors for the eighth season were announced in September 2017. Miguel Sapochnik, who previously directed \"The Gift\" and \"Hardhome\" on season 5, as well as \"Battle of the Bastards\" and \"The Winds of Winter\" on season 6 will return as director. He will divide up direction of the first five episodes with David Nutter, who had directed two episodes on seasons two, three and five. The final episode of the show will be directed by Benioff and Weiss, who have previously directed one episode each.[4]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). Co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating that after season six, they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"[28][29] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said, \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"[28] HBO confirmed in July 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[30] Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist of six episodes, and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason.[31]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017.[1][2][3] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven.[4] Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series.[5][better source needed] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.", "George R. R. Martin. HBO confirmed that season 8 has been ordered and that it would be the last of the series; it will be aired in 2019.[61] In November 2016, President of Programming Casey Bloys indicated that he had had preliminary discussions about a prequel spinoff to the Game of Thrones series with Martin.[62] In May 2017, HBO commissioned five screenwriters – Max Borenstein, Jane Goldman, Brian Helgeland, Carly Wray and Bryan Cogman – to develop individual spin-offs. All of the writers are to be working individually with George R. R. Martin.[63][64] According to Casey Bloys, Martin is co-writing two of the four announced scripts.[65]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). The season will be adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Filming officially began on October 23, 2017. The season is scheduled to premiere in 2019.", "List of Game of Thrones episodes. The series was renewed for a seventh season in April 2016,[10] which premiered on July 16, 2017 and consisted of seven episodes.[11] The series will conclude with its eighth season, which will consist of six episodes.[12][13] As of August 27, 2017,[update] 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired, concluding the seventh season. The show's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.[3]", "Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is A Game of Thrones. It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season premiering either in 2018 or 2019.[1]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). Ramin Djawadi is set to return as the composer of the show for the eighth season.[32]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). At the show's South by Southwest panel on March 12, 2017, Benioff and Weiss announced the writers for the show to be Dave Hill (episode 1) and Bryan Cogman (episode 2). The showrunners will then divide up the screenplay for the remaining four episodes amongst themselves.[24]", "Game of Thrones (season 4). On April 2, 2013, HBO announced it had renewed the series for a fourth season, to consist of 10 episodes.[13]", "The Dragon and the Wolf. Leading up to the seventh-season finale, Benioff and Weiss revealed that it was always planned for the penultimate season to end with the destruction of the Wall, and the White Walker army crossing into the Seven Kingdoms. Weiss noted, \"The wall's kept these things out for eight thousand years and there's no real reason it can't keep doing that unless something puts a hole in the Wall. There's one thing on the board from the beginning that is now big enough to do that and that's a dragon.\"[10] They also felt it was essential for the seventh-season finale to contrast well with previous season finale episodes, particularly the sixth-season finale, \"The Winds of Winter\", which Benioff stated had a more \"triumphant ending\" as opposed to something \"much more horrific\" with the conclusion of \"The Dragon and the Wolf\".[10]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). On April 21, 2016, HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones, just three days prior to the premiere of the show's sixth season.[57] In a June 2016 interview with Variety, co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating at the time of the interview that they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"[58][59] Director Jack Bender, who worked on the show's sixth season, said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes.[60] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"[58] HBO confirmed on July 18, 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[4] Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16.[61] The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode, with the finale running for 81 minutes.[62] The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes – around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode. The first five episodes mostly run longer than average (55 minutes), at 59, 59, 63, 50, and 59 minutes respectively.[63] The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth-season finale, \"The Winds of Winter\", which ran for 69 minutes.[62]", "The Winds of Winter (Game of Thrones). \"The Winds of Winter\" is the tenth and final episode of the sixth season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the sixtieth overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Miguel Sapochnik.", "Game of Thrones (season 6). The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners.[1] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the season on April 8, 2014, together with the fifth season, which began filming in July 2015[2][3] primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia, Iceland and Canada. Each episode cost over $10 million.", "Game of Thrones (season 8). Writing for the eighth season started with a 140-page outline. Benioff said that the divvying up process and who should write what section became more difficult, being that \"this would be the last time that we would be doing this.\"[25]", "The Winds of Winter (Game of Thrones). Recurring guest actors for the series Eugene Simon, Julian Glover, Roger Ashton-Griffiths, Finn Jones, and Ian Gelder, who portrayed Lancel Lannister, Pycelle, Mace Tyrell, Loras Tyrell, and Kevan Lannister, respectively, also made their final appearance in the series.[18] Finn Jones, who was cast concurrently in the leading role for the upcoming television series Marvel's Iron Fist, spoke about his departure saying, \"I had been on Thrones for six years. It was yearly employment. Now I was at a crossroads and I had to think of what the future is. I was very blessed that something like this has come along at the right moment,\" referring to Iron Fist.[19] Eugene Simon also spoke about his learning of his departure, saying that the showrunners promised a \"huge scene\" for his character in the season finale, with Simon responding, \"for everything that you've done for the last six years, thank you. This is a wonderful way to go. I really, really appreciate it, and I look forward to doing it for you.\"[20]", "George R. R. Martin. By the end of 2016, all seasons up to season 6 (which premiered on April 24, 2016) had been aired on HBO and all seasons had been released on DVD and/or Blu-Ray[56] for home viewing (see List of Game of Thrones episodes). The company confirmed on July 18, 2016 that season 7 would consist of seven episodes instead of the usual ten, and would premiere later than usual, in mid-2017, because of the later filming schedule. This was necessary in order to be shooting during the winter season in Europe.[57] Season 7 was expected to air in mid 2017. The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video that featured clips from its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28, 2016, showcasing Jon Snow, Sansa Stark and Arya Stark.[58][59] Like the previous season, it would largely consist of original content currently not found in Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, but also adapts material from the upcoming sixth and seventh novels: The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.[60]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show's main plotlines, featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters, Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army, Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa, and the army of the dead breaching the Wall (with the help of a reanimated wight dragon) and entering the Seven Kingdoms.", "Valar Morghulis. The episode was written by producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss (their sixth and final script of the season) and directed by Alan Taylor. It was Taylor's final episode on the show until he returned for the Season 7 episode \"Beyond the Wall\". The episode covers chapters Tyrion XV, Sansa VIII, Theon VI, Arya IX, Bran VII, Daenerys IV, and Jon VIII from A Clash of Kings and the prologue and chapters Jaime I, Tyrion I, and Jon I of A Storm of Swords.[3] As a season finale, \"Valar Morghulis\" is a slightly extended episode.", "Game of Thrones (season 3). The third season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered in the United States on HBO on March 31, 2013, and concluded on June 9, 2013. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes.[1] The season is based roughly on the first half of A Storm of Swords (the third of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by George R. R. Martin, of which the series is an adaptation).[2] The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO renewed the series for a third season on April 10, 2012, nine days after the second season's premiere. Production began in July 2012.[3] The show was filmed primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Croatia, Iceland and Morocco.", "Mhysa. \"Mhysa\" is the third season finale of the American medieval epic fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and its 30th episode overall. Written by executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by David Nutter, it originally aired on June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09) on HBO in the United States.[5]", "Game of Thrones (season 5). The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 12, and concluded on June 14, 2015.[1] It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season primarily adapts material from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons, the fourth and fifth novels in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, though it also uses elements from the third novel, A Storm of Swords, as well as the upcoming sixth novel The Winds of Winter.[2][3][4] It also contains original content not found in Martin's novels.[5] The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.", "Game of Thrones (season 7). HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21, 2016, three days before the premiere of the show's sixth season, and began filming on August 31, 2016. The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia and Iceland.", "Game of Thrones (season 4). Filming for the season lasted 136 days and was completed on November 21, 2013.[35]", "Game of Thrones (season 4). The fourth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered in the United States on HBO on April 6, 2014, and concluded on June 15, 2014. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes.[1] The season is adapted primarily from the second half of A Storm of Swords, along with elements of A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons, all novels from the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin.[2] The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the fourth season on April 2, 2013, which began filming in July 2013. The season was filmed primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland and Croatia.", "The Pointy End. \"The Pointy End\" is the eighth episode of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. First aired on June 5, 2011, the episode was directed by Daniel Minahan and written by George R. R. Martin, the author of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels on which the show is based.[2]", "The Dragon and the Wolf. \"The Dragon and the Wolf\" is the seventh and final episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 67th episode overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Jeremy Podeswa.", "No One (Game of Thrones). \"No One\" is the eighth episode of the sixth season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 58th episode overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Mark Mylod.", "The Prince of Winterfell. \"The Prince of Winterfell\" is the eighth episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The episode is written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss and directed, for the third time in this season, by Alan Taylor. It premiered on May 20, 2012." ]

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[ "Urobilin. Urobilin or urochrome is the chemical primarily responsible for the yellow color of urine. It is a linear tetrapyrrole compound that, along with the related compound urobilinogen, are degradation products of the cyclic tetrapyrrole heme.", "Urobilin. Urobilin is generated from the degradation of heme, which is first degraded through biliverdin to bilirubin. Bilirubin is then excreted as bile, which is further degraded by microbes present in the large intestine to urobilinogen. Some of this remains in the large intestine, and its conversion to stercobilin gives feces its brown color. Some is reabsorbed into the bloodstream, where it is oxidized to urobilin and eventually excreted by the kidneys, giving urine its yellow color.[1]", "Urobilin. Many urine tests (urinalysis) monitor the amount of urobilin in urine, as its levels can give insight on the effectiveness of urinary tract function. Normally, urine would appear as either light yellow urine or colorless. A lack of water intake, for example following sleep or dehydration, reduces the water content of urine, thereby concentrating urobilin and producing a darker color of urine. Obstructive jaundice reduces biliary bilirubin excretion, which is then excreted directly from the blood stream into the urine, giving a dark-colored urine but with a paradoxically low urobilin concentration, no urobilinogen, and usually with correspondingly pale faeces. Darker urine also results due to other chemicals, such as various ingested dietary components or drugs, porphyrins in porphyria, and homogentisate in patients with alcaptonuria.", "Phytochrome. The phytochrome chromophore is usually phytochromobilin, and is closely related to phycocyanobilin (the chromophore of the phycobiliproteins used by cyanobacteria and red algae to capture light for photosynthesis) and to the bile pigment bilirubin (whose structure is also affected by light exposure, a fact exploited in the phototherapy of jaundiced newborns). The term \"bili\" in all these names refers to bile. Bilins are derived from the closed tetrapyrrole ring of haem by an oxidative reaction catalysed by haem oxygenase to yield their characteristic open chain. Chlorophyll too is derived from haem (Heme). In contrast to bilins, haem and chlorophyll carry a metal atom in the center of the ring, iron or magnesium, respectively.[7]", "Bilirubin. There, colonic bacteria deconjugate and metabolize the bilirubin into colorless urobilinogen, which can be oxidized to form urobilin and stercobilin. Urobilin is excreted by the kidneys to give urine its yellow color and stercobilin is excreted in the faeces giving stool its characteristic brown color. A trace (~1%) of the urobilinogen is reabsorbed into the enterohepatic circulation to be re-excreted in the bile.[11]", "Bilirubin. Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine, and elevated levels may indicate certain diseases. It is responsible for the yellow color of bruises and the yellow discoloration in jaundice. Its subsequent breakdown products, such as stercobilin, cause the brown color of faeces. A different breakdown product, urobilin, is the main component of the straw-yellow color in urine.", "Urine test strip. Bilirubin is a highly pigmented compound that is a by-product of haemoglobin degradation. The haemoglobin that is released after the mononuclear phagocyte system (located in the liver and spleen) withdraws old red blood cells from circulation is degraded into its components; iron, protoporphyrin and protein. The system’s cells convert the protoporphyrin into unconjugated bilirubin that passes through the circulatory system bound to protein, particularly albumin. The kidney is unable to filter out this bilirubin as it is bound to protein, however, it is conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver to form water-soluble conjugated bilirubin. This conjugated bilirubin does not normally appear in the urine as it is excreted directly from the intestine in bile. Intestinal bacteria reduce the bilirubin to urobilinogen, which is later oxidised and either excreted with the faeces as stercobilin or in the urine as urobilin.", "Urobilinogen. In biliary obstruction, below-normal amounts of conjugated bilirubin reach the intestine for conversion to urobilinogen. With limited urobilinogen available for reabsorption and excretion, the amount of urobilin found in the urine is low. High amounts of the soluble conjugated bilirubin enter the circulation where they are excreted via the kidneys. These mechanisms are responsible for the dark urine and pale stools observed in biliary obstruction.", "Heme. This form of bilirubin is excreted from the liver in bile. Excretion of bilirubin from liver to biliary canaliculi is an active, energy dependent and rate limiting process. The intestinal bacteria deconjugate bilirubin diglucuronide and convert bilirubin to urobilinogens. Some urobilinogen is absorbed by intestinal cells and transported into the kidneys and excreted with urine (urobilin, which is the product of oxidation of urobilinogen, is responsible for the yellow colour of urine). The remainder travels down the digestive tract and is converted to stercobilinogen. This is oxidized to stercobilin, which is excreted and is responsible for the color of feces.[citation needed]", "Uroscopy. Yellowish discoloration of the whites of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes caused by deposition of bilirubine in these tissues. It occurs as a symptom of various diseases, such as hepatitis, that affect the processing of bile. Also called icterus.", "Urine. Urine varies in appearance, depending principally upon a body's level of hydration, as well as other factors. Normal urine is a transparent solution ranging from colorless to amber but is usually a pale yellow. In the urine of a healthy individual the color comes primarily from the presence of urobilin. Urobilin is a final waste product resulting from the breakdown of heme from hemoglobin during the destruction of aging blood cells.", "Urobilinogen. Increased amounts of bilirubin are formed in hemolysis, which generates increased urobilinogen in the gut. In liver disease (such as hepatitis), the intrahepatic urobilinogen cycle is inhibited also increasing urobilinogen levels. Urobilinogen is converted to the yellow pigmented urobilin apparent in urine.", "Bilirubin. Bilirubin is very similar to the pigment phycobilin used by certain algae to capture light energy, and to the pigment phytochrome used by plants to sense light. All of these contain an open chain of four pyrrolic rings.", "Urobilinogen. Urobilinogen is a colorless by-product of bilirubin reduction. It is formed in the intestines by bacterial action on bilirubin. About half of the urobilinogen formed is reabsorbed and taken up via the portal vein to the liver, enters circulation and is excreted by the kidney.", "Bilirubin. Under normal circumstances, a tiny amount of urobilinogen, if any, is excreted in the urine. If the liver's function is impaired or when biliary drainage is blocked, some of the conjugated bilirubin leaks out of the hepatocytes and appears in the urine, turning it dark amber. However, in disorders involving hemolytic anemia, an increased number of red blood cells are broken down, causing an increase in the amount of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood. Because the unconjugated bilirubin is not water-soluble, one will not see an increase in bilirubin in the urine. Because there is no problem with the liver or bile systems, this excess unconjugated bilirubin will go through all of the normal processing mechanisms that occur (e.g., conjugation, excretion in bile, metabolism to urobilinogen, reabsorption) and will show up as an increase in urine urobilinogen. This difference between increased urine bilirubin and increased urine urobilinogen helps to distinguish between various disorders in those systems.[13]", "Enterohepatic circulation. Bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver by the enzyme glucuronyltransferase, making it soluble in water. Much of it goes into the bile and thus out into the small intestine. Although 95% of the secreted bile is reabsorbed by the small intestine, conjugated bilirubin is not reabsorbed in small intestine. All conjugated bilirubin in the large intestine is metabolised by colonic bacteria to urobilinogen, which is then further oxidized to urobilin and stercobilin. Urobilin, stercobilin and their degradation products give feces its brown color. [2] However, just like bile, some of the urobilinogen reabsorbed is resecreted in the bile which is also part of enterohepatic circulation. The rest of the reabsorbed urobilinogen is excreted in the urine where it is converted to an oxidized form, urobilin, which gives urine its characteristic yellow color.", "Chromophore. Some of these are metal complex chromophores, which contain a metal in a coordination complex with ligands. Examples are chlorophyll, which is used by plants for photosynthesis and hemoglobin, the oxygen transporter in the blood of vertebrate animals. In these two examples, a metal is complexed at the center of a tetrapyrrole macrocycle ring: the metal being iron in the heme group (iron in a porphyrin ring) of hemoglobin, or magnesium complexed in a chlorin-type ring in the case of chlorophyll. The highly conjugated pi-bonding system of the macrocycle ring absorbs visible light. The nature of the central metal can also influence the absorption spectrum of the metal-macrocycle complex or properties such as excited state lifetime.[2][3][4] The tetrapyrrole moiety in organic compounds which is not macrocyclic but still has a conjugated pi-bond system still acts as a chromophore. Examples of such compounds include bilirubin and urobilin, which exhibit a yellow color.", "Urobilinogen. The urobilinogen in the intestine is directly reduced to brown stercobilin, which gives the feces their characteristic color. It can also be reduced to stercobilinogen, which can then be further oxidized to stercobilin. This constitutes the normal \"enterohepatic urobilinogen cycle\".", "Phytochrome. Chemically, phytochrome consists of a chromophore, a single bilin molecule consisting of an open chain of four pyrrole rings, bonded to the protein moiety. It is the chromophore that absorbs light, and as a result changes the conformation of bilin and subsequently that of the attached protein, changing it from one state or isoform to the other.", "Bilirubin. Bilirubin (formerly referred to as haematoidin and discovered by Rudolf Virchow in 1847[1]) is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates. This catabolism is a necessary process in the body's clearance of waste products that arise from the destruction of aged red blood cells. First the hemoglobin gets stripped of the heme molecule which thereafter passes through various processes of porphyrin catabolism, depending on the part of the body in which the breakdown occurs. For example, the molecules excreted in the urine differ from those in the faeces.[2] The production of biliverdin from heme is the first major step in the catabolic pathway, after which the enzyme biliverdin reductase performs the second step, producing bilirubin from biliverdin.", "Urobilinogen. Low urine urobilinogen may result from complete obstructive jaundice or treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, which destroy the intestinal bacterial flora. (Obstruction of bilirubin passage into the gut or failure of urobilinogen production in the gut.)", "Urobilinogen. Low urine urobilinogen levels may result from congenital enzymatic jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia syndromes) or from treatment with drugs that acidify urine, such as ammonium chloride or ascorbic acid.", "Phytochrome. The phytochrome pigment was identified using a spectrophotometer in 1959 by biophysicist Warren Butler and biochemist Harold Siegelman. Butler was also responsible for the name, phytochrome.", "Heterochromia iridum. Eye color, specifically the color of the irises, is determined primarily by the concentration and distribution of melanin.[4][5] The affected eye may be hyperpigmented (hyperchromic) or hypopigmented (hypochromic).[3] In humans, an increase of melanin production in the eyes indicates hyperplasia of the iris tissues, whereas a lack of melanin indicates hypoplasia. The term is from ancient Greek: ἕτερος, héteros meaning different and χρώμα, chróma meaning color.[6]", "Urine test strip. The test strips use a diazotization reaction in order to detect bilirubin. The bilirubin combines with a diazonium salt (2,4-dichloroaniline or 2,6-dichlorobenzene-diazonium-tetrafluoroborate) in an acid medium to produce an azo dye with colouration that varies from pink to violet:[6]", "Urobilinogen. Urobilinogen (a.k.a. D-urobilinogen) is closely related to two other compounds: mesobilirubinogen (a.k.a. I-urobilinogen) and stercobilinogen (a.k.a. L-urobilinogen).[3] Specifically, urobilinogen can be reduced to form mesobilirubinogen, and mesobilirubinogen can be further reduced to form stercobilinogen.[3] Confusingly, however, all three of these compounds are frequently collectively referred to as \"urobilinogens\".[4]", "Urine test strip. Intestinal bacteria convert the conjugated bilirubin that is excreted by the bile duct into the intestine into urobilinogen and stercobilinogen. Part of the urobilinogen is reabsorbed in the intestine then circulated in the blood to the liver where it is excreted. A small part of this recirculated urobilinogen is filtered out by the kidneys and appears in urine (less than 1 mg/dl urine). The stercobilinogen can not be reabsorbed and remains in the intestine.[15][16]", "Urobilinogen. Elevated levels may indicate hemolytic anaemia (excessive breakdown of red blood cells RBC), overburdening of the liver, increased urobilinogen production, re-absorption – a large hematoma, restricted liver function, hepatic infection, poisoning or liver cirrhosis.[1][2]", "Urine test strip. False positive reactions can be due to unusual pigments in the urine (for example, yellowy orange phenazopyridine metabolites, indican and the metabolites of the medicine Lodine (Etodolac)). False negatives can also be given by poorly stored samples as the bilirubin is photosensitive and undergoes photo oxidation to biliverdin when it is exposed to light, or hydrolysis of the glucuronide can occur producing free bilirubin which is less reactive.[6]", "Urinary cast. Formed by the adhesion of metabolic breakdown products or drug pigments, these casts are so named due to their discoloration. Pigments include those produced endogenously, such as hemoglobin in hemolytic anemia, myoglobin in rhabdomyolysis, and bilirubin in liver disease. Drug pigments, such as phenazopyridine, may also cause cast discoloration.", "BUN-to-creatinine ratio. There are two general methods for the measurement of urea nitrogen. The diacetyl, or Fearon, reaction develops a yellow chromogen with urea, and this is quantified by photometry. It has been modified for use in autoanalyzers and generally gives relatively accurate results. It still has limited specificity, however, as illustrated by spurious elevations with sulfonylurea compounds, and by colorimetric interference from hemoglobin when whole blood is used.", "Urine. Dark red urine due to choluria." ]

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[ "Chinese name. Proper use of Pinyin (\"romanization\") means treating the surname and given name as precisely two separate words with no spaces between the letters of multiple Chinese characters. For example, \"王秀英\" is properly rendered either with its tone marks as \"Wáng Xiùyīng\" or without as \"Wang Xiuying\", but should not be written as \"Wang Xiu Ying\", \"Wang XiuYing\", \"Wangxiuying\", and so on. In the rare cases where a surname consists of more than one character, it too should be written as a unit: \"Sima Qian\", not \"Si Ma Qian\" or \"Si Maqian\". However, as the Chinese language makes almost no use of spaces, native speakers often do not know these rules and simply put a space between each Chinese character of their name, causing those used to alphabetical languages to think of the xing and ming as three words instead of two.", "Middle name. Some Chinese Americans move their Chinese given name (transliterated into the Latin alphabet) to the middle name position and use an English first name, e.g. James Chu-yu Soong, Jerry Chih-Yuan Yang, and Michelle Wingshan Kwan. The Chinese given name usually has two characters which are usually combined into a single middle name for better organizational purposes, especially with Cantonese names, such as Bruce Lee's middle name, Junfan. There are also some new immigrants whose Chinese given names are their first names followed by English middle names.", "Talk:Chinese name. For instance, my wife's chinese name is: \"Lai Sin Ho\"; 'Lai' is the family name, 'Sin' is her middle given name, and 'Ho' is her main given name.", "Chinese name. Modern Chinese names consist of a surname known as xing (姓, xìng), which comes first and is usually but not always monosyllabic, followed by a personal name called ming (名, míng), which is nearly always mono- or disyllabic. Prior to the 20th century, educated Chinese also utilized a \"courtesy name\" or \"style name\" called zi (字, zì) by which they were known among those outside their family and closest friends.", "Middle name. Middle names do not traditionally exist for the Chinese people. Most Chinese names consist of three characters – the surname, followed by a two-character given name (ming), which is not separated into a first and middle name in usage. Some Chinese given names contain only one syllable (e.g. Wong Kit). In some cases, two-character given names follow a naming tradition in which the first character of the given name (and thus the second character in the three-character full name) indicates the person's generation in his/her family. For example, the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty has the given name Yinzhen (胤禛) while his brothers' names all begin with the character \"Yin\" (胤). His sons' and nephews' given names all begin with the character Hong (弘). Traditionally, the list of generational names may be decided many generations in advance by the ancestors. In such naming systems, the de facto given name is the last character of a person's full name. Even if that was the case most of the time, sometimes the person's given name is the middle character and not the last. The one that's common in all the names of a generation of children of the same gender determines the \"generation name\".", "Talk:Chinese name. The chinese (at least here in malaysia) order their name as: <family> <middle> <first>", "Talk:Chinese name. The article currently reads: There are 3 variations: Western name, surname, and Chinese given name, in that order (\"Fred Yao Ming\"). Western name, Chinese given name, and surname (\"Fred Ming Yao\"). Or surname, Chinese given name, followed by Western name (\"Yao Ming Fred\"). Is this accurate? I fail to understand the reasoning behind the third variation, which seems a rather awkward \"adapation\" to Western naming conventions. It seems rather a maladaption (a mistake), as it neglects the name inversion which the major point of the exercise in the first place--unless the intent of the person is to become known as \"Mr. Fred\". Robert K S (talk) 20:48, 10 February 2009 (UTC)", "Double-barrelled name. A Chinese compound surname is a Chinese surname using more than one character. Many of these surnames derive from noble and official titles, professions, place names and other areas, to serve for a purpose. Some are originally non-Han, while others were created by joining two one-character family names. Only a few of these names (e.g. Ouyang, Shangguan, Sima, Situ) survive in modern times. Many clans eventually took on a single-character surname for various reasons. A small minority of Koreans and Vietnamese also have compound surnames. In 2007, PRC officials suggested that parents should be encouraged to create two-syllable (two-character) surnames for their children by combining their parents' (one-syllable) surnames; this could make people's names more unique, and \"could help solve the problem of widely recurring names\".[13]", "Meteor Garden (2018 TV series). The Chinese names of the characters are transcribed using official Pinyin transcription. Chinese surnames are Dong, Daoming, Huaze, Feng, Yan, etc. First names often consist of 1 or 2 characters. Examples are Shancai, Si, Lei, Meizuo, Ximen. There are about 20 Chinese compound surnames and this does not include Daoming. So the name of male lead is written as Dao Mingsi (道明寺), where Ming (明) is the generational name in the first name. This is the first of the two characters in the first names among all members which are cycled through the generations in this Dao family.", "Chinese name. Given names resonant of qualities which are perceived to be either masculine or feminine are frequently given, with males being linked with strength and firmness and females with beauty and flowers. It is also more common for female names to employ diminutives like Xiǎo or doubled characters in their formal names, although there are famous male examples such as Li Xiaoping and Yo-Yo Ma. People from the countryside previously often bore names that reflect rural life—for example, Daniu (大牛, lit. \"Big Ox\") and Dazhu (大柱, lit. \"Big Pole\")—but such names are becoming less common.", "Chinese surname. Some examples:", "Chinese surname. See List of common Chinese surnames for the different spellings and more examples.", "Mandarin Chinese. The singular pronouns in Mandarin are wǒ (我) \"I\", nǐ (你 or 妳) \"you\", nín (您) \"you (formal)\", and tā (他, 她 or 它) \"he/she/it\", with -men (们們) added for the plural. Further, there is a distinction between the plural first-person pronoun zánmen (咱们/咱們), which is inclusive of the listener, and wǒmen (我们/我們), which may be exclusive of the listener. Dialects of Mandarin agree with each other quite consistently on these pronouns. While the first and second person singular pronouns are cognate with forms in other varieties of Chinese, the rest of the pronominal system is a Mandarin innovation (e.g., Shanghainese has non 侬/儂 \"you\" and yi 伊 \"he/she\").[75]", "Varieties of Chinese. First- and second-person pronouns are cognate across all varieties.\nFor third-person pronouns, Jin, Mandarin, and Xiang varieties have cognate forms, but other varieties generally use forms that originally had a velar or glottal initial:[100]", "Chinese name. The usual presentation of Chinese names in English differs from the usual presentations of modern Japanese names, since modern Japanese names are usually reversed to fit the western order in English.[22] In English the presentation of Chinese names is similar to those of Korean names.[23] Edith Terry, author of How Asia Got Rich, said that \"it was one of the ironies of the late twentieth century that Japan remained stranded in the formal devices underlining its historical quest for equality with the West, while China set its own terms, in language as in big-power politics.\"[22] As of 1989, Pinyin became the preferred romanization system in works discussing contemporary China, while English-language books relevant to Japanese history still used the Wade–Giles system to romanize Chinese names more often than other romanization systems.[24] As of 1993, Wade–Giles was still used in Taiwan.[25] Unlike mainland Chinese, Taiwanese people usually place a dash between the two characters of the given name, similar to Korean names. This is also the case for the standard styling of Hong Kong Chinese names, where the given name is hyphenated.[26][27][28] Names of Malaysian Chinese and Singaporean Chinese people are often expressed in three parts (e.g., Goh Chok Tong).[29]", "Han (Chinese surname). Han (simplified Chinese: 韩; traditional Chinese: 韓; pinyin: Hán; Korean: 한) is a common Chinese surname. The spelling \"Han\" is based on China's pinyin system and so used throughout Mainland China. Spelling can vary from 'Hon' in Cantonese-speaking areas to 'Hang' in Hainan.", "Chinese name. When speaking of non-family social acquaintances, people are generally referred to by a title, for example Mother Li (simplified Chinese: 李妈妈; traditional Chinese: 李媽媽; pinyin: lǐ māma) or Mrs. Zhu (朱太太, pinyin: zhū tàitai). Personal names are used when referring to adult friends or to children, although, unlike in the west, referring to somebody by their full name (including surname) is common even among friends, especially if the person's full name is only two syllables. It is common to refer to a person as lǎo (老, old) or xiǎo (小, young) followed by their family name, thus Lǎo Wáng (老王) or Xiǎo Zhāng (小張, 小张). Xiǎo is also frequently used as a diminutive, when it is typically paired with the second or only character in a person's name, rather than the surname. Note that because old people are well respected in Chinese society, lǎo (old) does not carry disrespect, offense or any negative implications even if it is used to refer to an older woman. Despite this, it is advisable for non-Chinese to avoid calling a person xiǎo-something or lǎo-something unless they are so-called by other Chinese people and it is clear that the appellation is acceptable and widely used. Otherwise, the use of the person's full name, or alternatively, their surname followed by xiānsheng (Chinese: 先生, mister) or nǚshì (Chinese: 女士, madam) is relatively neutral and unlikely to cause offense.", "Han (Chinese surname). Less common Chinese surnames romanized as Han include: 寒 (Hán) and 汉/漢 (Hàn). Han (韩) is currently ranked 25th in China in terms of the number of bearers at around 8 million persons.[1]", "Chinese name. In Malaysia and Singapore, it is equally acceptable for Western names to appear before or after the Chinese given name, in Latin characters. Thus, the Singaporean President Tony Tan might see his name written as \"Tony Tan Keng Yam\" or \"Tan Keng Yam Tony\".[citation needed] Individuals are free to register their legal names in either format on their identity cards. In general use, the English name first version is typically preferred as it keeps the correct order for both systems; however, for administrative purposes, the government agencies tend to place the English name last to organize lists of names and databases more easily, similar to the Western practice of organizing names with the last name first followed by a comma (\"Smith, John\").", "Chinese name. While the vast majority of Han Chinese names consist of two or three characters, there are some Han Chinese with longer names, up to 15 characters.[3] In addition, transliteration of ethnic languages into Chinese characters often results in long names.", "Chinese name. Chinese given names (名字, míngzi) show much greater diversity than the surnames, while still being restricted almost universally to one or two syllables. Including variant forms, there are at least 106,000 individual Chinese characters,[7] but as of 2006, in the People's Republic of China Public Security Bureau only approximately 32,000 are supported for computer input[8] and even fewer are in common use. Given names are chosen based on a range of factors, including possession of pleasing sound and tonal qualities, as well as bearing positive associations or a beautiful shape. Two-character ming may be chosen for each character's separate meaning and qualities, but the name remains a single unit which is almost always said together even when the combination no longer 'means' anything.", "Chinese surname. The 55th most common family name \"Xiao\" (肖) appears to be very rare in Hong Kong. This is explained by the fact Hong Kong uses traditional Chinese characters, not simplified Chinese characters. Originally, the surname 蕭 (Xiao) was rather common while the surname 肖 (Xiao) was extremely rare, if not non-existent (it is mentioned only sporadically in historical texts). The first round of simplification in 1956 simplified 蕭 into 萧, keeping 蕭/萧 and 肖 distinct. However the second-round in 1977, which has long been abolished, merged 萧 and 肖 into 肖. Despite the retraction of the second round, some people have kept 肖 as their surname, so that there are now two separate surnames, 萧 and 肖.[citation needed]", "Talk:Chinese name. I understand also that many chinese do NOT have middle name, but this is NOT always the case.", "Talk:Chinese name. In China mainland, Pingyin is officially recognized and widely used, so 王 should be Wang instead of Wong. According to \"The Chinese phonetic alphabet spelling rules for Chinese names\"(中国人名汉语拼音字母拼写规则,GB/T 28039-2011), if not in special cases, Chinese name should be spelled in Pinyin. Even if you are referring to a person from Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan, the Rule states:\"If necessary, you can attach his/her Latin name in brackets or note\" If referring to the special character \"ü\", you can use \"yu\" instead of it.This is a PDF from Ministry of Education website:http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2012/06/01/20120601104529410.pdfLywzc (talk) 08:57, 5 May 2014 (UTC)", "Chinese name. According to the Chicago Manual of Style, Chinese names are indexed by the family name with no inversion and no comma, unless it is of a Chinese person who has adopted a Western name.[30]", "Chinese surname. Transliteration of Chinese family names (see List of common Chinese surnames) into foreign languages poses a number of problems. Chinese surnames are shared by people speaking a number of dialects and languages which often have different pronunciations of their surnames. The spread of the Chinese diaspora into all parts of the world resulted in the Romanization of the surnames based on different languages. As a result, it is common for the same surname to be transliterated differently. In certain dialects, different surnames could be homonyms so it is common for family names to appear ambiguous when transliterated. Example: 鄭/郑 (pinyin: Zheng) can be romanized into Chang, Cheng, Chung, Teh, Tay, Tee, Tsang, Zeng or Zheng, (in pinyin, Chang, Cheng, Zheng and Zeng are all different names). Translating Chinese surnames from foreign transliteration often presents ambiguity. For example, the surname \"Li\" are all mandarin-based pinyin transliteration for the surnames 黎 (Lí); 李, 理 and 里 (Lǐ); 郦/酈, 栗, 厉/厲, and 利 (Lì) depending on the tone which are often omitted in foreign transliterations.", "Chinese surname. Due to the different pronunciation and romanizations, it is sometimes easy to tell whether a Chinese person has origins in China, Hong Kong, Macau, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, or Taiwan. In general people who are Mainland descent will have both their surnames and names in pinyin. Those who are Taiwanese descent use Wade-Giles romanization. People from Southeast Asia (mainly Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines) and Hong Kong usually base their romanization of surnames and names on the Min, Hakka and Cantonese languages. The younger generation from Singapore predominantly have their surname in dialect and given name in English.", "Cheng (surname). In the pinyin system of romanization (usually used in China), the most common surnames romanized as Cheng are 程 and 成.", "Talk:Chinese name. I've attempted to clarify the name-order discussion in the first couple of paragraphs by using further examples based on Yao Ming's name, but I've resorted to giving him the fictional Western \"first\" name Fred in the two final examples. I'm not sure of the easiest way to indicate that he's not really named Fred (a peril of mixing real and fictitious examples, I guess).", "Surnames by country. In Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese, surnames are predominantly monosyllabic (written with one character), though a small number of common disyllabic (or written with two characters) surnames exists (e.g. the Chinese name Ouyang, the Korean name Jegal and the Vietnamese name Phan-Tran).", "Chinese surname. Chinese family names are patrilineal, passed from father to children. (In cases of adoption, the adoptee usually also takes the same surname.) Women do not normally change their surnames upon marriage, except in places with more Western influences such as Hong Kong. Traditionally Chinese surnames have been exogamous.[1][2]", "Chinese surname. Chinese surnames are used by Han Chinese and Sinicized ethnic groups in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Brunei, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam and among overseas Chinese communities. In ancient times two types of surnames existed, namely xing (Chinese: 姓; pinyin: xìng) or clan names, and shi (Chinese: 氏; pinyin: shì) or lineage names." ]

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[ "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most titles won", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most titles won by a confederation", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most consecutive championships", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most appearances, never winning a title", "List of FIFA World Cup winners. The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different nations. Brazil has won the most titles, five. The current champion is France, who won the title in 2018.", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most tournaments won", "South America. South America shares with Europe supremacy over the sport of football as all winners in FIFA World Cup history and all winning teams in the FIFA Club World Cup have come from these two continents. Brazil holds the record at the FIFA World Cup with five titles in total. Argentina and Uruguay have two titles each. So far four South American nations have hosted the tournament including the first edition in Uruguay (1930). The other three were Brazil (1950, 2014), Chile (1962), and Argentina (1978).", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most consecutive championships by a confederation", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most World Cup appearances", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most championship wins as player and head coach", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Fewest appearances, winning a title", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most populated champion", "List of FIFA World Cup finals. In the 21 tournaments held, 79 nations have appeared at least once. Of these, 13 have made it to the final match, and eight have won.[n 1] With five titles, Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament.[4] Italy and Germany have four titles. Current champion France, along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina, have two titles each, while England and Spain have one each. The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy, and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy.[5]", "List of FIFA World Cup winners. Zagallo (twice), Beckenbauer and France's Didier Deschamps also won the title as players.", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most matches won", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most matches won", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most won in one tournament", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most tournaments on national team", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most consecutive wins", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most consecutive wins", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most victories over former World Cup winning teams[v]", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most finishes in the top two without ever being champion", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most appearances in a World Cup final", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most matches between former World Cup champions[v]", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Fewest wins, champions", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most finishes in the top three without ever being champion", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most finishes in the top four without ever being champion", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most consecutive finals tournaments", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most appearances, never reaching a final", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most finals played, never lost", "Germany at the FIFA World Cup. Miroslav Klose, who is only one match behind, also holds the record for most victories at FIFA World Cups (17).", "FIFA World Cup. With five titles, Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup (20) to date.[79] Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third (1970), fourth (1994) and fifth (2002) time. Italy (1934 and 1938) and Brazil (1958 and 1962) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles. West Germany (1982–1990) and Brazil (1994–2002) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals. Germany has made the most top-four finishes (13), medals (12), as well as the most finals (8)." ]

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[ "Sundae. This sundae features a scoop of vanilla ice cream with chocolate sauce and a scoop of chocolate ice cream with creamy white marshmallow sauce, topped with Spanish peanuts.[citation needed] The Tin Roof Sundae was created in 1916, at the Potter Drug Co., in Potter, Nebraska, owned by pharmacist James Earl Thayer. His son, Harold Dean “Pinky” Thayer, worked in the soda fountain as a teenager, and is credited for inventing the ice cream treat. According to Dr. J.E. Thayer of Sidney, there are two stories of how the sundae got its name. The first is that it was inspired by the tin ceiling in the business; the other is that the stable across the street had a tin roof and that he named it after that.[13] The Tin Roof Sundae can still be enjoyed in Potter, Nebraska, where the Potter Drug Co., now called the Potter Sundry, is still in operation.", "Ice cream. Ice cream soda was invented in the 1870s, adding to ice cream's popularity. The invention of this cold treat is attributed to American Robert Green in 1874, although there is no conclusive evidence to prove his claim. The ice cream sundae originated in the late 19th century. Several men claimed to have created the first sundae, but there is no conclusive evidence to support any of their stories. Some sources say that the sundae was invented to circumvent blue laws, which forbade serving sodas on Sunday. Towns claiming to be the birthplace of the sundae include Buffalo, Two Rivers, Ithaca, and Evanston. Both the ice cream cone and banana split became popular in the early 20th century.", "Sundae. Supporting Ithaca's claim to be \"the birthplace of the ice cream sundae\", researchers at The History Center in Tompkins County, New York, provide an account of how the sundae came to be: On Sunday, April 3, 1892, in Ithaca, John M. Scott, a Unitarian Church minister, and Chester Platt, co-owner of Platt & Colt Pharmacy, created the first historically documented sundae.[6][5][dead link][11] Platt covered dishes of ice cream with cherry syrup and candied cherries on a whim. The men named the dish \"Cherry Sunday\" in honor of the day it was created. The oldest-known written evidence of a sundae is Platt & Colt's newspaper ad for a \"Cherry Sunday\" placed in the Ithaca Daily Journal on April 5, 1892. By May 1892, the Platt & Colt soda fountain also served \"Strawberry Sundays\" and later, \"Chocolate Sundays\".", "Sundae. Plainfield, Illinois has also claimed to be the home of the very first ice cream sundae. A local belief is that a Plainfield druggist named Mr. Sonntag created the dish \"after the urgings of patrons to serve something different.\" He named it the \"sonntag\" after himself, and since Sonntag means Sunday in German, the name was translated to Sunday, and later was spelled sundae.[12] Charles Sonntag established himself as a pharmacist after graduating from pharmacy school in 1890. He worked for several years under the employ of two local druggists, Dr. David W. Jump and F. R. Tobias. Sonntag established his own pharmacy (as early as 1893 and no later than 1895) in a building constructed in the months following a December 1891 fire that devastated one side of the town's business district. His store advertised \"Sonntag's Famous Soda\" and was, likely, the first soda fountain in the Village of Plainfield.[citation needed]", "Sundae. Ice cream sundae soon became the weekend semi-official soda fountain confection in the beginning of the 1900s and quickly gained popularity. The Ice Cream Trade Journal for 1909 along with plain, or French sundae, listed such exotic varieties as Robin Hood sundae, Cocoa Caramel sundae, Black Hawk sundae, Angel Cake sundae, Cherry Dip sundae, Cinnamon Peak sundae, Opera sundae, Fleur D'Orange sundae, Knickerbocker sundae, Tally-Ho Sundae, Bismarck and George Washington sundaes, to name a few.[2]", "Sundae. The original sundae consists of vanilla ice cream topped with a flavored sauce or syrup, whipped cream, and a maraschino cherry. Classic sundaes are typically named after flavored syrup employed in the recipe: cherry sundae, chocolate sundae, strawberry sundae, raspberry sundae, etc. The classic sundae is traditionally served in a tulip-shaped, footed glass vase. Due to the long association between the shape of the glass and the dessert, this style of serving dish is generally now known as a sundae glass.", "Sundae. Buffalo's Stoddart Bros. Drug Store advertised serving up ice cream garnished with fruit syrup and whipped cream, in the pages of The Buffalo Evening News and the Buffalo Courier, as early as 1889. While there is no reference to naming this creation a \"sundae\", the elements of a modern sundae are present.[8]", "Sundae. Various localities have claimed to be the birthplace of the ice cream sundae, including Plainfield, Illinois; New Orleans, Louisiana; Cleveland, Ohio; and New York City.", "Sundae. Among the many stories about the invention of the sundae, a frequent theme is that the ice cream sundae was a variation of the popular ice cream soda. According to documentation published by the Evanston Public Library (Illinois), the drinking of soda was outlawed on Sundays in Illinois.[1]", "Sundae. Residents of Two Rivers have contested the claims of other cities to the right to claim the title \"birthplace of the ice cream sundae\". When Ithaca, New York, mayor Carolyn K. Peterson proclaimed a day to celebrate her city as the birthplace of the sundae, she received postcards from Two Rivers' citizens reiterating that town's claim.[7]", "Ithaca, New York. Ithaca claims to be the birthplace of the ice cream sundae, created in 1892 when fountain shop owner Chester Platt \"served his local priest vanilla ice cream covered in cherry syrup with a dark candied cherry on top. The priest suggested the dessert be named after the day, Sunday—although the spelling was later changed out of fear some would find it offensive.\"[15] The local Unitarian church, where the priest, Rev. John Scott, preached, has an annual \"Sundae Sunday\" every September in commemoration.[10][16] Ithaca's claim has long been disputed by Two Rivers, Wisconsin. Also in 1892, the Ithaca Kitty became one of the first mass-produced stuffed animal toys in the United States.[17]", "Sundae. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the origin of the term sundae is obscure; however, it is generally accepted that the spelling \"sundae\" derives from the English word \"Sunday\".[1]", "Sundae. Platt & Colt's \"Sundays\" grew so popular that by 1894, Chester Platt attempted to trademark the term ice cream \"Sunday\".[6]", "Sundae. Evanston was one of the first locations to pass a blue law against selling ice cream sodas in 1890. \"Some ingenious confectioners and drug store operators [in Evanston]... obeying the law, served ice cream with the syrup of your choice without the soda [on Sundays]. Thereby complying with the law… This sodaless soda was the Sunday soda.\"[1] As sales of the dessert continued on Mondays, local Methodist leaders then objected to naming the dish after the Sabbath, so the spelling of the name was changed to sundae.[9][10]", "Sundae. The sundae ( /ˈsʌndeɪ, ˈsʌndi/) is a sweet ice cream dessert. It typically consists of one or more scoops of ice cream topped with sauce or syrup, and in some cases other toppings including sprinkles, whipped cream, peanuts, maraschino cherries, or other fruits (e.g., bananas and pineapple in a banana split.).", "Sundae. Two Rivers' claim is based on the story of George Hallauer asking Edward C. Berners, the owner of Berners' Soda Fountain, to drizzle chocolate syrup over ice cream in 1881. Berners eventually did and wound up selling the treat for a nickel, originally only on Sundays, but later every day. According to this story, the spelling changed when a glass salesman ordered canoe-shaped dishes. When Berners died in 1939, the Chicago Tribune headlined his obituary \"Man Who Made First Ice Cream Sundae Is Dead\".[3][4] Two Ithaca High School students, however, claim that Berners would have only been 16 or 17 in 1881, so it is therefore \"improbable\" that he would have owned an ice cream shop in that year. They also state that the obituary dates Berners' first sundae to 1899 rather than 1881.[5][6]", "Sundae. Other origin stories for the sundae focus on the novelty or inventiveness of the treat or the name of the originator, and make no mention of legal pressures.", "Fried ice cream. There are conflicting stories about the dessert's origin. Some claim that it was first served during the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, where the ice cream sundae was also invented.[1] Though in 1894 a Philadelphia company was given credit for its invention describing : \"A small, solid [cake] of the ice cream is enveloped in a thin sheet of pie crust and then dipped into boiling lard or butter to cook the outside to a crisp. Served immediately, the ice cream is found to be as solidly frozen as it was first prepared.\".[2][3] A third claim, beginning in the 1960s proposes that fried ice cream was invented by Japanese tempura restaurants.[4]", "Sundae. This ice cream sundae is served in a large tall glass, consisting of layers of ice cream, jelly, and cream, topped with syrup, nuts, whipped cream, and often a cherry; it is popular in the United Kingdom.", "Banana split. David Evans Strickler, a 23-year-old apprentice pharmacist at Tassel Pharmacy, located at 805 Ligonier Street in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, who enjoyed inventing sundaes at the store's soda fountain, invented the banana-based triple ice cream sundae in 1904.[4] The sundae originally cost 10 cents, twice the price of other sundaes, and caught on with students of nearby Saint Vincent College. News of a new variety of sundae quickly spread by word-of-mouth and through correspondence and soon progressed far beyond Latrobe.[5] A popular recipe published in 1907 called for a lengthwise split banana, two scoops of ice cream at each end and a spoon of whipped cream in between with maraschino cherry on a top, with one end covered with chopped mixed nuts and another with chopped mixed fruits.[6]", "Ice cream cone. In 1959, Spica, an Italian ice cream manufacturer based in Naples, invented a process whereby the inside of the waffle cone was insulated from the ice cream by a layer of oil, sugar and chocolate. Spica registered the name Cornetto in 1960. Initial sales were poor, but in 1976 Unilever bought out Spica and began a mass-marketing campaign throughout Europe. Cornetto is now one of the most popular ice creams in the world.", "Neapolitan ice cream. Neapolitan ice cream was named in the late 19th century as a reflection of its presumed origins in the cuisine of the Italian city of Naples, and the many Neapolitan immigrants who brought their expertise in frozen desserts with them to the United States. Spumone was introduced to the United States in the 1870s as Neapolitan-style ice cream. Early recipes used a variety of flavors; however, the number of three molded together was a common denominator, to resemble the Italian flag (cf. insalata tricolore). More than likely, chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry became the standard for the reason that they were the most popular flavors in the United States at the time of introduction.[3]", "Ice cream. An early reference to ice cream given by the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1744, reprinted in a magazine in 1877. \"1744 in Pennsylvania Mag. Hist. & Biogr. (1877) I. 126 Among the rarities..was some fine ice cream, which, with the strawberries and milk, eat most deliciously.\"[15]", "Ice cream. The first mention of the cone being used as an edible receptacle for the ice cream is in Mrs. A.B. Marshall's Book of Cookery of 1888. Her recipe for \"Cornet with Cream\" said that \"the cornets were made with almonds and baked in the oven, not pressed between irons\".[22][23][24][25] The ice cream cone was popularized in the USA at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, MO.[26]", "Neapolitan ice cream. John F. Mariani, in The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink: \"Eighteenth century... confectioners' shops [were] very often run by Italians. Consequently ice creams were often called 'Italian ice creams' or 'Neapolitan ice creams' throughout the nineteenth century, and the purveying of such confections became associated with Italian immigrants.\"[6]", "Vanilla ice cream. Ice cream can be traced back to the Yuan period of the fourteenth century. There is evidence that ice cream was served in the Mogul Court. The idea of using a mixture of ice and salt for its refrigerating effects, which is a part of the process of creating ice cream, originated in Asia. The method spread from the East to Europe when the Arabs and the Moors traveled to Spain, between 711 and 1492. [6] Once the refrigerating method of mixing ice and salt had spread to Europe, the Italians became involved in making ice cream. [2] By the early eighteenth century, recipes for ice cream had appeared in France. According to Frozen Desserts: The Definitive Guide to Making Ice Creams, Ices, Sorbets, Gelati, and Other Frozen Delights, the French transformed ice cream into a smoother and richer food with the addition of eggs or egg yolks in the recipe. The first ice cream recipes recorded by the French in the early eighteenth century did not include egg yolks. However, by the middle of the eighteenth century, French recipes for ice cream started to include egg yolks. [6]", "Ice cream. Ice cream recipes first appeared in England in the 18th century. The recipe for ice cream was published in Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts in London in 1718.[13][14]", "Breyers. In the Western U.S. and Texas,[13] Breyers ice cream is sometimes confused with Dreyer's ice cream.[citation needed] While Henry Breyer founded Breyers in 1908 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, William Dreyer and Joseph Edy co-founded their ice cream company, Edy's Grand Ice Cream, in 1928 in Oakland, California. However, the roots of this confusion date to 1953, when \"Edy's Grand Ice Cream\" changed its name to \"Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream\". Seeking to eliminate confusion between the two, Dreyer's changed the brand name of its products sold in the home market of Breyers from \"Dreyer's Grand\" to \"Edy's Grand\" in 1981.[14] Around that same time Breyers had begun an expansion towards the west coast - the home market of Dreyer's - and by the mid-1980s was distributing ice cream throughout the western U.S. and Texas.[15] Unlike Dreyer's, Breyers kept its brand name nationally, and as a result, both Breyers and Dreyer's can be found on store shelves in the western U.S. and Texas.[13][15]", "Culture of the United Kingdom. The first English recipe for ice cream was published in Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts in London in 1718, and arguably the earliest reference to an edible ice cream cone, \"cornet with cream\", appears in Agnes Marshall's 1888 cookbook.[286] The 18th-century English aristocrat John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich is best known for his links to the modern concept of the sandwich which was named after him. When he ordered his valet to bring him meat tucked between two pieces of bread, others began to order \"the same as Sandwich!\".[287] In the city of Leeds in 1767, Joseph Priestley made his \"happiest\" discovery when he invented carbonated water (also known as soda water), the major and defining component of most soft drinks.[288] Carbonated lemonade was available in British refreshment stalls in 1833, with R. White's Lemonade sold in 1845.", "Ice cream cone. In 1904, at the St. Louis World's Fair a Syrian/Lebanese concessionaire named Arnold Fornachou had his ice cream booth, when he ran short on paper cups, he was next to an waffle vendor, who sold Fornachou waffles. Fornachou rolled a waffle to contain the ice cream. And the ice cream cone was born.", "Ice cream. The history of ice cream in the 20th century is one of great change and increases in availability and popularity. In the United States in the early 20th century, the ice cream soda was a popular treat at the soda shop, the soda fountain, and the ice cream parlor. During the American Prohibition, the soda fountain to some extent replaced the outlawed alcohol establishments such as bars and saloons.", "Ice cream parlor. While the origins of ice cream are often debated, most scholars trace the first ice cream parlor back to France in the 17th century. In 1686, Francesco Procopio del Coltelli opened Paris' first café. The Café Procope, named by its Sicilian founder, introduced gelato to the French public. The dessert was served to its elite guests in small porcelain bowls.[1]" ]

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[ "Georgia elections, 2018. House Minority Leader for the Georgia General Assembly and Democrat Stacey Abrams is running for governor.[1] Incumbent Republican Lieutenant Governor Casey Cagle was running for governor but was defeated in the run-off election by Secretary of State Brian Kemp.[2] Libertarian Ted Metz is also running for Governor. [3]", "Georgia elections, 2018. Incumbent Republican Secretary of State Brian Kemp is running for governor.[15]", "Democratic Party of Georgia. The Democratic Party of Georgia entered the 2010 elections with hopes that former Governor Roy Barnes could win back the Governor's Mansion. Polls showed a tight race between Barnes and Republican gubernatorial nominee Nathan Deal,[2] with some predicting a runoff election.[3] However, on election day, Republicans won every statewide office.[4]", "Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018. The 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to elect the next Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia. Incumbent Republican Governor Nathan Deal is term-limited and thus cannot seek reelection to a third consecutive term. The primary elections will be held on May 22, 2018 and a primary runoff (if necessary) will be held on July 24, 2018.", "List of Governors of Georgia. The current governor is Republican Nathan Deal who assumed office on January 10, 2011.", "United States Senate elections, 2014. Political activist Derrick Grayson,[163] Representatives Jack Kingston of Georgia's 1st congressional district,[164] Paul Broun of Georgia's 10th congressional district,[165] and Phil Gingrey of Georgia's 11th congressional district[166] all declared their candidacy for the Republican nomination, as did former Secretary of State Karen Handel[167] and wealthy businessman David Perdue, cousin of former Governor Sonny Perdue.[168] In the May 20 primary, no candidate received a majority of votes, so the top two candidates faced each other in a runoff; Perdue won against Kingston in the runoff primary election on July 22 with 50.9% of the vote.[169]", "Georgia elections, 2018. As of November 2017, the declared Democratic candidate is Sarah Riggs Amico, an auto executive.[8] Potential Democratic candidates include 2010 Attorney General nominee, former Dougherty County District Attorney Ken Hodges.[9]", "Georgia elections, 2018. Cindy Zeldin, executive director of Georgians for a Healthy Future, is running for the Democratic nomination.[22]", "Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018. with Brian Kemp", "Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018. with Stacey Abrams", "Georgia elections, 2018. Potential Democratic candidates include Georgia Association of Educators President Sid Chapman and former National PTA President Otha Thornton.[24]", "Democratic Party of Georgia. The Democratic Party of Georgia is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is one of the two major political parties in the state.", "Democratic Party of Georgia. Four Democrats represent Georgia in the United States House of Representatives. The Democrats do not hold either of the two United State Senate seats. To date, the last Democratic senator from Georgia was Zell Miller, serving from 2000-2005.", "Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018. Nathan Deal\nRepublican", "Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018. with Stacey Evans", "Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018. with Casey Cagle", "Georgia Secretary of State election, 2018. Incumbent Republican Secretary of State Brian Kemp is not running for re-election in order to run for governor.[1]", "Georgia elections, 2018. The Democratic nominee is former U.S. Representative from Georgia's 12th congressional district, John Barrow, who defeated Dee Dawkins-Haigler and Rakeim \"RJ\" Hadley in the primary.[18]", "Democratic Party of Georgia. From 1872 to 2002, the Democratic Party controlled the Governor's Mansion, both houses of the state legislature and most statewide offices.", "Georgia elections, 2018. Potential Republican candidates include Georgia Senate President Pro Tempore David Shafer, State Representative Geoff Duncan, Senate Majority Leader Bill Cowsert, State Senator Butch Miller, State Senator Burt Jones, Secretary of State Brian Kemp, Public Service Commissioner Tim Echols and former adjutant general of the Georgia National Guard Jim Butterworth.[4][5] State Representative Allen Peake was also speculated as a potential candidate, but has ruled out a bid.[6][7]", "Georgia lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2018. The 2018 Georgia lieutenant gubernatorial election will be held on November 6, 2018, to elect the Lieutenant Governor of Georgia, concurrently with the 2018 gubernatorial election, as well as elections to the United States Senate and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections.", "Democratic Party of Georgia. After switching to the Republican Party in 1998, Sonny Perdue went on to defeat Democrat Roy Barnes in the 2002 gubernatorial election. Perdue's unexpected victory marked the beginning of a decline for the Democratic Party of Georgia.", "Democratic Party of Georgia. Officers of the Democratic Party of Georgia are elected by the state Democratic committee at a January meeting following each regular gubernatorial election.[7] Democratic Party of Georgia officers serve four-year terms, and there is no limit on the number of terms an individual can serve as a Democratic Party of Georgia officer. Below are the current officers of the Democratic Party of Georgia:", "Georgia lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2018. Incumbent Republican Lieutenant Governor Casey Cagle is not running for re-election in order to run for governor.[1]", "Georgia elections, 2018. Potential Republican candidates include State Senator Josh McKoon and former State Representative B.J. Pak.[10][11]", "Democratic Party of Georgia. The Democratic Party of Georgia controls none of the fourteen state constitutional offices. The Democrats control 20 of the 56 senatorial seats and 63 of 180 state house seats. Two-year terms of office apply to both houses, and the entire membership of each body is elected at the same time in even-numbered years.", "Democratic Party of Georgia. Members of United States Congress", "Georgia (U.S. state). For more than 130 years, from 1872 to 2003, Georgians nominated and elected only white Democratic governors, and white Democrats held the majority of seats in the General Assembly.[66] Most of the Democrats elected throughout these years were Southern Democrats, who were fiscally and socially conservative by national standards.[67][68] This voting pattern continued after the segregationist period.[69]", "United States Senate elections, 2008. Martin, current Georgia Commissioner of Human Resources, former member of the Georgia General Assembly, Vietnam War veteran, and 2006 candidate for Lieutenant Governor, secured the Democratic nomination after defeating Dekalb County CEO Vernon Jones by a 59% to 41% margin in the August 5 run-off election.", "Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018. Websites and newspapers", "Georgia elections, 2018. [10]Potential Democratic candidates included State Representative Stacey Evans and former Georgia Judicial Qualifications Commission Chair Lester Tate.[12][13] 2010 nominee and former Dougherty County District Attorney Ken Hodges was considered a potential candidate, but has decided to run for a seat on the Georgia Court of Appeals instead.[13] Columbus Mayor Teresa Tomlinson has ruled out running for Attorney General.[14] As of July 2018, Charlie Bailey, former Senior Assistant District Attorney in the Fulton County District Attorney’s office, was running.", "Georgia lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2018. Casey Cagle\nRepublican" ]

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[ "Stone Age. These facts show that there were sufficient resources and co-operation to enable large groups to work on these projects. To what extent this was a basis for the development of elites and social hierarchies is a matter of ongoing debate.[56] Although some late Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms similar to Polynesian societies such as the Ancient Hawaiians, based on the societies of modern tribesmen at an equivalent technological level, most Neolithic societies were relatively simple and egalitarian.[57] A comparison of art in the two ages leads some theorists to conclude that Neolithic cultures were noticeably more hierarchical than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them.[58]", "Prehistory. \"Neolithic\" means \"New Stone Age.\" Although there were several species of human beings during the Paleolithic, by the Neolithic only Homo sapiens sapiens remained.[15] (Homo floresiensis may have survived right up to the very dawn of the Neolithic, about 12,200 years ago.)[16] This was a period of primitive technological and social development. It began about 10,200 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world[17] and ended between 4,500 and 2,000 BC. The Neolithic is a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals.", "Paleolithic. Paleolithic peoples suffered less famine and malnutrition than the Neolithic farming tribes that followed them.[22][116] This was partly because Paleolithic hunter-gatherers accessed a wider variety natural foods, which allowed them a more nutritious diet and a decreased risk of famine.[22][24][67] Many of the famines experienced by Neolithic (and some modern) farmers were caused or amplified by their dependence on a small number of crops.[22][24][67] It is thought that wild foods can have a significantly different nutritional profile than cultivated foods.[117] The greater amount of meat obtained by hunting big game animals in Paleolithic diets than Neolithic diets may have also allowed Paleolithic hunter-gatherers to enjoy a more nutritious diet than Neolithic agriculturalists.[116] It has been argued that the shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture resulted in an increasing focus on a limited variety of foods, with meat likely taking a back seat to plants.[118] It is also unlikely that Paleolithic hunter-gatherers were affected by modern diseases of affluence such as type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease, because they ate mostly lean meats and plants and frequently engaged in intense physical activity,[119][120] and because the average lifespan was shorter than the age of common onset of these conditions.[121][122]", "Paleolithic. Human societies from the Paleolithic to the early Neolithic farming tribes lived without states and organized governments. For most of the Lower Paleolithic, human societies were possibly more hierarchical than their Middle and Upper Paleolithic descendants, and probably were not grouped into bands,[50] though during the end of the Lower Paleolithic, the latest populations of the hominin Homo erectus may have begun living in small-scale (possibly egalitarian) bands similar to both Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies and modern hunter-gatherers.[50]", "Mesolithic. The Paleolithic was an age of purely hunting and gathering while in the Neolithic domestication of plants and animals had occurred. Some Mesolithic peoples continued with intensive hunting. Others were practising the initial stages of domestication (see Khiamian).", "Paleolithic. The Paleolithic (or \"Palaeolithic\")/ˌpæliːəˈlɪθɪk/ age is a prehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools and covers roughly 95% of human technological prehistory.[1] It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools, probably by Homo habilis initially, 2.6 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BP.[2]", "Neolithic. Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinctive Neolithic cultures that arose completely independently of those in Europe and Southwest Asia.", "Prehistoric technology. The Lower Paleolithic period was the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. It spans the time from around 2.5 million years ago when the first evidence of craft and use of stone tools by hominids appears in the current archaeological record, until around 300,000 years ago, spanning the Oldowan (\"mode 1\") and Acheulean (\"mode 2\") lithic technology.[citation needed]", "Neolithic. The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the Upper Paleolithic to the Neolithic era. In the Paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the Neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster.[51] The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorways were made on the roof, with ladders positioned both on the inside and outside of the houses.[51] The roof was supported by beams from the inside. The rough ground was covered by platforms, mats, and skins on which residents slept.[52] Stilt-houses settlements were common in the Alpine and Pianura Padana (Terramare) region.[53] Remains have been found at the Ljubljana Marshes in Slovenia and at the Mondsee and Attersee lakes in Upper Austria, for example.", "Paleolithic. Anthropologists have typically assumed that in Paleolithic societies, women were responsible for gathering wild plants and firewood, and men were responsible for hunting and scavenging dead animals.[3][38] However, analogies to existent hunter-gatherer societies such as the Hadza people and the Aboriginal Austrialians suggest that the sexual division of labor in the Paleolithic was relatively flexible. Men may have participated in gathering plants, firewood and insects, and women may have procured small game animals for consumption and assisted men in driving herds of large game animals (such as woolly mammoths and deer) off cliffs.[38][55] Additionally, recent research by anthropologist and archaeologist Steven Kuhn from the University of Arizona is argued to support that this division of labor did not exist prior to the Upper Paleolithic and was invented relatively recently in human pre-history.[62][63] Sexual division of labor may have been developed to allow humans to acquire food and other resources more efficiently.[63] Possibly there was approximate parity between men and women during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic, and that period may have been the most gender-equal time in human history.[54][64][65] Archaeological evidence from art and funerary rituals indicates that a number of individual women enjoyed seemingly high status in their communities, and it is likely that both sexes participated in decision making.[65] The earliest known Paleolithic shaman (c. 30,000 BP) was female.[66] Jared Diamond suggests that the status of women declined with the adoption of agriculture because women in farming societies typically have more pregnancies and are expected to do more demanding work than women in hunter-gatherer societies.[67] Like most contemporary hunter-gatherer societies, Paleolithic and the Mesolithic groups probably followed mostly matrilineal and ambilineal descent patterns; patrilineal descent patterns were probably rarer than in the following Neolithic period.[34][52]", "Neolithic. During most of the Neolithic age of Eurasia, people lived in small tribes composed of multiple bands or lineages.[36] There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age.[37] Although some late Eurasian Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms or even states, states evolved in Eurasia only with the rise of metallurgy, and most Neolithic societies on the whole were relatively simple and egalitarian.[36] Beyond Eurasia, however, states were formed during the local Neolithic in three areas, namely in the Preceramic Andes with the Norte Chico Civilization,[38][39] Formative Mesoamerica and Ancient HawaiÊ»i.[40] However, most Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical than the Upper Paleolithic cultures that preceded them and hunter-gatherer cultures in general.[41][42]", "Stone Age. This period is not to be identified with \"Old Stone Age\", a translation of Paleolithic, or with Paleolithic, or with the \"Earlier Stone Age\" that originally meant what became the Paleolithic and Mesolithic. In the initial decades of its definition by the Pan-African Congress of Prehistory, it was parallel in Africa to the Upper and Middle Paleolithic. However, since then Radiocarbon dating has shown that the Middle Stone Age is in fact contemporaneous with the Middle Paleolithic.[59] The Early Stone Age therefore is contemporaneous with the Lower Paleolithic and happens to include the same main technologies, Oldowan and Acheulean, which produced Mode 1 and Mode 2 stone tools respectively. A distinct regional term is warranted, however, by the location and chronology of the sites and the exact typology.", "Paleolithic. Large-seeded legumes were part of the human diet long before the Neolithic Revolution, as evident from archaeobotanical finds from the Mousterian layers of Kebara Cave, in Israel.[123] There is evidence suggesting that Paleolithic societies were gathering wild cereals for food use at least as early as 30,000 years ago.[124] However, seeds—such as grains and beans—were rarely eaten and never in large quantities on a daily basis.[125] Recent archaeological evidence also indicates that winemaking may have originated in the Paleolithic, when early humans drank the juice of naturally fermented wild grapes from animal-skin pouches.[95] Paleolithic humans consumed animal organ meats, including the livers, kidneys, and brains. Upper Paleolithic cultures appear to have had significant knowledge about plants and herbs and may have, albeit very rarely, practiced rudimentary forms of horticulture.[126] In particular, bananas and tubers may have been cultivated as early as 25,000 BP in southeast Asia.[61] Late Upper Paleolithic societies also appear to have occasionally practiced pastoralism and animal husbandry, presumably for dietary reasons. For instance, some European late Upper Paleolithic cultures domesticated and raised reindeer, presumably for their meat or milk, as early as 14,000 BP.[44] Humans also probably consumed hallucinogenic plants during the Paleolithic period.[3] The Aboriginal Australians have been consuming a variety of native animal and plant foods, called bushfood, for an estimated 60,000 years, since the Middle Paleolithic.", "Three-age system. Sir John Lubbock's use of the terms Palaeolithic (\"Old Stone Age\") and Neolithic (\"New Stone Age\") were immediately popular. They were applied, however, in two different senses: geologic and anthropologic. In 1867-1868 Ernst Haeckel in 20 public lectures in Jena, entitled General Morphology, to be published in 1870, referred to the Archaeolithic, the Palaeolithic, the Mesolithic and the Caenolithic as periods in geologic history.[38] He could only have got these terms from Hodder Westropp, who took Palaeolithic from Lubbock, invented Mesolithic (\"Middle Stone Age\") and Caenolithic instead of Lubbock's Neolithic. None of these terms appear anywhere, including the writings of Haeckel, before 1865. Haeckel's use was innovative.", "Paleolithic. Human population density was very low, around only one person per square mile.[3] This was most likely due to low body fat, infanticide, women regularly engaging in intense endurance exercise,[24] late weaning of infants, and a nomadic lifestyle.[3] Like contemporary hunter-gatherers, Paleolithic humans enjoyed an abundance of leisure time unparalleled in both Neolithic farming societies and modern industrial societies.[23][25] At the end of the Paleolithic, specifically the Middle and or Upper Paleolithic, humans began to produce works of art such as cave paintings, rock art and jewellery and began to engage in religious behavior such as burial and ritual.[26]", "Paleolithic. Middle Paleolithic societies, unlike Lower Paleolithic and early Neolithic ones, consisted of bands that ranged from 20–30 or 25–100 members and were usually nomadic.[3][50] These bands were formed by several families. Bands sometimes joined together into larger \"macrobands\" for activities such as acquiring mates and celebrations or where resources were abundant.[3] By the end of the Paleolithic era (c. 10,000 BP), people began to settle down into permanent locations, and began to rely on agriculture for sustenance in many locations. Much evidence exists that humans took part in long-distance trade between bands for rare commodities (such as ochre, which was often used for religious purposes such as ritual[51][52]) and raw materials, as early as 120,000 years ago in Middle Paleolithic.[26] Inter-band trade may have appeared during the Middle Paleolithic because trade between bands would have helped ensure their survival by allowing them to exchange resources and commodities such as raw materials during times of relative scarcity (i.e. famine, drought).[26] Like in modern hunter-gatherer societies, individuals in Paleolithic societies may have been subordinate to the band as a whole.[22][23] Both Neanderthals and modern humans took care of the elderly members of their societies during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic.[26]", "Neolithic. Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age or the New Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the \"Neolithic Revolution\". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regions, in the Iron Age). The Neolithic is a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals.[a]", "Paleolithic. During the Paleolithic period, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and fishing, hunting or scavenging wild animals.[3] The Paleolithic is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Other organic commodities were adapted for use as tools, including leather and vegetable fibers; however, due to their nature, these have not been preserved to any great degree.", "Paleolithic. Humankind gradually evolved from early members of the genus Homo—such as Homo habilis, who used simple stone tools—into fully behaviorally and anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) during the Paleolithic era.[6] During the end of the Paleolithic, specifically the Middle and or Upper Paleolithic, humans began to produce the earliest works of art and engage in religious and spiritual behavior such as burial and ritual.[7][8] The climate during the Paleolithic consisted of a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.[9]", "Paleolithic. Some sources claim that most Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies were possibly fundamentally egalitarian[3][23][38][53] and may have rarely or never engaged in organized violence between groups (i.e. war).[38][54][55][56] Some Upper Paleolithic societies in resource-rich environments (such as societies in Sungir, in what is now Russia) may have had more complex and hierarchical organization (such as tribes with a pronounced hierarchy and a somewhat formal division of labor) and may have engaged in endemic warfare.[38][57] Some argue that there was no formal leadership during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Like contemporary egalitarian hunter-gatherers such as the Mbuti pygmies, societies may have made decisions by communal consensus decision making rather than by appointing permanent rulers such as chiefs and monarchs.[8] Nor was there a formal division of labor during the Paleolithic. Each member of the group was skilled at all tasks essential to survival, regardless of individual abilities. Theories to explain the apparent egalitarianism have arisen, notably the Marxist concept of primitive communism.[58][59] Christopher Boehm (1999) has hypothesized that egalitarianism may have evolved in Paleolithic societies because of a need to distribute resources such as food and meat equally to avoid famine and ensure a stable food supply.[60] Raymond C. Kelly speculates that the relative peacefulness of Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies resulted from a low population density, cooperative relationships between groups such as reciprocal exchange of commodities and collaboration on hunting expeditions, and because the invention of projectile weapons such as throwing spears provided less incentive for war, because they increased the damage done to the attacker and decreased the relative amount of territory attackers could gain.[56] However, other sources claim that most Paleolithic groups may have been larger, more complex, sedentary and warlike than most contemporary hunter-gatherer societies, due to occupying more resource-abundant areas than most modern hunter-gatherers who have been pushed into more marginal habitats by agricultural societies.[61]", "Neolithic. The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200–8800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period lasted between 12,500 and 9,500 BC, and the so-called \"proto-Neolithic\" is now included in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNA) between 10,200 and 8800 BC. As the Natufians had become dependent on wild cereals in their diet, and a sedentary way of life had begun among them, the climatic changes associated with the Younger Dryas are thought to have forced people to develop farming.", "Neolithic. There is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at Linearbandkeramik sites along the Rhine, as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a palisade and an outer ditch.[47][48] Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones have been discovered, such as at the Talheim Death Pit demonstrates \"...systematic violence between groups\" and warfare was probably much more common during the Neolithic than in the preceding Paleolithic period.[42] This supplanted an earlier view of the Linear Pottery Culture as living a \"peaceful, unfortified lifestyle\".[49]", "Three-age system. Between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic, there is a wide and deep gap, a large hiatus.", "Paleolithic. Paleolithic hunting and gathering people ate varying proportions of vegetables (including tubers and roots), fruit, seeds (including nuts and wild grass seeds) and insects, meat, fish, and shellfish.[96][97] However, there is little direct evidence of the relative proportions of plant and animal foods.[98] Although the term \"paleolithic diet\", without references to a specific timeframe or locale, is sometimes used with an implication that most humans shared a certain diet during the entire era, that is not entirely accurate. The Paleolithic was an extended period of time, during which multiple technological advances were made, many of which had impact on human dietary structure. For example, humans probably did not possess the control of fire until the Middle Paleolithic,[99] or tools necessary to engage in extensive fishing.[citation needed] On the other hand, both these technologies are generally agreed to have been widely available to humans by the end of the Paleolithic (consequently, allowing humans in some regions of the planet to rely heavily on fishing and hunting). In addition, the Paleolithic involved a substantial geographical expansion of human populations. During the Lower Paleolithic, ancestors of modern humans are thought to have been constrained to Africa east of the Great Rift Valley. During the Middle and Upper Paleolithic, humans greatly expanded their area of settlement, reaching ecosystems as diverse as New Guinea and Alaska, and adapting their diets to whatever local resources were available.", "Paleolithic. The Paleolithic Period coincides almost exactly with the Pleistocene epoch of geologic time, which lasted from 2.6 million years ago to about 12,000 years ago.[12] This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.", "Neolithic. The identifying characteristic of Neolithic technology is the use of polished or ground stone tools, in contrast to the flaked stone tools used during the Paleolithic era.", "Stone Age. The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (from Greek: παλαιός, palaios, \"old\"; and λίθος, lithos, \"stone\" lit. \"old stone\", coined by archaeologist John Lubbock and published in 1865) is the earliest division of the Stone Age. It covers the greatest portion of humanity's time (roughly 99% of \"human technological history\",[23] where \"human\" and \"humanity\" are interpreted to mean the genus Homo), extending from 2.5 or 2.6 million years ago, with the first documented use of stone tools by hominans such as Homo habilis, to the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BCE.[23] The Paleolithic era ended with the Mesolithic, or in areas with an early neolithisation, the Epipaleolithic.", "Prehistory. Early Neolithic farming was limited to a narrow range of plants, both wild and domesticated, which included einkorn wheat, millet and spelt, and the keeping of dogs, sheep and goats. By about 6,900–6,400 BC, it included domesticated cattle and pigs, the establishment of permanently or seasonally inhabited settlements, and the use of pottery. The Neolithic period saw the development of early villages, agriculture, animal domestication, tools and the onset of the earliest recorded incidents of warfare.[18] The Neolithic era commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the \"Neolithic Revolution\". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regions, in the Iron Age).The term Neolithic is commonly used in the Old World, as its application to cultures in the Americas and Oceania that did not fully develop metal-working technology raises problems.", "History of technology. During most of the Paleolithic - the bulk of the Stone Age - all humans had a lifestyle which involved limited tools and few permanent settlements. The first major technologies were tied to survival, hunting, and food preparation. Stone tools and weapons, fire, and clothing were technological developments of major importance during this period.", "Three-age system. Because of the controversy over Westropp's Mesolithic and Mortillet's Gap beginning in 1872 archaeological attention focused mainly on the revolution at the Palaeolithic—Neolithic boundary as an explanation of the gap. For a few decades the Neolithic Period, as it was called, was described as a kind of revolution. In the 1890s, a standard term, the Neolithic Revolution, began to appear in encyclopedias such as Pears. In 1925 the Cambridge Ancient History reported:[72]", "Paleolithic. The social organization of the earliest Paleolithic (Lower Paleolithic) societies remains largely unknown to scientists, though Lower Paleolithic hominins such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus are likely to have had more complex social structures than chimpanzee societies.[48] Late Oldowan/Early Acheulean humans such as Homo ergaster/Homo erectus may have been the first people to invent central campsites or home bases and incorporate them into their foraging and hunting strategies like contemporary hunter-gatherers, possibly as early as 1.7 million years ago;[6] however, the earliest solid evidence for the existence of home bases or central campsites (hearths and shelters) among humans only dates back to 500,000 years ago.[6][dead link]", "Paleolithic. By around 200,000 BP, Middle Paleolithic stone tool manufacturing spawned a tool making technique known as the prepared-core technique, that was more elaborate than previous Acheulean techniques.[6] This technique increased efficiency by allowing the creation of more controlled and consistent flakes.[6] It allowed Middle Paleolithic humans to create stone tipped spears, which were the earliest composite tools, by hafting sharp, pointy stone flakes onto wooden shafts. In addition to improving tool making methods, the Middle Paleolithic also saw an improvement of the tools themselves that allowed access to a wider variety and amount of food sources. For example, microliths or small stone tools or points were invented around 70,000–65,000 BP and were essential to the invention of bows and spear throwers in the following Upper Paleolithic period.[34]" ]

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[ "Boston Massacre. The government was determined to give the soldiers a fair trial so there could be no grounds for retaliation from the British and so moderates would not be alienated from the Patriot cause. After several lawyers with Loyalist leanings refused to defend him, Preston sent a request to John Adams, pleading for him to work on the case. Adams, who was already a leading Patriot and who was contemplating a run for public office, agreed to help, in the interest of ensuring a fair trial.[58] Adams was joined by Josiah Quincy II after the latter was assured that the Sons of Liberty would not oppose his appointment, and by Robert Auchmuty, a Loyalist.[59] They were assisted by Sampson Salter Blowers, whose chief duty was to investigate the jury pool, and Paul Revere, who drew a detailed map of the bodies to be used in the trial of the British soldiers held responsible.[60][61] Massachusetts Solicitor General Samuel Quincy and private attorney Robert Treat Paine, hired by the town of Boston, handled the prosecution.[62] Preston was tried separately in late October 1770. He was acquitted after the jury was convinced that he had not ordered the troops to fire.[63]", "Boston Massacre. The trial of the eight soldiers opened on November 27, 1770.[64] Adams told the jury to look beyond the fact the soldiers were British. He argued that if the soldiers were endangered by the mob, which he called \"a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes, and molattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs [i.e. sailors]\",[65] they had the legal right to fight back, and so were innocent. If they were provoked but not endangered, he argued, they were at most guilty of manslaughter.[66]", "Boston Massacre. The Part I took in Defence of Cptn. Preston and the Soldiers, procured me Anxiety, and Obloquy enough. It was, however, one of the most gallant, generous, manly and disinterested Actions of my whole Life, and one of the best Pieces of Service I ever rendered my Country. Judgment of Death against those Soldiers would have been as foul a Stain upon this Country as the Executions of the Quakers or Witches, anciently. As the Evidence was, the Verdict of the Jury was exactly right. This however is no Reason why the Town should not call the Action of that Night a Massacre, nor is it any Argument in favour of the Governor or Minister, who caused them to be sent here. But it is the strongest Proofs of the Danger of Standing Armies.", "Boston Massacre. The crowd eventually dispersed after Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson promised an inquiry, but the crowd re-formed the next day, prompting the withdrawal of the troops to Castle Island. Eight soldiers, one officer, and four civilians were arrested and charged with murder. Defended by lawyer and future American president John Adams, six of the soldiers were acquitted, while the other two were convicted of manslaughter and given reduced sentences. The men found guilty of manslaughter were sentenced to branding on their hand. Depictions, reports, and propaganda about the event, notably the colored engraving produced by Paul Revere (shown at top-right), further heightened tensions throughout the Thirteen Colonies.", "Samuel Adams. After the Boston Massacre, Adams and other town leaders met with Bernard's successor Governor Thomas Hutchinson and with Colonel William Dalrymple, the army commander, to demand the withdrawal of the troops.[98] The situation remained explosive, and so Dalrymple agreed to remove both regiments to Castle William.[99] Adams wanted the soldiers to have a fair trial, because this would show that Boston was not controlled by a lawless mob, but was instead the victim of an unjust occupation.[100] He convinced his cousins John Adams and Josiah Quincy to defend the soldiers, knowing that those Whigs would not slander Boston to gain an acquittal.[101] However, Adams wrote essays condemning the outcome of the trials; he thought that the soldiers should have been convicted of murder.[102]", "John Hancock. The British troops remained, however, and tensions between soldiers and civilians eventually resulted in the killing of five civilians in the Boston Massacre of March 1770. Hancock was not involved in the incident, but afterwards he led a committee to demand the removal of the troops. Meeting with Bernard's successor, Governor Thomas Hutchinson, and the British officer in command, Colonel William Dalrymple, Hancock claimed that there were 10,000 armed colonists ready to march into Boston if the troops did not leave.[84][85] Hutchinson knew that Hancock was bluffing, but the soldiers were in a precarious position when garrisoned within the town, and so Dalrymple agreed to remove both regiments to Castle William.[84] Hancock was celebrated as a hero for his role in getting the troops withdrawn.[86][85] His reelection to the Massachusetts House in May was nearly unanimous.[87][88]", "Boston Massacre. The jury agreed with Adams and acquitted six of the soldiers after two and one-half hours' deliberation. Two of the soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter because there was overwhelming evidence that they had fired directly into the crowd. The jury's decisions suggest that they believed the soldiers had felt threatened by the crowd, but should have delayed firing.[67] Patrick Carr, the fifth victim, corroborated this with deathbed testimony delivered to his doctor. The convicted soldiers were granted reduced sentences by invoking Benefit of clergy, which reduced their punishment from a death sentence to branding of the thumb in open court.[68]", "Boston Massacre. The four civilians were tried on December 13.[69] The principal prosecution witness, a servant of one of the accused, made claims that were easily rebutted by defense witnesses. In the face of this weak testimony, as well as waning public interest, the prosecution allegedly failed to press its case very hard. The civilians were all acquitted, and the servant was eventually convicted of perjury, whipped, and banished from the province.[70]", "John Adams. On March 5, 1770, a street confrontation resulted in British soldiers killing five civilians in what came to be known as the Boston Massacre.[15] The accused soldiers were arrested on criminal charges and had trouble finding legal representation. Adams ultimately agreed to defend them, though he feared that it would hurt his reputation. In arguing their case, Adams made his legendary statement regarding jury decisions: \"Facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passion, they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence.\"[2] He also expounded upon Blackstone's Ratio: \"It is more important that innocence be protected than it is that guilt be punished, for guilt and crimes are so frequent in this world that they cannot all be punished. But if innocence itself is brought to the bar and condemned, perhaps to die, then the citizen will say, 'whether I do good or whether I do evil is immaterial, for innocence itself is no protection,' and if such an idea as that were to take hold in the mind of the citizen that would be the end of security whatsoever.\" Adams won an acquittal for six of the soldiers. Two of them who had fired directly into the crowd were charged with murder but were convicted only of manslaughter. Adams was paid a small sum by his clients.[16][17]", "Boston Massacre. Anonymous pamphlets were published describing the event from significantly different perspectives. A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre, published under the auspices of the Boston town meeting, was principally written by James Bowdoin, a member of the governor's council and a vocal opponent of British colonial policy, along with Samuel Pemberton, and Joseph Warren.[50] It described the shooting and other lesser incidents that took place in the days before as unprovoked attacks on peaceful, law-abiding inhabitants, and was, according to historian Neal Langley York, probably the most influential description of the event.[51] The account it provided was drawn from more than 90 depositions taken after the event, and it included accusations that the soldiers sent by Captain Preston had been deployed with the intention of causing harm.[52] In the interest of minimizing impact on the jury pool, city leaders held back local distribution of the pamphlet, but sent copies to other colonies and to London, where they knew depositions collected by Governor Hutchinson were en route.[53] A second pamphlet, Additional Observations on the Short Narrative, furthered the attack on crown officials by complaining that customs officials (one of whom had left Boston to carry Hutchinson's gathered depositions to London) were abandoning their posts under the pretense that it was too dangerous for them to do their duties.[54]", "Crispus Attucks. John Adams successfully defended most of the accused British soldiers against a charge of murder. Two were found guilty of manslaughter. Faced with the prospect of hanging, the soldiers pleaded benefit of clergy, and were instead branded on their thumbs. In his arguments, Adams called the crowd \"a motley rabble of saucy boys, negros and molattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish Jack Tarrs.\"[26] In particular, he charged Attucks with having \"undertaken to be the hero of the night,\" and with having precipitated a conflict by his \"mad behavior.\"[27]", "Boston Massacre. On the evening of March 5, Private Hugh White, a British soldier, stood on guard duty outside the Custom house on King Street, today known as State Street. A young wigmaker's apprentice named Edward Garrick called out to a British officer, Captain-Lieutenant John Goldfinch, that Goldfinch had not paid a bill due to Garrick's master. Goldfinch had in fact settled his account and ignored the insult.[19] Private White called out to Garrick that he should be more respectful of the officer. Garrick exchanged insults with Private White. Then, after Garrick started poking the officer in the chest with his finger, the officer left his post, challenged the boy, and struck him on the side of the head with his musket. As Garrick cried in pain, one of his companions, Bartholomew Broaders, began to argue with White. This attracted a larger crowd.[20] Henry Knox, a 19-year-old bookseller (who would later serve as a general in the revolution), came upon the scene and warned White, \"if he fired he must die for it.\"[19]", "Boston Massacre. The crowd continued to press around the soldiers, taunting them by yelling, \"Fire!\", by spitting at and throwing snowballs and other small objects at them.[27] Richard Palmes, a local innkeeper who was carrying a cudgel, came up to Preston and asked if the soldiers' weapons were loaded. Preston assured him they were, but that they would not fire unless he ordered it, and (according to his own deposition) that he was unlikely to do so, since he was standing in front of them. A thrown object then struck Private Montgomery, knocking him down and causing him to drop his musket. He recovered his weapon, and was thought to angrily shout \"Damn you, fire!\", then discharged it into the crowd although no command was given. Palmes swung his cudgel first at Montgomery, hitting his arm, and then at Preston. He narrowly missed Preston's head, striking him on the arm instead.[27]", "Boston Massacre. The depositions that Hutchinson collected and sent to London were eventually published in a pamphlet entitled A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance in Boston.[55] Drawn mainly from depositions by soldiers, its account of affairs sought to blame selfish Bostonians for denying the validity of Parliamentary laws. It also blamed the city's hoodlums and gangs for the lawlessness preceding the event, and claimed that they set up an ambush of the soldiers.[56] However, as it was not published until well after the first pamphlet had arrived in London, it ended up having a much smaller impact on the public debate there.[55]", "American Revolution. On March 5, 1770, a large crowd gathered around a group of British soldiers. The crowd grew threatening, throwing snowballs, rocks, and debris at them. One soldier was clubbed and fell.[34] There was no order to fire, but the soldiers fired into the crowd anyway. They hit 11 people; three civilians died at the scene of the shooting, and two died after the incident. The event quickly came to be called the Boston Massacre. The soldiers were tried and acquitted (defended by John Adams), but the widespread descriptions soon began to turn colonial sentiment against the British. This, in turn, began a downward spiral in the relationship between Britain and the Province of Massachusetts.[34]", "Boston Massacre. The Boston Massacre, known as the Incident on King Street by the British,[2] was an incident on March 5, 1770, in which British Army soldiers shot and killed people while under attack by a mob. The incident was heavily publicized by leading Patriots, such as Paul Revere and Samuel Adams, to encourage rebellion against the British authorities.[3][4][5] British troops had been stationed in Boston, capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, since 1768 in order to protect and support crown-appointed colonial officials attempting to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation. Amid ongoing tense relations between the population and the soldiers, a mob formed around a British sentry, who was subjected to verbal abuse and harassment. He was eventually supported by eight additional soldiers, who were subjected to verbal threats and repeatedly hit by clubs, stones and snowballs. They fired into the crowd, without orders, instantly killing three people and wounding others. Two more people died later of wounds sustained in the incident.", "John Adams (miniseries). Episode 1 opens in Boston 1770 on the cold winter night of the Boston Massacre. It portrays John Adams arriving at the scene following the gunshots from British soldiers firing upon a mob of Boston citizens. Adams, a respected lawyer in his mid-30s known for his dedication to the law and justice, is sought as defense counsel for the accused Redcoats. Their commander, Captain Thomas Preston, asks him to defend them in court. Reluctant at first, he agrees despite knowing this will antagonize his neighbors and friends. Adams is depicted to have taken the case because he believed everyone deserves a fair trial and he wanted to uphold the standard of justice. Adams' cousin Samuel Adams is one of the main colonists opposed to the actions of the British government. He is one of the executive members of the Sons of Liberty, an anti-British group of agitators. Adams is depicted as a studious man doing his best to defend his clients. The show also illustrates Adams' appreciation and respect for his wife, Abigail. In one scene, Adams is shown having his wife proofread his summation as he takes her suggestions. After many sessions of court, the jury returns verdicts of not guilty of murder for each defendant. The episode also illustrates the growing tensions over the Coercive Acts (\"Intolerable Acts\"), and Adams' election to the First Continental Congress.", "Samuel Adams. Adams continued to work on getting the troops withdrawn and keeping the boycott going until the Townshend duties were repealed. Two regiments were removed from Boston in 1769, but the other two remained.[94] Tensions between soldiers and civilians eventually resulted in the killing of five civilians in the Boston Massacre of March 1770. According to the \"propagandist interpretation\"[95] of Adams popularized by historian John Miller, Adams deliberately provoked the incident to promote his secret agenda of American independence.[96] According to Pauline Maier, however, \"There is no evidence that he prompted the Boston Massacre riot\".[97]", "Joseph Warren. As Boston's conflict with the royal government came to a head in 1773–75, Warren was appointed to the Boston Committee of Correspondence. He twice delivered orations in commemoration of the Massacre, the second time in March 1775 while the town was occupied by army troops. Warren drafted the Suffolk Resolves, which were endorsed by the Continental Congress, to advocate resistance to Parliament's Coercive Acts, which were otherwise known as the Intolerable Acts. He was appointed President of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, the highest position in the revolutionary government.", "Boston Massacre. Hutchinson immediately began investigating the affair, and by morning, Preston and the eight soldiers had been arrested.[37] In a meeting of the governor's council held late the morning after the shootings, Boston's selectmen asked Hutchinson to order the removal of troops from the city to Castle William on Castle Island,[36] while a town meeting at Faneuil Hall met to discuss the affair. The governor's council was at first opposed to ordering the troop withdrawal, with Hutchinson correctly claiming he did not have the authority to order the troops to move. Lieutenant Colonel William Dalrymple, commander of the troops, did not offer to move them.[38] The town meeting, however, became more restive when it learned of this. Under an imminent threat of further violence, the council changed its position, and unanimously (\"under duress\", according to Hutchinson's report) agreed to request the troops' removal.[39] Secretary of State Andrew Oliver reported that, had the troops not been removed, \"that they would probably be destroyed by the people — should it be called rebellion, should it incur the loss of our charter, or be the consequence what it would.\"[40] This decision left the governor without effective means to police the town.[40] The 14th was transferred to Castle Island without incident about a week later, with the 29th following shortly after.[41] The first four victims were buried amid great ceremony on March 8; Patrick Carr, the fifth and final victim, died on March 14 and was buried with them on March 17.[42]", "Boston Massacre. On March 27 the eight soldiers, Captain Preston, and four civilians who were in the Customs House and were alleged to have fired shots, were all indicted for murder.[44] Bostonians continued to be hostile to the troops and their dependents. General Gage, convinced the troops were doing more harm than good, ordered the 29th Regiment out of the province in May.[45] Governor Hutchinson took advantage of the ongoing high tensions to orchestrate delays of the trials until later in the year.[46]", "Boston Marathon bombing. Defense attorney Judy Clarke admitted that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev had placed the second bomb and was present at the murder of Sean Collier, the carjacking of Dun Meng, and the Watertown shootout, but she emphasized the influence that his older brother had on him, portraying him as a follower.[153] Between March 4 and 30, prosecutors called more than 90 witnesses, including bombing survivors who described losing limbs in the attack, and the government rested its case on March 30.[154] The defense rested as well on March 31, after calling four witnesses.[155]", "Sacco and Vanzetti. The defense case went badly and Vanzetti did not testify in his own defense.[48] During the trial, he said that his lawyers had opposed putting him on the stand.[34] That same year, defense attorney Vahey told the governor that Vanzetti had refused his advice to testify.[49] Decades later, a lawyer who assisted Vahey in the defense said that the defense attorneys left the choice to Vanzetti, but warned him that it would be difficult to prevent the prosecution from using cross examination to challenge the credibility of his character based on his political beliefs. He said that Vanzetti chose not to testify after consulting with Sacco.[34] Herbert Ehrmann, who later joined the defense team, wrote many years later that the dangers of putting Vanzetti on the stand were very real.[50] Another legal analysis of the case faulted the defense for not offering more to the jury by letting Vanzetti testify, concluding that by his remaining silent it \"left the jury to decide between the eyewitnesses and the alibi witness without his aid. In these circumstances a verdict of not guilty would have been very unusual\". That analysis also claimed that \"no one could say that the case was closely tried or vigorously fought for the defendant\".[51]", "Boston Massacre. As the evening progressed, the crowd around Private White grew larger and more boisterous. Church bells were rung, which usually signified a fire, bringing more people out. Over fifty Bostonians pressed around White, led by a mixed-race runaway slave named Crispus Attucks, throwing objects at the sentry and challenging him to fire his weapon. White, who had taken up a somewhat safer position on the steps of the Custom House, sought assistance. Runners alerted the nearby barracks and Captain Thomas Preston, the officer of the watch.[21][22] According to his report, Preston dispatched a non-commissioned officer and six privates of the 29th Regiment of Foot, with fixed bayonets, to relieve White.[23][24] The soldiers Preston sent were Corporal William Wemms, Hugh Montgomery, John Carroll, William McCauley, William Warren, and Matthew Kilroy. Accompanied by Preston, they pushed their way through the crowd. En route, Henry Knox, again trying to reduce tensions, warned Preston, \"For God's sake, take care of your men. If they fire, you must die.\" [clarification needed] Captain Preston responded \"I am aware of it.\"[25] When they reached Private White on the custom house stairs, the soldiers loaded their muskets, and arrayed themselves in a semicircular formation. Preston shouted at the crowd, estimated to number between three and four hundred, to disperse.[26]", "Joseph Warren. Warren slipped out of Boston early on April 19, and during that day's Battle of Lexington and Concord, he coordinated and led militia into the fight alongside William Heath as the British Army returned to Boston. When the enemy were returning from Concord, he was among the foremost in hanging upon their rear and assailing their flanks. During this fighting Warren was nearly killed, a musket ball striking part of his wig. When his mother saw him after the battle and heard of his escape, she entreated him with tears again not to risk life so precious. \"Where danger is, dear mother,\" he answered, \"there must your son be. Now is no time for any of America's children to shrink from any hazard. I will set her free or die.\"[citation needed] He then turned to recruiting and organizing soldiers for the Siege of Boston, promulgating the Patriots' version of events, and negotiating with Gen. Gage in his role as head of the Provincial Congress.", "Sacco and Vanzetti. On July 12–13, 1927, following testimony by the defense firearms expert Albert H. Hamilton before the Committee, the Assistant District Attorney for Massachusetts, Dudley P. Ranney, took the opportunity to cross-examine Hamilton. He submitted affidavits questioning Hamilton's credentials as well as his performance during the New York trial of Charles Stielow, in which Hamilton's testimony linking rifling marks to a bullet used to kill the victim nearly sent an innocent man to the electric chair.[88][138] The Committee also heard from Braintree's police chief who told them he had found the cap on Pearl Street, allegedly dropped by Sacco during the crime, a full 24-hours after the getaway car had fled the scene. The chief doubted the cap belonged to Sacco and called the whole trial a contest \"to see who could tell the biggest lies.\"[139]", "Townshend Acts. People in Massachusetts learned in September 1768 that troops were on the way.[62] Samuel Adams organized an emergency, extralegal convention of towns and passed resolutions against the imminent occupation of Boston, but on 1 October 1768, the first of four regiments of the British Army began disembarking in Boston, and the Customs Commissioners returned to town.[63] The \"Journal of Occurrences\", an anonymously written series of newspaper articles, chronicled clashes between civilians and soldiers during the military occupation of Boston, apparently with some exaggeration.[64] Tensions rose after Christopher Seider, a Boston teenager, was killed by a customs employee on 22 February 1770.[65] Although British soldiers were not involved in that incident, resentment against the occupation escalated in the days that followed, resulting in the killing of five civilians in the Boston Massacre of 5 March 1770.[66] After the incident, the troops were withdrawn to Castle William.[67]", "Boston Massacre. The massacre was remembered in 1858 in a celebration organized by William Cooper Nell, an African American abolitionist who saw the death of Crispus Attucks as an opportunity to demonstrate the role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War.[76] Partly because of this activism, artwork commemorating the massacre was produced that changed the color of a victim's skin to black (which in Revere's original engraving was white) to emphasize Attucks' claimed martyrdom.[77] In 1888, a monument was erected on the Boston Common to the men killed in the massacre, and the five victims, along with Christopher Seider, were reinterred in a prominent grave in the Granary Burying Ground.[78]", "Boston Massacre. The massacre is reenacted annually on March 5[79] under the auspices of the Bostonian Society.[80][81] The Old State House, the massacre site, and the Granary Burying Ground are all part of Boston's Freedom Trail, connecting sites important in the city's revolutionary-era history.[78]", "William Calley. In presenting the case, the two military prosecutors, Aubrey M. Daniel, III and John Partin, were hamstrung by the reluctance of many soldiers to testify against Calley. In addition president Richard M. Nixon made public statements prior to the trial that were prejudicial to the defense, resulting in a letter from Daniel taking the president to task. Some soldiers refused to answer questions point-blank on the witness stand by citing the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.[citation needed]", "John Parker (captain). One of Parker's company, many years later, recalled Parker's order at Lexington Green to have been, \"Stand your ground. Don't fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here.\" Paul Revere recalled it as having been \"Let the soldiers pass by. Do not molest them without they begin first\". During the skirmish Parker witnessed his cousin Jonas Parker killed by a British bayonet. Later that day he rallied his men to attack the regulars returning to Boston in an ambush known as \"Parker's Revenge\".", "Boston Marathon bombing. Jury selection began on January 5, 2015 and was completed on March 3, with a jury consisting of eight men and 10 women (including six alternates).[151] The trial began on March 4 with Assistant U.S. Attorney William Weinreb describing the bombing and painting Dzhokhar as \"a soldier in a holy war against Americans\" whose motive was \"reaching paradise\". He called the brothers equal participants.[152]" ]

[ 3.341796875, 1.0869140625, -0.07769775390625, 5.30078125, 2.853515625, -4.25, -0.24462890625, -0.02838134765625, 0.7255859375, -0.43798828125, 0.2073974609375, -0.80712890625, 0.337646484375, -2.330078125, 1.3896484375, -0.19677734375, 0.2919921875, -4.10546875, -6.28515625, -1.2509765625, 0.1138916015625, 0.7783203125, -3.666015625, 0.1510009765625, -6.2890625, -5.08203125, -2.568359375, -2.677734375, -5.2578125, -3.408203125, -6.02734375, -0.011260986328125 ]

[ "Excalibur. Excalibur's scabbard was said to have powers of its own. Loss of blood from injuries, for example, would not kill the bearer. In some tellings, wounds received by one wearing the scabbard did not bleed at all. In the later romance tradition, including Le Morte d'Arthur, the scabbard is stolen from Arthur by his half-sister Morgan le Fay in revenge for the death of her beloved Accolon and thrown into a lake, never to be found again. This act later enables the death of Arthur at the Battle of Camlann.", "Excalibur. Excalibur (/ɛkˈskæləbər/), or Caliburn, is the legendary sword of King Arthur, sometimes also attributed with magical powers or associated with the rightful sovereignty of Britain. Sometimes Excalibur and the Sword in the Stone (the proof of Arthur's lineage) are said to be the same weapon, but in most versions they are considered separate. Excalibur was associated with the Arthurian legend very early. In Welsh, it is called Caledfwlch; in Cornish, Calesvol; in Breton, Kaledvoulc'h; and in Latin, Caliburnus.", "Excalibur. In Chrétien de Troyes' late 12th-century Old French Perceval, Arthur's knight Gawain carries the sword Escalibor and it is stated, \"for at his belt hung Escalibor, the finest sword that there was, which sliced through iron as through wood\"[8] (\"Qu'il avoit cainte Escalibor, la meillor espee qui fust, qu'ele trenche fer come fust\"[9]). This statement was probably picked up by the author of the Estoire Merlin, or Vulgate Merlin, where the author (who was fond of fanciful folk etymologies) asserts that Escalibor \"is a Hebrew name which means in French 'cuts iron, steel, and wood'\"[10] (\"c'est non Ebrieu qui dist en franchois trenche fer & achier et fust\"; note that the word for \"steel\" here, achier, also means \"blade\" or \"sword\" and comes from medieval Latin aciarium, a derivative of acies \"sharp\", so there is no direct connection with Latin chalybs in this etymology). It is from this fanciful etymological musing that Thomas Malory got the notion that Excalibur meant \"cut steel\"[11] (\"'the name of it,' said the lady, 'is Excalibur, that is as moche to say, as Cut stele'\").", "Sword. The sword consists of the blade and the hilt. The term scabbard applies to the cover for the sword blade when not in use.", "Excalibur. In Old French sources this then became Escalibor, Excalibor, and finally the familiar Excalibur. Geoffrey Gaimar, in his Old French L'Estoire des Engles (1134-1140), mentions Arthur and his sword: \"this Constantine was the nephew of Arthur, who had the sword Caliburc\" (\"Cil Costentin, li niès Artur, Ki out l'espée Caliburc\").[5][6] In Wace's Roman de Brut (c. 1150-1155), an Old French translation and versification of Geoffrey's Historia, the sword is called Calabrum, Callibourc, Chalabrun, and Calabrun (with alternate spellings such as Chalabrum, Calibore, Callibor, Caliborne, Calliborc, and Escaliborc, found in various manuscripts of the Brut).[7]", "Excalibur Hotel and Casino. Excalibur, named for the mythical sword of King Arthur, uses the Medieval theme in several ways. Its facade is a stylized image of a castle. Until 2007, a wizard-like figure representing Merlin looked out from a high turret (since replaced by a figure advertising Dick's Last Resort).", "Sword. Common accessories to the sword include the scabbard, as well as the sword belt.", "Excalibur. Geoffrey's Historia is the first non-Welsh source to speak of the sword. Geoffrey says the sword was forged in Avalon and Latinises the name \"Caledfwlch\" as Caliburnus. When his influential pseudo-history made it to Continental Europe, writers altered the name further until it finally took on the popular form Excalibur (various spellings in the medieval Arthurian romance and chronicle tradition include: Calabrun, Calabrum, Calibourne, Callibourc, Calliborc, Calibourch, Escaliborc, and Escalibor[22]). The legend was expanded upon in the Vulgate Cycle, also known as the Lancelot-Grail Cycle, and in the Post-Vulgate Cycle which emerged in its wake. Both included the work known as the Prose Merlin, but the Post-Vulgate authors left out the Merlin continuation from the earlier cycle, choosing to add an original account of Arthur's early days including a new origin for Excalibur.", "Excalibur. In Welsh legend, Arthur's sword is known as Caledfwlch. In Culhwch and Olwen, it is one of Arthur's most valuable possessions and is used by Arthur's warrior Llenlleawg the Irishman to kill the Irish king Diwrnach while stealing his magical cauldron. Irish mythology mentions a weapon Caladbolg, the sword of Fergus mac Róich, which was also known for its incredible power and was carried by some of Ireland's greatest heroes. The name, which can also mean \"hard cleft\" in Irish, appears in the plural, caladbuilc, as a generic term for \"great swords\" in Togail Troi (\"The Destruction of Troy\"), the 10th-century Irish translation of the classical tale.[18][19]", "Excalibur. However, in what is called the Post-Vulgate Cycle, Excalibur was given to Arthur by the Lady of the Lake sometime after he began to reign. In the Vulgate Mort Artu, Arthur is at the brink of death and so orders Griflet to throw the sword into the enchanted lake; after two failed attempts (as he felt such a great sword should not be thrown away), Griflet finally complies with the wounded king's request and a hand emerges from the lake to catch it. This tale becomes attached to Bedivere instead of Griflet in Malory and the English tradition.[15] Malory records both versions of the legend in his Le Morte d'Arthur, naming both swords as Excalibur.[16][17]", "Sword. It is widely believed that the original akinaka was a 14 to 18 inch double-edged sword. The design was not uniform and in fact identification is made more on the nature of the scabbard than the weapon itself; the scabbard usually has a large, decorative mount allowing it to be suspended from a belt on the wearer’s right side. Because of this, it is assumed that the sword was intended to be drawn with the blade pointing downwards ready for surprise stabbing attacks.", "Excalibur. In many versions, Excalibur's blade was engraved with phrases on opposite sides: \"Take me up\" and \"Cast me away\" (or similar). In addition, when Excalibur was first drawn, in the first battle testing Arthur's sovereignty, its blade blinded his enemies. Malory[23] writes: \"thenne he drewe his swerd Excalibur, but it was so breyght in his enemyes eyen that it gaf light lyke thirty torchys.\"[note 3]", "Excalibur. In Arthurian romance, a number of explanations are given for Arthur's possession of Excalibur. In Robert de Boron's Merlin, the first tale to mention the \"sword in the stone\" motif, Arthur obtained the British throne by pulling a sword from an anvil sitting atop a stone that appeared in a churchyard on Christmas Eve.[12][note 1] In this account, the act could not be performed except by \"the true king,\" meaning the divinely appointed king or true heir of Uther Pendragon. As Malory's writes: \"Whoso pulleth out this sword of this stone and anvil, is rightwise king born.\"[13][note 2] This sword is thought by many to be the famous Excalibur, and its identity is made explicit in the later Prose Merlin, part of the Lancelot-Grail cycle.[14] The challenge of drawing a sword from a stone also appears in the Arthurian legends of Galahad, whose achievement of the task indicates that he is destined to find the Holy Grail.", "Excalibur. Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his Historia Regum Britanniae (The History of the Kings of Britain, c. 1136), Latinised the name of Arthur's sword as Caliburnus (potentially influenced by the Medieval Latin spelling calibs of Classical Latin chalybs, from Greek chályps [χάλυψ] \"steel\"). Most Celticists consider Geoffrey's Caliburnus to be derivative of a lost Old Welsh text in which bwlch (Old Welsh bulc[h]) had not yet been lenited to fwlch (Middle Welsh vwlch or uwlch).[3][4][1]", "Sword. In late medieval and Renaissance era European swords, a flap of leather called the chappe or rain guard was attached to a sword's crossguard at the base of the hilt to protect the mouth of the scabbard and prevent water from entering.[83]", "Excalibur. Though not named as Caledfwlch, Arthur's sword is described vividly in The Dream of Rhonabwy, one of the tales associated with the Mabinogion:", "Excalibur. It is often considered to be related to the phonetically similar Caladbolg, a sword borne by several figures from Irish mythology, although a borrowing of Caledfwlch from Irish Caladbolg has been considered unlikely by Rachel Bromwich and D. Simon Evans. They suggest instead that both names \"may have similarly arisen at a very early date as generic names for a sword\"; this sword then became exclusively the property of Arthur in the British tradition.[1][2]", "Anglo-Saxon weaponry. In Old English, the scabbard was known as a scēaþ (\"sheath\"), although the term fætels also appears in Anglo-Saxon literature and may have had the same meaning.[44] The scabbard itself was typically made of wood or leather, and the inside was often lined with fleece or fur. The inside might have also been greased or oiled to prevent the sword from rusting.[45] Some scabbards were further protected by a metal binding at their neck (known as a frog or locket) and a chape at the bottom.[46] A bead of glass, amber, crystal, or meerschaum was attached by a small strap to the neck of some scabbards. There are examples of similar beads from Iron Age Germanic regions of continental Europe, and it is likely that they were adopted from the Huns during the fifth century. The beads may have been used for amuletic purposes—later Icelandic sagas reference swords with \"healing stones\" attached, and these stones may be the same as Anglo-Saxon beads.[47]", "Excalibur. In the late 15th/early 16th-century Middle Cornish play Beunans Ke, Arthur's sword is called Calesvol, which is etymologically an exact Middle Cornish cognate of the Welsh Caledfwlch. It is unclear if the name was borrowed from the Welsh (if so, it must have been an early loan, for phonological reasons), or represents an early, pan-Brittonic traditional name for Arthur's sword.[21]", "Excalibur. Excalibur is by no means the only weapon associated with Arthur, nor the only sword. Welsh tradition also knew of a dagger named Carnwennan and a spear named Rhongomyniad that belonged to him. Carnwennan (\"little white-hilt\") first appears in Culhwch and Olwen, where Arthur uses it to slice the witch Orddu in half.[1][24] Rhongomyniad (\"spear\" + \"striker, slayer\") is also first mentioned in Culhwch, although only in passing; it appears as simply Ron (\"spear\") in Geoffrey's Historia.[1][3]", "Excalibur. Then they heard Cadwr Earl of Cornwall being summoned, and saw him rise with Arthur's sword in his hand, with a design of two chimeras on the golden hilt; when the sword was unsheathed what was seen from the mouths of the two chimeras was like two flames of fire, so dreadful that it was not easy for anyone to look. At that the host settled and the commotion subsided, and the earl returned to his tent.", "Sgian-dubh. Traditionally the scabbard is made of leather reinforced with wood and fitted with mounts of silver or some other metal which may be cast or engraved with designs ranging from Scottish thistles, Celtic knotwork, or heraldic elements such as a crest. While this makes for more popular and expensive knives, the sheath is hidden from view in the stocking while the sgian-dubh is worn. The sheaths of many modern sgian-dubhs are made of plastic mounted with less expensive metal fittings.", "List of items in Once Upon a Time. Excalibur is a magical sword originating in Camelot.", "List of Soul Eater characters. Excalibur (エクスカリバー, Ekusukaribā), known as the Holy Sword (聖剣, Seiken), is the most powerful weapon in the Soul Eater series. He normally resides in a cavern shrine in Great Britain that is home to fairies.[ch. 6] While not explicitly stated, Excalibur exists long before the creation of the demon weapons and is suggested to be the Great Old One who is the embodiment of madness through rage.[ch. 77] His weapon form is a single-handed sword of intricate design, while his alternate form is a short, cartoonish creature with a plague mask-like face and dressed in a white suit and top hat. Though he can automatically resonate his soul with anyone, giving them various god-like powers like flight and ripping holes in time and space, Excalibur is extremely obnoxious and egotistical to the point of alienating potential meisters within minutes in various ways such as calling them \"fools\" to cut them off during a discussion.ep. 17 As a result, only one who can withstand Excalibur's numerous flaws can effectively use him.", "List of items in Once Upon a Time. The \"Stone of Excalibur\" is rock in which the mystical blade was sealed by Merlin, after it was broke in half by Nimue. It was originally the place the Holy Grail once rested, cursing those not chosen to turn to ash upon touching the object. Arthur later pulled Excalibur from the stone, but misundertanding Merlin's reason for him doing so, went insane in trying to complete the blade. The stone was later added to the Round Table of Camelot. Hook later sent Excalibur back to the stone, to ensure no-one would be able to control him as a Dark One.", "Japanese sword. The habaki (blade collar) which locks the blade into the saya (scabbard).", "Excalibur. In Welsh mythology, the Dyrnwyn (\"White-Hilt\"), one of the Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain, is said to be a powerful sword belonging to Rhydderch Hael,[27] one of the Three Generous Men of Britain mentioned in the Welsh Triads. When drawn by a worthy or well-born man, the entire blade would blaze with fire. Rhydderch was never reluctant to hand the weapon to anyone, hence his nickname Hael \"the Generous\", but the recipients, as soon as they had learned of its peculiar properties, always rejected the sword.", "The Last Legion. In a final scene, the sword of Julius Caesar is shown embedded in the stone, with moss growing on the blade, covering the original inscription, leaving only the Latin letters which, when read as a single word, read Excalibur.", "Quest for Camelot. Later, they found the belt of Excalibur in a giant footprint. Kayley's insistence of questioning Garrett causes him to miss Ayden's signal and is injured by one of Ruber's men. Kayley drags Garrett away as the thorn bushed creatures hold Ruber and his men captive, and escorts him into a small cave where the magic of the forest heals Garrett's wounds. While they are in the cave, Kayley and Garrett have a connection. The group goes into a giant cave where it lives an ogre who holds Excalibur; currently using it as a toothpick. Kayley succeeds in getting Excalibur and they escape before Ruber can get to it.", "Excalibur. In several early French works, such as Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval, the Story of the Grail and the Vulgate Lancelot Proper section, Excalibur is used by Gawain, Arthur's nephew and one of his best knights. This is in contrast to later versions, where Excalibur belongs solely to the king.", "Japanese sword. In Japanese, the scabbard is referred to as a saya, and the handguard piece, often intricately designed as an individual work of art—especially in later years of the Edo period—was called the tsuba. Other aspects of the mountings (koshirae), such as the menuki (decorative grip swells), habaki (blade collar and scabbard wedge), fuchi and kashira (handle collar and cap), kozuka (small utility knife handle), kogai (decorative skewer-like implement), saya lacquer, and tsuka-ito (professional handle wrap, also named tsukamaki), received similar levels of artistry.", "Zorro. In some versions, Zorro keeps a medium-sized dagger tucked in his left boot for emergencies. He has used his cape as a blind, a trip-mat and a disarming tool. Zorro's boots are also sometimes weighted, as is his hat, which he has thrown, Frisbee-style, as an efficiently substantial warning to enemies. But more often than not, he uses psychological mockery to make his opponents too angry to be coordinated in combat." ]

[ 2.43359375, -1.07421875, -1.869140625, -0.9736328125, -3.150390625, -2.021484375, -1.8291015625, -2.953125, -2.45703125, -3.044921875, -0.62158203125, -2.39453125, -2.23046875, -3.33984375, -2.87890625, -4.23046875, -2.912109375, -1.19140625, -3.560546875, -3.55078125, -2.474609375, -1.4130859375, -3.830078125, -1.83984375, -5.1953125, -3.048828125, -2.08203125, -2.642578125, -5.17578125, -4.64453125, -2.619140625, -6.62109375 ]

[ "Bank of England note issues. The first Bank of England £5 note was issued in 1793[24] in response to the need for smaller denomination banknotes to replace gold coin during the French Revolutionary Wars. (Previously the smallest note issued had been £10.) The 1793 design, latterly known as the \"White Fiver\" (black printing on white paper), remained in circulation essentially unchanged until 21 February 1957 when the multicoloured (although predominantly dark blue) \"Series B\" note, depicting the helmeted Britannia, was introduced. The old \"White Fiver\" was withdrawn on 13 March 1961.[24]", "Bank of England £5 note. Five pound notes (£5) were introduced by the Bank of England in 1793, following the ten pound note which had been introduced in 1759 as a consequence of gold shortages caused by the Seven Years' War.[2] The 5 pound note was introduced again, due to gold shortages caused by the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars and was the lowest denomination of note issued until 1797.[3] The earliest notes were handwritten and were issued to individuals as needed. These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee, the date and the signature of the issuing cashier.[4]", "Bank of England £5 note. The note was introduced on 13 September 2016,[20] with an initial print run of 440 million notes (worth £2.2 billion), over the period of co-circulation.[21] It was announced that there would be a co-circulatory period with the old series E notes, and then on 5 May 2017, the series E would cease to be legal tender. However, as with all Bank of England notes, they can be exchanged at face value at any time in the future.[22]", "Bank of England £5 note. The right to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931, when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[10] Metal thread was introduced on the £5 note in 1945 as a security feature. The printed black and white notes were replaced from 1957 onward by new, two-sided notes. The first two-sided £5 notes (series B) were blue and featured a bust of Britannia on the front and a lion on the back. Series C notes, first introduced in 1963, were the first notes to feature an image of the monarch on the front, with Britannia being relegated to the back. From 1971 onward, with the introduction of series D, a British historical figure was portrayed on the reverse: the soldier and statesman the Duke of Wellington in this case. Series E notes, first issued in 1990, are multicoloured, although they are predominantly turquoise-blue. These notes feature a portrait of railway pioneer George Stephenson, as well as for the first time 'windowed' metal thread; this thread appears as a dashed line, yet forms a single line when held up to the light.[11]", "Bank of England £5 note. The Bank of England £5 note, also known as a fiver, is a banknote of the pound sterling. It is the smallest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England. In September 2016, a new polymer note was introduced, featuring the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and a portrait of Winston Churchill on the reverse. The old paper note, first issued in 2002 and bearing the image of prison reformer Elizabeth Fry on the reverse, was phased out and ceased to be legal tender after 5 May 2017.[1]", "Banknotes of the pound sterling. The next new Series F banknote, the £50 note, entered circulation on 2 November 2011. It is the first Bank of England banknote to feature two Britons on the reverse: James Watt (another Scotsman) and Matthew Boulton.[49]", "Pound sterling. The £5 polymer banknote, issued by Northern Bank (now Danske Bank) in 2000, was the only polymer note in circulation until 2016, although Danske Bank also produces paper-based £10, £20 and £50 notes. The Bank of England introduced £5 polymer banknotes in September 2016, and the paper £5 notes were withdrawn on 5 May 2017. This date was picked due to its short format, 5/5.[citation needed] A polymer £10 banknote was introduced on 14 September 2017, and the paper note was withdrawn on 1 March 2018. A polymer £20 banknote will be introduced in 2020.[83]", "Bank of England note issues. On 7 June 1990, the \"Series E\" £5 note, by now the smallest denomination issued by the Bank, was issued. The Series E note (known as the \"Historical Series\") changed the colour of the denomination to a turquoise blue, and incorporated design elements to make photocopying and computer reproduction of the notes more difficult. Initially the reverse of the Series E £5 note featured the railway engineer George Stephenson, but on 21 May 2002 a new Series E note, in a green colour and featuring the prison reformer Elizabeth Fry, was issued.", "Bank of England £50 note. The current £50 note was introduced in 2011. It features two portraits on the reverse: engineer and scientist James Watt and industrialist and entrepreneur Matthew Boulton, along with the Whitbread Engine and the Soho Manufactory, Birmingham.[3][4] The note has a number of security features in addition to the metallic thread, including motion thread, raised print, a watermark, microlettering, a see-through register, and a colourful pattern that only appears under ultraviolet light.[5] The current note is the first Bank of England banknote to feature two people on the reverse,[6] and the first Bank of England note to feature the motion thread security feature. This is an image in a broken green thread that moves as the note is viewed from different angles.", "Banknotes of the pound sterling. Danske Bank does not issue £5 notes, but a special commemorative £5 note was issued by the Northern Bank to mark the Year 2000; uniquely among sterling notes, it was a polymer banknote, printed on synthetic polymer instead of paper. It is the only one of the bank's pre-2004 notes still in circulation; all others were recalled following the £26.5 million pound robbery at its Belfast headquarters in 2004.", "Banknotes of the pound sterling. The first note of Series G, the polymer £5 note, entered circulation on 13 September 2016,[50]; the £10 note on 14 September 2017,[45][51]; and these will be followed by the £20 by 2020.[52]", "De La Rue. In September 2016 The Bank of England issued the new UK five pound note, the first UK note to be printed on polymer.[14][citation needed]", "Bank of England note issues. The Series B note was replaced in turn on 21 February 1963 by the \"Series C\" £5 note which for the first time introduced the portrait of the monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, to the £5 note (the Queen's portrait having first appeared on the Series C ten shilling and £1 notes issued in 1960). The Series C £5 note was withdrawn on 31 August 1973.", "Banknotes of the pound sterling. In December 2013, the Bank confirmed that plastic or polymer notes would be brought into circulation in 2016 with the introduction of the £5 note featuring Sir Winston Churchill.[61][62] The Jane Austen polymer £10 note went into circulation in September 2017.[45][63]", "Bank of England £50 note. The ability to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[1] The £50 note ceased to be produced by the Bank of England in 1943 and did not reappear until it was reintroduced in 1981. These D series notes were predominantly olive green on both sides, with an image of Queen Elizabeth II on the front (as with all subsequent £50 notes) and an image of architect Christopher Wren on the back. As a security feature, this note had a metallic thread running through it, which was upgraded to a \"windowed\" thread from July 1988 onward. The thread is woven into the paper such that it forms a dashed line, yet appears as a single line when held up to the light. The series D note was gradually replaced by the series E, beginning in 1994. This reddish note replaced Christopher Wren with John Houblon, the first governor of the Bank of England, on the reverse. As an additional security feature these notes had a foil patch on the front.[2]", "Bank of England £5 note. The Restriction Period ended in 1821 as the Government had to anchor the value of the currency to gold in order to control sharply rising inflation and national debt. After a brief period to offset any sudden deflation, the UK returned to the gold standard on 1 May 1821.[6][7] These notes could again be exchanged in full, or in part, for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank.[8] If redeemed in part, the banknote would be marked to indicate the amount that had been redeemed. From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes, with the declaration \"I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of five pounds\" replacing the name of the payee. This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day. A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes, though this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward.[9]", "Bank of England £50 note. Fifty pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1725. The earliest notes were handwritten, and were issued as needed to individuals. These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee, the date, and the signature of the issuing cashier. With the exception of the Restriction Period between 1797 and 1821, when the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars caused a bullion shortage, these notes could be exchanged in full, or in part, for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. If redeemed in part, the banknote would be signed to indicate the amount that had been redeemed. From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes, with the declaration \"I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of fifty pounds\" replacing the name of the payee. This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day. A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes, although this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward.[1]", "Banknotes of the pound sterling. In the E revision series the £50 note was never issued, £100 notes were last used by the Bank of England in 1945.", "Australian five-dollar note. The Australian five-dollar note was first issued on 29 May 1967, fifteen months after the currency was changed from the Australian pound to the Australian dollar on 14 February 1966. It was a new denomination with mauve colouration – the pound system had no £2½ note.", "Australian five-dollar note. On 12 April 2016, the Reserve Bank of Australia announced a new design for the 5-dollar banknote would be introduced into circulation on 1 September 2016. It is the first of a new series of banknotes that will feature a different species of Australian wattle and a native bird. The 5-dollar banknote has the Prickly Moses wattle and the Eastern Spinebill.[3][4][5]", "Bank of England £50 note. The Bank of England £50 note is a banknote of the pound sterling. It is the highest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England. The current cotton note, first issued in 2011, bears the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the images of engineer and scientist James Watt and industrialist and entrepreneur Matthew Boulton on the reverse.", "Bank of England note issues. The £50 denomination did not reappear until 20 March 1981 when a Series D design was issued featuring the architect Christopher Wren and the plan of St Paul's Cathedral on the reverse of this large note. In 1994 this denomination was the last of the first Series E issue, when the Bank commemorated its 300th birthday by featuring its first governor, Sir John Houblon, on the reverse. The old Series D £50 note was withdrawn from circulation on 20 September 1996.", "Bank of England £5 note. The series G (polymer) note is the only £5 note that is currently legal tender. The old paper series E was withdrawn, following a co-circulation period with both notes being legal tender which ended on 5 May 2017.[22]", "Bank of England note issues. On 11 November 1971, the \"Series D\" pictorial £5 note was issued, showing a slightly older portrait of the Queen and a battle scene featuring the Duke of Wellington on the reverse. It was withdrawn on 29 November 1991.", "Banknotes of Northern Ireland. While Danske Bank does not issue £5 notes, a special commemorative £5 note was issued by the Northern Bank to mark the Year 2000. Uniquely among sterling notes, this was a polymer banknote, printed by the Canadian Bank Note Company (CBN) on Australia[clarification needed] synthetic polymer substrate instead of paper, making Northern Ireland the first part of the UK to have issued a plastic banknote. It is the only one of the bank's pre-2004 notes still in circulation; all others were recalled following the 2004 robbery. (The Isle of Man issued a polymer £1 note between 1983 and 1988, but the island is a Crown Dependency, and not part of the UK.)", "Banknotes of the pound sterling. In November 2006 Ulster Bank issued its first commemorative banknote – an issue of one million £5 notes commemorating the first anniversary of the death of Northern Irish footballer George Best.", "Banknotes of the pound sterling. As of October 2017 the Bank of England has no plans to introduce a Series G £50 note. The Series F version was introduced in 2011, while its predecessor was in circulation for twenty years, so the Bank is yet to make a decision on whether or not to replace it. An additional consideration is calls to withdraw the £50 note entirely as a way of combatting tax evasion, and the fact that cash transactions using such a high value note are becoming increasingly rare.[66][67]", "Banknotes of the pound sterling. The bank issued its first banknotes in 1694, although before 1745 they were written for irregular amounts, rather than predefined multiples of a pound. It tended to be times of war, which put inflationary pressure on the British economy, that led to greater note issue. In 1759, during the Seven Years' War, when the lowest-value note issued by the Bank was £20, a £10 note was issued for the first time. In 1793, during the war with revolutionary France, the Bank issued the first £5 note. Four years later, £1 and £2 notes appeared, although not on a permanent basis. Notes did not become entirely machine-printed and payable to the bearer[clarification needed] until 1855.", "Bank of England £5 note. In December 2013 the Bank of England announced that the next £5 note would be printed on a polymer, rather than cotton paper.[17] The bank cited that they would be \"cleaner, more secure and more durable\".[18] It was also said that the new polymer notes would be more environmentally friendly, lasting 2.5 times as long as cotton paper notes, according to the Bank's own environmental testing.[19]", "Australian fifty-dollar note. A new $5 note was released 1 September 2016,[9] and a new $10 note is planned for release in September 2017.[10] The planned release for the new $50 has not been announced.[11] More information can be found on the RBA website.[12]", "Bank of England £5 note. In April 2013 Sir Mervyn King announced on behalf of the bank that Elizabeth Fry would be replaced by Winston Churchill on the next £5 note[14] which would enter circulation in 2016.[15] It was also announced that the images featured on the reverse would include a 1941 portrait of Churchill by Yusuf Karsh, a view of the Houses of Parliament, a quote by Churchill (\"I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat\") and a background image of Churchill's Nobel Prize in Literature, while the obverse would feature an image of Queen Elizabeth II.[16]", "Australian fifty-dollar note. On 4 October 1995 a polymer banknote was released.[3] It was immediately nicknamed \"pineapple\".[by whom?][citation needed]" ]

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[ "Lucy the Elephant. The structure was sold to Anton Gertzen of Philadelphia in 1887 and remained in the Gertzen family until 1970. Sophia Gertzen, Anton's daughter-in-law, reportedly dubbed the structure \"Lucy the Elephant\" in 1902.[5] Lucy's head shape identifies the building as an Asian Elephant, and its tusks as a male. In its first few years, the elephant was referred to as a male, but today it is now generally considered to be female.[citation needed]", "Sumatran elephant. In general, Asian elephants are smaller than African elephants and have the highest body point on the head. The tip of their trunk has one finger-like process. Their back is convex or level. Females are usually smaller than males, and have short or no tusks.[2]", "African elephant. Males usually stay with a female and her herd for about a month before moving on in search for another mate. Less than a third of the population of female elephants will be in estrus at any given time and gestation period of an elephant is long, so it makes more evolutionary sense for a male to search for as many females as possible rather than stay with one group.", "African elephant. African elephant societies are arranged around family units. Each family unit is made up of around ten closely related females and their calves and is led by an older female known as the matriarch.[4] When separate family units bond, they form kinship or bond groups. After puberty, male elephants tend to form close alliances with other males.", "Asian elephant. Female Asian elephants usually lack tusks; if tusks—in that case called \"tushes\"—are present, they are barely visible, and only seen when the mouth is open. The enamel plates of the molars are greater in number and closer together in Asian elephants. Some males may also lack tusks; these individuals are called \"filsy makhnas\", and are especially common among the Sri Lankan elephant population. Furthermore, the forehead has two hemispherical bulges, unlike the flat front of the African elephant. Unlike African elephants which rarely use their forefeet for anything other than digging or scraping soil, Asian elephants are more agile at using their feet in conjunction with the trunk for manipulating objects. They can sometimes be known for their violent behaviour.[23]", "Elephant seal. Male, female and pup", "Asian elephant. Adult females and calves move about together as groups, but adult males disperse from their mothers when reaching adolescence. Bull elephants are solitary or form temporary 'bachelor groups'.[33] Cow-calf units generally tend to be small, typically consisting of three adult most likely related females and their offspring.[34] Larger groups of as many as 15 adult females have also been recorded.[35] Seasonal aggregations of 17 individuals including calves and subadults have been observed in Sri Lanka's Uda Walawe National Park. Until recently, Asian elephants, like African elephants, were thought to typically follow the leadership of older adult females, or matriarchs. But females form extensive and very fluid social networks, with varying degrees of associations between individuals.[36] Social ties generally tend to be weaker than in African elephants.[35]", "Sanchi. Men and Women on Elephants.", "Sanchi. Men and Women on Elephants.", "Elephant. The social circle of the female elephant does not necessarily end with the small family unit. In the case of elephants in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, a female's life involves interaction with other families, clans, and subpopulations. Families may associate and bond with each other, forming what are known as bond groups. These are typically made of two family groups,[116] which may be closely related due to previously being part of the same family group which split after becoming too large for the available resources.[120] During the dry season, elephant families may cluster together and form another level of social organisation known as the clan. Groups within these clans do not form strong bonds, but they defend their dry-season ranges against other clans. There are typically nine groups in a clan. The Amboseli elephant population is further divided into the \"central\" and \"peripheral\" subpopulations.[116]", "Matriarchy. Matriarchy may also refer to non-human animal species in which females hold higher status and hierarchical positions, such as among lions,[124] elephants,[125] and bonobos.[126]", "Pink. The so-called \"white elephant\" is revered in several countries in Southeast Asia and is naturally pinkish gray. They are actually albino elephants.", "Elephant. Female elephants spend their entire lives in tight-knit matrilineal family groups, some of which are made up of more than ten members, including three pairs of mothers with offspring, and are led by the matriarch which is often the eldest female.[116] She remains leader of the group until death[112] or if she no longer has the energy for the role;[117] a study on zoo elephants showed that when the matriarch died, the levels of faecal corticosterone ('stress hormone') dramatically increased in the surviving elephants.[118] When her tenure is over, the matriarch's eldest daughter takes her place; this occurs even if her sister is present.[112] The older matriarchs tend to be more effective decision-makers.[119]", "Big Al (mascot). Big Al is sometimes joined by a female counterpart, an elephant named \"Big Alice,\" at athletics events.[9]", "African elephant. Female African elephants are able to start reproducing at around 10 to 12 years of age,[39] and are in estrus for about 2 to 7 days. They do not mate at a specific time; however, they are less likely to reproduce in times of drought than when water is plentiful. The gestation period of an elephant is 22 months and fertile females usually give birth every 3 – 6 years, so if they live to around 50 years of age, they may produce 7 offspring. Females are a scarce and mobile resource for the males so there is intense competition to gain access to estrous females.", "Nicknames of Portland, Oregon. The \"City of Roses\" nickname inspired the name for the four-year-old female Asian elephant who arrived in 1953, Rosy. The first elephant ever to live in Oregon, she remained the matriarch of the Oregon Zoo's herd and gave birth to six calves before her death in 1993.[8] On August 31, 1994, her daughter Me-Tu became the first elephant in North America to have twins. On August 23, 2008, her granddaughter Rose-Tu (the surviving twin) gave birth to Samudra, the first third-generation elephant born in the United States.", "African elephant. L. africana\nL. atlantica â€", "Elephant. Like humans, who are typically right- or left-handed, elephants are usually right- or left-tusked. The dominant tusk, called the master tusk, is generally more worn down, as it is shorter with a rounder tip. For the African elephants, tusks are present in both males and females, and are around the same length in both sexes, reaching up to 3 m (10 ft),[77] but those of males tend to be thicker.[78] In earlier times, elephant tusks weighing over 200 pounds (more than 90 kg) were not uncommon, though it is rare today to see any over 100 pounds (45 kg).[79]", "Elephant. The word \"elephant\" is based on the Latin elephas (genitive elephantis) (\"elephant\"), which is the Latinised form of the Greek ἐλέφας (elephas) (genitive ἐλέφαντος (elephantos)),[1] probably from a non-Indo-European language, likely Phoenician.[2] It is attested in Mycenaean Greek as e-re-pa (genitive e-re-pa-to) in Linear B syllabic script.[3][4] As in Mycenaean Greek, Homer used the Greek word to mean ivory, but after the time of Herodotus, it also referred to the animal.[1] The word \"elephant\" appears in Middle English as olyfaunt (c.1300) and was borrowed from Old French oliphant (12th century).[2] Loxodonta, the generic name for the African elephants, is Greek for \"oblique-sided tooth\".[5]", "Elephant. A male elephant's testes are located internally near the kidneys.[98] The elephant's penis can reach a length of 100 cm (39 in) and a diameter of 16 cm (6 in) at the base. It is S-shaped when fully erect and has a Y-shaped orifice. The female has a well-developed clitoris at up to 40 cm (16 in). The vulva is located between the hind legs instead of near the tail as in most mammals. Determining pregnancy status can be difficult due to the animal's large abdominal cavity. The female's mammary glands occupy the space between the front legs, which puts the suckling calf within reach of the female's trunk.[68] Elephants have a unique organ, the temporal gland, located in both sides of the head. This organ is associated with sexual behaviour, and males secrete a fluid from it when in musth.[99] Females have also been observed with secretions from the temporal glands.[73]", "Elephant. Elephants belong to the family Elephantidae, the sole remaining family within the order Proboscidea which belongs to the superorder Afrotheria. Their closest extant relatives are the sirenians (dugongs and manatees) and the hyraxes, with which they share the clade Paenungulata within the superorder Afrotheria.[7] Elephants and sirenians are further grouped in the clade Tethytheria.[8] Three species of elephants are recognised; the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) and forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) of sub-Saharan Africa, and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) of South and Southeast Asia.[9] African elephants have larger ears, a concave back, more wrinkled skin, a sloping abdomen, and two finger-like extensions at the tip of the trunk. Asian elephants have smaller ears, a convex or level back, smoother skin, a horizontal abdomen that occasionally sags in the middle and one extension at the tip of the trunk. The looped ridges on the molars are narrower in the Asian elephant while those of the African are more diamond-shaped. The Asian elephant also has dorsal bumps on its head and some patches of depigmentation on its skin.[10]", "African elephant. The social behavior of elephants in captivity mimics that of those in the wild. Females are kept with other females, in groups, while males tend to be separated from their mothers at a young age, and are kept apart. According to Schulte, in the 1990s, in North America, a few facilities allowed male interaction. Elsewhere, males were only allowed to smell each other. Males and females were allowed to interact for specific purposes such as breeding. In that event, females were more often moved to the male than the male to the female. Females are more often kept in captivity because they are easier and less expensive to house.[46]", "Indian elephant. In general, Asian elephants are smaller than African elephants and have the highest body point on the head. The tip of their trunk has one finger-like process. Their back is convex or level.[2] Indian elephants reach a shoulder height of between 2 and 3.5 m (6.6 and 11.5 ft), weigh between 2,000 and 5,000 kg (4,400 and 11,000 lb), and have 19 pairs of ribs. Their skin color is lighter than of maximus with smaller patches of depigmentation, but darker than of sumatranus. Females are usually smaller than males, and have short or no tusks.[3]", "Elephant seal. When the pregnant females arrive, the dominating males have already selected their territory on the beach.[7] Females cluster in groups called harems, which could consist up to 50 or more females surrounding one alpha male.[7] Outside of these groups, a beta bull is normally roaming around on the beach.[7] The beta bull helps the alpha by preventing other males accessing the females.[7] In return, the beta bull might have an opportunity to mate with one of the females while the alpha is occupied.[7]", "Asian elephant. Females produce sex pheromones. A principal component thereof, (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate, has also been found to be a sex pheromone in numerous species of insects.[44][45]", "Elephant. Elephants are polygynous breeders,[125] and copulations are most frequent during the peak of the wet season.[126] A cow in oestrus releases chemical signals (pheromones) in her urine and vaginal secretions to signal her readiness to mate. A bull will follow a potential mate and assess her condition with the flehmen response, which requires the male to collect a chemical sample with his trunk and bring it to the vomeronasal organ.[127][128] The oestrous cycle of a cow lasts 14–16 weeks with a 4–6-week follicular phase and an 8- to 10-week luteal phase. While most mammals have one surge of luteinizing hormone during the follicular phase, elephants have two. The first (or anovulatory) surge, could signal to males that the female is in oestrus by changing her scent, but ovulation does not occur until the second (or ovulatory) surge.[129] Fertility rates in cows decline around 45–50 years of age.[117]", "Elephant seal. The northern and southern elephant seal can be distinguished by looking at various external features. On average, the southern elephant seal tends to be larger than the northern species.[8] Adult male elephant seals belonging to the northern species tend to have a larger proboscis, and thick chest area with a red coloration compared to the southern species.[8] Females do not have the large proboscis and can be distinguished between species by looking at their nose characteristics.[8] Southern females tend to have smaller blunt nose compared to northern females.[8]", "Elephant. Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea. Three species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), the African forest elephant (L. cyclotis), and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Elephantidae is the only surviving family of the order Proboscidea; other, now extinct, members of the order include deinotheres, gomphotheres, mammoths, and mastodons.", "Elephant seal. Elephant seals take their name from the large proboscis of the adult male (bull), which resembles an elephant's trunk.[9] The bull's proboscis is used in producing extraordinarily loud roaring noises, especially during the mating season. More importantly, however, the nose acts as a sort of rebreather, filled with cavities designed to reabsorb moisture from their exhalations.[10] This is important during the mating season when the seals do not leave the beach to feed, and must conserve body moisture as there is no incoming source of water. They are colossally large in comparison with other pinnipeds, with southern elephant seal bulls typically reaching a length of 5 m (16 ft) and a weight of 3,000 kg (6,600 lb), and are much larger than the adult females (cows), with some exceptionally large males reaching up to 6 m (20 ft) in length and weighing 4,000 kg (8,800 lb); cows typically measure about 3 m (10 ft) and 900 kg (2,000 lb). Northern elephant seal bulls reach a length of 4.3 to 4.8 m (14 to 16 ft) and the heaviest weigh about 2,500 kg (5,500 lb).[11][12] When elephant seals are born, they can weigh up to 80 pounds and reach lengths up to 4 feet.[7] Sexual dimorphism is prominently seen in elephant seals due to the fact that male elephant seals can weigh up to 10 times more than females.[7] Also, the large proboscis, which is considered a secondary sexual characteristic, helps males assert dominance during mating season.[7]", "Asian elephant. The gestation period is 18–22 months, and the female gives birth to one calf, only occasionally twins. The calf is fully developed by the 19th month, but stays in the womb to grow so that it can reach its mother to feed. At birth, the calf weighs about 100 kg (220 lb), and is suckled for up to three years. Once a female gives birth, she usually does not breed again until the first calf is weaned, resulting in a four to five year birth interval. Females stay on with the herd, but mature males are chased away.[42]", "Big five game. The African elephant (Loxodonta africana) is a very large herbivore having thick, almost hairless skin, a long, flexible, prehensile trunk, upper incisors forming long curved tusks of ivory, and large, fan-shaped ears. The two distinct species of African elephant are: African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) and the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana). Elephants are difficult to hunt because, despite their large size, they are able to hide in tall grass and are more likely to charge than the other species.[7]", "Elephant. Some elephant populations in India and Sri Lanka have similar basic social organisations. There appear to be cohesive family units and loose aggregations. They have been observed to have \"nursing units\" and \"juvenile-care units\". In southern India, elephant populations may contain family groups, bond groups and possibly clans. Family groups tend to be small, consisting of one or two adult females and their offspring. A group containing more than two adult females plus offspring is known as a \"joint family\". Malay elephant populations have even smaller family units, and do not have any social organisation higher than a family or bond group. Groups of African forest elephants typically consist of one adult female with one to three offspring. These groups appear to interact with each other, especially at forest clearings.[116]" ]

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[ "Mississippi River System. The Ohio River runs 981 miles (1582 km) long, starting at the meeting of the Allegheny River and the Monongahela River in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; ending in Cairo, Illinois, where it then flows into the Mississippi. The Ohio River flows through six states, including, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Pennsylvania and West Virginia.", "Ohio River. The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at Point State Park in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. From there, it flows northwest through Allegheny and Beaver counties, before making an abrupt turn to the south-southwest at the West Virginia–Ohio–Pennsylvania triple-state line (near East Liverpool, Ohio; Chester, West Virginia; and Midland, Pennsylvania). From there, it forms the border between West Virginia and Ohio, upstream of Wheeling, West Virginia.", "Ohio River. The Ohio River, which streams westward from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River in the United States. At the confluence, the Ohio is considerably bigger than the Mississippi (Ohio at Cairo: 281,500 cu ft/s (7,960 m3/s);[2] Mississippi at Thebes: 208,200 cu ft/s (5,897 m3/s)[3]) and, thus, is hydrologically the main stream of the whole river system.", "Ohio River. The river then follows a roughly southwest and then west-northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west-southwest course for most of its length. The course forms the northern borders of West Virginia and Kentucky; and the southern borders of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, until it joins the Mississippi River near the city of Cairo, Illinois.", "Ohio River. Mouth of the Ohio, as it feeds into the Mississippi.", "Ohio River. The 981-mile (1,579 km) river flows through or along the border of six states, and its drainage basin includes parts of 15 states. Through its largest tributary, the Tennessee River, the basin includes many of the states of the southeastern U.S. It is the source of drinking water for three million people.[4]", "Ohio River. The Ohio River is a naturally shallow river that was artificially deepened by a series of dams. The natural depth of the river varied from about 3 to 20 feet (0.91 to 6.10 m). The dams raise the water level and have turned the river largely into a series of reservoirs, eliminating shallow stretches and allowing for commercial navigation. From its origin to Cincinnati, the average depth is approximately 15 feet (5 m). The largest immediate drop in water level is below the McAlpine Locks and Dam at the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville, Kentucky, where flood stage is reached when the water reaches 23 feet (7 m) on the lower gauge. However, the river's deepest point is 168 feet (51 m) on the western side of Louisville, Kentucky. From Louisville, the river loses depth very gradually until its confluence with the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois, where it has an approximate depth of 19 feet (6 m).", "Ohio River. Louisville, Kentucky, The deepest point of the Ohio River is a scour hole just below Cannelton locks and dam (river mile 720.7). The widest point of the river is at the confluence of the Ohio and the Mississippi rivers.", "Ohio River. The confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers is at Cairo, Illinois.", "Ohio. Significant rivers within the state include the Cuyahoga River, Great Miami River, Maumee River, Muskingum River, and Scioto River. The rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River, and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the Gulf of Mexico via the Ohio River and then the Mississippi.", "Ohio River. The upper Ohio River formed when one of the glacial lakes overflowed into a south-flowing tributary of the Teays River. Prior to that event, the north-flowing Steubenville River (no longer in existence) ended between New Martinsville and Paden City, West Virginia. Likewise, the south-flowing Marietta River (no longer in existence) ended between the present-day cities. The overflowing lake carved through the separating hill and connected the rivers.", "Ohio River. The Ohio's drainage basin covers 189,422 square miles (490,600 km2), encompassing the easternmost regions of the Mississippi Basin. The Ohio drains parts of 15 states in four regions.", "Ohio River. Major tributaries of the river, indicated by the location of the mouths, include:", "Wabash River. The Wabash River /ˈwɔːbæʃ/ (French: Ouabache) is a 503-mile-long (810 km)[1] river in the Midwestern United States that flows southwest from near the Indiana border in northwest Ohio, across northern and central Indiana to southern Illinois, where it forms the Illinois-Indiana border before draining into the Ohio River, of which it is the largest northern tributary. From the dam near Huntington, Indiana, to its terminus at the Ohio River, the Wabash flows freely for 411 miles (661 km). Its watershed drains most of Indiana.", "Ohio. Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by Virginia (which at that time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and, by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of the river as it existed in 1792.[30] Ohio has only that portion of the river between the river's 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark.", "Ohio River. The water levels for the Ohio River from Smithland Lock and Dam to Cairo, Illinois, are predicted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Lower Mississippi River Forecast Center.[19]", "Ohio River. Pre-Columbian inhabitants of eastern North America considered the Ohio part of a single river continuing on through the lower Mississippi. The river's name comes from the Seneca (Iroquoian) Ohiːyo', a proper name derived from ohiːyoːh, meaning \"good river\".[8] The combined Allegheny-Ohio river is 1,310 miles (2,110 km) long and carries the largest volume of water of any tributary of the Mississippi. The Indians and early explorers and settlers of the region also often considered the Allegheny to be part of the Ohio. The forks (the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at what is now Pittsburgh) was considered a strategic military location.", "Ohio River. The Allegheny River, left, and Monongahela River join to form the Ohio River at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the largest metropolitan area on the river.", "Ohio River. From a geological standpoint, the Ohio River is young. The river formed on a piecemeal basis beginning between 2.5 and 3 million years ago. The earliest ice ages occurred at this time and dammed portions of north-flowing rivers. The Teays River was the largest of these rivers. The modern Ohio River flows within segments of the ancient Teays. The ancient rivers were rearranged or consumed by glaciers and lakes.", "Wabash River. At mile ninety-three the river is joined by its first major tributary, the Little River. The city of Huntington sits at the confluence of the two rivers. The tributary dramatically increases the volume of water in the Wabash at this point, and because of the dams on the Wabash, it often carries more water than the Wabash.[15] Additional minor tributaries raise the water level between Huntington and the city of Wabash. As the river passes Wabash and moved towards Peru, it splits creating a series of islands; sandbars are common in the stretch. The river joins back into a single channel at Peru, and flows through one of its most gentle stretches until reaching Logansport where the river again splits into multiple channels with islands dividing them. Some of the channels are narrow and rocky, while the larger channels are navigable.[16] Between Logansport and Delphi, at mile 176, is one of the few remaining stretches of the Wabash and Erie canal. It can be accessed at Delphi. Just past Delphi, the Wabash's second major tributary, the Tippecanoe River, joins the river. The confluence of the two rivers is part of Prophetstown State Park, the site of the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe. The joining of the Tippecanoe raises the level of the Wabash dramatically. At this point, most large power boats can easily navigate the river at cruising speed.[16]", "Cuyahoga River. The Cuyahoga watershed begins its 100-mile (160 km) journey in Hambden, Ohio, flowing southward to the confluence of the East Branch Cuyahoga River and West Branch Cuyahoga River in Burton, where the Cuyahoga River officially begins.[4] It continues on its 84.9 miles (136.6 km) journey flowing southward to Akron and Cuyahoga Falls, where it turns sharply north and flows through the Cuyahoga Valley National Park in northern Summit County and southern Cuyahoga County. It then flows through Independence, Valley View, Cuyahoga Heights, Newburgh Heights and Cleveland to its northern terminus, emptying into Lake Erie. The Cuyahoga River and its tributaries drain 813 square miles (2,110 km2) of land in portions of six counties.", "Allegheny River. The Allegheny River (/ˌæləˈɡeɪni/ AL-ə-GAY-nee) is a principal tributary of the Ohio River; it is located in the Eastern United States. The Allegheny River joins with the Monongahela River to form the Ohio River at the \"Point\" of Point State Park in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Allegheny River is, by volume, the main headstream of the Ohio River.", "Ohio River. The Ohio River is a climatic transition area, as its water runs along the periphery of the humid subtropical and humid continental climate areas. It is inhabited by fauna and flora of both climates. In winter, it regularly freezes over at Pittsburgh but rarely farther south toward Cincinnati and Louisville. At Paducah, Kentucky, in the south, near the Ohio's confluence with the Mississippi, it is ice-free year-round. Paducah was founded there because it is the northernmost ice-free reach of the Ohio.", "Ohio River. In 1669, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle led a French expedition to the Ohio River, becoming the first Europeans to see it. After European-American settlement, the river served as a border between present-day Kentucky and Indian Territories. It was a primary transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U.S. In his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1781–82, Thomas Jefferson stated: \"The Ohio is the most beautiful river on earth. Its current gentle, waters clear, and bosom smooth and unbroken by rocks and rapids, a single instance only excepted.\"[7]", "Little Miami River. The river's headwaters, considered part of the North Fork, are located about 5 miles (8.0 km) from South Charleston in Clark County,[10] near Plattsburgh.[1] The river empties into the Ohio River at California, a neighborhood of Cincinnati in Hamilton County.[11] Between the headwaters and the mouth, there is a 705-foot (215 m) decrease in elevation.[10]", "Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is called the Lower Mississippi River from its confluence with the Ohio River to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico, a distance of about 1,000 miles (1,600 km). At the confluence of the Ohio and the Middle Mississippi, the long-term mean discharge of the Ohio at Cairo, Illinois is 281,500 cubic feet per second (7,970 cubic metres per second),[26] while the long-term mean discharge of the Mississippi at Thebes, Illinois (just upriver from Cairo) is 208,200 cu ft/s (5,900 m3/s).[27] Thus, by volume, the main branch of the Mississippi River system at Cairo can be considered to be the Ohio River (and the Allegheny River further upstream), rather than the Middle Mississippi.", "Ohio River. The middle Ohio River formed in a manner similar to formation of the upper Ohio River. A north-flowing river was temporarily dammed southwest of present-day Louisville, creating a large lake until the dam burst. A new route was carved to the Mississippi. Eventually the upper and middle sections combined to form what is essentially the modern Ohio River.", "Ohio River. Cities along the Ohio River include:", "Ohio River. The colonial charter for Virginia defined its territory as extending to the north shore of the Ohio, so that the riverbed was \"owned\" by Virginia. Where the river serves as a boundary between states today, Congress designated the entire river to belong to the states on the east and south, i.e., West Virginia and Kentucky at the time of admission to the Union, that were divided from Virginia. Thus Wheeling Island, the largest inhabited island in the Ohio River, belongs to West Virginia, although it is closer to the Ohio shore than to the West Virginia shore. Kentucky brought suit against Indiana in the early 1980s because of the building of the Marble Hill nuclear power plant in Indiana, which would have discharged its waste water into the river.", "Kentucky River. It continues on until it flows into the Ohio River at Carrollton in Carroll County.", "Ohio River. Because the Ohio River flowed westward, it became a convenient means of westward movement by pioneers traveling from western Pennsylvania. After reaching the mouth of the Ohio, settlers would travel north on the Mississippi River to St. Louis, Missouri. There, some continued on up the Missouri River, some up the Mississippi, and some further west over land routes. In the early 19th century, river pirates such as Samuel Mason, operating out of Cave-In-Rock, Illinois, waylaid travelers on their way down the river. They killed travelers, stealing their goods and scuttling their boats. The folktales about Mike Fink recall the keelboats used for commerce in the early days of European settlement. The Ohio River boatmen were the inspiration for performer Dan Emmett, who in 1843 wrote the song \"The Boatman's Dance\".", "Cuyahoga River. The Cuyahoga River[7] (/ˌkaɪ.əˈhɒɡə/ KY-ə-HOG-ə, or /ˌkaɪ.əˈhoʊɡə/ KY-ə-HOH-gə[8][9][10][11]) is a river in the United States, located in Northeast Ohio, that feeds into Lake Erie. The river is famous for having been so polluted that it \"caught fire\" in 1969. The event helped to spur the environmental movement in the US." ]

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[ "The Holly and the Ivy. Holly, especially the variety found in Europe, is commonly referenced at Christmastime, and is often referred to by the name Christ's thorn.[13][14] Since medieval times the plant has carried a Christian symbolism,[15] as expressed in this popular Christian Christmas carol \"The Holly and the Ivy\", in which the holly represents Jesus and the ivy represents His mother, the Virgin Mary.[14] Angie Mostellar discusses the Christian use of holly at Christmas, stating that:[14]", "Christmas. The practice of putting up special decorations at Christmas has a long history. In the 15th century, it was recorded that in London it was the custom at Christmas for every house and all the parish churches to be \"decked with holm, ivy, bays, and whatsoever the season of the year afforded to be green\".[157] The heart-shaped leaves of ivy were said to symbolize the coming to earth of Jesus, while holly was seen as protection against pagans and witches, its thorns and red berries held to represent the Crown of Thorns worn by Jesus at the crucifixion and the blood he shed.[158][159]", "The Holly and the Ivy. The words of the carol were included in Sylvester's 1861 collection A Garland of Christmas Carols where it is claimed to originate from \"an old broadside, printed a century and a half since\" [i.e. around 1711]:[7] Husk's 1864 Songs of the Nativity also includes the carol, stating:[8]", "The Holly and the Ivy. As such, holly and ivy have been a mainstay of British Advent and Christmas decorations for Church use since at least the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, when they were mentioned regularly in churchwardens’ accounts (Roud 2004).[16]", "Holly. Holly – more specifically the European holly, Ilex aquifolium – is commonly referenced at Christmas time, and is often referred to by the name Christ's thorn.[33][34] In many Western Christian cultures, holly is a traditional Christmas decoration,[35] used especially in wreaths and illustrations, for instance on Christmas cards. Since medieval times the plant has carried a Christian symbolism,[36] as expressed in the well-known Christian Christmas carol \"The Holly and the Ivy\", in which the holly represents Jesus and the ivy represents the Virgin Mary.[34] Angie Mostellar discusses the Christian use of holly at Christmas, stating that:[34]", "The Holly and the Ivy. Christians have identified a wealth of symbolism in its form. The sharpness of the leaves help to recall the crown of thorns worn by Jesus; the red berries serve as a reminder of the drops of blood that were shed for salvation; and the shape of the leaves, which resemble flames, can serve to reveal God's burning love for His people. Combined with the fact that holly maintains its bright colors during the Christmas season, it naturally came to be associated with the Christian holiday.[14]", "The Holly and the Ivy. An early mention of the carol's title occurs in William Hone's 1823 work Ancient Mysteries Described, which includes \"The holly and the ivy, now are both well grown\" among an alphabetical list of \"Christmas Carols, now annually printed\" that were in the author's possession.[5]", "The Holly and the Ivy. Instead of passages from Bernard Barton, however, and Mary Howitt, we think we could have gathered more from the seventeenth century poets; and especially might larger use have been made of that touchingly simple class of religious ballads, which under the name of carols, &c., is so rife throughout the rural districts, and the humbler quarters of England's great towns. Many of these are only orally preserved, but with a little trouble a large number might be recovered. We have before us at this time a collection of carols printed in the cheapest form, at Birmingham, uniting for the most part extreme simplicity, with distinct doctrinal teaching, a combination which constitutes the excellence of a popular religious literature. From this little volume we will extract one which might well take the place of the passage from Milton for Christmas Day. It is called the \"Holly and the Ivy.\"", "The Holly and the Ivy. \"The Holly and the Ivy\" is a traditional British folk Christmas carol. The song is catalogued as Roud Folk Song Index No. 514.", "The Holly and the Ivy. The words of the carol occur in three broadsides published in Birmingham in the early nineteenth century.[2][3][4]", "The Holly and the Ivy. The Holly and the Ivy is also related to an older carol described by Sharp as: \"The Contest of the Ivy and the Holly\", a contest between the traditional emblems of woman and man respectively.", "The Holly and the Ivy. Holly and ivy figure in the lyrics of the \"Sans Day Carol\". The music was first published by Cecil Sharp.[17] Sir Henry Walford Davies wrote a popular choral arrangement that is often performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols and by choirs around the world Henry VIII wrote a love song Green groweth the holly which alludes to holly and ivy resisting winter blasts and not changing their green hue So I am and ever hath been Unto my lady true.", "The Holly and the Ivy. The complete words of the carol are found in a book review dating from 1849, in which the reviewer suggested using the text of \"The Holly and the Ivy\" in place of one of the readings found in the book under discussion.[6] The anonymous reviewer introduced the lyrics of carol thus:", "The Holly and the Ivy. The following are taken from Sharp's English Folk-Carols (1911), the publication that first established the current words and melody:[1]", "Christmas music. \"My Little Christmas Belle\" (1909) composed by Joe Slater (1872-1926) to words by Ward McAlister (1872–1928) celebrates eastern Australian flora coming into bloom during the heat of Christmas. Blandfordia nobilis, also known as Christmas Bells, are the specific subject of the song—with the original sheet music bearing a depiction of the blossom.[38] Whereas \"The Holly and The Ivy\" (1937) by Australian Louis Lavater (1867–1953) mentions northern hemisphere foliage.[39]", "The Holly and the Ivy. Hone's 1823 Ancient Mysteries Described, which lists the carol's title as mentioned above, also describes (p 94)[5] a British Museum manuscript: The same volume contains a song on the Holly and the Ivy which I mention because there is an old Carol on the same subject still printed. The MS begins with,", "The Holly and the Ivy. The early nineteenth-century sources do not provide music for the carol. An 1868 collection of carols coupled the words of \"The Holly and The Ivy\" to an \"old French carol\".[12]", "Charles Stewart Parnell. He is also commemorated on the first Sunday after the anniversary of his death on 6 October, known as Ivy Day, which originated when the mourners at his funeral in 1891, taking their cue from a wreath of ivy sent by a Cork woman \"as the best offering she could afford\", took ivy leaves from the walls and stuck them in their lapels. Ever after, the ivy leaf became the Parnellite emblem, worn by his followers when they gathered to honour their lost leader.[45]", "The Holly and the Ivy. This carol appears to have nearly escaped the notice of collectors, as it has been reprinted by one alone, who states his copy to have been taken from \"an old broadside, printed a century and a half since,\" i.e. about 1710. It is still retained on the broadsides printed at Birmingham.", "The Holly and the Ivy. Early English Lyrics by Chambers and Sidgwick, published in 1907, repeats Husk's statement.[9]", "Christmas. Christmas during the Middle Ages was a public festival that incorporated ivy, holly, and other evergreens.[103] Christmas gift-giving during the Middle Ages was usually between people with legal relationships, such as tenant and landlord.[103] The annual indulgence in eating, dancing, singing, sporting, and card playing escalated in England, and by the 17th century the Christmas season featured lavish dinners, elaborate masques, and pageants. In 1607, King James I insisted that a play be acted on Christmas night and that the court indulge in games.[104] It was during the Reformation in 16th–17th-century Europe that many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or Christkindl, and the date of giving gifts changed from December 6 to Christmas Eve.[105]", "Father Christmas. The character of 'Christmas' (also called 'father Christmas') speaks in a pamphlet of 1652, immediately after the English Civil War, published anonymously by the satirical Royalist poet John Taylor: The Vindication of Christmas or, His Twelve Yeares' Observations upon the Times. A frontispiece illustrates an old, bearded Christmas in a brimmed hat, a long open robe and undersleeves. Christmas laments the pitiful quandary he has fallen into since he came into \"this headlesse countrey\". \"I was in good hope that so long a misery would have made them glad to bid a merry Christmas welcome. But welcome or not welcome, I am come....\" He concludes with a verse: \"Lets dance and sing, and make good chear, / For Christmas comes but once a year.\"[21]", "Presentation of Jesus at the Temple. \"Down with the rosemary, and so\nDown with the bays and mistletoe;\nDown with the holly, ivy, all,\nWherewith ye dress'd the Christmas Hall\"", "Christmas and holiday season. The alternative \"Happy Christmas\" gained usage in the late 19th century, and in the UK and Ireland is a common spoken greeting, along with \"Merry Christmas\". One reason may be the Victorian middle class influence in attempting to separate wholesome celebration of the Christmas season from public insobriety and associated asocial behaviour, at a time when merry also meant \"intoxicated\" – Queen Elizabeth II is said to prefer \"Happy Christmas\" for this reason.[59] In her annual Christmas messages to the Commonwealth, Queen Elizabeth has used \"happy Christmas\" far more often than \"merry Christmas\".[66]", "Iris (plant). French King Clovis I (466 – 511), when he converted to Christianity, changed his symbol on his banner from three toads to irises (the Virgin's flower).[28]", "Father Christmas. Scott's phrase Merry England has been adopted by historians to describe the romantic notion that there was a golden age of the English past, allegedly since lost, that was characterised by universal hospitality and charity. The notion had a profound influence on the way that popular customs were seen, and most of the 19th century writers who bemoaned the state of contemporary Christmases were, at least to some extent, yearning for the mythical Merry England version.[40]", "The Holly and the Ivy. The usual melody for the carol was first published in Cecil Sharp's 1911 collection English Folk-Carols.[1] Sharp states that he heard the tune sung by \"Mrs. Mary Clayton, at Chipping Camden\".[10] Sharp's manuscript transcription of Clayton's singing of the third verse, dated \"Jan 13th 1909\", is archived in the Cecil Sharp Manuscript Collection at Clare College, Cambridge and viewable online.[11] The melody is notable in being confined to the notes of the hexachord.", "Father Christmas. The first known English personification of Christmas was associated with merry-making, singing and drinking. A carol attributed to Richard Smart, Rector of Plymtree from 1435 to 1477, has 'Sir Christemas' announcing the news of Christ's birth and encouraging his listeners to drink: \"Buvez bien par toute la compagnie, / Make good cheer and be right merry, / And sing with us now joyfully: Nowell, nowell.\"[4]", "Hedera helix. Hedera helix, the common ivy, English ivy, European ivy, or just ivy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae, native to most of Europe and western Asia. A rampant, clinging evergreen vine, it is a familiar sight in gardens, waste spaces, on house walls, tree trunks and in wild areas across its native habitat.", "Ivy League. Students have long revered the ivied walls of older colleges. \"Planting the ivy\" was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the 1800s. In 1893, an alumnus told The Harvard Crimson, \"In 1850, class day was placed upon the University Calendar.... the custom of planting the ivy, while the ivy oration was delivered, arose about this time.\"[29] At Penn, graduating seniors started the custom of planting ivy at a university building each spring in 1873 and that practice was formally designated as \"Ivy Day\" in 1874.[30] Ivy planting ceremonies are reported for Yale,[31] Simmons,[32] Bryn Mawr[33] and many others. Princeton's \"Ivy Club\" was founded in 1879.[34]", "Christmas and holiday season. Also in 1843, Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol was published, during the mid Victorian revival of the holiday. The word Merry was then beginning to take on its current meaning of \"jovial, cheerful, jolly and outgoing\".[59] \"Merry Christmas\" in this new context figured prominently in A Christmas Carol. The cynical Ebenezer Scrooge rudely deflects the friendly greeting: \"If I could work my will … every idiot who goes about with 'Merry Christmas' on his lips should be boiled with his own pudding.\"[62] After the visit from the Ghosts of Christmas effects his transformation, Scrooge exclaims; \"I am as merry as a school-boy. A merry Christmas to everybody!\" and heartily exchanges the wish to all he meets.[63] The instant popularity of A Christmas Carol, the Victorian era Christmas traditions it typifies, and the term's new meaning appearing in the book popularized the phrase \"Merry Christmas\".[64][65]", "A Christmas Carol. Although the phrase \"Merry Christmas\" had been around for many years – the earliest known written use was in a letter in 1534 – Dickens's use of the term in A Christmas Carol popularised the term among the Victorian public.[96] The exclamation \"Bah! Humbug!\" entered popular use in the English language as a retort to anything sentimental or over festive;[97] the name \"Scrooge\" became used as a designation for a miser, and was added to the Oxford English Dictionary as such in 1982.[98]" ]

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[ "United States presidential election, 2016. Both major-party candidates were unusually old. At 70 years of age, Trump became the oldest person ever to be elected to a first term as president, surpassing Ronald Reagan, who was 7004254740000000000♠69 years, 272 days upon winning the 1980 election. Clinton, at 7004252160000000000♠69 years, 13 days, would have been the second-oldest after Reagan.", "Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and at age 62, was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 (President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president, having succeeded to the Presidency in 1945 upon the death of Franklin Roosevelt).[121] Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century and was the most recent President to have never held elected office prior to the Presidency until Donald Trump, who never held public office nor served in the military; the other Presidents who did not have prior elected office were Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, William Howard Taft, and Herbert Hoover.", "List of presidents of the United States by age. On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death, but by the inauguration of a president who was older. Theodore Roosevelt (born 1858) lost this distinction when William Taft (born 1857) was inaugurated, then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson (born 1856) was inaugurated. More recently, Richard Nixon (born 1913) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan (born 1911) was inaugurated. Furthermore, although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president (at age 49) and a former president (at age 50), he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term. Consequently, Taft was the oldest living president twice: first during his presidency (having succeeded the younger Roosevelt), and a second time after Wilson (his successor as president but an older man) died. Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction, at the age of 90.", "Ronald Reagan. At the time, Reagan was the oldest person elected to the office of the presidency (at age 69) and the oldest president at the time of inauguration, at 69 years, 341 days (Donald Trump surpassed this record when he was inaugurated in January 2017 at the age of 70). In his first inaugural address on January 20, 1981, which Reagan himself wrote, he addressed the country's economic malaise, arguing: \"In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problems; government is the problem.\"[120]", "List of presidents of the United States by age. The oldest living U.S. president is George H. W. Bush, born June 12, 1924 (age 93 years, 318 days). On November 25, 2017, he also became the longest-lived president, surpassing the lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died at the age of 93 years, 165 days. The second oldest living president, Jimmy Carter, has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history, currently at 37 years, 96 days. He surpassed the previous record, held by Herbert Hoover (31 years, 230 days) on September 7, 2012. The youngest living president is Barack Obama, born August 4, 1961 (age 56 years, 265 days).", "List of presidents of the United States by age. The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months. This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70 years, 220 days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43 years, 163 days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73 years, 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term.", "List of presidents of the United States by age. Of the 44 persons who have served as president, 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time. Herbert Hoover held this distinction for the longest period of any, from the death of Calvin Coolidge in January 1933 until his own death 31 years later. Lyndon B. Johnson held it for the shortest, from the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 until his own death only 27 days later.", "United States presidential election, 1840. The Whigs did not get to enjoy the benefits of their electoral victory. The 67-year-old Harrison was the oldest U.S. president elected until Ronald Reagan won the 1980 presidential election, and Harrison died a little more than a month after his inauguration. Harrison was succeeded by John Tyler, who proved to be disastrous for the Whigs. While Tyler had been a staunch supporter of Clay at the convention, he was a former Democrat and a passionate supporter of states' rights. As President Tyler blocked the Whigs' domestic legislative agenda, he was expelled from the party.", "List of presidents of the United States by age. On seven occasions, the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office. In the cases of John Adams, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon, this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison, the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor (John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively). By contrast, the president who acquired this distinction furthest from his time in office was Gerald Ford, who had been retired for 7003999800000000000♠27 years, 137 days.", "David Rice Atchison. Atchison was 41 years and 6 months old at the time of the alleged One-Day Presidency, younger than any official President. Theodore Roosevelt, the youngest to serve, was 42 years and 11 months old when he was sworn in following the death of William McKinley in 1901, and John F. Kennedy, the youngest to be elected, was 43 years and 7 months old when he was inaugurated in 1961.", "List of French Presidents by longevity. The oldest living former president is Valéry d'Estaing, born 2 February 1926 (aged 7004335590000000000♠91 years, 321 days). He is also the longest-lived president since 21 January 2017 he tied Émile Loubet, who died at the age of 90 years, 354 days. The youngest living former president is Nicolas Sarkozy, born 28 January 1955 (aged 7004229720000000000♠62 years, 326 days). The youngest living president is the incumbent, Emmanuel Macron, born 21 December 1977 (aged 7004146090000000000♠39 years, 364 days). The shortest-lived president was Sadi Carnot, who was killed in office at the age of 56 years, 318 days.", "United States presidential election, 2008. Similar to Senator Bob Dole's 1996 presidential campaign, one of the more widely leveled charges against McCain was the issue of his age—he turned 72 in August and there was widespread concern about the idea of electing a man who would be 80 years old if he completed two full terms in office (the oldest president, Ronald Reagan, had been a month shy of 78 when he left office in January 1989). In addition, McCain suffered from the ill effects of his captivity in North Vietnam and reportedly had difficulty lifting his arms above his head. His age in particular was considered a liability against the youthful Senator Obama, who was the first Generation Xer to run for president on a major party ticket. McCain for comparison was born before World War II and belonged to the generation preceding the baby boomers. Much like Bob Dole, McCain attempted to counter these charges by releasing all of his medical records, something Obama did not do. McCain's wife Cindy dismissed concerns about his health by arguing that \"We went hiking the Grand Canyon last summer and [John] did great and had no trouble keeping up with us.\" McCain also appeared at several campaign stops with his still-active 95-year-old mother. In a speech on the House floor, Pennsylvania Congressman John Murtha criticized McCain's age by saying \"Seven presidents have come and gone since I've been in Congress, and I saw the toll the job took on each one of them.\" If elected, McCain would have been the first, and only, President born in the decade of the 1930s.", "William Henry Harrison. Van Buren soon became a major target of criticism from the Whigs following the Panic of 1837. Seeking to run a non-controversial and less ideological war hero who could defeat Van Buren based on popularity, a unified Whig Party nominated Harrison over party founder Henry Clay and fellow general Winfield Scott. John Tyler of Virginia was selected as his running mate, and Harrison and Tyler defeated Van Buren in the 1840 election. At the time, he was the oldest president ever elected.[4] However, Harrison died of pneumonia in April 1841, at the age of 68, a month after taking office. Tyler then assumed the presidency, setting a major precedent. Due to the short length of Harrison's presidency, scholars and historians often forgo listing him in rankings of U.S. presidents.", "List of French Presidents by longevity. The median age of accession is 61 years and 7 months, which is how old Alexandre Millerand was when he was inaugurated. The youngest person to assume office was Emmanuel Macron (age 39 years, 144 days). The oldest person to assume office was Adolphe Thiers (age 74 years, 135 days).", "Ronald Reagan. Reagan was sworn in as president for the second time on January 20, 1985, in a private ceremony at the White House. At 73 years of age, he was the oldest person to ever have been sworn into a second term. Because January 20 fell on a Sunday, a public celebration was not held but took place in the Capitol rotunda the following day. January 21 was one of the coldest days on record in Washington, D.C.; due to poor weather, inaugural celebrations were held inside the Capitol. In the coming weeks he shook up his staff somewhat, moving White House Chief of Staff James Baker to Secretary of the Treasury and naming Treasury Secretary Donald Regan, a former Merrill Lynch officer, Chief of Staff.[223][223]", "Talk:Theodore Roosevelt/Archive 2. Do we count him as the youngest president that was not elected until his re-election? Seance President Kennedy was the youngest man to ever be elected to the office of president of the united states.Or do we just say he was the youngest one to hold the office without being elected first? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.140.130.69 (talk) 04:34, 3 July 2009 (UTC)", "Dwight D. Eisenhower. In the 1960 election to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed Nixon over Democrat John F. Kennedy. He told friends, \"I will do almost anything to avoid turning my chair and country over to Kennedy.\"[117] He actively campaigned for Nixon in the final days, although he may have done Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon's policy ideas he had adopted, Eisenhower joked, \"If you give me a week, I might think of one. I don't remember.\" Kennedy's campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon narrowly lost to Kennedy. Eisenhower, who was the oldest president in history at that time (then 70), was succeeded by the youngest elected president, as Kennedy was 43.[117]", "United States presidential election, 1988. Al Gore, a Senator from Tennessee, also chose to run for the nomination. Turning 40 in 1988, he would have been the youngest man to contest the Presidency on a major party ticket since William Jennings Bryan in 1896, and the youngest president ever if elected, younger than John F. Kennedy at election age and Theodore Roosevelt at age of assumption of office. He eventually became the 45th Vice President of the United States under Bill Clinton, then the Democratic presidential nominee in 2000. Gore was later defeated by George W. Bush, George H.W.'s son, in 2000.", "George H. W. Bush. On November 25, 2017, Bush became the longest-lived U.S. president when he surpassed the 93 years and 165 days lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died in 2006.[313] Bush is currently 94 years, 78 days old, and he is the nation's oldest living president as well as the oldest living vice president. He is also the first president to reach the age of 94, reaching that milestone on June 12, 2018.[314] The longest-lived U.S. vice president is John Nance Garner, who died on November 7, 1967, 15 days short of his 99th birthday.[315]", "Syngman Rhee. In 1960, the 84-year-old Rhee won his fourth term in office as President with 90% of the vote. His victory was assured after the main opposition candidate, Cho Byeong-ok, died shortly before the March 15 elections.", "John Quincy Adams. Adams considered permanently retiring from public life after his 1828 defeat, and he was deeply hurt by the suicide of his son, George Washington Adams, in 1829.[82] He was appalled by many of the Jackson administration's actions, including its embrace of the spoils system.[83] Adams grew bored of his retirement and still felt that his career was unfinished, so he ran for and won a seat in the United States House of Representatives in the 1830 elections.[84] His election went against the generally held opinion, shared by his own wife and youngest son, that former presidents should not run for public office.[85] He was the first president to serve in Congress after his term of office, and one of only two former presidents to do so (Andrew Johnson later served in the Senate). He was elected to nine terms, serving as a Representative for 17 years, from 1831 until his death.[86]", "William Jennings Bryan presidential campaign, 1896. In September, the Gold Democrats met in convention in Indianapolis. Loyal to Cleveland, they wanted to nominate him. However, the President ruled this out; his Cabinet members also refused to run. Not even supporters thought the Gold Democrats would win; the purpose was to have a candidate who would speak for the gold element in the party, and who would divide the vote and defeat Bryan. Illinois Senator John M. Palmer was eager to be the presidential candidate, and the convention nominated him with Kentucky's Simon Bolivar Buckner as his running mate. Palmer was a 79-year-old former Union general, Buckner a 73-year-old former Confederate of that rank; the ticket was the oldest in combined age in American history, and Palmer the second-oldest presidential candidate (behind Peter Cooper of the Greenback Party; Bryan was the youngest). The Gold Democrats received quiet financial support from Hanna and the Republicans. Palmer proved an able campaigner who visited most major cities in the East, and in the final week of his campaign, told listeners, \"I will not count it any great fault if next Tuesday you decide to cast your ballots for William McKinley.\"[131]", "Jimmy Carter. With President Carter turning 93 on October 1, 2017, four successive presidents, Ford (38), Carter (39), Reagan (40) and George H. W. Bush (41) have reached the age of 93, a historic first. Previously, Presidents John Adams (2) and Herbert Hoover (31) had been the only Presidents to reach the age of 90, the previous record for Presidential longevity.", "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom. William Ewart Gladstone, was the oldest. He was 82 years of age when he returned to office after his Liberal Party were successful in the 1892 general election. The oldest Prime Minister to be victorious at a general election for the first time was Lord Palmerston, who was 72 years of age when his Whig Party won the 1857 general election.", "Neelam Sanjiva Reddy. The presidential election of 1977 was necessitated by the death in office of the incumbent Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed. Although Prime Minister Morarji Desai wanted to nominate danseuse Rukmini Devi Arundale for the post, she turned down the offer.[58] Reddy was elected unopposed, the only President to be elected thus, after being unanimously supported by all political parties including the opposition Congress party. At 64, he became the youngest ever person to be elected President of India. He was also the only serious presidential candidate to have contested twice – in 1969 against V V Giri and in 1977.[59][60] 37 candidates had filed their nominations for the presidency of whom 36 were rejected by the returning officer. Following these disqualifications, Reddy remained the only validly nominated candidate in the fray which made elections unnecessary. Reddy thus became the first person to be elected President of India without a contest and remains the only President to have been elected unopposed.[61][62]", "Inauguration of John F. Kennedy. Kennedy's inauguration marked many firsts for the United States. Kennedy was the first, and to this date, the only Catholic inaugurated as commander-in-chief.[44] At the inauguration, Kennedy, then 43, was the youngest elected president and was replacing the oldest president in American history at that time, Eisenhower.[45][46][47] The age difference and visual impact of the turnover from Eisenhower's presence to Kennedy's was noticeable at the inauguration.[30][48] In addition, Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to have been inaugurated as President.[49]", "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps. William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was the ninth President of the United States, and served in the U.S. Army as an officer. A hero in the War of 1812, he was the first president to die in office.[38] The oldest president elected until Ronald Reagan in 1980, and last President to be born before the United States Declaration of Independence, Harrison died on his thirty-second day in office.[39] Harrison's grandson, Benjamin Harrison of Indiana, was the 23rd president, from 1889 to 1893, making them the only grandparent–grandchild pair of presidents.[40]", "List of presidents of the United States by age. Assassinated three years into his term, John F. Kennedy was the youngest at the time of leaving office (46 years, 177 days); the youngest president to leave office at the conclusion of a normal transition was Theodore Roosevelt (50 years, 128 days). The oldest at the time of leaving office was Ronald Reagan (77 years, 349 days).", "United States presidential election, 1980. Reagan won the election by a landslide, taking a large majority of the electoral vote and 50.7% of the popular vote. Reagan received the highest number of electoral votes ever won by a non-incumbent presidential candidate. In the simultaneous Congressional elections, Republicans won control of the United States Senate for the first time since 1955. Carter won 41% of the vote but carried just six states and Washington, D.C. Anderson won 6.6% of the popular vote, and he performed best among liberal Republican voters dissatisfied with Reagan. Reagan was 69 at the time and became the oldest person to ever win a presidential election, though this record was later surpassed by Donald Trump.", "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps. Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th President of the United States and an American military leader. Taylor ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass and becoming the first man elected to the Presidency without having held any previous elected office. He served in the Army for over forty years, had a reputation for never losing a battle, and was nicknamed \"Old Rough and Ready\". During the Mexican-American War (1846–1848) Taylor became a national hero, and with this fame he was elected to the presidency.", "History of the United States (1789–1849). When Jackson took office on March 4, 1829, many doubted if he would survive his term in office. A week short of his 63rd birthday, he was the oldest man yet elected president and suffering from the effects of old battle wounds. He also had a frequent hacking cough and sometimes spit up blood. The inauguration ball became a notorious event in the history of the American presidency as a large mob of guests swarmed through the White House, tracking dirt and mud everywhere, and consuming a giant cheese that had been presented as an inaugural gift to the president. A contemporary journalist described the spectacle as \"the reign of King Mob\".", "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom. The oldest Prime Minister to be appointed overall, and oldest to win a General Election, was William Ewart Gladstone, who was born on 29 December 1809 and appointed for the final time on 15 August 1892 at the age of 82 years, 7 months and 3 days, following that year's General Election." ]

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[ "Mali Empire. The empire began as a small Mandinka kingdom at the upper reaches of the Niger River, centred around the town of Niani (the empire's namesake in Manding). During the 11th and 12th centuries, it began to develop as an empire following the decline of the Ghana Empire to the north. During this period, trade routes shifted southward to the savanna, stimulating the growth of states. The early history of the Mali Empire (before the 13th century) is unclear, as there are conflicting and imprecise accounts by both Arab chroniclers and oral traditionalists. Sundiata Keita (c. 1214–c. 1255) is the first ruler about whom there is accurate written information (from Ibn Khaldun). Sundiata Keita was a warrior-prince of the Keita dynasty who was called upon to free the Mali people from the rule of the king of the Sosso Empire, Soumaoro Kanté. The conquest of Sosso in c. 1235 gave the Mali Empire access to the trans-Saharan trade routes. Following the death of Sundiata Keita in c. 1255, the kings of Mali were referred to by the title mansa.[7]", "Mali Empire. The first ruler from the Laye lineage was Kankan Musa Keita (or Moussa), also known as Mansa Musa. After an entire year without word from Abubakari Keita II, he was crowned Mansa Musa Keita. Mansa Musa Keita was one of the first truly devout Muslims to lead the Mali Empire. He attempted to make Islam the faith of the nobility,[37] but kept to the imperial tradition of not forcing it on the populace. He also made Eid celebrations at the end of Ramadan a national ceremony. He could read and write Arabic and took an interest in the scholarly city of Timbuktu, which he peaceably annexed in 1324. Via one of the royal ladies of his court, Musa transformed Sankore from an informal madrasah into an Islamic university. Islamic studies flourished thereafter.", "Mali Empire. Mansa Mahmud Keita II came to the throne in 1481 during Mali's downward spiral. It is unknown from whom he descended; however, another emperor, Mansa Maghan Keita III, is sometimes cited as Mansa Mahmud Keita I. Still, throne names don’t usually indicate blood relations. Mansa Mahmud Keita II's rule was characterised by more losses to Mali's old possessions and increased contact between Mali and Portuguese explorers along the coast. In 1481, Fula raids against Mali's Tekrur provinces began.", "Mali Empire. Mansa Musa Keita was succeeded by his son, Maghan Keita I, in 1337.[37] Mansa Maghan Keita I spent wastefully and was the first lacklustre emperor since Khalifa Keita. But the Mali Empire built by his predecessors was too strong for even his misrule and it passed intact to Musa's brother, Souleyman Keita in 1341.", "Mali Empire. In 1285, a court slave freed by Sundiata Keita, and who had also served as a general, usurped the throne of Mali.[37] The reign of Mansa Sakoura (also spelt Sakura) appears to have been beneficial, despite the political shake-up. He added the first conquests to Mali since the reign of Ouali, including the former Wagadou provinces of Tekrour and Diara. His conquests did not stop at the boundaries of Wagadou, however. He campaigned into Senegal and conquered the Wolof province of Dyolof (Jolof), then took the army east to subjugate the copper-producing area of Takedda. He also conquered Macina and raided into Gao to suppress its first rebellion against Mali.[37] More than just a mere warrior, Mansa Sakoura went on the hajj during the reign of Al-Nasir Muhammad.[60] Mansa Sakura also opened direct trade negotiations with Tripoli and Morocco.[37]", "Mali Empire. The Mali Empire (Manding: Nyeni[5] or Niani; also historically referred to as the Manden Kurufaba,[1] sometimes shortened to Manden) was an empire in West Africa from c. 1230 to 1670. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Musa Keita. The Manding languages were spoken in the empire. It was the largest empire in West Africa and profoundly influenced the culture of West Africa through the spread of its language, laws and customs.[6] Much of the recorded information about the Mali Empire comes from 14th century North African Arab historian Ibn Khaldun, 14th century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta and 16th century Moroccan traveller Leo Africanus. The other major source of information is Mandinka oral tradition, through storytellers known as griots.[7]", "Mali Empire. As a policy of controlling and rewarding his generals, Mari Djata adopted their sons.[26] These children were raised at the mansa's court and became Keitas upon reaching maturity. Seeing the throne as their right, two adopted sons of Mari Djata waged a devastating war against one another that threatened to destroy what the first two mansas had built. The first son to gain the throne was Mansa Ouati Keita (also spelt Wati) in 1270.[61] He reigned for four years, spending lavishly and ruling cruelly, according to the djelis. Upon his death in 1274, the other adopted son seized the throne.[61] Mansa Khalifa Keita is remembered as even worse than Ouati Keita. According to the djelis, he governed just as badly, was insane and fired arrows from the roof of his palace at passers by. Ibn Khaldun recounts that the people rushed upon him and killed him during a popular revolt.[60] The Gbara replaced him with Manding Bory Keita in 1275.[62]", "Mali Empire. In 1307 Mansa Musa came to the throne after a series of civil wars and ruled for thirty years. During the peak of the kingdom, Mali was extremely wealthy. This was due to the tax on trade in and out of the empire, along with all the gold Mansa Musa had. He had so much gold that during his hajj to Mecca, the Mansa passed out gold to all the poor along the way. This led to inflation throughout the kingdom. Mansa Musa also ran out of gold on the hajj to Mecca but was not concerned because he knew he had enough gold back in Mali to pay back everything he owed money to. Trade was a significant factor to the rise and success of Mali. Mali flourished especially when Timbuktu came under Mansa Musa’s control. Timbuktu was a place of trade, entertainment, and education. The city’s water supply was a leading cause to its successes in trade.[44] Mansa Musa placed a heavy tax on all objects that went through Timbuktu. Although this time in the kingdom was prosperous, Mali’s wealth and power soon declined. Mali was thriving for a long time, but like other western pre-colonial kingdom, Mali began to fall. Constant civil war between leaders led to a weakened state. These conflicts also interrupted trade. This is one of the main factors to the fall of the kingdom. Trade was Mali’s form of income, and wealth. With trade being disrupted by wars, there was no way for the economy to continue to prosper. As a result of this the empire fell. [45]", "History of Africa. The Mali Empire began in the 13th century AD, when a Mande (Mandingo) leader, Sundiata (Lord Lion) of the Keita clan, defeated Soumaoro Kanté, king of the Sosso or southern Soninke, at the Battle of Kirina in c. 1235. Sundiata continued his conquest from the fertile forests and Niger Valley, east to the Niger Bend, north into the Sahara, and west to the Atlantic Ocean, absorbing the remains of the Ghana Empire. Sundiata took on the title of mansa. He established the capital of his empire at Niani.[180]", "Mali Empire. In the early 15th century, Mali was still powerful enough to conquer and settle new areas. One of these was Dioma, an area south of Niani populated by Fula Wassoulounké.[26] Two noble brothers from Niani, of unknown lineage, went to Dioma with an army and drove out the Fula Wassoulounké. The oldest brother, Sérébandjougou Keita, was crowned Mansa Foamed or Mansa Musa Keita III. His reign saw the first in a string of many great losses to Mali. In 1430, the Tuareg seized Timbuktu.[81] Three years later, Oualata also fell into their hands.[37]", "Niger. The Mali Empire was a Mandinka empire founded by Sundiata Keita circa 1230 that existed up to 1600. At its peak circa 1350, the empire extended as far west as Senegal and Guinee Conakry and as far east as western Niger.", "Mali Empire. Following Musa Keita III's death, his brother Gbèré Keita became emperor in the mid-15th century.[26] Gbèré Keita was crowned Mansa Ouali Keita II and ruled during the period of Mali's contact with Portugal. In the 1450s, Portugal began sending raiding parties along the Gambian coast.[82] The Gambia was still firmly in Mali's control, and these raiding expeditions met with disastrous fates before Portugal's Diogo Gomes began formal relations with Mali via its remaining Wolof subjects.[83] Alvise Cadamosto, a Venetian explorer, recorded that the Mali Empire was the most powerful entity on the coast in 1454.[83]", "Mali Empire. The reign of Mari Djata Keita II was ruinous and left the empire in bad financial shape, but the empire itself passed intact to the dead emperor's brother. Mansa Fadima Musa Keita, or Mansa Musa Keita II, began the process of reversing his brother's excesses.[37] He did not, however, hold the power of previous mansas because of the influence of his kankoro-sigui.", "Mali Empire. Abubakari Keita II's 1312 abdication, the only recorded one in the empire's history, marked the beginning of a new lineage descended from Faga Laye Keita.[26] Faga Laye Keita was the son of Abubakari Keita I. Unlike his father, Faga Laye Keita never took the throne of Mali. However, his line would produce seven mansas who reigned during the height of Mali's power and toward the beginning of its decline.", "Mali Empire. The Songhai settlement effectively shook off Mali's authority in 1375. Still, by the time of Mansa Musa Keita II's death in 1387, Mali was financially solvent and in control of all of its previous conquests short of Gao and Dyolof. Forty years after the reign of Mansa Musa Keita I, the Mali Empire still controlled some 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000 sq mi) of land throughout Western Africa.[78][9]", "Musa I of Mali. What is known about the kings of the Malian Empire is taken from the writings of Arab scholars, including Al-Umari, Abu-sa'id Uthman ad-Dukkali, Ibn Khaldun, and Ibn Battuta. According to Ibn-Khaldun's comprehensive history of the Malian kings, Mansa Musa's grandfather was Abu-Bakr Keita (the Arabic equivalent to Bakari or Bogari, original name unknown − not the sahabiyy Abu Bakr), a brother of Sundiata Keita, the founder of the Malian Empire as recorded through oral histories. Abu-Bakr did not ascend the throne, and his son, Musa's father, Faga Laye, has no significance in the History of Mali.[14]", "Mali Empire. After a mere nine months of rule, Mansa Camba Keita was deposed by one of Maghan Keita I's three sons. Konkodougou Kamissa Keita, named for the province he once governed,[26] was crowned as Mansa Mari Djata Keita II in 1360. He ruled oppressively and nearly bankrupted Mali with his lavish spending. He did however, maintain contacts with Morocco, sending a giraffe to King Abu Hassan. Mansa Mari Djata Keita II became seriously ill in 1372,[37] and power moved into the hands of his ministers until his death in 1374.", "Mali Empire. There were 21 known mansas of the Mali Empire after Mari Djata I, and probably about two or three more yet to be revealed. The names of these rulers come down through history via the djelis and modern descendants of the Keita dynasty residing in Kangaba. What separates these rulers from the founder, other than the latter's historic role in establishing the state, is their transformation of the Manden Kurufaba into a Manden Empire. Not content to rule fellow Manding subjects unified by the victory of Mari Djata I, these mansas would conquer and annex Fula,[59] Wolof, Bamana, Songhai, Tuareg and countless other peoples into an immense empire.", "Mali Empire. Ko Mamadi Keita was crowned Mansa Gao Keita and ruled over a successful empire without any recorded crises. His son, Mansa Mohammed ibn Gao Keita, ascended the throne five years later and continued the stability of the Kolonkan Keita line.[26]", "Griot. The Mali Empire (Malinke Empire), at its height in the middle of the 14th century, extended from central Africa (today's Chad and Niger) to West Africa (today's Mali and Senegal). The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita, whose exploits remain celebrated in Mali today. In the Epic of Sundiata, King Naré Maghann Konaté offered his son Sundiata a griot, Balla Fasséké, to advise him in his reign. Balla Fasséké is considered the founder of the Kouyaté line of griots that exists to this day.", "Mali Empire. Mahmud Keita, possibly a grandchild or great-grandchild of Mansa Gao Keita, was crowned Mansa Maghan Keita III in 1390. During his reign, the Mossi emperor Bonga of Yatenga raided into Mali and plundered Macina.[37] Emperor Bonga did not appear to hold the area, and it stayed within the Mali Empire after Maghan Keita III's death in 1400.", "Mali Empire. Imperial Mali is best known through three primary sources: the first is the account of Shihab al-'Umari, written in about 1340 by a geographer-administrator in Mamluk Egypt. His information about the empire came from visiting Malians taking the hajj, or pilgrim's voyage to Mecca. He had first-hand information from several sources, and from a second-hand source, he learned of the visit of Mansa Musa. The second account is that of the traveller Ibn Battuta, who visited Mali in 1352. This is the first account of a West African kingdom made directly by an eyewitness; the others are usually second-hand. The third great account is that of Ibn Khaldun, who wrote in the early 15th century. While the accounts are of limited length, they provide a fairly good picture of the empire at its height.", "Mali Empire. Mansa Ouali Keita proved to be an efficient emperor, adding more lands to the empire, including the Gambian provinces of Bati and Casa. He also conquered the gold producing provinces of Bambuk and Bondou. The central province of Konkodougou was established. The Songhai kingdom of Gao also seems to have been subjugated for the first of many times around this period.[37]", "Mali Empire. That same year, after the Mandinka general known as Sagmandir put down yet another rebellion in Gao,[37] Mansa Musa came to Gao and accepted the capitulation of the King of Ghana and his nobles. This included Ali Killun/Kolon and his brother Selmar Nar from the Za Dynasty, whom would later be appointed as page of the court of Mali around 1335.[72]", "Mali Empire. Mansa Mari Djata, later named Sundiata Keita, saw the conquest of several key locals in the Mali Empire. He never took the field again after Kirina, but his generals continued to expand the frontier, especially in the west where they reached the Gambia River and the marches of Tekrur. This enabled him to rule over a realm larger than even the Ghana Empire in its apex.[30] When the campaigning was done, his empire extended 1,000 miles (1,600 km) east to west with those borders being the bends of the Senegal and Niger rivers respectively.[33] After unifying Manden, he added the Wangara goldfields, making them the southern border. The northern commercial towns of Oualata and Audaghost were also conquered and became part of the new state's northern border. Wagadou and Mema became junior partners in the realm and part of the imperial nucleus. The lands of Bambougou, Jalo (Fouta Djallon), and Kaabu were added into Mali by Fakoli Koroma (Nkurumah in Ghana, Kurumah in the Gambia, Colley in Casamance, Senegal),[26] Fran Kamara (Camara) and Tiramakhan Traore (Tarawelley in the Gambia),[34] respectively Among the many different ethnic groups surrounding Manden were Pulaar speaking groups in Macina, Tekrur and Fouta Djallon.", "Mali Empire. Returning with the combined armies of Mema, Wagadou and all the rebellious Mandinka city-states, Maghan Sundiata or Sumanguru led a revolt against the Kaniaga Kingdom around 1234.[citation needed] The combined forces of northern and southern Manden defeated the Sosso army at the Battle of Kirina (then known as Krina) in approximately 1235.[30] This victory resulted in the fall of the Kaniaga kingdom and the rise of the Mali Empire. After the victory, King Soumaoro disappeared, and the Mandinka stormed the last of the Sosso cities. Maghan Sundiata was declared \"faama of faamas\" and received the title \"mansa\", which translates roughly to emperor. At the age of 18, he gained authority over all the 12 kingdoms in an alliance known as the Manden Kurufaba. He was crowned under the throne name Sunidata Keita becoming the first Mandinka emperor. And so the name Keita became a clan/family and began its reign.[26]", "Post-classical history. The Mali Empire rose to replace Ghana in the early 13th century, starting out as merely a subordinate state to Ghana,[70] and populated by the Mandinka people. The leadership of Sundiata Keita, or the \"Lion King,\" founded this empire and brought prosperity by introducing certain reforms. Sundiata unified the feudal Mandinka and is credited for organizing them into specialized jobs. He also is supposed to have had created the basic laws and political layout in the Mali Empire that cracked down on crime and stationed garrisons to maintain security as well as loyalty. Loyalty was also improved through institutions that allowed for greater ethnic diversity,[65] thus allowing for a larger empire.", "Mali Empire. The Mali Empire covered a larger area for a longer period of time than any other West African state before or since. What made this possible was the decentralised nature of administration throughout the state. According to Burkinabé writer Joseph Ki-Zerbo, the farther a person travelled from Niani, the more decentralised the mansa's power became.[35] Nevertheless, the mansa managed to keep tax money and nominal control over the area without agitating his subjects into revolt. At the local level (village, town and city), kun-tiguis elected a dougou-tigui (village-master) from a bloodline descended from that locality's semi-mythical founder.[36] The county level administrators called kafo-tigui (county-master) were appointed by the governor of the province from within his own circle.[37] Only at the state or province level was there any palpable interference from the central authority in Niani. Provinces picked their own governors via their own custom (election, inheritance, etc.). Regardless of their title in the province, they were recognised as dyamani-tigui (province master) by the mansa.[37] Dyamani-tiguis had to be approved by the mansa and were subject to his oversight. If the mansa didn’t believe the dyamani-tigui was capable or trustworthy, a farba might be installed to oversee the province or administer it outright.", "Epic of Sundiata. Meanwhile, Soumaoro Kanté, cruel sorcerer king of Sosso, attacked the Mandinka kingdom, causing Dankaran Toumani to take flight in fear. Before reaching Mali, Soumaoro had conquered nine kingdoms in the Ghana Empire. He was a notoriously cruel leader.[6] The oppressed Mandinka people then sent for the exiled Sundiata. Forging a coalition of neighboring small kingdoms, Sundiata waged a war against the Sosso, finally Sundiata was later crowned with the title \"Mansa,\" or \"king of kings\", as the first ruler of the Mali Empire. He soon set about organizing the nucleus of the empire, presenting the Gbara of nobles and notables at his coronation with an oral constitution known as the Kouroukan Fouga. His model for government would guide the empire into greatness. His exploits have even been compared to those of Alexander the Great by some griots.[8]", "Mali Empire. Kankoro-sigui Mari Djata, who had no relation to the Keita clan, essentially ran the empire in Musa Keita II's stead. Ibn Khaldun recorded that in 776 A.H or 1374/1375 AD he interviewed a Sijilmasan scholar named Muhammad b. Wasul who had lived in Gao and had been employed in its judiciary. The latter told Ibn Khaldun about devastating struggle over Gao between Mali imperial forces against Berber Tuareg forces from Takedda.[77] The text of Ibn Khaldun says \"Gao, at this time is devastated\".[77] It seems quite possible that an exodus of the inhabitants took place at this juncture and the importance of the city was not revived until the rise of the Songhai empire.[77]", "Mali Empire. The last Kolonkan ruler, Bata Manding Bory Keita, was crowned Mansa Abubakari Keita II in 1310.[26] He continued the non-militant style of rule that characterised Gao and Mohammed ibn Gao Keita, but was interested in the empire's western sea. According to an account given by Mansa Musa Keita I, who during the reign of Abubakari Keita II served as the mansa's kankoro-sigui, Mali sent two expeditions into the Atlantic Ocean. Mansa Abubakari Keita II left Musa Keita as regent of the empire, demonstrating the stability of this period in Mali, and departed with the second expedition, commanding some 2,000 ships equipped with both oars and sails in 1311.[64] Neither the emperor nor any of the ships returned to Mali. Modern historians and scientists are sceptical about the success of either voyage, but the account of these happenings is preserved in both written North African records and the oral records of Mali's djelis.", "Mali Empire. Following this period, a period of weak emperors, conflicts and disunity began in Mali. Ibn Khaldun died in 1406, and following his death there was no continuous record of events in the Mali Empire. It is known from the Tarikh al-Sudan that Mali was still a sizeable state in the 15th century. The Venetian explorer Alvise Cadamosto and Portuguese traders confirmed that the peoples of the Gambia were still subject to the mansa of Mali.[9] Upon Leo Africanus's visit at the beginning of the 16th century, his descriptions of the territorial domains of Mali showed that it was still a kingdom of considerable size. However, from 1507 neighbouring states such as Diara, Great Fulo and the Songhay Empire were eroding the extreme territories of Mali. In 1542, the Songhay invaded the capital city of Niani but were unsuccessful in conquering the empire. During the 17th century, the Mali empire faced incursions from the Bamana Empire. After unsuccessful attempts by Mansa Mama Maghan to conquer Bamana, in 1670 Bamana sacked and burned Niani, and the Mali Empire rapidly disintegrated and ceased to exist, being replaced by independent chiefdoms. The Keitas retreated to the town of Kangaba, where they became provincial chiefs.[10]" ]

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[ "Dakota Territory. The territorial capital was Yankton from 1861 until 1883, when it was moved to Bismarck. The Dakota Territory was divided into the states of North Dakota and South Dakota on November 2, 1889. The admission of two states, as opposed to one, was done for a number of reasons. The two population centers in the territory were in the northeast and southeast corners of the territory, several hundred miles away from each other. On a national level, there was pressure from the Republican Party to admit two states to add to their political power in the Senate.[6]:100–101", "South Dakota. A growing population and political concerns (admitting two states meant having four new senators for the Republican Party) caused Dakota Territory to be divided in half and President Benjamin Harrison signed proclamations formally admitting South Dakota and North Dakota to the union on November 2, 1889.[69][70] Harrison had the papers shuffled to obscure which one was signed first and the order went unrecorded.[70][71]", "Dakota Territory. The Territory of Dakota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 2, 1861, until November 2, 1889, when the final extent of the reduced territory was split and admitted to the Union as the states of North and South Dakota.", "Dakota Territory. North Dakota and South Dakota became states simultaneously on November 2, 1889. President Harrison had the papers shuffled to obscure which one was signed first and the order went unrecorded.[7]", "Dakota people. Seemingly, after this there was a split among the Dakota people and two new groups-- the Hohe & the Lakota-- split off from them. While they originally operated as their own separate nations, it appears that they eventually merged back together to form the Oceti Sakowin, Seven Fire Council, by the early-mid 19th century. [11] The Hohe returned to Minnesota, where they earned the nickname Asinii Bwaan, or Stone Sioux, from the Ojibwe. [12] To this day, the Hohe are primarily known as the Assiniboine. Many of those who left were part of the Nakota and, due to this, they lost military superiority among their people to the Dakota Santee Sioux. It was roughly around this point that all these peoples began to generally refer to themselves as the Dakota People. [13] After their far later defeat by the United States, the Nakota would dissolve and merge with the Lakota & Dakota and the Dakota would shrink. Only the smallest of the four groups, the Lakota, managed to thrive and grow in captivity. Despite this, all four dialects of the Lakotaiapi language managed to survive to modern day.", "South Dakota. South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota (on the north), Minnesota (to the east), Iowa (to the southeast), Nebraska (on the south), Wyoming (on the west), and Montana (to the northwest). The state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as \"East River\" and \"West River\".[8]", "South Dakota. South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions: eastern South Dakota, western South Dakota, and the Black Hills.[13] The Missouri River serves as a boundary in terms of geographic, social, and political differences between eastern and western South Dakota. The geography of the Black Hills, long considered sacred by Native Americans, differs from its surroundings to such an extent it can be considered separate from the rest of western South Dakota. At times the Black Hills are combined with the rest of western South Dakota, and people often refer to the resulting two regions divided by the Missouri River as West River and East River.[8][10]", "North Dakota. European Americans settled in Dakota Territory only sparsely until the late 19th century, when railroads opened up the region. With the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. Congress passed an omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington, titled the Enabling Act of 1889, on February 22, 1889 during the administration of President Grover Cleveland. His successor, Benjamin Harrison, signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2, 1889.[26]", "South Dakota. South Dakota (/ˌsaʊθ dəˈkoʊtə/ ( listen); locally: [ˌsɑʊθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, who compose a large portion of the population and historically dominated the territory. South Dakota is the 17th most expansive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern part of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with North Dakota. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of about 171,000, is South Dakota's largest city.", "Dakota Territory. The Dakota Territory consisted of the northernmost part of the land acquired in the Louisiana purchase in 1803, as well as the southmost part of Rupert's Land, which was acquired in 1818 when the boundary was changed to the 49th parallel. The name refers to the Dakota branch of the Sioux tribes which occupied the area at the time. Most of Dakota Territory was formerly part of the Minnesota and Nebraska territories.[citation needed]", "Lakota people. After 1720, the Lakota branch of the Seven Council Fires split into two major sects, the Saône who moved to the Lake Traverse area on the South Dakota–North Dakota–Minnesota border, and the Oglála-Sičháŋǧu who occupied the James River valley. However, by about 1750 the Saône had moved to the east bank of the Missouri River, followed 10 years later by the Oglála and Brulé (Sičháŋǧu).", "North Dakota. The rivalry between the two new states presented a dilemma of which was to be admitted first. Harrison directed Secretary of State James G. Blaine to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first. The actual order went unrecorded, thus no one knows which of the Dakotas was admitted first.[27][28] However, since North Dakota alphabetically appears before South Dakota, its proclamation was published first in the Statutes At Large.", "North Dakota. North Dakota is in the U.S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota to the east. South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north. North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a stone marker in Rugby, North Dakota marking the \"Geographic Center of the North American Continent\". With an area of 70,762 square miles (183,273 km2),[8] North Dakota is the 19th largest state.[9]", "Dakota Territory. Admission of new western states was a party political battleground with each party looking at how the proposed new states were likely to vote. At the beginning of 1888, the Democrats under president Grover Cleveland proposed that the four territories of Montana, New Mexico, Dakota and Washington should be admitted together. The first two were expected to vote Democratic and the latter two were expected to vote Republican so this was seen as a compromise acceptable to both parties. However, the Republicans won majorities in Congress and the Senate later that year. To head off the possibility that Congress might only admit Republican territories to statehood, the Democrats agreed to a less favorable deal in which Dakota was divided in two and New Mexico was left out altogether. Cleveland signed it into law on February 22, 1889 and the territories could become states in nine months time after that. However, incoming Republican president Benjamin Harrison had a problem with South Dakota; most of the territory was Sioux reservation land and the state would not be viable unless much of this land became available to settlers.[6]:100–102", "Black Hills. In 1889, the United States dismantled the Great Sioux Reservation, forcing the peoples on to five smaller reservations west of the Missouri River. It made available 9 million acres throughout this area for purchase for ranching or homesteading, in the same year that North Dakota and South Dakota were admitted to the Union. Many of the early farms established by homesteaders in the 20th century failed, as they were too small for farming in the arid regions. People made many mistakes and plowed the grasses holding the earth on the plains, causing the Dust Bowl of the 1930s.", "South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.. Quill Corp. v. North Dakota, 504 U.S. 298 (1992), was a Supreme Court case that determined that, due to the Dormant Commerce Clause, states could not collect sales taxes from purchases made by their residents from out-of-state vendors that did not have a physical presence within that state, barring legislation from the United States Congress that would allow them to do so. The Court's decision in Quill overruled parts of a previous Supreme Court case, National Bellas Hess v. Illinois 386 U.S. 753 (1967), which, until Quill, had prevented states from imposing a duty to collect on out-of-state vendors.", "South Dakota. South Dakota is in the north-central United States, and is considered a part of the Midwest by the U.S. Census Bureau;[9] it is also part of the Great Plains region. The culture, economy, and geography of western South Dakota have more in common with the West than the Midwest.[8][10] South Dakota has a total area of 77,116 square miles (199,730 km2), making the state the 17th largest in the Union.[2]", "South Dakota. Land speculators founded two of eastern South Dakota's largest present-day cities: Sioux Falls in 1856[59] and Yankton in 1859.[60] In 1861, the Dakota Territory was established by the United States government (this initially included North Dakota, South Dakota, and parts of Montana and Wyoming).[61] Settlement of the area, mostly by people from the eastern United States as well as western and northern Europe, increased rapidly,[62] especially after the completion of an eastern railway link to Yankton in 1873.[63]", "Dakota Territory. When Minnesota became a state in 1858, the leftover area between the Missouri River and Minnesota's western boundary fell unorganized. When the Yankton Treaty was signed later that year, ceding much of what had been Sioux Indian land to the U.S. Government, early settlers formed an unofficial provisional government and unsuccessfully lobbied for United States territory status.[citation needed]", "South Dakota. In 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory, an area that included most of South Dakota, from Napoleon Bonaparte, and President Thomas Jefferson organized a group commonly referred to as the \"Lewis and Clark Expedition\" to explore the region.[56] In 1817, an American fur trading post was set up at present-day Fort Pierre, beginning continuous American settlement of the area.[57] In 1855, the U.S. Army bought Fort Pierre but abandoned it in 1857 in favor of Fort Randall to the south.[57] Settlement by Americans and Europeans was by this time increasing rapidly, and in 1858 the Yankton Sioux signed the 1858 Treaty, ceding most of present-day eastern South Dakota to the United States.[58]", "Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851). The Lakota continued harassment of the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara.[26] By summer 1862, all three tribes had been forced out of their shared treaty territory.[27] \"We, the Arikara, have been driven from our country on the other side of the Missouri River by the Sioux\", stated chief White Shield in 1864.[28] The elimination of buffalo also meant that the Yanktonai Sioux moved into Assiniboine hunting grounds in North Dakota and Montana, where the Assiniboine made peace with them. [29]", "Dakota War of 1862. The United States and Dakota leaders negotiated the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux[5] on July 23, 1851, and Treaty of Mendota on August 5, 1851, by which the Dakota ceded large tracts of land in Minnesota Territory to the U.S. In exchange for promises of money and goods. From that time on, the Dakota were to live on a 20-mile (32  km) wide Indian reservation centered on a 150 mile (240 km) stretch of the upper Minnesota River.", "Great Sioux Nation. In one of the oldest, unresolved cases in US legal history, United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians 448 U.S. 371 (1980), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the United States was wrong in breaking the terms of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, which forever exempted the Black Hills from all-white settlement. When European Americans discovered gold there in 1874, miners swept into the area in a gold rush. The US government reassigned the Lakota, against their wishes, to other reservations in western South Dakota, breaking up the Great Sioux Reservation into smaller portions.", "Dakota War of 1862. The land was divided into townships and plots for settlement. Logging and agriculture on these plots eliminated surrounding forests and prairies, which interrupted the Dakota's annual cycle of farming, hunting, fishing and gathering wild rice. Hunting by settlers dramatically reduced wild game, such as bison, elk, whitetail deer and bear. Not only did this decrease the meat available for the Dakota in southern and western Minnesota, but it directly reduced their ability to sell furs to traders for additional supplies.", "Territorial evolution of the United States. Dakota Territory was organized from Nebraska Territory and unorganized territory north of the Missouri, Keya Paha, and Niobrara Rivers, and 43rd parallel north. Nebraska Territory's western border was extended to the 104th meridian west, gaining small portions of Utah Territory and Washington Territory.[189][211][212] Nevada Territory was organized from Utah Territory west of the 39th meridian west from Washington.[213][214]", "Dakota War of 1862. Over the next several months, continued battles of the Dakota against settlers and later, the United States Army, ended with the surrender of most of the Dakota bands.[4] By late December 1862, US soldiers had taken captive more than a thousand Dakota, including women, children and elderly men in addition to warriors, who were interned in jails in Minnesota. After trials and sentencing by a military court, 38 Dakota men were hanged on December 26, 1862, in the largest one-day mass execution in American history. In April 1863, the rest of the Dakota were expelled from Minnesota to Nebraska and South Dakota. The United States Congress abolished their reservations.", "North Dakota. Unrest among wheat farmers, especially among Norwegian immigrants, led to a populist political movement centered in the Non Partisan League (\"NPL\") around the time of World War I. The NPL ran candidates on the Republican ticket (but merged into the Democratic Party after World War II). It tried to insulate North Dakota from the power of out-of-state banks and corporations. In addition to founding the state-owned Bank of North Dakota and North Dakota Mill and Elevator (both still in existence), the NPL established a state-owned railroad line (later sold to the Soo Line Railroad). Anti-corporate laws virtually prohibited a corporation or bank from owning title to land zoned as farmland. These laws, still in force today, after having been upheld by state and federal courts, make it almost impossible to foreclose on farmland, as even after foreclosure, the property title cannot be held by a bank or mortgage company.[29][30] Furthermore, the Bank of North Dakota, having powers similar to a Federal Reserve branch bank, exercised its power to limit the issuance of subprime mortgages and their collateralization in the form of derivative instruments, and so prevented a collapse of housing prices within the state in the wake of 2008's financial crisis.[31]", "South Dakota. Like other U.S. states, the structure of the government of South Dakota follows the same separation of powers as the federal government, with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The structure of the state government is laid out in the Constitution of South Dakota, the highest law in the state. The constitution may be amended by a majority vote of both houses of the legislature, or by voter initiative.[120]", "Rapid City, South Dakota. In 1980 in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Federal government of the United States had illegally stolen the Black Hills from the Sioux people when the government unilaterally broke the treaty that guaranteed the Black Hills belonged to the Sioux. The court decision offered money, but the Sioux declined on principle that the theft of their land should not be validated, and still demand the return of the land.[11] This land includes Rapid City, which is by far the largest modern settlement in the Black Hills. As of 2010, the dispute has not been settled.", "United States presidential election, 1916. To date this is the last presidential election in which North Dakota and South Dakota did not vote for the same candidate, with the only others being 1896 and 1912.", "Dakota Territory. Three years later President-elect Abraham Lincoln's cousin-in-law, J.B.S. Todd, personally lobbied for territory status and the U.S. Congress formally created Dakota Territory. It became an organized territory on March 2, 1861. Upon creation, Dakota Territory included much of present-day Montana and Wyoming as well as all of present-day North Dakota and South Dakota and a small portion of present-day Nebraska.[citation needed]", "Missouri River. However, the peace and freedom of the Native Americans did not last for long. The Great Sioux War of 1876–77 was sparked when American miners discovered gold in the Black Hills of western South Dakota and eastern Wyoming. These lands were originally set aside for Native American use by the Treaty of Fort Laramie.[139] When the settlers intruded onto the lands, they were attacked by Native Americans. U.S. troops were sent to the area to protect the miners, and drive out the natives from the new settlements. During this bloody period, both the Native Americans and the U.S. military won victories in major battles, resulting in the loss of nearly a thousand lives. The war eventually ended in an American victory, and the Black Hills were opened to settlement. Native Americans of that region were relocated to reservations in Wyoming and southeastern Montana.[141]" ]

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[ "Economy of the Philippines. The Philippines is primarily considered a newly industrialized country, which has an economy transitioning from one based on agriculture to one based more on services and manufacturing. As of 2017, GDP by Purchasing power parity was estimated to be at $878.980 billion.[26]", "Philippines. The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis affected the economy, resulting in a lingering decline of the value of the peso and falls in the stock market. The extent it was affected initially was not as severe as that of some of its Asian neighbors. This was largely due to the fiscal conservatism of the government, partly as a result of decades of monitoring and fiscal supervision from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in comparison to the massive spending of its neighbors on the rapid acceleration of economic growth.[169] There have been signs of progress since. In 2004, the economy experienced 6.4% GDP growth and 7.1% in 2007, its fastest pace of growth in three decades.[316][317] Average annual GDP growth per capita for the period 1966–2007 still stands at 1.45% in comparison to an average of 5.96% for the East Asia and the Pacific region as a whole. The daily income for 45% of the population of the Philippines remains less than $2.[318][319][320]", "Philippines. The Philippine economy is the 34th largest in the world, with an estimated 2017 gross domestic product (nominal) of $348.593 billion.[7] Primary exports include semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, and fruits.[5] Major trading partners include the United States, Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Germany, Taiwan, and Thailand.[5] Its unit of currency is the Philippine peso (₱ or PHP).[302]", "Economy of the Philippines. The Philippine economy is projected to be the 5th largest in Asia and 16th biggest in the world by 2050. According to the PricewaterhouseCoopers, it estimates that it will be the 12th to 14th richest economy in the world by 2060. While this opposes other reports from HSBC Holdings PLC, that by the year 2050, the Philippines will have been stated to surpass the economy of Indonesia due to its yearly higher GDP growth rate of 6.5% (Second, after China). However, the economic statistics may still vary depending on the performance of the government every year.[27]", "Economy of the Philippines. The Economy of the Philippines is the world's 34th largest economy by nominal GDP according to the 2017 estimate of the International Monetary Fund's statistics, it is the 13th largest economy in Asia, and the 3rd largest economy in the ASEAN after Indonesia and Thailand. The Philippines is one of the emerging markets and is the sixth richest in Southeast Asia by GDP per capita values, after the regional countries of Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.[25]", "Economy of the Philippines. The Philippines consistently coined as one of the Newly Industrialized Countries has had a fair gain during the latter years under the Arroyo Presidency to the current administration. The government managed foreign debts falling from 58% in 2008 to 47% of total government borrowings. According to the 2012 World Wealth Report, the Philippines was the fastest growing economy in the world in 2010 with a GDP growth of 7.3% driven by the growing business process outsourcing and overseas remittances.[64]", "Economy of the Philippines. Growth gradually began in the next few years of the administration. Somehow, there was still a short-lived, patchy, and erratic recovery from 1987 to 1991 as the political situation stabilized a bit. With this, the peso became more competitive, confidence of investors was gradually regained, positive movements in terms of trade were realized, and regional growth gradually strengthened.", "Economy of the Philippines. As a newly industrialized country, the Philippines is still an economy with a large agricultural sector; however, services have come to dominate the economy.[citation needed] Much of the industrial sector is based on processing and assembly operations in the manufacturing of electronics and other high-tech components, usually from foreign multinational corporations.", "Economy of the Philippines. Primary exports include semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, and fruits. Major trading partners include the Japan, China, United States, Singapore, South Korea, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Germany, Taiwan, and Thailand. The Philippines has been named as one of the Tiger Cub Economies together with Indonesia, and Thailand. It is currently one of Asia's fastest growing economies. However, major problems remain, mainly having to do with alleviating the wide income and growth disparities between the country's different regions and socioeconomic classes, reducing corruption, and investing in the infrastructure necessary to ensure future growth.", "Economy of the Philippines. (nominal) $348.593 billion (2017 est.)[1]", "Economy of the Philippines. Soon afterwards, political instability afflicted the country and the economy anew with Abu Sayyaf terrors intensifying. The administration's Legitimacy Crisis also became a hot issue and threat to the authority of the Arroyo administration. Moreover, the Arroyo administration went through many raps and charges because of some controversial deals such as the NBN-ZTE Broadband Deal. Due however to the support of local leaders and the majority of the House of Representatives, political stability was restored and threats to the administration were quelled and subdued. Towards the end of the administration, high inflation rates for rice and oil in 2008 started to plague the country anew, and this led to another fiscal crisis, which actually came along with the major recession that the United States and the rest of the world were actually experiencing.", "Economy of the Philippines. The economy seemed to be all set for long-run growth, as shown by sustainable and promising growth rates from 1994 to 1997. However, the Asian Crisis contagion which started from Thailand and Korea started affecting the Philippines. This prompted the Philippine economy to plunge into continuous devaluation and very risky ventures, resulting in property busts and a negative growth rate. The remarkable feat of the administration, however, was that it was able to withstand the contagion effect of the Asian Crisis better than anybody else in the neighboring countries. Most important in the administration was that it made clear the important tenets of reform, which included economic liberalization, stronger institutional foundations for development, redistribution, and political reform.[58]", "Economy of the Philippines. After the re-establishment of the Commonwealth in 1945, the country was left with a devastated city, food crisis and financial crisis. A year later in 1946, the Philippines got its independence in America, creating the Third Philippine Republic.", "Economy of the Philippines. The Arroyo administration, economically speaking, was a period of good growth rates simultaneous with the USA, due perhaps to the emergence of the Overseas Filipino workers (OFW) and the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). The emergence of the OFW and the BPO improved the contributions of OFW remittances and investments to growth. In 2004, however, fiscal deficits grew and grew as tax collections fell, perhaps due to rampant and wide scale tax avoidance and tax evasion incidences. Fearing that a doomsday prophecy featuring the [Argentina default] in 2002 might come to fruition, perhaps due to the same sort of fiscal crisis, the administration pushed for the enactment of the 12% VAT and the E-VAT to increase tax revenue and address the large fiscal deficits. This boosted fiscal policy confidence and brought the economy back on track once again.", "History of the Philippines (1965–86). According to World Bank Data, the Philippine's Gross Domestic Product quadrupled from $8 billion in 1972 to $32.45 billion in 1980.[24] Indeed, according to the U.S. based Heritage Foundation, the Philippines enjoyed its best economic development since 1945 between 1972. The economy grew amidst the two severe global oil shocks following the 1973 oil crisis and 1979 energy crisis - oil price was $3 / barrel in 1973 and $39.5 in 1979, or a growth of 1200% which drove inflation. All in all despite the 1984-1985 recession and despite criticisms of growth not benefiting the masses, GDP on a per capita basis more than tripled from $175.9 in 1965 to $565.8 in 1985 at the end of Marcos' term.[25][25][26][27] The Heritage Foundation pointed that when economy began to weaken 1979, the government did not adopt anti-recessionist policies and instead launched risky and costly industrial projects.[28]", "Economy of the Philippines. The economy of the Philippines during the insurgency of the First Philippine Republic remained the same throughout its early years but was halted due to the break out of the Philippine–American War. Nevertheless, during the era of the First Republic, the estimated GDP per capita for the Philippines in 1900 was of $1,033.00. That made it the second richest place in all of Asia, just a little behind Japan ($1,135.00), and far ahead of China ($652.00) or India ($625.00).[39]", "Economy of the Philippines. The Aquino administration took over an economy that had gone through socio-political disasters during the People Power revolution, where there was financial and commodity collapse caused by an overall consumer cynicism, a result of the propaganda against cronies, social economic unrest resulting from numerous global shortages, massive protests, lack of government transparency, the opposition's speculations, and various assassination attempts and failed coups. At that point in time, the country's incurred debt from the Marcos Era's debt-driven development began crippling the country, which slowly made the Philippines the \"Latin-American in East Asia\" as it started to experience the worst recession since the post-war era.", "Economy of the Philippines. The GDP of the Philippines rose during the martial law, rising from P55 million to P193 million in about 8 years. This growth was spurred by massive lending from commercial banks, accounting for about 62% percent of external debt.[55] As a developing country, the Philippines during the martial law was one of the heaviest borrowers.[citation needed] These aggressive moves were seen by critics as a means of legitimizing martial law by purportedly enhancing the chances of the country in the global market. Much of the money was spent on pump-priming to improve infrastructure and promote tourism. However, despite the aggressive borrowing and spending policies, the Philippines lagged behind its Southeast Asia counterparts in GDP growth rate per capita. The country, in 1970–1980, only registered an average 3.4 percent growth, while its counterparts like Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia garnered a mean growth of 5.4 percent.[55] This lag, which became very apparent at the end of the Marcos Regime, can be attributed to the failures of economic management that was brought upon by State-run monopolies, mismanaged exchange rates, imprudent monetary policy and debt management, all underpinned by rampant corruption and cronyism. As said by Emannuel de Dios “[…]main characteristics distinguishing the Marcos years from other periods of our history has been the trend towards the concentration of power in the hands of the government, and the use of governmental functions to dispense economic privileges to some small factions in the private sector.”[55]", "Philippines. A newly industrialized country, the Philippine economy has been transitioning from one based upon agriculture to an economy with more emphasis upon services and manufacturing. Of the country's total labor force of around 40.813 Million,[5] the agricultural sector employs 30% of the labor force, and accounts for 14% of GDP. The industrial sector employs around 14% of the workforce and accounts for 30% of GDP. Meanwhile, the 47% of workers involved in the services sector are responsible for 56% of GDP.[304][305]", "Economy of the Philippines. GDP growth at constant 1985 prices in Philippine pesos:[73][78][79]", "Economy of the Philippines. (nominal) $3,280 (2017 est.)[1]", "Philippines. The unemployment rate as of 14 December 2014[update], stands at 6.0%.[306][307] Meanwhile, due to lower charges in basic necessities, the inflation rate eases to 3.7% in November.[308] Gross international reserves as of October 2013 are $83.201 billion.[309] The Debt-to-GDP ratio continues to decline to 38.1% as of March 2014[310][311] from a record high of 78% in 2004.[312] The country is a net importer[305] but it is also a creditor nation.[313]", "Economy of the Philippines. In the years 2012 and 2013, the Philippines posted high GDP growth rates, reaching 6.8% in 2012 and 7.2% in 2013,[69][70][71] the highest GDP growth rates in Asia for the first two quarters of 2013, followed by China and Indonesia.[72]", "Economy of the Philippines. A chart of selected statistics showing trends in the gross domestic product of the Philippines using data taken from the International Monetary Fund.[73][74]", "Economy of the Philippines. The Philippine economy has been growing steadily over decades and the International Monetary Fund in 2014 reported it as the 39th largest economy in the world. However its growth has been behind that of many of its Asian neighbors, the so-called Asian Tigers, and it is not a part of the Group of 20 nations. Instead it is grouped in a second tier for emerging markets or newly industrialized countries. Depending on the analyst, this second tier can go by the name the Next Eleven or the Tiger Cub Economies.", "Economy of the Philippines. Most of the immediate efforts of the Aquino administration was directed in reforming the image of the country and paying off all debts, including those that some governments were ready to write-off, as possible. This resulted in budget cuts and further aggravated the plight of the lower class because the jobs offered to them by the government was now gone. Infrastructure projects, including repairs, were halted in secluded provinces turning concrete roads into asphalt. Privatization of many government corporations, most catering utilities, was the priority of the Aquino administration which led to massive lay-offs and inflation. The Aquino administration was persistent in its belief that the problems that arose from the removal of the previous administration can be solved by the decentralization of power.", "Economy of the Philippines. Remarkably the economy grew by 6.59% in 2012 the same year the Supreme Court Chief Justice Renato Corona was impeached for a failed disclosure of statements of assets, liabilities and network or SALN coherent to the anti-corruption campaign of the administration.[66] The Philippine Stock Exchange index ended in the year with 5,812.73 points a 32.95% growth from the 4,371.96-finish in 2011.[67]", "Economy of the Philippines. Agriculture employs 30% of the Filipino workforce as of 2014.[83] Agriculture accounts for 11% of Philippines GDP as of 2014.[84] The type of activity ranges from small subsistence farming and fishing to large commercial ventures with significant export focus.", "Economy of the Philippines. BBB- investment grade by Fitch Ratings on the first quarter of 2013 for the country was made because of a resilient economy by remittances, growth despite the global economic crisis in the last five years reforms by the VAT reform law of 2005, BSP inflation management, good governance reforms under the Aquino administration.[68]", "History of the Philippines (1965–86). The government had a cautious borrowing policy in the 1970s.[29] Amidst high oil prices, high interest rates, capital flight, and falling export prices of sugar and coconut, the Philippine government borrowed a significant amount of foreign debt in the early 1980s.[29] The country's total external debt rose from US$2.3 billion in 1970 to US$26.2 billion in 1985. Marcos' critics charged that policies have become debt-driven, along with corruption and plunder of public funds by Marcos and his cronies. This held the country under a debt-servicing crisis which is expected to be fixed by only 2025. Critics have pointed out an elusive state of the country's development as the period is marred by a sharp devaluing of the Philippine Peso from 3.9 to 20.53. The overall economy experienced a slower growth GDP per capita, lower wage conditions and higher unemployment especially towards the end of Marcos' term after the 1983-1984 recession. The recession was triggered largely by political instability following Ninoy's assassination,[30] high global interest rates,[31] Severe global economic recession, and significant increase in global oil price, the latter three of which affected all indebted countries in Latin America, Europe, and the Philippines was not exempted.[32][33] Critics claimed that poverty incidence grew from 41% in the 1960s at the time Marcos took the Presidency to 59% when he was removed from power.[29][34][35][36][37][38][39]", "Philippines. After World War II, the Philippines was for a time regarded as the second wealthiest in East Asia, next only to Japan.[220][314][315] In the 1960s its economic performance started being overtaken. The economy stagnated under the dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos as the regime spawned economic mismanagement and political volatility.[220][315] The country suffered from slow economic growth and bouts of economic recession. Only in the 1990s with a program of economic liberalization did the economy begin to recover.[220][315]", "Economy of the Philippines. (Php B)" ]

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[ "Mount Everest. The first recorded efforts to reach Everest's summit were made by British mountaineers. As Nepal did not allow foreigners into the country at the time, the British made several attempts on the north ridge route from the Tibetan side. After the first reconnaissance expedition by the British in 1921 reached 7,000 m (22,970 ft) on the North Col, the 1922 expedition pushed the north ridge route up to 8,320 m (27,300 ft), marking the first time a human had climbed above 8,000 m (26,247 ft). Seven porters were killed in an avalanche on the descent from the North Col. The 1924 expedition resulted in one of the greatest mysteries on Everest to this day: George Mallory and Andrew Irvine made a final summit attempt on 8 June but never returned, sparking debate as to whether or not they were the first to reach the top. They had been spotted high on the mountain that day but disappeared in the clouds, never to be seen again, until Mallory's body was found in 1999 at 8,155 m (26,755 ft) on the north face. Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary made the first official ascent of Everest in 1953, using the southeast ridge route. Tenzing had reached 8,595 m (28,199 ft) the previous year as a member of the 1952 Swiss expedition. The Chinese mountaineering team of Wang Fuzhou, Gonpo, and Qu Yinhua made the first reported ascent of the peak from the north ridge on 25 May 1960.[8][9]", "Mount Everest. The next successful ascent was on 23 May 1956 by Ernst Schmied and Juerg Marmet.[98] This was followed by Dölf Reist and Hans-Rudolf von Gunten on 24 May 1957.[98] Wang Fuzhou, Gonpo and Qu Yinhua of China made the first reported ascent of the peak from the North Ridge on 25 May 1960.[8][9] The first American to climb Everest, Jim Whittaker, joined by Nawang Gombu, reached the summit on 1 May 1963.[99][100]", "Jim Whittaker. As a member of the American Mount Everest Expedition led by Norman Dyhrenfurth in 1963, he was the first American to reach the summit of Mount Everest. He summited on May 1, 1963, with the Sherpa Nawang Gombu (a nephew of Tenzing Norgay). They ran out of oxygen but managed to reach the summit. Once there, Whittaker planted a US flag at the top.[2]", "Mount Everest. The northern approach to the mountain was discovered by George Mallory and Guy Bullock on the initial 1921 British Reconnaissance Expedition. It was an exploratory expedition not equipped for a serious attempt to climb the mountain. With Mallory leading (and thus becoming the first European to set foot on Everest's flanks) they climbed the North Col to an altitude of 7,005 metres (22,982 ft). From there, Mallory espied a route to the top, but the party was unprepared for the great task of climbing any further and descended.", "Mount Everest. Hillary and Tenzing were the first climbers to ascend this step, and they did so using primitive ice climbing equipment and ropes. Nowadays, climbers ascend this step using fixed ropes previously set up by Sherpas. Once above the step, it is a comparatively easy climb to the top on moderately angled snow slopes—though the exposure on the ridge is extreme, especially while traversing large cornices of snow. With increasing numbers of people climbing the mountain in recent years, the Step has frequently become a bottleneck, with climbers forced to wait significant amounts of time for their turn on the ropes, leading to problems in getting climbers efficiently up and down the mountain.", "Mount Everest. Early expeditions—such as General Charles Bruce's in the 1920s and Hugh Ruttledge's two unsuccessful attempts in 1933 and 1936—tried to ascend the mountain from Tibet, via the North Face. Access was closed from the north to Western expeditions in 1950, after China took control of Tibet. In 1950, Bill Tilman and a small party which included Charles Houston, Oscar Houston, and Betsy Cowles undertook an exploratory expedition to Everest through Nepal along the route which has now become the standard approach to Everest from the south.[91]", "Edmund Hillary. Tenzing later wrote that Hillary took the first step onto the summit and he followed. They reached Everest's 29,028 ft (8,848 m) summit – the highest point on earth – at 11:30 am.[1][39]", "Mount Everest. In 1953, a ninth British expedition, led by John Hunt, returned to Nepal. Hunt selected two climbing pairs to attempt to reach the summit. The first pair, Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans, came within 100 m (330 ft) of the summit on 26 May 1953, but turned back after running into oxygen problems. As planned, their work in route finding and breaking trail and their oxygen caches were of great aid to the following pair. Two days later, the expedition made its second and final assault on the summit with its second climbing pair, the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay, a Nepali sherpa climber from Darjeeling, India. They reached the summit at 11:30 local time on 29 May 1953 via the South Col route. At the time, both acknowledged it as a team effort by the whole expedition, but Tenzing revealed a few years later that Hillary had put his foot on the summit first.[94] They paused at the summit to take photographs and buried a few sweets and a small cross in the snow before descending.", "Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions. The first British expedition[2]—organized and financed by the newly formed Mount Everest Committee—came under the leadership of Colonel Charles Howard-Bury, with Harold Raeburn as mountaineering leader, and included George Mallory, Guy Bullock, and Edward Oliver Wheeler.[3] It was primarily for mapping and reconnaissance to discover whether a route to the summit could be found from the north side. As the health of Raeburn broke down, Mallory assumed responsibility for most of the exploration to the north and east of the mountain. He wrote to his wife: \"We are about to walk off the map...\" After five months of arduous climbing around the base of the mountain, Wheeler explored the hidden East Rongbuk Glacier and its route to the base of the North Col. On September 23, Mallory became the first person to set foot on the mountain and he, Bullock, and Wheeler reached the North Col at 7,020 metres (23,030 ft) before being forced back by strong winds.[4] To Mallory's experienced eye, the route up the North ridge intersecting the NE Ridge and from there to the summit looked long, but feasible for a fresher party.[3]", "Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions. A day later, George Finch and Geoffrey Bruce climbed up the North Ridge and Face to 8,320 m (27,300 ft) using oxygen for the first time. They climbed from the North Col to their highest camp at a phenomenal rate of 900 vert-ft/hr., and were the first climbers to sleep using oxygen.", "Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions. Back in England, the climbing establishment pressured Odell to change his view. After about six months he began to equivocate on which Step it was he saw them—from the Second to possibly the First. If the First, they had no chance of having reached the top; if the Second, they would have had about three hours of oxygen each and the summit was at least three hours away. It is conceivable (though unlikely) that Mallory might have taken Irvine's remaining oxygen and attempted to reach the summit.", "Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions. The second British expedition, under General Charles Granville Bruce and climbing leader Lt-Col. Edward Lisle Strutt, and containing Mallory, returned for a full-scale attempt on the mountain. On May 22, they climbed to 8,170 m (26,800 ft) on the North Ridge before retreating. They were the first humans to climb above 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) on a mountain. The scope of this accomplishment is reflected by the fact that there are only 14 mountains on earth—the eight-thousanders—that reach and exceed 8,000 metres. At that moment, Mallory and Strutt had exceeded the summit of all but five other mountains on the planet.", "List of Mount Everest records. Junko Tabei was the first woman to reach the summit, and thus set the initial records for both oldest and youngest female summiter.", "Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions. A major expedition, under the leadership of Hugh Ruttledge, set out to climb with the great expectations that this time they would succeed. Oxygen was taken but not used because of the incorrect but lingering belief that it was of little benefit to a properly acclimated climber. After delays caused by poor weather and illness of team members, a much higher assault camp was placed than in 1924. On the first summit attempt, Lawrence Wager and Percy Wyn-Harris intended to follow the Northeastern ridge, but were unable to regain it, having bypassed (rather than climb over) the First Step, which they reached at 7:00 AM. The direct access to the Second Step from the First involves a treacherous traverse. Instead of taking it, they dropped down to follow the lower, easier traverse pioneered by Norton in 1924. Observing the Second Step from 100-ft. below it, Wyn-Harris declared it \"unclimbable.\" Shortly after crossing the Great Couloir, they turned back for poor snow conditions and the lateness of the hour. A subsequent attempt by Eric Shipton and Frank Smythe followed the same route but Smythe, who pressed on alone when Shipton turned back because of illness, got no higher.[5]", "Mount Everest. The British returned for a 1922 expedition. George Finch climbed using oxygen for the first time. He ascended at a remarkable speed—290 metres (951 ft) per hour, and reached an altitude of 8,320 m (27,300 ft), the first time a human reported to climb higher than 8,000 m. Mallory and Col. Felix Norton made a second unsuccessful attempt. Mallory was faulted[citation needed] for leading a group down from the North Col which got caught in an avalanche. Mallory was pulled down too, but survived. Seven native porters were killed.", "Edmund Hillary. Sir Edmund Percival Hillary KG ONZ KBE OSN (20 July 1919 – 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist. On 29 May 1953, Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed to have reached the summit of Mount Everest. They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest, led by John Hunt.", "Mount Everest. Yuichiro Miura became the first man to ski down Everest in the 1970s. He descended nearly 4,200 vertical feet from the South Col before falling with extreme injuries.[82] Stefan Gatt and Marco Siffredi snowboarded Mount Everest in 2001.[360] Other Everest skiers include Davo Karničar of Slovenia, who completed a top to south base camp descent in 2000, Hans Kammerlander of Italy in 1996 on the north side,[361] and Kit DesLauriers of the United States in 2006.[362] In 2006 Tomas Olsson planned to ski down the north face, but his anchor broke while he was rappelling down a cliff in the Norton couloir at about 8,500 metres, resulting in his death from a two and a half kilometre fall.[363] Also, Marco Siffredi died in 2002 on his second snow-boarding expedition.[360]", "Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions. The leading theory amongst those supporting the summit push has Mallory overcoming the difficulty of the sheer face of the Second Step by standing on Irvine's shoulders. Armed with Irvine's remaining 3/4-full oxygen tank he could conceivably have reached the summit late in the day, but this would have meant that Irvine would have had to descend by himself. However, rope-jerk injuries around Mallory's waist must mean the two were roped when they fell from below the First Step. 1960s Chinese Everest climber Xu Jing told Eric Simonson and Jochen Hemmleb in 2001 that he recalled spotting a corpse somewhere in the Yellow Band. Despite numerous searches of the north face, no sign of Irvine has turned up so far. One researcher claims to have finally spotted Irvine's body using microscopic examination of aerial photographs. This possible discovery set off a new round of search expeditions in 2010 and 2011.", "North Pole. In 1985 Sir Edmund Hillary (the first man to stand on the summit of Mount Everest) and Neil Armstrong (the first man to stand on the moon) landed at the North Pole in a small twin-engined ski plane.[37] Hillary thus became the first man to stand at both poles and on the summit of Everest.", "Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions. A much more probable scenario is that the two reached First Step at about 10:30AM. Mallory, seeing the treacherous nature of the traverse to the Second Step, went it alone. He reconnoitered the base of the climbing crux and decided it was not for him that day. He returned, picked up Irvine and the two decided to climb the First Step for a look around and to photograph the complex approach to the Second Step. It was when climbing this small promontory that they were spotted from below by Odell, who assumed that, since they were ascending, they must therefore have been on the Second Step, although it is now difficult to believe that the two would still be climbing from so low down at a time—five hours late—that was considered to be the turn-around hour. Descending from the First Step, the two continued down when, at 2PM, they were hit by a severe snow squall. Roping up, Mallory, leading, may have slipped pulling himself and Irvine down. The rope must have caught to inflict severe rope-jerk injury around Mallory's (and presumably, Irvine's) waist. Some researchers believe Irvine was able to stay high and struggle along the crest of the NE Ridge another 100 yards, only to succumb to cold and possible injuries of the fall. Others believe that the two became separated after the fall by the near white-out conditions of the squall. Based on his final location, it would seem that Mallory had continued straight down in search of his partner, while Irvine, also injured, might have continued diagonally down through the Yellow Band.", "Mark Inglis. On 15 May 2006, after 40 days of climbing, Inglis became the first ever double amputee to reach the summit of Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world. While acclimatizing at 6,400 metres (21,000 ft), a fixed-line anchor failed, resulting in Inglis falling and breaking one of his carbon fiber prosthetic legs in half. It was temporarily repaired with duct tape, while a spare was brought up from base camp. Inglis's Everest expedition was filmed for the Discovery Channel series Everest: Beyond the Limit.", "Apa Sherpa. Apa first reached the summit of Mount Everest on his fourth attempt, on May 10, 1990, with a New Zealand team led by climber Rob Hall along with Peter Hillary, son of Edmund Hillary.[16] He then began his career as Sirdar, or chief Sherpa, for many high altitude expeditions. He has reached the summit every year between 1990 and 2011, bar 1996 and 2001; all but three times have been in May, and in 1992 he reached the summit twice.", "Mount Everest. In 1975, Junko Tabei, a Japanese woman, became the first woman to summit Mount Everest.[82]", "Edmund Hillary. Hillary became interested in mountaineering while in secondary school. He made his first major climb in 1939, reaching the summit of Mount Ollivier. He served in the Royal New Zealand Air Force as a navigator during World War II. Prior to the Everest expedition, Hillary had been part of the British reconnaissance expedition to the mountain in 1951 as well as an unsuccessful attempt to climb Cho Oyu in 1952. As part of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition he reached the South Pole overland in 1958. He subsequently reached the North Pole, making him the first person to reach both poles and summit Everest.", "Mount Everest in 2017. On May 13, the first mountaineers climbed Everest from the Chinese Tibet route, with 16 reaching the top.[24] The group consisted of 6 climbers from India and 10 Sherpa helpers.[24] Ropes had been laid two days earlier, and there was a window of good weather. The ascent opened what one reporter called \"the summit blitz\".[37] In the early morning of Monday, May 15, 14 members of the Gurkha Everest Expedition summited from the Nepal side.[2][38] Expedition organizers predicted that 150 would try for the summit in the following days.[39]", "Junko Tabei. After a long training period, the team began the expedition early in 1975 when they traveled to Kathmandu. They used the same route to ascend the mountain that Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay had taken in 1953.[11] In early May, the group was camping at 6,300 meters when an avalanche struck their camp. The women and their guides were buried under the snow. Tabei lost consciousness for approximately six minutes until her sherpa guide dug her out. Twelve days after the avalanche, on 16 May 1975, with her sherpa guide, Ang Tsering, Tabei became the first woman to reach the summit of Everest.[11][3]", "Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions. On June 2, Mallory & Bruce set off from the North Col (C-4) to make the first summit attempt. But extreme wind and cold, exhaustion, and the refusal of the porters to carry farther led Mallory to abandon the attempt and the next day the party returned to the North Col camp. On June 4, Norton and Somervell attempted an oxygenless summit in perfect weather; throat trouble forced Somervell to abandon the climb at about 28,000 feet (8534 m) while Norton continued on alone, reaching a height of 8,573 m (28,126 ft), just 275 m (900 ft) short of the summit. Exhausted, he turned back and rejoined Somervell for the descent.", "Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions. On June 8, Mallory and Irvine left their high camp (C-6 at 26,900-ft) to attempt the summit, using Irvine's modified oxygen apparatus. Odell, climbing in support below, wrote in his diary that at 26,000-ft he \"saw Mallory & Irvine on the ridge, nearing base of final pyramid\" climbing what he thought at the time was the very difficult Second Step at 12:50 p.m. It was the last time the two were seen; whether either of them reached the summit remains a question that has reverberated through the decades.", "Mount Everest. In 2016 the first climbers from Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Tunisia reached the summit of Mount Everest.[200][201][201][202] Only two other people from North Africa have summited Everest, one from Algeria and the other from Morocco.[202] The youngest Australian woman to summit Mount Everest was Alyssa Azar.[203] She returned to Australia safely, but a bittersweet victory for Australia after the loss of another Australian woman who was also trying to summit that May with her husband.[203] The youngest Japanese woman also summited (and returned alive) at the age of 19.[176] Another woman record-breaker in 2016 was the first woman from Thailand to summit Mount Everest, Napassaporn Chumnarnsit, who was granted an audience with the Prime Minister of Thailand for her achievement.[204][205] The first person with Cystic Fibrosis also summited Mount Everest on his third try.[206] Also, a 61-year old summited with two artificial knees.[207] He had been trying for several years and had lost his Nepali friend Sherpa Nawang Tenzing in the 2015 earthquakes.[207] He was not alone in being grief-stricken, as many climbers connected with the Everest mountaineering community lost climbing buddies in two years of disasters.[208] One who narrowly survived the disasters himself climbed this year to bring attention to the disease Lewy body dementia (DLB), which had affected his father.[208]", "Timeline of Mount Everest expeditions. During the same season, climber and filmmaker David Breashears and his team filmed the IMAX feature Everest on the mountain (some climbing scenes were later recreated for the film in British Columbia, Canada). The 70 mm IMAX camera was specially modified to be lightweight enough to carry up the mountain, and to function in the extreme cold with the use of particular greases on the mechanical parts, plastic bearings and special batteries. Production was halted as Breashears and his team assisted the survivors of the May 10 disaster, but the team eventually reached the top on May 23 and filmed the first large format footage of the summit. On Breashears' team was Jamling Tenzing Norgay, the son of Norgay, following in his father's footsteps for the first time. Also on his team was Ed Viesturs of Seattle, WA, who summited without the use of supplemental oxygen, and Araceli Segarra, who became the first woman from Spain to summit Everest.", "Bachendri Pal. On 22 May 1984, Ang Dorjee (the Sherpa Sirdar) and some other climbers joined the team to ascend to the summit of Mount Everest; Bachendri was the only woman in this group. They reached the South Col and spent the night there at Camp IV at the altitude of 26,000 ft (7,924.8 m). On 23 May 1984, early morning at 6:20 a.m., they continued the ascent, climbing \"vertical sheets of frozen ice\"; cold winds were blowing at the speed of about 100 km per hour and temperatures touching minus 30 to 40 degrees Celsius. On 23 May 1984, the team reached the summit of Mount Everest at 1:07 p.m. IST and Bachendri Pal created history.[5] She achieved this feat on the day before her 30th birthday, and six days before the 31st anniversary of the first ascension to Mount Everest.", "Mount Everest. Various types of gliding descents have slowly become more popular, and are noted for their rapid descents to lower camps. In 1986 Steve McKinney led an expedition to Mount Everest,[364] during which he became the first person to fly a hang-glider off the mountain.[316] Frenchman Jean-Marc Boivin made the first paraglider descent of Everest in September 1988, descending in minutes from the south-east ridge to a lower camp.[314] In 2011, two Nepalese made a gliding descent from the Everest summit down 5,000 metres (16,400 ft) in 45 minutes.[365] On 5 May 2013, the beverage company Red Bull sponsored Valery Rozov, who successfully BASE jumped off of the mountain while wearing a wingsuit, setting a record for world's highest BASE jump in the process.[259][260][366]" ]

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[ "Inkjet printing. Fixed head designs are available in consumer products, but are more likely to be found on industrial high-end printers and large format plotters. In the consumer space, fixed-head printers are manufactured primarily by Epson and Canon. Hewlett-Packard also offers a few fixed-head models, such as the HP OfficeJet Pro X576dw.[9] Industrial fixed-head print heads are manufactured by these companies: Kodak Versamark, Trident, Xaar, Spectra (Dimatix), Hitachi / Ricoh, HP Scitex, Brother, Konica Minolta, Seiko Epson, and ToshibaTec (a licensee of Xaar).[10]", "Inkjet printing. An intermediate method does exist: a disposable ink tank connected to a disposable head, which is replaced infrequently (perhaps every tenth ink tank or so). Most high-volume Hewlett-Packard inkjet printers use this setup, with the disposable print heads used on lower volume models. A similar approach is used by Kodak, where the printhead intended for permanent use is nevertheless inexpensive and can be replaced by the user. Canon now uses (in most models) replaceable print heads which are designed to last the life of the printer, but can be replaced by the user should they become clogged.", "Inkjet printing. The fixed-head philosophy provides an inbuilt print head (often referred to as a gaiter- head) that is designed to last for the life of the printer. The idea is that because the head need not be replaced every time the ink runs out, consumable costs can be made lower and the head itself can be more precise than a cheap disposable one, typically requiring no calibration. On the other hand, if a fixed head is damaged, obtaining a replacement head can become expensive, if removing and replacing the head is even possible. If the printer's head cannot be removed, the printer itself will then need to be replaced.", "Inkjet printing. The disposable head philosophy uses a print head which is supplied as a part of a replaceable ink cartridge. Every time a cartridge is exhausted, the entire cartridge and print head are replaced with a new one. This adds to the cost of consumables and makes it more difficult to manufacture a high-precision head at a reasonable cost, but also means that a damaged or clogged print head is only a minor problem: the user can simply buy a new cartridge. Hewlett-Packard has traditionally favoured the disposable print head, as did Canon in its early models. This type of construction can also be seen as an effort by printer manufacturers to stem third party ink cartridge assembly replacements, as these would-be suppliers don't have the ability to manufacture specialized print heads.", "Inkjet printing. Some printers use a supplemental air-suction pump, utilizing the rubber capping station to suck ink through a severely clogged cartridge. The suction pump mechanism is frequently driven by the page feed stepper motor: it is connected to the end of the shaft. The pump only engages when the shaft turns backwards, hence the rollers reversing while head cleaning. Due to the built-in head design, the suction pump is also needed to prime the ink channels inside a new printer, and to reprime the channels between ink tank changes.", "Inkjet printing. Most commercial and industrial inkjet printers and some consumer printers (those produced by Epson and Brother Industries) use a piezoelectric material in an ink-filled chamber behind each nozzle instead of a heating element. When a voltage is applied, the piezoelectric material changes shape, generating a pressure pulse in the fluid, which forces a droplet of ink from the nozzle. Piezoelectric (also called Piezo) inkjet allows a wider variety of inks than thermal inkjet as there is no requirement for a volatile component, and no issue with kogation (buildup of ink residue), but the print heads are more expensive to manufacture due to the use of piezoelectric material (usually PZT, lead zirconium titanate).", "Inkjet printing. To combat this drying, nearly all inkjet printers include a mechanism to reapply moisture to the printhead. Typically there is no separate supply of pure ink-free solvent available to do this job, and so instead the ink itself is used to remoisten the printhead. The printer attempts to fire all nozzles at once, and as the ink sprays out, some of it wicks across the printhead to the dry channels and partially softens the hardened ink. After spraying, a rubber wiper blade is swept across the printhead to spread the moisture evenly across the printhead, and the jets are again all fired to dislodge any ink clumps blocking the channels.", "Inkjet printing. There are two main design philosophies in inkjet head design: fixed-head and disposable head. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses.", "Inkjet printing. If an inkjet head becomes clogged, third-party ink solvents/head cleaners and replacement heads are available in some cases. The cost of such items may be less expensive compared to a transfer unit for a laser printer, but the laser printer unit has a much longer lifetime between required maintenance. Many inkjet printer models now have permanently installed heads, which cannot be economically replaced if they become irreversibly clogged, resulting in scrapping of the entire printer. On the other hand, inkjet printer designs which use a disposable printhead usually cost significantly more per page than printers using permanent heads.[citation needed] By contrast, laser printers do not have printheads to clog or replace frequently, and usually can produce many more pages between maintenance intervals.", "Ink cartridge. Most consumer inkjet printers, such as those made by Canon, HP, and Lexmark (but not Epson) use a thermal inkjet; inside each partition of the ink reservoir is a heating element with a tiny metal plate or resistor. In response to a signal given by the printer, a tiny current flows through the metal or resistor making it warm, and the ink in contact with the heated resistor is vaporized into a tiny steam bubble inside the nozzle.[1] As a consequence, an ink droplet is forced out of the cartridge nozzle onto the paper. This process takes a fraction of a millisecond.", "Inkjet printing. Epson, Kodak, and Canon also manufacture wide-format printers, sold in much smaller numbers than standard printers. Epson has a group of 3 Japanese companies around it that predominantly use Epson piezo printheads and inks: Mimaki, Roland, and Mutoh.", "Inkjet printing. The very narrow inkjet nozzles are prone to clogging. The ink consumed cleaning them—either during cleaning invoked by the user, or in many cases, performed automatically by the printer on a routine schedule—can account for a significant proportion of the ink used in the machine. Inkjet printing head nozzles can be cleaned using specialized solvents; or by soaking in warm distilled water for short periods of time, for water-soluble inks.", "Inkjet printing. Most consumer inkjet printers, including those from Canon (FINE), Hewlett-Packard, and Lexmark, use the thermal inkjet process. The idea of using thermal excitation to move tiny drops of ink was developed independently by two groups at roughly the same time: John Vaught and a team at Hewlett-Packard's Corvallis Division, and Canon engineer Ichiro Endo. Initially, in 1977, Endo's team was trying to use the piezoelectric effect to move ink out of the nozzle but noticed that ink shot out of a syringe when it was accidentally heated with a soldering iron. Vaught's work started in late 1978 with a project to develop fast, low-cost printing. The team at HP found that thin-film resistors could produce enough heat to fire an ink droplet. Two years later the HP and Canon teams found out about each other's work.[5][6]", "Inkjet printing. Wide-format printers are likewise often referred to as plotters, the technology they have largely replaced.", "Inkjet printing. In the thermal inkjet process, the print cartridges consist of a series of tiny chambers, each containing a heater, all of which are constructed by photolithography. To eject a droplet from each chamber, a pulse of current is passed through the heating element causing a rapid vaporization of the ink in the chamber and forming a bubble, which causes a large pressure increase, propelling a droplet of ink onto the paper (hence Canon's trade name of Bubble Jet). The ink's surface tension, as well as the condensation and resultant contraction of the vapor bubble, pulls a further charge of ink into the chamber through a narrow channel attached to an ink reservoir. The inks involved are usually water-based and use either pigments or dyes as the colorant. The inks must have a volatile component to form the vapor bubble; otherwise droplet ejection cannot occur. As no special materials are required, the print head is generally cheaper to produce than in other inkjet technologies.", "Inkjet printing. CIJ is one of the oldest ink jet technologies in use and is fairly mature. The major advantages are the very high velocity (≈20 m/s) of the ink droplets, which allows for a relatively long distance between print head and substrate, and the very high drop ejection frequency, allowing for very high speed printing. Another advantage is freedom from nozzle clogging as the jet is always in use, therefore allowing volatile solvents such as ketones and alcohols to be employed, giving the ink the ability to \"bite\" into the substrate and dry quickly.[citation needed]", "Ink cartridge. All Epson printers use a piezoelectric crystal in each nozzle instead of a heating element. When current is applied, the crystal changes shape or size, increasing the pressure in the ink channel and thus forcing a droplet of ink from the nozzle.[5] There are two types of crystals used: those that elongate when subjected to electricity or bi-morphs which bend. The ink channels in a piezoelectric ink jet print head can be formed using a variety of techniques, but one common method is lamination of a stack of metal plates, each of which includes precision micro-fabricated features of various shapes (i.e. containing an ink channel, orifice, reservoir and crystal). This cool environment allows use of inks which react badly when heated. For example, roughly 1/1000 of every ink jet is vaporised due to the intense heat, and ink must be designed not the clog the printer with the products of thermal decomposition. It also can make a smaller ink drop in some situations than thermal inkjet schemes.", "History of printing. Inkjet printers are a type of computer printer that operates by propelling tiny droplets of liquid ink onto paper.", "Inkjet printing. Inkjet printing is a type of computer printing that recreates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper, plastic, or other substrates.[1] Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer,[2] and range from small inexpensive consumer models to expensive professional machines.", "Inkjet printing. Some types of industrial inkjet printers are now capable of printing at very high speeds, in wide formats, or for a variety of industrial applications ranging from signage, textiles, ceramics and 3-D printing into biomedical applications and conductive circuitry. Leading companies and innovators in hardware include HP, Epson, Canon, Konica Minolta, FujiFilm, EFi, Durst, Brother, Roland, Mimaki, Mutoh and many others worldwide.", "Inkjet printing. The primary cause of inkjet printing problems is ink drying on the printhead's nozzles, causing the pigments and dyes to dry out and form a solid block of hardened mass that plugs the microscopic ink passageways. Most printers attempt to prevent this drying from occurring by covering the printhead nozzles with a rubber cap when the printer is not in use. Abrupt power losses, or unplugging the printer before it has capped the printhead, can cause the printhead to be left in an uncapped state. Even when the head is capped, this seal is not perfect, and over a period of several weeks the moisture (or other solvent) can still seep out, causing the ink to dry and harden. Once ink begins to collect and harden, the drop volume can be affected, drop trajectory can change, or the nozzle can completely fail to jet ink.", "Thermal-transfer printing. So-called \"solid ink\" or \"phaser\" printers were developed by Tektronix and later by Xerox (who acquired Tektronix's printer division). Printers like the Xerox Phaser 8400 uses 1 cubic inch (16 cm3) rectangular solid-state ink blocks (similar in consistency to candle wax), which are loaded into a system similar to a stapler magazine in the top of the printer. The ink blocks are melted, and the ink is transferred onto a rotating oil-coated print drum using a piezo inkjet head. The paper then passes over the print drum, at which time the image is transferred, or transfixed, to the page. This system is similar to water-based inkjets, provided that the ink has low viscosity at the jetting temperature 60 °C (140 °F). Printout properties are similar to those mentioned above, although these printers can be configured to produce extremely high-quality results and are far more economical, as they only use the ink needed for the printout, rather than an entire ribbon panel. Costs of upkeep and ink are comparable to color laser printers, while \"standby\" power usage can be very high, about 200 W.", "Inkjet printing. Clogged nozzles can be detected by printing a standard test pattern on the page. Some software workaround methods are known for re-routing printing information from a clogged nozzle to a working nozzle.[11]", "Fused filament fabrication. A different approach is taken with 'Rostock' pattern printers, based on a delta robot mechanism.[35] These have a large open print volume with a three-armed delta robot mounted at the top. This design of robot is noted for its low inertia and ability for fast movement over a large volume. Stability and freedom from vibration when moving a heavy print head on the end of spindly arms is a technical challenge though. This design has mostly been favoured as a means of gaining a large print volume without a large and heavy gantry.", "Inkjet printing. The largest-volume supplier is Hewlett-Packard, which supply over 90 percent of the market for printers for printing technical drawings. The major products in their Designjet series are the Designjet 500/800, the Designjet T Printer series (including the T1100 and T610), the Designjet 1050 and the Designjet 4000/4500. They also have the HP Designjet 5500, a six-color printer that is used especially for printing graphics as well as the new Designjet Z6100 which sits at the top of the HP Designjet range and features an eight colour pigment ink system.", "Inkjet printing. Inkjets use solvent-based inks which have much shorter expiration dates compared to laser toner, which has an indefinite shelf life.[citation needed] Inkjet printers tend to clog if not used regularly, whereas laser printers are much more tolerant of intermittent use.[citation needed] Inkjet printers require periodical head cleaning, which consumes a considerable amount of ink, and will drive printing costs higher especially if the printer is unused for long periods.", "Inkjet printing. In CIJ technology, a high-pressure pump directs liquid ink from a reservoir through a gunbody and a microscopic nozzle, creating a continuous stream of ink droplets via the Plateau-Rayleigh instability. A piezoelectric crystal creates an acoustic wave as it vibrates within the gunbody and causes the stream of liquid to break into droplets at regular intervals: 64,000 to 165,000 droplets per second may be achieved.[citation needed] The ink droplets are subjected to an electrostatic field created by a charging electrode as they form; the field varies according to the degree of drop deflection desired. This results in a controlled, variable electrostatic charge on each droplet. Charged droplets are separated by one or more uncharged \"guard droplets\" to minimize electrostatic repulsion between neighbouring droplets.", "Inkjet printing. Compared to earlier consumer-oriented color printers, inkjet printers have a number of advantages. They are quieter in operation than impact dot matrix or daisywheel printers. They can print finer, smoother details through higher resolution. Consumer inkjet printers with photographic-quality printing are widely available.", "Inkjet printing. There are two main technologies in use in contemporary inkjet printers: continuous (CIJ) and Drop-on-demand (DOD).", "Inkjet printing. The ink consumed in the cleaning process needs to be collected to prevent ink from leaking in the printer. The collection area is called the spittoon, and in Hewlett Packard printers this is an open plastic tray underneath the cleaning/wiping station. In Epson printers, there is typically a large absorption pad in a pan underneath the paper feed platen. For printers several years old, it is common for the dried ink in the spittoon to form a pile that can stack up and touch the printheads, jamming the printer. Some larger professional printers using solvent inks may employ a replaceable plastic receptacle to contain waste ink and solvent which must be emptied or replaced when full.", "Inkjet printing. A DOD process uses software that directs the heads to apply between zero and eight droplets of ink per dot, only where needed.[citation needed] Piezo inkjet technology is often used on production lines to mark products. For instance, the \"use-before\" date is often applied to products with this technique; in this application the head is stationary and the product moves past. Requirements of this application are high speed, a long service life, a relatively large gap between the print head and the substrate, and low operating cost.", "Inkjet printing. Some professional wide format printers use aqueous inks, but the majority in professional use today employ a much wider range of inks, most of which require piezo inkjet heads and extensive maintenance:" ]

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[ "Henry Mills (Once Upon a Time). Henry Daniel Mills is a fictional character in ABC's television series Once Upon a Time. Henry is the boy Emma Swan gave up to adoption; Regina Mills adopted him. Henry was first portrayed as a child by Jared S. Gilmore, who won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series – Leading Young Actor in 2012. For the seventh season, Andrew J. West took over the role of Henry as an adult and father to a ten-year-old girl named Lucy.[2]", "Henry Mills (Once Upon a Time). Gilmore, who had previously starred in Mad Men as the third Bobby Draper from 2009 to 2011,[7][8] was cast in Once Upon a Time as Henry Mills, the \"biological son of Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison's character) and Neal/Baelfire. He is the only resident of Storybrooke who is not under the spell of the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla).\"[9] Series creators Adam Horowitz and Eddy Kitsis stated of the role, \"One of our emotional centers was an 11-year-old boy who had to be precocious and vulnerable at the same time.\"[10] Kitsis believed that Gilmore \"naturally brought [these characteristics] out... We just knew he had to be our Henry!\"[10] Gilmore commented, \"I relate to Henry because I'm 11 and also have a very good imagination. I enjoy making up and playing games in worlds with alternate realities myself.\"[11]", "Jared S. Gilmore. Jared Scott Gilmore (born May 30, 2000) is an American teen actor. He is best known for his role in the series Once Upon a Time as Henry Mills.", "Jared S. Gilmore. In 2011, Jared left Mad Men and was cast in Once Upon a Time as Henry Mills, the \"biological son of Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison's character) and Neal. He is the only resident of Storybrooke who is not under the spell of the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla).\"[3] Series creators Adam Horowitz and Eddy Kitsis stated of the role, \"One of our emotional centers was an 11-year-old boy who had to be precocious and vulnerable at the same time.\"[4] Kitsis believed that Gilmore \"naturally brought [these characteristics] out... We just knew he had to be our Henry!\"[4] Gilmore commented, \"I relate to Henry, because I'm 11 and also have a very good imagination. I enjoy making up and playing games in worlds with alternate realities myself.\"[5]", "Liam Garrigan. Liam Thomas Garrigan (born 17 October 1981) is an English theatre and television actor. As a youth he attended classes at Kingston upon Hull's Northern Stage Company and was a student at Wyke College, Kingston upon Hull. His first television role was as Nic Yorke in the BBC continuing drama series Holby City. He is best known for his roles as Ian Al-Harazi on the Fox series 24: Live Another Day and King Arthur in the ABC series Once Upon a Time and Transformers: The Last Knight.", "Henry Mills (Once Upon a Time). Henry Mills is Emma Swan and Neal Cassidy's son, whom she gave up for adoption after giving birth following her release from a federal correctional facility in Phoenix, Arizona in 2001.[3] He is also Snow White, Prince Charming and Rumplestiltskin's grandson, and the great-grandson of the latter's father's alias Peter Pan and latter's mother's alias the Black Fairy. He is adopted by Regina Mills (the Evil Queen), after Mr. Gold (Rumplestiltskin) procures him, naming him after her late father. At first Regina had a little difficulty raising Henry but grew to love him, thus preventing Henry from being taken by the Darling Brothers, who wanted to take Henry to Neverland on orders from Peter Pan.", "Michael Raymond-James. He starred in Once Upon a Time as Neal Cassidy/Baelfire, who is Henry's father as well as Rumpelstiltskin's son and is later revealed to be the grandson of Peter Pan.[4][5][6]", "Think Lovely Thoughts. Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B, mostly directed at Jared S Gilmore's performance in the episode: \"Almost from the very beginning, Henry has been Once Upon A Time’s sore spot. Some blame has been aimed at poor Jared S. Gilmore’s acting abilities, but let’s face it, Olivier himself couldn’t carry what the Henry character has had to endure.\"[11]", "Julian Morris. Morris was part of the main cast of the 2010 ABC documentary-style dramedy series My Generation, playing \"The Rich Kid\" Anders Holt.[8] Morris also starred in the teen drama Pretty Little Liars as Dr. Wren Kingston. In July 2012, Morris joined the ABC series Once Upon a Time as Prince Phillip.[9]", "David Henrie. In 2015, he played the role of Lane, who is a valet and falls for Paul Blart's daughter, in the sequel Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2, co-starred as London Busbee, older brother of the title character in the drama Little Boy, and he had a role in the indie biographical drama film Walt Before Mickey in which he plays Rudy Ising, who worked for Walt Disney.[31][32][33] Henrie had cameo appearances in indie drama Cardboard Boxer and Warrior Road.[34] In January 2015, Henrie was cast to play a young Ronald Reagan in an upcoming biopic titled Reagan.[35]", "Wind at My Back. Henry (Tyrone Savage) is Honey's second son. He is about 10 when the series begins. He is kind hearted but very mischievous. To Hub's annoyance, Fat frequently tags along on his adventures. While Hub frequently resents his grandmother, Fat appears to like her. He often helps her and spends time with her. He frequently manages to be affectionate with her, something that none of the other family manages to achieve.", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). Jennifer Morrison was hired for the part of Emma Swan.[56] The actress explained her character as someone who \"help[s] her son Henry whom she abandoned when he was a baby and who seems like he's a little bit emotionally dysfunctional\", but noted that Emma does not start out believing in the fairytale universe.[55] Ten-year old Jared Gilmore, known for his work on Mad Men, took the role of her son, Henry.[56] The role of The Evil Queen/ Regina was given to Lana Parrilla.[57]", "David Henrie. David Clayton Henrie (/ˈhɛnri/ HEN-ree; born July 11, 1989) is an American actor, producer, director, and screenwriter.[1] He is noted for playing Ted Mosby's future son Luke on How I Met Your Mother and Justin Russo in Wizards of Waverly Place, as well as starring in the films in Little Boy and Walt Before Mickey.", "List of Grounded for Life characters. Henry Finnerty (Jake Burbage)(8–12 years old) - The youngest son of the family, Henry, disappeared at the beginning of the fifth season when actor Jake Burbage left to move back east with his family. He is actually never seen during the fifth season, but he is, however, mentioned several times, notably in the episode \"Hello, Goodbye\" when Claudia says to Walt that Henry is \"...around here someplace,\". [1] Henry is named to be a \"loose cannon\", often getting himself into trouble for being extremely impressionable and curious.", "Harrison Young. Harrison Richard Young (March 13, 1930 – July 3, 2005) was an American film and television actor.", "Justin Henry. Justin Henry (born May 25, 1971) is an American actor, known for playing the object of the titular custody battle in the 1979 film Kramer vs. Kramer, a debut role that earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, when he was eight years old. As of 2018[update], he is the youngest actor to be nominated in any category, and the only actor ever nominated in the same decade as his or her birth. The performance later earned him a spot (No. 80) on VH1's list of 100 Greatest Kid Stars. Most of his film and television credits came as a child or teenager, although he has continued acting as an adult.[1]", "Henry Mills (Once Upon a Time). As Henry gets older, his relationship with Regina became strained, and she sends him to regular therapy sessions. When he is ten, he receives his cherished book of fairy tales from his teacher Mary Margaret Blanchard (Snow White), discovering that the residents of Storybrooke are characters from it after noticing he is the only one in town who ages. Henry finds his biological mother Emma Swan in Boston and brings her to Storybrooke. He eventually convinces her of the truth by consuming a sleeping curse intended for her by Regina,[4] nearly resulting in him dying. However, he is awoken with true love's kiss by Emma, which also breaks the curse. Emma and Mary Margaret are then dragged into a portal, leaving David (Prince Charming) to look after him. Following the death of Regina's mother Cora, and her vowing to avenge Mary Margaret, Henry seeks to remove magic from Storybrooke. When Emma and Regina stop the trigger enacted by Greg Mendell and Tamara from destroying the town, he is kidnapped by the pair and taken to Neverland, where it is revealed that Peter Pan (Henry's great-grandfather) wants possession of him as he owns \"the heart of the truest believer\".[5][6]", "List of Once Upon a Time characters. Prince Henry is the son of Princess Emma and Baelfire and the grandson of King David and Queen Snow.", "Nicholas Hamilton. Hamilton gained industry attention in the 2013 short film Time, directed by Liam Connor. He played a young boy who believed in time travel. The film was a finalist of the 2013 Tropfest Short Film Festival, and Hamilton won an award at the festival for Best Male Actor. This gained him the attention of Catherine Poulton, an agent in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. He continued with roles in Mako: Island of Secrets, Wanted, and short films such as Letters to Annabelle and The Boy Who Stole the Belltower.[6] Hamilton's first role in a feature film was as Nicole Kidman and Joseph Fiennes' son in the Australian drama-suspense film Strangerland. His first mainstream role was as Rellian in 2016's Captain Fantastic, for which he was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the Young Artist Awards, along with the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. In 2017, he portrayed Lucas Hanson in the film adaptation of The Dark Tower, as well as Henry Bowers in IT. To prepare for the role of Bowers, Hamilton read the original novel and liaised with Jarred Blancard, who portrayed Bowers in the 1990 miniseries.[7] In 2018, it was announced he would portray Private Noel Grimes in Danger Close, about the Battle of Long Tan that occurred in 1966. It has also been reported that he will return as \"Young Henry Bowers\" in IT: Chapter Two, releasing in 2019.[8][9]", "Henry Mills (Once Upon a Time). Season 7 begins with Henry as an adult living in Seattle, Washington. He is approached by a girl named Lucy who claims to be his daughter.", "Grounded for Life. Henry (Jake Burbage) the Finnertys' younger son, is the family optimist. A little wild, sometimes annoying, and unfortunately gullible, he is kindhearted and gentle. Jake Burbage left the show at the end of season four (in the summer of 2004) to move back east which is why he was never seen in season five although he was mentioned.", "Once Upon a Time (season 6). On February 16, TVLine released casting call descriptions for two characters who appear in the season 6 finale, with potential to continue into season 7 if the show is to be renewed. One is a man in his late 20s-early 30s who \"was once optimistic and hopeful but now is a friendless, cynical recluse\" but \"still possesses a dormant, deep-seated spark of hope that waits for the right person to reignite it.\" The other is a 10-year-old girl who \"comes from a broken home\" but \"those struggles have only made her stronger — something which will come in handy when darkness threatens everything she holds dear.\"[110] On March 8, it was announced that Andrew J. West had been cast in the unidentified male role, later revealed in \"The Final Battle\" as an adult Henry Mills.[60] On March 9, it was announced that Alison Fernandez had been cast in the unidentified female role, also revealed to be Henry's daughter, Lucy.[61]", "Henry Jones Sr.. The character was portrayed by Sean Connery in the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Alex Hyde-White cameoed as the younger Henry in the film's prologue (though his face was not seen, and Connery dubbed his voice). Lloyd Owen played Henry in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles television series. The character also made appearances in novels and a comic book.", "Manhattan (Once Upon a Time). In this episode, Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison), Henry (Jared S. Gilmore), and Mr. Gold (Robert Carlyle) arrive in Manhattan to find his son Baelfire (Michael Raymond-James), only to have Emma regret the trip after past memories come back to haunt her. Meanwhile, in the Enchanted Forest, a young Rumpelstiltskin is to fight in the Ogre Wars, but is then hesitant after a seer (Shannon Lucio) reveals his fate.", "True North (Once Upon a Time). In a Storybrooke drugstore, Henry (Jared S. Gilmore) meets a young girl named Ava (Karley Scott Collins). Henry is stopped by the store owner for shoplifting, which reveals Ava and her brother Nicholas (Quinn Lord) were using Henry to smuggle stolen merchandise. Regina (Lana Parrilla) and Sheriff Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) arrive to handle the juveniles. Emma discovers the siblings are living without parents and almost no food. In need of help, Emma resolves to find Ava and Nicholas's father (Nicholas Lea) out of a desire to keep them out of the foster system she herself was raised in. Regina calls social services, but the system would have to place the kids in two different homes in Boston. Determined to keep her promise not to separate them, Emma asks them for something that had belonged to their father. Ava provides her with a compass.", "Justin Henry. Henry began his acting career in Kramer vs. Kramer. For his performance in that film, he became the youngest person to ever be nominated for an Oscar or Golden Globe. His next role was in a 1983 episode of the American television series Fantasy Island.[4] On the big screen, Henry appeared in the Brat Pack film Sixteen Candles (1984), as Mike Baker, one of Samantha Baker's siblings.[5] Henry also played the son of a married couple played by Don Johnson and Susan Sarandon in the film Sweet Hearts Dance (1988). In this role, critic Janet Maslin called him a \"large and amusingly sullen teenager\".[6]", "Michiel Huisman. Michiel Huisman (Dutch pronunciation: [miˈɣil ˈɦœysmɑn]; born 18 July 1981) is a Dutch actor, musician, and singer-songwriter, who has acted in both Dutch and English language TV series and films. Huisman played Ellis Jones in the fantasy romance film The Age of Adaline (2015), Sonny on the television series Treme (2010–2013), and Daario Naharis on Game of Thrones (2014–2016). He has also played recurring roles on television such as Liam McGuinnis on Nashville (2012–2014) and as Cal Morrison on Orphan Black (2014–2015).", "Michael Rooker. Michael Rooker (born April 6, 1955)[1] is an American actor, best known for his breakout role as Henry in Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986), as well as his roles as Terry Cruger in Sea of Love (1989), Rowdy Burns in Days of Thunder (1990), Bill Broussard in JFK (1991), Hal Tucker in Cliffhanger (1993), Jared Svenning in Mallrats (1995), Merle Dixon in The Walking Dead (2010–2013, and Yondu Udonta in the Guardians of the Galaxy film series.", "Colin Petersen. Frederick Colin Petersen began his acting career at the age of seven. When he was still nine years old in late 1955, he starred in the film Smiley (released in 1956), with Ralph Richardson, but by the time he was twelve in 1958 he was forced to cease acting as his mother felt it was interfering with his education. Other film credits included The Scamp (1957), A Cry from the Streets (1958) and, much later, Barney (1976). In 1958, before his mother took him back to Australia, he was screen tested for the part of the young hero in Tiger Bay, but the part eventually went to the then 12 years old Hayley Mills instead, the part being rewritten for a girl. He attended the Humpybong State School at the same time that Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb did (they went to Scarborough State School first, and then later went to Humpybong). Petersen was in Barry's class, though they seldom crossed paths in any significant way. While at school he developed an interest in music, starting out on piano but switching to drums. After leaving school he played with several bands including Steve and the Board, and became acquainted with Maurice Gibb, who invited him to sit in on one of the trio's sessions in Sydney. He ended up becoming friends with the family and ultimately played on as many as a dozen of the Bee Gees' early Australian sides.", "Liam Garrigan. Liam was sent to musical theater classes by his mother at an early age, he was five years old when he played a munchkin in Northern Theatre’s production of The Wizard of Oz, and he later began, at age seven, to have one-on-one acting lessons with Northern Theatre's founder Richard Green. After attending Endsleigh Primary School and St Mary’s, Liam studied at Wyke Sixth Form College, where he focused on theater studies, history and English literature, while continuing acting classes at Northern Theatre, as well as giving performances at the National Theatre and the Edinburgh Festival. During his time at Wyke, he began working on audition pieces for drama school, with his eventual admission into the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, where he trained to be a professional actor. He has appeared in BBC TV dramas Holby City,[1] Doctors, The Chase and ITV1's Agatha Christie's Marple. He also portrayed Alfred in the Starz TV miniseries The Pillars of the Earth. He appeared in Ultimate Force as Corporal Edward Dwyer during the third series.[2] He also starred in the 2008 and 2010 seasons of Irish drama series, RTÉ's Raw.[3] In January 2011, Garrigan starred in the second series of BBC One's wartime drama serial Land Girls. From 2012 to 2013, Liam starred as Sgt. Liam Baxter in Strike Back, before being cast as Ian Al-Harazi in 2014's 24: Live Another Day. The same year, he appeared in the American 3D action fantasy film, The Legend of Hercules. In January 2014, Garrigan appeared in Silent Witness. In 2015 Garrigan played the recurring role of King Arthur on Once Upon a Time.[4]", "Joe Spano. Joseph Peter Spano (born July 7, 1946) is an American actor is best known for his role as Lt. Henry Goldblume on Hill Street Blues. Spano is now best known for his work on NCIS as FBI Special Agent Tobias C. Fornell.", "Justin Henry. After graduation, Henry's next widely seen performance was in 1997, as a medical student in a two-episode role during the fourth season of ER.[4] He starred opposite Ally Sheedy, Jason David Frank and Brian O'Halloran in the mockumentary The Junior Defenders, which was filmed that same year but released direct-to-video in 2007.[7]" ]

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[ "Little Giants. Little Giants is a 1994 American family sports comedy film, starring Rick Moranis and Ed O'Neill as brothers in a small Ohio town, coaching rival Pee-Wee Football teams.[1]", "Little Giants. Danny O'Shea (Rick Moranis) has always lived in the shadow of his older brother, Kevin (Ed O'Neill), a Heisman Trophy winner and a local football hero. They live in their hometown of Urbania, Ohio. Kevin coaches the local \"Pee-Wee Cowboys\" football team. Despite being the best player, Danny's tomboy daughter, Becky (Shawna Waldron), nicknamed Icebox, is cut during try outs because she is a girl. Also cut are her less-talented friends, Rashid Hanon (who can't catch anything), Tad Simpson (who can't run), and Rudy Zolteck (who's overweight and quite flatulent). After being ridiculed by the other players who made the team, she convinces her dad to coach a new pee-wee team of their own.", "Land of the Giants. Culturally, the Giant society closely resembles the contemporary United States of 1968 (in various episodes it has a police force, private hospitals, prisons, a State Governor, radio and television services, a zoo, jazz clubs, even a racetrack - and the Giants speak English, drive American cars, attend Vaudeville-style theatres, and even play chess). The Earth people find themselves able to cope, and their efforts to get around are facilitated by the ubiquity of large drains leading directly from interior rooms to the pavement, in an outside wall of most buildings. The Giant government has offered a reward for the capture of the small Earth people (who the Giants call the little people).", "The Perfect Game. The film is based on a true story about a group of boys from Monterrey, Mexico, who became the first non-U.S. team to win the Little League World Series in 1957. Their team was Industriales de Monterrey, nicknamed \"Los pequeños gigantes\" (The little giants). Before traveling to the United States, the Little League team of the Industriales de Monterrey Baseball Club, played two seasons on the local 4 team Little League circuit before qualifying, as the second Little League team coming from outside of the United States and Canada; they participated in the southern area regional tournaments, which qualified them for the Little League World Series, held every August in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania.", "I Kill Giants (film). One day, Barbara meets Sophia, who just moved to the area from Leeds, England. Sophia expresses an interest in getting to know Barbara, but Barbara initially remains aloof.", "Little Giants. At first, Danny is reluctant to do so, but later accepts in an attempt to show Urbania that Kevin is not invincible, and that there is another O'Shea in town capable of winning. Kevin mockingly reminds him of the \"one town, one team\" rule and with the help of the locals, they decide to have a playoff game to determine the lone team that will represent Urbania. Among Becky, Hanon, Tad, Rudy, and Nubie (an intelligent boy who becomes assistant coach), Danny also gathers other children that have never been given a chance and dubs the team the \"Little Giants.\" One such player is Junior Floyd (Devon Sawa), a strong-armed quarterback who turns out to be the son of Danny's childhood crush, Patty Floyd (Susanna Thompson). Becky slowly develops a crush on him and struggles with her newfound feelings as a girl.", "Little Giants. Two old-timers, Orville (Harry Fleer) and Wilbur (Dabbs Greer), encourage the rivalry between Danny and Kevin by reporting to them that a new star player, Spike Hammersmith (Sam Horrigan), has just moved to Urbania. Danny succeeds at recruiting him by tricking his overzealous father, Mike (Brian Haley), that he is the famous \"Coach O'Shea\", but this is a problem as Spike proves to be rude, arrogant, and refuses to play on a team with a girl. The deception is later discovered and he switches over to Kevin's more well-structured team. Kevin also encourages his daughter, Debbie (Courtney Peldon), to be a cheerleader and later convinces Becky that a quarterback will want to date a cheerleader, not a teammate. Believing it is her best chance to win over Junior, she decides to quit the team and pursue cheerleading.", "Little Giants. Just as Danny's team start to lose hope, a bus arrives carrying NFL stars John Madden, Emmitt Smith, Bruce Smith, Tim Brown, and Steve Emtman. They teach and inspire the young players into believing they can win.", "Little Giants. The film received mixed reviews. Stephen Holden remarked, in The New York Times, that \"anyone who was ever rejected or picked last for a team can relate to the concept behind \"Little Giants,\" a slickly contrived family movie about an inept junior football team that succeeds in spite of spectacular liabilities [...] In typical Hollywood fashion, \"Little Giants\" raises issues about competition, machismo and sexism in American sports, then blithely skirts them in confrontations that let everyone have his cake and eat it too [...] \"Little Giants,\" which was directed by Duwayne Dunham, devotes much of its energy to such comic antics as balls getting stuck into face masks, and wispy little kids practicing looking intimidating.\"[4] The Washington Post stated that \"if \"Little Giants\" were in a beauty pageant it might win votes for Miss Congeniality, but it definitely wouldn't take the crown.\"[5] Conversely, the Los Angeles Times suggested that the film was \"smarter than many of its ilk. Clearly a great deal of care and thought has gone into making special a picture that could so easily have been routine family fare.\"[6] Little Giants currently holds a 40% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.", "Giant (1956 film). When riding Leslie's beloved horse, War Winds, Luz expresses her hostility for Leslie by cruelly digging in her spurs. War Winds bucks her off, killing her. She leaves Jett a small piece of land on the Benedict ranch. Bick, who despises Jett, tries to buy back the land, but Jett refuses to sell. Jett makes the land his home and names it Little Reata. Over the next ten years, Leslie and Bick have twins, Jordan III (\"Jordy\") and Judy, and later have a daughter, Luz II.", "James and the Giant Peach (film). James Henry Trotter is a young boy who lives with his parents by the sea in England. On James' birthday, they plan to go to New York City and visit the Empire State Building, the tallest building in the world. However, his parents are killed by a ghostly rhinoceros from the sky and James finds himself living with his two abusive and cruel aunts, Spiker and Sponge, in a run-down house on top of a high hill.", "Little Giants. The film had a budget of $20 million and failed to recoup it, with a total of $19.3 million in box office returns.[7][8][9][10]", "Little Giants. The film was inspired by a 1992 McDonald's Super Bowl commercial developed by Jim Ferguson and Bob Shallcross. According to the Baltimore Sun[2], after seeing the commercial, Steven Spielberg contacted them and said, \"I want that commercial made into a movie. I want my 'Home Alone.'\"[3]", "Big Trouble in Little China. Visalia, California Truck driver Jack Burton (Kurt Russell) wins a bet with his restaurant owner friend Wang Chi (Dennis Dun), and accompanies him to the airport to pick up Wang's Chinese fiancée Miao Yin (Suzee Pai) to make sure he honours the payment. A Chinese street gang, the Lords of Death, tries to kidnap another Chinese girl at the airport who is being met by her friend Gracie Law (Kim Cattrall), intending to sell her as a sex slave. After Jack intervenes, they take Miao Yin instead. In Jack's big-rig truck, he and Wang track the Lords of Death to the back alleys of Chinatown, where they find a funeral procession that quickly erupts into a tong war between the Chang Sing and Wing Kong, two ancient Chinese societies. When \"The Three Storms\" - Thunder, Rain, and Lightning, mighty warriors with weather-themed powers - appear, slaughtering the Chang Sing, Jack tries to escape but runs over Lo Pan (James Hong), a powerful and legendary sorcerer and the leader of the Wing Kong. Horrified, Jack exits his truck, but finds Lo Pan entirely unfazed and glowing with malicious power. Wang hurriedly guides Jack through the alleys; the two escape the carnage and mayhem, but Jack's truck is stolen.", "The BFG (2016 film). The pair arrives in Dream Country and catch a dream each. While there, the giant reveals that his only other alias (other than \"runt\" which the other giants call him) is \"the Big Friendly Giant\" and Sophie decides to call him \"BFG\". The two then head to London to spread good dreams to sleeping children. As they do so, Sophie realizes that she has lost her blanket. The BFG realizes that the other man-eating giants know about her, and she wakes up outside the orphanage. He explains that the last human child he took and raised was discovered and eaten by Fleshlumpeater's group. She throws herself out of her window in the hope he will appear again to catch her, and he does.", "Land of the Giants. The little people's objectives are: (1) survival, by obtaining food and avoiding capture by the Giants or attacks from animals, such as cats and dogs; and (2) repair of their spacecraft, so they can attempt to return to Earth. They largely manage to survive by the help of sympathizers and stealth, making the most of their small size, plus their ingenuity in using their technology where it's superior to that of the Giants.", "Corpus Christi, Texas. Directly east of Corpus Christi are Padre Island and Mustang Island, home to various municipal, state, and national parks, most notably the Padre Island National Seashore. The city is also near King Ranch, one of the world's largest ranches, upon which the movie Giant was based.", "The BFG (2016 film). Sophie, a ten-year-old orphaned girl who lives in a London orphanage, stays awake reading through the nights due to her insomnia. At 3:00 AM or what she calls the \"witching hour\", she sees an elderly giant outside her window. The giant captures her and takes her into Giant Country. There, he explains that Sophie must stay with him for the rest of her life because she saw him and must not be allowed to reveal the existence of giants. After learning that she has insomnia and that she doesn't believe he can control dreams, he manages to read her to sleep and gives her a nightmare about failing to escape and being eaten by another giant.", "Little Giants. The uniforms worn by the Cowboys in the film were the same ones worn by the Dallas Cowboys during the 1994 season as part of the NFL's 75th anniversary. From 2004 to 2007, the New York Giants' alternate jerseys were red with white numerals, similar to the jerseys worn by the Little Giants in the movie.", "Ty Simpkins. Simpkins made his film debut in Steven Spielberg's War of the Worlds (2005).[2] Next was a featured role in All the King's Men (2006) where he played a young version of Jude Law's character; leading up to Simpkins' playing Aaron in the multiple-award-winning Little Children (2006).[3][4] Simpkins went on to film Pride and Glory (2008), in which he and his sister, actress Ryan Simpkins, play the children of Colin Farrell. Simpkins also completed Gardens of the Night (2008) and then in Revolutionary Road (2008), in which he again starred alongside his real-life sister Ryan.[5][6] Simpkins has guest-starred on CSI, Private Practice and Family of Four. In September 2009, he signed on to play Luke in the 2010 film The Next Three Days.[7] He also played Dalton Lambert in Insidious (2011) and Insidious: Chapter 2 (2013).", "Giant (1956 film). Wealthy Texas rancher Jordan \"Bick\" Benedict Jr. travels to Maryland to buy a horse. There he meets and courts socialite Leslie Lynnton, who ends a budding relationship with British diplomat Sir David Karfrey and marries Bick after a whirlwind romance. They return to Texas to start their life together on the family ranch, Reata, where Bick's older sister Luz runs the household. Leslie meets Jett Rink, a local handyman, and he becomes infatuated with her. On a ride with Jett, Leslie discovers the local Mexican workers' living conditions are terrible. After tending to one of the Mexican children, Angel Obregon II, she presses Bick to take steps to improve their condition.", "The Time of Their Lives. As in the duo's preceding film, Little Giant, Abbott and Costello do not play friends or any kind of partners, but are simply individual members of the cast. Also as in the previous movie, Costello's character is largely the hero, while Abbott plays a somewhat unsympathetic dual role. The two comics' trademark vaudeville routines are absent, and in fact they speak directly to each other only during one scene at the beginning of the film.[2] (This loosening of the comics' onscreen partnership was reportedly due to personal problems and tensions that briefly broke up their act in 1945.) The film is also noted for having a somewhat darker and more serious tone than most films featuring the duo.", "The BFG. Afterwards, a huge castle is built as the BFG's new house, with a little cottage next door for Sophie. While they are living happily in England, with several gifts coming in for many years from the governments of every country ever targeted by the giants (notably England, Sweden, Iraq, Arabia, India, Panama, Tibet, the United States, Chile , and New Zealand), the BFG writes a book of their adventures identified as the novel itself--under the name \"Roald Dahl\".", "Little Buddha. In addition to Kathmandu, another prominent Nepalese location used in the film was the city of Bhaktapur.[2]", "The BFG. A fleet of helicopters then follows Sophie and the BFG to the giants' homeland, where the giants are tied up as they sleep. The only one not easily caught is the Fleshlumpeater who wakes up as the British attempt to tie him up, but Sophie and the BFG trick him into allowing his own capture by claiming that he has been poisoned by a venomous snake so that he will put his hands and feet together to be tied up. The man-eating giants are suspended under the helicopters and carried back to London where they are then imprisoned in a deep pit. After BFG has Fleshlumpeater untied and is hoisted out of the pit, the man-eating giants find themselves being only fed snozzcumbers.", "1957 Little League World Series. Two months later, the team returned to Monterrey. Their money had run out after three days, and phone calls to Washington were needed to allow the team to extend their stay in the U.S. until they were eliminated. They never were. Led by ambidextrous pitcher Ángel Macías, the legendary Monterrey team won six tournaments, including the South Region tournament and the Little League World Series. The team was called Los pequeños gigantes (\"The little giants\"). Two movies are based on their story: a Mexican production, Los Pequeños Gigantes (1960),[3] and The Perfect Game (2009).[4]", "Facing the Giants. Facing the Giants is a 2006 American Christian drama sports film directed by and starring Alex Kendrick. The supporting cast was composed of volunteers from Sherwood Baptist Church, and it is the second film that Sherwood Pictures has done. Shot in Albany, Georgia, the film relates an underdog story about American football from a Christian worldview.", "Little Giants. Afterwards, Danny suggests that rather than having the Giants solely represent Urbania, they should merge with the Cowboys, and both he and Kevin can coach the team. Danny and Patty rekindle their childhood romance. He also decides not to hold Kevin to the prior bet, on the stipulation that the town water tower be changed from \"Home of Kevin O'Shea\" to \"Home of The O'Shea Brothers,\" reflecting a much earlier promise that Kevin made to Danny from their childhood.", "Vincent D'Onofrio. In 2003, it was reported that D'Onofrio and Joe Pantoliano had begun work on a small film titled Little Victories, about a 12-year-old boy whose perceptions of the world are forever changed when his gangster uncle comes to live with him. According to a television interview with Pantoliano, the film was not completed and went into turnaround due to a failure to raise the funds necessary for production.[citation needed]", "Little Giants. On February 7, 1995, Warner Home Video released Little Giants on VHS and LaserDisc. The VHS tape includes a Merrie Melodies cartoon, One Froggy Evening, celebrating the 40th anniversary of Michigan J. Frog. On July 8, 2003, the film was released on DVD. However, it's currently out of print. On March 29, 2011, the film was re-released in a four pack: 4 Film Favorites: Kids Sports (Little Big League, Surf Ninjas and Hometown Legend).", "Peter and the Starcatchers. Little Richard - Little Richard is a short, powerful giant who worked for the Never Land before becoming Slank's sidekick. Even though he can take Slank easily, Richard obeys his every command and is kicked around like a slave.", "Little Monsters. Little Monsters is a 1989 American black comedy film starring Fred Savage and Howie Mandel.[1] Little Monsters tells the story of a boy who befriends a real-life \"monster under the bed\" and discovers a secret world of monsters who sneak into children's bedrooms at night to pull pranks on them.[1]" ]

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[ "Cyclone. Because of the Coriolis effect, the wind flow around a large cyclone is counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.[19] In the Northern Hemisphere, the fastest winds relative to the surface of the Earth therefore occur on the eastern side of a northward-moving cyclone and on the northern side of a westward-moving one; the opposite occurs in the Southern Hemisphere.[20] In contrast to low pressure systems, the wind flow around high pressure systems are clockwise (anticyclonic) in the northern hemisphere, and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere.", "Tropical cyclone windspeed climatology. In the southern hemisphere, the strongest winds are to the left of the eye. That is because cyclonic winds below the equator, spin clockwise.[5]", "Southern Hemisphere. Cyclones and tropical storms spin clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere (as opposed to anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere) due to the Coriolis effect.[4]", "Tropical cyclone windspeed climatology. The strongest winds in a northern hemisphere tropical cyclone is located in the eyewall and the right front quadrant of the tropical cyclone. Severe damage is usually the result when the eyewall of a hurricane, typhoon or cyclone passes over land. The right front quadrant is also an area of a tropical cyclone were the winds are strongest. The reason that the winds are at the front right side of a storm in the northern hemisphere (and the front left hand side in the Southern Hemisphere) is because of the motion of a tropical cyclones motion contributing to its rotation. A 100 mph hurricane while stationary, might have winds of 100 mph on its right side in the northern hemisphere while the rest of the storm might have winds at 70 mph. The location of the right ( or left in the Southern Hemisphere) front quadrant also depends on the storm track. For example, in the northern hemisphere, if the storm was moving west, then the right side is to the north, if it moving north, then the strongest winds will be to the east of the center. [5]", "Tropical cyclone. A tropical depression or tropical low is a tropical disturbance that has a clearly defined surface circulation with maximum sustained winds of less than 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h).[43] Within the Southern Hemisphere, the depression can have gale force or stronger winds in one or more quadrants, but not near the centre.[43]", "Tropical cyclone. “Tropical” refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over tropical seas. “Cyclone” refers to their winds moving in a circle,[5] whirling round their central clear eye, with their winds blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and blowing clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect. Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation. This energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms, such as nor'easters and European windstorms, which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts. Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km (62 and 1,243 mi) in diameter.", "Tropical cyclone. The near-surface wind field of a tropical cyclone is characterized by air rotating rapidly around a center of circulation while also flowing radially inwards. At the outer edge of the storm, air may be nearly calm; however, due to the Earth’s rotation, the air has non-zero absolute angular momentum. As air flows radially inward, it begins to rotate cyclonically (counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere) in order to conserve angular momentum. At an inner radius, air begins to ascend to the top of the troposphere. This radius is typically coincident with the inner radius of the eyewall, and has the strongest near-surface winds of the storm; consequently, it is known as the radius of maximum winds.[9] Once aloft, air flows away from the storm's center, producing a shield of cirrus clouds.[10]", "Coriolis force. This pattern of deflection, and the direction of movement, is called Buys-Ballot's law. In the atmosphere, the pattern of flow is called a cyclone. In the Northern Hemisphere the direction of movement around a low-pressure area is anticlockwise. In the Southern Hemisphere, the direction of movement is clockwise because the rotational dynamics is a mirror image there.[39] At high altitudes, outward-spreading air rotates in the opposite direction.[40] Cyclones rarely form along the equator due to the weak Coriolis effect present in this region.[41]", "Tropical cyclogenesis. In the Southern Hemisphere, tropical cyclone activity generally begins in early November and generally ends on April 30. Southern Hemisphere activity peaks in mid-February to early March.[26] Virtually all the Southern Hemisphere activity is seen from the southern African coast eastward, toward South America. Tropical cyclones are rare events across the south Atlantic Ocean and the far southeastern Pacific Ocean.[28]", "Tropical cyclone. The previously mentioned processes result in a wind field that is nearly axisymmetric: Wind speeds are low at the center, increase rapidly moving outwards to the radius of maximum winds, and then decay more gradually with radius to large radii. However, the wind field often exhibits additional spatial and temporal variability due to the effects of localized processes, such as thunderstorm activity and horizontal flow instabilities. In the vertical direction, winds are strongest near the surface and decay with height within the troposphere.[11]", "Tropical cyclone. Physically, the cyclonic circulation of the storm advects environmental air poleward east of center and equatorial west of center. Because air must conserve its angular momentum, this flow configuration induces a cyclonic gyre equatorward and westward of the storm center and an anticyclonic gyre poleward and eastward of the storm center. The combined flow of these gyres acts to advect the storm slowly poleward and westward. This effect occurs even if there is zero environmental flow.", "Extratropical cyclone. The wind flow around an extratropical cyclone is counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, due to the Coriolis effect (this manner of rotation is generally referred to as cyclonic). Near this center, the pressure gradient force (from the pressure at the center of the cyclone compared to the pressure outside the cyclone) and the Coriolis force must be in an approximate balance for the cyclone to avoid collapsing in on itself as a result of the difference in pressure.[30] The central pressure of the cyclone will lower with increasing maturity, while outside of the cyclone, the sea-level pressure is about average. In most extratropical cyclones, the part of the cold front ahead of the cyclone will develop into a warm front, giving the frontal zone (as drawn on surface weather maps) a wave-like shape. Due to their appearance on satellite images, extratropical cyclones can also be referred to as frontal waves early in their Hidden Message life cycle. In the United States, an old name for such a system is \"warm wave\".[31]", "Effects of tropical cyclones. Mariners have a way to safely navigate around tropical cyclones. They split tropical cyclones in two, based on their direction of motion, and maneuver to avoid the right segment of the cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere (the left in the Southern Hemisphere). Sailors term the right side the dangerous semicircle since the heaviest rain and strongest winds and seas were located in this half of the storm, as the cyclone's translation speed and its rotational wind are additive. The other half of the tropical cyclone is called the navigable semicircle[9] since weather conditions are lessened (subtractive) in this portion of the storm (but are still potentially quite hazardous). The rules of thumb for ship travel when a tropical cyclone is in their vicinity are to avoid them if at all possible and do not cross their forecast path (crossing the T). Those traveling through the dangerous semicircle are advised to keep to the true wind on the starboard bow and make as much headway as possible. Ships moving through the navigable semicircle are advised to keep the true wind on the starboard quarter while making as much headway as possible.[10][11]", "Tropical cyclone. The three-dimensional wind field in a tropical cyclone can be separated into two components: a \"primary circulation\" and a \"secondary circulation\". The primary circulation is the rotational part of the flow; it is purely circular. The secondary circulation is the overturning (in-up-out-down) part of the flow; it is in the radial and vertical directions. The primary circulation is larger in magnitude, dominating the surface wind field, and is responsible for the majority of the damage a storm causes, while the secondary circulation is slower but governs the energetics of the storm.", "Tropical cyclone. The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular momentum imparted by the Earth's rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation. As a result, they rarely form within 5° of the equator.[6] Tropical cyclones are also almost completely absent from Earth’s southwestern quartersphere, mainly because the shapes of the African and South American continents permit the Benguela and Humboldt Currents to cover ocean basins as far north as 5˚N with excessively cool water. These powerful cold currents also produce much stronger vertical wind shear in the South Atlantic and Southeast Pacific, which typically prevent tropical depressions and minor storms there from developing into cyclones and prevent even the waters of the Brazil Current from being so hot as analogous western boundary currents or ocean gyres. Also, the African easterly jet and areas of atmospheric instability which gives rise to cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea, along with the Asian monsoon and Western Pacific Warm Pool, are feature of the Northern Hemisphere and Australia.", "Cyclone. The term \"tropical\" refers to both the geographic origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively in tropical regions of the globe, and their dependence on Maritime Tropical air masses for their formation. The term \"cyclone\" refers to the storms' cyclonic nature, with counterclockwise rotation in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise rotation in the Southern Hemisphere. Depending on their location and strength, tropical cyclones are referred to by other names, such as hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply as a cyclone.", "Tropical cyclone naming. Within the Southern Pacific basin in the Southern Hemisphere between 160°E – 120°W, a tropical cyclone is named when observations or Dvorak intensity analysis indicate that a system has gale force or stronger winds near the center which are forecast to continue.[6] The Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) names systems that are located between the Equator and 25°S, while the New Zealand MetService names systems (in conjunction with the FMS) that develop to the south of 25°S.[6] If a tropical cyclone causes loss of life or significant damage and disruption to the way of life of a community, then the name assigned to that cyclone is retired from the list of names for the region.[6] A replacement name is then submitted to the next World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee meeting.[6] The name of a tropical cyclone is determined by using Lists A — D in order, without regard to year before restarting with List A.[6] List E contains names that will replace names on A-D when needed.[6]", "Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology. Vertical wind shear forces the rainfall pattern around a tropical cyclone to become highly asymmetric, with most of the precipitation falling to the left and downwind of the shear vector, or downshear left. In other words, southwesterly shear forces the bulk of the rainfall north-northeast of the center.[10] If the wind shear is strong enough, the bulk of the rainfall will move away from the center leading to what is known as an exposed circulation center. When this occurs, the potential magnitude of rainfall with the tropical cyclone will be significantly reduced.", "Tropical cyclone. Environmental steering is the dominant term. Conceptually, it represents the movement of the storm due to prevailing winds and other wider environmental conditions, similar to \"leaves carried along by a stream\".[72] Physically, the winds, or flow field, in the vicinity of a tropical cyclone may be treated as having two parts: the flow associated with the storm itself, and the large-scale background flow of the environment in which the storm takes place. In this way, tropical cyclone motion may be represented to first-order simply as advection of the storm by the local environmental flow. This environmental flow is termed the \"steering flow\".", "Tropical cyclone. In addition to environmental steering, a tropical cyclone will tend to drift slowly poleward and westward, a motion known as \"beta drift\". This motion is due to the superposition of a vortex, such as a tropical cyclone, onto an environment in which the Coriolis force varies with latitude, such as on a sphere or beta plane. It is induced indirectly by the storm itself, the result of a feedback between the cyclonic flow of the storm and its environment.", "Tropical cyclone. As air flows radially inward at low levels, it begins to rotate cyclonically in order to conserve angular momentum. Similarly, as rapidly rotating air flows radially outward near the tropopause, its cyclonic rotation decreases and ultimately changes sign at large enough radius, resulting in an upper-level anti-cyclone. The result is a vertical structure characterized by a strong cyclone at low levels and a strong anti-cyclone near the tropopause; from thermal wind balance, this corresponds to a system that is warmer at its center than in the surrounding environment at all altitudes (i.e. “warm-core”). From hydrostatic balance, the warm core translates to lower pressure at the center at all altitudes, with the maximum pressure drop located at the surface.[11]", "Extratropical cyclone. Extratropical cyclones are generally driven, or \"steered\", by deep westerly winds in a general west to east motion across both the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the Earth. This general motion of atmospheric flow is known as \"zonal\".[42] Where this general trend is the main steering influence of an extratropical cyclone, it is known as a \"zonal flow regime\".", "Tropical cyclone. where \n\n\n\nf\n\n\n{\\displaystyle f}\n\n is the Coriolis parameter, \n\n\n\nv\n\n\n{\\displaystyle v}\n\n is the azimuthal (i.e. rotating) wind speed, and \n\n\n\nr\n\n\n{\\displaystyle r}\n\n is the radius to the axis of rotation. The first term on the right hand side is the component of planetary angular momentum that projects onto the local vertical (i.e. the axis of rotation). The second term on the right hand side is the relative angular momentum of the circulation itself with respect to the axis of rotation. Because the planetary angular momentum term vanishes at the equator (where \n\n\n\nf\n=\n0\n\n\n{\\displaystyle f=0}\n\n ), tropical cyclones rarely form within 5° of the equator.[6][29]", "Tropical cyclone. Climatologically, tropical cyclones are steered primarily westward by the east-to-west trade winds on the equatorial side of the subtropical ridge—a persistent high-pressure area over the world's subtropical oceans.[72] In the tropical North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific oceans, the trade winds steer tropical easterly waves westward from the African coast toward the Caribbean Sea, North America, and ultimately into the central Pacific Ocean before the waves dampen out.[64] These waves are the precursors to many tropical cyclones within this region.[63] In contrast, in the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific in both hemispheres, tropical cyclogenesis is influenced less by tropical easterly waves and more by the seasonal movement of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone and the monsoon trough.[73] Additionally, tropical cyclone motion can be influenced by transient weather systems, such as extratropical cyclones.", "Northern Hemisphere. For the same reason, flows of air down toward the northern surface of the Earth tend to spread across the surface in a clockwise pattern. Thus, clockwise air circulation is characteristic of high pressure weather cells in the Northern Hemisphere. Conversely, air rising from the northern surface of the Earth (creating a region of low pressure) tends to draw air toward it in a counterclockwise pattern. Hurricanes and tropical storms (massive low-pressure systems) spin counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.", "Tropical cyclone naming. Within the Australian region in the Southern Hemisphere between 90°E – 160°E, a tropical cyclone is named when observations or Dvorak intensity analysis indicate that a system has gale force or stronger winds near the center which are forecast to continue.[6] The Indonesian Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika names systems that develop between the Equator and 10°S and 90°E and 141°E, while Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service names systems that develop between the Equator and 10°S and 141°E and 160°E.[6] Outside of these areas, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology names systems that develop into tropical cyclones.[6] If a name is assigned to a tropical cyclone that causes loss of life or significant damage and disruption to the way of life of a community, then the name assigned to that storm is retired from the list of names for the region.[6] A replacement name is then submitted to the next World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee meeting.[6][10]", "Tropical cyclone. The movement of a tropical cyclone (i.e. its \"track\") is typically approximated as the sum of two terms: \"steering\" by the background environmental wind and \"beta drift\".[71]", "Tropical cyclone basins. Within the Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclones generally form on a regular basis between the African coast and the middle of the South Pacific. Tropical and Subtropical Cyclones have also been noted occurring in the Southern Atlantic Ocean at times. For various reasons including where tropical cyclones form, there are several different ways to split the area between the American and African coasts. For instance the World Meteorological Organization define three different basins for the tracking and warning of tropical cyclones. These are the South-West Indian Ocean between the African Coast and 90°E, the Australian region between 90°E and 160°E and the South Pacific between 160°E and 120°W. The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center also monitors the whole region, but splits it at 135°E into the South Pacific and the Southern Indian Ocean.", "Cyclone. A polar, sub-polar, or Arctic cyclone (also known as a polar vortex)[46] is a vast area of low pressure that strengthens in the winter and weakens in the summer.[47] A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere. The Coriolis acceleration acting on the air masses moving poleward at high altitude, causes a counterclockwise circulation at high altitude. The poleward movement of air originates from the air circulation of the Polar cell. The polar low is not driven by convection as are tropical cyclones, nor the cold and warm air mass interactions as are extratropical cyclones, but is an artifact of the global air movement of the Polar cell. The base of the polar low is in the mid to upper troposphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, the polar cyclone has two centers on average. One center lies near Baffin Island and the other over northeast Siberia.[46] In the southern hemisphere, it tends to be located near the edge of the Ross ice shelf near 160 west longitude.[48] When the polar vortex is strong, its effect can be felt at the surface as a westerly wind (toward the east). When the polar cyclone is weak, significant cold outbreaks occur.[49]", "Precipitation. Tropical cyclones, a source of very heavy rainfall, consist of large air masses several hundred miles across with low pressure at the centre and with winds blowing inward towards the centre in either a clockwise direction (southern hemisphere) or counterclockwise (northern hemisphere).[67] Although cyclones can take an enormous toll in lives and personal property, they may be important factors in the precipitation regimes of places they impact, as they may bring much-needed precipitation to otherwise dry regions.[68] Areas in their path can receive a year's worth of rainfall from a tropical cyclone passage.[69]", "Wind. The trade winds (also called trades) are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics towards the Earth's equator.[27] The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere.[28] The trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical cyclones that form over the world's oceans.[29] Trade winds also steer African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean, as well as portions of southeast North America.[30]", "Atlantic hurricane. In the tropical latitudes, tropical storms and hurricanes generally move westward with a slight tendency toward the north, under the influence of the subtropical ridge, a high pressure system that usually extends east-west across the subtropics.[8] South of the subtropical ridge, surface easterly winds (blowing from east to west) prevail. If the subtropical ridge is weakened by an upper trough, a tropical cyclone may turn poleward and then recurve,[9] or curve back toward the northeast into the main belt of the Westerlies. Poleward (north) of the subtropical ridge, westerly winds prevail and generally steer tropical cyclones that reach northern latitudes toward the east. The westerlies also steer extratropical cyclones with their cold and warm fronts from west to east.[10]" ]

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[ "Melvins. Generally considered as a sludge metal,[31][32][33][34][33] grunge,[35][36][37][38] experimental rock,[39][40][41] alternative metal[42][43][44][35][45] and doom metal band,[46][47] Melvins explored a variety of different styles throughout its career, including noise rock,[48] dark ambient, noise, jazz-rock, avant-garde music, electroacoustic music and punk country.[49] Initially starting out as a hardcore punk act,[50] their sound eventually started to absorb influences by Black Flag's mix of punk and metal on their My War and Slip It In albums, the Butthole Surfers,[51] slow punk acts like Flipper and the Wipers, and also by hard rock and metal bands such as Kiss and Alice Cooper. Buzzo has stated that his guitar playing is more influenced by Black Flag than Black Sabbath, with whom they are often compared.[1]", "Melvins. Melvins' sludgy sound was a strong influence on grunge music, especially Nirvana, Soundgarden, Green River, and many other bands from Seattle. These bands, however, tended to use more conventional musical structures with this sound.[citation needed] The Melvins have also influenced many artists outside the grunge scene, including Tool[52] and Mike Patton of Faith No More[53] (both of whom are friends with the band), Boris[54] (who took their name from the title of a Melvins song), Pig Destroyer,[55] Helmet,[56] Full of Hell,[57] Corey Taylor of Slipknot,[58] Earth,[59] Sunn O))),[60] Mastodon,[61][62] Neurosis,[63] Eyehategod[64] and Isis.[65] AllMusic wrote \"their ability to combine punk with a strong Black Sabbath influence had a major impact on everything from grunge to alternative metal to doom metal and stoner rock.\"[66] In 2017, Metal Injection ranked The Melvins at number 2 on their list of \"10 Heaviest Grunge Bands\".[67]", "Heavy metal genres. Sludge metal began as a derivative of doom metal, incorporating hardcore punk and elements of Southern rock. Many sludge bands compose slow and heavy songs that contain brief hardcore passages.[95][96] However, some bands emphasize fast tempos throughout their music.[97] The string instruments are heavily distorted and are often played with large amounts of feedback to produce an abrasive, sludgy sound. Drumming is often performed in typical doom metal fashion, but drummers may employ hardcore d-beat or double-kick drumming during faster passages. Vocals are usually shouted or screamed, and lyrics are generally pessimistic in nature. Suffering, drug abuse, politics and anger towards society are common lyrical themes. New Orleans with its metal scene is often considered as its birthplace.[98] The style was pioneered in the early 1990s by bands such as Eyehategod,[95] Crowbar,[96] Buzzov*en[97] and Acid Bath.[99]", "Melvins. The Melvins are an American rock band that formed in 1983[1] in Montesano, Washington. They have mostly performed as a trio, as well as a quartet with two drummers in recent years. Since 1984, vocalist and guitarist Buzz Osborne and drummer Dale Crover have been constant members. The band was named after a supervisor at a Thriftway in Montesano, Washington, where Osborne also worked as a clerk. \"Melvin\" was despised by other employees, and the band's members felt it to be an appropriately ridiculous name.[2] Their early work was key to the development of both grunge and sludge metal.[3]", "Music of New Orleans. The city is known for the \"Louisiana sound\", which was pioneered by Exhorder, who was the first band to combine doom metal and up-tempo thrash metal.[31] As a result, New Orleans is often recognized as the place where sludge metal was born.[39] Several of these metal groups share a style which draws inspiration from Black Sabbath, Melvins, hardcore punk as well as Southern rock.[30][32][33][34] There is still variance within the sounds of the scene, however. Eyehategod features very harsh vocals and guitar distortion;[40][41] Down has a style closer to classic rock;[32] Crowbar's music has mostly slow tempos and a downtuned guitar sound;[33] and Soilent Green has a sound which is closer to grindcore.[34]", "Melvins. 1999 saw the beginning of a partnership with Mike Patton's Ipecac Recordings, which began remastering and reissuing much of the band's back catalog. The band also released three full-length albums dubbed (and later packaged together as) The Trilogy: The Maggot, The Bootlicker, and The Crybaby. The latter featured a number of guest vocalists and musicians. Kevin Rutmanis, formerly of The Cows, was bassist during this era.", "Melvins. The Melvins were formed in early 1983 by Buzz Osborne (guitar, vocals), Matt Lukin (bass) and Mike Dillard (drums) who all went to Montesano Jr./Sr. High School in Montesano, Washington. In the beginning they played Cream and Jimi Hendrix covers,[4] and also began playing fast hardcore punk.[5] When Dillard left the band, Dale Crover took his place, and the band's rehearsals moved to a back room of Crover's parents' house in Aberdeen, Washington. Soon afterward, they started to play songs slower and \"heavier\" than nearly anyone else at the time.", "Heavy metal music. Emerging in the mid-1980s with such bands as California's Saint Vitus, Maryland's The Obsessed, Chicago's Trouble, and Sweden's Candlemass, the doom metal movement rejected other metal styles' emphasis on speed, slowing its music to a crawl. Doom metal traces its roots to the lyrical themes and musical approach of early Black Sabbath.[239] The Melvins have also been a significant influence on doom metal and a number of its subgenres.[240] Doom emphasizes melody, melancholy tempos, and a sepulchral mood relative to many other varieties of metal.[241]", "Heavy metal music. In the United States, sludge metal, mixing doom and hardcore, emerged in the late 1980s—Eyehategod and Crowbar were leaders in a major Louisiana sludge scene. Early in the next decade, California's Kyuss and Sleep, inspired by the earlier doom metal bands, spearheaded the rise of stoner metal,[244] while Seattle's Earth helped develop the drone metal subgenre.[245] The late 1990s saw new bands form such as the Los Angeles–based Goatsnake, with a classic stoner/doom sound, and Sunn O))), which crosses lines between doom, drone, and dark ambient metal—the New York Times has compared their sound to an \"Indian raga in the middle of an earthquake\".[241]", "Melvins. In early 2011 they had the unfortunate distinction of being on tour first in Christchurch, New Zealand at the time of the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake then in Tokyo, Japan at the time of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[16] They supported Slayer at the All Tomorrow's Parties 'I'll Be Your Mirror' festival at Alexandra Palace, London in May 2012.[17] The Melvins also formed a lineup called Melvins Lite (Buzz, Dale, and Trevor Dunn) that toured through parts of 2011. This line-up released an album entitled Freak Puke on June 15, 2012 on Ipecac Recordings. The main four-piece lineup remains active as well and released a digital EP, The Bulls and the Bees, in March on Scion a/v.", "Black Sabbath. In addition to being pioneers of heavy metal, they also have been credited for laying the foundations for heavy metal subgenres stoner rock,[226] sludge metal,[227][228] thrash metal,[229] black metal and doom metal as well as for alternative rock subgenre grunge.[230] According to the critic Bob Gulla, the band's sound \"shows up in virtually all of grunge's most popular bands, including Nirvana, Soundgarden, and Alice in Chains\".[231]", "Melvins. In 2004, the Melvins collaborated with ambient artist Lustmord for Pigs of the Roman Empire and with Dead Kennedys singer Jello Biafra for Never Breathe What You Can't See and Sieg Howdy! released in 2004 and 2005 respectively. Never Breathe What You Can't See was supported by a mini-tour with Jello Biafra and Adam Jones from Tool. A planned European tour was canceled in early October 2004 reportedly due to unknown complications involving Rutmanis. Following the tour cancellation, the Melvins finished the year playing a few shows with David Scott Stone supporting the work of filmmaker Cameron Jamie in Europe and the United States.", "Melvins. In December 1986, they recorded their first full-length album, Gluey Porch Treatments, at Studio D in Sausalito, California. The album was released in 1987 on Alchemy Records. Gluey Porch Treatments was later coupled with their second album Ozma for the Boner Records CD release. It was expanded again for the 1999 re-release on Ipecac Recordings with some garage demos.", "Melvins. The band signed with Amphetamine Reptile Records and released their next full-length album, Honky, in 1997. They recorded an August 1997 concert in Richmond, Melbourne, Australia as Alive at the F*ckerclub in 1998. The same year, the Melvins opened for Tool. (A humorous picture on the Tool website depicts the Melvins along with the words \"Melvins say...Tool Sux!\" spelled out in lunch meat.[10] The photo was taken while on tour with Tool in 2002 in Australia.) In 1998, the Melvins played the second stage at Ozzfest.", "Melvins. In 2013, the Melvins marked 30 years as a band with an extensive summer tour supported by Honky, Die Kreuzen and Negative Approach. Grunge pioneers Mudhoney also joined the band for two shows on the 30th anniversary tour.[24]", "Grunge. Bands began to mix metal and punk in the Seattle music scene around 1984, with much of the credit for this fusion going to The U-Men.[146] However, some critics have noted that in spite of The U-Men's canonical place as original grunge progenitors, that their sound was less indebted to heavy metal and much more akin to post-punk. However the unique idiosyncrasy of the band may have been the bigger inspiration, more than the aesthetics themselves.[147] Soon Seattle had a growing and \"varied music scene\" and \"diverse urban personality\" expressed by local \"post-punk garage bands\".[27] Grunge evolved from the local punk rock scene, and was inspired by bands such as The Fartz, The U-Men, 10 Minute Warning, The Accüsed, and the Fastbacks.[30] Additionally, the slow, heavy, and sludgy style of the Melvins was a significant influence on the grunge sound.[148] Roy Shuker states that grunge's success built on the \"foundations...laid throughout the 1980s by earlier alternative music scenes.\"[149] Shuker states that music critics \"...emphasized the perceived purity and authenticity of the Seattle scene.[149]", "Black Sabbath. Black Sabbath were a heavy metal band, whose music has also been described as psychedelic rock,[181] and acid rock.[182] The band have also been cited as a key influence on genres including stoner rock,[182] grunge,[183] doom metal,[184] and sludge metal.[185]", "Heavy metal music. Birmingham's Black Sabbath had developed a particularly heavy sound in part due to an industrial accident guitarist Tony Iommi suffered before cofounding the band. Unable to play normally, Iommi had to tune his guitar down for easier fretting and rely on power chords with their relatively simple fingering.[155] The bleak, industrial, working class environment of Birmingham, a manufacturing city full of noisy factories and metalworking, has itself been credited with influencing Black Sabbath's heavy, chugging, metallic sound and the sound of heavy metal in general.[156][157][158][159] Deep Purple had fluctuated between styles in its early years, but by 1969 vocalist Ian Gillan and guitarist Ritchie Blackmore had led the band toward the developing heavy metal style.[129] In 1970, Black Sabbath and Deep Purple scored major UK chart hits with \"Paranoid\" and \"Black Night\", respectively.[160][161] That same year, two other British bands released debut albums in a heavy metal mode: Uriah Heep with Very 'Eavy... Very 'Umble and UFO with UFO 1. Bloodrock released their self-titled debut album, containing a collection of heavy guitar riffs, gruff style vocals and sadistic and macabre lyrics.[162] The influential Budgie brought the new metal sound into a power trio context, creating some of the heaviest music of the time.[163] The occult lyrics and imagery employed by Black Sabbath and Uriah Heep would prove particularly influential; Led Zeppelin also began foregrounding such elements with its fourth album, released in 1971.[164] In 1973, Deep Purple released the song Smoke on the Water, with the iconic riff that's usually considered as the most recognizable one in \"heavy rock\" history, as a single of the classic live album Made in Japan.[165][166]", "Melvins. In 1990, the band recorded Bullhead, which marked a slower, more drone music style for the band. The band then toured Europe; their show of January 23, 1991 in Alzey, Germany was released by Your Choice Records as Your Choice Live Series Vol.12. When they returned to the U.S., they recorded the Eggnog EP, which was released the same year on Boner Records.", "Black Sabbath. Black Sabbath has been so influential in the development of heavy metal rock music as to be a defining force in the style. The group took the blues-rock sound of late '60s acts like Cream, Blue Cheer, and Vanilla Fudge to its logical conclusion, slowing the tempo, accentuating the bass, and emphasising screaming guitar solos and howled vocals full of lyrics expressing mental anguish and macabre fantasies. If their predecessors clearly came out of an electrified blues tradition, Black Sabbath took that tradition in a new direction, and in so doing helped give birth to a musical style that continued to attract millions of fans decades later.[58]", "Grunge. Aside from the genre's punk and alternative rock roots, many grunge bands were equally influenced by heavy metal of the early 1970s. Clinton Heylin, author of Babylon's Burning: From Punk to Grunge, cited Black Sabbath as \"perhaps the most ubiquitous pre-punk influence on the northwest scene\".[156] Black Sabbath played a role in shaping the grunge sound, through their own records and the records they inspired.[157] Musicologist Bob Gulla asserted that Black Sabbath's sound \"shows up in virtually all of grunge's most popular bands, including Nirvana, Soundgarden, and Alice in Chains\".[158] The influence of Led Zeppelin is also evident, particularly in the work of Soundgarden, whom Q magazine noted were \"in thrall to '70s rock, but contemptuous of the genre's overt sexism and machismo\".[159] Jon Wiederhorn of Guitar World wrote: \"So what exactly is grunge?...Picture a supergroup made up of Creedence Clearwater Revival, Black Sabbath and the Stooges, and you're pretty close.\"[160] Catherine Strong states that grunge's strongest metal influence was thrash metal, which had a tradition of \"equality with the audience\", based on the notion that \"anyone could start a band\" (a way of thinking also shared by US hardcore punk, which Strong also cites as an influence on grunge) which was also taken up by grunge bands.[14] Strong states that grunge musicians were opposed to the then-popular \"hair metal\" bands.[14]", "Melvins. The Melvins released their second album for Atlantic in 1994, Stoner Witch. Due to its experimental nature, the Melvins took their next album, Prick, to Amphetamine Reptile Records. Record label conflicts prevented the band from releasing any records under the name \"Melvins\", so the album was released with the band name written in mirror. They returned to Atlantic one last time for 1996's Stag, which entered the Heatseekers chart at number 33. The band was dropped by Atlantic Records in 1997 after three albums.", "Melvins. When Nirvana's Nevermind became a massive and unexpected success, the Melvins were one of many groups to benefit from Nirvana's support. They were signed by Atlantic Records, and their first major label release, 1993's Houdini, entered the Billboard Heatseekers chart at 29. Mark Deutrom replaced Lorax on bass shortly after the album's release, as she was facing trial for drug possession and was struggling with heroin addiction.[8] Gene Simmons of Kiss played bass with the Melvins in 1993 in a concert with Primus, on the song \"Goin' Blind\", a Kiss song that the Melvins had covered on Houdini.[9]", "Heavy metal music. In this counterculture period MC5, who began as part of the Detroit garage rock scene, developed a raw distorted style that has been seen as a major influence on the future sound of both heavy metal and later punk music.[139][140] The Stooges also began to establish and influence a heavy metal and later punk sound, with songs such as \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\", featuring pounding and distorted heavy guitar power chord riffs.[141] Pink Floyd released two of their heaviest and loudest songs to date; \"Ibiza Bar\" and \"The Nile Song\", which was regarded as \"one of the heaviest songs the band recorded\".[142][143] King Crimson's debut album started with \"21st Century Schizoid Man,\" which was considered heavy metal by several critics.[144][145]", "Grunge. Grunge music has what has been called an \"ugly\" aesthetic, both in the roar of the distorted electric guitars and in the darker lyrical topics. This approach was chosen both to counter the \"slick\" elegant sound of the then-predominant mainstream rock and because grunge artists wanted to mirror the \"ugliness\" they saw around them and shine a light on unseen \"depths and depravity\" of the real world.[29] Some key individuals in the development of the grunge sound, including Sub Pop producer Jack Endino and the Melvins, explained grunge's incorporation of heavy rock influences such as Kiss as \"musical provocation\". Grunge artists considered these bands \"cheesy\" but nonetheless enjoyed them; Buzz Osborne of the Melvins described it as an attempt to see what ridiculous things bands could do and get away with.[30] In the early 1990s, Nirvana's signature \"stop-start\" song format and alternating between soft and loud sections became a genre convention.[3]", "Tool (band). The band has named the group Melvins[18] as an influence on its development, but the most-publicized influence is progressive rock pioneer group King Crimson.[115] Longtime King Crimson member Robert Fripp has downplayed any influence his band had on Tool. In an interview, Fripp touched on how the two bands relate to each other, stating \"Do you hear the influence? There's just one figure where I hear an influence, just one. It was a piece we were developing that we dropped. And it's almost exactly the same figure: three note arpeggio with a particular accent from the guitar. So I do not think you could have heard it. That's the only thing.\"[116] He also said, \"I happen to be a Tool fan. The members of Tool have been generous enough to suggest that Crimson has been an influence on them. Adam Jones asked me if I could detect it in their music, and I said I couldn’t. I can detect more Tool influence in King Crimson, than I can hear King Crimson in Tool.\"[117] In describing their wide range of styles, critics have noted that they are \"influenced as much by Pink Floyd as by the Sex Pistols\".[118] Other reported influences of the band include Rush,[119] Helmet, Faith No More and Jane's Addiction.[48][120]", "Grunge. As well, VH1 writer Dan Tucker points out that different grunge bands were influenced by different genres. He stated that while Nirvana drew on punk, Pearl Jam was influenced by classic rock and \"sludgy, dark, heavy bands\" such as Soundgarden, Alice in Chains and Tad had a sinister metal tone.[28]", "Melvins. In 1985, C/Z Records was created to document the Washington music scene, the label released Deep Six, featuring four songs by the Melvins. In 1986 the band released their debut, the Six Songs EP, on C/Z Records (later releases expanded and retitled this as 8 Songs, 10 Songs, and eventually 26 Songs in 2003 on Ipecac Recordings). The album was recorded live to a two track at the now closed Ironwood Studio in Seattle on February 8, 1986.[citation needed]", "Melvins. The Melvins started 2011 with a series of unique shows. Four of the shows were every Friday at Spaceland's in California. January 7 featured the current line-up playing Colossus of Destiny, Lysol, and Eggnog. Jan 14 featured a Melvins 1983 set followed by the band playing Houdini. Jan 21 featured a two-piece Melvins set followed by the current lineup playing Bullhead. Jan 28 featured the band playing a normal set followed by Stoner Witch.", "Grunge. In 1985, the band Green River released their debut EP Come on Down, which is cited by many as being the very first grunge record.[166] Another seminal release in the development of grunge was the Deep Six compilation, released by C/Z Records in 1986. The record featured multiple tracks by six bands: Green River, Soundgarden, Melvins, Malfunkshun, Skin Yard, and The U-Men. For many of them it was their first appearance on record. The artists had \"a mostly heavy, aggressive sound that melded the slower tempos of heavy metal with the intensity of hardcore\". The recording process was low-budget; each band was given four hours of studio time. As Jack Endino recalled, \"People just said, 'Well, what kind of music is this? This isn't metal, it's not punk, What is it?' [...] People went 'Eureka! These bands all have something in common.'\"[161] Later that year Bruce Pavitt released the Sub Pop 100 compilation and Green River's Dry As a Bone EP as part of his new label, Sub Pop. An early Sub Pop catalog described the Green River EP as \"ultra-loose GRUNGE that destroyed the morals of a generation\".[167] Sub Pop's Bruce Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman, inspired by other regional music scenes in music history, worked to ensure that their label projected a \"Seattle sound\", reinforced by a similar style of production and album packaging. While music writer Michael Azerrad acknowledged that early grunge bands like Mudhoney, Soundgarden, and Tad had disparate sounds, he noted \"to the objective observer, there were some distinct similarities.\"[168]", "Nine Inch Nails. Nine Inch Nails' earliest influences include Ministry and Skinny Puppy, which helped shape what became 1989's Pretty Hate Machine.[4] The album's liner notes also paid tribute to the hip-hop group Public Enemy and Prince.[255] Another large influence on the band's sound is Gary Numan, which is evident as Reznor once said that \"after hearing 'Cars' I knew I wanted to make music with synthesizers\".[256] The 2005 single \"Only\" exemplifies the disco-style beats and synthesizers drawn from Numan's persuasion.[255] Other artists of significance to Nine Inch Nails encompass late 70s and 80s acts such as Queen, Devo,[257] Joy Division, Adam Ant,[255] and Soft Cell.[258]", "Grunge. Whereas metal guitarists' overdriven sound generally comes from a combination of overdriven amplifiers and distortion pedals, grunge guitarists typically got all of their \"dirty\" sound from overdrive and fuzz pedals, with the amp just used to make the sound louder.[33] Grunge guitarists tended to use the Fender Twin Reverb and the Fender Champion 100 combo amps (Cobain used both of these amps).[33] The use of pedals by grunge guitarists was a move away from the expensive, studio-grade rackmount effects units used in other rock genres. The positive way that grunge bands viewed stompbox pedals can be seen in Mudhoney's use of the name of two overdrive pedals, the Univox Super-Fuzz and the Big Muff, in the title of their \"debut EP Superfuzz Bigmuff\".[36] In the song Mudride, the band's guitars were said to have \"growled malevolently\" through its \"Cro-magnon slog\".[37]" ]

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[ "The Cleveland Show. Mike Henry voices two of the show's main characters: Cleveland Brown and Rallo Tubbs. The voice of Cleveland was developed originally for Family Guy by Henry after being influenced by one of his best friends who had a very distinct regional accent.[12] For the voice of Rallo, Henry stated that he originally created the voice over twenty years before; he had used it while making prank phone calls.", "Cleveland Brown. Cleveland Orenthal Brown Sr. is a fictional character from the animated television series Family Guy, and its spin-off series The Cleveland Show.[1][2] He is voiced by Mike Henry. In the first seven seasons of Family Guy, Cleveland is a frequently recurring character. As one of Peter Griffin's neighbors and friends, Cleveland is also one of the few recurring African American characters on the show. He was conceived during the seventh-inning stretch of a Cleveland Indians game.[3] His established profession was that of a deli owner.", "List of The Cleveland Show characters. Cleveland Brown (voiced by Mike Henry) is the protagonist of the series. He is a heavyset African-American male who is very polite to everyone and has a unique laugh. He was formerly one of Peter Griffin's best friends in Family Guy and also owned and ran a deli. In \"Pilot\" he moves to the town of Stoolbend, Virginia to show his son where he grew up (even though Cleveland was in love with Donna but they were only friends and she did not know it). Eventually re-sparking his relationship with her, they get married and he and his son move in with her and her two children. Cleveland is usually depicted as exceedingly gentle and patient, and it is only on rare occasions that he has been known to lose his temper and resort to violence. However, Cleveland gets visibly annoyed with racist behavior, which sometimes is justified. He often acts as the voice of caution when other characters hatch harebrained schemes. Cleveland's speech is slow and almost elongated in Family Guy, but in The Cleveland Show his voice has a wide variety. Various flashbacks give conflicting histories of his speech patterns. He is shown as a more sexual, stupid, and violent character in his new form than he was originally.", "Spies Reminiscent of Us. The episode saw the second re-appearance, the first being a brief appearance in \"Road to the Multiverse\", by former main cast member and writer Mike Henry as the voice of Cleveland Brown. The actor had previously left the role on Family Guy to star as the character in his own spin-off The Cleveland Show, co-created by Seth MacFarlane, Mike Henry, and Richard Appel.[7] In addition to the regular cast, actors Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, and Gary Cole; voice actors Dimitri Diatchenko and Chris Parson; writer, actor, and television host James Lipton; actresses Henriette Mantel and Mae Whitman; and voice actress Nicole Sullivan guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voice actors Johnny Brennan, actor Ralph Garman, writer and showrunner Mark Hentemann, writer Alec Sulkin and writer John Viener also made minor appearances.[4] Actors Adam West and Patrick Warburton made appearances as well.", "The Cleveland Show. Kevin Michael Richardson, a recurring guest voice on Family Guy and American Dad, portrays Cleveland, Jr., as well as Cleveland's next door neighbor Lester Krinklesac. In portraying Cleveland, Jr., Richardson drew inspiration from a character named Patrick that he had played on the NBC drama series ER who was mentally impaired and wore a football helmet. For Lester, Richardson stated in an interview that, being African American, he had \"run into a few rednecks in [his] time,\" and decided to simply perform a stereotypical redneck impression for the voice of Lester.[13]", "Cleveland Brown. Mike Henry voices both Cleveland Brown and Herbert, as well as some minor recurring characters like Bruce the performance artist and The Greased up Deaf Guy.[4] Henry met MacFarlane at the Rhode Island School of Design and kept in touch with him after they graduated. A few years later, MacFarlane contacted him about being part of the show; he agreed and came on as both a writer and voice actor. Henry based Cleveland's voice on one of his basketball partners in Virginia. During the show's first four seasons, he was credited as a guest star, but beginning with season five's \"Prick Up Your Ears\", he has been credited as a main cast member.[5]", "Cleveland Brown Jr.. Junior's voice is provided by Kevin Michael Richardson, who voices other characters on The Cleveland Show, including Lester Krinklesac, Julius, and P-Hound. In Family Guy, Junior's voice is provided by Mike Henry.", "Cleveland Brown. Cleveland is usually depicted as exceedingly peaceful, patient, and sweet, and only on rare occasions has he been known to lose his temper and resort to violence. However, Cleveland gets visibly annoyed with racist behavior. He often acts as the voice of caution when other characters hatch harebrained schemes. Cleveland's speech is slow, almost elongated. Various flashbacks give conflicting histories of his speech patterns. A flashback in the episode \"Death Lives\" shows that Peter Griffin met Cleveland in the 1970s, when Cleveland already spoke in the slow manner that he is known for. Likewise, in the premiere of his spin-off, it is revealed that Cleveland talked in a slow manner when he was in high school. In the fourth season episode \"Blind Ambition\", an out-of-continuity flashback depicts Cleveland as a fast-talking auctioneer when a totem pole falls over onto his head, resulting in a slower rate of speech.", "List of The Cleveland Show characters. Cleveland Brown Jr., also referred to as just Junior and also Cleveland Raj Rerun Dwayne Brown[2] (voiced by Mike Henry in \"Family Guy,\" Kevin Michael Richardson in \"The Cleveland Show\"), is the obese biological son of Cleveland Brown and his late ex-wife Loretta. He debuted in the season 2 episode \"Love Thy Trophy\" on the animated TV show Family Guy. During his time in Family Guy he was shown to be skinny, hyperactive, and athletic. He was presumably taken into Loretta's custody after she divorced Cleveland in \"The Cleveland-Loretta Quagmire\" and has since become severely obese. He suffers from mild seizure-like episodes which he refers to as \"brainstorms\" and takes medication to control them. It was revealed in the episode \"The Hurricane!\" that he \"doesn't believe in God\", although he claims he is not an atheist either, which he calls \"another religion\". His voice is the mixture of Miss Piggy's voice and Bernie Mac's voice stuck together in this show.", "List of Family Guy cast members. Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert The Pervert and various other characters. A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005. Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy.", "Mike Henry (voice actor). On September 27th 2009, The Cleveland Show premiered on Fox.[21] The project was created and executive produced by Henry, Seth MacFarlane, and American Dad! show runner Rich Appel. The show focused on the Family Guy character Cleveland Brown. Cleveland referenced the spinoff at the end of the Family Guy episode, \"Baby Not on Board\".[22] The first season consisted of 22 episodes and was picked up by Fox for a second 13 episode season. The announcement was made on May 3, 2009 before the first season even premiered.[23] Due to strong ratings, Fox picked up an additional nine season 2 episodes, bringing the total episode count of the show to 44. The show was renewed for a third and fourth season on May 9, 2011.[24] The series was canceled after its fourth season on May 19, 2013[25] but reruns continue to air on TBS and on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim in the United States and on MuchMusic in Canada. The series ran for a total of 4 seasons and 88 episodes.[26]", "Family Guy. Mike Henry voices Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce the Performance Artist, Consuela and the Greased-up Deaf Guy.[94] Henry met MacFarlane at the Rhode Island School of Design, and kept in touch with him after they graduated.[95] A few years later, MacFarlane contacted him about being part of the show; he agreed and came on as a writer and voice actor.[95] During the show's first four seasons, he was credited as a guest star, but beginning with season five's \"Prick Up Your Ears\", he has been credited as a main cast member.[95]", "Cleveland Brown. During a live broadcast of \"Loveline,\" Seth McFarlane announced that a Family Guy spin-off featuring Cleveland was currently in the works with the studio and writers.[6] The series was the first new product of MacFarlane's $100 million deal with Fox.[7] The series was mentioned in the final moments of the Family Guy season 7 episode \"Baby Not on Board\", with Cleveland telling Quagmire \"Did I tell you I'm getting a spin-off\". It premiered on September 27, 2009 on Fox, right after The Simpsons. The Cleveland Show is an animated series focusing on the character of Cleveland Brown and his family as Cleveland moves from Rhode Island to Virginia.[8] His newly introduced family includes his high school sweetheart, Donna, who is now his second wife, her 15-year-old daughter, Roberta, and her 5-year-old son, Rallo. Cleveland Jr. also is in the family but is now much fatter than he appeared on Family Guy, and also suffers from astigmatism.[1][9][10][11] Though several of these details were changed, it was announced that Cleveland's neighbors would include a family of talking anthropomorphic bears, a redneck couple and a Victorian-era British family, and one of his son's soccer rivals includes a boy voiced by Kanye West.[8]", "Cleveland Brown Jr.. Cleveland Orenthal Brown Jr. is a character in the animated television series Family Guy, and its spin-off series The Cleveland Show.[2] He is the son of Cleveland Brown and his late ex-wife Loretta. On Family Guy, he was depicted as slim and hyperactive; however, on The Cleveland Show he is shown to have undergone a marked transformation, both in terms of a significant increase in weight and a newly subdued personality. In episode \"March Dadness\" of The Cleveland Show he admits to \"putting on a few pounds since my Quahog days\". He was voiced by Mike Henry in Family Guy and by Kevin Michael Richardson in The Cleveland Show and on the character's return to the former show.", "Seth MacFarlane. MacFarlane developed a Family Guy spin-off called The Cleveland Show, which focuses on the character of Cleveland Brown and his family. The idea for the show originated from a suggestion by Family Guy writer and voice of Cleveland, Mike Henry. Fox ordered 22 episodes and the series first aired on September 27, 2009. The show, which was picked up to air a first season consisting of 22 episodes,[56] was picked up by Fox for a second season, consisting of 13 episodes, bringing the total number to 35 episodes. The announcement was made on May 3, 2009 before the first season even premiered.[57] Due to strong ratings, Fox picked up the back nine episodes of season 2, making a 22-episode season and bringing the total episode count of the show to 44.[58] The series ended on May 19, 2013, with a total of 4 seasons and 88 episodes, and the character of Cleveland returned to Family Guy in the episode He's Bla-ack!. This is the only animated series created by MacFarlane that does not have him voicing the main character.", "Cleveland Brown. In the earlier seasons of Family Guy, Cleveland frequently appeared alongside his wife Loretta Brown (voiced by Alex Borstein), until their divorce was portrayed in the Family Guy season 4 episode \"The Cleveland–Loretta Quagmire\". The pilot episode of The Cleveland Show depicts Cleveland's farewell to the familiar characters and settings of Family Guy. The Cleveland Show establishes its setting of Stoolbend, Virginia as Cleveland's childhood home town, and introduces a new family and set of characters supporting Cleveland as lead. Following The Cleveland Show's cancellation in 2013, Cleveland returned to Family Guy.", "Cleveland Brown. Cleveland was officially written out of Family Guy during season eight before The Cleveland Show was broadcast; however, it had been hinted that he might come back for a visit in the future,[12][13] including the episode \"Something, Something, Something, Dark Side\", although fantasies and film parodies are generally accepted as non-canon Family Guy episodes. He appeared in a cameo in \"Spies Reminiscent of Us\", in which he dealt with the indignity of having his new house wrecked in the same fashion as his old one in Quahog, as well as appearing in the season 8 episode \"The Splendid Source\", where he joins the gang on a road trip to find the source of a dirty joke Chris Griffin told at school. In the Family Guy episode \"Life of Brian\", Cleveland and Donna are seen mourning over Brian's (now undone) death. Again he appears for a full episode in season 10, Cool Hand Peter where him, Peter, Joe, and Quagmire go on a road trip to Louisiana together. Cleveland makes yet another short appearance in season 8, Episode 13 \"Go Stewie Go\", where Cleveland appears in the Griffins' house along with other characters just to investigate Meg's normal boyfriend. Another idea had been that Peter Griffin and possibly other Family Guy characters would be traveling in the South and make a guest appearance on The Cleveland Show.[14]", "The Cleveland Show. Cleveland's newly introduced family includes his new wife, Donna Tubbs Brown (voiced by Sanaa Lathan);[15] Donna's daughter Roberta (originally voiced by Nia Long, but later voiced by Reagan Gomez-Preston); and Donna's son Rallo (also voiced by Mike Henry).[16][17] Cleveland, Jr. underwent a complete redesign for the show, becoming sensitive and soft-spoken.", "The Cleveland Show. The series was conceived by MacFarlane in 2007 after developing the two animated series Family Guy and American Dad! for the Fox network. MacFarlane centered the show on Family Guy character Cleveland Brown, his new wife Donna Tubbs, his step-children Rallo and Roberta Tubbs, and his son Cleveland, Jr., who, in the show, is depicted as an obese, soft-spoken teen, as opposed to his depiction as a younger, hyperactive child with average body weight on Family Guy.", "Mike Henry (voice actor). Michael \"Mike\" Henry (born November 7, 1965) is an American voice actor, writer, producer, and comedian. He is known for his work on the animated TV series Family Guy (1999–present), where he writes and produces episodes along with voicing Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce, and Consuela. Henry is also known for co-creating and starring in the spin-off, The Cleveland Show (2009–2013) and for his recurring role as Dann in the television series, The Orville.[1][2][3][4]", "Cleveland Brown. Additionally, Cleveland appeared at the end of the American Dad! episode \"Hurricane!\", which was part of a crossover storyline with Family Guy and The Cleveland Show.", "Hal Smith (actor). In 1985, Hal voiced Norman Harper, a sick father of wife Jennifer Walters (voiced by D.J. Harner). The audio short was aired on the Focus on the Family Daily Broadcast. He went to voice other roles for Focus on the Family Audio Productions. Starting in 1987, he was the voice of the main character John Avery Whittaker on the Focus on the Family radio drama Adventures in Odyssey. He was responsible for much of the cast joining the show after he signed on (including Katie Leigh, Will Ryan, Walker Edminston, Earl Boen, Dave Madden and others), and he continued recording episodes until a few weeks before his death, even while his health deteriorated. In a Andy Griffith Fan Interview, published after he died, he said that Adventures in Odyssey was one of the most gratifying things he'd done in his life. Additionally, he voiced dozens of other characters during the 253 episodes in which he participated. He was later replaced by Paul Herlinger and then Andre Stojka as John Avery Whittaker, after his death. Andre also went on to take over the voice of Owl on Winnie the Pooh.", "Love, Blactually. \"Love, Blactually\" is the season premiere of the seventh season of Family Guy. It was written by one of the show's main voice actors, Mike Henry, in his first episode of the season.[1] The episode dealt a lot with the character of Cleveland Brown, which is one of the characters for which Henry provides the voice.[1] The episode was directed by Cyndi Tang, who has been with the show since its fifth season.[1][2] Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising directors for the episode.[1] The episode is one of the last to concentrate on the character of Cleveland, since he would be moved to The Cleveland Show (which Henry co-created).[3]", "The Cleveland Show. The Cleveland Show characters have appeared on other animated sitcoms and vice versa. The Cleveland Show crossovers have all involved two other animated programs. Both the other two animated programs were also created by Seth MacFarlane: Family Guy and American Dad!", "He's Bla-ack!. Joe is bragging to the gang about his sexual exploits with Bonnie when Cleveland returns to Quahog and shows up at the Drunken Clam. Cleveland takes some good-natured ribbing over The Cleveland Show and its many faults, including the show's logo looking like a penis, the show (which has an African-American main cast) being written by white writers, Tim the Bear not being funny and having his voice actor replaced after season 2, and the show losing to Bob's Burgers in the ratings. Peter then gives Cleveland some Family Guy DVDs to bring him up to speed on what happened during his absence, adding that unlike The Cleveland Show, the Family Guy DVDs contain jokes (Cleveland admits, however, that he doesn't own a DVD player). During the theme song, Cleveland appears and ends up taking Mort's place in the theme song while Mort heads home.", "The Cleveland Show. Seth MacFarlane played Tim the Bear up until season 3 episode 10, which MacFarlane admits is a \"Steve Martin impression [...] a Wild and Crazy Guy impression\". Jess Harnell voices Tim from season 3 episode 11 onwards.", "The Cleveland Show. Sanaa Lathan voices Donna Tubbs, the wife of Cleveland, stepmother of Cleveland Brown Jr., and mother of Roberta and Rallo Tubbs. In developing the character, Lathan said that the producers \"wanted her to be educated, but to have some edge.\"[13] Prior to voicing Donna, Lathan had only one other voice credit in a relatively low-budget film entitled The Golden Blaze. In addition to the show, she also primarily worked as an actress in such films as Alien vs. Predator, Love & Basketball and The Family That Preys.", "The Cleveland Show. Seth MacFarlane initially conceived The Cleveland Show in 2007 while working on his other two animated series, Family Guy and American Dad!.[2][3]", "The Cleveland Show. Other voices include that of Arianna Huffington as Tim's wife Arianna the Bear, Nat Faxon as Tim and Arianna's son Raymond the Bear, Jamie Kennedy as Roberta's boyfriend Gabriel Friedman, a.k.a. \"Federline Jones\", Will Forte as Principal Wally, Frances Callier as Evelyn \"Cookie\" Brown, Craig Robinson as LeVar \"Freight Train\" Brown and David Lynch as Gus the bartender.", "List of The Cleveland Show characters. In the episode \"American Pranksters\", Cleveland asks Donna why his name is Rallo. Donna replies to that question by stating it was from \"That guy from Sanford and Son\" (referring to Rollo Larson).", "The Cleveland Show. The Cleveland Show was an American adult animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane, Richard Appel, and Mike Henry for the Fox Broadcasting Company as a spin-off of Family Guy. The series centers on the Browns and Tubbs, two dysfunctional families consisting of parents Cleveland Brown and Donna Tubbs and their children Cleveland Brown, Jr., Roberta Tubbs, and Rallo Tubbs. Similar to Family Guy, it exhibits much of its humor in the form of cutaway gags that often lampoon American culture.", "Florence Henderson. Henderson voiced Barbara, Cleveland's childhood nanny, in the episode \"The Men In Me\" of The Cleveland Show, which originally aired on March 25, 2012. The episode features a depressed and confused Cleveland singing a parody version of his show's theme before Barbara interjects and gets Cleveland to realize it does not matter who he is or who others perceive him to be as long as he accepts himself for who and what he is. At the end of the episode, Cleveland says \"Florence Henderson, everyone!\"" ]

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[ "Ruminant. The cud is then regurgitated and chewed to completely mix it with saliva and to break down the particle size. Smaller particle size allows for increased nutrient absorption. Fiber, especially cellulose and hemicellulose, is primarily broken down in these chambers by microbes (mostly bacteria, as well as some protozoa, fungi, and yeast) into the three volatile fatty acids (VFAs): acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. Protein and nonstructural carbohydrate (pectin, sugars, and starches) are also fermented. Saliva is very important because it provides liquid for the microbial population, recirculates nitrogen and minerals, and acts as a buffer for the rumen pH.[8] The type of feed the animal consumes affects the amount of saliva that is produced.", "Saliva. Saliva is a watery substance formed in the mouths of animals, secreted by the salivary glands. Human saliva comprises 98% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which DNA can be extracted), glycoproteins, enzymes (such as amylase and lipase), antimicrobial agents such as secretory IgA and lysozyme.[1] The enzymes found in saliva are essential in beginning the process of digestion of dietary starches and fats. These enzymes also play a role in breaking down food particles entrapped within dental crevices, thus protecting teeth from bacterial decay.[2] Furthermore, saliva serves a lubricative function, wetting food and permitting the initiation of swallowing, and protecting the mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity from desiccation.[3]", "Tooth decay. Saliva also contains iodine and EGF. EGF results effective in cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival.[71] Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oral (and gastro-oesophageal) tissue integrity, and, on the other hand, iodine is effective in prevention of dental caries and oral health.[72]", "Saliva. The digestive functions of saliva include moistening food and helping to create a food bolus. This lubricative function of saliva allows the food bolus to be passed easily from the mouth into the esophagus. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, also called ptyalin, which is capable of breaking down starch into simpler sugars such as maltose and dextrin that can be further broken down in the small intestine. About 30% starch digestion takes place in the mouth cavity. Salivary glands also secrete salivary lipase (a more potent form of lipase) to begin fat digestion. Salivary lipase plays a large role in fat digestion in newborn infants as their pancreatic lipase still needs some time to develop.[8]", "Salivary gland. Saliva can prevent microbial growth based on the elements it contains. For example, lactoferrin in saliva binds naturally with iron. Since iron is a major component of bacterial cell walls, removal of iron breaks down the cell wall, which in turn breaks down the bacteria. Antimicrobial peptides such as histatins inhibit the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Salivary Immunoglobulin A serves to aggregate oral bacteria such as S. mutans and prevent the formation of dental plaque.[24]", "Head and neck anatomy. There are three sets of salivary glands: the parotid, the submandibular and the sublingual glands. The (exocrine) glands secrete saliva for proper mixing of food and provides enzymes to start chemical digestion. Saliva helps to hold together the formed bolus which is swallowed after chewing. Saliva is composed primarily of water, ions, salivary amylase, lysozymes, and trace amounts of urea.", "Human digestive system. Saliva moistens and softens food, and along with the chewing action of the teeth, transforms the food into a smooth bolus. The bolus is further helped by the lubrication provided by the saliva in its passage from the mouth into the esophagus. Also of importance is the presence in saliva of the digestive enzymes amylase and lipase. Amylase starts to work on the starch in carbohydrates, breaking it down into the simple sugars of maltose and dextrose that can be further broken down in the small intestine. Saliva in the mouth can account for 30% of this initial starch digestion. Lipase starts to work on breaking down fats. Lipase is further produced in the pancreas where it is released to continue this digestion of fats. The presence of salivary lipase is of prime importance in young babies whose pancreatic lipase has yet to be developed.[12]", "Human digestive system. As well as its role in supplying digestive enzymes, saliva has a cleansing action for the teeth and mouth.[13] It also has an immunological role in supplying antibodies to the system, such as immunoglobulin A.[14] This is seen to be key in preventing infections of the salivary glands, importantly that of parotitis.", "Salivary gland. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which hydrolyses starch into maltose and dextrin. As a result, saliva allows digestion to occur before the food reaches the stomach.[26]", "Ruminant. During grazing, ruminants produce large amounts of saliva – estimates range from 100 to 150 litres of saliva per day for a cow.[22] The role of saliva is to provide ample fluid for rumen fermentation and to act as a buffering agent.[23] Rumen fermentation produces large amounts of organic acids, thus maintaining the appropriate pH of rumen fluids is a critical factor in rumen fermentation. After digesta pass through the rumen, the omasum absorbs excess fluid so that digestive enzymes and acid in the abomasum are not diluted.[24]", "Saliva. Saliva contributes to the digestion of food and to the maintenance of oral hygiene. Without normal salivary function the frequency of dental caries, gum disease (gingivitis and periodontitis), and other oral problems increases significantly.[citation needed]", "Human digestive system. Saliva also contains a glycoprotein called haptocorrin which is a binding protein to vitamin B12.[15] It binds with the vitamin in order to carry it safely through the acidic content of the stomach. When it reaches the duodenum, pancreatic enzymes break down the glycoprotein and free the vitamin which then binds with intrinsic factor.", "Oral ecology. Though bacteria play a major role in oral ecology, another key part is saliva. Saliva keeps the ecosystem of the mouth in balance. It contains its own bacterial enzymes that are beneficial to our health. An example of these are lysozomes. These antibacterial agents in saliva kill bacteria in our mouths and protect from potentially dangerous diseases.[14] In addition, saliva contains phosphate and calcium ions that help repair microscopic chinks made in the teeth by the bacteria’s acid.[5] The major organic constituents of saliva are proteins and glycoproteins.[14] Proteins in saliva float around and influence the mouth’s ecosystem in multiple ways. Some of the proteins provide nutrients for bacteria, while others cause bacteria to clump together so they are unable to stick to any surface and are washed away. The main function of saliva is to flush out all of the micro-organisms that could potentially threaten our health.[15] The flow of saliva constantly bathes the mouth and detaches all micro-organisms that are not already firmly attached to a surface.[5] This makes it difficult for bacteria to adhere to surfaces to even begin to form biofilms. Many harmful micro-organisms, therefore, are unable to attach quick enough to a surface before they are caught in saliva and swallowed.[16] Although saliva does a lot to keep our bodies healthy, it cannot completely keep all bacteria from adhering to tooth, tongue or gum surfaces.", "Mammal. The mammary glands of mammals are specialized to produce milk, the primary source of nutrition for newborns. The monotremes branched early from other mammals and do not have the nipples seen in most mammals, but they do have mammary glands. The young lick the milk from a mammary patch on the mother's belly.[115]", "Saliva. In Pavlov's experiment, dogs were conditioned to salivate in response to a ringing bell, this stimulus is associated with a meal or hunger. Salivary secretion is also associated with nausea. Saliva is usually formed in the mouth through an act called gleeking, which can be voluntary or involuntary.", "Salivary gland. The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts. Humans have three paired major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) as well as hundreds of minor salivary glands.[1] Salivary glands can be classified as serous, mucous or seromucous (mixed).", "Swallowing. Food is moistened by saliva from the salivary glands (parasympathetic).", "Mammalian reproduction. The mammary glands of mammals are specialized to produce milk, a liquid used by newborns as their primary source of nutrition. The monotremes branched early from other mammals and do not have the nipples seen in most mammals, but they do have mammary glands. The young lick the milk from a mammary patch on the mother's belly.", "Salivary gland. Saliva forms a pellicle on the surface of the tooth to prevent wearing. The film contains mucins and proline-rich glycoprotein from the saliva.\nThe proteins (statherin and proline-rich proteins) within the salivary pellicle inhibit demineralisation and promote remineralisation by attracting calcium ions.[22]", "Digestion. In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation.[1]", "Salivary gland. Saliva consists of proteins (for example; mucins) that lubricate and protect both the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Mucins are the principal organic constituents of mucus, the slimy visco-elastic material that coats all mucosal surfaces.[20]", "Salivary gland. Salivary glands secrete saliva which has many benefits for the oral cavity and health in general. These benefits include:", "Salivary gland. All of the human salivary glands terminate in the mouth, where the saliva proceeds to aid in digestion. The saliva that salivary glands release is quickly inactivated in the stomach by the acid that is present, however saliva also contains enzymes that are actually activated by stomach acid.", "Biological functions of nitric oxide. Dietary nitrate is also an important source of nitric oxide in mammals. Green, leafy vegetables and some root vegetables (such as beetroot) have high concentrations of nitrate.[17] When eaten and absorbed into the bloodstream, nitrate is concentrated in saliva (about 10-fold) and is reduced to nitrite on the surface of the tongue by a biofilm of commensal facultative anaerobic bacteria.[18] This nitrite is swallowed and reacts with acid and reducing substances in the stomach (such as ascorbate) to produce high concentrations of nitric oxide. The purpose of this mechanism to create NO is thought to be both sterilization of swallowed food, to prevent food poisoning, and to maintain gastric mucosal blood flow.[19]", "Stomach. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival.[16] EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then found in many human tissues including the submandibular gland, and the parotid gland. Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, plays also an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-oesophageal and gastric tissue integrity. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis, and mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and from physical, chemical, and bacterial agents.[17]", "Saliva. The production of saliva is stimulated both by the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic.[12]", "Salivary gland. In humans, between 0.5 and 1.5 litres of saliva are produced every day.[3] The secretion of saliva (salivation) is mediated by parasympathetic stimulation; acetylcholine is the active neurotransmitter and binds to muscarinic receptors in the glands, leading to increased salivation.[3][4]", "Milk. Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals (including humans who breastfeed) before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrum, which carries the mother's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases. It contains many other nutrients[1] including protein and lactose.", "Saliva. Produced in salivary glands, human saliva is 99.5% water, but also contains many important substances, including electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds and various enzymes.[1]", "Amylase. Carbohydrates are a food source rich in energy. Following the agricultural revolution 12,000 years ago, human diet began to rely more on plant and animal domestication in place of hunting and gathering. This shift also symbolizes the beginning of a diet composed of 49% carbohydrates as opposed to the previous 35% observed in Paleolithic humans.[citation needed] As such, starch became a staple of human diet. Large polymers such as starch are partially hydrolyzed in the mouth by the enzyme amylase before being cleaved further into sugars. Therefore, humans that contained amylase in the saliva would benefit from increased ability to digest starch more efficiently and in higher quantities. Despite the obvious benefits, early humans did not possess salivary amylase, a trend that is also seen in evolutionary relatives of the human, such as chimpanzees and bonobos, who possess either one or no copies of the gene responsible for producing salivary amylase.[24] This gene, AMY1, originated in the pancreas. A duplication event of the AMY1 gene allowed it to evolve salivary specificity, leading to the production of amylase in the saliva. In addition the same event occurred independently in rodents, emphasizing the importance of salivary amylase in organisms that consume relatively large amounts of starch.[25]", "Digestion. In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.", "Saliva. Saliva, coats the oral mucosa, mechanically protecting it from trauma during eating, swallowing and speaking. In people with little saliva (xerostomia), soreness of the mouth is very common, and the food (especially dry food) sticks to the inside of the mouth." ]

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[ "Governor-General of Australia. In general, the Governor-General observes the conventions of the Westminster system and responsible government, maintaining a political neutrality, and has almost always acted only on the advice of the prime minister or other ministers or, in certain cases, the Parliament. The Governor-General also has a ceremonial role: hosting events at either of the two viceregal residences—Government House in the capital, Canberra, and Admiralty House in Sydney—and travelling throughout Australia to open conferences, attend services and commemorations, and generally provide encouragement to individuals and groups who are contributing to their communities. When travelling abroad, the Governor-General is seen as the representative of Australia, and of the Queen of Australia. The Governor-General is supported by a staff headed by the Official Secretary to the Governor-General.", "Governor-General of Australia. The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative of the Australian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II.[2][3] The Governor-General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia. The Governor-General has formal presidency over the Federal Executive Council and is commander-in-chief of the Australian Defence Force. The functions of the Governor-General include appointing ministers, judges, and ambassadors; giving royal assent to legislation passed by Parliament; issuing writs for election; and bestowing Australian honours.[4]", "List of Governors-General of Australia. The Governor-General of Australia is the head of the executive branch of the federal government, serving as the representative of the Australian monarch (currently Elizabeth II). The position came into being with the adoption of the new national constitution on 1 January 1901, and has been held by 26 people since then. Governors-general have no fixed term, but have usually served for around five years.", "Governor-General of Australia. In addition to the formal constitutional role, the Governor-General has a representative and ceremonial role, though the extent and nature of that role has depended on the expectations of the time, the individual in office at the time, the wishes of the incumbent government, and the individual's reputation in the wider community. Governors-General generally become patrons of various charitable institutions, present honours and awards, host functions for various groups of people including ambassadors to and from other countries, and travel widely throughout Australia. Sir William Deane (Governor-General 1996–2001) described one of his functions as being \"Chief Mourner\" at prominent funerals. In Commentaries on the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia, Garran noted that, since the Australian executive is national in nature (being dependent on the nationally elected House of Representatives, rather than the Senate), \"the Governor-General, as the official head of the Executive, does not in the smallest degree represent any federal element; if he represents anything he is the image and embodiment of national unity and the outward and visible representation of the Imperial relationship of the Commonwealth\".[36]", "Governor-General of Australia. The Governor-General has a ceremonial role in swearing in and accepting the resignations of Members of Parliament. They appoint a deputy, to whom members make an oath of allegiance before they take their seats. On the day parliament opens, the Governor-General makes a speech, entirely written by the government, explaining the government's proposed legislative program.", "Governor-General of Australia. The office of Governor-General as a department of the Commonwealth is regulated by the Governor-General Act 1974.[38] The act provides the Governor-General with a salary (fixed in 2014 at $425,000[39]) and, after leaving office, a lifetime allowance fixed at two-thirds of the salary of the Chief Justice of the High Court. There is also provision for a surviving spouse or partner. The Governor-General is to appoint an Official Secretary, who will appoint other staff.", "Governor-General of Australia. The selection of a Governor-General is a responsibility for the Prime Minister of Australia, who may consult privately with staff or colleagues, or with the monarch. The candidate is approached privately to confirm whether they are willing to accept the appointment.", "Governor-General of Australia. A Governor-General is not appointed for a specific term, but is generally expected to serve for five years subject to a possible short extension.[4] Since 28 March 2014, the Governor-General has been General Sir Peter Cosgrove.[2]", "Governor-General of Australia. A Governor-General appointed by the Queen shall be Her Majesty's representative in the Commonwealth, and shall have and may exercise in the Commonwealth during the Queen's pleasure, but subject to this Constitution, such powers and functions of the Queen as Her Majesty may be pleased to assign to him.[15]", "Governor-General of Australia. Having agreed to the appointment, the monarch then permits it to be publicly announced in advance, usually several months before the end of the current Governor-General's term. During these months, the person is referred to as the Governor-General-designate. The actual appointment is made by the monarch. After receiving his or her commission, the Governor-General takes an Oath of Allegiance to the Australian monarch, an Oath of Office, undertaking to serve Australia's monarch \"according to law, in the office of Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia\", and issues a proclamation assuming office.[4] The oaths are usually taken in a ceremony on the floor of the Senate and are administered by the Chief Justice of Australia in the presence of the Prime Minister of Australia, the Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives, and the President of the Australian Senate.[citation needed]", "Governor-General of Australia. Those powers are generally and routinely exercised on ministerial advice, but the Governor-General retains the ability to act independently in certain circumstances, as governed by convention. It is generally held that the Governor-General may use powers without ministerial advice in the following situations:", "Governor-General of Australia. At the start of Chapter 2 on executive government, the constitution says \"The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor-General as the Queen's representative\". The Governor-General presides over a Federal Executive Council. By convention, the prime minister is appointed to this council and advises as to which parliamentarians shall become ministers and parliamentary secretaries.", "Governor-General of Australia. The Governor-General is generally invited to become Patron of various charitable and service organisations. Historically the Governor-General has also served as Chief Scout of Australia. The Chief Scout is nominated by the Scouting Association's National Executive Committee and is invited by the President of the Scout Association to accept the appointment.[49] Bill Hayden declined the office on the grounds of his atheism, which was incompatible with the Scout Promise.[50] He did however serve as the Association's Patron during his term of office.", "Parliament of Australia. Most of the constitutional functions of the Crown are given to the Governor-General, whom the Queen appoints on the advice of the Prime Minister to act as her representative in Australia. Specifically, the Constitution gives the Governor-General the power to assent to legislation, refuse to assent, or to reserve a bill for the Queen's pleasure. However, by convention, the Governor-General does not exercise these powers, other than in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister.", "Government of Australia. Under the conventions of the Westminster system the Governor-General's powers are almost always exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers. The Governor-General retains reserve powers similar to those possessed by the Queen in the United Kingdom. These are rarely exercised, but during the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 Governor-General Sir John Kerr used them independently of the Queen and the Prime Minister.", "Governor-General of Australia. The monarch chose not to intervene during the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, in which Governor-General Sir John Kerr dismissed the Labor government of Gough Whitlam, on the basis that such a decision is a matter \"clearly placed within the jurisdiction of the Governor-General\". Through her Private Secretary, she wrote that she \"has no part in the decisions which the Governor-General must take in accordance with the Constitution\".[25]\nIn an address to the Sydney Institute, January 2007, in connection with that event, Sir David Smith, a retired Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia, described the constitution as conferring the powers and functions of Australia's head of state on the Governor-General in \"his own right\". He stated that the Governor-General was more than a representative of the sovereign, explaining: \"under section 2 of the Constitution the Governor-General is the Queen's representative and exercises certain royal prerogative powers and functions; under section 61 of the Constitution the Governor-General is the holder of a quite separate and independent office created, not by the Crown, but by the Constitution, and empowered to exercise, in his own right as Governor-General... all the powers and functions of Australia's head of state.\"[18]", "Governor-General of Australia. The powers of command-in-chief are vested in the Governor-General rather than the \"Governor-General in Council\", meaning there is an element of personal discretion in their exercise.[30] For instance, in 1970 Governor-General Paul Hasluck refused Prime Minister John Gorton's request to authorise a Pacific Islands Regiment peacekeeping mission in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, on the grounds that cabinet had not been consulted. Gorton agreed to put the matter to his ministers, and a cabinet meeting agreed that troops should only be called out if requested by the territory's administrator; this did not occur. Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser, who opposed the call out, was responsible for informing Hasluck of the prime minister's lack of consultation.[31] The incident contributed to Fraser's resignation from cabinet in 1971 and Gorton's subsequent loss of the prime ministership.[32]", "Governor-General of Australia. Early Governors-General were British and were appointed by the Queen or King on the recommendation of the Colonial Office. The Australian Government was merely asked, as a matter of courtesy, whether they approved of the choice or not. Governors-General were expected[by whom?] to exercise a supervisory role over the Australian Government in the manner of a colonial governor. In a very real sense, they represented the British Government. They had the right to \"reserve\" legislation passed by the Parliament of Australia: in effect, to ask the Colonial Office in London for an opinion before giving the royal assent.[42] They exercised this power several times. The Queen (that is, the UK monarch acting upon advice of the British Government) could also disallow any Australian legislation up to a year after the Governor-General had given it the assent; although this power has never been used.[43] These powers remain in the Constitution, but today are regarded as dead letters.", "Governor-general. Except in rare cases, the governor-general only acts in accordance with constitutional convention and upon the advice of the national prime minister.[4] The governor-general is still the local representative of the sovereign and performs the same duties as they carried out historically, though their role is almost purely ceremonial. Rare and controversial exceptions occurred in 1926, when Canadian Governor General the Viscount Byng of Vimy refused Prime Minister Mackenzie King's request for a dissolution of parliament; in 1953 and 1954 when the Governor-General of Pakistan, Ghulam Mohammad, staged a constitutional coup against the Prime Minister and then the Constituent Assembly; and in 1975, when the Governor-General of Australia, Sir John Kerr, dismissed the Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam.[5] In some realms, the monarch could in principle overrule a governor-general,[how?] but this has not happened in modern times.", "Governor-General of Australia. The constitution describes the parliament of the commonwealth as consisting of the Queen, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Section 5 states that \"the Governor-General may appoint such times for holding the sessions of the Parliament [...] prorogue the Parliament [and] dissolve the House of Representatives.\" These provisions make it clear that the Queen's role in the parliament is in name only and the actual responsibility belongs to the Governor-General. Such decisions are usually taken on the advice of the prime minister, although that is not stated in the constitution.", "Governor-General of Australia. The 1988 Constitutional Commission report explained: \"the Governor-General is in no sense a delegate of the Queen. The independence of the office is highlighted by changes which have been made in recent years to the Royal Instruments relating to it.\"[19] The changes occurred in 1984 when Queen Victoria's letters patent and instructions were revoked and replaced with new letters patent,[20] on Prime Minister Bob Hawke's advice, who stated that this would clarify the Governor-General's position under the constitution.[21][22]", "Governor-General of Australia. Under section 68 of the constitution, \"the command in chief of the naval and military forces of the Commonwealth is vested in the Governor‑General\". In practice, the associated powers over the Australian Defence Force are only exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister or Minister for Defence, on behalf of cabinet.[4] The actual powers of the Governor-General as commander-in-chief are not defined in the constitution, but rather in the Defence Act 1903 and other legislation. They include appointing the Chief of the Defence Force and authorising the deployment of troops.[26] There is some ambiguity with regard to the role of the Governor-General in declarations of war.[27] In 1941 and 1942, the Curtin Government advised the Governor-General to declare war on several Axis powers, but then had King George VI make identical proclamations on Australia's behalf.[28] No formal declarations of war have been made since World War II, although in 1973 the Whitlam Government advised the Governor-General to proclaim the end of Australia's involvement in Vietnam, despite the lack of an initiating proclamation.[29]", "Governor-General of Australia. It is desirable formally to place on record a definition of the position held by the Governor-General as His Majesty's representative in the Dominions. That position, though now generally well recognised, undoubtedly represents a development from an earlier stage when the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of His Majesty's Ministers in London and acted also as their representative. In our opinion it is an essential consequence of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations that the Governor-General of a Dominion is the representative of the Crown, holding in all essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in Great Britain, and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that Government.", "Governor. In Australia, each state has the governor as its formal representative of the Queen, as head of the state government. It is not a political office but a ceremonial one. Each state governor is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier, who is the political chief executive of the state government (until 1986, state governors were appointed by the Queen of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Government). State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used. The Territories of Australia other than the ACT have Administrators instead of governors, who are appointed formally by the Governor-general. The Governor-General is the representative of and appointed by the Queen of Australia at a federal level on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia.", "Governor-General of Australia. the Constitution expressly vests in the Governor-General the power or duty to perform a number of the Crown's functions in the Legislature and the Executive Government of the Commonwealth... The executive power of the Commonwealth, by section 61 of the Constitution, is declared to be vested in the Queen. It is also, in the same section, declared to be \"exercisable\" by the Governor-General as the Queen's representative. In the face of this provision, I feel it is difficult to contend that the Queen, even though present in Australia, may exercise in person functions of executive government which are specifically assigned by the constitution to the Governor-General.\"[18]", "Australian head of state dispute. Section 61 of the constitution states that \"The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor‑General as the Queen's representative, and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the Commonwealth.\" Section 2 provides that a governor-general shall represent the Queen in Australia. The governor-general is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister of Australia.[4][5][6][7] In practice, the governor-general carries out all the functions usually performed by a head of state, without reference to the Queen; though the governor-general is the Queen's representative, he or she is not the monarch's delegate or agent.[8] Under the conventions of the Westminster system, the governor-general's powers are almost always exercised on the advice of the prime minister or other ministers of the Crown. The governor-general may use the reserve powers of the Crown as prescribed by the constitution,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] though these are rarely exercised. One notable example of their use was by Governor-General Sir John Kerr during the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975.", "Governor-General of Australia. In the constitution, the words \"Governor-General-in-council\" mean the Governor-General acting with the advice of the Council. Powers exercised in council, which are not reserve powers, include:", "Governor-General of Australia. The constitution does not set a term of office, so a Governor-General may continue to hold office for any agreed length of time; however, a typical term of office is five years. At the end of this period, a commission is occasionally extended for a short time.[4]", "Governor-General of Australia. Such further powers are currently set out in letters patent of 2008 from Queen Elizabeth II; these contain no substantive powers, but provide for the case of a Governor-General's absence or incapacity.[16] The constitution also provides that the Governor-General is the monarch's \"representative\" in exercising the executive power of the Commonwealth (section 61) and as commander-in-chief of the armed forces (section 68).[17]", "Parliament of Australia. Under the Constitution, the Governor-General has the power to appoint and dismiss \"Ministers of State\" who administer government departments. In practice, the Governor-General chooses ministers in accordance with the traditions of the Westminster System that the Government be drawn from the party or coalition of parties that has a majority in the House of Representatives, with the leader of the largest party becoming Prime Minister.", "Monarchy of Australia. In Australia's constitutional system, one of the main duties of the Governor-General is to appoint a Prime Minister, who thereafter heads the Cabinet and advises the Governor-General on how to execute his or her executive powers over all aspects of government operations and foreign affairs. This means that the monarch's and the viceroy's roles are primarily symbolic and cultural, acting as a symbol of the legal authority under which all governments and agencies operate. In practice, ministers direct the use of the royal prerogative that resides in the monarch, which includes the privilege to declare war, maintain peace, and direct the actions of the Australian Defence Force. The Governor-General is empowered by the constitution to summon and prorogue parliament, and call elections; however the powers are almost never exercised without advice from the Prime Minister. Still, the royal prerogative belongs to the Crown, and not to any of the ministers and the Governor-General may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations,[32] such as when, during the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Sir John Kerr dismissed Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, on the occasion of a stalemate over government funding between the House of Representatives and the Senate. There are also a few duties which must be specifically performed by the Queen. These include signing the appointment papers of Governors-General, the confirmation of the creation of awards of Australian honours,[33][34] and the approval of any change in her Australian title.", "Governor-General of Australia. All such actions are taken on the advice of ministers." ]

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[ "Menstrual cycle. The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age, a point in time known as menarche.[5] They may occasionally start as early as eight, and this onset may still be normal.[6] The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world and earlier in developed world. The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women and 21 to 35 days in adults (an average of 28 days).[6][7] Menstruation stops occurring after menopause which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age.[8] Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days.[6]", "Menstruation. The first menstrual period occurs after the onset of pubertal growth, and is called menarche. The average age of menarche is 12 to 15.[1][9] However, it may start as early as eight.[2] The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world, and earlier in the developed world.[3] The average age of menarche has changed little in the United States since the 1950s.[3]", "Menstrual cycle. The average age of menarche is 12–15.[5][11] They may occasionally start as early as eight, and this onset may still be normal.[6] This first period often occurs later in the developing world than the developed world.[7]", "Menstruation. Menstruation, also known as a period or monthly,[1] is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina.[2] The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age, a point in time known as menarche.[1] However, periods may occasionally start as young as eight years old and still be considered normal.[2] The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world, and earlier in the developed world.[3] The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women, and 21 to 31 days in adults (an average of 28 days).[2][3] Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days.[2] Menstruation stops occurring after menopause, which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age.[4] Periods also stop during pregnancy and typically do not resume during the initial months of breastfeeding.[2]", "Menstrual cycle. The average menstrual cycle lasts 28 days. The variability of menstrual cycle lengths is highest for women under 25 years of age and is lowest, that is, most regular, for ages 25 to 39.[21] Subsequently, the variability increases slightly for women aged 40 to 44.[21]", "Menarche. Fewer than 10% of U.S. girls start to menstruate before 11 years of age, and 90% of all US girls are menstruating by 13.75 years of age, with a median age of 12.43 years. This age at menarche is not much different (0.34 years earlier) than that reported for U.S. girls in 1973. Age at menarche for non-Hispanic black girls was significantly earlier than that of white girls at 10%, 25%, and 50% of those who had attained menarche, whereas Mexican American girls were only slightly earlier than the white girls at 25%.[26]", "Puberty. The first menstrual bleeding is referred to as menarche, and typically occurs about two years after thelarche.[51] The average age of menarche is 12.5 in the United States.[7] Most American girls experience their first period at 11, 12 or 13, but some experience it earlier than their 11th birthday and others after their 14th birthday. In fact, anytime between 8 and 16 is normal. In Canada, the average age of menarche is 12.72,[8] and in the United Kingdom it is 12.9.[9] The time between menstrual periods (menses) is not always regular in the first two years after menarche.[56] Ovulation is necessary for fertility, but may or may not accompany the earliest menses.[57] In postmenarchal girls, about 80% of the cycles were anovulatory in the first year after menarche, 50% in the third year and 10% in the sixth year.[56] Initiation of ovulation after menarche is not inevitable. A high proportion of girls with continued irregularity in the menstrual cycle several years from menarche will continue to have prolonged irregularity and anovulation, and are at higher risk for reduced fertility.[58]", "Menstruation. Menstruation is the most visible phase of the menstrual cycle and its beginning is used as the marker between cycles. The first day of menstrual bleeding is the date used for the last menstrual period (LMP). The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women, and 21 to 31 days in adults (an average of 28 days).[2][3]", "Menstrual cycle. The average age of menarche is approximately 12.5 years in the United States,[12] 12.7 in Canada,[13] 12.9 in the UK[14] and 13.1 years in Iceland.[15] Factors such as genetics, diet and overall health can affect timing.[16]", "Age and female fertility. The average age of a young woman's first period (menarche) is 12 to 13 (12.5 years in the United States,[9] 12.72 in Canada,[10] 12.9 in the UK[11]) but, in postmenarchal girls, about 80% of the cycles are anovulatory in the first year after menarche, 50% in the third and 10% in the sixth year.[12] A woman's fertility peaks in her early and mid-20s after which it starts to decline. However, the exact estimates of the chances of a woman to conceive after a certain age are not clear, and are subject to debate.[13]", "Puberty. On average, girls begin puberty around ages 10–11 and end puberty around 15–17; boys begin around ages 11–12 and end around 16–17.[1][2][3][4][5] The major landmark of puberty for females is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average between ages 12–13;[6][7][8][9] for males, it is the first ejaculation, which occurs on average at age 13.[10] In the 21st century, the average age at which children, especially girls, reach puberty is lower compared to the 19th century, when it was 15 for girls and 16 for boys.[11] This can be due to any number of factors, including improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition,[12] or exposure to endocrine disruptors such as xenoestrogens, which can at times be due to food consumption or other environmental factors.[13][14] Puberty which starts earlier than usual is known as precocious puberty. Puberty which starts later than usual is known as delayed puberty.", "Dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is estimated to occur in 20% to 90% of women of reproductive age.[1] It is the most common menstrual disorder.[2] Typically it starts within a year of the first menstrual period.[1] When there is no underlying cause often the pain improves with age or following having a child.[2]", "Menstrual cycle. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive period is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 52 years, with anywhere between 45 and 55 being common. Menopause before age 45 is considered premature in industrialised countries.[17] Like the age of menarche, the age of menopause is largely a result of cultural and biological factors;[18] however, illnesses, certain surgeries, or medical treatments may cause menopause to occur earlier than it might have otherwise.[19]", "Adolescence. The major landmark of puberty for males is spermarche, the first ejaculation, which occurs, on average, at age 13.[29] For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13.[20][30][31][32] The age of menarche is influenced by heredity, but a girl's diet and lifestyle contribute as well.[20] Regardless of genes, a girl must have a certain proportion of body fat to attain menarche.[20] Consequently, girls who have a high-fat diet and who are not physically active begin menstruating earlier, on average, than girls whose diet contains less fat and whose activities involve fat reducing exercise (e.g. ballet and gymnastics).[20][21] Girls who experience malnutrition or are in societies in which children are expected to perform physical labor also begin menstruating at later ages.[20]", "Menstrual cycle. Painful cramping in the abdomen, back, or upper thighs is common during the first few days of menstruation. Severe uterine pain during menstruation is known as dysmenorrhea, and it is most common among adolescents and younger women (affecting about 67.2% of adolescent females).[82] When menstruation begins, symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) such as breast tenderness and irritability generally decrease.[71] Many sanitary products are marketed to women for use during their menstruation.", "Menstruation. Premature or delayed menarche should be investigated if menarche begins before 9 years, if menarche has not begun by age 15, if there is no breast development by age 13, or if there is no period by 3 years after the onset of breast development.[3]", "Menstruation. Up to 80% of women report having some symptoms prior to menstruation.[5] Common signs and symptoms include acne, tender breasts, bloating, feeling tired, irritability, and mood changes.[6] These may interfere with normal life, therefore qualifying as premenstrual syndrome, in 20 to 30% of women.[5] In 3 to 8%, symptoms are severe.[5]", "Menarche. There were few systematic studies of timing of menarche before the later half of the 20th century. Most older estimates of average timing of menarche were based on observation of a small homogeneous population not necessarily representative of the larger population, or based on recall by adult women, which is also susceptible to various forms of error. Most sources agree that the average age of menarche in girls in modern societies has declined, though the reasons and the degree remain subjects of controversy. From the sixth to the fifteenth centuries in Europe, most women reached menarche on average at about 14, between the ages of 12 and 15.[23] A large North American survey reported only a 2-3 month decline from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s.[24] A 2011 study found that each 1 kg/m2 increase in childhood body-mass index (BMI) can be expected to result in a 6.5% higher absolute risk of early menarche (before age 12 years).[25]", "Menstrual cycle. Eumenorrhea denotes normal, regular menstruation that lasts for a few days (usually 3 to 5 days, but anywhere from 2 to 7 days is considered normal).[71][78] The average blood loss during menstruation is 35 milliliters with 10–80 ml considered normal.[79] Women who experience Menorrhagia are more susceptible to iron deficiency than the average person.[80] An enzyme called plasmin inhibits clotting in the menstrual fluid.[81]", "Puberty. The average age at which puberty begins may be affected by race as well. For example, the average age of menarche in various populations surveyed has ranged from 12[7][8][9] to 18 years. The earliest average onset of puberty is for African-American girls and the latest average onset for high altitude subsistence populations in Asia. However, much of the higher age averages reflect nutritional limitations more than genetic differences and can change within a few generations with a substantial change in diet. The median age of menarche for a population may be an index of the proportion of undernourished girls in the population, and the width of the spread may reflect unevenness of wealth and food distribution in a population.", "Human fertilization. Gestational age, in contrast, takes the beginning of the last menstrual period (LMP) as the zero point. By convention, gestational age is calculated by adding 14 days to fertilization age and vice versa.[15] In fact, however, fertilization usually occurs within a day of ovulation, which, in turn, occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation (LMP).[16] There is also considerable variability in this interval, with a 95% prediction interval of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP-to-ovulation time of 14.6.[17] In a reference group representing all women, the 95% prediction interval of the LMP-to-ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days.[16]", "Menarche. Girls experience menarche at different ages. The timing of menarche is influenced by female biology, as well as genetic and environmental factors, especially nutritional factors. The mean age of menarche has declined over the last century, but the magnitude of the decline and the factors responsible remain subjects of contention. The worldwide average age of menarche is very difficult to estimate accurately, and it varies significantly by geographical region, race, ethnicity and other characteristics. Various estimates have placed it at 13.[1] Some estimates suggest that the median age of menarche worldwide is 14, and that there is a later age of onset in Asian populations compared to the West.[2] The average age of menarche is about 12.5 years in the United States,[3] 12.72 in Canada,[4] 12.9 in the UK.[5] A study of girls in Istanbul, Turkey, found the median age at menarche to be 12.74 years.[6]", "Puberty. Although there is a wide range of normal ages, girls typically begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11; boys at ages 11–12.[1][2] Girls usually complete puberty by ages 15–17,[2][3][4] while boys usually complete puberty by ages 16–17.[2][3][5] Girls attain reproductive maturity about four years after the first physical changes of puberty appear.[4] In contrast, boys accelerate more slowly but continue to grow for about six years after the first visible pubertal changes.[17] Any increase in height beyond the post-pubertal age is uncommon.", "Puberty. The average age at which the onset of puberty occurs has dropped significantly since the 1840s.[70][71][72] In every decade from 1840 to 1950 there was a drop of four months in the average age of menarche among Western European females. In Norway, girls born in 1840 had their menarche at an average age of 17 years. In France, the average in 1840 was 15.3 years. In England, the average in 1840 was 16.5 years. In Japan the decline happened later and was then more rapid: from 1945 to 1975 in Japan there was a drop of 11 months per decade.", "Age of consent reform in the United Kingdom. Research by Jean Golding shows that puberty is occurring earlier than in the 1970s, with an average age of menarche in girls now at 12 years and 10 months,[37] compared to the average age of 14 for puberty in general that was accepted as evidence by the Policy Advisory Committee of the 1970s.[38] Golding’s research has found that \"one girl in six hits puberty at the age of eight\".[39][40]", "Menstrual cycle. The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is about the same length in most individuals (mean 14.13 days, SD 1.41 days)[22] whereas the follicular phase tends to show much more variability (log-normally distributed with 95% of individuals having follicular phases between 10.3 and 16.3 days).[23] The follicular phase also seems to get significantly shorter with age (geometric mean 14.2 days in women aged 18–24 vs. 10.4 days in women aged 40–44).[23]", "Crown-rump length. Gestational age is not the same as fertilization age. It takes about 14 days from the first day of the last menstrual period for conception to take place and thus for the conceptus to form. The age from this point in time (conception) is called the fertilization age and is thus 2 weeks shorter than the gestational age. Thus a 6-week gestational age would be a 4-week fertilization age. Some authorities however casually interchange these terms[citation needed] and the reader is advised to be cautious. An average gestational period (duration of pregnancy from the first day of the last menstrual period up to delivery) is 280 days. On average, this is 9 months and 6 days.", "Age and female fertility. Female fertility is affected by age. Age is thus a major fertility factor for women. Menarche, the first menstrual period, usually occurs around 12-13, although it may happen earlier or later, depending on each girl. After puberty, female fertility increases and then decreases, with advanced maternal age causing an increased risk of female infertility. In humans, a woman's fertility peaks in the early and mid-20s, after which it starts to decline slowly. While many sources suggest a more dramatic drop at around 35,[1] this is unclear since studies are still cited from the nineteenth century and earlier.[2][3] One 2004 study of European women found fertility of the 27-34 and the 35–39 groups had only a four-percent difference.[4] At age 45, a woman starting to try to conceive will have no live birth in 50–80 percent of cases.[5] Menopause, or the cessation of menstrual periods, generally occurs in the 40s and 50s and marks the cessation of fertility, although age-related infertility can occur before then.[6] The relationship between age and female fertility is sometimes referred to as a woman's \"biological clock.\"[7]", "Menopause. In the Western world, the typical age of menopause (last period from natural causes) is between 40 and 61[29] and the average age for last period is 51 years.[30] The average age of natural menopause in Australia is 51.7 years.[31] In India and the Philippines, the median age of natural menopause is considerably earlier, at 44 years.[32]", "Prenatal development. Gestational age: 8 weeks and 0 days until 8 weeks and 6 days old. 57–63 days from last menstruation.", "Menstruation. In some cases, stronger physical and emotional or psychological sensations may interfere with normal activities, and include menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea), migraine headaches, and depression. Dysmenorrhea, or severe uterine pain, is particularly common for young females (one study found that 67.2% of girls aged 13–19 have it).[19]", "Dysmenorrhea. In young women painful periods often occur without an underlying problem.[3] In older women it is more often due to an underlying issues such as uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, or endometriosis.[3] It is more common among those with heavy periods, irregular periods, whose periods started before twelve years of age, or who have a low body weight.[1] A pelvic exam in those who are sexually active and ultrasound may be useful to help in diagnosis.[1] Conditions that should be ruled out include ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, interstitial cystitis, and chronic pelvic pain.[1]" ]

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[ "Education in Ontario. In Canada, education falls entirely under provincial jurisdiction. There is no federal government department or agency involved in the formation or analysis of policy regarding education. Publicly funded elementary and secondary schools are administered by the Ontario Ministry of Education, while colleges and universities are administered by the Ontario Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Development. The current Minister of Education is Mitzie Hunter, and the current minister of Advanced Education and Skills Development is Deb Matthews.", "Ministry of Education (Ontario). Notable ministers of education in the past have included Bill Davis, Dr. Bette Stephenson, Sean Conway, Liz Sandals and Kathleen Wynne. The current Minister of Education is Lisa Thompson.", "Ontario. In Canada, education falls under provincial jurisdiction. Publicly funded elementary and secondary schools are administered by the Ontario Ministry of Education, while colleges and universities are administered by the Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. The current Minister of Education is Mitzie Hunter, and the current minister of Training, Colleges and Universities is Reza Moridi.", "Education in Ontario. 1876: The first Minister of Education was appointed,[12] after Ryerson retired after 22 years as Chief Superintendent of Education.", "Ontario. Higher education in Ontario includes postsecondary education and skills training regulated by the Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities and provided by universities, colleges of applied arts and technology, and private career colleges.[80] The current minister is Reza Moridi. The ministry administers laws covering 22 public universities,[81] 24 public colleges (21 Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATs) and three Institutes of Technology and Advanced Learning (ITALs)),[82] 17 privately funded religious universities,[83] and over 500 private career colleges.[84] The Canadian constitution provides each province with the responsibility for higher education and there is no corresponding national federal ministry of higher education.[85] Within Canadian federalism the division of responsibilities and taxing powers between the Ontario and Canadian governments creates the need for co-operation to fund and deliver higher education to students. Each higher education system aims to improve participation, access, and mobility for students. There are two central organizations that assist with the process of applying to Ontario universities and colleges: the Ontario Universities' Application Centre and Ontario College Application Service. While application services are centralized, admission and selection processes vary and are the purview of each institution independently. Admission to many Ontario postsecondary institutions can be highly competitive. Upon admission, students may get involved with regional student representation with the Canadian Federation of Students, the Canadian Alliance of Student Associations, the Ontario Undergraduate Student Alliance, or through the College Student Alliance in Ontario.", "Minister for Education and Skills. The current Minister for Education and Skills is Richard Bruton, TD. He is assisted by:", "Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election, 2018. Granic Allen opposes abortion and also supported repealing and replacing the Liberal government's new sex education curriculum.[126][127] She promised to rerun contested riding nominations completed under Patrick Brown.", "Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election, 2018. Tanya Granic Allen, 37, is a social conservative parental rights activist and the president of Parents As First Educators (PAFE), a group that opposes the province's new sex education curriculum.[23][122] She also sits on the board of the Catholic Civil Rights League, a conservative Catholic lobby and advocacy group.[123] She previously worked as a political staffer at Toronto City Hall for then Toronto City Councillor John Parker, and as a spokesperson for the Campaign Life Coalition.[124][125]", "Ministry of Education (Ontario). The Ministry of Education (EDU) is the Government of Ontario ministry responsible for government policy, funding, curriculum planning and direction in all levels of public education, including elementary and secondary schools.", "Ministry of Labour (Ontario). The current Minister of Labour is Kevin Flynn.", "Conservative Party of Canada leadership election, 2017. Lisa Raitt, 49, is the MP for Milton, Ontario (2015–present), previously Halton, Ontario (2008–2015) and the former Shadow Minister of Finance (2015–2016), Minister of Transport (2013–2015), Minister of Labour (2010–2013), Minister of Natural Resources (2008–2010), President and CEO of the Toronto Port Authority (2002–2008).[64][67][195][295] Stepped down from shadow cabinet on October 14, 2016, to prepare for leadership bid.[296]", "Education in Ontario. 8(1)-14 The Minister may approve anyone as a teacher, regardless of official qualifications, if the candidate is considered to have equivalent experience.", "Education in Ontario. 1843: With the realization that Canada West (formerly Upper Canada) and Canada East (formerly Lower Canada) had vastly different educational needs, the Act of 1841 was repealed. The Act of 1843 created the position of Chief Superintendent of Education for Canada West (which would become the Province of Ontario in 1867).[13] Egerton Ryerson is Chief Superintendent from 1844 until his retirement in 1876.[14]", "Conservative Party of Canada leadership election, 2017. Kellie Leitch, 47, is the MP for Simcoe—Grey, Ontario (2011–present), and was the Shadow Minister of Health (2015–2016). In the Harper cabinet she was Minister of Labour and the Status of Women (2013–2015).[55][66][67][194][195][196][197] She is an orthopaedic pediatric surgeon at SickKids Hospital and an associate professor at the University of Toronto.[55][198]", "Ministry of Education (Ontario). This Ministry is responsible for curriculum and guidelines for all officially recognized elementary and secondary schools in the province and some outside the province. The ministry is also responsible for public and separate school boards across Ontario, but are not involved in the day-to-day operations.", "List of premiers of Ontario. The 26th and current Premier of Ontario is Doug Ford of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario since June 29, 2018.", "Education in Ontario. 0.1(3) All partners in the education sector have a role to play. Partners include the Minister, the Ministry, and the boards.", "Education in Ontario. 13(5) The Minister may establish demonstration schools.", "Education in Ontario. 8(1)-3.0.1 Equivalent learning policies, guidelines and standards may be established by the Minister of Education. The Minister may require that boards offer equivalent learning opportunities. The Minister may designate entities who may offer equivalent learning within a board.[20]", "Education in Ontario. About half of Ontario's government-funded District School Boards are Catholic (37 out of 72).[52]", "Canadian Indian residential school system. Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne apologized on behalf of the provincial government for the harm done at residential schools at Legislative Assembly of Ontario on May 30, 2016.[88] Affirming Ontario's commitment to reconciliation with Indigenous peoples she acknowledged the school system as \"one of the most shameful chapters in Canadian history\".[89] In a 105-minute ceremony, Wynne announced that the Ontario government would spend $250 million on education initiatives and renamed the Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs the Ministry of Indigenous Relations and Reconciliation. It was further announced that the first week of November would be known as Treaties Recognition Week.[90][91]", "Ontario. Ontario is led by the majority government of Premier Kathleen Wynne, a Liberal. Since gaining power under former Premier Dalton McGuinty in 2003, the Ontario Liberals have been re-elected three times: in the 2007, the 2011, and 2014 general elections.", "Education in Ontario. Education in Ontario comprises public and private primary and secondary schools and post-secondary institutions. By right of the constitution of Canada, Roman Catholics are entitled to their own school system.[6] Ontario's school boards are divided among four large separate publicly funded school systems: 31 English public, 29 English Catholic, four French public, and eight French Catholic.[1] One non-Roman Catholic separate school board, the Penetanguishene Protestant Separate School Board operates in Penetanguishene, Ontario.[7] Post-secondary education in Ontario consists of 20 public universities, 24 public colleges and over 400 registered private career colleges.[8]", "Education in Ontario. Education in Ontario is governed by the Education Act.[18] Provincial, federal and international human rights codes and charters also have stipulations on children's learning experiences.", "First Nations. In 2005, the leaders of the First Nations, various provincial governments, and the federal government produced an agreement called the Kelowna Accord, which would have yielded $5 billion over 10 years, but the new federal government of Stephen Harper (2006) did not follow through on the working paper. First Nations, along with the Métis and the Inuit, have claimed to receive inadequate funding for education, and allege their rights have been overlooked. James Bartleman, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, listed the encouragement of indigenous young people as one of his key priorities. During his term that began in 2002, he launched initiatives to promote literacy and bridge building. Bartleman himself is the first Aboriginal person to hold the lieutenant governor's position in Ontario.", "Conservative Party of Canada leadership election, 2017. Tony Clement, 57, is the MP for Parry Sound—Muskoka, Ontario (2006–present) and has been Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs (2015–2016), President of the Treasury Board (2011–2015), Minister of Industry (2008–2011), Minister of Health (2006–2008), and a 2004 leadership candidate, placing third. He was an MPP in the Ontario legislature (1995–2003) and a provincial cabinet minister (1997–2003) under Premiers Mike Harris and Ernie Eves. Clement also ran for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario in 2002, placing third.[64][66][67][194][383]", "Education in Ontario. 10 The Minister may establish an advisory body or commission of inquiry at any time.", "Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election, 2018. Ford promised to \"present Ontarians with a compassionate and responsible vision\".[109] He wanted to keep taxes low and eliminate a carbon tax.[110] He stated he would not support policies that make Ontario less competitive.[110] He has promised to fund election promises by finding efficiencies in government. Ford is in favour of expanding public transit in the GTA.[109] He promised to revisit the sex-education curriculum.[109]", "Ontario New Democratic Party. The NDP scored a surprise victory over the Liberals in the late summer of that year in the riding of Parkdale—High Park. Liberal Education Minister Gerard Kennedy resigned on 5 April 2006 to run for the Federal Liberal Party leadership. The government took an unusually long time to call the by-election, waiting until 16 August to drop the writ. It turned into one of the most vicious elections in recent Ontario memory, almost on par with Jolliffe's 1945 \"Gestapo\" campaign. This time though, the NDP were not making the accusations; NDP candidate Cheri DiNovo's credibility was put to the test by what most of the media considered to be unworthy and underhanded personal attacks launched by the Liberals. The tactic backfired; on 14 September 2006, DiNovo defeated Liberal candidate – and incumbent Toronto city councillor – Sylvia Watson by taking 41% of the popular vote to Watson's 33%.[26]", "Hamilton, Ontario. Provincially, there are five elected Members of Provincial Parliament who serve in the Legislature of Ontario. Minister of Housing and Municipal Affairs, Ted McMeekin (Liberal), represents Ancaster—Dundas—Flamborough—Westdale. Leader of the Ontario New Democratic Party, Andrea Horwath, represents Hamilton Centre, Paul Miller (NDP) represents Hamilton East—Stoney Creek, and Monique Taylor (NDP) represents Hamilton Mountain. Former leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, Tim Hudak, serves as MPP for Niagara West—Glanbrook.[71]", "Ministry of Education (Ontario). From 1993 to 1999 the Ministry was also responsible for Training, Colleges and Universities when the Ministries of Colleges and Universities and Skills Development were merged.", "Attorney General of Ontario. As of June 13, 2016, the Attorney General of Ontario is the Honourable Yasir Naqvi." ]

[ 7.12890625, 7.66015625, 7.3046875, -2.142578125, 4.2421875, 1.712890625, -3.587890625, -3.947265625, 0.211181640625, -1.365234375, -4.6953125, -3.853515625, -0.55126953125, -3.953125, -2.185546875, -2.541015625, -3.314453125, -3.88671875, -3.166015625, -5.8984375, -5.3671875, -3.33203125, -4.85546875, -4.2265625, -7.7265625, -6.16015625, -4.25390625, -5.984375, -1.587890625, -6.99609375, -2.783203125, -4.73828125 ]

[ "State of the Union. Since Franklin Roosevelt, the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol. Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term, but this speech is not officially considered to be a \"State of the Union\".[6]", "Procedures of the United States Congress. At some time during the first two months of each session, the President customarily delivers the State of the Union Address, a speech in which he assesses the situation of the country and outlines his legislative proposals for the congressional session. The speech is modeled on the Speech from the Throne given by the British monarch, and is mandated by the Constitution of the United States—though it is not necessarily required to be delivered each year or in the customary manner. Thomas Jefferson discontinued the original practice of delivering the speech in person before both houses of Congress, deeming it too monarchical. Instead, Jefferson and his successors sent a written message to Congress each year. In 1913, President Woodrow Wilson reestablished the practice of personally attending to deliver the speech; few Presidents have deviated from this custom since.", "State of the Union. The address fulfills rules in Article II, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution, requiring the President to periodically \"give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.\"[1] During most of the country's first century, the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress. After 1913, Woodrow Wilson, the 28th U.S. President, began the regular practice of delivering the address to Congress in person as a way to rally support for his agenda.[1] With the advent of radio and television, the address is now broadcast live across the country on many networks.[4]", "State of the Union. Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor. For most of them, it is called the State of the State address. In Iowa, it is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address. The mayor of Washington, D.C. gives a State of the District address. American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor. Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor.", "State of the Union. George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1790, in New York City, then the provisional U.S. capital. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the Speech from the Throne). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy. However, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century[who?] have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981, after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended.[9]", "State of the Union. A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address.[17][18]", "2018 State of the Union Address. The State of the Union Address was given at 9 pm EST on January 30, 2018.[17] Distribution of the tickets for the event was delayed because the first printing of the tickets misspelled the event as the \"State of the Uniom\".[18]", "2018 State of the Union Address. Article II, Section 3, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution states that the president \"shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.\"[3] On November 30, 2017, Speaker of the House Paul Ryan sent an invitation to the President to deliver a \"State of the Union address before a joint session of Congress on January 30, 2018, in the House Chamber.\"[4] The speech was Trump's first State of the Union address and his second speech to a joint session of Congress.[5]", "State of the State address. The State of the State Address is a speech customarily given once each year by the governors of each of the states of the United States[1] (although the terminology for this speech differs for some states: in Iowa, the speech is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia it is called the State of the Commonwealth Address.). The speech is customarily delivered before both houses of the state legislature sitting in joint session, with the exception of the Nebraska Legislature, which is a unicameral body. The speech is given to satisfy a constitutional stipulation that a governor must report annually, or in older constitutions described as being \"from time to time\", on the state or condition of a U.S. state.", "State of the Union. What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, preempting scheduled programming. To reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET (UTC-5).", "State of the Union. Prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23, 1933, changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, affecting the delivery of the annual message. Since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February.", "State of the State address. The analogous address given by the President of the United States is known as the State of the Union address.", "State of the Union. In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night. Only once before—when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I—had a sitting president addressed Congress at night.[11]", "State of the Union. The State of the Union Address is an annual message[1] presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress, except in the first year of a new president's term.[2] The message includes a budget message and an economic report of the nation, and also allows the President to outline their legislative agenda (for which the cooperation of Congress is needed) and national priorities.[3]", "State of the Union. Although the language of this State of the Union Clause[5] of the Constitution is not specific, since the 1930s, the President makes this report annually in late January or early February. Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3,[6] and as late as February 12.[7]", "2018 State of the Union Address. The 2018 State of the Union Address was given by the 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump, on Tuesday, January 30, 2018, at 9 p.m. EST in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives. It was addressed to the 115th United States Congress. It was Trump's first State of the Union Address and his second speech to a joint session of the United States Congress. U.S. Representative Joe Kennedy III and Virginia Delegate Elizabeth Guzmán gave the Democratic Party's response in English and Spanish respectively.", "Article Two of the United States Constitution. The President must give the Congress information on the \"State of the Union\" \"from time to time.\" This is called the State of the Union Clause.[20] Originally, Presidents personally delivered annual addresses to Congress. Thomas Jefferson, who felt that the procedure resembled the speech from the throne delivered by British monarchs, chose instead to send written messages to Congress for reading by clerks. Jefferson's procedure was followed by future Presidents until Woodrow Wilson reverted to the former procedure of personally addressing Congress, which has continued to this day[update].[20]", "State of the Union. Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor, county commissioner or board chair, including Sonoma County, California; Orlando, Florida; Cincinnati, Ohio; New Haven, Connecticut; Parma, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Seattle, Washington; Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Buffalo, New York; Rochester, New York; San Antonio, Texas; McAllen, Texas; and San Diego, California. The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville, Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address. Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term.[36][37] Private companies usually have a \"State of the Corporation\" or \"State of the Company\" address given by the respective CEO.[38]", "State of the Union. State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour, partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout. The applause is often political in tone, with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President's own party. As non-political officeholders, members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality. In recent years, the presiding officers of the House and the Senate, the Speaker and the Vice President, respectively, have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies, as they, too, stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree.", "Joint session of the United States Congress. At some time during the first two months of each session, the President customarily delivers the State of the Union address, a speech in which an assessment is made of the state of the country, and the presidents' legislative agenda is outlined. The speech is modeled on the Speech from the Throne, given by the British monarch. There is a major difference, in that the President is the principal author of his own State of the Union address, while the Speech from the Throne is customarily written by the Prime Minister.", "State of the Union. Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law, in modern times, the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar. It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof: members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature, the President's Cabinet constituting the executive, and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary. In addition, the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans, who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady.[28]", "State of the Union. For many years, the speech was referred to as \"the President's Annual Message to Congress\".[10] The actual term \"State of the Union\" first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, becoming its generally accepted name since 1947.[10]", "State of the Union. Just after 9 pm, as the President reaches the door to the chamber,[21] the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors, faces the Speaker, and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber.[20] When the President is ready, the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance, loudly stating the phrase: \"Mister Speaker, the President of the United States!\"[21]", "2018 State of the Union Address. On February 1, Trump said that viewership of his address was \"the highest number in history\", but there were five addresses given by Presidents George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama that had higher viewership.[90]", "State of the Union. While not required to deliver a speech, every president since Woodrow Wilson, with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover,[8] has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress. Before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report.[6]", "Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson was not an outstanding orator and preferred to communicate through writing or remain silent if possible. Instead of delivering his State of the Union addresses himself, Jefferson wrote the annual messages and sent a representative to read them aloud in Congress. This started a tradition which continued until 1913, when President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) chose to deliver his own State of the Union address.[367]", "State of the Union. In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration's accomplishments over the previous year, as well as the agenda for the coming year, often in upbeat and optimistic terms.[25] Since the 1982 address, it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery, such as American citizens or visiting heads of state. During that 1982 address, President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90.[26] Since then, the term \"Lenny Skutniks\" has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery, and then cited by the President, during the State of the Union.[27][28]", "State of the Union. By approximately 8:30 pm on the night of the address, the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session.[19] Then, the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate, who enter and take the seats assigned for them.[19]", "Response to the State of the Union address. The practice began in 1966 when Republican U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois) and U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan) appeared on TV to offer a response to the address by Democratic President Lyndon Johnson.[1] The opposition party's response has varied in format, ranging from a prerecorded 45-minute TV program in 1970[2] to a call-in show in 1972 where a panel of congressmen answered unrehearsed questions from callers.[1] Since the late 1980s, it usually has been a televised speech given soon after the State of the Union address.[1]", "State of the Union. The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term. In years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1989, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a \"State of the Union\" message.", "State of the Union. Warren Harding's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio, albeit to a limited audience,[12] while Calvin Coolidge's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation.[2] Harry S. Truman's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. Lyndon B. Johnson's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening.[12] Three years later, in 1968, television networks in the United States, for the first time, imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson, this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman.[13] Ronald Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed. He had planned to deliver it on January 28, 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day's events.[14][15] Bill Clinton's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web.[16]", "2018 State of the Union Address. Along with First Lady Melania Trump, the White House invited certain people affected by the issues that the president will address in his speech.[44] On January 28, 2018, the mother of Kayla Cuevas, who was murdered on Long Island in 2016 by MS-13 gang members, said the White House invited her to attend the State of the Union Address.[45] White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders named several people on January 29 who would attend the address. Among those who were named was a police officer who adopted a baby born to a homeless woman addicted to heroin.[46] Ji Seong-ho, a North Korean defector was invited to the address.[47]" ]

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[ "Packet switching. In the early 1960s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense.[1] This concept contrasted and contradicted then-established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth, largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the Bell System. The new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of British computer scientist Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) in 1965. Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in the decade following, including the incorporation of the concept in the early ARPANET in the United States.[2][3]", "ARPANET. The packet switching methodology employed in the ARPANET was based on concepts and designs by Americans Leonard Kleinrock and Paul Baran, British scientist Donald Davies, and Lawrence Roberts.[6] The TCP/IP communications protocols were developed for the ARPANET by computer scientists Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf, and incorporated concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin.", "Transmission Control Protocol. During May 1974, the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) published a paper titled A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication.[1] The paper's authors, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, described an internetworking protocol for sharing resources using packet switching among the nodes, working with Gérard Le Lann to incorporate concepts from the French CYCLADES project.[2] A central control component of this model was the Transmission Control Program that incorporated both connection-oriented links and datagram services between hosts. The monolithic Transmission Control Program was later divided into a modular architecture consisting of the Transmission Control Protocol at the transport layer and the Internet Protocol at the internet layer. The model became known informally as TCP/IP, although formally it was henceforth referred to as the Internet Protocol Suite.", "Packet switching. The concept of switching small blocks of data was first explored independently by Paul Baran at the RAND Corporation starting in the late 1950s in the US and subsequently by Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the UK.[8][9][10]", "History of the Internet. Based on ARPA's research, packet switching network standards were developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the form of X.25 and related standards. While using packet switching, X.25 is built on the concept of virtual circuits emulating traditional telephone connections. In 1974, X.25 formed the basis for the SERCnet network between British academic and research sites, which later became JANET. The initial ITU Standard on X.25 was approved in March 1976.[42]", "Packet switching. Building on his earlier work on queueing theory, Leonard Kleinrock subsequently carried out theoretical work to model the performance of packet-switched networks, which underpinned the development of the ARPANET. The NPL team also carried out simulation work on packet networks.[18]", "ARPANET. Meanwhile, since the early 1960s, Paul Baran at the RAND Corporation had been researching systems that could survive nuclear war and developed the idea of distributed adaptive message block switching.[10] Donald Davies at the United Kingdom's National Physical Laboratory (NPL) independently invented the same concept in 1965.[11][12] His work, presented by a colleague, initially caught the attention of ARPANET developers at a conference in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, in October 1967.[13] He gave the first public demonstration, having coined the term packet switching, on 5 August 1968 and incorporated it into the NPL network in England.[14] Larry Roberts at ARPA applied Davies' concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET.[15] The NPL network followed by the ARPANET were the first two networks in the world to use packet switching,[16][17] and were themselves connected together in 1973.[18][19] The NPL network was using line speeds of 768 kbit/s, and the proposed line speed for ARPANET was upgraded from 2.4 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s.[20]", "Internet protocol suite. Some of these TCP/IP stacks were written single-handedly by a few programmers. Jay Elinsky and Oleg Vishnepolsky of IBM Research wrote TCP/IP stacks for VM/CMS and OS/2, respectively.[14] In 1984 Donald Gillies at MIT wrote a 'ntcp' multi-connection TCP which ran atop the IP/PacketDriver layer maintained by John Romkey at MIT in 1983-4. Romkey leveraged this TCP in 1986 when FTP Software was founded.[15][16] Phil Karn created KA9Q TCP (a multi-connection TCP for ham radio applications) starting in 1985.[17]", "Packet switching. Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory (UK) developed a similar message routing concept in 1965. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's terminology, and proposed building a nationwide network in the UK.[14] He gave a talk on the proposal in 1966, after which a person from the Ministry of Defence (MoD) told him about Baran's work. A member of Davies' team (Roger Scantlebury) met Lawrence Roberts at the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles and suggested it for use in the ARPANET.[15] Davies had chosen some of the same parameters for his original network design as did Baran, such as a packet size of 1024 bits. In 1966, Davies proposed that a network should be built at the laboratory to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching. After a pilot experiment in 1967,[16][17] the NPL Data Communications Network entered service in 1969.[18]", "Internet protocol suite. The Internet protocol suite resulted from research and development conducted by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the late 1960s.[3] After initiating the pioneering ARPANET in 1969, DARPA started work on a number of other data transmission technologies. In 1972, Robert E. Kahn joined the DARPA Information Processing Technology Office, where he worked on both satellite packet networks and ground-based radio packet networks, and recognized the value of being able to communicate across both. In the spring of 1973, Vinton Cerf, the developer of the existing ARPANET Network Control Program (NCP) protocol, joined Kahn to work on open-architecture interconnection models with the goal of designing the next protocol generation for the ARPANET.", "OSI model. The concept of a seven-layer model was provided by the work of Charles Bachman at Honeywell Information Services. Various aspects of OSI design evolved from experiences with the ARPANET, NPLNET, EIN, CYCLADES network and the work in IFIP WG6.1. The new design was documented in ISO 7498 and its various addenda. In this model, a networking system was divided into layers. Within each layer, one or more entities implement its functionality. Each entity interacted directly only with the layer immediately beneath it, and provided facilities for use by the layer above it.", "Internet Protocol. In May 1974, the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) published a paper entitled \"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication\".[2] The paper's authors, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, described an internetworking protocol for sharing resources using packet switching among network nodes. A central control component of this model was the \"Transmission Control Program\" that incorporated both connection-oriented links and datagram services between hosts. The monolithic Transmission Control Program was later divided into a modular architecture consisting of the Transmission Control Protocol and User Datagram Protocol at the transport layer and the Internet Protocol at the network layer. The model became known as the Department of Defense (DoD) Internet Model and Internet protocol suite, and informally as TCP/IP.", "History of the Internet. The issue of connecting separate physical networks to form one logical network was the first of many problems. Early networks used message switched systems that required rigid routing structures prone to single point of failure. In the 1960s, Paul Baran of the RAND Corporation produced a study of survivable networks for the U.S. military in the event of nuclear war.[13] Information transmitted across Baran's network would be divided into what he called \"message blocks\".[14] Independently, Donald Davies (National Physical Laboratory, UK), proposed and was the first to put into practice a local area network based on what he called packet switching, the term that would ultimately be adopted. Larry Roberts applied Davies' concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET wide area network,[15][16] and sought input from Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock. Kleinrock subsequently developed the mathematical theory behind the performance of this technology building on his earlier work on queueing theory.[17]", "ARPANET. Bob Taylor convinced ARPA's Director Charles M. Herzfeld to fund a network project in February 1966, and Herzfeld transferred a million dollars from a ballistic missile defense program to Taylor's budget.[21] Taylor hired Larry Roberts as a program manager in the ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office in January 1967 to work on ARPANET. In April 1967, Roberts held a design session on technical standards. The initial standards for identification and authentication of users, transmission of characters, and error checking and retransmission procedures were discussed. At the meeting, Wesley Clark proposed minicomputers called Interface Message Processors (IMPs) should be used to interface to the network rather than the large mainframes that would be the nodes of ARPANET. Roberts modified the ARPANET plan to incorporate Clark’s suggestion. The plan was presented at the ACM Symposium in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, in October 1967.[22][23][24][25] Donald Davies' work on packet switching and the NPL network, presented by a colleague (Roger Scantlebury), came to the attention of ARPANET developers at this conference.[26][27] Roberts applied Davies' concept of packet switching for the ARPANET,[28][15] and sought input from Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock. Building on his earlier work on queueing theory, Kleinrock modelled the performance of packet-switched networks, which underpinned the development of the ARPANET.[26] The NPL network was using line speeds of 768 kbit/s, and the proposed line speed for ARPANET was upgraded from 2.4 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s.[29]", "Packet switching. In 1974, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn published the specifications for Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), an internetworking protocol for sharing resources using packet-switching among the nodes[19] (this monolithic protocol was later layered as TCP atop the Internet Protocol, or IP).", "Packet switching. The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself, using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms. Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture.[28][29]", "Net neutrality. The end-to-end principle of network design was first laid out in the 1981 paper End-to-end arguments in system design by Jerome H. Saltzer, David P. Reed, and David D. Clark. The principle states that, whenever possible, communications protocol operations should be defined to occur at the end-points of a communications system, or as close as possible to the resources being controlled. According to the end-to-end principle, protocol features are only justified in the lower layers of a system if they are a performance optimization; hence, TCP retransmission for reliability is still justified, but efforts to improve TCP reliability should stop after peak performance has been reached.", "Internet protocol suite. From 1973 to 1974, Cerf's networking research group at Stanford worked out details of the idea, resulting in the first TCP specification.[8] A significant technical influence was the early networking work at Xerox PARC, which produced the PARC Universal Packet protocol suite, much of which existed around that time.", "Internet protocol suite. The design of the network included the recognition that it should provide only the functions of efficiently transmitting and routing traffic between end nodes and that all other intelligence should be located at the edge of the network, in the end nodes. This design is known as the end-to-end principle. Using this design, it became possible to connect almost any network to the ARPANET, irrespective of the local characteristics, thereby solving Kahn's initial internetworking problem. One popular expression is that TCP/IP, the eventual product of Cerf and Kahn's work, can run over \"two tin cans and a string.\"[citation needed] Years later, as a joke, the IP over Avian Carriers formal protocol specification was created and successfully tested.", "Interface Message Processor. BBN developed a program to test the performance of the communication circuits. According to a report filed by Heart, a preliminary test in late 1969 based on a 27-hour period of activity on the UCSB-SRI line found \"approximately one packet per 20,000 in error;\" subsequent tests \"uncovered a 100% variation in this number - apparently due to many unusually long periods of time (on the order of hours) with no detected errors.\"[9]", "Intrusion detection system. The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory announced Bro in 1998, which used its own rule language for packet analysis from libpcap data.[32] Network Flight Recorder (NFR) in 1999 also used libpcap.[33]", "Logical link control. An LLC sublayer was a key component in early packet switching networks such as X.25 networks with the LAPB data link layer protocol, where flow control and error management were carried out in a node-to-node fashion, meaning that if an error was detected in a frame, the frame was retransmitted from one switch to next instead. This extensive handshaking between the nodes made the networks slow.", "Internet. Research into packet switching, one of the fundamental Internet technologies started in the early 1960s in the work of Paul Baran,[12] and packet switched networks such as the NPL network by Donald Davies,[13] ARPANET, Tymnet, the Merit Network,[14] Telenet, and CYCLADES,[15][16] were developed in the late 1960s and 1970s using a variety of protocols.[17] The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, by which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks.[18] ARPANET development began with two network nodes which were interconnected between the Network Measurement Center at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science directed by Leonard Kleinrock, and the NLS system at SRI International (SRI) by Douglas Engelbart in Menlo Park, California, on 29 October 1969.[19] The third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of future growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971.[20][21] These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing.", "Packet switching. There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPAC were initially implemented with an X.25 external interface. Some older networks such as TELENET and TYMNET were modified to provide a X.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes. DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research which was a joint venture of Bell Canada (a common carrier) and Northern Telecom (a telecommunications equipment supplier). Northern Telecom sold several DATAPAC clones to foreign PTTs including the Deutsche Bundespost. X.75 and X.121 allowed the interconnection of national X.25 networks. A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address.[citation needed]", "Internet protocol suite. The Internet protocol suite is the conceptual model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP because the foundational protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). It is occasionally known as the Department of Defense (DoD) model because the development of the networking method was funded by the United States Department of Defense through DARPA.", "Packet switching. The French CYCLADES network, designed by Louis Pouzin in the early 1970s, was the first to make the hosts responsible for the reliable delivery of data, rather than this being a centralized service of the network itself.", "Packet switching. DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers. It evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II (and later) were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux.[30]", "Packet switching. In 1965, Donald Davies of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) designed and proposed a national data network based on packet switching. The proposal was not taken up nationally but by 1967, a pilot experiment had demonstrated the feasibility of packet switched networks.[16][17]", "Internet protocol suite. By the summer of 1973, Kahn and Cerf had worked out a fundamental reformulation, in which the differences between local network protocols were hidden by using a common internetwork protocol, and, instead of the network being responsible for reliability, as in the ARPANET, this function was delegated to the hosts. Cerf credits Hubert Zimmermann and Louis Pouzin, designer of the CYCLADES network, with important influences on this design. The protocol was implemented as the Transmission Control Program, first published in 1974.[4]", "Communications protocol. The need for protocol standards can be shown by looking at what happened to the bi-sync protocol (BSC) invented by IBM. BSC is an early link-level protocol used to connect two separate nodes. It was originally not intended to be used in a multinode network, but doing so revealed several deficiencies of the protocol. In the absence of standardization, manufacturers and organizations felt free to 'enhance' the protocol, creating incompatible versions on their networks. In some cases, this was deliberately done to discourage users from using equipment from other manufacturers. There are more than 50 variants of the original bi-sync protocol. One can assume, that a standard would have prevented at least some of this from happening.[6]", "Packet switching. Leonard Kleinrock conducted early research in queueing theory and published a book in the related field of digital message switching (without packets) in 1961.[7]", "History of the Internet. The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself, using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms. Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture.[40][41]" ]

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[ "Call Me by Your Name (novel). The narrator, Elio Perlman, recalls the events of the summer of 1987, when he was seventeen and living with his parents in Italy. Each summer, his parents would take in a doctoral student as a house guest for six weeks, who would revise a book manuscript while assisting his father with academic paperwork. Elio resents the tradition, as it requires him to vacate his bedroom so the guest can use it for the duration of their stay.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Elio, a seventeen-year-old Jewish-American boy, lives in the Italian countryside with his parents. His father, a professor of archaeology, invites an American Jewish graduate student, Oliver, to live with his family during the summer of 1983 and help with his academic paperwork. Elio, an introspective bibliophile and musical prodigy, finds little in common with Oliver, whose carefree and exuberant personality contrasts with his own. Elio also resents vacating his bedroom for the duration of Oliver's stay. Elio spends much of the summer reading books and hanging out with his girlfriend, Marzia, while Oliver is attracted to one of the local girls, much to Elio's chagrin.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 romantic coming-of-age drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino and written by James Ivory, based on the 2007 novel of the same name by André Aciman. It is the third and final installment in Guadagnino's thematic Desire trilogy, following I Am Love (2009) and A Bigger Splash (2015). Set in Northern Italy in 1983, Call Me by Your Name chronicles the romantic relationship between Elio Perlman (Timothée Chalamet), a 17-year-old living in Italy, and his father's American assistant, Oliver (Armie Hammer). The film also stars Michael Stuhlbarg, Amira Casar, Esther Garrel, and Victoire Du Bois.", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Call Me by Your Name is a 2007 novel by American writer André Aciman about a love affair between an intellectually precocious and curious 17-year-old American-Italian Jewish boy and a visiting 24-year-old American Jewish scholar in 1980s Italy. The novel chronicles their summer romance and the 20 years that follow.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The film differs from its source material in a number of ways. While the novel serves as a memory-piece from Elio's perspective, the filmmakers behind Call Me by Your Name chose to set the movie entirely in the present timeline, a \"much more efficient\" solution, to help the audience understand the characters and \"reflect the essence of the book.\"[8][16] The setting was changed from Bordighera to the countryside of Crema, Lombardy, where Guadagnino lives.[8][28] He decided to push up the original setting from 1987 to 1983—which he explained was a year, \"in Italy at least, when everything that was great about the '70s is definitely shut down\", and one in which the characters \"are in a way untouched by the corruption of the '80s—in the U.S., Reagan, and in the UK, Thatcher\".[29][18] Mr. Perlman's profession was refined by Ivory from a classics scholar to \"an art historian/archeologist type.\"[8][28]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Twenty years after their first meeting and one year before the narrator’s present, Oliver visits Elio’s family home in Italy. They recall their time together; Elio informs Oliver that his father has died, and that he has spread his ashes all over the world. The novel concludes with Elio, as the narrator, remarking to the reader that if Oliver remembered everything as he says he did, he should once more \"look me in the face, hold my gaze, and call me by your name.\"", "Call Me by Your Name (film). During Hanukkah, Elio receives a phone call from Oliver. Oliver tells Elio and his family that he is engaged to be married. After they hang up, a pained Elio sits by the fire. A parade of emotions crosses his face as his parents and the house staff prepare a holiday dinner.", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Fifteen years later, Elio visits Oliver in the United States, where Oliver is now a professor. Elio is unwilling to meet Oliver’s wife and children, admitting that he still feels attraction towards Oliver and jealousy towards his new family. Oliver admits that he has followed Elio’s academic career, and shows him a postcard that he brought with him when he left Italy and has kept over the years. During a final meeting at a bar, Elio and Oliver muse that people can lead two parallel lives—one in reality, and one a fantasy that is denied to them by external forces.", "List of accolades received by Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 coming-of-age drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino. The screenplay, written by James Ivory, is based on André Aciman's 2007 novel of the same name. Set in Italy in 1983, the film follows Elio (Timothée Chalamet), an American-Italian Jewish boy, and Oliver (Armie Hammer), a visiting American Jewish scholar, and their ensuing romantic relationship. Michael Stuhlbarg, Amira Casar, Esther Garrel, and Victoire Du Bois feature in supporting roles. Sayombhu Mukdeeprom served as the cinematographer and Sufjan Stevens contributed three songs to the soundtrack.", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Oliver and Elio grow distant in the subsequent days. Elio begins an affair with Marzia, a local girl around his own age. Seeking reconciliation, Elio slips a note under Oliver’s bedroom door, with a plan to meet at midnight. At midnight, Elio enters Oliver’s room, where they have sex. Elio feels guilty about the encounter, and decides that he cannot continue his relationship with Oliver.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name began development in 2007, when producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman optioned the screen rights to Aciman's novel. Ivory had been set to co-direct the film, but ended up writing the script and producing instead. Guadagnino, who came on board as a location consultant, eventually became director and producer. The film was financed by several international companies, and principal photography took place in Crema, Italy in May and June 2016. Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom shot the film on 35-mm film.", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Before returning to the United States, Oliver decides to spend three days in Rome, where he is accompanied by Elio. Upon returning from the trip, Elio is saddened to find that his belongings have already been returned to his original bedroom, and that all traces of Oliver’s visit have vanished. Elio has a discussion with his father, who says that he approves of the friendship (and relationship) between Elio and Oliver.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The producers reached out to Luca Guadagnino and lined him up as their first choice to direct, but he declined, citing a busy schedule.[8][11] A native of northern Italy, he was first hired as a location consultant instead,[12][13] to help \"put the movie together from the Italian side.\"[14] Guadagnino later suggested that he co-direct the film with Ivory—without any contractual agreement yet in place.[9][14] Ivory accepted the offer,[9] and spent between six and nine months in 2014 working on the screenplay.[7][15] Guadagnino, who has described the novel as \"a Proustian book about remembering the past and indulging in the melancholy of lost things,\"[16] wrote the adaptation with Ivory, while also collaborating with Walter Fasano to \"really fine-tune it\".[14][17] It took place at Ivory's house, Guadagnino's kitchen table in Crema, and sometimes in New York.[18] Ivory hardly met the director during the process, as Guadagnino was busy making A Bigger Splash (2015).[15]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The Asian-inspired paintings, maps, and mirrors mostly came from an antiques store in Milan.[79] Books used in background were published before 1982.[46] The swimming pool used in the film was recreated from a watering trough common in the area.[8][79] A landscape designer was hired to organize an orchard in the mansion's garden.[46] In public places, the filmmakers set up faded political billboards to reflect the Italian general election in 1983,[46] and re-created a newsstand full of magazines of that particular time.[46] Guadagnino did not want the film to \"look like a reflection on the 80s, [...] when it becomes period.\"[13] His team performed extensive research, with an assist from the residents of Crema, by entering people's houses and collecting their pictures of the '80s.[13][80] Chen Li, a Chinese woman who lives in Milan, served as graphic designer. She wrote the titles in the opening credits, in which the director used Xerox images of statues and placed them with Mr. Perlman's personal items.[46]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Principal photography on Call Me by Your Name lasted about 32–34 days.[48][46] It began on May 9, 2016, shortly after A Bigger Splash was released in the United States,[49] and was completed in June 2016.[50][37] The process occurred quietly,[51] with reports only appearing after filming had been underway for two weeks.[52][53] The director's first cut of the film was four hours long.[54][20] Post-production with regular editor Walter Fasano took only a month—between June and July,[14] the fastest Guadagnino had edited.[50]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Guadagnino has deliberated over the idea of a sequel since the film's premiere at Sundance, when he realized the characters \"could go beyond the boundaries of the film.\"[30] During the 2017 BFI London Film Festival, he stated that he hoped to make a sequel to the film in 2020, suggesting it might be in the style of François Truffaut's The Adventures of Antoine Doinel series, while telling the story of Oliver and Elio as they aged. \"If I paired the age of Elio in the film with the age of Timothée, in three years’ time, Timothée will be 25, as would Elio by the time the second story was set,\" he said.[164][165] In the novel, Elio and Oliver reunited 15 years later, when Oliver is married. Guadagnino specified that in the sequel, \"I don't think Elio is necessarily going to become a gay man. He hasn’t found his place yet. I can tell you that I believe that he would start an intense relationship with Marzia again.\" Guadagnino is also interested in the politics of the 1990s, saying \"it would be the beginning of the Berlusconi era in Italy and it would mean dealing with the war of Iraq.\"[166][167]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). A film adaptation directed by Luca Guadagnino and starring Timothée Chalamet as Elio, Armie Hammer as Oliver, and Michael Stuhlbarg was released on November 24, 2017 in the United States, to critical acclaim.[5] At the 90th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Chalamet), Best Original Song (\"Mystery of Love\"), and Best Adapted Screenplay, winning the latter.[6][7]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). With the end of Oliver's stay imminent, the couple find themselves overcome by uncertainty and longing. Elio's parents, conscious of the bond between the two, recommend they take a trip to Bergamo together before Oliver goes back to America. They spend three romantic days together, after which Oliver leaves, and a heartbroken Elio returns home. He encounters a sympathetic Marzia, who still wants to be his friend, and his father, seeing how forlorn his son is, tells him that he was aware of Elio's affair with Oliver. He confesses to having had his own love affair with a friend in his youth, and urges Elio to find pleasure in the grief, since true love of the kind Elio and Oliver shared is rare.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Guadagnino normally selects the music for his films himself.[8] The director wanted to find an \"emotional narrator to the film\" through music, a \"less heavy, less present, and more enveloping\" way than voice and text.[18] He was inspired by the work in Barry Lyndon (1975), The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), and The Age of Innocence (1993).[18] Guadagnino wanted the film's music to be connected to Elio, a young pianist who likes to transcribe and adapt pieces, in order to get close to Oliver.[16] The music is used to reflect the time, the characters' family, level of education, and \"the kind of canon they would be a part of\".[16] Guadagnino also researched what was popular on the radio that summer, so as to stay true to the time period.[16][81]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The film was shot primarily in Crema,[14][25] and in the nearby villages of Pandino and Moscazzano. It was shot during an unexpected historic rainstorm in Italy, described by the weather reports as a \"once-in-century rain.\"[48] The pre-production in Crema was fast:[10] a search for extras began there in March and April.[55][56] Scenes from Pandino and Moscazzano were filmed from May 17,[57][58] before moving to Crema on June 1.[59] Additional outdoor scenes were shot at the Palazzo Albergoni on December 4, 2016.[60][61] Several historical locations in the surrounding streets in Crema and Pandino were chosen during production, including the Crema Cathedral.[57][62] Businesses received compensation for financial losses caused by the closure, scheduled for May 30 and 31.[63] Two days' filming at the cathedral were postponed due to the weather.[62] Production in Crema cost €18,000,[64] with a promotion campaign that cost €7,500.[65] Filming also took place at the Grottoes of Catullus by Lake Garda in Sirmione,[66] the Cascate del Serio in Bergamo,[67] and in two small towns in the immediate vicinity of Crema: Montodine and Ripalta.[8][60]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name was picked up for distribution by Sony Pictures Classics before its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22. It was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on October 27, 2017 and in the United States on November 24. The film received widespread critical acclaim and several accolades, with particular praise to its performances, screenplay, direction, and music. At the 90th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Chalamet), Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Song (\"Mystery of Love\")[5]. At the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards, Ivory won Best Adapted Screenplay. Chalamet was also nominated for a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and a Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). After seeing an early galley of André Aciman's debut novel Call Me by Your Name in 2007, American producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman bought the screen rights to it before it was published.[6] Before developing it into a film, the two invited their friend James Ivory to work as an executive producer on the adaptation, which he accepted.[7] Spears and Rosenman read the book independently and produced it in 2008.[8] They soon found themselves in development hell:[9] they met with three different sets of directors and writers but could not find anyone who would commit to the project.[6][10] Scheduling around the need to shoot in Italy during the summer also proved difficult.[6][10]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). In response to a note from Elio, Oliver leaves a note on Elio's desk telling Elio to meet him at midnight. Elio spends the day with Marzia, all the while longing to see Oliver. Finally, at midnight, he approaches Oliver on the patio. The two make love for the first time. During the next few days, they grow closer, having sex frequently while keeping their relationship secret. In bed, Oliver tells Elio, \"Call me by your name and I'll call you by mine\". They become more intimate both physically and emotionally. On one occasion, Elio ejaculates into a peach that he has split open, and when Oliver discovers it, he tries to take a bite of the peach in front of a humiliated Elio. Completely smitten with Oliver by this point, Elio starts avoiding Marzia.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name began a limited release in the United Kingdom on October 27, 2017,[25] and in the United States on November 24, 2017.[93] It expanded from four to thirty locations in the United States on December 15, 2017,[94] and then to 114 theaters on December 22.[95] It hit 174 theaters on January 12, 2018,[96] before going into wide release, just days before the Oscar nomination announcement ceremony, on January 19, 2018, reaching 815 theaters.[97][98] The film was opened in Italy on January 25;[99][100] special screenings will be take place in Crema on January 27 and 29.[100][101]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). That Christmas, Oliver again visits the Perlman family, and announces that he intends to marry next summer. Oliver and Elio fall out of touch, and do not communicate with each other for many years.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). After its screening at the Toronto International Film Festival, actor James Woods criticized the age disparity between Elio and Oliver on Twitter, accusing the film of \"chip[ping] away the last barriers of decency,\" and equating it to the North American Man/Boy Love Association, a pedophilia advocacy organization.[6][102] Hammer responded by criticizing Woods' relationship with Kristen Bauguess—who started dating Woods in 2013 when she was 20 years old and he was 66 years old—saying, \"Didn't you date a 19 year old when you were 60?\"[103] In an interview for The Hollywood Reporter, Hammer explained \"We weren't trying to make some salacious, predatory movie. The age of consent in Italy is 14. So, to get technical, it's not illegal there […] But this isn't a normal situation: The younger guy goes after the older guy. The dynamic is not older-predator-versus-younger-boy.\" He further said Woods \"had no moral high ground to stand on and was cheapening what we did.\"[40]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). After its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, Call Me by Your Name was met with critical acclaim.[131][91] It received a ten-minute standing ovation at its New York Film Festival screening at the Alice Tully Hall, the longest recorded in the festival's history.[29][132] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 96% based on 239 reviews, with an average rating of 8.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Call Me by Your Name offers a melancholy, powerfully affecting portrait of first love, empathetically acted by Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer.\"[133] It was the best-reviewed limited release and second best-reviewed romance film of 2017 on the site.[134][135] On Metacritic, the film has an average weighted score of 93 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[136] It was the year's fifth-best rated film on Metacritic.[137]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The main location for the Perlmans' residence was an uninhabited 17th-century mansion in Moscazzano.[8] The director initially wanted to buy the house but could not afford it, so he made a film at the place instead.[78][20] Six weeks before production, the crew—including production designer Samuel Dehors and first-time set decorator Violante Visconti di Modrone—gradually decorated the house with furniture, objects, and decoration inspired by the characters.[78][8] Much of the furniture, including the dishes and glassware from the '50s, belonged to Guadagnino and Visconti's parents. \"That made it cozy and personal,\" Visconti said, \"I wanted to give it the sense of time passing by.\"[79]", "Catch Me If You Can. In 1963, teenaged Frank Abagnale lives in New Rochelle, New York with his father Frank Abagnale, Sr., and French mother Paula. When Frank Sr. is denied a business loan at Chase Manhattan Bank due to unknown difficulties with the IRS, the family is forced to move from their large home to a small apartment. Paula carries on an affair with Jack, a friend of her husband. Meanwhile, Frank poses as a substitute teacher in his French class. Frank's parents file for divorce, and Frank runs away. When he runs out of money, he begins relying on confidence scams to get by. Soon, Frank's cons increase and he even impersonates an airline pilot. He forges Pan Am payroll checks and succeeds in stealing over $2.8 million.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name was selected by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of the year.[149][150] At the 90th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Chalamet), Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Song (\"Mystery of Love\").[151] The film received four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards for Best Film, Best Director for Guadagnino, Best Leading Actor for Chalamet and Best Adapted Screenplay for Ivory[152]. It received eight nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards, with Ivory winning Best Adapted Screenplay.[153] It led the 33rd Independent Spirit Awards with most nominations, garnering six, among them Best Feature, Best Director, Best Male Lead, Best Supporting Male, Best Cinematography, and Best Editing.[154] At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, it was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama for Chalamet, and Best Supporting Actor for Hammer.[155] At the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards, Chalamet received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role.[156] The film garnered four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards: Best Film, Best Direction, Best Actor in a Leading Role, and Best Adapted Screenplay.[157]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Elio and Oliver begin to spend time with each other, and a seductive courtship emerges—they swim together, go for long walks in the town, and accompany Elio's father on an archaeological trip. Although Elio begins a sexual relationship with Marzia and brags about it in front of Oliver to gauge his reaction, he increasingly finds himself attracted to Oliver. He sneaks into Oliver's room to smell his bathing suit and thinks about him while masturbating. During a trip to the post office, Elio subtly confesses his feelings to Oliver, who gently tells him that he should not act on them. When they go swimming one day, Elio kisses Oliver on the lips. Oliver returns the kiss but is reluctant to go further. The pair subsequently grow distant during the next few days.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). In the United States, the film began its limited run on November 24, 2017 at four theaters: The Paris Theater and Union Square Theatre in New York City, and the ArcLight Hollywood and Landmark Theater in Los Angeles.[114] The film made $404,874 in its opening weekend—a per-theater average of $101,219.[115][116] It was the highest average of 2017, the biggest since that of La La Land the previous December,[117] and had the best per-screen opening for a gay romance film since Brokeback Mountain (2005).[115][118] In its second weekend, the film grossed $281,288,[119][120] with an \"excellent\" per-screen average of $70,320.[121][122] The film expanded to nine theaters in its third weekend, grossing $291,101 for a \"solid\" $32,345 per-theater average.[123] It earned $491,933 from 30 theaters in its fourth weekend, averaging $16,398.[94]" ]

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[ "If I Were a Boy. \"If I Were a Boy\" was written by BC Jean and Toby Gad.[2] It is the opening ballad of the I Am ... disc of the double album I Am... Sasha Fierce. It is the only song on either disc that Beyoncé did not co-write.[3] Most of the lyrics were written by Jean, who was inspired by the break-up of a romantic relationship.[1] One day Jean and Gad visited a pizzeria in Times Square in New York City.[1] Although tempted, Jean refrained from eating pizza because she was dieting. She then thought that if she were a boy, she would have eaten without regret.[1] After reflecting on the idea, she concluded that she would have been a better man than her past lover.[1] Gad captured Jean's ideas on a pocket recorder, and they went to the studio the same day. Once there, she wrote the lyrics and melody in about 15 minutes. She then recorded the song in less than half an hour, with Gad on the guitar.[1]", "If I Were a Boy. \"If I Were a Boy\" is a song performed by American singer and songwriter Beyoncé from her third studio album I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008). It was written by BC Jean and Toby Gad, who also handled its production alongside Beyoncé. Inspired by the difficult break-up of a romantic relationship, the song was initially recorded by Jean, whose record company rejected it. Beyoncé then recorded her own version. Jean was upset when she learned that Beyoncé was releasing it as a single, but eventually they reached an agreement. Columbia Records released \"If I Were a Boy\" to US radio on October 8, 2008, as the album's lead single alongside \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\". The two songs showcased the contrast between Beyoncé's personality and her aggressive onstage persona, Sasha Fierce. A Spanish version of the song, titled \"Si Yo Fuera un Chico\", was digitally released in Mexico and Spain.", "If I Were a Boy. \"If I Were a Boy\" is a midtempo pop and R&B ballad,[9][10][11] with folk rock and soft rock influences.[12][13] The song was composed using common time in the key of G♭ major and has a moderate tempo of 90 beats per minute.[14] It was written in the common verse-chorus form; the verses are supported by four chords and follow a vi-IV-I-V chord progression in the form E♭m7–B–G♭–D♭/F.[14][15] Ed Masle of The Arizona Republic noted that the progression is reminiscent of Nirvana's 1991 song \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\".[16] Instrumentation is provided by a piano, acoustic guitars, live drums, and strings[2][12] as well as hand claps which are used throughout the song.[13] Beyoncé's vocals span the range from a low of F♯3 to the high of E5.[14] Her singing gets higher and louder as she employs melodic crescendos.[17] Critics noted that Beyoncé delivers a tormented performance with unwavering sentiments.[12][17]", "If I Were a Boy. In an interview with Eric R. Danton of the Hartford Courant, Jean was asked about her reaction when she heard that Beyoncé was recording \"If I Were a Boy\".[1] She was initially surprised when people regarded her as a songwriter because she envisioned herself as \"do[ing] the whole artist thing as well\".[1] Jean added, \"It's an amazing compliment, but I was like, 'That's great, but it's going to be on my album!' And it can be on my album, too, I just didn't realize how it worked ... At first when I got this, people didn't know that I was an artist, so it was, like, 'Oh, this songwriter BC.' \"[1] \"If I Were a Boy\" was the first song she ever recorded, and she initially did not intend to hand it to another singer.[1] Jean said that the fact that Beyoncé recorded the ballad provided many opportunities,[1] and she was approached by many people who wanted to purchase her lyrics. She refused their offers, desiring to use her songs for her own album.[1] However, Jean still intends to write for other artists.[1]", "If I Were a Boy. If I Were a Boy[2]", "If I Were a Boy. Matos Michaelangelo of The A.V. Club remarked that \"If I Were a Boy\" has \"boilerplate lyrics\" that would fit perfectly in a Hayley Mills film.[53] Nick Levine of Digital Spy wrote in his review of the album that \"If I Were a Boy\" has the \"most interesting lyrics\" of the entire record.[54] In a separate review of \"If I Were a Boy\", Levine awarded it four stars out of five, writing that Beyoncé's vocals on the song are passionate. He praised the lyrics for not being overwritten and commended their \"emotional punch\" and \"very strong melody\" which he said can make people feel that they have always known the song.[55] Pitchfork Media's Ryan Dombal called \"If I Were a Boy\" an \"effective and affecting gender-bender\".[56] Allmusic writer Andy Kellman felt that though the ballad sounds like \"the watery backdrop for a singing competition finale\", it is the most outstanding song on I Am... Sasha Fierce thanks to its lyrics and Beyoncé's tormented performance.[12] Colin McGuire of PopMatters felt that \"If I Were a Boy\" was the highlight of the first disc of the double album.[57]", "If I Were a Boy. After completing her version of \"If I Were a Boy\", Jean presented it to her record company, which rejected the song.[4] Gad and Jean had co-written 12 songs, including \"If I Were a Boy\", for the singer's debut album. As the deal with Jean's record company fell apart, Gad marketed the songs to established artists.[4] Beyoncé liked \"If I Were a Boy\" and recorded her own version of it for her album I Am... Sasha Fierce.[4] Gad and Beyoncé produced the track in 2008 at Roc the Mic Studios and Strawberry Productions in New York City and at GAD Studios in Ibiza.[2] Gad did the musical arrangements, assisted in recording the music, and played the instruments alongside his brother Jens Gad and Reggie Syience Perry.[2] Jim Caruana recorded Beyoncé's vocals at Roc the Mic Studios.[2] Mark \"Spike\" Stent mixed the track with assistance from Matt Green at The Record Plant in Los Angeles.[2] \"If I Were a Boy\" was placed on the I Am... disc of I Am... Sasha Fierce, as it is a ballad that shows Beyoncé's insecurities about love[3][5] and the person she is \"underneath all the makeup, underneath the lights and underneath all the exciting star drama\".[6]", "If I Were a Boy. \"If I Were a Boy\" is a pop and R&B introspective ballad which draws influences from folk rock through its instrumentation of which includes acoustic guitars, drums and strings. The song's lyrics lament the misunderstandings between the genders and indict the male side of relationships. \"If I Were a Boy\" was well received by critics, who complimented Beyoncé's tormented and emotive vocal performance and called the song her best work to date. The single was a commercial success as it placed in the top ten on twenty-five different singles charts.[1] It topped the charts in more than eight European countries, including the United Kingdom, where it is Beyoncé's best-selling single. \"If I Were a Boy\" peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and earned multi-platinum certifications in Australia, Canada, and the US.", "If I Were a Boy. Si Yo Fuera un Chico[47]", "If I Were a Boy. The lyrics of \"If I Were a Boy\" are about a gender-swapping thought experiment,[18] through which Beyoncé analyses the ideologies of a tense relationship.[19] As she sings about things she would do if she were a boy,[20] Beyoncé highlights the vulnerability of a woman[4] and ponders how things would be different if men had women's sense of empathy.[20] During the first part of the ballad, Beyoncé alternates between the role of her flawed partner and that of the better man she would be.[18] In the first verse, she envisions herself impersonating her unfeeling love interest[21] as she sings about consuming beer with other men, chasing after girls,[22] and treating her lover cruelly,[4] before adding that she would never be confronted for it.[23] Beyoncé then sings the chorus, in which she gives her vision of life as a better man,[20] \"I think I could understand / How it feels to love a girl / I swear I'd be a better man\",[17] because she knows \"how it hurts when you lose the one you wanted / 'cause he's taken you for granted and everything you had got destroyed\".[16][24]", "If I Were a Boy. In the second verse, Beyoncé resigns herself and continues to sing about cruelties that men often inflict on women.[20][25] Still imagining herself impersonating the man who has wronged her,[18] she highlights how some men switch off their phones to avoid ex-lovers after having found another girl.[25] Beyoncé continues, \"I'd put myself first / And make the rules as I go / 'Cause I know that she'd be faithful / Waitin' for me to come home\".[21][24] She then repeats the chorus;[20] the intensity with which she sings gradually increases until she hits her upper register and seems close to crying.[20][26] During the bridge, Beyoncé stops singing about the male behaviors she would indulge in if she were a man and addresses her callous lover directly.[20] As Beyoncé emphasizes how it feels to be cheated on, she sings her vocal lines an octave higher than she did in the rest of the song.[25] She finally tells him that it is too late to come back and apologize.[20] In the last verse, Beyoncé concludes, \"But you're just a boy\".[20] Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music notes that she \"[pushes] her voice into a thin, pleading whine\" at this point.[25] With a squeak in her voice,[25] she repeats the chorus for the final time as she fights to remain strong, not allowing her agony to bring her down.[20]", "If I Were a Boy. \"When I got the song and the lyrics, I thought it was an incredible song ... And, to me, it turned out to be a country song, when we got our instrumentation on it and everything. And some people go, 'Well, why in the world would you do a pop song?' I just think music is music. You've got good and you've got bad, and I try to stay on the good side.\"[241]", "If I Were a Boy. After Jean's version of \"If I Were a Boy\" was rejected by her record company, she was upset that Beyoncé recorded and released the ballad.[4][8] Roger Friedman of Fox News wrote that Jean was first informed that Beyoncé recorded the song by a stranger.[8] The Daily Telegraph reported that Beyoncé's father and then-manager Mathew Knowles pursued the publishing rights of \"If I Were a Boy\" after realizing that it had the potential to become a big hit.[4] Jean used her Myspace account to express her frustration: \"I have been reading some of these comments and to set the record straight from the horse's mouth – IF I WERE A BOY is my song; YES, I wrote this song; It is my story; a painful one, and the song is very dear to me. You can hear the original version on my myspace site.\"[4] Friedman later reported that Beyoncé and Jean had come to terms. The deal included a promise that Beyoncé would record a duet with Jean for her debut album.[8]", "If I Were a Boy. Erika Ramirez and Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine placed \"If I Were a Boy\" at number 19 on a list of Beyoncé's 30 biggest Billboard hits published for Beyoncé's thirtieth birthday. They wrote that the song \"found Beyoncé at her most honest, drawing in both women and men\".[60] \"If I Were a Boy\" was nominated for the Best Foreign Song at the 2009 Porin Awards in Croatia.[61] On The Village Voice's year-end Pazz & Jop singles list, \"If I Were a Boy\" was ranked at numbers 37 and 546 in 2008 and 2009 respectively.[62][63]", "If I Were a Boy. On April 22, TMZ.com reported that the tape was a hoax.[136] They revealed that they had spoken to the person who modified the soundboard tapes, and the alleged culprit told them, \"It's a little bit crazy. No one in their right mind would sound like that, and no one would cheer for someone singing like that.\"[134] The following day, Beyoncé spoke about the allegations to MTV News. She stated that the report was ridiculous and that the timing of the video would draw publicity to two of her upcoming television performances.[136] In an interview with Chris Harris of Rolling Stone, Zeghibe said that he was surprised by how much attention the clip received and by Beyoncé's reaction to it.[135] He admitted that he had previously given the same treatment to Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears, and that he did not feel he had to apologize for the hoax:", "If I Were a Boy. In January 2009, Matthew Zeghibe, a 26-year-old computer art student from Connecticut, used pitch-correction software to make a clip that he claimed was the soundboard recording of \"If I Were a Boy\" from Beyoncé's Today show appearance in November 2008.[135] In the tape, Beyoncé sang drastically off-key.[136] A corresponding video was leaked onto the internet, and it went viral.[135][137] It was even played on American radio stations on April 21, 2009;[137] Howard Stern played the recording, describing it as \"the unedited board mix\" of Beyoncé's live performance.[136] According to Us Weekly, Mathew Knowles was the first to cast doubt on the recording's authenticity, saying that the tape seemed to have been altered.[134] He added that \"at 12 years into Beyoncé's career, the last thing someone should be questioning is her vocal ability. That would be like questioning if Kobe Bryant could shoot a jump shot.\"[136]", "If I Were a Boy. The ballad was first released internationally as a stand-alone digital download in Oceania and most European countries on October 17, 2008.[35][36][37] In France and the United Kingdom, \"If I Were a Boy\" was serviced digitally on October 26, 2008.[38][39] On November 7, 2008, a two-track CD single, including \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" as the B-side, went on sale in all European countries,[40][41] Oceania,[42][43] and in Canada.[44] In Canada two different digital EPs were made available on February 3 and 10, 2009.[45][46] A Spanish version of \"If I Were a Boy\" was translated by Rudy Pérez and mixed by Andrés Bermúdez at The Beach House in Miami.[47] Titled \"Si Yo Fuera un Chico (If I Were a Boy)\", this version was only included on copies of I Am... Sasha Fierce in Mexico as well as iTunes Stores in Latin America and Spain,[48] where it was released as a stand-alone single on February 3, 2009.[49]", "If I Were a Boy. Jon Caramanica of The New York Times described the song as one of the greatest pop songs of the last few years and one of Beyoncé's most complicated vocal performances.[10] Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle commented that \"If I Were a Boy\" is an \"elegant new musical direction\" for Beyoncé and praised it for being different from the songs played on Top 40 radio.[19] By contrast, Stacey Anderson of Spin magazine was unimpressed with \"If I Were a Boy\", calling it a glistening and boring ballad.[58] Adam Mazmanian of The Washington Times noted that the musical composition of \"If I Were a Boy\" has \"a spare [and] cinematic quality that [Beyoncé] fills with an expansive voice\", which nevertheless falters at times.[59] A 2010 review of \"well-intended yet misguided feminist anthems\" in The A.V. Club noted the song had both a \"fresh perspective and a sense of self-awareness\" but cast is as \"a soppy wallow in whiny self-pity and broad stereotyping\".[18]", "If I Were a Bell. \"If I Were a Bell\" is a song composed by Frank Loesser for his 1950 musical Guys and Dolls.", "If I Were a Boy. In addition to her performances of the song on television and at award ceremonies, \"If I Were a Boy\" was included on the set lists of Beyoncé's I Am... World Tour (2009–10)[117] and I Am... Yours revue.[118] It was subsequently included on her live albums, I Am... World Tour[119] and I Am... Yours: An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas.[120] Prior to the performance of the song at the tour, outtakes of its music video were used. Beyoncé later appeared performing \"If I Were a Boy\" wearing Ray-Bans, a leather breastplate, aviator shades and a bulletproof-looking one-piece further asking the crowd to sing along the track.[121][122] During the bridge of the song, she included excerpts from Morissette's \"You Oughta Know\" and Tupac Shakur's \"California Love\" while imitating a male person with her moves.[117][123][124] Alice Jones of The Independent wrote in her review that Beyoncé \"whip[s] up a quasi-feminist singalong.\"[121] Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone noted that the singer channeled her \"ferocious onstage persona\", Sasha Fierce.[117] Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times compared Beyoncé's wardrobe and dancing with that of Ciara.[125] In May 2012, Beyoncé performed \"If I Were a Boy\" during her Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live revue at Revel in Atlantic City, New Jersey.[126][127] Before Beyoncé started to sing, she noted that \"[everyone knows] how it feels to be hurt and lied to\".[128] During the performance, she mashed Goo Goo Dolls' \"Iris\" (1998)[129][130] and reworked the rhythm of \"If I Were a Boy\" to fit with the cover.[127] Elysa Gardner of USA Today noted that the ballad \"became a jangly guitar-pop number\" during the show.[131] Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly wrote that \"the most attention-grabbing moments of the night... came when she dipped into other artists' catalogs\".[132] In 2013, \"If I Were a Boy\" was included in the set list of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour where it featured the string motif from The Verve's \"Bitter Sweet Symphony\" (1997).[133]", "If I Were a Boy. McEntire's cover has generally been met with positive reception. Jessica Phillips of Country Weekly magazine described her cover as a \"soulful countrified look at love from a male perspective\".[242] Steve Morse at The Boston Globe said that McEntire translated the song \"artfully into country\".[243] Billboard magazine's Mikael Wood praised the cover, comparing it with McEntire's cover of Kelly Clarkson's \"Because of You\".[244] Jon Caramanica of The New York Times noted that McEntire \"sounds as if she's already inhabiting the role\" in the song.[10] Allmusic critic Thom Jurek was less favorable, writing that it was unrecognizable to the original, before adding, \"It contains none of the original's drama; in its place is a failed attempt at a soft rock power ballad.\"[245] Following McEntire's live performance at the CMA awards, the song debuted at number 60 on the Hot Country Songs charts as an album cut dated for the week ending November 27, 2010.[246] It re-entered at number 60 on the chart dated for the week ending January 29, 2011,[247] and peaked at number 22 in April 2011.[248] It also peaked at number 23 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart in April 2011.[249]", "If I Were a Boy. The accompanying music video for \"If I Were a Boy\" was directed by Jake Nava and shot in black-and-white. With a theme of role reversal, it is conceptually similar to the American comedy film Freaky Friday (1976). A video for the Spanish version of the ballad was edited from the original clip. Beyoncé promoted \"If I Were a Boy\" through live performances at venues including The Oprah Winfrey Show, the 52nd Grammy Awards, and the I Am... World Tour (2009–10). The song has been covered several times on televised music competitions. American singer Reba McEntire sang a country version of the ballad on Country Music Television (CMT), and a studio version was released as the second single from her 2010 album, All the Women I Am.", "If I Were a Boy. I was just trying to make a point. I wanted to show people how easy it is to manipulate someone's voice. If I can do it with a clip I pulled off of TV, imagine what they are doing on records and during live performances. The entire industry has been so manipulated, because there's such an emphasis on perfection, so when something like this happens, it causes such a stir. I knew something had to have happened to make it jump so fast. It's wild how much the story's been twisted. It's just always been fun for me to manipulate artists, and make it sound crazy. It was just for a good laugh. It was a goof, just for fun. I do a lot of parodies on my YouTube channel, and it just so happens this one got a little out of hand. It was just what I've learned in school, and it's fun I could fool so many people and get away with it. A lot of people had a lot of laughs because of it, so why should I apologize? If you can't poke fun at yourself, I don't know what kind of person you are.[135]", "If I Were a Boy. \"If I Were a Boy\" was widely acclaimed by contemporary music critics, who applauded Beyoncé's vocal performance and called the song her best yet. Billboard magazine's critic Chuck Taylor wrote that \"If I Were a Boy\" is Beyoncé's \"most affecting offering\" since \"Listen\" (2006). He praised her vocals as \"breathtaking, exquisitely emotive, mournful, and mature\" and added that the song \"exudes the fragrance of a Grammy Award\".[50] According to Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times, \"If I Were a Boy\" is Beyoncé's Streisand moment and \"a tender, fairly simple ballad that [she] uses to prove she's a great vocal actress\".[20] Powers concluded, \"This isn't just another breakup song; it's an elegy for female empowerment, Beyoncé's admission that no amount of money, fame or skill can solve the basic inequity between her man's heart and her own.\"[20] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote that \"If I Were a Boy\" could become as commercially successful as \"Irreplaceable\" because of its radio-friendly appeal.[51] James Montgomery of MTV News complimented the \"tear-jerking power\" of \"If I Were a Boy\" and noted that it reveals \"sides of Beyoncé we never knew existed\".[52]", "If I Were a Boy. The official music video for the cover premiered on Oprah.com on February 28 at midnight, followed by an exclusive interview.[250] It was directed by Peter Zavadil.[240] After her first performance of the song on Unplugged on the Country Music Television, McEntire also performed the song at the Country Music Association (CMA) awards on November 10, 2010.[251] Mawuse Ziegbe of MTV News praised her cover, writing, \"Singing with no band onstage, donning a glittery black dress with her signature red hair flowing to her shoulders, the legendary vocalist's performance scored a standing ovation.\"[252] Jillian Mapes and Megan Vick of Billboard praised the performance, writing, \"As if Beyonce's 2008 ballad 'If I Were a Boy' wasn't moving enough, country queen Reba McEntire's smokey twang and solemn stance turned the song on its head.\"[253] They also noted that the simple and powerful performance \"is enough to inspire tears, or at least goosebumps.\"[253] Country Music Television's Chet Flippo felt that McEntire's performance was \"the musical highlight of the evening\" and added that it was \"a lesson of what country music should be striving for these days\".[254] Jon Caramanica of The New York Times gave a mixed review of her performance, writing that \"[McEntire] did something unexpected, softening her delivery and finding the creases in the song, as if Beyoncé were whispering to her from the wings.\"[10] However, Entertainment Weekly's Mandi Bierly wrote that the lyrics were \"just too young for [McEntire], and when it comes to the chorus, I want someone to belt it\".[255]", "If I Had My Life to Live Over. It was written by Moe Jaffe, Larry Vincent and Henry Tobias and published in 1939.", "If I Were a Boy. Glee cast member Alex Newell covered the song for the fifth season episode \"The End of Twerk\". The song was released in iTunes Store on November 11, 2013.[215] Michael Slezak of TVLine praised his rendition of the song as \"fantastic\" and \"flawless\".[216] Lauren Hoffman from Vulture and Derek Chavis from The Baltimore Sun described his rendition as one of the best covers recorded for the series.[217][218] Marc Snetiker of Entertainment Weekly praised the inclusion of the song in the episode and described Newell's vocals as \"incredible\"[219] while Billboard's Rae Votta described the cover as \"absolutely stunning\".[220]", "If I Were a Boy. The video begins with Beyoncé and her husband saying a few words, including \"intimacy\", \"honesty\", and \"commitment\", and then saying the words \"you\", \"me\", and \"us\" together. When the action starts, Beyoncé is seen working as a police officer. Her husband (played by NFL player Eddie Goines[94]) is very supportive. He makes her breakfast, spends time at work looking for a present for her and forgoes socializing with attractive coworkers so he can be available when his wife arrives home. However, Beyoncé is not thinking about him at all. Instead, she spends her free time with other officers, particularly her male partner, whom she seems enamored with. Her husband calls her, but she ignores the phone. Later, when her husband gives her earrings, she puts them on to go dancing with her partner at a party. Her husband is upset when he sees them, and when he confronts her about this, she acts like he is making a big deal out of nothing. \"When you act like that, I don't think you realize how it makes me look or feel\", he tells her. Beyoncé then asks him in a condescending tone, \"Why are you so jealous? It's not like I'm sleeping with the guy.\" Then the story reverses, and Beyoncé starts to cry. Her husband's situation is actually her experience—he is a police officer who takes his supportive wife for granted.", "If I Were a Boy. On December 4, 2014, Ellona Santiago covered the song in week 6 of the third season for her Unplugged performance.", "If I Were a Boy. The song was covered by American country singer Reba McEntire on the television program Unplugged on Country Music Television.[236] The cover was accompanied by a music video that premiered on June 18, 2010, which depicted McEntire performing the song live.[237] In late 2010, she recorded a studio version, and it was added to country radio on January 24, 2011, by Starstruck Entertainment and Valory Music Group as the second single from her studio album All the Women I Am (2010).[238][239] McEntire revealed that she originally wanted to only cover her own hits. However, her husband and manager, Narvel Blackstock wanted her to do a cover song. Blackstock finally came up with the idea that she should record her own version of Beyoncé's \"If I Were a Boy\".[240] Speaking about her version of the song, McEntire said:", "If I Were a Boy. In an interview with Essence magazine, Beyoncé explained that \"If I Were a Boy\" is \"broad\" and different from her previous releases[7] because it is not a traditional R&B song.[3] She added, \"I had to try it, because I remember Aretha Franklin said a great singer can sing anything and make it her own.\"[7] Beyoncé was also motivated by her audience's strong expectations from her as a singer.[3] While preparing her third solo album, Beyoncé wanted to experiment with stronger lyrics and record ballads like \"If I Were a Boy\" because, \"the music and the emotion in the story is told [sic] so much better. It's a better connection because you can hear it and it's not all these other distractions. I really wanted people to hear my voice and hear what I had to say.\"[3]", "If I Ruled the World. \"If I Ruled the World\" is a popular song, composed by Leslie Bricusse and Cyril Ornadel, which was originally from the 1963 West End musical Pickwick (based on Charles Dickens's The Pickwick Papers). In the context of the stage musical, the song is sung by Samuel Pickwick, when he is mistaken for an election candidate and called on by the crowd to give his manifesto. Ornadel and Bricusse received the 1963 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically.[1]" ]

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[ "The Sound of Music (film). The Sound of Music is a 1965 American musical drama film produced and directed by Robert Wise, and starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, with Richard Haydn and Eleanor Parker. The film is an adaptation of the 1959 stage musical of the same name, composed by Richard Rodgers with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II. The film's screenplay was written by Ernest Lehman, adapted from the stage musical's book by Lindsay and Crouse. Based on the memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers by Maria von Trapp, the film is about a young Austrian woman studying to become a nun in Salzburg in 1938 who is sent to the villa of a retired naval officer and widower to be governess to his seven children.[4] After bringing and teaching love and music into the lives of the family through kindness and patience, she marries the officer and together with the children they find a way to survive the loss of their homeland through courage and faith.", "The Sound of Music. The Sound of Music opened on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on November 16, 1959, moved to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on November 6, 1962, and closed on June 15, 1963, after 1,443 performances. The director was Vincent J. Donehue, and the choreographer was Joe Layton. The original cast included Mary Martin (at age 46) as Maria, Theodore Bikel as Captain Georg von Trapp, Patricia Neway as Mother Abbess, Kurt Kasznar as Max Detweiler, Marion Marlowe as Elsa Schräder, Brian Davies as Rolf and Lauri Peters as Liesl. Sopranos Patricia Brooks and June Card were ensemble members in the original production. The show tied for the Tony Award for Best Musical with Fiorello!. Other awards included Martin for Best Actress in a Musical, Neway for Best Featured Actress, Best Scenic Design (Oliver Smith) and Best Conductor And Musical Director (Frederick Dvonch). Bikel and Kasznar were nominated for acting awards, and Donehue was nominated for his direction. The entire children's cast was nominated for Best Featured Actress category as a single nominee, even though two of the children were boys.[10]", "The Sound of Music. The original Broadway production, starring Mary Martin and Theodore Bikel, opened in 1959[1] and won five Tony Awards, including Best Musical, out of nine nominations. The first London production opened at the Palace Theatre in 1961. The show has enjoyed numerous productions and revivals since then. It was adapted as a 1965 film musical starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, which won five Academy Awards. The Sound of Music was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein; Oscar Hammerstein died of cancer nine months after the Broadway premiere.", "Rodgers and Hammerstein. The Sound of Music, Rodgers and Hammerstein's last work together, is based on the story of the Von Trapp Family. Starring Mary Martin as Maria and Theodore Bikel as Captain von Trapp, it opened on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on November 16, 1959, garnering much praise and numerous awards. It has been frequently revived ever since. The show was made into a film in 1965 starring Julie Andrews as Maria and Christopher Plummer as the Captain. It won five Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Director, Robert Wise. Hammerstein died in August 1960, before the film was made, so when Rodgers was asked to create two new songs for the film (\"I Have Confidence\" and \"Something Good\"), he wrote the lyrics as well as the music.[16] The Sound of Music contains more hit songs than any other Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, partly because the film version was the most financially successful film adaptation of a Broadway musical ever made. The most enduring of these include the title song, \"Do-Re-Mi\", \"My Favorite Things\", \"Climb Ev'ry Mountain\", \"So Long, Farewell\" and \"Sixteen Going on Seventeen\". \"Edelweiss\" was the last song that Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote together.[17]", "The Sound of Music. The Telarc label made a studio cast recording of The Sound of Music, with the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra conducted by Erich Kunzel (1987). The lead roles went to opera stars: Frederica von Stade as Maria, H책kan Hageg책rd as Captain von Trapp, and Eileen Farrell as the Mother Abbess.[16] The recording \"includes both the two new songs written for the film version and the three Broadway songs they replace, as well as a previously unrecorded verse of \"An Ordinary Couple\"\".[73] The 2006 London revival was recorded and has been released on the Decca Broadway label.[74] There have been numerous studio cast albums and foreign cast albums issued, though many have only received regional distribution. According to the cast album database, there are 62 recordings of the score that have been issued over the years.[75]", "The Sound of Music. In 1981, at producer Ross Taylor's urging, Petula Clark agreed to star in a revival of the show at the Apollo Victoria Theatre in London's West End. Michael Jayston played Captain von Trapp, Honor Blackman was the Baroness and June Bronhill the Mother Abbess. Other notable cast members included Helen Anker, John Bennett and Martina Grant.[14] Despite her misgivings that, at age 49, she was too old to play the role convincingly, Clark opened to unanimous rave reviews and the largest advance sale in the history of British theatre at that time. Maria von Trapp, who attended the opening night performance, described Clark as \"the best\" Maria ever. Clark extended her initial six-month contract to thirteen months. Playing to 101 percent of seating capacity, the show set the highest attendance figure for a single week (October 26–31, 1981) of any British musical production in history (as recorded in The Guinness Book of Theatre).[15] It was the first stage production to incorporate the two additional songs (\"Something Good\" and \"I Have Confidence\") that Richard Rodgers composed for the film version.[16] \"My Favorite Things\" had a similar context to the film version, while the short verse \"A Bell is No Bell\" was extended into a full-length song for Maria and the Mother Abbess. \"The Lonely Goatherd\" was set in a new scene at a village fair.", "The Sound of Music. On March 2, 1965, 20th Century Fox released a film adaption of the musical starring Julie Andrews as Maria Rainer and Christopher Plummer as Captain Georg von Trapp. It was produced and directed by Robert Wise with the screenplay adaption written by Ernest Lehman. Two songs were written by Rodgers specifically for the film, \"I Have Confidence\" and \"Something Good\". The film won five Oscars at the 38th Academy Awards, including Best Picture.", "The Sound of Music (film). Wise also spent considerable time and effort on casting the secondary characters. For the role of Max Detweiler, Wise initially considered Victor Borge, Noël Coward, and Hal Holbrook among others before deciding on Richard Haydn.[31] For the character of Baroness Elsa Schraeder, Wise looked for a \"name\" actress—Andrews and Plummer were not yet widely known to film audiences—and decided on Eleanor Parker.[33] The casting of the children characters began in November 1963 and involved over two hundred interviews and auditions throughout the United States and England.[34] Some of the child-actors interviewed or tested, who were not selected, included Mia Farrow, Patty Duke, Lesley Ann Warren, Geraldine Chaplin, Shelley Fabares, Teri Garr, Kurt Russell, and The Osmonds.[35] Most of the actors selected had some acting, singing, or dancing experience. Charmian Carr, however, was a model who worked part-time in a doctor's office and had no ambition to pursue a career as an actress.[36] After a friend sent her photo to Wise's office, she was asked to interview. Wise later recalled, \"She was so pretty and had such poise and charm that we liked her immediately.\"[36] The last person to be cast was Daniel Truhitte in the role of Rolfe.[36]", "The Sound of Music. Director Susan H. Schulman staged the first Broadway revival of The Sound of Music, with Rebecca Luker as Maria and Michael Siberry as Captain von Trapp. It also featured Patti Cohenour as Mother Abbess, Jan Maxwell as Elsa Schrader, Fred Applegate as Max Detweiler, Dashiell Eaves as Rolf, Patricia Conolly as Frau Schmidt and Laura Benanti, in her Broadway debut, as Luker's understudy. Later, Luker and Siberry were replaced by Richard Chamberlain as the Captain and Benanti as Maria. Lou Taylor Pucci made his Broadway debut as the understudy for Kurt von Trapp. The production opened on March 12, 1998, at the Martin Beck Theatre, and closed on June 20, 1999, after 533 performances. This production was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical.[17] It then toured in North America.", "Category:Songs from The Sound of Music. Songs from The Sound of Music, a musical with music by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II. The Sound of Music was also a film from 1965, directed by Robert Wise and starring Julie Andrews.", "The Sound of Music. The musical premiered in London's West End at the Palace Theatre on May 18, 1961, and ran for 2,385 performances. It was directed by Jerome Whyte and used the original New York choreography, supervised by Joe Layton, and the original sets designed by Oliver Smith. The cast included Jean Bayless as Maria, followed by Sonia Rees, Roger Dann as Captain von Trapp, Constance Shacklock as Mother Abbess, Eunice Gayson as Elsa Schrader, Harold Kasket as Max Detweiler, Barbara Brown as Liesl, Nicholas Bennett as Rolf and Olive Gilbert as Sister Margaretta.[13]", "The Sound of Music. The first Australian production opened at Melbourne's Princess Theatre in 1961 and ran for three years. The production was directed by Charles Hickman, with musical numbers staged by Ernest Parham. The cast included June Bronhill as Maria, Peter Graves as Captain von Trapp and Rosina Raisbeck as Mother Abbess. A touring company then played for years, with Vanessa Lee (Graves' wife) in the role of Maria. The cast recording made in 1961 was the first time a major overseas production featuring Australian artists was transferred to disc.[citation needed]", "The Sound of Music. In 1988, the Moon Troupe of Takarazuka Revue performed the musical at the Bow Hall (Takarazuka, Hyōgo). Harukaze Hitomi and Gou Mayuka starred.[23] A 1990 New York City Opera production, directed by Oscar Hammerstein II's son, James, featured Debby Boone as Maria, Laurence Guittard as Captain von Trapp, and Werner Klemperer as Max.[24] In the 1993 Stockholm production, Carola Häggkvist played Maria and Tommy Körberg played Captain von Trapp.[citation needed]", "Maria von Trapp. The book was then adapted into The Sound of Music, a 1959 Broadway musical by Rodgers and Hammerstein, starring Mary Martin and Theodore Bikel. It was a success, running for more than three years. The musical was adapted in 1965 as a motion picture of the same name, starring Julie Andrews. The film version set US box office records, and Maria von Trapp received about $500,000 ($4.15 million today) in royalties.[5]", "The Sound of Music (film). The soundtrack to The Sound of Music was written by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, and arranged and conducted by Irwin Kostal, who also adapted the instrumental underscore passages.[citation needed] The soundtrack album was released by RCA Victor in 1965 and is one of the most successful soundtrack albums in history, having sold over 20 million copies worldwide.[102][103]", "The Sound of Music. A Puerto Rican production, performed in English, opened at the Tapia Theatre in San Juan under the direction of Pablo Cabrera in 1966. It starred Camille Carrión as María and Raúl Dávila as Captain Von Trapp, and it featured a young Johanna Rosaly as Liesl. In 1968, the production transferred to the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid, Spain, where it was performed in Spanish with Carrión reprising the role of María, Alfredo Mayo as Captain Von Trapp and Roberto Rey as Max.[citation needed]", "Julie Andrews. Andrews made her feature film debut in Mary Poppins (1964), and won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the title role. She starred in The Sound of Music (1965), playing Maria von Trapp, and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical. Between 1964 and 1986, she starred in The Americanization of Emily (1964), Hawaii (1966), Torn Curtain (1966), Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967), Star! (1968), The Tamarind Seed (1974), 10 (1979), Victor/Victoria (1982), That's Life! (1986), and Duet for One (1986).", "The Sound of Music (film). In 1956, Paramount Pictures purchased the United States film rights, intending to produce an English-language version with Audrey Hepburn as Maria.[5] The studio eventually dropped its option, but one of its directors, Vincent J. Donehue, proposed the story as a stage musical for Mary Martin.[5] Producers Richard Halliday and Leland Heyward secured the rights and hired playwrights Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, who had won the Pulitzer Prize for State of the Union.[6] They approached Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II to compose one song for the musical, but the composers felt the two styles—traditional Austrian folk songs and their composition—would not work together.[6] They offered to write a complete new score for the entire production if the producers were willing to wait while they completed work on Flower Drum Song.[7] The producers quickly responded that they would wait as long as necessary.[7] The Sound of Music stage musical opened on November 16, 1959 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre in New York City and ran on Broadway for 1,443 performances, winning six Tony Awards, including Best Musical.[8] In June 1960, Twentieth Century Fox purchased the film adaptation rights to the stage musical for $1.25 million (equivalent to $10,300,000 in 2017) against ten percent of the gross.[9][Note 1]", "The Sound of Music (song). The version of the song which is perhaps the best known was sung by Julie Andrews in the 1965 film version, with a reprise by the Von Trapp family later in the film. The song introduces the character of Maria, a young novice in an Austrian abbey.", "Christopher Plummer. Owing to the box office success and continued popularity of The Sound of Music (1965), Plummer remains widely known for his portrayal of Captain Von Trapp, a role he later described as \"so awful and sentimental and gooey\".[27] He found all aspects of making the film, except working with Andrews, unpleasant and avoids using its name, instead calling it \"that movie\", \"S&M\", or \"The Sound of Mucus\".[28] He declined to attend the 40th Anniversary cast reunion, but did provide commentary on the 2005 DVD release. Plummer relented in 2010 for the 45th anniversary, and appeared with the full cast on The Oprah Winfrey Show on October 28, 2010. In this show, it was also revealed that the cast is very close to each other even after all this time.", "Christopher Plummer. Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer CC (born December 13, 1929) is a Canadian actor. Beginning with his film debut in Stage Struck (1958), Plummer's career has spanned six decades. He is known for portraying Captain von Trapp in The Sound of Music (1965),[2] and has also portrayed numerous major historical figures, including Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington in Waterloo (1970), Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King (1975), Mike Wallace in The Insider (1999), Leo Tolstoy in The Last Station (2009), Kaiser Wilhelm II in The Exception (2016) and J. Paul Getty in All the Money in the World (2017).", "The Sound of Music (film). The first American television transmission of The Sound of Music was on February 29, 1976 on ABC, which paid $15 million for a one-time only broadcast that became one of the top-rated films ever shown on television to that point.[127] The movie was not shown again until NBC acquired the broadcast rights and telecast the film on February 11, 1979.[128] NBC continued to air the film annually for twenty years.[127] During most of its run on NBC, the film was heavily edited to fit a three-hour time slot—approximately 140 minutes without commercials. The thirty minutes edited out of the original film included portions of the \"Morning Hymn and Alleluia\" sung by the nuns, part of the dialogue between Mother Abbess and Maria in the abbey, part of Liesl and Rolfe's dialogue preceding \"Sixteen Going on Seventeen\", Liesl's verse of \"Edelweiss\" sung with the Captain, the Captain and Baroness waltzing at the party, and minor dialogue cuts within existing scenes.", "The Sound of Music (film). Lehman's first and only choice for Maria was Julie Andrews.[27] When Wise joined the project, he made a list of his choices for the role, which included Andrews as his first choice, Grace Kelly, and Shirley Jones.[28] Wise and Lehman went to Disney Studios to view footage from Mary Poppins, which was not yet released. A few minutes into the film, Wise told Lehman, \"Let's go sign this girl before somebody else sees this film and grabs her!\"[27] Andrews had some reservations—mainly about the amount of sweetness in the theatrical version—but when she learned that her concerns were shared by Wise and Lehman and what their vision was, she signed a contract with Fox to star in The Sound of Music and one other film for $225,000 (equivalent to $1,780,000 in 2017).[29] Wise had a more difficult time casting the role of the Captain. A number of actors were considered for the part, including Bing Crosby, Yul Brynner, Sean Connery, and Richard Burton.[30] Wise had seen Christopher Plummer on Broadway and wanted him for the role, but the stage actor turned down the offer several times. Wise flew to London to meet with Plummer and explained his concept of the film; the actor accepted after being assured that he could work with Lehman to improve the character;[31] Plummer later described himself as having become quite arrogant at the time, \"spoiled by too many great theater roles\".[32]", "The Sound of Music. A UK tour began in 2009 and visited more than two dozen cities before ending in 2011. The original cast included Connie Fisher as Maria, Michael Praed as Captain von Trapp and Margaret Preece as the Mother Abbess. Kirsty Malpass was the alternate Maria.[42] Jason Donovan assumed the role of Captain Von Trapp, and Verity Rushworth took over as Maria, in early 2011. Lesley Garrett reprised her role as Mother Abbess for the tour's final engagement in Wimbledon in October 2011.", "The Sound of Music. A production was mounted at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park from July to September 2013.[46][47] It starred Charlotte Wakefield as Maria, with Michael Xavier as Captain von Trapp and Caroline Keiff as Elsa.[46] It received enthusiastic reviews and became the highest-grossing production ever at the theatre.[46] In 2014, the show was nominated for Best Musical Revival at the Laurence Olivier Awards and Wakefield was nominated for Best Actress in a Musical.[48]", "The Sound of Music. An Austrian production premiered in 2005 at the Volksoper Wien in German. It was directed and choreographed by Renaud Doucet. The cast included Sandra Pires as Maria, Kurt Schreibmayer and Michael Kraus as von Trapp, with Heidi Brunner as Mother Abbess. As of 2012, the production was still in the repertoire of the Volksoper with 12–20 performances per season.[30][31][32]", "Angela Cartwright. Cartwright returned to Europe to play the role of Brigitta von Trapp in The Sound of Music (1965).[6] Filmed on location,[7] the film won five Academy Awards including Best Picture, the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and eclipsed Gone with the Wind (1939) as the highest-grossing film of all-time. The Sound of Music soundtrack was nominated for a Grammy Award and holds the distinction of being the longest running Billboard Magazine top 10 album in history at 109 weeks.[8]", "Julie Andrews. In 1965, Andrews starred in The Sound of Music, which was the highest-grossing film of the year. It was also the biggest hit in the history of 20th Century Fox.[39] In 2013, it was the third highest-grossing film of all time in the US, adjusted for inflation.[40] For her performance as Maria von Trapp, Andrews won her second Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical. She was nominated a second time for the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress in a Leading Role and was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, though in both awards she lost to Julie Christie, for Darling.", "Mary Martin. Mary Virginia Martin (December 1, 1913 – November 3, 1990) was an American actress, singer, and Broadway star. A muse of Rodgers and Hammerstein, she originated many leading roles over her career including Nellie Forbush in South Pacific and Maria von Trapp in The Sound of Music. She was named a Kennedy Center Honoree in 1989. She was the mother of actor Larry Hagman.", "The Sound of Music Live!. Spearheaded by NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt, the network positioned the special as being a live television \"event\". In preparing for the broadcast, Meron and Zadan emphasized the logistical challenges that they would face due to the live aspects of the special, and the fact that The Sound of Music Live! was an adaptation based on the musical itself and not the 1965 film version. Meron felt that if the telecast were successful, the concept could become \"another kind of entertainment that can exist on TV.\" By her request, Underwood's casting as Maria was personally endorsed by Julie Andrews, who starred in the 1965 film.", "The Sound of Music. A live televised production of the musical aired twice in December 2013 on NBC.[60] It was directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller and Rob Ashford.[61] Carrie Underwood starred as Maria Rainer, with Stephen Moyer as Captain von Trapp, Christian Borle as Max, Laura Benanti as Elsa, and Audra McDonald as the Mother Abbess.[62] The production was released on DVD the same month.[63]", "Eleanor Parker. Parker's best-known screen role was playing Baroness Elsa Schraeder in the 1965 Oscar-winning musical The Sound of Music. The Baroness was famously and poignantly unsuccessful in keeping the affections of Captain Georg von Trapp (played by Christopher Plummer) after he falls in love with Maria (played by Julie Andrews)." ]

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[ "The Lazy Song. \"The Lazy Song\" reached number four on the US Billboard Hot 100, while it topped the charts in Denmark and in the United Kingdom. It charted on most international markets within the top five. Cameron Duddy and Mars directed the accompanying music video, in which Mars hangs out with five dancers with monkey masks while jest around in his underwear. It has been certified three and four times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and by Music Canada (MC), respectively. Worldwide, it was one of the best selling digital singles of 2011 with sales of 6.5 million copies. Mars sung \"The Lazy Song\" on television shows such as American Idol and the French version of X-Factor. The single was performed on The Doo-Wops & Hooligans Tour (2010–12), and occasionally on the Moonshine Jungle Tour (2013–14).", "The Lazy Song. \"The Lazy Song\" official video was nominated at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Choreography.[56] It received a \"Double Platinum\" award for one of the most played music video on MTV channels around the world at the MTV Platinum Video Plays Awards ceremony.[57] It was also nominated at the Myx Music Awards for \"Favorite International Video\".[58] The UK Music Video Awards also recognized the video in the category of \"Best Pop Video-UK\" with a nomination.[59] As of September 2017, the music video has received over 1.2 billion views on YouTube.", "The Lazy Song. The official video was directed by Mars and Cameron Duddy, produced by Nick Tabri and Dara Siegel, and features Poreotics wearing chimpanzee masks; it was released on April 15, 2011. The whole video is presented in as a lone continuous and uninterrupted shot, it begins with Mars singing and hanging out in a bedroom with five dancers, they all wear monkey masks and Mars dresses in black sunglasses and a flannel shirt. While Mars sings what he feels to do on a day off, he and the monkeys perform dance moves typical of a boy-band, fool around and mimicking the song's lyrics. Philip Lawrence, a member of the Smeezingtons, makes an appearance, lip syncing the line, \"Oh my God, this is great!\" before being driven off by the chimps; the monkeys drop their pants when Mars sings, \"I'll just strut in my birthday suit/and let everything hang loose!\" The music video ends with Mars pouring yellow confetti all over his boxer-clad pals, right before him, Poreotics and Philip Lawrence, who meanwhile reappeared, striking a pose for the camera.[51]", "The Lazy Song. An alternate video was directed by Nez, produced by Anne Johnson, and was released on May 27, 2011.[52] The video features Leonard Nimoy, who \"enjoys the lazy life\". During the music video Nimoy, who wears a robe and slippers all day, is seen \"wandering around the neighborhood and scaring the local Ginger kids, he's at home smoking weed and chilling out\". Besides this, one or two other famous Trek stars make a brief appearance, like William Shatner.[53][54] Mars and Lawrence make a cameo in the video, walking out of the grocery store as Nimoy walks in.[55]", "The Lazy Song. \"The Lazy Song\" was mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in Hollywood by Manny Marroquin, while Christian Plata and Erik Madrid served as the assistant for mix.[4] Ari Levine and Bruno Mars played all the instruments on the track and recorded them. Ari was also responsible for engineering the song at Levcon Studios in California.[4] Stephen Marcussen mastered the song at Marcussen Mastering in California, while Jash Negandhi (DJ Dizzy) was responsible for the scratching on the track.[4]", "The Lazy Song. \"The Lazy Song\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Bruno Mars for his debut studio album Doo-Wops & Hooligans (2010). It was serviced to contemporary hit radios in the United States on February 15, 2011 as the album's third single by Atlantic and Elektra. Development of \"The Lazy Song\" began while Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence and Ari Levine were hanging around the studio and didn’t feel like working. Mars wrote the song in collaboration with singer-songwriter K'naan and his production team The Smeezingtons, who also produced the track. Musically, \"The Lazy Song\" has been described as borrowing \"heavily from roots reggae\", while lyrically it is an anthem to laziness.", "The Lazy Song. \"The Lazy Song\" is one of the eleven songs composed and produced by The Smeezingtons for Mars' debut studio album Doo-Wops & Hooligans.[4] In an interview with Sound on Sound, fellow Smeezington Ari Levine explained how they came up with the song \"[It] was a very tough song to write, even though it is so simple. That song began one day when we were hanging around the studio and hadn’t written a song for a few days and we were kind of burnt out and didn’t feel like working. We felt lazy. 'K’naan' was in the studio with us, and the four of us suddenly came up with this idea.\" He added, \"After that we had a really hard time getting the groove and the drums to sit right. Once you have one piece of the puzzle, like when you realise that a drum track is good, you can add other things in after that.\"[5] Mars affirmed that they were trying to be \"magical and historic\" thus creating a track \"that was better than the Beatles\". Due to the frustration of not being able to do so, Mars said \"Today I don't feel like doing anything at all\", which according to him was an eye-opener.[6]", "The Lazy Song. \"The Lazy Song\" was described as borrowing \"heavily from roots reggae\" and having a moderate reggae groove.[7][8] According to the digital sheet music published by Alfred Music Publishing , the song was written in the key of B major and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 88 beats per minute.[8] The vocal range spans from F♯4 to B5.[8] \"The Lazy Song\" features an acoustic guitar,[8] scratching,[4] and a drum track[5] on the instrumentation, being three minutes and fifteen seconds long.[9] Lewis Corner, reviewer of Digital Spy wrote that \"Bruno pulls a sickie in this reggae-pop number about, well, absolutely nothing.\" and noticed the \"reggae-pop production\" while describing Mars as a \"couch potato of the daytime TV variety\" due to the lyrics of the song \"I'm gonna kick my feet up then stare at the fan/ Turn the TV on, throw my hand in my pants\".[2] Jim Farber of Daily News considered the song a \"hymn to sloth\".[6] The single version of the song features whistling, which is not present on the album version.[10][11] Lyrically, the song makes reference to MTV, the P90X home fitness DVDs, and the Cali Swag District song \"Teach Me How to Dougie\".[12][13][14]", "Doo-Wops & Hooligans. \"The Lazy Song\" was the album's third single.[45] The song received mixed reviews. Some critics found it to have a laid back groove while the others criticized it for being a \"filler\" and its empty lyrical theme and thus being an embarrassment to the album.[46][47][11] The song topped the United Kingdom and Denmark charts.[48][49] It has also reached the top five in the United States, Austria, Canada, and New Zealand and the top ten in others.[32][34][49] The associated music video for the song was shot as a lone continuous and uninterrupted shot with Mars goofing around with five monkeys.[50] An alternative video version was made and features Leonard Nimoy on his lazy daily routine.[51]", "The Lazy Song. \"The Lazy Song\" was the third single to be released from Mars' debut studio album Doo-Wops & Hooligans (2010). Atlantic and Elektra released the song, initially for airplay on mainstream radio in the United States, on February 15, 2011.[15] The radio edit of the record was first released in Finland by Elektra Records on April 11, 2011 as a CD single.[10] Later, on May 8 and May 9, 2011, the single was released in the UK via digital download and as a CD single, respectively, containing both the single edit version and The Hooligans remix of \"Grenade\", by the Warner Music Group, respectively.[2][16] On February 18, 2011 it was released as a digital download only in New Zealand, containing the single version of the song.[9] On May 27, 2011, the CD single was then also released on Germany, Austria and Switzerland.[10]", "The Lazy Song. Mars was able to watch the video his label had produced before Doo-Wops & Hooligans was released. The singer thought that the music video didn't represent the song in the way he wanted, and asked the label to record another. The latter agreed and gave him a \"couple thousand dollars\", with it Mars bought monkey masks and shot the video in two days. After doing 12 takes, the tenth was the one chosen.[50]", "Lazy (X-Press 2 song). \"Lazy\" won the Ivors Dance Award at the Ivor Novello Awards in 2003.[3]", "Lazy (X-Press 2 song). Writing in The Guardian, Gary Mullholland called the song \"a cheery dance-pop record\",[4] whilst Helen Brown praised it as a \"glorious dancefloor collaboration\".[5] Josh Baines of Vice, however, gave it a negative review and said that it \"sounds like something you'd hear on an advert for a new dishwasher\".[6]", "Lazy (X-Press 2 song). The music video features an extremely lazy man who has created a series of contraptions that enable him to go through his daily routine without moving at all. The video begins two shots of a bath with a green hosepipe covering the tap. We then see a transparent pipe in the toilet, with what appears to be urine flowing through it; the camera follows the pipe all the way back to the man, who is urinating into it while sitting on a sofa. He pulls a number of levers with different labels on them, such as \"Coffee\", \"Eggs\" and \"Toast\". He also leans back and has a shower wash his hair automatically, after which it is dried by a hair dryer and combed. The man then presses a button which activates a remote-controlled car (or \"robot\", as it is referred to in the video). As it collects his breakfast, he starts lies on his side and begins watching TV, but can't find anything on that is worth watching, so he pulls another lever which is labelled \"Video\"; this results in a robotic arm pushing a video labelled \"X-Press 2\" into the VCR. The video plays a workout video called \"XPress-ercise 2\", which features four women in thin black outfits. Upon seeing this, the man likes it and sits up. He uses another robotic arm to pick up the phone and hold it to his ear so that he can call someone. As the robot arrives with breakfast, it malfunctions, and stops just outside the man's reach. In response, the man hangs up the phone and stretches to reach the food, but falls off the sofa. Looking to his right, he sees a half-eaten Snickers which is covered in dust. Not wanting to stand up and collect his toast, eggs and coffee and continuing to have no luck stretching for them, he grabs the Snickers and starts eating it.[7]", "The Lazy Song. \"The Lazy Song\" has received generally mixed reviews from contemporary music critics. Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine noted that in song Mars \"paints a portrait of Al Bundy as a young man\"[17] and Andy Gill of The Independent classified the song as a \"laidback acoustic groove\".[18] Tim Sendra of AllMusic said it was one of the tracks from Doo-Wops & Hooligans that captured the laid-back groove.[19] Scott Mervis of Pittsburgh Post-Gazette described the song as a \"Jason Mraz/Sugar Ray-style reggae.\"[1] Sean Fennessey, a reviewer of The Washington Post, felt the song was written in a \"quality that is both endearing and damning\".[13] A mixed review came from Digital Spy reviewer Lewis Corner, who commented that the song is a \"summery ditty more head-boppable than a Churchill nodding dog, which, given his current state of mind, is probably about all he could muster\", giving it three stars out of five.[2] and from Blues & Soul magazine who called it \"reggae tinged\" and found it to be \"somewhat of a filler but for the likes of Peter Andre\" is great.[20] Entertainment Weekly's Leah Greenblatt considered that \"other modes suit him less well; The Lazy Song is perhaps better left to Jason Mraz\".[21] Alexis Petridis of The Guardian, gave the song a negative review, writing that The Lazy Song \"gets no further than the second verse before Mars – nothing if not keen to keep his fans abreast of his every activity in a world of 360-degree connectivity – announces that he's planning on having a wank\".[22]", "The Lazy Song. Credits adapted from the liner notes of Doo-Wops & Hooligans, Elektra Records[4]", "The Lazy Song. \"The Lazy Song\" spent a total of 27 weeks on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and peaked at number 4.[30] It also peaked at number 3 on Billboard's Pop Songs chart[31] and at number 2 on the Adult Top 40 chart.[32] The single sold over 1 million digital copies in the United States in May 2011, becoming Mars' fifth consecutive million-selling single as a solo and featured artist combined.[33] The song has sold 3,262,000 digital copies in the United States by September 2012.[34] Only in August 16, 2013 the song was certified Platinum, Double-Platinum and consequently Triple-Platinum at the same time.[35] The song rose to number 5 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart, having started at number 85 on March 19, 2011.[36] It entered the Australian ARIA Singles Chart at number 10 on February 28, 2011 and eventually reached number 6.[37] Worldwide, it was one of the best selling digital singles of 2011 with sales of 6.5 million copies.[38]", "The Lazy Song. Mars has performed the song in several shows. The song was first performed live on Kidd Kraddick, on October 19, 2010.[60] On October 22, 2010, a \"soulful\" arrangement of the song was sung for a Billboard Tastemakers video session.[61] On April 28, 2011 he performed the song on the tenth season of American Idol.[62] Mars also performed it at the NBA All-Star Tip Off Pre-Show in February 2011.[63] The song was also performed on NBC's Today Show on June 24, 2011.[64]According to MTV's Dannielle Genet, the singer \"really got the crowd amped\" during the performance of the track.[65] On July 28, of that year Bruno performed in the X-Factor finale of France with the two finalists.[66] On July 27, 2011 he performed the song at KIIS FM for the program Jojoontheradio.[67] It was the seventh song of his debut worldwide tour, The Doo-Wops & Hooligans Tour (2010)[68] and it was performed in Australia, Asia and on the second North America leg of his second worldwide tour, The Moonshine Jungle Tour (2013).[69][70][71]", "The Lazy Song. In 2011, the song received a nomination at the MP3Music Awards for \"The BNC Award Best/New/Act\", but lost.[23] It also received a nomination for the \"Choice Summer Song\" award at the 2011 Teen Choice Awards.[24] In 2011, the song was nominated at the NRJ Music Awards and ASCAP Pop Music Awards for, respectively, the International Song of the Year and Most Performed Song, having won the latter.[25][26] It also was nominated for 2011 Billboard Music Awards, it the category of Top Streaming Song.[27] At the RTHK International Pop Poll Awards the song won \"Top 10 Gold International Gold Songs\"[28] The song, according to Spotify and 300.000 users, was considered a \"Hangover Cure\".[29]", "Lazy (X-Press 2 song). \"Lazy\" is a single by English house duo X-Press 2, featuring vocals from American singer and Talking Heads frontman David Byrne. It was written and produced by X-Press 2 and co-written by Byrne. The song was released on 11 March 2002 through Skint Records and reached number two on the UK Singles Chart, held off number one by \"Unchained Melody\" by Gareth Gates,[2] and spent four weeks in the UK top 10.", "The Lazy Song. In New Zealand, it debuted at number eighteen on the New Zealand Singles Chart on February 28, 2011, and peaked at number three.[39] In the United Kingdom, \"The Lazy Song\" peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart, becoming Mars's third solo chart topper, and fourth in total, in Britain, as well as his third chart-topping song there in under a year following \"Just the Way You Are\" and \"Grenade\".[40][41] According to the Official Charts Company, the song has sold 747,000 copies in the United Kingdom as of October 2016 and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).[42]", "The Lazy Song. The single debuted at number 18 on the Denmark and peaked at number one, the only country in which it did.[43] In Germany it reached number 9.[44] \"The Lazy Song\" started at number 26 in the Dutch Top 40 on April 2, 2011, and peaked at number 4 in its eighth week on the chart.[45] The single debuted at number 10 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 and peaked at number 4.[46] In Switzerland it entered the singles chart at number 29 and climbed to number 9.[47] It peaked at number 11 on the French singles chart (SNEP), and it peaked at number 10 in Italy.[48][49]", "Work from Home. All the girls are then seen performing dance routines inside the hall of the house, with Lauren in the middle and two girls at each side of the staircase. Ty Dolla Sign appears while singing with a sledgehammer over his shoulders. He is seen for the first time together with the group, leaning against a wall, while the girls dance off-cam and perform twerking moves. The girls are now outside of the house, where night has approached, as each girl performs synchronized dance moves.", "Sorry (Justin Bieber song). A dance video for \"Sorry\" was released on October 22, 2015.[69] The video, which features the New Zealand dancers of ReQuest Dance Crew and The Royal Family dance crew, was directed and choreographed by New Zealander Parris Goebel, who also appears as a dancer.[70] The video was initially intended to be a lyric video and was eventually kept as a dance video. Describing it as \"colorful, fun, and upbeat\", Goebel said: \"[We wanted to] just bring more life to it. We were going for a vintage '90s vibe. Me and two of my friends pretty much styled everyone. We all did our own makeup and were spontaneous... Most of it was my wardrobe, actually. We just kind of put together what we had.\"[71] As of April 2018, the music video has received 2.9 billion views on YouTube, making it the seventh most viewed video on the site, the 22nd to reach 1 billion views, the fifth fastest to reach 1 billion views and the fourth fastest to reach 2 billion views.", "This Is How We Do. The music video opens with a visual of an old man staring at a painting, which turns out to be Perry.[43] The video features Perry, accompanied by model Aglae Kounkou and dancer Leah Adler, in front of various backdrops, including a kitchen, a ping pong table, a bathtub, a 3D version of Piet Mondrian's Composition with Red Blue and Yellow, and an ice cream truck. The video also includes a myriad of male dancers in grey suits and red bowties, who also move furniture and props around. A scene during the bridge of the song shows various young adults in midair while food flies around them, and also features Perry on a Skype call with someone named \"Jessica Thot\". The video also features various cartoon versions of ice cream, pizza, and watermelon, which are all shown dancing at the end of the video.", "Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae). The music video was uploaded online on Silentó's Vevo channel on YouTube on June 25, 2015 and shot in Atlanta, Georgia. It was directed by Marc Klasfeld. Set in a high school gymnasium, Silentó performs the dance moves mentioned in the song with dance crews, high school and university cheerleaders, fans, even a trio of conservative women who later join in on the dance, and also incorporates videos sent in by viewers. Lil Scrappy and Rich White Ladies make guest appearances in the video.[3] As of April 2018, it has surpassed 1.5 billion views on YouTube,[4] making it the site's 38th most-watched video.[5]", "All These Things That I've Done. Fellow Las Vegas band Panic! At the Disco members Brendon Urie and Ryan Ross have famously slow danced to the song according to the December 2006 issue of Kerrang.[8]", "She Works Hard for the Money. The music video for the song, directed by Brian Grant, debuted on MTV and became the first video by an African American female artist to be placed in \"heavy rotation\" (a term used by MTV at the time to indicate a frequently-aired video). The video shows a woman, working as a waitress in a diner, who is burdened with many situations in her life such as work and raising two unruly children. It is also seen that she has abandoned her hopes of being a ballerina. Summer appears as an observer through a kitchen window, a woman who assists the fallen-down protagonist of the video, and, at the end, a leader of a troupe of women, in various work uniforms, who have taken to the streets to signify their independence and gain recognition for their \"hard work\". The protagonist is also seen dancing in the street with them.", "Lazy (X-Press 2 song). During a performance on Top of the Pops, X-Press 2 sat on a bunk bed and at a desk.", "LFO (American band). They appeared on The Amanda Show as guest stars, singing a song while Amanda danced in the background with the show's signature 'dancing lobsters'. At the end, LFO described Amanda as 'the most beautiful girl in the world'. The episode has been repeated on Nickelodeon since its creation.", "Wannabe. They made all these different bits up, not thinking in terms of verse, chorus, bridge or what was going to go where, just coming up with all these sections of chanting, rapping and singing, which we recorded all higgledy-piggledy. And then we just sewed it together. It was rather like the way we'd been working on the dance remixes we'd been doing before. Kind of a cut-and-paste method.[18]", "Leonard Nimoy. In May 2011, Nimoy made a cameo appearance in the alternate version music video of Bruno Mars' \"The Lazy Song\". Aaron Bay-Schuck, the Atlantic Records executive who signed Bruno Mars to the label, is Nimoy's stepson.[69]" ]

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[ "Rundown. The word rundown in sports broadcasting has overtaken the word pickle throughout the years. Pickle is more so used to describe the children's yard game where two fielders must tag the runner before the runner reaches a base or objective, which, although a fundamental part of baseball, is a game in and of itself. The use of the term \"pickle\" originated with the phrase \"in a pickle\", which means to be in a pickling (difficult or troubling) situation.", "Pickled cucumber. The term pickle is derived from the Dutch word pekel, meaning brine.[22] In the United States and Canada, the word pickle alone almost always refers to a pickled cucumber (other types of pickles will be described as \"pickled onion\", \"pickled beets\", etc.). In the UK pickle generally refers to ploughman's pickle made from various vegetables, such as Branston pickle, traditionally served with a ploughman's lunch.", "Pickling. The term pickle is derived from the Dutch word pekel, meaning brine. In the U.S. and Canada, and sometimes Australia and New Zealand, the word pickle alone almost always refers to a pickled cucumber, except when it is used figuratively. It may also refer to other types of pickles such as \"pickled onion\", \"pickled cauliflower\", etc. In the UK, pickle, as in a \"cheese and pickle sandwich\", may also refer to Ploughman's pickle, a kind of chutney.", "Rundown. A rundown, informally known as a pickle or the hotbox, is a situation in the game of baseball that occurs when the baserunner is stranded between two bases and is in jeopardy of being tagged out. When the base runner attempts to advance to the next base, he is cut off by the defensive player who has a live ball and attempts to return to his previous base before being tagged out. As he is doing this, the defenseman throws the ball past the base runner to the previous base, forcing him to reverse directions again. This is repeated until the runner is put out or reaches a base safely.", "Pickleball. Although some sources claim that the name \"Pickleball\" was derived from that of the Pritchard's family dog, Pickles, the name actually came from the term \"pickle boat\", referring to the last boat to return with its catch.[4][6] According to Joan Pritchard, Joel Pritchard's wife, the name came \"after I said it reminded me of the Pickle Boat in crew where oarsmen were chosen from the leftovers of other boats. Somehow the idea the name came from our dog Pickles was attached to the naming of the game, but Pickles wasn't on the scene for two more years. The dog was named from the game.\"[7]", "Christmas pickle. The Christmas pickle is a Christmas tradition for some people in the United States and Canada.[citation needed][1] A decoration in the shape of a pickle is hidden on a Christmas tree, with the finder receiving either a reward or good fortune for the following year. There are a number of different origin stories attributed to the tradition, including an origination in Germany. This theory has since been discounted, and it is now thought to be an American tradition created in the late 19th century.", "Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball. \"Kinsley, who does come off as the stereotypical Los Angeles-hating East Coast wonk, said recently that because L.A. is the second biggest city in the country, 'it's really bush league to care about where the writers are from.'\"— Catherine Seipp, National Review, March 24, 2005.[17]", "Pickled cucumber. Bread-and-butter pickles are a marinated pickle produced with sliced cucumbers in a solution of vinegar, sugar and spices which may be either be processed by canning or simply chilled as refrigerator pickles. The origin of the name and the spread of their popularity in the United States is attributed to Omar and Cora Fanning, a pair of Illinois cucumber farmers who started selling sweet and sour pickles in the 1920s and filed for the trademark \"Fanning's Bread and Butter Pickles\" in 1923 (though the recipe and similar ones are probably much older).[12] The story attached to the name is that the Fannings survived rough years by making the pickles with their surplus of undersized cucumbers and bartering them with their grocer for staples such as bread and butter.[13]", "Pickled cucumber. A pickled cucumber (commonly known as a pickle in the United States and Canada or generically as gherkins in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand) is a cucumber that has been pickled in a brine, vinegar, or other solution and left to ferment for a period of time, by either immersing the cucumbers in an acidic solution or through souring by lacto-fermentation.", "In a Pickle (card game). In a Pickle contains 320 cards, each displaying a noun. To start the game, each player is dealt five cards, and four cards are placed face up in the shape of a \"plus\" sign in the center of the table. On their turn, a player may take a card from their hand and place it under or on top of one of the four piles in the center of the table. If the player places their card on top of the pile, the object represented by the noun on their card must be larger than the card it is placed over (for example, \"oven\" may be placed on top of \"pie\"). If the player places their card beneath the pile, the object on their card must fit inside the object it is placed under (for example, \"person\" may be placed beneath \"car\"). A card may not be placed between two cards, as it must be placed either on top of the entire pile or underneath the entire pile. After placing a card on top of or underneath a pile, the player then draws a card from the stack of unused cards to replenish their hand. The rule book encourages players to be creative when placing cards; one possible creative play is to place \"universe\" beneath \"dictionary\", as the word \"universe\" can be found in a dictionary. If a player cannot or chooses not to play a card, they may exchange up to three cards from their hand for the same number of cards from the pile of unused cards before ending their turn.", "In a Pickle (card game). In a Pickle is a card and word game for two to six players. It was published by Gamewright in 2004.", "Piccalilli. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the word to the middle of the 18th century when, in 1758, Hannah Glasse described how \"to make Paco-Lilla, or India Pickle\".[5] An apparently earlier reference is in Anne Blencowe's \"Receipt Book\", written c. 1694, which has \"To Pickle Lila, an Indian Pickle\" credited to Lord Kilmory.[6]", "Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball. \"It was Silver's later, 15-month training period with the Apollo 15 astronauts, and that crew's brilliant geological performance on the lunar plain between the Apennine Mountains and Hadley Rille, a sinuous gorge, that, in Silver's words, \"hit a home run.\"\" — Marcy Drexler, Caltech News, 1999.[57]", "Pickled cucumber. In the United States, pickles are often served as a side dish accompanying meals. This often takes the form of a \"pickle spear\", which is a pickled cucumber cut length-wise into quarters or sixths. Pickles may be used as a condiment on a hamburger or other sandwich (usually in slice form), or on a sausage or hot dog in chopped form as pickle relish.", "Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball. American English has been enriched by expressions derived from the game of baseball. Sometimes referred to as \"America's pastime,\" baseball has especially affected the language of other competitive activities such as politics and business.", "Pickled cucumber. Pickles are sometimes served alone as festival foods, often on a stick. This is also done in Japan, where it is referred to as \"stick pickle\" (一本漬, ippon-tsuke).", "Christmas pickle. This tradition is commonly believed by Americans to come from Germany and be referred to as a Weihnachtsgurke,[4][5] but this is probably apocryphal.[6] In fact, the tradition is completely unknown in Germany.[4][1] It has been suggested that the origin of the Christmas pickle may have been developed for marketing purposes in the 1890s to coincide with the importation of glass Christmas tree decorations from Germany. Woolworths was the first company to import these types of decorations into the United States in 1890,[4] and glass blown decorative vegetables were imported from France from 1892 onwards.[7] Despite the evidence showing that the tradition did not originate in Germany, the concept of Christmas pickles has since been imported from the United States and they are now on sale in the country traditionally associated with it.[4]", "Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball. under the headline \"Dana Milbank's Inside Baseball,\" a news story begins: \"With a few deft strokes and in fewer than 25 inches, Dana Milbank draws behind-the-scenes portraits of Washington power with such dexterity and hilarity that his Washington Sketch column is a must-read for anyone who wants to know how politics in this city really works\". – Brigid Schulte, The Washington Post, 2 March 2010.[58]", "Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball. headline: \"Extra Innings for the Cloned Food Debate\" – Pallavi Gogoi, Bloomberg Businessweek, 2 April 2007[34]", "Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball. \"Vincent B. Orange doesn’t see himself as an opportunist. Rather, he’s more of a 'relief pitcher' with the chops to push the District’s business goals, he said, after council member Harry Thomas Jr. relinquished control of the Committee on Economic Development while he fights a lawsuit accusing him of taking public funds for personal use\".—The Washington Times, 9 June 2011.[97]", "Pickling. The exact origins of pickling are unknown, but the ancient Mesopotamians may have used the process around 2400 B.C.[5] Pickling was used as a way to preserve food for out-of-season use and for long journeys, especially by sea. Salt pork and salt beef were common staples for sailors before the days of steam engines. Although the process was invented to preserve foods, pickles are also made and eaten because people enjoy the resulting flavors. Pickling may also improve the nutritional value of food by introducing B vitamins produced by bacteria.[6]", "Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball. \"Patrick Wiles, a vice president of First Pioneer Farm Credit in Riverhead, said the 'ballpark figure' for prime vineyard land on the North Fork is $50,000 to $60,000 an acre, 'assuming the development rights have been sold.'\" – Howard G. Goldberg, The New York Times, 18 July 2004.[3]", "Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball. \"I've swung and missed a lot in my hunt for vintage Levis\".[113]", "Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball. \"He was the unexpected underdog who comes out of nowhere and starts landing one uppercut after another into the chins of a murderer’s [sic] row of 800-pound gorillas.\" — Andrew Leonard, Salon.com, 10 March 2008.", "Pickled cucumber. Kool-Aid pickles or \"koolickles\", enjoyed by children in parts of the Southern United States,[15] are created by soaking dill pickles in a mixture of Kool-Aid and pickle brine.", "Pickleball. The ball is served with an underhand stroke so that contact with the ball is made below waist level (waist is defined as the navel level) in an upward arc. The server hits from behind the baseline on one side of the center line and aims diagonally to the opponent’s service zone (as in the figure on the right).", "Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball. \"The city's three mayoral candidates finished Wednesday's political double header with a debate at First Congregational United Church for Christ. ...The evening debate did not differ greatly from the luncheon forum that local Rotarians and Kiwanians hosted earlier in the day\" — Andrew Edwards, Contra Costa Times, 21 October 2009[31]", "Pickled cucumber. The Polish- or German-style pickled cucumber (Polish: ogórek kiszony/kwaszony; German: Salzgurken), was developed in the northern parts of central and eastern Europe. It has been exported worldwide and is found in the cuisines of many countries, including the United States, where it was introduced by immigrants. It is sour, similar to the kosher dill, but tends to be seasoned differently.[citation needed]", "Christmas pickle. In the tradition, an ornamental pickle is placed on a Christmas tree as one of the Christmas decorations. On Christmas morning, the first child to find the pickle on the tree would receive an extra present from Santa Claus or would be said to have a year of good fortune.[1]", "Pickleball. Pickleball is a paddle sport (similar to a racquet sport) that combines elements of badminton, tennis, and table tennis.[2] Two or four players use solid paddles made of wood or composite materials to hit a perforated polymer ball, similar to a Wiffle Ball, over a net. The sport shares features of other racquet sports, the dimensions and layout of a badminton court, and a net and rules somewhat similar to tennis, with several modifications. Pickleball was invented in the mid 1960s as a children's backyard pastime.[3]", "Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball. \"The Washington Times' George Archibald reports that Gerald A. Reynolds, assistant secretary for civil rights in the Department of Education, has sent a long overdue brush-back letter to college and university officials concerning their odious and oppressive campus speech codes\". — David Limbaugh,The Washington Times, August 19, 2003.[14]", "In a Pickle (card game). After the pickle round ends, a card is drawn from the stack of unused cards to start a new stack, ensuring that there are always four playable stacks. The player to the left of the player who started the pickle round takes the next turn to resume normal play." ]

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[ "Doc Martin. Doc Martin is a British television medical comedy drama series starring Martin Clunes in the title role. It was created by Dominic Minghella[1] after the character of Dr Martin Bamford in the 2000 comedy film Saving Grace.[2] The show is set in the fictional seaside village of Portwenn and filmed on location in the village of Port Isaac, Cornwall, England, with most interior scenes shot in a converted local barn.", "List of Doc Martin episodes. Doc Martin is a British television medical comedy drama series starring Martin Clunes in the title role. It was created by Dominic Minghella[1] after the character of Dr Martin Bamford in the 2000 comedy film Saving Grace.[2] The show is set in the fictional seaside village of Portwenn and filmed on location in the village of Port Isaac, Cornwall, England, with most interior scenes shot in a converted local barn.", "Doc Martin. Dr Martin Ellingham (Martin Clunes), a brilliant and successful vascular surgeon at Imperial College London, develops haemophobia (a fear of blood), forcing him to stop practising surgery. He obtains a post as the sole general practitioner (GP) in the sleepy Cornish village of Portwenn, where he had spent childhood holidays with his Aunt Joan (Stephanie Cole), who owns a local farm. Upon arriving in Portwenn – where, to his frustration, the locals address him as \"Doc Martin\" – he finds the surgery (medical clinic) in chaos and inherits an incompetent receptionist, Elaine Denham (Lucy Punch). In Series 2–4, she is replaced by Pauline Lamb (Katherine Parkinson), a new receptionist, and later also a phlebotomist. In Series 5, Morwenna Newcross (Jessica Ransom) takes up the post.", "Doc Martin. Martin Clunes originally played a character called \"Dr Martin Bamford\" in the 2000 film Saving Grace and its two made-for-TV prequels, Doc Martin and Doc Martin and the Legend of the Cloutie, which were made by British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB). The prequels show Bamford as a successful obstetrician, rather than a surgeon, who finds out that his wife has been carrying on extramarital affairs behind his back. After confronting her with his discovery, he escapes London and heads for Port Isaac, a small coastal town in Cornwall which he remembers fondly from his youth. Shortly after he arrives, he is involved in the mystery of the \"Jellymaker\" and, following the departure of the village's resident GP, decides to stay and fill the vacancy. In these three films the village is not known as Portwenn.", "Doc Martin. In the Netherlands Dokter Tinus based on the original series began airing in late August 2012 on SBS6, with the main role being played by actor Thom Hoffman. The series was shot in Woudrichem.[citation needed] A Russian version is mentioned in the Series 5 DVD bonus material.[full citation needed] In 2014, Czech Television began filming their own TV series starring Miroslav Donutil, which is heavily inspired by the original British series.[11] The series started to air from 4 September 2015. The Czech version is set in the Beskydy mountains, which is a picturesque area in the east of the Czech Republic, like Portwenn, a long way from the capital, Prague, and dependent on the tourist industry.[12]", "Doc Martin. In Region 4, Series 1, 2, 4, and \"On the Edge\" were released separately and in a nine-disc boxset entitled \"Doc Martin: Comedy Cure\", as well as an earlier seven-disc boxset not including Series 4. The two Sky Pictures telefilms were individually released in Region 4 (as 'Doc Martin: volume 1' and 'Doc Martin: volume 2, the Legend of the Cloutie') on the Magna Pacific label, but are now out-of-print. Series 1-8 are streaming on Acorn TV in the U.S. and Canada. The show is available on Netflix. Series 1-6 are currently available on Amazon Prime Video.", "Doc Martin. Ellingham finds it difficult to express his developing romantic feelings towards primary school teacher Louisa Glasson (Caroline Catz). He often spoils rare tender moments with, for example, a comment about an unpleasant medical condition or by requesting a stool sample. Martin eventually proposes to Louisa, but on the day of their wedding they suddenly break their engagement. Louisa leaves for a job in London; returning after six months, visibly pregnant with Martin's child. When the child is born, the couple renew their relationship. Following much indecision, Martin resolves to remain in Portwenn and marries Louisa, but continued arguments relating to his insensitive nature lead to their becoming estranged again. In Series 7, Louisa lives in Martin's surgery with their baby James Henry, while Martin boards in the village and sees a therapist for his inability to form and maintain relationships.", "Martin (TV series). Set in Detroit, Michigan the series stars Martin Lawrence in the role of Martin Payne, a disc jockey with a girlfriend named Gina Waters (Tisha Campbell-Martin). Martin works for the fictional radio station WZUP and later for local Public-access television station Channel 51. A common theme of the series is Martin's selfish and free-spirited nature. Episodes often center on Martin's inappropriate behaviors and incessant smart mouth towards his friends, neighbors, and whoever else finds themselves in his presence. When all is said and done, however, Martin loves his family and friends—it just takes dire situations for him to show it.[1]", "Doc Martin. Eight series totaling 62 episodes aired on ITV in the UK between 2004 and 2017. Episodes are just under 50 minutes long, except for the 2006 TV film which is 92 minutes. In the US, American Public Television provided the 2006 TV film as a two-part episode, with the second episode airing the week after the first.", "Doc Martin. Notro Films produced a Spanish version under the title Doctor Mateo for Antena 3 Televisión. It aired in 2009 and was shot in Lastres, Asturias, called the fictional village of San Martín del Sella.[citation needed] French television producers Ego Productions, in cooperation with TF1, have produced a French version of the series starring Thierry Lhermitte as Dr Martin Le Foll, with the series based in the fictional Breton town of Port-Garrec.[8][9]", "Doc Martin. Series 1, 2 and 3 and \"On the Edge\" were released separately in Region 1 and 2 and in the \"complete Series 1 to 3\" box set. Series 3 was released on 2 February 2010 and Series 4 was released in Region 1 and 2 on 6 July 2010. Series 5 was released in Region 1 on 5 June 2012 and Region 2 on 5 March 2012. A complete boxset of Series 1-5 is also available in Region 2. Series 6 of Doc Martin was released in Region 1 in December 2013 and in the UK (Region 2) on 24 March 2014.\nSeries 7 of Doc Martin was released on DVD/Blu-ray in Region 1 on December 8, 2015 and in the UK (Region 2) on 16 November 2015.", "Doc Martin. In Germany, Doktor Martin, an adaptation of the original series, airs on ZDF with Axel Milberg as Doktor Martin Helling,[10] a surgeon from Berlin. The counterpart of Portwenn was the real village of Neuharlingersiel in East Frisia. In Greece, Kliniki Periptosi, an adaptation of the original series, was aired in November 2011 on Mega Channel with Yannis Bezos as Markos Staikos, a surgeon from New York.[citation needed]", "List of Doc Martin episodes. Doc Martin has aired on ITV since 2 September 2004, with a first season of six episodes. The episode number for the second series increased to eight. This was followed by a television film and a third series of seven episodes. The next four series aired eight episodes each. Series 8 began on 20 September 2017. While it was initially reported that the series would end after Series 9 in 2018, Martin Clunes has clarified that it had only been commissioned as far as the next year, thereby not ruling out future plans by the broadcaster.[3]", "Doc Martin. The Martin Bamford character is friendly and laid-back, seeming to enjoy his retreat from the career pressures and conflicts he left behind in London. He drinks and smokes carelessly, including a mild illegal drug, and has no problem getting his hands and clothes dirty by temporarily working as a lobster and crab fisherman aboard a local boat.", "Port Isaac. Since the 1980s the village has served as backdrop to various television productions, including the ITV series Doc Martin, and is home to the group Fisherman's Friends, sea-shanty singers.", "Doc McStuffins. The series chronicles freckled,[6] seven-year-old (later eight[7]) Dottie \"Doc\" McStuffins[8] who decides she wants to become a doctor like her mother, a pediatrician. The show takes place in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. She practices her dream by fixing toys and dolls. In the UK, the show was redubbed using British voice actors, replacing the original American soundtrack.", "Doc Martin. Seven series aired between 2004 and 2015, and a feature-length special aired on Christmas Day 2006. The eighth and most recent series began airing on ITV on 20 September 2017, and will stream in the United States and Canada on Acorn TV. An American TV remake of the series is also being planned.[3] While it was initially reported that the series would end after Series 9 in 2018, Martin Clunes clarified that it had only been commissioned as far as the next year, thereby not ruling out future plans by the broadcaster.[4]", "Doc Martin. In 2009, Doc Martin was moved to a 9pm Sunday time slot for the broadcast of Series 4. That change meant that it followed-on from ITV's The X Factor programme. Series 4 ratings were adversely affected by STV not screening the majority of ITV drama productions in Scotland. The final episode of Series 4 had ratings of 10.29 million viewers.[7] STV went back on its decision not to screen ITV drama in Scotland. Series 4 of Doc Martin was broadcast on Sunday afternoons in August 2011.", "Poldark. A young doctor who arrives in Cornwall after training in London. He strikes up a firm friendship with Ross which proves strong and enduring. He is conscientious and generous, often not charging his poorest patients for his services. He becomes involved with a young miner's wife with tragic results. He eventually marries a young heiress, Caroline Penvenen. After marrying Caroline, he goes to war.", "Doc Martin. The villagers eventually discover his fear of blood, and the frequent and debilitating bouts of nausea and vomiting it causes. In spite of this handicap, Ellingham proves to be an expert diagnostician and responds effectively to various emergencies in his medical practice; thus, he gradually gains grudging respect from his neighbours. Ellingham's aunt, Joan Norton (Stephanie Cole), provides emotional support in the face of the controversy his impatient manner causes among the villagers. When she dies after a heart attack, her sister Ruth (Eileen Atkins), a retired psychiatrist, comes to Portwenn to take care of her affairs, and eventually decides to use the village as a permanent retreat, offering Martin the support Joan had provided.", "Detectorists. The series is set in the fictional small town of Danebury in northern Essex and the plot revolves around the lives, loves and detecting ambitions of Andy and Lance, members of the Danebury Metal Detecting Club (DMDC).", "Doc Martin. In the UK, Doc Martin has been a ratings success for ITV with the third series achieving ITV's best midweek drama performance in the 9pm Monday slot since December 2004.[5] The final episode of the third series was watched by 10.37 million viewers, which is the programme's highest-ever viewing figure for a single episode.[6]", "Everwood. The series begins with Dr. Andy Brown, played by Treat Williams, who moves his family to the fictional small town of Everwood, Colorado after the death of his wife. The series also stars Gregory Smith, Vivien Cardone, Emily VanCamp, Chris Pratt, Debra Mooney, John Beasley and Tom Amandes. Filming took place primarily in Ogden, South Salt Lake, Draper, Utah, and Park City, Utah except the series pilot which was filmed in Canmore, Alberta, Denver, Colorado and Calgary.[1]", "List of Doc Martin episodes. As of November 8, 2017,[update] 62 episodes of Doc Martin have aired, including one special.", "Doc Martin. The show revolves around Ellingham's interactions with the local Cornish villagers. Despite his medical excellence, Ellingham is grouchy, pugnacious, and lacks social skills. His direct, emotionless manner offends many of the villagers, made worse by his invariably unpleasant responses to their ignorant, often foolish, comments. They perceive him to be hot-tempered and lacking in a bedside manner, whereas he feels he is performing his duties in a professional and by-the-book manner, not wasting time chatting. Ellingham is very deadpan and dresses formally in a business suit and tie, regardless of the weather or the occasion, and he never takes off his jacket, even when delivering babies. He does not smoke and has no hesitation in pointing out the risks of unhealthy behaviours, both in private and in public gatherings.", "List of Doc Martin episodes. in the acorn media compilation, \"On the Edge\" is included in the season 2 DVD, as part of that seasons episodes.", "Doctor Doctor (Australian TV series). After a spectacular fall from grace, high-flying heart surgeon Dr Hugh Knight receives a life-changing punishment from the Medical Tribunal — he is forced to work for a year as a country GP in his former home town of Whyhope. Now the only way to salvage his brilliant career is to work as a lowly GP in an under-resourced, small-town hospital surrounded by estranged family, former friends, crazed colleagues, oddball patients, jealous brothers and a newlywed ex-girlfriend.", "Doc Martin. Along with Clunes, the only actors to appear in both versions of Doc Martin are Tristan Sturrock and Tony Maudsley.", "Michael J. Fox. In 1991, he starred in Doc Hollywood, a romantic comedy about a talented medical doctor who decides to become a plastic surgeon. While moving from Washington, D.C. to Los Angeles, he winds up as a doctor in a small southern town in South Carolina. Michael Caton-Jones, from Time Out, described Fox in the film as \"at his frenetic best\".[32] The Hard Way was also released in 1991, with Fox playing an undercover actor learning from police officer James Woods. After being privately diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease in 1991 and being cautioned he had \"ten good working years left\", Fox hastily signed a three-film contract, appearing in For Love or Money (1993), Life With Mikey (1993), and Greedy (1994). The mid-1990s saw Fox play smaller supporting roles in The American President (1995) and Mars Attacks! (1996).[7]", "K9 (Doctor Who). In 1985, a series of gamebooks featuring the Sixth Doctor were published by Severn House under the title Make your own adventure with Doctor Who in Britain and Find Your Fate — Doctor Who in the United States. These books were actually written by scriptwriters for the television series. Martin wrote Search for the Doctor which takes place in the mid-21st century and features K9 Mark IV being reunited with the Sixth Doctor long after Sarah's death.", "Dr. Watson. In the 2010– BBC television show Sherlock, Martin Freeman portrays Watson as a discharged military doctor who strikes a complicated yet good friendship with the brilliant but eccentric Holmes (Benedict Cumberbatch). As with the original character, Watson served in the British Army in Afghanistan. The adaptation is set in contemporary London.", "Fawlty Towers. The series is set in Fawlty Towers, a fictional hotel in the seaside town of Torquay on the \"English Riviera\". The plots centre on tense, rude and put-upon owner Basil Fawlty (Cleese), his bossy wife Sybil (Prunella Scales), comparatively normal chambermaid Polly (Booth) who often is the peacemaker and voice of reason, and hapless and English-challenged Spanish waiter Manuel (Andrew Sachs), showing their attempts to run the hotel amidst farcical situations and an array of demanding and eccentric guests and tradespeople." ]

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[ "Wake-on-LAN. The magic packet is a broadcast frame containing anywhere within its payload 6 bytes of all 255 (FF FF FF FF FF FF in hexadecimal), followed by sixteen repetitions of the target computer's 48-bit MAC address, for a total of 102 bytes.", "Wake-on-LAN. To create a Magic Packet you need to know the MAC address of the specific computer that will be turned on. Software to send WoL magic packets is available for all modern platforms, including Windows, Macintosh and Linux, plus many smart phones. Examples include: Wake On Lan Gui, Lan Helper, Magic Packet Utility, NetWaker for Windows, Nirsoft WakeMeOnLAN, WakeOnLANx, EMCO WOL, Aquila Tech Wake on Lan, ManageEngine WOL utility, FusionFenix and SolarWinds WOL Tool.[20] There are also web sites that allow a Magic Packet to be sent online without charge. Example source code for a developer to add Wake-on-LAN to a program is readily available in many computer languages.", "Wake-on-LAN. Ethernet connections, including home and work networks, wireless data networks and the Internet itself, are based on frames sent between computers. Wake-on-LAN (\"WOL\") is implemented using a specially designed frame called a magic packet, which is sent to all computers in a network, among them the computer to be awakened. The magic packet contains the MAC address of the destination computer, an identifying number built into each network interface card (\"NIC\") or other ethernet device in a computer, that enables it to be uniquely recognized and addressed on a network. Powered-down or turned off computers capable of Wake-on-LAN will contain network devices able to \"listen\" to incoming packets in low-power mode while the system is powered down. If a magic packet is received that is directed to the device's MAC address, the NIC signals the computer's power supply or motherboard to initiate system wake-up, much in the same way as pressing the power button would do.", "Wake-on-LAN. Since the magic packet is only scanned for the string above, and not actually parsed by a full protocol stack, it may be sent as any network- and transport-layer protocol, although it is typically sent as a UDP datagram to port 0,[6] 7 or 9, or directly over Ethernet as EtherType 0x0842.[7]", "Wake-on-LAN. Magic packets are sent via the data link or OSI-2 layer, which can be used or abused by anyone on the same LAN, unless the L2 LAN equipment is capable of (and configured for) filtering such traffic to match site-wide security requirements.", "Wake-on-LAN. A standard magic packet has the following basic limitations:", "Wake-on-LAN. The magic packet is sent on the data link layer (layer 2 in the OSI model) and when sent, is broadcast to all attached devices on a given network, using the network broadcast address; the IP-address (layer 3 in the OSI model) is not used.", "Wake-on-LAN. Further, the WoL protocol operates on a \"deeper level\" in the multi-layer networking architecture. To ensure the Magic Packet gets from source to destination, while the destination is sleeping, the ARP Binding (aka IP & MAC binding) must typically be set in a NAT Router. This allows the Router to forward the Magic Packet to the sleeping computer's MAC adapter at a networking layer below typical IP usage. In the NAT router ARP (aka MAC & IP) binding requires just a dedicated IP number and the MAC address of the destination computer. There are some security implications associated with ARP binding (see ARP spoofing) however as long as none of the computers connected to the LAN are compromised, an attacker must use a computer that is connected directly to the target LAN (plugged into the LAN via cable, or gains free access to the LAN by breaking through the WiFi connection security).", "Wake-on-LAN. In that case, software tools like a packet analyzer can help with Wake-on-LAN troubleshooting as they allow confirming (while the PC is still on) that the magic packet is indeed visible to a particular computer's NIC. The same magic packet can then be used to find out if the computer powers up from an offline state. This allows networking issues to be isolated from other hardware issues. In some cases they also confirm that the packet was destined for a specific PC or sent to a broadcast address and they can additionally show the packet's internals.", "Wake-on-LAN. Most home routers are able to send magic packets to LAN, for example routers with the DD-WRT, Tomato or PfSense firmware have a built-in Wake On Lan client. The 3rd party FOSS project OpenWrt supports both Linux implementations for WoL etherwake and WoLs.", "Wake-on-LAN. The computer being awakened does not know whether the wakeup signal comes from another machine on the same network or from anywhere else. If the magic packet can be made to reach a computer, it can originate anywhere (e.g., from the Internet). This can be achieved by a virtual private network (VPN), which makes the remote computer appear to be a member of the local area network (LAN). In the absence of a VPN, a computer connected to a router can be awakened if a magic packet sent over the Internet is routed to it. This requires any firewall to be set up to allow entry of the Wake-on-LAN signal to a specified port. The port can be forwarded to the computer to be awakened; or some routers permit the packet to be broadcast to the entire LAN.[26] However, some routers do not support this as they will not forward broadcast packets.", "Wake-on-LAN. The use of Wake-on-LAN technology on enterprise networks can sometimes conflict with network access control solutions such as 802.1x or MAC-based authentication, which may prevent magic packet delivery if a machine's WoL hardware has not been designed to maintain a live authentication session while in a sleep state.[13] Configuration of these two features in tandem often requires tuning of timing parameters and thorough testing.", "Wake-on-LAN. Certain NICs support a security feature called \"SecureOn\". It allows users to store within the NIC a hexadecimal password of 6 bytes. Clients have to append this password to the magic packet. The NIC wakes the system only if the MAC address and password are correct. This security measure significantly decreases the risk of successful brute force attacks, by increasing the search space by 48 bits (6 bytes), up to 296 combinations if the MAC address is entirely unknown. However any network eavesdropping will expose the cleartext password. Still, only a few NIC and router manufacturers support such security features.[citation needed]", "Wake-on-LAN. The machine's BIOS must be set to allow Wake-on-LAN. To allow wakeup from powered-down state S5, wakeup on PME (Power Management Event) is also required. The Intel adapter allows \"Wake on Directed Packet\", \"Wake on Magic Packet\", \"Wake on Magic Packet from power off state\", and \"Wake on Link\".[25] Wake on Directed Packet is particularly useful as the machine will automatically come out of standby or hibernation when it is referenced, without the user or application needing to explicitly send a magic packet. Unfortunately in many networks waking on directed packet (any packet with the adapter's MAC address or IP address) or on link is likely to cause wakeup immediately after going to a low-power state. Details for any particular motherboard and network adapter are to be found in the relevant manuals; there is no general method. Knowledge of signals on the network may also be needed to prevent spurious wakening.", "Wake-on-LAN. Wake-on-LAN (WoL) is an Ethernet or token ring computer networking standard that allows a computer to be turned on or awakened by a network message.", "Wake-on-LAN. On routers that have this capability, the default TCP or UDP ports preconfigured to relay WOL requests are usually ports 7 (Echo Protocol) and/or 9 (Discard Protocol). However this proxy setting must be enabled in the router, and port forwarding rules may needed to be configured in its embedded firewall in order to accept magic packets coming from the Internet side to these restricted port numbers, and to allow rebroadcasting them on the local network (normally to the same ports and the same TCP or UDP protocol). Such routers may also be configurable to use different port numbers for this proxying service.", "Wake-on-LAN. Software which sends a WoL magic packet is referred to in different circles as both a \"client\" and a \"server\", which can be a source of confusion. While WoL hardware/firmware is arguably performing the role of a \"server\", web based interfaces which act as a gateway through which users can issue WoL packets without downloading a local client often become known as \"The Wake On LAN Server\" to users. Additionally, software that administers WoL capabilities from the host OS side may be carelessly referred to as a \"client\" on occasion, and of course, machines running WoL generally tend to be end-user desktops, and as such, are \"clients\" in modern IT parlance.", "Wake-on-LAN. The Wake-on-LAN implementation is designed to be very simple and to be quickly processed by the circuitry present on the network interface card with minimal power requirement. Because Wake-on-LAN operates below the IP protocol layer, IP addresses and DNS names are meaningless and so the MAC address is required.", "Wake-on-LAN. In the early days of Wake-on-LAN the situation was relatively simple: a machine was connected to power but switched off, and it was arranged that a special packet be sent to switch the machine on.", "Wake-on-LAN. AMT uses TLS encryption to secure an out-of-band communication tunnel to an AMT-based PC for remote management commands such as Wake-on-LAN. AMT secures the communication tunnel with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128-bit encryption and RSA keys with modulus lengths of 2,048 bits.[15][16] Because the encrypted communication is out-of-band, the PC’s hardware and firmware receive the magic packet before network traffic reaches the software stack for the operating system (OS). Since the encrypted communication occurs “below” the OS level, it is less vulnerable to attacks by viruses, worms, and other threats that typically target the OS level.[14]", "Wake-on-LAN. The message is usually sent to the target computer by a program executed on a device connected to the same local area network, such as a smartphone. It is also possible to initiate the message from another network by using subnet directed broadcasts or a WOL gateway service. Equivalent terms include wake on WAN, remote wake-up, power on by LAN, power up by LAN, resume by LAN, resume on LAN and wake up on LAN. If the computer being awakened is communicating via Wi-Fi, a supplementary standard called Wake on Wireless LAN (WoWLAN) must be employed.[1]", "ping (networking utility). The payload may also include a magic packet for the Wake-on-LAN protocol, but the minimum payload in that case is longer than shown. The Echo Request typically does not receive any reply if the host was sleeping in hibernation state, but the host still wakes up from sleep state if its interface is configured to accept wakeup requests. If the host is already active and configured to allow replies to incoming ICMP Echo Request packets, the returned reply should include the same payload. This may be used to detect that the remote host was effectively woken up, by repeating a new request after some delay to allow the host to resume its network services. If the host was just sleeping in low power active state, a single request wakes up that host just enough to allow its Echo Reply service to reply instantly if that service was enabled. The host does not need to completely wake up all devices, and may return to low power mode after a short delay. Such configuration may be used to avoid a host to enter in hibernation state, with much longer wake up delay, after some time passed in low power active mode.[citation needed]", "Wake-on-LAN. IT shops using Wake-on-LAN through the Intel AMT implementation can wake an AMT PC over network environments that require TLS-based security, such as IEEE 802.1x, Cisco Self Defending Network (SDN), and Microsoft Network Access Protection (NAP) environments.[14] The Intel implementation also works for wireless networks.[14]", "Wake-on-LAN. The WOL and WoWLAN standards are often supplemented by vendors to provide protocol-transparent on-demand services, for example in the Apple Bonjour wake-on-demand (Sleep Proxy) feature.[2]", "Wake-on-LAN. Wake-on-LAN can be a difficult technology to implement, because it requires appropriate BIOS, network card and, sometimes, operating system and router support to function reliably. In some cases, hardware may wake from one low power state but not from others. This means that due to hardware issues the computer may be waking up from the \"fully off state\" (S5) but doesn't wake from sleep or hibernation or vice versa. Also, it is not always clear what kind of magic packet a NIC expects to see.", "Wake-on-LAN. Apple's Apple Remote Desktop client management system can be used to send Wake-on-LAN packets, but there are also freeware and shareware Mac OS X applications available.", "Wake-on-LAN. Some PCs include technology built into the chipset to improve security for Wake-on-LAN. For example, Intel AMT (a component of Intel vPro technology), includes Transport Layer Security (TLS), an industry-standard protocol that strengthens encryption.[14]", "Wake-on-LAN. Abuse of the Wake-on-LAN feature only allows computers to be switched on; it does not in itself bypass password and other forms of security, and is unable to power off the machine once on. However, many client computers attempt booting from a PXE server when powered up by WoL. So, a combination of DHCP and PXE servers on the network can sometimes be used to start a computer with an attacker's boot image, bypassing any security of the installed operating system and granting access to unprotected, local disks over the network.", "Wake-on-LAN. A principal limitation of standard broadcast wake-on-LAN is that broadcast packets are generally not routed. This prevents the technique being used in larger networks or over the Internet. Subnet directed broadcasts (SDB)[8][9] may be used to overcome this limitation. SDB may require changes to intermediate router configuration. Subnet directed broadcasts are treated like unicast network packets until processed by the final (local) router. This router then broadcasts the packet using layer 2 broadcast. This technique allows a broadcast to be initiated on a remote network but requires all intervening routers to forward the SDB.[10][11] When preparing a network to forward SDB packets, care must be taken to filter packets so that only desired (e.g. WoL) SDB packets are permitted — otherwise the network may become a participant in DDoS attacks such as the Smurf Attack.", "Wake-on-LAN. Wake-on-LAN usually needs to be enabled in the Power Management section of a PC motherboard's BIOS setup utility, although on some systems, such as Apple computers, it is enabled by default. On older systems the bios setting may be referred to as \"WOL\", on newer systems supporting PCI version 2.2, it may be referred to as \"PME\" (Power Management Events, which include WOL). It may also be necessary to configure the computer to reserve standby power for the network card when the system is shut down.", "Wake-on-LAN. Wake-on-LAN support is implemented on the motherboard of a computer and the network interface (firmware), and is consequently not dependent on the operating system running on the hardware. Some operating systems can control Wake-on-LAN behaviour via NIC drivers. With older motherboards, if the network interface is a plug-in card rather than being integrated into the motherboard, the card may need to be connected to the motherboard by an additional cable. Motherboards with an embedded Ethernet controller which supports Wake-on-LAN do not need a cable. The power supply must meet ATX 2.01 specifications.", "Wake-on-LAN. Laptops powered by the Intel Centrino Processor Technology or newer[18] (with explicit BIOS support) allow waking up the machine using wireless Wake on Wireless LAN (WoWLAN)." ]

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[ "2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December). The 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played at 7:30 pm CST on December 29, 2017 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 82nd Cotton Bowl Classic was one of the 2017–18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season.", "2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December). The Cotton Bowl was played by Pac-12 Conference champion USC Trojans and Big Ten Conference champion Ohio State Buckeyes. These teams were chosen by the CFP Selection Committee. Traditionally, the Pac-12 and Big Ten champions meet in the Rose Bowl, however in the 2017 season, that game will be used for one of the two College Football Playoff semifinal games. Of note is that this year's Rose Bowl features SEC champion Georgia and Big 12 champion Oklahoma, a matchup which traditionally occurs in the Sugar Bowl, which is being used as the other CFP semifinal game for this year.", "2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December). The game was broadcast on ESPN, ESPN Deportes, ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio. It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and was officially known as the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic.", "Cotton Bowl Classic. The Cotton Bowl Classic, officially the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic for sponsorship purposes, is an American college football bowl game that has been held annually since January 1, 1937. Between 1937 and 2009, the game was played at its namesake stadium in Dallas; in 2010, it moved to Cowboys Stadium in nearby Arlington.[1] Historically, the game hosted the champion of the Southwest Conference (SWC) against a team invited from elsewhere in the country, frequently a major independent or a runner-up from the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Following the dissolution of the SWC in 1996, the game hosted a runner-up from the Big 12 Conference, facing an SEC team from 1999 to 2014. The Cotton Bowl Classic has served as one of six bowls in the College Football Playoff (CFP) since the 2014 season; it hosted a national semifinal following the 2015 season and will do so again following the 2018 season. In the most recent edition of the Game, following the 2017 season, Big Ten champion Ohio State defeated Pac-12 champion USC by a score of 24-7.", "Cotton Bowl (stadium). The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual college football post-season bowl game known as the Cotton Bowl Classic, for which the stadium is named. Starting on New Year's Day 1937, it hosted the first 73 editions of the game, through January 2009; the game was moved to AT&T Stadium in Arlington in January 2010. The stadium also hosts the Red River Showdown, the annual college football game between the Oklahoma Sooners and the Texas Longhorns, and the Heart of Dallas Bowl.", "Cotton Bowl (stadium). From 1937 to 2009, the Cotton Bowl hosted the Cotton Bowl Classic, an annual NCAA Division I bowl game. Beginning in 2010, the bowl game has been played at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. From 1941 to 1994, the Southwest Conference champion would play in the bowl game; since 1997, the first postseason of the Big 12 Conference, its second-place team has competed against an SEC team in the Cotton Bowl Classic.", "2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. Since the 2014–15 postseason, six College Football Playoff (CFP) bowl games have hosted two semifinal playoff games on a rotating basis. For this season, the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California and the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans, Louisiana will host the semifinal games, with the winners advancing to the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia.", "2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December). This is the eighth time that the schools met in a bowl game.[1] The previous seven bowl meetings were all in the Rose Bowl, most recently in 1985—a game the Trojans won, 20–17.", "Cotton Bowl Classic. Through the December 2017 playing, there have been 82 games (164 total appearances).", "2017 Sugar Bowl. The 2017 Sugar Bowl is a bowl game that was played on January 2, 2017 at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. This 83rd Sugar Bowl was played between a team from the Big 12 Conference and the Southeastern Conference. It is one of the 2016–17 bowl games that concluded the 2016 FBS football season. Sponsored by the Allstate insurance company, the game is officially known as the Allstate Sugar Bowl.", "Cotton Bowl (stadium). In 2016, the Texas State Fair in conjunction with the City of Dallas announced an expansion of games played during the state fair for 2018 and 2019. Following the Red River Rivalry weekend, the Texas Southern University Tigers will play against the Southern University Jaguars. The game will be a neutral site for both teams, Texas Southern University is centrally located in Houston and Southern University is located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (South Louisiana). The two schools are long-time SWAC rivals and have nationally recognized marching bands.[13]", "Cotton Bowl (stadium). Cotton Bowl Stadium is an outdoor stadium in the south central United States, opening in 1930 at the site of the State Fair of Texas in Dallas. Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators.", "2017 Fiesta Bowl. The 2017 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 30, 2017, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The 47th Fiesta Bowl was one of the New Year's Bowls of the College Football Playoff, and one of the 2017–18 bowl games concluding the 2017 FBS football season.", "2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December). The 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on December 31, 2015 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 80th Cotton Bowl Classic was a College Football Playoff semifinal between Alabama and Michigan State with the winner to compete in the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship. It was one of the 2015–16 bowl games that concluded the 2015 FBS football season.", "Cotton Bowl (stadium). The Cotton Bowl has been used by a number of teams in several sports throughout its history, and has hosted three collegiate bowl games. The Cotton Bowl has also hosted large music concerts, including the inaugural Texxas Jam and other similar events.", "2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December). Offense: QB JT Barrett", "2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December). Prior to kickoff, the Trojans led the all-time series 13-9-1; the most recent game was on September 12, 2009, where the Trojans defeated the Buckeyes by a score of 18-15, scoring with 1:05 remaining in the game to go ahead to stay. USC had won the last 7 games in the series, with Ohio State's last win coming in the 1974 Rose Bowl.", "Cotton Bowl (stadium). In addition to the Red River Rivalry, the Grambling State University Tigers and the Prairie View A&M University Panthers play each other at the Cotton Bowl in the State Fair Classic. This game often occurs the weekend before the Texas-OU Red River Rivalry game. It is a neutral site for both teams; Grambling State is located in northern Louisiana and Prairie View A&M is located about 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Houston, Texas. The halftime show, the \"Battle of the Bands\", is arguably more eagerly anticipated than the game itself. The State Fair Classic is heavily marketed in the Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex, with local hip hop stations encouraging a large turnout among the region's African-American community. The State Fair Classic is currently the largest FCS football game in Texas.", "Cotton Bowl (stadium). In November 2006, the city of Dallas and the State Fair of Texas finally agreed on funding for a long-planned[10] $50 million renovation, with $30 million of this amount from a city bond.[11] Thus, in April 2007, the schools signed a contract to play at the Cotton Bowl through 2015, coupled with a $57 million fund for upgrades and improvements to the aging stadium.[12] The 2008 game was held on October 11.", "Cotton Bowl Classic. In the 2010 Cotton Bowl Classic played between the Oklahoma State Cowboys and the Ole Miss Rebels at the new Cowboys Stadium, the Rebels shut down the high scoring Cowboys offense to win the 74th annual Cotton Bowl Classic 21–7.", "Cotton Bowl Classic. In 2010, the Cotton Bowl Classic moved to the new Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, as part of a bid by bowl officials to make it part of the BCS in 2011. Although the Cotton Bowl had recently been remodeled, Dallas' cold January weather had been a longstanding concern, and was thought to have hampered any prospect of upgrading the game to the BCS. In contrast, the new stadium would offer top amenities and a retractable roof.[11] A new four-year agreement between the BCS and ESPN had forestalled any possibility of the Cotton Bowl Classic joining the BCS until 2015 at the earliest.[12] Later findings that the Fiesta Bowl reimbursed employees more than $46,000 for political contributions could have opened the door for the Cotton Bowl to replace the Fiesta in the BCS bowl rotation;[13] however, the Fiesta Bowl did not lose its BCS rotation.", "2017 Ohio State Buckeyes football team. The No. 5 Ohio State Buckeyes (12-2) defeated the No. 8 USC Trojans (11-3) 24-7 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas in the Cotton Bowl Classic. This was the first time that the Buckeyes defeated the Trojans since 1974, which broke a seven game USC win-streak.", "Cotton Bowl (stadium). Since January 2011, the Cotton Bowl has been the home of the Heart of Dallas Bowl, an annual college football bowl game. The game was tentatively named the \"Dallas Football Classic\" prior to TicketCity being announced as the bowl game's title sponsor. The game was called the \"TicketCity Bowl\" for the first two match ups. On October 4, 2012, the name changed again to its current incarnation. The game has had bowl tie-ins with the Big 12 Conference in 2011, Conference USA in 2012, and the Big Ten Conference in both 2011 and 2012. The inaugural game saw the Texas Tech Red Raiders defeat the Northwestern Wildcats, 45–38.", "2017–18 NCAA football bowl games. The semifinal games were the Rose Bowl and the Sugar Bowl. Both were played on New Year's Day, as part of a yearly rotation of three pairs of six bowls, commonly referred to as the CFP New Year's Six bowl games. Their winners advanced to the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia on January 8, 2018.", "2017 Celebration Bowl. The 2017 Celebration Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game that was played on December 16, 2017 at the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. This third Celebration Bowl game matched the champion of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference, against the champion of the Southwestern Athletic Conference, the two historically black division I conferences. The event was the finale of the 2017 FCS football season for both conferences as neither had teams earn an at large selections into the NCAA Division I FCS football playoffs and their champions abstain from the tournament.", "2018 Sugar Bowl. The 2018 Sugar Bowl is a College Football Playoff semifinals bowl game that was played on January 1, 2018, at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. This 84th Sugar Bowl game matched two of the top four teams selected by the Selection Committee to compete for a spot at the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship to be played on January 8, 2018, at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. It was one of the 2017–18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season. Sponsored by the Allstate insurance company, the game is officially known as the Allstate Sugar Bowl.", "Cotton Bowl Classic. In April 2008, Cotton Bowl Classic officials announced that in 2009 and 2010 the game would be moved from its traditional start time of 10 a.m. CST on January 1 to 1 p.m. CST on January 2.[9]", "Cotton Bowl Classic. The Cotton Bowl Classic returned to \"major\" bowl status in the 2014 season in conjunction with the first year of the new College Football Playoff. It will host a national semifinal once every three years (in the 2015, 2018, 2021, 2024 seasons), and in other years will host two at-large teams that did not get selected to the four-team playoff. As part of this move, television rights will switch to ESPN, which will also televise the other games in the playoff system. The 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game between the No. 9 Missouri Tigers of the Southeastern Conference and the No. 13 Oklahoma State Cowboys of the Big 12 Conference. The Tigers beat the Cowboys by a score of 41–31 to claim the school’s second-ever Cotton Bowl Classic championship and set a new AT&T Stadium record with 24 points in the fourth quarter.", "Heart of Dallas Bowl. The Heart of Dallas Bowl, officially the Zaxby's Heart of Dallas Bowl for sponsorship purposes, is an NCAA post-season college football bowl game. The inaugural game was played on New Year's Day (January 1), 2011, at the Cotton Bowl in Fair Park in Dallas, Texas.[1] This game physically replaced the Cotton Bowl Classic, which moved from its longtime eponymous home to AT&T Stadium in nearby Arlington in 2010. The conferences are scheduled to receive a $1.2 million payout for the teams' participation.", "Cotton Bowl (stadium). The annual college football game between the University of Oklahoma Sooners and the University of Texas at Austin Longhorns, also known before 2005 as the Red River Shootout, is played at the Cotton Bowl during the State Fair of Texas, instead of on either school's campus. Ticket sales are equally divided between the two schools, and the fans are split on the 50-yard line. The Longhorns have a record of 61-46-5 against the Sooners.", "2017 Rose Bowl. The 2017 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game played on January 2, 2017 at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena, California.[4] This 103rd Rose Bowl Game matched the Big Ten Conference champions Penn State Nittany Lions against the USC Trojans of the Pac-12 Conference, a rematch of the 1923 and 2009 Rose Bowls, the former the first appearance for either team in the bowl and the latter the most recent appearance for either team. It was one of the 2016–17 bowl games that concluded the 2016 FBS football season. Sponsored by the Northwestern Mutual financial services organization, the game was officially known as the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual. USC received the Lathrop K. Leishman trophy for winning the game.", "2017 College Football Playoff National Championship. Competing bids were placed to host the championship game by Tampa, Jacksonville, Minneapolis, San Antonio, San Francisco, and South Florida. Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, was announced as the host site for the third College Football Playoff (CFP) National Championship game on December 17, 2013. It became the first CFP championship game to not be held at the site of one of the \"New Year's Six\" bowls.[4] This championship game is part of the third annual CFP, constituted by four teams playing to decide the national champion of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. The four teams were originally selected by a 13 member-committee.[5]" ]

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[ "Ciprofloxacin. Although approved by regulatory authorities for the treatment of respiratory infections, ciprofloxacin is not recommended for respiratory infections by most treatment guidelines due in part to its modest activity against the common respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae.[18][19][20] \"Respiratory quinolones\" such as levofloxacin, having greater activity against this pathogen, are recommended as first line agents for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in patients with important co-morbidities and in patients requiring hospitalization (Infectious Diseases Society of America 2007). Similarly, ciprofloxacin is not recommended as a first-line treatment for acute sinusitis.[21][22]", "Ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin only treats bacterial infections; it does not treat viral infections such as the common cold. For certain uses including acute sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections and uncomplicated gonorrhea, ciprofloxacin is not considered a first-line agent.", "Ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin is used to treat a wide variety of infections, including infections of bones and joints, endocarditis, gastroenteritis, malignant otitis externa, respiratory tract infections, cellulitis, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, anthrax, and chancroid.[2]", "Ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.[2] This includes bone and joint infections, intra abdominal infections, certain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others.[2] For some infections it is used in addition to other antibiotics.[2] It can be taken by mouth, in eye drops, or intravenously.[2][3]", "Upper respiratory tract infection. There is low or very-low quality evidence that probiotics may be better than placebo in preventing acute URTIs.[10] Vaccination against influenza viruses, adenoviruses, measles, rubella, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, diphtheria, Bacillus anthracis, and Bordetella pertussis may prevent them from infecting the URT or reduce the severity of the infection.[citation needed]", "Ciprofloxacin. Its spectrum of activity includes most strains of bacterial pathogens responsible for community-acquired pneumonias, bronchitis, urinary tract infections, and gastroenteritis.[35] Ciprofloxacin is particularly effective against Gram-negative bacteria (such as Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), but is less effective against Gram-positive bacteria (such as methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis) than newer fluoroquinolones.[36]", "Cystic fibrosis. Antibiotics by mouth such as ciprofloxacin or azithromycin are given to help prevent infection or to control ongoing infection.[80] The aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g. tobramycin) used can cause hearing loss, damage to the balance system in the inner ear or kidney failure with long-term use.[81] To prevent these side-effects, the amount of antibiotics in the blood is routinely measured and adjusted accordingly.", "Upper respiratory tract infection. Routine supplementation with vitamin C is not justified, as it does not appear to be effective in reducing the incidence of common colds in the general population.[22] The use of vitamin C in the inhibition and treatment of upper respiratory infections has been suggested since the initial isolation of vitamin C in the 1930s. Some evidence exists to indicate that it could be justified in persons exposed to brief periods of severe physical exercise and/or cold environments.[22] Given that vitamin C supplements are inexpensive and safe, people with common colds may consider trying vitamin C supplements in order to assess whether they are therapeutically beneficial in their case.[22]", "Ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin occupies an important role in treatment guidelines issued by major medical societies for the treatment of serious infections, especially those likely to be caused by Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For example, ciprofloxacin in combination with metronidazole is one of several first-line antibiotic regimens recommended by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of community-acquired abdominal infections in adults.[12] It also features prominently in treatment guidelines for acute pyelonephritis, complicated or hospital-acquired urinary tract infection, acute or chronic prostatitis,[13] certain types of endocarditis,[14] certain skin infections,[15] and prosthetic joint infections.[16]", "Ciprofloxacin. In other cases, treatment guidelines are more restrictive, recommending in most cases that older, narrower-spectrum drugs be used as first-line therapy for less severe infections to minimize fluoroquinolone-resistance development. For example, the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends the use of ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in urinary tract infections be reserved to cases of proven or expected resistance to narrower-spectrum drugs such as nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.[17] The European Association of Urology recommends ciprofloxacin as an alternative regimen for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections, but cautions that the potential for \"adverse events have to be considered\".[13]", "Upper respiratory tract infection. Prescribing antibiotics for laryngitis is not suggested practice.[14] The antibiotics penicillin V and erythromycin are not effective for treating acute laryngitis.[14] Erythromycin may improve voice disturbances after one week and cough after two weeks, however any modest subjective benefit is not greater than the adverse effects, cost, and the risk of bacteria developing resistance to the antibiotics.[14] Health authorities have been strongly encouraging physicians to decrease the prescribing of antibiotics to treat common upper respiratory tract infections because antibiotic usage does not significantly reduce recovery time for these viral illnesses.[14] Decreased antibiotic usage could also have prevented drug resistant bacteria.[citation needed] Some have advocated a delayed antibiotic approach to treating URIs which seeks to reduce the consumption of antibiotics while attempting to maintain patient satisfaction. Most studies show no difference in improvement of symptoms between those treated with antibiotics right away and those with delayed prescriptions.[15] Most studies also show no difference in patient satisfaction, patient complications, symptoms between delayed and no antibiotics. A strategy of \"no antibiotics\" results in even less antibiotic use than a strategy of \"delayed antibiotics\".[15]", "Upper respiratory tract infection. Upper respiratory tract infections (URI or URTI) are illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract including the nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx. This commonly includes nasal obstruction, sore throat, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and the common cold.[3] Most infections are viral in nature and in other instances the cause is bacterial.[4] Upper respiratory tract infections can also be fungal or helminth in origin, but these are far less common.[5]", "Respiratory disease. The most common upper respiratory tract infection is the common cold. However, infections of specific organs of the upper respiratory tract such as sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, pharyngitis and laryngitis are also considered upper respiratory tract infections.", "Lower respiratory tract infection. Antibiotics do not help the many lower respiratory infections which are caused by parasites or viruses. While acute bronchitis often does not require antibiotic therapy, antibiotics can be given to patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The indications for treatment are increased dyspnoea, and an increase in the volume or purulence of the sputum. The treatment of bacterial pneumonia is selected by considering the age of the patient, the severity of the illness and the presence of underlying disease. Amoxicillin and doxycycline are suitable for many of the lower respiratory tract infections seen in general practice.", "Pathogenic bacteria. Treat symptoms[22]\nFluoroquinolone[36] such as ciprofloxacin[22] in severe cases[22]", "Ciprofloxacin. 2) Complicated urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli,[33] but never as first-line agents. Current recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics note the systemic use of ciprofloxacin in children should be restricted to infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens or when no safe or effective alternatives are available.[34]", "Lower respiratory tract infection. Antibiotics are the first line treatment for pneumonia; however, they are not effective or indicated for parasitic or viral infections. Acute bronchitis typically resolves on its own with time.", "Ciprofloxacin. Fluoroquinolones had become the class of antibiotics most commonly prescribed to adults in 2002.[42] Nearly half (42%) of those prescriptions in the U.S. were for conditions not approved by the FDA, such as acute bronchitis, otitis media, and acute upper respiratory tract infection, according to a study supported in part by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.[42] Additionally, they were commonly prescribed for medical conditions that were not even bacterial to begin with, such as viral infections, or those to which no proven benefit existed.", "Respiratory disease. Infections can affect any part of the respiratory system. They are traditionally divided into upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections.", "Cystic fibrosis. Many people with CF are on one or more antibiotics at all times, even when healthy, to prophylactically suppress infection. Antibiotics are absolutely necessary whenever pneumonia is suspected or a noticeable decline in lung function is seen, and are usually chosen based on the results of a sputum analysis and the person's past response. This prolonged therapy often necessitates hospitalization and insertion of a more permanent IV such as a peripherally inserted central catheter or Port-a-Cath. Inhaled therapy with antibiotics such as tobramycin, colistin, and aztreonam is often given for months at a time to improve lung function by impeding the growth of colonized bacteria.[74][75][76] Inhaled antibiotic therapy helps lung function by fighting infection, but also has significant drawbacks such as development of antibiotic resistance, tinnitus, and changes in the voice.[77] Inhaled levofloxacin may be used to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis who are infected.[78] The early management of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is easier and better, using nebulised antibiotics with or without oral antibiotics may sustain its eradication up to 2 years.[79]", "Respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract has goblet cells which secrete mucous, form a layer that covers their surface. This helps filter waste, which is eventually are either swallowed into the highly acidic stomach environment or expelled via spitting. The cells lining of the respiratory tract is covered in small hairs called cilia. These beat rhythmically out from the lungs, moving secreted mucous foreign particles toward the laryngopharynx upwards and outwards, in a process called the mucociliary escalator. In addition to keeping the lower respiratory tract sterile, and to prevent mucus accumulation in the lungs. Within alveoli sit macrophages of the immune system which engulf and digest any harmful agents that they may come across.", "Respiratory tract. The common cold/flu is the most common cause for the upper respiratory tract infection, which can cause more serious illness that can develop in the lower respiratory tract. Pneumonia is the most common, and frequent lower respiratory tract infection. This can be either viral, bacterial, or fungal. This infection is very common, because pneumonia can be airborne, and when you inhale this infection in the air, the particles enter the lungs and move into the air sacs. This infection quickly develops in the lower part of the lung, and fills the lung with fluid, and excess mucus. This causes difficulty in breathing, and coughing as the lower respiratory tract tries to get rid of the fluid in the lungs. You can be more prone to developing this infection if you have asthma, flu, heart disease, or cancer[8][dead link]", "Ciprofloxacin. As resistance to cipro has grown, research has been conducted to discover and develop analogs that can be effective against resistant bacteria; some have been looked at in antiviral models as well.[89]", "Upper respiratory tract infection. There is low-quality evidence indicating that the use of nasal irrigation with saline solution may alleviate symptoms in some people.[23] There are also saline nasal sprays which can be of benefit.[citation needed]", "Upper respiratory tract infection. Treatment comprises symptomatic support usually via analgesics for headache, sore throat and muscle aches.[11] Moderate exercise in sedentary subjects with naturally acquired URTI probably does not alter the overall severity and duration of the illness.[12] No randomized trials have been conducted to ascertain benefits of increasing fluid intake.[13]", "Simple columnar epithelium. Ciliated columnar epithelium moves mucus and other substances via cilia and is found in the upper respiratory tract, the Fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the central part of the spinal cord.They are the primary target of infection for \"common cold viruses\" such as coronaviruses, influenza virus and rhinoviruses. These viruses may kill the ciliated cells or stop the cilia beating. In either case, mucus builds up and forms a good site for secondary bacterial infections, resulting in mucus.", "Human microbiota. Much like the oral cavity, the upper and lower respiratory system possess mechanical deterrents to remove microbes. Goblet cells produce mucous which traps microbes and moves them out of the respiratory system via continuously moving ciliated epithelial cells.[1] In addition, a bactericidal effect is generated by nasal mucus which contains the enzyme lysozyme.[1] The upper and lower respiratory tract appears to have its own set of microbiota.[68] Pulmonary bacterial microbiota belong to 9 major bacterial genera: Prevotella, Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Fusobacterium, Megasphaera, Veillonella, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. Some of the bacteria considered \"normal biota\" in the respiratory tract can cause serious disease especially in immunocompromised individuals; these include Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Staphylococcus aureus.[citation needed] Fungal genera that compose the pulmonary mycobiome include Candida, Malassezia, Neosartorya, Saccharomyces, and Aspergillus, among others.[26]", "Respiratory tract. Upper respiratory tract infections are probably the most common infections in the world.", "Pneumonia. For those who require hospitalization and caught their pneumonia in the community the use of a β-lactam such as cephazolin plus macrolide such as azithromycin or a fluoroquinolones is recommended.[102]", "Lower respiratory tract infection. Lower respiratory tract infections place a considerable strain on the health budget and are generally more serious than upper respiratory infections.", "Ciprofloxacin. As a result of its widespread use to treat minor infections readily treatable with older, narrower spectrum antibiotics, many bacteria have developed resistance to this drug in recent years, leaving it significantly less effective than it would have been otherwise.[37][38]", "Achlorhydria. Antimicrobial agents, including metronidazole, amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, ciprofloxacin, and rifaximin, can be used to treat bacterial overgrowth." ]

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[ "Black Panther (film). In October 2014, Feige announced that Black Panther would be released on November 3, 2017, with Chadwick Boseman cast in the title role.[8][9] Boseman did not audition before he was hired for the role, instead discussing what he wanted to do with the part with Marvel.[81] The actor was set to first portray the character in Captain America: Civil War, before starring in his own film.[9] Feige said that Marvel was considering minority filmmakers for the director and writer, but that they were focused on \"looking for the best filmmakers, the best writers, the best directors possible. So I'm not going to say for sure that we're going to hire from any one demographic, but we're meeting a lot of people.\" He added that they had met with former Black Panther comics writer Reginald Hudlin.[82] In January 2015, Boseman said that the film was going through a \"brainstorming phase\", and he was looking at the different stories in the comics and how they may be merged for the film.[83] The next month, Marvel pushed back the release date to July 6, 2018.[84] In April 2015, Feige said he would be meeting with directors after the release of Avengers: Age of Ultron at the end of the month, and that further casting was underway.[85]", "Black Panther (film). Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29, 2018, and was released theatrically in the United States on February 16, 2018, in 2D, 3D, IMAX and other premium large formats. The film received praise for its screenplay, direction, performances, action, costume design, production merits, and soundtrack, though the CGI effects received some criticism. Critics considered it one of the best films set in the MCU and noted its cultural significance. It has grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film of 2018, as well as the third-highest-grossing film ever in the United States and 10th-highest-grossing film of all time. Its four-day opening weekend gross of $242.1 million and its three-day gross of $202 million in the United States were the second- and fifth-highest of all time respectively, and the biggest debut by an African-American director.", "Black Panther (film). Black Panther will be released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on May 8, 2018, and on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray, and DVD on May 15. The digital and Blu-ray releases include behind-the-scenes featurettes; audio commentary; deleted scenes; a blooper reel; an exclusive look at Ant-Man and the Wasp; and a featurette on the first ten years of the MCU.[184] A two-disc BluRay is due for release on June 11. [185]", "Black Panther (film). By October 2015, F. Gary Gray and Ryan Coogler had been considered to direct the film,[90][91] though negotiations with Coogler had cooled,[91] and Gray had chosen to direct Fast & Furious 8 instead.[92] Joe Robert Cole, a member of the Marvel writers program, was in talks to write the screenplay,[93] and Marvel changed the release date once again, moving it to February 16, 2018.[94] By December, discussions with Coogler were reignited after the successful opening of his film Creed.[91] Feige described Black Panther as \"a big geopolitical action adventure that focuses on the family and royal struggle of T'Challa in Wakanda, and what it means to be a king\", while calling the film \"a very important\" link to Avengers: Infinity War and its sequel.[95][96] He added that the film would be the first Marvel Studios production to feature a \"primarily African-American cast\".[96][97]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films. Documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey was hired to write a script for Black Panther in January 2011.[314] In October 2014, the film was announced and Chadwick Boseman was revealed to be portraying T'Challa / Black Panther.[227][238] In January 2016, Ryan Coogler was announced as director,[218] and the following month, Joe Robert Cole was confirmed as the film's screenwriter.[219] In April 2016, Feige confirmed that Coogler was a co-screenwriter.[220] Filming began in January 2017 at EUE/Screen Gems Studios in Atlanta,[315][316] and concluded in April 2017.[317] Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29, 2018,[318] and began its international release on February 13, 2018,[319] and was released on February 16, 2018 in the United States.[209] The film also had a \"cross-nation release\" in Africa, a first for a Disney film.[320][321]", "Black Panther (film). Black Panther is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the eighteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Ryan Coogler, who co-wrote the screenplay with Joe Robert Cole, and stars Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther, alongside Michael B. Jordan, Lupita Nyong'o, Danai Gurira, Martin Freeman, Daniel Kaluuya, Letitia Wright, Winston Duke, Angela Bassett, Forest Whitaker, and Andy Serkis. In Black Panther, T'Challa returns home as king of Wakanda but finds his sovereignty challenged by a new adversary, in a conflict with global consequences.", "Black Panther (film). Black Panther had its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on January 29, 2018.[143] The premiere featured a purple carpet that was flanked by women dressed as the Dora Milaje, and was lit by futuristic lamps.[144] Coogler, the cast members, and other guests wore African clothing, to honor the African roots of the film, at the request of Marvel for attendees to wear \"royal attire\".[144][3] Ahead of the screening at the premiere, Coogler received an extended standing ovation before he announced the cast of the film.[144] Black Panther was released in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and Taiwan on February 13, 2018,[145] in South Korea on February 14, 2018,[146] and the United States on February 16, 2018.[94] In the United States, the film opened in 4,020 theaters,[147] with over 3,200 of those in 3D,[148] 404 in IMAX,[147] over 660 in premium large format, and over 200 D-Box locations. In addition, Black Panther was the first MCU film to be converted to ScreenX, a 270-degree wraparound format, that played in over 101 locations in eight countries.[148] The film opened in most of its markets in its first weekend of release and had a \"cross-nation release\" in Africa, a first for a Disney film.[145][115][130] It was originally scheduled to be released on November 3, 2017,[8] before moving in February 2015 to July 6, 2018 to accommodate Spider-Man: Homecoming.[84] In October 2015, it moved again to accommodate Ant-Man and the Wasp.[94]", "Black Panther (film). Marvel debuted early footage and concept art from the film in April 2017, at a press event for several of the MCU Phase Three films. Kyle Buchanan at Vulture.com praised the cinematography, costume and production design, and focus on dark-skinned actors and characters, saying \"Black Panther doesn't look like any of the other Marvel movies ... If this is what the future of superhero movies looks like, deal me in.\"[103] Feige believed the screened footage was the first time Marvel had shown raw dailies, a decision made because the company wanted to show off the film's cast (which Feige called \"the highest-class cast we've had on a first movie\") and diversity, even though editing for it had not yet begun.[153]", "Black Panther (film). Black Panther premiered in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on April 18, 2018. The occasion marks the first public film screening since movie theaters were banned in the kingdom in the early 1980's, after ultraconservative religious standards were introduced in 1979. The ban was lifted in December 2017 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman as part of an effort to revamp Saudi society. The film premiered in a newly constructed 620 leather seat cinema, owned by AMC Theatres, in Riyadh's King Abdullah Financial District that was originally intended to be a symphony hall.[149][150] Disney's regional distributor Italia Film revealed that 40 seconds of the film had been removed, which was in line with cuts made to the film across the region. Awwad Alawwad, Saudi Arabia's Minister of Culture and Information, and Adam Aron, CEO of AMC Entertainment, were in attendance for the premiere along with other diplomats and industry experts; no one from the cast or production team was in attendance.[151] The premiere also had men and women sitting together, a representation of the Saudi government's recently relaxed enforcement of laws banning co-mingling between unrelated men and women.[152] Black Panther will screen for five days before Avengers: Infinity War premieres on April 26 in the kingdom.[150]", "Black Panther (film). On October 16, 2017, a full trailer was released. Dave Trumbore for Collider felt it was \"a killer trailer. It not only shows off a ton of action sequences, outrageous costume design, and comic book goodies for fans out there, it also brings an unmistakable sense of style that's all Black Panther's own.\"[170] Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter said the message of the trailer was clear: \"this isn't like the other Marvel movies, this is something else\".[171] BamSmackPow's Brendan Day said the trailer \"does everything right\", showing \"a lot of cool imagery and action scenes without giving us much context or story points\" and having unique music choices, featuring \"BagBak\" by Vince Staples and \"The Revolution Will Not Be Televised\" by Gil Scott-Heron.[172] Writing for Rolling Stone, Tre Johnson felt the trailer showed T'Challa as \"someone with the arrogance of [John] Shaft, the coolness of [Barack] Obama and the hot-headed impulsiveness of Kanye West\". He continued, \"After decades of trying to nail the modern black superhero, we may finally be getting what we've asked for ... Coogler has set out to do something with the modern black superhero that all previous iterations have fallen short of doing: making it respectable, imaginative and powerful. The Afro-punk aesthetic, the unapologetic black swagger, the miniscule appearances from non-black characters – it's an important resetting of a standard of what's possible\".[173] A few days later, Marvel Comics published a prelude tie-in comic focusing on one of T'Challa's first missions as the Black Panther around the time of Iron Man.[174]", "Black Panther (film). Wesley Snipes expressed interest in working on a Black Panther film in 1992, but the project did not come to fruition. In September 2005, Marvel Studios announced a Black Panther film as one of ten based on Marvel characters and distributed by Paramount Pictures. Mark Bailey was hired to write a script in January 2011. Black Panther was announced in October 2014, and Boseman made his first appearance as the character in Captain America: Civil War (2016). By 2016, Cole and Coogler had joined; additional cast joined in May, making Black Panther the first Marvel film with a predominantly black cast. Principal photography took place from January to April 2017, at EUE/Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area, and Busan, South Korea.", "Black Panther (film). In September 2005, Marvel chairman and CEO Avi Arad announced Black Panther as one of the ten Marvel films that would be developed by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures.[73] In June 2006, Snipes said he hoped to have a director for the project soon.[74] In February 2007, Kevin Feige, president of production for Marvel Studios, reiterated that Black Panther was on Marvel's development slate.[75] By July, John Singleton had been approached to direct the film.[76] In March 2009, Marvel hired writers to help come up with creative ways to launch its lesser-known properties, including Black Panther,[77] with Nate Moore, the head of the writers program, helping to oversee the development of the Black Panther film specifically.[78] In January 2011, Marvel Studios hired documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey to write a script for Black Panther, to be produced by Feige.[79] In October 2013, Feige said \"I don't know when it will be exactly, but we certainly have plans to bring [Black Panther] to life some day\", noting that the Marvel Cinematic Universe had already introduced the metal vibranium, which comes from Black Panther's home nation Wakanda.[80] There had been discussions of introducing Wakanda to the MCU as early as 2010's Iron Man 2, but this was put off until Marvel had \"a full idea of what exactly that looked like\".[11]", "Black Panther (film). In December 2017, a survey from Fandango indicated that Black Panther was the second most anticipated film of 2018, behind Avengers: Infinity War.[192] Fandango reported that its first 24 hours of ticket pre-sales for the film were the largest ever for a Marvel film, surpassing Captain America: Civil War.[193] Two weeks ahead of its release, Fandango announced that the film outsold all previous superhero films at the same point in the sales cycle, breaking the record previously held by Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[194] Additionally, Black Panther had the highest number of ticket pre-sales for any superhero film at Alamo Drafthouse Cinema, after 18 days of sales. This was more than Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, the next closest film, which only had 72% of Black Panther's ticket sales in the same time frame.[195] AMC Theatres also revealed that the film was out-selling all previous Marvel films, with strong sales in both urban areas and suburban locations.[196]", "Black Panther (soundtrack). Black Panther: The Album – Music from and Inspired By (alternatively Black Panther: The Album) is the soundtrack album for the Marvel Studios film Black Panther. It was curated by Kendrick Lamar, and features a variety of collaborators, including many of Lamar's fellow artists signed to Top Dawg Entertainment. It was released by Interscope Records on February 9, 2018. A separate film score album, Black Panther (Original Score), composed by Ludwig Göransson, was released by Interscope Records on February 16, 2018.", "Black Panther (film). A teaser poster was released ahead of the first teaser trailer, which premiered during Game 4 of the 2017 NBA Finals.[154][155] Fans felt the poster was poorly photoshopped, and tweets mentioning it were only 27 percent positive, and 27 percent negative, according to CNBC's marketing technology firm Amobee.[156] The poster was also compared to a real-life picture of Black Panther Party co-founder Huey P. Newton holding two gun spears.[154] The trailer received a much more positive response, with Peter Sciretta of /Film saying it was \"nothing like I was expecting this movie to look like and that's refreshing\".[157] io9's Charles Pulliam-Moore called the teaser \"every bit as intense as you were hoping it would be\" and \"epic as hell\".[158] Andrew Husband for Uproxx felt the single teaser \"easily outshines Spider-Man: Homecoming's big-from-the-beginning marketing campaign\".[155] Forbes's Scott Mendelson felt that \"Black Panther has the chance to be a seminal event in the same way we're now seeing with Wonder Woman.\"[159] The trailer was viewed 89 million times in 24 hours,[160] and \"dominated the conversation on social media for much of the night\" over Game 4, being the top-trending item on Twitter.[156] The Hollywood Reporter noted that the teaser generated 349,000 Twitter mentions in 24 hours, also more than Game 4. The amount of mentions were second to the amount the Star Wars: The Last Jedi teaser received.[160] comScore and its PreAct service noted over 466,000 new social media conversations for the film after the trailer released, the most for the week.[161] For the week ending on June 18, comScore and its PreAct service again noted social media conversations for the film, with over 33,000 new ones, the second-most for the week behind Spider-Man: Homecoming. The service also noted Black Panther produced a total of over 566,000 conversations to date.[162]", "Black Panther (film). Four days before its United States opening, IMAX Entertainment CEO Greg Foster revealed that Black Panther had the most advanced IMAX ticket sales of any Marvel film. He added that it did not appear the ticket sales had peaked, stating that a film usually peaks 10 days before it opens, but Black Panther \"feels like it's going to peak the day it opens\".[197] Atom Tickets also revealed strong pre-sales for the film.[148] On February 15, 2017, Fandango announced that the film had the fourth-highest pre-sale tickets sold, behind Star Wars: The Force Awakens, Star Wars: The Last Jedi, and Rogue One. It also became the top pre-seller for a superhero film, beating Captain America: Civil War and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, for a film released in February, beating Deadpool, as well as for the first quarter of the year, beating The Hunger Games and Beauty and the Beast.[198]", "Black Panther (film). Black Panther earned $75.8 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada (including $25.2 million from Thursday night previews), and earned $242.1 million over the four-day Presidents' Day weekend,[147] which was the best Presidents' Day weekend opening,[199] the second-best four-day opening after Star Wars: The Force Awakens ($288 million) and best ever for an African-American director.[147] The Thursday night gross was the second-best for a MCU film, behind Avengers: Age of Ultron ($27.6 million), the second-best preview night for a non-summer release, behind Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice ($27.7 million), and the best preview night for a February release, beating Deadpool ($12.7 million). $3 million of the Thursday preview gross came from IMAX, which was tied for the most with Age of Ultron and Captain America: Civil War.[147] The total opening day gross was the third-highest for a superhero film, behind Age of Ultron ($84 million) and The Avengers ($80 million), the second-highest pre-summer release, behind Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice ($81 million), and the eighth-highest opening day ever. The $50.6 million earned on Friday was the largest single-day gross for a solo superhero film and the largest single-day gross for a non-sequel film.[200] The $60.1 million earned on Sunday was the best single-day gross for a superhero film and the second best Sunday ever, behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi ($60.5 million).[147][199] The three-day total weekend gross of $202 million was the fifth-best three-day opening ever and the biggest opening for a pre-summer and February release. The film's $40.2 million gross on Monday was the best Monday gross of all time.[147] IMAX contributed $23.5 million to the opening weekend gross,[201] which was the best ever for a February release and any Marvel film, and the fourth-best opening ever. Speaking to the success of the film in its opening weekend, Anthony D'Alessandro of Deadline Hollywood said it was \"summer box office records during the second month of the year\".[147]", "Black Panther (film). Costumes from the film were on display at D23 Expo 2017 and the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con.[163][164] Also in July, Marvel Studios unveiled a partnership with Lexus, with the 2018 Lexus LC being featured in the film.[165] A graphic novel, Black Panther: Soul of a Machine, was released in December 2017 from writers Fabian Nicieza, Geoffrey Thorne and Chuck Brown, with cover illustrations by Scott \"Rahzzah\" Wilson and Szymon Kudranski, in which Black Panther defeats a villain with the help of the Lexus LC 500.[165][166][167] Lexus also unveiled the 2018 LC Inspiration Series production car and a concept coupe dubbed the Black Panther Inspired LC.[167] Coogler, Boseman and other members of the cast presented exclusive footage of the film at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con, which received a standing ovation from the audience.[168] The footage segued into a montage featuring Kendrick Lamar's song \"DNA\". Coogler called the lyrics \"amazing\" and both literally and culturally appropriate for the footage and film.[169] In September 2017, Coogler, Gurira, and Moore participated in a panel at the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation's Annual Legislative Conference, where exclusive footage from the film was also shown and met with a positive response.[115]", "Black Panther (film). The first College Football Playoff National Championship halftime show was organized by Disney for the 2018 championship game, with Kendrick Lamar performing to promote Black Panther: The Album, to release a new trailer for the film, and to begin selling tickets for the film's opening weekend.[175] Marvel again partnered with Lexus to create a commercial for Super Bowl LII. Promoting the 2018 Lexus LS 500 F Sport, it featured Boseman and Wright reprising their roles. The commercial was released on January 25, 2018, ahead of its airing during the Super Bowl.[176] According to RelishMix, the Lexus commercial had 4.3 million views on social media after it aired in the Super Bowl.[147] Marvel also partnered with British shoe manufacturer Clarks to create a variant of their Originals' Trigenic Evo shoe, inspired by the film.[177] By February 12, 2018, Black Panther had amassed more than 5 million tweets on Twitter globally, becoming the most tweeted about film of 2018,[178] after being a top film in 2017 as well.[179] Twitter also launched a custom emoji for the film, that appears when the hashtag #BlackPanther is used.[178] During New York Fashion Week at Industria Studios in lower Manhattan, designers Cushnie et Ochs, Ikiré Jones, Tome, Sophie Theallet, Fear of God, Chromat, and LaQuan Smith created custom pieces that were inspired by the film for an event titled \"Welcome to Wakanda: Fashion for the Black Panther Era\".[180][175] Nick Barose applied makeup for the event, while Rodney Cutler styled hair.[180] By mid-March 2018, the film became the most-tweeted about film of all time on Twitter, with 35 million tweets. Twitter noted the most used Black Panther-related hashtags were #BlackPanther, #WakandaForever, and #Wakanda, with the most discussed characters Black Panther, Killmonger, and Shuri. Additionally, the most-retweeted tweets about the film were Lamar's reveal of the soundtrack tracklist he curated, a video of kids trying to buy tickets using a Vincent Adultman-style trench coat disguise, and former First Lady Michelle Obama's praise for the film.[181]", "Black Panther (film). As of April 24, 2018[update], Black Panther has grossed $682.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $643.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $1.326 billion.[5] The $370.5 million earned worldwide in its opening weekend was the 15th-largest of all time.[186] It is the highest-grossing solo superhero film,[187] the third-highest-grossing film of the MCU after The Avengers and Age of Ultron,[188] and 10th-highest of all time.[189] By its second weekend, the film earned $54.6 million globally from IMAX, which was the fastest Marvel film to reach the $50 million mark.[190] In its fourth weekend, the film surpassed $1 billion, becoming the fifth MCU film, sixteenth Walt Disney Studios film, and 33rd film overall to do so.[191] In March 2018, five weeks after the film released, Deadline Hollywood estimated the net profit of the film would be $461 million, accounting for production budgets, P&A, talent participations and other costs, with box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media.[4]", "Black Panther (film). At San Diego Comic-Con International 2016, Nyong'o was confirmed for the film, in the role of Nakia, while Jordan's role was revealed to be Erik Killmonger. Also announced was Danai Gurira as Okoye. Coogler confirmed that filming would begin in January 2017.[28][29] In September 2016, Winston Duke was cast as M'Baku, a role that Yahya Abdul-Mateen II had also tested for.[108] The following month, Forest Whitaker was cast as Zuri and Daniel Kaluuya as W'Kabi, with Florence Kasumba revealed to be reprising her role as Ayo from Captain America: Civil War.[35] Letitia Wright was also cast in an unspecified role.[109] Angela Bassett was cast as T'Challa's mother, Ramonda, in November,[39] and by January 2017, Sterling K. Brown was cast as N'Jobu.[46] At that time, Marvel received permission from the Oakland, California-based public transit agency AC Transit to use their logo in the film for the opening flashback sequence. The setting was chosen due to Coogler's Oakland roots.[110] Amandla Stenberg was also considered for a role in the film, before she ultimately declined to appear. Stenberg, who is bi-racial and light skinned, called the decision \"really challenging\" as she did not feel comfortable taking a role in the film from a dark-skinned actor saying, \"it would have just been off to see me as a bi-racial American with a Nigerian accent [playing a dark-skinned African] just pretending that I'm the same color as everyone else in the movie.\"[111]", "Black Panther (soundtrack). Lamar released the first single for the album, \"All the Stars\", in January 2018, in which he collaborated with fellow Top Dawg artist SZA.[2] Shortly after, a new trailer for the film featured \"Opps\" by Lamar and Vince Staples.[5] A second song by Lamar with Jay Rock, Future and James Blake called \"King's Dead\" was released later in the month.[6] On February 2, 2018, \"Pray for Me\" by Lamar and The Weeknd was released as the album's third single.[7] Black Panther: The Album was released on February 9, 2018.[8] The cover art for the album was illustrated by Nikolas A. Draper-Ivey.[9] The soundtrack debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 154,000 equivalent album units (of that sum, 52,000 came from pure album sales).[10] The album remained on the number one spot in its second week, selling 131,000 equivalent album units (of that sum, 40,000 were pure album sales).[11]", "Black Panther (film). The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 96% based on 369 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Black Panther elevates superhero cinema to thrilling new heights while telling one of the MCU's most absorbing stories—and introducing some of its most fully realized characters.\"[235] As of February 18, 2018[update], it is the best-reviewed live-action superhero film on the site, beating The Dark Knight and Iron Man (both 94%).[236] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 88 out of 100, based on 55 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[237] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A+\" on an A+ to F scale, the second superhero film to receive that grade after Marvel's own The Avengers. Filmgoers polled by Screen Engine/comScore's PostTrak service gave the film a 92% overall positive score and a 88% \"definite recommend\", with a third of people planning to see the film again.[147][211] RelishMix reported that Twitter hashtags for #BlackPanther and tagging of the film's Twitter account from audiences leaving the theater set an all-time film record in its opening weekend, with 559,000 unique posts in one day. This was twice the amount The Last Jedi received in December 2017, with 232,000, while 100,000 posts for a film is average.[147]", "Creed (film). Also that month, it was reported that the sequel's release was tentatively set for November 2017, although it was later pushed back to an unconfirmed date.[68][69][70][71] Development was seemingly delayed by the announcement Coogler had cast Michael B. Jordan in his next film, Marvel's Black Panther, thus delaying production until both men's schedules permitted.[72]", "Black Panther (film). Other marketing partners included PepsiCo and Unilever, which launched an arts program in urban areas to provide an opportunity for young people interested in film to be mentored by established artists. Brisk created an interactive Black Panther installation at the 2018 NBA All-Star Game weekend, which showcased nine Brisk labels created by emerging artists to promote the Creators Class program. These labels debuted on all Brisk packaging nationwide in late February. Lancôme highlighted a line of makeup that Lupita Nyong'o and Letitia Wright used at the premiere of the film. Synchrony Financial worked with Coogler and Marvel to award the Ghetto Film School Fellows program with a $50,000 grant, with Coogler also visiting the school to speak to the students.[147]", "Black Panther (film). Ludwig Göransson was hired to compose the film's score by April 2017.[103] Göransson traveled to Senegal and South Africa to record local musicians to form the \"base\" of his soundtrack.[137] Kendrick Lamar produced the film's curated soundtrack, Black Panther: The Album, along with Top Dawg Entertainment founder Anthony Tiffith. Coogler chose Lamar for the project because his \"artistic themes align with those we explore in the film\".[138] Three singles from the album were released throughout January and February 2018: \"All the Stars\",[138] \"King's Dead\",[139] and \"Pray for Me\".[140] Black Panther: The Album was released on February 9, 2018,[141] while a soundtrack of Göransson's score was released on February 16, 2018.[142]", "Black Panther (film). In its third weekend in 56 territories, the film remained number one in Austria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, and all markets in Latin America,[228] while its opening in Japan was the top Western film for the weekend, the second overall.[228][217] IMAX contributed $713,000 to Japan's opening weekend, which was a record for a March opening and the fourth-highest Marvel IMAX opening ever. Black Panther also became the highest-grossing film of all time in West and East Africa, the fifth-highest-grossing film all time in South Africa, and the top MCU film in the Netherlands.[228] In its fourth weekend, Black Panther opened in China ($66.5 million), which was the fourth-highest MCU and superhero opening ever in the market. $7.3 million came from IMAX, which was the best-ever March opening weekend and the best-ever opening day for March in the territory. The film also remained at number one in the United Kingdom and the Latin America market except Argentina for the fourth straight weekend, as well as number one in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.[229] The film's fifth weekend saw it once again be the top film in South Africa for the fifth weekend, where it also became the highest-grossing film ever,[230] along with becoming the highest-grossing film in West, East, and southern Africa.[231] It also became the fifth-highest-grossing MCU film in other territories of all time.[230] Black Panther remained the top film in South Africa for a sixth weekend and became the highest-grossing superhero film ever in the Netherlands.[187] The film continued to be the top film in South Africa for a seventh week, where it also became the fourth best MCU film in the country,[232] and became the second-highest grossing MCU film in the United Kingdom in its eighth weekend.[233] As of April 8, 2018[update], the film's largest markets were China ($104.6 million), the United Kingdom ($67.7 million), and South Korea ($42.8 million).[233]", "Black Panther (film). In July 1997, Black Panther was listed as part of Marvel Comics' film slate,[65] and in March 1998, Marvel reportedly hired Joe Quesada and Jimmy Palmiotti, who at the time were editors of the Black Panther comics under the Marvel Knights brand, to work on it.[66][57] However, Quesada and Palmiotti have denied that this happened.[57] That August, corporate problems at Marvel put the project on hold,[67] while the next August, Snipes was set to produce, and possibly star, in the film.[68] In May 2000, Artisan Entertainment announced a deal with Marvel to co-produce, finance, and distribute a film based on Black Panther.[69] In March 2002, Snipes said he planned to film Blade 3 or Black Panther in 2003,[70] and reiterated his interest five months later.[71] In July 2004, Blade 3 director David S. Goyer said this was unlikely, as Snipes was \"already so entrenched as Blade that another Marvel hero might be overkill\".[72]", "Black Panther (film). In 1992, King T'Chaka visits his brother N'Jobu, who is working undercover in Oakland, California. T'Chaka accuses N'Jobu of assisting black-market arms dealer Ulysses Klaue with stealing vibranium from Wakanda. N'Jobu's partner reveals he is Zuri, another undercover Wakandan, and confirms T'Chaka's suspicions.", "Black Panther (film). Outside the United States and Canada, the film opened in 48 territories in its first weekend and has earned $184 million,[186][199] opening at number one in most territories (and second in territories where Fifty Shades Freed performed better such as in Germany and Italy), and becoming the top February opening in many as well.[186][227] The film opened at number one in the United Kingdom,[227] where it had the best single day gross of 2018 so far and the highest-grossing February opening weekend ever.[186][227] In South Korea, where it also opened at number one, the opening day gross of $4.7 million was the second-best MCU opening and the best ever for February.[227] The $25.3 million it earned in its opening weekend was the fifth-highest Western release in South Korea. The other Asian markets that opened in its first weekend were also number one along with the biggest opening weekend of 2018 to date. The Latin America market also had all territories open at number one, and Black Panther was the best opening of 2018 in all except Argentina and Uruguay. It also was the highest-grossing opening of February of all time in Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Panama and Paraguay. The African market saw the highest-grossing February opening of all-time in Bahrain, East Africa, Kuwait, Qatar, South Africa, the United Arab Emirates, and West Africa. South Africa also had the highest-grossing Saturday ever and the second highest-grossing opening weekend of all time. The Netherlands had the highest-grossing day ever for a superhero film and the highest-grossing February opening weekend ever.[186]", "Black Panther (film). Additional filming took place in South Korea,[1] with the city of Busan serving as the setting of a car chase scene,[124] involving 150 cars and over 700 people.[126] Filming in Busan began on March 17, 2017,[127] with shooting occurring at the Jagalchi Fish Market,[128] and filming taking place by Gwangalli Beach on March 21.[127] Other filming locations included Marine City in the Haeundae District and at the Gwangandaegyo Bridge.[126] The production crew also hired hundreds of current and former film students from local universities as staff or assistant staff during the South Korea filming.[127] Filming in the country wrapped on March 27.[126] At CinemaCon 2017, Wright was revealed to be portraying Shuri in the film.[129] Location shooting also took place at the Rwenzori Mountains and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda,[130][131] while Marzano Films provided aerial footage of South Africa, Zambia, Uganda and South Korea.[132][131] Filming concluded on April 19, 2017.[103]", "Black Panther (film). The third weekend at the box office saw the film remain the top grossing film, earning $65.7 million and having its total gross surpass $500 million becoming the second-highest-grossing MCU film; the $65.7 million was the third-best third weekend ever, behind The Force Awakens ($90.2 million) and Avatar ($68.5 million).[217] Black Panther remained the top film for the fourth straight weekend with an additional $41.1 million, which was the third-highest fourth weekend of all time, again behind The Force Awakens and Avatar. Black Panther remained number one in its fifth weekend, having the fourth-highest fifth weekend ever with $27 million. It became the first film to hold the number one spot at the box office for at least five weekends since Avatar, which led for seven weeks,[218] and the first February release to hold the top box office spot for five weekends since The Silence of the Lambs in 1991 and Wayne's World in 1992.[219] By surpassing $600 million, it became the seventh film ever to break that point, and the second fastest film to do so in 31 days, after The Force Awakens (12 days).[218][220] The film's sixth weekend saw it fall to number two at the box office, behind Pacific Rim: Uprising, while also becoming the highest-grossing superhero film ever.[221] The next weekend it fell to third, behind Ready Player One and Acrimony,[222] to fourth in its eighth weekend,[223] to sixth in its ninth weekend,[224] and to eighth in its tenth weekend.[225] The film is the third-highest-grossing film of all time.[226]" ]

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[ "Mining in Bolivia. Mining in Bolivia has been a dominant feature of the Bolivian economy as well as Bolivian politics since 1557. Colonial era silver mining in Bolivia, particularly in Potosí, played a critical role in the Spanish Empire and the global economy. Tin mining supplanted silver by the twentieth century and the central element of Bolivian mining, and wealthy tin barons played an important role in national politics until they were marginalized by the industry's nationalization into the Bolivian Mining Corporation that followed the 1952 revolution. Bolivian miners played a critical part to the country's organized labor movement from the 1940s to the 1980s.", "Mining in Bolivia. The mining industry is organized into three main sectors: the government-owned sector, principally Comibol; the small mining cooperatives; and medium- and large-scale private enterprises. In 2013, private enterprises produced the largest share of minerals by mass and value. However, cooperative miners represent the vast majority of mining workers.", "Mining in Bolivia. Among Bolivia's largest mining facilities is the San Cristóbal mining complex, an open-pit silver, lead and zinc mine near the town of San Cristóbal, Potosí. The mine, operated by Sumitomo Corporation, produces approximately 1,300 metric tons of zinc-silver ore and 300 tons of lead-silver ore per day, as of August 2010[update],[3] by processing 40,000 to 50,000 tons of rock.[4]", "Mining in Bolivia. For the first time since 1952, Comibol produced less minerals than the rest of the mining sector in 1987. The medium miners consisted of Bolivian and foreign mining companies in the private sector that were involved in the production of virtually every mineral, especially silver, zinc, antimony, lead, cadmium, tungsten, gold, and tin. Nevertheless, the collapse of tin and the decline in other commodity prices in the mid-1980s also severely affected the private mining sector. Nineteen mining companies with 4,020 employees constituted the Medium Miners Association (Asociación de Minería Mediana) in 1987, compared with twenty-eight companies and 8,000 workers in 1985. Only 615 mines in 1987 were part of the National Chamber of Mining (Cámara Nacional de Minería), the equivalent of a small miners association, compared with 6,300 mines and 23,000 workers before the crash. Traditionally, small miners had to market their mining output through the Mining Bank of Bolivia (Bancco Minera de Bolivia—Banin), which was also restructured after 1985 into a joint venture of private and public interests. Beginning in 1987, small miners no longer had to sell their exports through Bamin, a policy shift that boosted that group's output and foreign sales.", "Mining in Bolivia. Bolivia's mines had produced cassiterite, the chief source of tin, since 1861. Although long among the world's leading tin producers and exporters, the industry faced numerous and complicated structural problems by the early 1980s: the highest cost underground mines and smelters in the world; inaccessibility of the ores because of high altitudes and poor infrastructure; narrow, deep veins found in hard rock; complex tin ores that had to be specially processed to extract tin, antimony, lead, and other ores; depletion of high-grade ores; almost continual labor unrest; deplorable conditions for miners; extensive mineral theft or juqueo; poor macroeconomic conditions; lack of foreign exchange for needed imports; unclear mining policies; few export incentives; and decreasing international demand for tin. Between 1978 and 1985, Bolivia fell from the second to the fifth position among tin producers.", "Mining in Bolivia. The government's mineral policy also gave a high priority to exploiting the lithium and potassium deposits located in the brines of the southern Altiplano's Salar de Uyuni (Uyuni saltpan), estimated to be the largest of their kind in the world. The United States Geological Survey, the Bolivian Geological Survey (Servicio Geológico de Bolivia), and others discovered large reserves of lithium in 1976. By 1985 Bolivia's National Congress had made lithium extraction a national priority and created the Industrial Complex of the Uyuni Saltpan (Complejo Industrial de los Recursos Evaporíticos del Salar de Uyuni) to explore, exploit, and market lithium. Because the extraction of lithium is an expensive, technically complex process, the government sought bids for some foreign investment in lithium in the late 1980s. In addition to an estimated 5.5 million tons of lithium reserves, Bolivia also had approximately 110 million tons of potassium, 3.2 tons of boron, and an unknown amount of magnesium associated with lithium.", "Cerro Rico. Bolivia's cooperative mining sector, whose center is in Potosi, has been given many privileges included favorable tax treatment and exemption from labor and environmental regulations since the election of socialist president Evo Morales in 2006. After centuries of brutal Spanish extraction and forced labor, decades of foreign control and private investment in the late 20th century, and the failure of the state-run mining company COMIBOL led to the displacement of 25,000 miners following plummeting mineral prices in the 1990s, \"informal, self-managed associations\" began selling \"unrefined product to private operators\".[12]", "Mining in Bolivia. Bolivia mined about a fifth of the world's antimony in the late 1980s and was the leading producer among market economies. Private companies were responsible for all antimony production. The largest output came from the United Mining Company (Empresa Minera Unificada), which controlled the two largest antimony mines, located at Chilcobija and Caracota, both in Potosí Department. Medium and small miners generated an average of 9,500 tons of antimony a year in the mid-to late-1980s, all of which was exported. Antimony, a strategic mineral used in flameproofing compounds and semiconductors, was exported in concentrates, trioxides, and alloys to all regions of the world, with most sales going to Britain and Brazil. Antimony reserves in 1988 stood at 350,000 tons.", "Mining in Bolivia. Gold production represents 2,2% of the Bolivian economy. Zinc represents 13% and tin represents 5% of the country's economy. These three major products of the Bolivian mining industry are listed among those produced by child labor in the 2014 U.S. Department of Labor's report[8] that included a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. The DOL has also reported that \"children continue to engage [...] in the worst forms of child labor in mining\" and that \"child labor inspections remain insufficient relative to the scope of the problem.\"[9]", "Mining in Bolivia. Corporación Minera de Bolivia (Comibol), created in 1952 by the nationalization of the country's tin mines, was a huge multi-mineral corporation controlled by organized labor and the second largest tin enterprise in the world, until it was decentralized into five semi-autonomous mining enterprises in 1986. In addition to operating twenty-one mining companies, several spare-parts factories, various electricity plants, farms, a railroad, and other agencies, Comibol also provided schooling for over 60,000 children, housing for mining families, health clinics, and popular subsidized commissaries called pulperías. By 1986 Comibol employed more non-miners than miners.", "Bolivia. The US Geological Service estimates that Bolivia has 5.4 million cubic tonnes of lithium, which represent 50%–70% of world reserves. However, to mine for it would involve disturbing the country's salt flats (called Salar de Uyuni), an important natural feature which boosts tourism in the region. The government does not want to destroy this unique natural landscape to meet the rising world demand for lithium.[68] On the other hand, sustainable extraction of lithium is attempted by the government. This project is carried out by the public company \"Recursos Evaporíticos\" subsidiary of COMIBOL.", "Mining in Bolivia. Silver, zinc, lead, bismuth, and other minerals were all found with Bolivia's large tin reserves and, like tin, were considered strategic minerals. Because of the common mixture of ores, tin mining frequently encompassed the mining of other minerals as well. With the collapse of tin, the government was increasingly interested in exploiting its large reserves of other minerals, particularly silver and zinc. Three centuries after being the world's largest producer of silver, Bolivia still produced 225 tons of silver in 1988, as compared with about 140 tons in 1987. Zinc reserves were large, 530,000 tons, and the expansion of zinc production enjoyed growing government support. Zinc output also rose in the late 1980s from roughly 39,000 tons in 1987 to over 53,000 tons in 1988, compared with 47,000 tons in 1975. Nearly all zinc was exported. In 1987 the government declared the construction of a new zinc refinery in Potosí a national priority. Although the authorities considered lead a minor metal, production increased from 9,000 tons in 1987 to 11,000 tons in 1988. Bismuth reserves were estimated at 4,100 tons, and production in 1987 reached two-thirds of a ton entirely by small miners. Bolivia, the site of the International Bismuth Institute, was once the sole producer of bismuth in the world.", "Salar de Uyuni. No mining plant is currently at the site, and the Bolivian government does not want to allow exploitation by foreign corporations. Instead, it intends to build its own pilot plant with a modest annual production of 1 200 t of lithium and to increase it to 30 000 t by 2012.[17]", "Mining in Bolivia. In the late 1980s, however, tin still accounted for a third of all Bolivian mineral exports because of the strong performance by the medium and small mining sectors. The largest tin-mining company in the private sector was Estalsa Boliviana, which dredged alluvial tin deposits in the Antequera River in northeastern Potosí Department. The Mining Company of Oruro operated the country's richest tin mine at Huanuni. The country's tin reserves in 1988 were estimated at 453,700 tons, of which 250,000 tons were found in medium-sized mines, 143,700 tons in Comibol mines, and 60,000 tons in small mines. In the late 1980s, tin was exported mainly in concentrates for refining abroad. Eighty percent of all exports went to the European Economic Community and the United States, with the balance going to various Latin American countries and Czechoslovakia.", "Mining in Bolivia. The crisis of 1985 prompted emergency economic measures by the government, including massive layoffs of miners. The twenty-first century has seen a recovery and expansion of the mining sector, and the government of Evo Morales has re-nationalized several facilities. However, as of 2010[update] mining in Bolivia is primarily in private hands, while the vast majority of miners work in cooperatives. Large, foreign owned mines such as Sumitomo's San Cristóbal mine also produce relatively large quantities of minerals. In 2010, 79,043 miners worked in the sector, producing $2.642 billion of mineral products.[1] As of 2011[update], Bolivia is the world's sixth largest producer of tin.[2]", "Mining in Bolivia. Mining cooperatives and other miscellaneous miners made up the rest of the producers in the mining sector, although their output was aggregated with that of the small mining sector. The National Federation of Mining Cooperatives of Bolivia (Federación Nacional de Cooperativas Mineras de Bolivia) served as an umbrella organization for the country's 434 mining cooperatives, 82 percent of which mined gold. Only a few of these groups, however, were officially registered with the National Institute of Cooperatives (Instituto Nacional para Cooperativas). Most cooperatives were small and consisted of individual miners organized by mine or specific mineral and using very little technology.", "Mining in Bolivia. Gold prospecting in the country's rivers and mines was brisk in the late 1980s. Because of Bolivia's vast territory and the high value of gold, contraband gold accounted for approximately 80 percent of exports. Official gold exports were approximately five tons in 1988, up sharply from less than one ton in 1985. In order to capture gold as a reserve for the Central Bank of Bolivia, in 1988 the government offered a 5 percent bonus over the international price of gold on local sales to the Central Bank. Gold was mined almost exclusively by over 300 cooperatives throughout the country, along with about 10,000 prospectors. A large percentage of the cooperatives worked in Tipuani, Guanay, Mapiri, Huayti, and Teoponte in a 21,000-hectare region set aside for gold digging and located 120 kilometers north of La Paz. Mining cooperatives in the late 1980s had requested an additional 53,000 hectares from the government for gold prospecting. Others panned for their fortunes in remote villages like Araras along the Brazilian border in Beni. Small-scale operations were very traditional and wasteful. Analysts predicted that more commercial production, such as the dredging of alluvial deposits, would maximize gold output. A few medium-sized mining operations, as well as the Armed Forces National Development Corporation (Corporación de las Fuerzas Armadas para el Desarrollo Nacional—Cofadena) became involved in the gold rush in the 1980s. Government policy favored augmenting gold reserves as a means of leveraging more external finance for development projects. Republic Gold Limited, an Australian mining company ASX:RAU, are presently drilling for gold at Amayapampa Gold Project, 380 km South East of La Paz, on the Altiplano of South West Bolivia: https://web.archive.org/web/20120317194141/http://www.republicgold.com.au/documents/announcements/1010453.pdf", "Mining in Bolivia. The government of Evo Morales re-nationalized the cooperative mines at Huanuni (in 2007)[2] and the smelting facilities in Vinto (in February 2007) and Karachipampa (in January 2011).", "Mining in Bolivia. Bolivia was also the leading producer of tungsten among market economies. But the dramatic decline in tungsten prices in the 1980s severely hurt production, despite the fact that reserves stood at 60,000 tons. Medium and small producers accounted for over 80 percent of the country's tungsten production in the late 1980s. The International Mining Company's Chojilla mine was the source of most tungsten output. Tungsten production sank from 2,300 tons in 1984 to barely more than 800 tons in 1987 because of falling international prices. Tungsten was sold to West European, East European, and Latin American countries, as well as to the United States.", "Bolivia. The geology of Bolivia comprises a variety of different lithologies as well as tectonic and sedimentary environments. On a synoptic scale, geological units coincide with topographical units. Most elementally, the country is divided into a mountainous western area affected by the subduction processes in the Pacific and an eastern lowlands of stable platforms and shields.", "Andes. Currently, mining in the Andes of Chile and Peru places these countries as the first and third major producers of copper in the world. Peru also contains the 4th largest goldmine in the world: the Yanacocha. The Bolivian Andes produce principally tin although historically silver mining had a huge impact on the economy of 17th century Europe.", "Cerro Rico. Cerro Rico de Potosí was accidentally discovered in 1545 by Diego de Huallpa, a Quechua Indian and native Peruvian silver miner for Spanish overseers, while he was searching the mountain for an Inca shrine or traditional burial offering.[13] The red mountain, now known as Cerro Rico, sits nestled between Porco and Sucre mines which had previously been discovered being at lower altitudes and therefore easier to mine. However, once Cerro Rico was found to carry predominantly silver ores, mining focus shifted to the harvesting of the more costly ore over ores like tin, zinc, and lead found in Porco and Sucre. Now one of the largest silver mines in Bolivia, and in the world, the Cerro Rico de Potosí mine has estimated reserves of 1.76 billion ounces of silver and 540 million tons of ore grading 0.17% tin.[14] The mine is located in the south of the country in Potosí Department.[14]", "Mining in Bolivia. (fine metric tons)", "Mining in Bolivia. (fine metric tons)", "Cerro Rico. FENCOMIN (National Federation of Mining Cooperatives in Bolivia) was a vital player in insuring the successful popular election of Evo Morales and also functioned as one of the leaders in drafting Bolivia's new constitution establishing a plural mining economy (state, private, and cooperative). However, over the last ten years much conflict has arisen between cooperative miners and state miners. In 2006, state miners and cooperatives clashed at Huanuni leaving 16 dead leading to the firing of Morales' first Mining Minister, a member of FENCOMIN. Most recently in 2016, Bolivia's Deputy Interior Minister Rodolfo Ilanes was tortured and killed, allegedly by a Bolivian mining cooperative. This outburst of violence has led to clashes between cooperative miners and the police leaving five miners dead and severing a decade of strong ties between cooperative mining and the Morales government.[12]", "Mining. Sub-surface mining consists of digging tunnels or shafts into the earth to reach buried ore deposits. Ore, for processing, and waste rock, for disposal, are brought to the surface through the tunnels and shafts. Sub-surface mining can be classified by the type of access shafts used, the extraction method or the technique used to reach the mineral deposit. Drift mining utilizes horizontal access tunnels, slope mining uses diagonally sloping access shafts, and shaft mining utilizes vertical access shafts. Mining in hard and soft rock formations require different techniques.", "History of Bolivia (1809–1920). Perhaps the most significant development of the Liberal era was the dramatic rise of Bolivian tin production. Since the colonial period, tin had been mined in the Potosí region; nonetheless, Bolivia historically lacked the transportation system necessary to ship large quantities of tin to European markets. The extension of the rail link to Oruro in the 1890s, however, made tin mining a highly profitable business. The decline in European tin production also contributed to the Bolivian tin boom at the beginning of the 20th century. With the development of huge mines in southern Oruro and northern Potosí, La Paz eclipsed Potosí as the mining industry's financial and service center.[7]", "Surface mining. \"Contour mining \" involves removing the overburden above the mineral seam near the outcrop in hilly terrain, where the mineral outcrop usually follows the contour of the land. Contour stripping is often followed by auger mining into the hillside, to remove more of the mineral. This method commonly leaves behind terraces in mountainsides.", "Mining in Bolivia. (millions of US$)", "Mining in Bolivia. (millions of US$)", "Potosí. Located in the Bolivian Tin Belt, Cerro Rico de Potosí is the world's largest silver deposit and has been mined since the sixteenth century, producing up to 60,000 tonnes by 1996. Estimates are that much silver still remains in the mines. Potosí became the second largest city, and the site of the first mint, in the Americas. By 1891, low silver prices prompted the change to mining tin, which continued until 1985. At peak production in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the ore contained up to 40% silver.[5]:374", "Mining in Bolivia. During the presidency of Evo Morales, Bolivia increased government control over and investment in the tin sector. At the Huanuni mines, violent clashes among cooperative miners led to nationalization of the facility in 2007.[2] The government also nationalized the Vinto smelter citing issues of corruption by private owner Glencore in February 2007.[2] The still-unopened Karachipampa was nationalized in 2011 following the regional protest in Potosí's demand for its operation and the failure of foreign investors to accomplish this. In July 2011, the Chinese firm Vicstar Union Engineering (a joint venture of Shenzhen Vicstar Import and Export Co. and Yantai Design and Research Engineering Co. Ltd of the Shandong Gold Group) won a contract to build a new smelter for Comibol at Huanuni.[2]" ]

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[ "Television in the United States. The federal government does subsidize non-commercial educational television stations through the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. The income received from the government is insufficient to cover expenses and stations rely on corporate sponsorships and viewer contributions (including from private benefactors) to finance their operations and programming production. Various public television outlets – albeit not on all individual PBS member and independent public broadcasting stations and PBS member networks simultaneously – hold pledge drives two to four times per year, which account for a decent portion of the non-government-subsidized income through public and private contributions.", "Underwriting. Underwriting may also refer to financial sponsorship of a venture, and is also used as a term within public broadcasting (both public television and radio) to describe funding given by a company or organization for the operations of the service, in exchange for a mention of their product or service within the station's programming.", "Advertising. In the early 1950s, the DuMont Television Network began the modern practice of selling advertisement time to multiple sponsors. Previously, DuMont had trouble finding sponsors for many of their programs and compensated by selling smaller blocks of advertising time to several businesses. This eventually became the standard for the commercial television industry in the United States. However, it was still a common practice to have single sponsor shows, such as The United States Steel Hour. In some instances the sponsors exercised great control over the content of the show – up to and including having one's advertising agency actually writing the show.[citation needed] The single sponsor model is much less prevalent now, a notable exception being the Hallmark Hall of Fame.[citation needed]", "Music radio. Market share is not always a consideration, because not all radio stations are commercial. Public radio is funded by government and private donors. Since most public broadcasting operations don't have to make a profit, no commercials are necessary. (In fact, because most public broadcasting stations operate under noncommercial licenses from their country's broadcasting regulator, they may not be allowed to sell advertising at all.) Underwriting spots, which mention the name of a sponsor and some information but cannot include “calls to action” attempting to convince the listener to patronize the sponsor, may be allowed.", "K-Love. K-Love stations are licensed as non-commercial educational stations; therefore, most of K-Love's funding is provided by donations. The majority of donations are made during seasonal pledge drives, usually held in the spring and in the fall.[53]", "Payola. Payola, in the music industry, is the illegal practice of payment or other inducement by record companies for the broadcast of recordings on commercial radio in which the song is presented as being part of the normal day's broadcast, without announcing this prior to broadcast. Under US law, a radio station can play a specific song in exchange for money, but this must be disclosed on the air as being sponsored airtime,[1] and that play of the song should not be counted as a \"regular airplay\".[citation needed]", "Commercial broadcasting. Commercial broadcasting overlaps with paid services such as cable television, radio and satellite television. Such services are generally partially or wholly paid for by local subscribers and is known as leased access. Other programming (particularly on cable television) is produced by companies operating in much the same manner as advertising-funded commercial broadcasters, and they (and often the local cable provider) sell commercial time in a similar manner.", "Broadcast syndication. Not all programs in syndication are sold for a fee. Less popular programming may be distributed by barter, in which the syndicator, instead of selling the show to a station, offers the show for free, with the caveat that the station give up its advertising time on other shows to the syndicator's advertisers. Barter syndication, in addition to the cost advantage, is popular because of its flexibility; a station can typically pick up a barter syndicated program for only a few weeks or months, without the long-term financial commitment of a traditional syndicated series, allowing the station to plug the show into its lineup to fill a hole in the schedule.", "Television in the United States. The method of most commercial stations – those that rely, at least partly, on advertising for revenue – acquiring programs through distributors of syndicated content to fill time not allotted to network and/or local programming differs from other countries worldwide where networks handle the responsibility of programming first-run and syndicated programs, whereas their partner stations are only responsible for the programming of local content. The international programming model is used in the U.S. by some smaller networks and multicast services, which are more cost-effective for their affiliate stations since they require little to no acquired or locally produced programming to fill airtime at the local level.", "Payola. The term Congressional Payola Investigations refers to investigations by the House Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight into payola, the practice of record promoters paying DJs or radio programmers to play their labels' songs. Payola can refer to monetary rewards or other types of reimbursement, and is a tool record labels use to promote certain artists. Other forms of payola include making arrangements to purchase certain amounts of advertising in exchange for staying on a station's playlist, forcing bands to play station-sponsored concerts for little or no money in order to stay in a station's good graces, and paying for stations to hold \"meet the band\" contests, in exchange for air time for one of the label's newer, lesser-known bands.", "Commercial broadcasting. In the United States, non-commercial educational (NCE) television and radio exists in the form of community radio; however, premium cable services such as HBO and Showtime generally operate solely on subscriber fees and do not sell advertising. This is also the case for the portions of the two major satellite radio systems that are produced in-house (mainly music programming).", "Sign-on and sign-off. Many stations, while no longer conducting a sign-off and being off air for a period of time each day, instead run low cost programming during those times of low viewer numbers. This may include infomercials, movies, television shows, simple weather forecasts, low cost news or infotainment programming from other suppliers, or feeds of local cable TV companies' programming via a fiber optic line to the cable headend. Other broadcasters that are part of a radio or television network may run an unedited feed of the network's overnight programming from a central location, without local advertising. Some stations, after doing a sign-off, nonetheless continue to transmit throughout the off-air period on cable/satellite; this transmission may involve a test pattern or static image that is accompanied by music or a local weather radio service.", "Infomercial. Some U.S. televangelists such as Robert Tilton and Peter Popoff buy television time from infomercial brokers representing television stations around the U.S., and even some widely distributed cable networks that are not averse to carrying religious programming. A block of such programming appears weekdays on BET under the umbrella title BET Inspiration (which fully replaced the direct-response variety of infomercials on the channel in 1997). The vast majority of religious programming in the United States is distributed through paid infomercial time; the fees that televangelists pay for coverage on most religious stations are a major revenue stream for those stations, in addition to programming the networks produce themselves.", "Commercial broadcasting. Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing radio advertisements and television advertisements for profit. This is in contrast to public broadcasting, which receives government subsidies and tries to avoid paid advertising interrupting the show. During pledge drives they will interrupt shows to ask for donations.", "Broadcast syndication. When syndicating a show, the production company, or a distribution company called a syndicator, attempts to license the show to one station in each media market or area, or to a commonly owned station group, within the country and internationally. If successful, this can be lucrative, but the syndicator may only be able to license the show in a small percentage of the markets. Syndication differs from licensing the show to a television network. Once a network picks up a show, it is usually guaranteed to run on most or all the network's affiliates on the same day of the week and at the same time (in a given time zone, in countries where this is a concern). Some production companies create their shows and license them to networks at a loss, at least at first, hoping that the series will succeed and that eventual off-network syndication will turn a profit for the show.[citation needed] A syndicated program is licensed to stations for \"cash\" (the stations purchase the rights to insert some or all of the advertisements at their level); given to stations for access to airtime (wherein the syndicators get the advertising revenue); or the combination of both. The trade of program for airtime is called \"barter.\"", "Product placement. Much of U.S. broadcast law pertaining to on-air product promotion dates to the payola scandals of 1950s broadcast radio. An investigation launched in November 1959 into allegations that some radio disc jockeys had accepted bribes in return for radio airplay[93] ended with a US$2,500 fine for disc jockey Alan Freed (of WABC and WINS) for violating commercial bribery laws. On September 13, 1960, the U.S. government banned payola in broadcasting. Under 47 U.S.C. § 317 \"All matter broadcast by any radio station for which money, service, or other valuable consideration is directly or indirectly paid, or promised to or charged or accepted by, the station so broadcasting, from any person, shall, at the time the same is so broadcast, be announced as paid for or furnished, as the case may be, by such person...\" with similar and related provisions reflected in Federal Communications Commission regulations as 47 C.F.R. 73.1212.[94]", "Television advertisement. Other forms of TV advertising include product placement advertising in the TV shows themselves. For example, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition advertises Sears, Kenmore, and the Home Depot by specifically using products from these companies, and some sports events like the Sprint Cup of NASCAR are named after sponsors, and race cars are frequently covered in advertisements. Many major sporting venues in North America are named for commercial companies, dating back as far as Wrigley Field. Television programs delivered through new mediums such as streaming online video also bring different opportunities to the traditional methods of generating revenue from television advertising.", "Television licence. The United States created the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) in 1967, which eventually led to the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and National Public Radio (NPR); however, those are loose networks of non-commercial educational (NCE) stations owned by state and local governments, educational institutions, or non-profit organizations, more like U.S. commercial networks (though there are some differences) than European public broadcasters. The CPB and virtually all government-owned stations are funded through general taxes, and donations from individual persons (usually in the form of \"memberships\") and charitable organizations. Individual programs on public broadcasters may also be supported by underwriting spots paid for by sponsors; typically, these spots are presented at the beginning and conclusion of the program. Because between 53 and 60 percent of public television's revenues come from private membership donations and grants,[105] most stations solicit individual donations by methods including fundraising, pledge drives or telethons which can disrupt regularly scheduled programming. Normal programming can be replaced with specials aimed at a wider audience to solicit new members and donations.[106]", "Advertisement film. Other forms of TV advertising include product placement advertising in the TV shows themselves. For example, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition advertises Sears, Kenmore, and the Home Depot by specifically using products from these companies, and some sports events like the Sprint Cup of NASCAR are named after sponsors, and race cars are frequently covered in advertisements. Many major sporting venues in North America are named for commercial companies, dating back as far as Wrigley Field. Television programs delivered through new mediums such as streaming online video also bring different opportunities to the traditional methods of generating revenue from television advertising.", "Fiscal sponsorship. Fiscal sponsorship refers to the practice of non-profit organizations offering their legal and tax-exempt status to groups—typically projects—engaged in activities related to the sponsoring organization's mission. It typically involves a fee-based contractual arrangement between a project and an established non-profit.[1]", "The Jackie Gleason Show. In his book The Forgotten Network, author David Weinstein mentions an unusual aspect of the DuMont network. He notes that while Drug Store Productions was technically the sponsor, they in turn sold the commercial air time to various companies and products. Weinstein notes this as an early example of U.S. network television moving away from the single-sponsor system typical of the early 1950s. He quotes former DuMont executive Ted Bergmann describing the DuMont version as featuring six commercial breaks during the hour, with each break comprising a single one-minute commercial.[3]", "Infomercial. Because infomercials may sometimes take a sensational tone, and because some of the products and services sold may be of a questionable nature, consumer advocates recommend careful investigation of the sponsor,[25] the product and the claims before making a purchase. To that end, some stations and networks normally run their own disclaimers before, during or after infomercials, stating that in addition to the program being a paid advertisement, the broadcaster bears no responsibility or liability for the infomercial's content (the legality of a station or network attempting to absolve itself of liability for a program it airs, while profiting from the same program, has never been tested in court). A few stations also encourage viewers to contact their local Better Business Bureau or state or local consumer protection agency to report any questionable products or claims that air on such infomercials. Some channels, such as CNBC (until early 2017), Fox Business Network (which has stopped doing so) and Bloomberg Television include a \"paid programming\" bug in a corner of the screen during infomercials, which is especially important for financial products to avoid an exploitation of an \"as seen on\" claim of endorsement by the network. Other channels, particularly smaller networks such as RFD-TV, have publicly disavowed infomercials and refused to air them (RFD-TV has since lifted its ban but only airs infomercials in graveyard slots).", "Sign-on and sign-off. A sign-on (or startup) is the beginning of operations for a radio or television station, generally at the start of each day. It is the opposite of a sign-off (or closedown), which is the sequence of operations involved when a radio or television station shuts down its transmitters and goes off the air for a predetermined period; generally, this occurs during the overnight hours.", "Commercial broadcasting. Radio broadcasting originally began without paid commercials. As time went on, however, advertisements seemed less objectionable to both the public and government regulators and became more common. While commercial broadcasting was unexpected in radio, in television it was planned due to commercial radio's success. Television began with commercial sponsorship and later transformed to paid commercial time. When problems arose over patents and corporate marketing strategies, regulatory decisions were made by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to control commercial broadcasting.[1]", "Infomercial. Although locally produced, the programs are also presented by hosts which are not associated in any way with the station's newsroom, or by a host who formerly anchored a station's newscasts and (while still familiar with the station's viewers) may be looking for an easier and less harried work schedule. Under most guidelines, hosts cannot appear in newscasts and in productions run by the sales department at the same time, due to ethical concerns about sponsorships influencing newscasts. Thus, news anchors and reporters cannot host these shows, nor can hosts of these shows appear in newscasts as reporters; for instance, in the case of the aforementioned AM Buffalo, host Linda Pellegrino was forced to resign her post as a weather anchor on WKBW when AM Buffalo began adding sponsored segments. In fact, if a breaking news event takes place during the program, it is usually cut off with only a quick pause and no mention by the host that they are sending viewers to the news desk for details on the story. In definition, these programs can be considered infomercials, albeit not exactly meeting the letter of the definition.", "Beneficiary rule. Another oft-used term, Free pass, was first used by Mike Joy during the 2004 broadcast of the Subway 400 at North Carolina Speedway in Rockingham, North Carolina. Sometimes, Larry McReynolds, especially during the 2004 season, would refer to it as a pardon (sometimes accompanied by \"from the Oval Office\"; \"Oval Office\" is a term referring to the NASCAR mobile office and the proper series logo), and sometimes Darrell Waltrip uses it only for the #38 Robert Yates Racing Ford and later #18 Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota, because that car is sponsored by Mars, Incorporated, which manufactures the Pedigree dog food brand. It is used by MRN Radio and Fox Sports by its main announcers, and is used by the Fox graphics package. (Note that starting in 2007, TNT's coverage is produced by Fox Sports; as part of the 2009 restart rule changes, the TNT graphics package states the driver with the Free Pass and Wave-Around before the restart.)", "Broadcast syndication. Cash deals are when a distributor offers a syndicated program to the highest bidder. A cash plus deal is when the distributor retains advertising space to offset some of the cost for the program. The station gets the program for a little less in exchange for some ad space for the producer.", "Broadcast syndication. Off-network syndication in its various forms, including Internet, international and traditional direct-to-station sales, constitute roughly half of an individual television program's overall revenue stream, with the other half taken up by advertising.[20]", "Payola. The term payola is a combination of \"pay\" and \"-ola\", a common suffix of product names in the early 20th century, such as Pianola, Victrola, Amberola, Crayola, Rock-Ola, Shinola, or brands such as the radio equipment manufacturer Motorola.[2] Payola has come to mean the payment of a bribe in commerce and in law to say or do a certain thing against the rules of law, but more specifically a commercial bribe. The FCC defines \"payola\" as a violation of the sponsorship identification rule that in 2005-06 resulted in tens of millions of dollars in fines to cable corporations in New York.[citation needed]", "Payola. This newer type of payola was an attempt to sidestep FCC regulations.[12] Since the independent intermediaries were the ones actually paying the stations, it was thought that their inducements did not fall under the \"payola\" rules, so a radio station need not report them as paid promotions.", "Product placement. Often, a broadcaster claimed to have complied by placing an acknowledgement in an inconspicuous place, such as embedded within the credits.[96] In 2005 U.S. Federal Communications Commission commissioner Jonathan Adelstein stated \"if broadcasters and cable TV companies insist on further commercializing new and other shows alike, that is their business. But if they do so without disclosing it to the viewing public, that is payola, and that is the FCC’s business.\"[97]", "Product placement. In other early media, e.g., radio in the 1930s and 1940s and television in the 1950s, programs were often underwritten by companies. Soap operas were so-named because they were initially underwritten by consumer packaged goods companies such as Procter & Gamble or Unilever. When television began to displace radio, DuMont's Cavalcade of Stars television show was, in its era, notable for not relying on a sole sponsor. Sponsorship continues with programs being sponsored by major vendors such as Hallmark Cards." ]

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[ "Polydipsia. Polydipsia is excessive thirst or excess drinking.[1] The word derives from the Greek πολυδίψιος (poludípsios) \"very thirsty\",[2] which is derived from πολύς (polús, \"much, many\") + δίψα (dípsa, \"thirst\"). Polydipsia is a nonspecific symptom in various medical disorders. It also occurs as an abnormal behaviour in some non-human animals, such as in birds.[3]", "Thirst. Continuous dehydration can cause many problems, but is most often associated with renal problems and neurological problems such as seizures. Excessive thirst, known as polydipsia, along with excessive urination, known as polyuria, may be an indication of diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.", "Water intoxication. Psychogenic polydipsia is the psychiatric condition in which patients feel compelled to drink large quantities of water, thus putting them at risk of water intoxication. This condition can be especially dangerous if the patient also exhibits other psychiatric indications (as is often the case), as the care-takers might misinterpret the hyponatremic symptoms.[7]", "Thirst. Thirst is the craving for fluids, resulting in the basic instinct of animals to drink. It is an essential mechanism involved in fluid balance. It arises from a lack of fluids or an increase in the concentration of certain osmolites, such as salt. If the water volume of the body falls below a certain threshold or the osmolite concentration becomes too high, the brain signals thirst.", "Polydipsia. Psychogenic polydipsia is an excessive water intake[1] seen in some patients with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, and/or the developmentally disabled. It should be taken very seriously, as the amount of water ingested exceeds the amount that can be excreted by the kidneys,[1] and can on rare occasions be life-threatening as the body's serum sodium level is diluted to an extent that seizures and cardiac arrest can occur.", "Polydipsia. Primary polydipsia describes excessive thirst and water intake caused in the absence of physiological stimuli to drink. This includes both psychogenic primary polydipsia and non-psychogenic primary polydipsia, such as in patients with autoimmune chronic hepatitis with severely elevated globulin levels.[4]", "Thirst. This is one of two types of thirst and is defined as thirst caused by loss of blood volume (hypovolemia) without depleting the intracellular fluid. This can be caused by blood loss, vomiting, and diarrhea. This loss of volume is problematic because if the total blood volume falls too low the heart cannot circulate blood effectively and the eventual result is hypovolemic shock. The vascular system responds by constricting blood vessels thereby creating a smaller volume for the blood to fill. This mechanical solution however has definite limits and usually must be supplemented with increased volume. The loss of blood volume is detected by cells in the kidneys and triggers thirst for both water and salt via the renin-angiotensin system.[2][3]", "Water retention (medicine). The term water retention (also known as fluid retention) or hydrops, hydropsy, edema, signifies an abnormal accumulation of clear, watery fluid in the tissues or cavities of the body.[1][2]", "Water intoxication. Under normal circumstances, accidentally consuming too much water is exceptionally rare. Nearly all deaths related to water intoxication in normal individuals have resulted either from water-drinking contests, in which individuals attempt to consume large amounts of water, or from long bouts of exercise during which excessive amounts of fluid were consumed.[1] In addition, water cure, a method of torture in which the victim is forced to consume excessive amounts of water, can cause water intoxication.", "Hunger (motivational state). A food craving is an intense desire to consume a specific food, as opposed to general hunger. Similarly, thirst is the craving for water.", "Thirst. Clusters of cells (osmoreceptors) in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and subfornical organ (SFO), which lie outside of the blood brain barrier can detect the concentration of blood plasma and the presence of angiotensin II in the blood. They can then activate the median preoptic nucleus which initiates water seeking and ingestive behavior.[1] Destruction of this part of the hypothalamus in humans and other animals results in partial or total loss of desire to drink even with extremely high salt concentration in the extracellular fluids.[5][6]", "Polydipsia. While psychogenic polydipsia is generally not found outside the population of serious mental disorders, there is some anecdotal evidence of a milder form (typically called 'habit polydipsia' or 'habit drinking') that can be found in the absence of psychosis or other mental conditions. The excessive levels of fluid intake may result in a false diagnosis of diabetes insipidus, since the chronic ingestion of excessive water can produce diagnostic results that closely mimic those of mild diabetes insipidus. As discussed in the entry on diabetes insipidus, \"Habit drinking (in its severest form termed psychogenic polydipsia) is the most common imitator of diabetes insipidus at all ages. While many adult cases in the medical literature are associated with mental disorders, most patients with habit polydipsia have no other detectable disease. The distinction is made during the water deprivation test, as some degree of urinary concentration above isosmolar is usually obtained before the patient becomes dehydrated.\" However, prior to a water deprivation test, consideration should be given to a psychiatric consult to see whether it is possible to rule out psychogenic polydipsia or habit polydipsia.", "Water intoxication. Water intoxication, also known as water poisoning or hyperhydration, is a potentially fatal disturbance in brain functions that results when the normal balance of electrolytes in the body is pushed outside safe limits by overhydration (excessive water intake).", "Water retention (medicine). The body uses a complex system of hormones and hormone-like substances called prostaglandins to keep its volume of fluid at a constant level. If one were to intake an excessive amount of fluid in one day, the amount of fluid would not be affected in the long term. This is because the kidneys quickly excrete the excess in the form of urine. Likewise, if one did not get enough to drink, the body would hold on to its fluids and urinate less than usual. Imbalances in this system can lead to water retention, which can range from mild and unnoticeable to symptomatic with swelling.", "Thirst. There are receptors and other systems in the body that detect a decreased volume or an increased osmolite concentration. They signal to the central nervous system, where central processing succeeds. Some sources,[1] therefore, distinguish \"extracellular thirst\" from \"intracellular thirst\", where extracellular thirst is thirst generated by decreased volume and intracellular thirst is thirst generated by increased osmolite concentration. Nevertheless, the craving itself is something generated from central processing in the brain, no matter how it is detected.", "Polyuria. Polyuria (/ˌpɒliˈjʊəriə/) is excessive or an abnormally large production or passage of urine (greater than 2.5[1] or 3[2] L over 24 hours in adults). Frequent urination is usually an accompanying symptom. Increased production and passage of urine may also be termed diuresis.[3][4] Polyuria often appears in conjunction with polydipsia (increased thirst), though it is possible to have one without the other, and the latter may be a cause or an effect. Psychogenic polydipsia may lead to polyuria. [5] Polyuria is usually viewed as a symptom or sign of another disorder (not a disease by itself), but it can be classed as a disorder, at least when its underlying causes are not clear.[citation needed]", "Thirst. Osmometric thirst occurs when the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid increases. This increase draws water out of the cells, and they shrink in volume. The solute concentration of the interstitial fluid increases by high intake of sodium in diet or by the drop in volume of extracellular fluids (such as blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid) due to loss of water through perspiration, respiration, urination and defecation. The increase in interstitial fluid solute concentration causes water to migrate from the cells of the body, through their membranes, to the extracellular compartment, by osmosis, thus causing cellular dehydration.[medical citation needed]", "Thirst. It is vital for organisms to be able to maintain their fluid levels in very narrow ranges. The goal is to keep the interstitial fluid, the fluid outside the cell, at the same concentration as the intracellular fluid, fluid inside the cell. This condition is called isotonic and occurs when the same level of solutes are present on either side of the cell membrane so that the net water movement is zero. If the interstitial fluid has a higher concentration of solutes than the intracellular fluid it will pull water out of the cell. This condition is called hypertonic and if enough water leaves the cell it will not be able to perform essential chemical functions. If the interstitial fluid becomes less concentrated the cell will fill with water as it tries to equalize the concentrations. This condition is called hypotonic and can be dangerous because it can cause the cell to swell and rupture. One set of receptors responsible for thirst detects the concentration of interstitial fluid. The other set of receptors detects blood volume.[medical citation needed]", "Dehydration. In the elderly, blunted response to thirst and/or inadequate ability to access free water in the face of excess free water losses (especially hyperglycemia related) seem to be the main causes of dehydration.[7] Excess free water or hypotonic water can leave the body in two ways - sensible loss such as osmotic diuresis, sweating, vomiting and diarrhea, and insensible water loss, occurring mainly through the skin and respiratory tract. In humans, dehydration can be caused by a wide range of diseases and states that impair water homeostasis in the body. These occur primarily through either impaired thirst/water access or sodium excess.[8]", "Water intoxication. Any activity or situation that promotes heavy sweating can lead to water intoxication when water is consumed to replace lost fluids. Persons working in extreme heat and/or humidity for long periods must take care to drink and eat in ways that help to maintain electrolyte balance. People using drugs such as MDMA (often referred to colloquially as \"Ecstasy\") may overexert themselves, perspire heavily, feel increased thirst, and then drink large amounts of water to rehydrate, leading to electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication – this is compounded by MDMA use increasing the levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), decreasing the amount of water lost through urination.[6] Even people who are resting quietly in extreme heat or humidity may run the risk of water intoxication if they drink large amounts of water over short periods for rehydration.", "Drinking water. Fluid balance is key. Profuse sweating can increase the need for electrolyte (salt) replacement. Water intoxication (which results in hyponatremia), the process of consuming too much water too quickly, can be fatal.[16][17]", "Hypernatremia. Hypernatremia is typically classified by a person's fluid status into low volume, normal volume, and high volume.[1] Low volume hypernatremia can occur from sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic medication, or kidney disease.[1] Normal volume hypernatremia can be due to fever, inappropriately decreased thirst, prolonged increased breath rate, diabetes insipidus, and from lithium among other causes.[1] High volume hypernatremia can be due to hyperaldosteronism, be health care caused such as when too much intravenous 3% normal saline or sodium bicarbonate is given, or rarely be from eating too much salt.[1][2] Low blood protein levels can result in a falsely high sodium measurement.[4] The cause can usually be determined by the history of events.[1] Testing the urine can help if the cause is unclear.[1]", "Fluid balance. Input of water is regulated mainly through ingested fluids, which, in turn, depends on thirst. An insufficiency of water results in an increased osmolarity in the extracellular fluid. This is sensed by osmoreceptors in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, which trigger thirst. Thirst can to some degree be voluntarily resisted, as during fluid restriction.", "Hippocrates. Some clinical symptoms and signs have been named after Hippocrates as he is believed to be the first person to describe those. Hippocratic face is the change produced in the countenance by death, or long sickness, excessive evacuations, excessive hunger, and the like. Clubbing, a deformity of the fingers and fingernails, is also known as Hippocratic fingers. Hippocratic succussion is the internal splashing noise of hydropneumothorax or pyopneumothorax. Hippocratic bench (a device which uses tension to aid in setting bones) and Hippocratic cap-shaped bandage are two devices named after Hippocrates.[69] Hippocratic Corpus and Hippocratic Oath are also his namesakes. The drink hypocras is also believed to be invented by Hippocrates. Risus sardonicus, a sustained spasming of the face muscles may also be termed the Hippocratic Smile.", "Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.[7] Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger.[2] If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications.[2] Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death.[3] Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.[2]", "Thirst. Because sodium is also lost from the plasma in hypovolemia, the body's need for salt proportionately increases in addition to thirst in such cases.[1] This is also a result of the renin-angiotensin system activation.[medical citation needed]", "Water retention (medicine). Another cause of severe water retention is kidney failure, where the kidneys are no longer able to filter fluid out of the blood and turn it into urine. Kidney disease often starts with inflammation, for instance in the case of diseases such as nephrotic syndrome or lupus. Once again, this type of water retention is usually visible in the form of swollen legs and ankles.", "Polydipsia. This symptom is characteristically found in diabetics, often as one of the initial symptoms, and in those who fail to take their anti-diabetic medications or whose condition is poorly controlled. It can also be caused by a change in the osmolality of the extracellular fluids of the body, hypokalemia, decreased blood volume (as occurs during major hemorrhage), and other conditions that create a water deficit.[1] This is usually a result of osmotic diuresis. Diabetes insipidus (\"tasteless\" diabetes, as opposed to diabetes mellitus) can also cause polydipsia.[1] Polydipsia is also a symptom of anticholinergic poisoning. Zinc is also known to reduce symptoms of polydipsia by causing the body to absorb fluids more efficiently (reduction of diarrhea, induces constipation) and it causes the body to retain more sodium; thus a zinc deficiency can be a possible cause. The combination of polydipsia and (nocturnal) polyuria is also seen in (primary) hyperaldosteronism (which often goes with hypokalemia). Antipsychotics can have side effects such as dry mouth that may make the patient feel thirsty.", "Schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia may have a high rate of irritable bowel syndrome but they often do not mention it unless specifically asked.[32] Psychogenic polydipsia, or excessive fluid intake in the absence of physiological reasons to drink, is relatively common in people with schizophrenia.[33]", "Sensation (psychology). Osmoreception is the body’s sensation of thirst. When the amount of water in one’s body falls below a certain threshold, the concentration of osmolytes (e.g. salt) increase in one’s blood.[10] Osmoreceptors, or sensory receptors in the hypothalamus, detect these changes in osmotic concentration. These signals are then transferred to neural signals of thirst.", "Water intoxication. Water, just like any other substance, can be considered a poison when over-consumed in a specific period of time. Water intoxication mostly occurs when water is being consumed in a high quantity without adequate electrolyte intake.[2]", "Water intoxication. At the onset of this condition, fluid outside the cells has an excessively low amount of solutes, such as sodium (hyponatremia) and other electrolytes, in comparison to fluid inside the cells, causing the fluid to move into the cells to balance its concentration. This causes the cells to swell. In the brain, this swelling increases intracranial pressure (ICP), which leads to the first observable symptoms of water intoxication: headache, personality changes, changes in behavior, confusion, irritability, and drowsiness. These are sometimes followed by difficulty breathing during exertion, muscle weakness & pain, twitching, or cramping, nausea, vomiting, thirst, and a dulled ability to perceive and interpret sensory information. As the condition persists, papillary and vital signs may result including bradycardia and widened pulse pressure. The cells in the brain may swell to the point where blood flow is interrupted resulting in cerebral edema. Swollen brain cells may also apply pressure to the brain stem causing central nervous system dysfunction. Both cerebral edema and interference with the central nervous system are dangerous and could result in seizures, brain damage, coma or death.[11]" ]

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[ "State Farm Stadium. On September 4, 2018, State Farm acquired the naming rights. The Cardinals and State Farm reached agreement on an 18-year commitment that resulted in the team’s home venue becoming State Farm Stadium.[12][13]", "State Farm Stadium. On September 26, 2006 the University of Phoenix acquired the naming rights to the stadium totalling $154.5 million over 20 years.[35] On April 11, 2017, the University of Phoenix terminated the naming rights just 11 years into a 20-year deal, citing financial woes; however, the university kept its name on the stadium until a replacement company was found to give naming rights to. On September 4th, 2018, State Farm reached a deal securing the rights thru 2036. University of Phoenix will remain involved as a sponsor with the team in a reduced capacity as Cardinals' \"official education partner.\"", "State Farm Stadium. Since moving to Arizona in 1988, the Cardinals had played at Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University. The Cardinals had only planned to play there until a new stadium could be built in Phoenix. However, the savings and loan crisis derailed funding for a new stadium during the 1990s. Over time, the Cardinals expressed frustration at being merely tenants in a college football stadium. The lack of having their own stadium denied them additional revenue streams available to other NFL teams. The Cardinals campaigned several years in the years prior to its construction for a new and more modern facility.", "State Farm Stadium. The University of Phoenix acquired the naming rights in September 2006, shortly after the stadium had opened under the name Cardinals Stadium and retained the rights until September 2018. The \"University of Phoenix\" name was applied as a corporate sponsor, and not as the home stadium of the university, which has no intercollegiate athletics program (the university is a private, for-profit venture).", "St. Louis Cardinals. The Cardinals home field in spring training is Roger Dean Stadium in Jupiter, Florida. They share the complex, which opened in 1998, with the Miami Marlins. Before moving to Jupiter, the Cardinals hosted spring training at Al Lang Field in St. Petersburg, Florida from 1937–1997.", "University of Phoenix Stadium. Since moving to Arizona in 1988, the Cardinals had played at Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University. The Cardinals had only planned to play there until a new stadium could be built in Phoenix. However, the savings and loan crisis derailed funding for a new stadium. Over time, the Cardinals expressed frustration at being merely tenants in a college football stadium. Lack of having their own stadium denied them additional revenue streams available to other NFL teams. The Cardinals campaigned several years for a new and more modern facility.", "Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football. The Arizona Cardinals moved to Phoenix from St. Louis, Missouri in 1988 and currently play in the Western Division of the National Football League's National Football Conference. The team, however, has never played in the city itself; they played at Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University in nearby Tempe until 2006. Sun Devil Stadium held Super Bowl XXX in 1996 when the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Cardinals now play at University of Phoenix Stadium in west suburban Glendale. University of Phoenix Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008, in which the New York Giants defeated the New England Patriots. It is also the home of the annual Tostitos Fiesta Bowl, a college football bowl game that is part of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). The University of Phoenix Stadium will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015.", "University of Phoenix Stadium. The University of Phoenix acquired the naming rights in September 2006, shortly after the stadium had opened under the name Cardinals Stadium. The \"University of Phoenix\" name is applied as a corporate sponsor, and not as the home stadium of the university, which has no intercollegiate athletics program.", "Cardinals–Cubs rivalry. Busch Stadium (also referred to informally as \"New Busch Stadium\" or \"Busch Stadium III\") is the home of the St. Louis Cardinals. The stadium has a seating capacity of 43,975, and contains 3,706 club seats and 61 luxury suites.", "Arizona Cardinals. From 1988 through 2012 (except 2005, when they trained in Prescott), the Cardinals conducted their annual summer training camp at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff. The Cardinals moved their training camp to University of Phoenix Stadium in 2013. The stadium was the site of the 2015 Pro Bowl, unlike in past years, where it was held at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii. The stadium also played host to Super Bowls XLII and XLIX, and will host Super Bowl LVII in 2023.", "Phoenix, Arizona. The Arizona Cardinals are the oldest continuously run professional football franchise in the nation. Founded in 1898 in Chicago, they moved to Phoenix from St. Louis in 1988 and currently play in the Western Division of the National Football League's National Football Conference. Upon their move to Phoenix, the Cardinals originally played their home games at Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University in nearby Tempe. In 2006 they moved to the newly constructed University of Phoenix Stadium in suburban Glendale.[209] Since moving to Phoenix, the Cardinals have made one championship appearance, Super Bowl XLIII in 2009, where they lost 27–23 to the Pittsburgh Steelers.[210]", "State Farm Stadium. State Farm Stadium, formerly known as University of Phoenix Stadium, is a multi-purpose football stadium located in Glendale, Arizona, west of Phoenix. It is the home of the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL) and the annual Fiesta Bowl. It replaced Tempe's Sun Devil Stadium as the Valley of the Sun's main stadium. The stadium is adjacent to the Gila River Arena and it features the first fully retractable natural grass playing surface built in the United States on top of an AirField Systems drainage system. An opening on one side of the stadium allows the playing field to move to the exterior of the building, allowing the entire natural turf playing surface to be exposed to daylight and also allowing the floor of the stadium to be used for any other purpose (such as seating for concerts or to accommodate motorsports events) without damaging the turf.", "Arizona Cardinals. The Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football franchise based in the Phoenix metropolitan area. The Cardinals compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Cardinals were founded as the Morgan Athletic Club in 1898, and are the oldest continuously run professional football team in the United States.[4] The Cardinals play their home games at State Farm Stadium, which opened in 2006 and is located in the northwestern suburb of Glendale.", "Arizona Cardinals. The Cardinals' first home game in Arizona, in 1988, saw them play in red jerseys. Thereafter, for the next 18 years in Arizona, the Cardinals, like a few other NFL teams in warm climates, wore their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season—forcing opponents to suffer in their darker jerseys during Arizona autumns that frequently see temperatures over 100 °F (38 °C). However, this tradition did not continue when the Cardinals moved from Sun Devil Stadium to University of Phoenix Stadium in 2006, as early-season games (and some home games late in the season) were played with the roof closed. With the temperature inside at a comfortable 70 °F (21 °C), the team opted to wear red jerseys at home full-time. The Cardinals wore white jerseys at home for the first time in University of Phoenix Stadium on August 29, 2008, in a preseason game against the Denver Broncos.", "State Farm Stadium. The Cardinals' first home playoff game since 1947 took place at the stadium on January 3, 2009, with Arizona beating the Atlanta Falcons, 30–24. The stadium also hosted the 2008-09 NFC Championship Game between the Cardinals and Philadelphia Eagles on January 18, 2009, which the Cardinals won 32–25 in front of over 70,000 fans in attendance.", "Arizona Cardinals. From 1970 through 1983, and again in many seasons between 1989 and 2002, the Cardinals would wear white when hosting the Dallas Cowboys in order to force the Cowboys to don their \"jinxed\"[clarification needed] blue jerseys. They have not done this since moving into University of Phoenix Stadium, however.[citation needed]", "Arizona Cardinals. The team was established in Chicago in 1898 as an amateur football team and joined the NFL as a charter member on September 17, 1920.[3] Along with the Chicago Bears, the club is one of two NFL charter member franchises still in operation since the league's founding. (The Green Bay Packers were an independent team until they joined the NFL a year after its creation in 1921.) The club then moved to St. Louis in 1960 and played in that city through 1987 (sometimes referred to as the \"Football Cardinals\" or the \"Big Red\" to avoid confusion with the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball). Before the 1988 season, the team moved west to Tempe, Arizona, a college suburb east of Phoenix, and played their home games for the next 18 seasons at Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University. In 2006, the club moved to their current home field in Glendale, although the team's executive offices and training facility remain in Tempe.", "University of Phoenix Stadium. The Cardinals' first home playoff game since the 1940s took place at the stadium on January 3, 2009, with Arizona beating the Atlanta Falcons, 30-24. The stadium also hosted the 2008-09 NFC Championship Game between the Cardinals and Philadelphia Eagles on January 18, 2009, which the Cardinals won 32-25 in front of over 70,000 fans in attendance.", "St. Louis Cardinals. Busch Stadium is the Cardinals' fourth home ballpark and the third of that name. The Cardinals' original home ballpark was Sportsman's Park from 1882–1892 when they played in the American Association and were known as the Browns. In 1893, the Browns moved to a new ballpark five blocks northwest of Sportsman's Park which would serve as their home from 1893–1920. The new park was originally called New Sportsman's Park but became more commonly referred to as Robison Field.[25] Midway through the 1920 season the Cardinals abandoned Robison Field and returned to the original Sportsman's Park and became tenants of their American League rivals, the St. Louis Browns. In 1953, the Anheuser-Busch Brewery purchased the Cardinals and the new owner subsequently also purchased Sportsman's Park from the Browns and renamed it Busch Stadium, later becoming Busch I. The Browns then left St. Louis for Baltimore after the season. The Cardinals built Busch Memorial Stadium, or Busch II, in downtown St. Louis, opened it during the 1966 season and played there until 2005.[51] It was built as the multi-purpose stadium home of both the baseball Cardinals and the football Cardinals, now the Arizona Cardinals. The current Busch Stadium was constructed adjacent to, and partly atop, the site of Busch Memorial Stadium.", "University of Phoenix Stadium. University of Phoenix Stadium is a multi-purpose football stadium located in Glendale, Arizona, west of Phoenix. It is the home of the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL) and the annual Fiesta Bowl. It replaced Tempe's Sun Devil Stadium as the Valley of the Sun's main outdoor stadium. The stadium is adjacent to the Gila River Arena and it features the first fully retractable natural grass playing surface built in the United States on top of an AirField Systems drainage system. An opening on one side of the stadium allows the playing field to move to the exterior of the building, allowing the entire natural turf playing surface to be exposed to daylight and also allowing the floor of the stadium to be used for any other purpose (such as seating for concerts or to accommodate motorsports events) without damaging the turf.", "Cardinals–Cubs rivalry. A commercial area, dubbed Ballpark Village, is being developed adjacent to the stadium over the remainder of the former stadium's footprint.", "National Football League Christmas games. Only one other team has hosted the same team twice on Christmas over the years – the Arizona Cardinals hosted the Dallas Cowboys on ABC's Monday Night Football in 1995, and on the NFL Network in 2010. However, in this case, each game was played at a different venue – the 1995 game at Sun Devil Stadium (where the Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX a month later), and the 2010 game at University of Phoenix Stadium.", "St. Louis Cardinals. The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis, Missouri. The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) Central division. Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006. With origins as one of the early professional baseball clubs in St. Louis, entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased a barnstorming club in 1881, then known as the Brown Stockings, and established them as charter members of the American Association (AA) the following season. Upon the discontinuation of the AA, St. Louis joined the NL in 1892; at that time, they were called the Browns and the Perfectos before they were officially renamed as the Cardinals in 1900.", "St. Louis Cardinals. Besides Ballpark Village, which has now finished its first phase, opening on March 27,[136][137] and considered a smashing success with the first phase of the project totaling 120,000 square feet (11,000 m2).[138] The Cardinals own three of their Minor League Baseball affililiates:", "Spring training. Unlike the Grapefruit League, teams in the Cactus League often share stadiums; of the 15 teams who train in Arizona, only the Cubs, Angels, Brewers, Giants and A's have their own home stadiums.", "Arizona Cardinals. italics = played a portion of career with the Cardinals and enshrined representing another team\nDierdorf, Smith, Wehrli and Wilson were members of the St. Louis Football Ring of Fame in The Dome at America's Center when the Rams played there from 1995 to 2015.", "Camelback Ranch. Camelback Ranch–Glendale is a stadium in Phoenix, Arizona owned by the city of Glendale, Arizona and operated by Camelback Spring Training LLC. It is the spring training home of the Los Angeles Dodgers and Chicago White Sox. The stadium holds 13,000 people.", "Arizona Cardinals. Due to the formation of the rival American Football League, the NFL allowed Bidwill to relocate the team to St. Louis, Missouri, where they became the St. Louis Cardinals (locally, they were called the \"Big Red\" or the \"Football Cardinals\" in order to avoid confusion with the baseball team).[7] During the Cardinals' 28-year stay in St. Louis, they advanced to the playoffs just three times (1974, 1975 & 1982), never hosting or winning in any appearance. The overall mediocrity of the Cardinals, combined with a then-21-year-old stadium, caused game attendance to dwindle, and owner Bill Bidwill decided to move the team to Arizona.", "History of the St. Louis Rams. Not long after the 1987 season, Bidwill agreed to move to the Phoenix area on a handshake deal with state and local officials,[4] and the team became the Phoenix Cardinals. They planned to play at Arizona State University’s Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe on a temporary basis while a new stadium was being built. Unfortunately for the Cardinals, the savings and loan crisis derailed financing for the stadium, forcing the Cardinals to play at Arizona State for 18 years.", "St. Louis Cardinals. The Cardinals play their home games at Busch Stadium (also referred to as New Busch Stadium or Busch III) in downtown St. Louis, straddling 7th and Clark near the intersection of Interstates 64 and 70.[102] The stadium opened for the 2006 season at a cost of $411 million and holds a normal capacity of 46,861.[103][104] The Cardinals finished their inaugural season in the new Busch Stadium by winning the 2006 World Series, the first team since the 1923 New York Yankees to do so.[105] This open-air stadium emulates the HOK Sport-designed \"retro-style\" baseball-only parks built since the 1990s.[106] The open panoramic perspective over the outfield wall offers a remarkable view of St. Louis' downtown skyline featuring the distinctive Gateway Arch.[107] A replica of Eads Bridge spans the entrance to the park on the third base side, while the statue of Stan Musial arises in front of that entrance.[108] Other statues at the corner of 8th and Clark include Hall of Famers Rogers Hornsby, Ozzie Smith, George Sisler, Cool Papa Bell, Bob Gibson, Jack Buck and others.[109]", "Scottsdale Stadium. Scottsdale was the home of the Phoenix Firebirds of the Pacific Coast League from 1992 until 1997, when the team moved to Fresno, California, and became the Grizzlies, in order to make room for the National League's Arizona Diamondbacks, who began play in 1998 and the Arizona Centennials of the Freedom Pro Baseball League in 2012. Scottsdale also hosted the Valley Vipers of the independent Western Baseball League in 2000, the only season of that team's existence.[2] Arizona United SC of the United Soccer League played at Scottsdale in 2015.", "Arizona Cardinals. The Cardinals' Ring of Honor was started in 2006 to mark the opening of University of Phoenix Stadium. It honors former Cardinal greats from all eras of the franchise's history. Following is a list of inductees and the dates that they were inducted." ]

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[ "Seven deadly sins. The modern concept of the seven deadly sins is linked to the works of the fourth-century monk Evagrius Ponticus, who listed eight evil thoughts in Greek as follows:[7][8]", "Seven deadly sins. They were translated into the Latin of Western Christianity (largely due to the writings of John Cassian),[10][11] thus becoming part of the Western tradition's spiritual pietas (or Catholic devotions), as follows:[12]", "Seven deadly sins. This classification originated with the desert fathers, especially Evagrius Ponticus, who identified seven or eight evil thoughts or spirits that one needed to overcome.[3] Evagrius' pupil John Cassian, with his book The Institutes, brought the classification to Europe,[4] where it became fundamental to Catholic confessional practices as evident in penitential manuals, sermons like \"The Parson's Tale\" from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, and artworks like Dante's Purgatory (where the penitents of Mount Purgatory are depicted as being grouped and penanced according to the worst capital sin they committed). The Catholic Church used the concept of the deadly sins in order to help people curb their inclination towards evil before dire consequences and misdeeds could occur; the leader-teachers especially focused on pride (which is thought to be the sin that severs the soul from Grace,[5] and the one that is representative and the very essence of all evil) and greed, both of which are seen as inherently sinful and as underlying all other sins to be prevented. To inspire people to focus on the seven deadly sins, the vices are discussed in treatises and depicted in paintings and sculpture decorations on Catholic churches as well as older textbooks.[1]", "Seven deadly sins. The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices or cardinal sins, is a grouping and classification of vices within Christian teachings.[1] Behaviours or habits are classified under this category if they directly give birth to other immoralities.[2] According to the standard list, they are pride, greed, lust, envy, gluttony, wrath and sloth,[2] which are also contrary to the seven virtues. These sins are often thought to be abuses or excessive versions of one's natural faculties or passions (for example, gluttony abuses one's desire to eat).", "Seven deadly sins. Pride (Latin, superbia) is considered, on almost every list, the original and most serious of the seven deadly sins: the perversion of the faculties that make humans more like God—dignity and holiness. It is also thought to be the source of the other capital sins. Also known as hubris (from ancient Greek ὕβρις), or futility, it is identified as dangerously corrupt selfishness, the putting of one's own desires, urges, wants, and whims before the welfare of people.", "Seven deadly sins. According to a 2009 study by Fr Roberto Busa, a Jesuit scholar[who?], the most common deadly sin confessed by men is supposedly lust, and by women, pride.[57] It was unclear whether these differences were due to the actual number of transgressions committed by each sex, or whether differing views on what \"counts\" or should be confessed caused the observed pattern.[58]", "Seven deadly sins. While the seven deadly sins as we know them did not originate with the Greeks or Romans, there were ancient precedents for them. Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics lists several positive, healthy human qualities, excellences, or virtues. Aristotle argues that for each positive quality there are two negative vices that are found on each extreme of the virtue. Courage, for example, is the human excellence or virtue in facing fear and risk. Excessive courage makes one rash, while a deficiency of courage makes one cowardly. This principle of virtue found in the middle or \"mean\" between excess and deficiency is Aristotle's notion of the golden mean. Aristotle lists virtues like courage, temperance or self-control, generosity, \"greatness of soul,\" proper response to anger, friendliness, and wit or charm.", "Seven deadly sins. In AD 590 Pope Gregory I revised this list to form the more common list. Gregory combined tristitia with acedia, and vanagloria with superbia, and added envy, in Latin, invidia.[13][14] Gregory's list became the standard list of sins. Thomas Aquinas uses and defends Gregory's list in his Summa Theologica although he calls them the \"capital sins\" because they are the head and form of all the others.[15] The Anglican Communion,[16] Lutheran Church,[17] and Methodist Church,[18][19] among other Christian denominations, continue to retain this list. Moreover, modern day evangelists, such as Billy Graham have explicated the seven deadly sins.[20]", "Seven deadly sins. Most of the capital sins, with the sole exception of sloth, are defined by Dante Alighieri as perverse or corrupt versions of love for something or another: lust, gluttony, and greed are all excessive or disordered love of good things; sloth is a deficiency of love; wrath, envy, and pride are perverted love directed toward other's harm.[21] In the seven capital sins are seven ways of eternal death.[5] The capital sins from lust to envy are generally associated with pride, which has been labeled as the father of all sins, etc.", "Seven deadly sins. In accordance with Henry Edward, angry people are \"slaves to themselves\".[5]", "Seven deadly sins. The term has been used to analyse and make sense of the actions of contemporary heads of government by Ian Kershaw (1998), Peter Beinart (2010) and in a much more physiological manner by David Owen (2012). In this context the term has been used to describe how certain leaders, when put to positions of immense power, seem to become irrationally self-confident in their own abilities, increasingly reluctant to listen to the advice of others and progressively more impulsive in their actions.[45]", "Seven deadly sins. Vainglory (Latin, vanagloria) is unjustified boasting. Pope Gregory viewed it as a form of pride, so he folded vainglory into pride for his listing of sins.[13] According to Thomas Aquinas, it is the progenitor of envy.[35]", "Seven deadly sins. With Christianity, historic Christian denominations such as the Catholic Church and Protestant Churches,[55] including the Lutheran Church,[56] recognize seven virtues, which correspond inversely to each of the seven deadly sins.", "Seven deadly sins. The seven sins are personified and they give a confession to the personification of Repentance. Only pride is represented by a woman, the others all represented by male characters.", "Virtue. The medieval and renaissance periods saw a number of models of sin listing the seven deadly sins and the virtues opposed to each.", "Seven virtues. After Pope Gregory released his list of seven deadly sins in 590 AD, the seven virtues became identified as chastity, temperance, charity, diligence, patience, kindness, and humility. Practicing them is said to protect one against temptation from the seven deadly sins.", "Seven deadly sins. German philosopher Schopenhauer wrote as follows:[23]", "Seven deadly sins. \"People who fly into a rage always make a bad landing.\"", "Seven deadly sins. In Christianity, it is considered a sin if the excessive desire for food causes it to be withheld from the needy.[27]", "Seven deadly sins. As defined outside Christian writings, greed is an inordinate desire to acquire or possess more than one needs, especially with respect to material wealth.[29] Like pride, it can lead to not just some, but all evil.[2]", "Seven deadly sins. The Dutch artist created a series of prints showing each of the seven deadly sins. Each print features a central, labeled image that represents the sin. Around the figure are images that show the distortions, degenerations, and destructions caused by the sin.[64] Many of these images come from contemporary Dutch aphorisms.[65]", "Seven deadly sins. In her introduction to Purgatory, Dorothy L. Sayers describes wrath as \"love of justice perverted to revenge and spite\".[33]", "Seven deadly sins. Roman writers like Horace extolled the value of virtue while listing and warning against vices. His first epistles says that \"to flee vice is the beginning of virtue, and to have got rid of folly is the beginning of wisdom.\"[6]", "Seven deadly sins. Greed (Latin, avaritia), also known as avarice, cupidity, or covetousness, is, like lust and gluttony, a sin of desire. However, greed (as seen by the Church) is applied to an artificial, rapacious desire and pursuit of material possessions. Thomas Aquinas wrote, \"Greed is a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things.\" In Dante's Purgatory, the penitents were bound and laid face down on the ground for having concentrated excessively on earthly thoughts[citation needed]. Hoarding of materials or objects, theft and robbery, especially by means of violence, trickery, or manipulation of authority are all actions that may be inspired by Greed. Such misdeeds can include simony, where one attempts to purchase or sell sacraments, including Holy Orders and, therefore, positions of authority in the Church hierarchy.", "List of The Seven Deadly Sins characters. The Seven Deadly Sins (7DS) is a manga series written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki, set in a fictitious Britannia (ブリタニア, Buritania) in a time period superficially akin to the European Middle Ages. Likewise superficially, and frequently in ironic or contradictory ways, 7DS references widely varying traditions, including western Christianity (e.g., The Seven Deadly Sins, the Ten Commandments) and the Arthurian legend (e.g., in naming Meliodas, Escanor, Merlin, Arthur Pendragon, etc.).[1][2][3][4] The contradictory nature of the names given to the groups and characters is reflected in the emergence of the title 7DS group as the protagonists and the group of \"Holy Knights\" as the antagonists of the series.[5]", "Seven deadly sins. Dante defined lust as the disordered love for individuals, thus possessing at least the redeeming feature of mutuality, unlike the graver sins, which constitute an increasingly agonised focusing upon the solitary self (a process begun with the more serious sin of gluttony).[24] It is generally thought to be the least serious capital sin[21][25] as it is an abuse of a faculty that humans share with animals, and sins of the flesh are less grievous than spiritual sins (love excessive, not love turning ever further awry toward hatred of man and God). [26]", "Seven deadly sins. Pope Gregory combined this with tristitia into sloth for his list. When Thomas Aquinas described acedia in his interpretation of the list, he described it as an uneasiness of the mind, being a progenitor for lesser sins such as restlessness and instability. Dante refined this definition further, describing acedia as the failure to love God with all one's heart, all one's mind and all one's soul; to him it was the middle sin, the only one characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love. Some scholars[who?] have said that the ultimate form of acedia was despair which leads to suicide.", "Seven deadly sins. People feel angry when they sense that they or someone they care about has been offended, when they are certain about the nature and cause of the angering event, when they are certain someone else is responsible, and when they feel they can still influence the situation or cope with it.[34]", "Seven deadly sins. The proverb \"pride goeth (goes) before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall\" (from the biblical Book of Proverbs, 16:18)(or pride goeth before the fall) is thought to sum up the modern use of pride. Pride is also referred to as \"pride that blinds,\" as it often causes a committer of pride to act in foolish ways that belie common sense.[45] In other words, the modern definition may be thought of as, \"that pride that goes just before the fall.\" In his two-volume biography of Adolf Hitler, historian Ian Kershaw uses both 'hubris' and 'nemesis' as titles. The first volume, Hubris,[50] describes Hitler's early life and rise to political power. The second, Nemesis,[51] gives details of Hitler's role in the Second World War, and concludes with his fall and suicide in 1945.", "Definition. Thus, the \"seven deadly sins\" can be defined intensionally as those singled out by Pope Gregory I as particularly destructive of the life of grace and charity within a person, thus creating the threat of eternal damnation. An extensional definition would be the list of wrath, greed, sloth, pride, lust, envy, and gluttony. In contrast, while an intensional definition of \"Prime Minister\" might be \"the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system\", an extensional definition is not possible since it is not known who future prime ministers will be.", "Seven deadly sins. In Dante's Purgatorio, the penitents walk deliberately through the purifying flames of the uppermost of the terraces of Mount Purgatory so as to purge themselves of lustful thoughts and feelings and finally win the right to reach the Earthly Paradise at the summit. In Dante's Inferno, unforgiven souls guilty of the sin of lust are whirled around for all eternity in a perpetual tempest, symbolic of the passions by which, through lack of self-control, they were buffeted helplessly about in their earthly lives.", "Seven deadly sins. Confession is the act of admitting the commission of a sin to a priest, who in turn will forgive the person in the name (in the person) of Christ, give a penance to (partially) make up for the offense, and advise the person on what he or she should do afterwards." ]

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[ "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum. A referendum on Scottish independence was first held in September 2014, when 55% voted against the proposal. One of the reasons cited by those opposed to Scottish independence was that it would endanger Scotland being part of the European Union (EU). Following the Conservative victory in the May 2015 UK general election, a referendum on UK membership of the EU was organised. The Scottish National Party (SNP), which supports Scottish independence, stated in its manifesto for the May 2016 Scottish Parliament election that it would consider holding a second independence referendum if there was a material change of circumstances, such as the UK leaving the EU. The \"Leave\" side won the June 2016 referendum with 52% of the vote. In Scotland, 62% of votes were to \"Remain\" in the EU, with a majority of voters in every local authority area.", "History of the formation of the United Kingdom. In 2014, 55% of Scottish voters rejected leaving the UK in an independence referendum. However, after the 2016 European Union membership referendum, in which Scotland voted to remain in the EU while the UK overall voted to leave, there is the prospect of a second Scottish independence referendum.", "Scotland. In August 2009 the SNP proposed a bill to hold a referendum on independence in November 2010. Opposition from all other major parties led to an expected defeat.[237][238][239] After the 2011 elections gave the SNP an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament, a referendum on independence for Scotland was held on 18 September 2014.[240] The referendum resulted in a rejection of independence, by 55.3% to 44.7%.[241][242] During the campaign, the three main parties in the UK Parliament pledged to extend the powers of the Scottish Parliament.[243][244] An all-party commission chaired by Lord Smith of Kelvin was formed,[244] which led to a further devolution of powers through the Scotland Act 2016.", "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum. The referendum on Scottish independence held on 18 September 2014 saw Scotland vote to remain part of the United Kingdom (UK), with 55% voting against the proposal for Scotland to become an independent country and 45% voting in favour. Uncertainty over Scotland's European Union (EU) membership was a topic in the run-up to the referendum vote.[6] The British government and some mainstream political parties argued that remaining in the UK was the only way for Scotland to remain part of the EU.[7][8]", "Scottish independence referendum, 2014. A referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom took place on 18 September 2014.[1] The referendum question, which voters answered with \"Yes\" or \"No\", was \"Should Scotland be an independent country?\"[2] The \"No\" side won, with 2,001,926 (55.3%) voting against independence and 1,617,989 (44.7%) voting in favour. The turnout of 84.6% was the highest recorded for an election or referendum in the United Kingdom since the introduction of universal suffrage.", "Referendums in the United Kingdom. The Scottish Government held a referendum on Scottish independence on 18 September 2014. It attracted a turnout of 84.59%, the highest for any referendum held in the UK. The majority (55.3%) voted against Scotland being an independent country. In March 2017 the Scottish Parliament authorised the Scottish Government to seek to hold a proposed second Scottish independence referendum.[3]", "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum. In response to the result, on 24 June 2016, the Scottish Government said officials would begin planning for a second independence referendum.[28][29] Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said it was \"clear that the people of Scotland see their future as part of the European Union\" and that Scotland had \"spoken decisively\" with a \"strong, unequivocal\" vote to remain in the European Union.[30] Sturgeon said it was \"democratically unacceptable\" that Scotland could be taken out of the EU \"against its will\".[28][31] In February 2017, the Scottish Parliament voted 90 to 34 to oppose the UK leaving the EU and to oppose invoking Article 50 in a non-binding vote.[32]", "Brexit. As suggested by the Scottish Government before the referendum,[196] the First Minister of Scotland announced that officials were planning an independence referendum due to the result of Scotland voting to remain in the European Union when England and Wales voted to leave.[197] In March 2017, the SNP leader and First Minister Nicola Sturgeon requested a second Scottish independence referendum in 2018 or 2019 (before Britain's formal exit from the EU).[198] The UK Prime Minister immediately rejected the requested timing, but not the referendum itself.[199] The referendum was approved by the Scottish Parliament on 28 March 2017. Sturgeon called for a \"phased return\" of an independent Scotland back to the EU.[200]", "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum. The new UK Prime Minister Theresa May met with Sturgeon on 15 July 2016 in Edinburgh, when May stated that she was \"willing to listen to options\" for Scotland,[65] although she later stated that some options were \"impracticable\".[66] Sturgeon then publicly stated that she had five tests for any future arrangements.[67] The IPPR thinktank stated that Scottish unionists needed to provide options for Scotland, if they wished to retain the British union.[66] The Scottish Labour Party published an 'Action Plan' in July 2016, focusing on the economy.[68]", "Scottish independence referendum, 2014. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, as well as equivalent post-holders in the two other main UK political parties, rejected the idea of a formal currency union with an independent Scotland in February 2014.[186] Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls said the SNP's proposals for a currency union were \"economically incoherent\",[187] and that any currency option for an independent Scotland would be \"less advantageous than what we have across the UK today\".[188][189]", "Scottish independence referendum, 2014. In June 2012, Alistair Darling said voters in the rest of the UK could choose not to be in a currency union with Scotland.[169][170] Former Prime Minister Sir John Major rejected the idea of a currency union, saying it would require the UK to underwrite Scottish debt.[171] Another former Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, said the SNP proposal would create a \"colonial relationship\" between Scotland and Westminster.[172] The Welsh First Minister, Carwyn Jones, said in November 2013 that he would seek a veto on a currency union between Scotland and the rest of the UK.[173]", "Scottish independence. Unlike Ireland, which rebelled in the Easter Rising and fought a War of Independence, Scotland did not resist central rule.[12] There was, however, a persistent demand for Scottish home rule.[12] The Scottish Office was relocated to St Andrew's House in Edinburgh during the 1930s.[10][13] The Scottish Covenant was a petition to the UK government asking for home rule. It was first proposed in 1930 by John MacCormick and formally written in 1949. The petition \"was eventually signed by two million people\"[14] (the population of Scotland was 5.1 million in the census of 1951[15]). The covenant was ignored by the main political parties.[14] Also in 1950, the Stone of Destiny was removed from Westminster Abbey by nationalists.", "Scottish independence referendum, 2014. According to official Russian observers, the conditions under which the votes were counted were not up to international standards and that the procedure used made it impossible to check on irregularities.[463] Russia's criticism came just months after the international community rejected the results of a Kremlin-backed referendum held in the Russian-occupied Ukrainian territory of Crimea.[463] Russian officials said that the strong performance of the SNP in the 2015 UK general election confirmed their suspicions about the Scottish referendum.[464]", "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum. In 2014 a plurality (41%) of people polled in England and Wales thought that Scotland would vote to remain in the United Kingdom.[106] However, an Opinium poll carried out 28–30 June 2016 showed a marked change, with 69% believing that Scotland would vote for independence in a second referendum, with 16% believing it would vote against independence.[107]", "Scottish independence referendum, 2014. A day before the referendum Alistair Carmichael, the MP for Orkney and Shetland, and then-Secretary of State for Scotland, suggested that if Shetland were to vote strongly against independence but the Scottish national vote was narrowly in favour, then a discussion should be had about Shetland becoming a self-governing crown dependency outside of independent Scotland, similar to the Isle of Man. He stated that he did not want such circumstances to arise, \"and the best way to avoid this was to vote no in the referendum.\"[301][302]", "Devolution. A referendum was held in Scotland on 18 September 2014 which asked citizens whether Scotland should be an independent country.[8] By a margin of approximately 55 percent to 45 percent, people living in Scotland rejected the proposal.[9] The leaders of the three largest British political parties pledged on 16 September 2014 a new devolution settlement for Scotland in the event of a No vote, promising to deliver “faster, safer and better change”,[10] and as a result of this vote and promises made during the referendum campaign, British Prime Minister David Cameron announced plans to devolve additional powers to the Scottish government, the nature of which would be determined by the Smith Commission.[11] These powers were subsequently transferred in the Scotland Act 2016.[12] Following the outcome of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum on 23 June 2016, calls for further devolution have been raised,[13] including differential membership of the European single market for the devolved areas of the United Kingdom.[14]", "Scottish independence. Following the SNP's victory in the 2011 election,[45][46] which gave the party an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament, First Minister Alex Salmond stated his desire to hold a referendum \"in the second half of the parliament\" which would place it in 2014 or 2015.[47] In January 2012, the UK Government offered to provide the Scottish Parliament with the specific powers to hold a referendum, providing it was \"fair, legal and decisive\".[48][49] Negotiations continued between the two governments until October 2012, when the Edinburgh Agreement was reached.[50] The Scottish Independence Referendum (Franchise) Act 2013 was passed by the Scottish Parliament on 27 June 2013 and received Royal Assent on 7 August 2013.[51] On 15 November 2013, the Scottish Government published Scotland's Future, a 670-page white paper laying out the case for independence and the means through which Scotland might become an independent country.[52]", "Scottish independence referendum, 2014. In November 2013, the Scottish government pledged to use the powers of independence to reverse key aspects of the Welfare Reform Act 2012, which was implemented across the UK despite opposition from a majority of Scotland's MPs. It said it would abolish Universal Credit[325] and the bedroom tax.[326] The SNP has also criticised Rachel Reeves, Labour's shadow secretary of state for work and pensions, for saying[327] a future UK Labour government would be even tougher on benefits than the Cameron ministry.[328][329]", "Scottish independence referendum, 2014. 55.3% voted against independence,[428] with a turnout of 84.6%. 28 of the 32 council areas voted \"No\", although the four areas that voted \"Yes\" (Dundee, Glasgow, North Lanarkshire and West Dunbartonshire) contained over 20% of the Scottish electorate.", "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum. Scottish Conservative leader, Ruth Davidson, in June 2016 expressed her opposition to a second Scottish referendum, saying that the country needed stability.[56][94] She then said in March 2017 that \"The SNP is ... acting against the majority wishes of the people of Scotland\" by proposing a second referendum.[95]", "Scottish independence referendum, 2014. The former Secretary General of NATO and Scottish Labour peer Lord Robertson said in 2013 that \"either the SNP accept the central nuclear role of NATO ... or they reject the nuclear role of NATO and ensure that a separate Scottish state stays out of the world's most successful defence alliance.\"[115] General Richard Shirreff criticised SNP proposals for defence and questioned whether other NATO members would accept an independent Scotland that rejected the principle of nuclear deterrence.[116] This was disputed by Mariot Leslie, a former UK permanent representative to NATO, who stated that NATO would not want to disrupt its arrangements by excluding Scotland.[117]", "Scottish independence referendum, 2014. The Scottish Independence Referendum (Franchise) Act 2013 was passed by the Scottish Parliament on 27 June 2013 and received Royal Assent on 7 August 2013.[25] On 15 November 2013, the Scottish government published Scotland's Future, a 670-page white paper laying out the case for independence and the means through which Scotland might become an independent country.[26]", "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum. Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy said: \"[be] very clear Scotland does not have the competence to negotiate with the European Union\".[59] He also stated his opposition to the EU negotiating with \"anyone other than the government of United Kingdom\" and that \"if the United Kingdom leaves... Scotland leaves\".[59] Similarly, the French President, François Hollande, stated: \"The negotiations will be conducted with the United Kingdom, not with a part of the United Kingdom\".[59]", "Scottish independence referendum, 2014. The Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013, setting out the arrangements for the referendum, was passed by the Scottish Parliament in November 2013, following an agreement between the Scottish Government and the United Kingdom government. To pass, the independence proposal required a simple majority. With some exceptions, all European Union (EU) or Commonwealth citizens resident in Scotland aged sixteen years or over could vote, a total of almost 4,300,000 people. This was the first time that the electoral franchise was extended to include sixteen and seventeen year olds in Scotland.", "History of Scotland. A national referendum to decide on Scottish independence was held on 18 September 2014. Voters were asked to answer either \"Yes\" or \"No\" to the question: \"Should Scotland be an independent country?\"[297] 55.3% of voters answered \"No\" and 44.7% answered \"Yes\", with a voter turnout of 84.5%.[298]", "Scottish independence. In its manifesto for the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, the Scottish National Party (SNP) pledged to hold an independence referendum by 2010.[33][34] After winning the election,[35] the SNP-controlled Scottish Government published a white paper entitled \"Choosing Scotland's Future\", which outlined options for the future of Scotland, including independence.[36][37] Scottish Labour, the Scottish Conservatives and Scottish Liberal Democrats opposed a referendum offering independence as an option. Then Prime Minister Gordon Brown also publicly attacked the independence option.[38] The three main parties opposed to independence instead formed a Commission on Scottish Devolution, chaired by Kenneth Calman.[39][40] This reviewed devolution and considered all constitutional options apart from independence.[41] In August 2009, the Scottish Government announced that the Referendum (Scotland) Bill, 2010, which would detail the question and conduct of a possible referendum on the issue of independence, would be part of its legislative programme for 2009–10. The Bill was not expected to be passed, because of the SNP's status as a minority government and the opposition of all other major parties in Parliament.[42][43] In September 2010, the Scottish Government announced that no referendum would occur before the 2011 elections.[44]", "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum. In the EU membership referendum held on 23 June 2016 all thirty two council areas in Scotland voted by a majority for the UK to remain a member of the EU. 62% of Scottish voters voted to remain a member of the EU, with 38% voting to leave. Overall 52% of voters across the whole UK voted to leave the European Union, with 48% voting to remain; majorities in England and Wales were in favour of leaving the EU.[21]", "Scottish independence referendum, 2014. The UK government stated that, if a simple majority of the votes cast were in favour of independence, then \"Scotland would become an independent country after a process of negotiations\".[67][68] If the majority was against independence, Scotland would continue within the United Kingdom.[67][68] Further powers would be devolved to the Scottish Parliament as a result of the Scotland Act 2012.[67][68] The Electoral Commission prepared an information leaflet which confirmed that the UK and Scottish governments had reached agreement on these points.[68] David Cameron said in May 2014 that he believed that the referendum would be \"'irreversible and binding\".[69] In the event of a majority for Yes, the Scottish Government had proposed an independence date of 24 March 2016.[70] It was suggested that, following the conclusion of negotiations, the UK Parliament would legislate for Scottish independence to take place on the date that had been negotiated.[71][72] A report by a UK House of Lords committee, published in May 2014, said that the UK could opt to delay the independence date.[73]", "Scotland. Following a referendum on the UK's membership of the European Union on 23 June 2016, where a UK-wide majority voted to withdraw from the EU whilst a majority within Scotland voted to remain, Scotland's First Minister, Nicola Sturgeon, announced that as a result a new independence referendum was \"highly likely\".[245][246]", "Scottish independence. Leading figures supportive of Scottish independence have suggested that following the UK vote to leave the EU while Scotland voted to remain in the EU, a second Scottish independence referendum should be precipitated.[59] During the Brexit vote of 23 June 2016, 62% of Scottish voters voted to remain (38% of voters voted to leave the EU).[5][60] First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon said that she was looking at all options to \"secure our place in the EU\", and that a second referendum was \"highly likely\".[6] A spokesperson speaking on behalf of the incumbent British Prime Minister, Theresa May, said \"The prime minister and the government does not believe that there is a mandate for [a second referendum]. There was one only two years ago. There was an extremely high turnout and there was a resounding result in favour of Scotland remaining in the UK\".[61]", "Scottish independence referendum, 2014. In the 3rd Scottish Parliament only 50 of 129 MSPs (47 SNP, 2 Greens, and Margo MacDonald) supported a referendum.[17][18] The Scottish government withdrew the bill after failing to secure opposition support.[9][19]", "Scottish independence. The Labour Party won the 1997 general election and Donald Dewar as Secretary of State for Scotland agreed to the proposals for a Scottish Parliament. A referendum was held in September and 74.3% of those who voted approved the devolution plan (44.87% of the electorate).[30] The Parliament of the United Kingdom subsequently approved the Scotland Act 1998 which created an elected Scottish Parliament with control over most domestic policy.[19] In May 1999, Scotland held its first election for a devolved parliament and in July the Scottish Parliament held session for the first time since the previous parliament had been adjourned in 1707. The Labour Party's Donald Dewar became the First Minister of Scotland, while the Scottish National Party became the main opposition party. With the approval of all parties, the egalitarian song \"A Man's A Man for A' That\", by Robert Burns, was performed at the opening ceremony of the Scottish Parliament." ]

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[ "National Assembly (Afghanistan). The National Assembly (Pashto: ملی شورا‎ Mili Shura, Persian: شورای ملی‎ Shura-i Milli), also known as the Afghan Parliament,[2] is Afghanistan's national legislature. It is a bicameral body, comprising two chambers:", "Member of parliament. A member of Parliament is a member of either chamber of the bicameral National Assembly of Afghanistan: the 249 members of the lower Wolesi Jirga (House of the People) and the 102 members of the upper Mesherano Jirga (House of Elders).", "National Assembly (Afghanistan). The foundation stone for the new Afghan Parliament was laid in August 2005 by the last king of Afghanistan, Zahir Shah, in the presence of Hamid Karzai and Manmohan Singh.[7] India's Central Public Works Department (CPWD) was the consultant for the project and the contract was awarded to an Indian infrastructure company in 2008.[8] The new Parliament building is corralled in an 84-acre plot in Darulaman on the outskirts of Kabul and fringes such historical landmarks as Amanullah Khan's Palace and the Queen's Palace.", "National Assembly (Afghanistan). According to Chapter Five of the Constitution of Afghanistan, \"the National Assembly of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan as the highest legislative organ is the manifestation of the will of its people and represents the whole nation. Every member of the National Assembly takes into judgment the general welfare and supreme interests of all people of Afghanistan at the time of casting their vote\".[3]", "Afghanistan. Afghanistan is an Islamic republic consisting of three branches, the executive, legislative, and judicial. The nation is led by President Ashraf Ghani with Abdul Rashid Dostum and Sarwar Danish as vice presidents. Abdullah Abdullah serves as the chief executive officer (CEO). The National Assembly is the legislature, a bicameral body having two chambers, the House of the People and the House of Elders. The Supreme Court is led by Chief Justice Said Yusuf Halem, the former Deputy Minister of Justice for Legal Affairs.[135][136]", "National Assembly (Afghanistan). The National Assembly is located in south-western Kabul, across the ruined Darul Aman Palace.[4]. The current building for the Assembly was built with Indian assistance and inaugurated in late 2015 by Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani.[5]", "Afghanistan. In the 2005 parliamentary election, among the elected officials were former mujahideen, Islamic fundamentalists, warlords, communists, reformists, and several Taliban associates.[141] In the same period, Afghanistan reached to the 30th highest nation in terms of female representation in the National Assembly.[142] The last parliamentary election was held in September 2010, but due to disputes and investigation of fraud, the swearing-in ceremony took place in late January 2011. The 2014 presidential election ended with Ashraf Ghani winning by 56.44% votes.", "National Assembly (Afghanistan). On December 25, 2015, during a state visit of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the new Parliament building was inaugurated along with President Ashraf Ghani.[9][10] Ghani tweeted: \"Pleased to welcome PM Modi to Kabul. Though, India & Afghanistan need no introduction, we are bound by a thousand ties... We have stood by each other in the best and worst of times.\"", "Kingdom of Afghanistan. The Kingdom of Afghanistan (Pashto: د افغانستان واکمنان‎, Dǝ Afġānistān wākmanān; Persian: پادشاهي افغانستان‬, Pādešāhī-ye Afġānistān) was a constitutional monarchy in southern and central Asia established in 1926 as a successor state to the Emirate of Afghanistan. It was proclaimed by its first king, Amanullah Khan, seven years after his accession to the throne.", "Afghanistan. Afghanistan is a unitary presidential Islamic republic with Islam as an official state religion. It is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Group of 77, the Economic Cooperation Organization, and the Non-Aligned Movement. Afghanistan's economy is the world's 108th largest, with a GDP of $64.08 billion; the country fares much worse in terms of per-capita GDP (PPP), ranking 167th out of 186 countries in a 2016 report from the International Monetary Fund.[13]", "National Assembly (Afghanistan). Ratification, modification or abrogation of laws or legislative decrees; Approval of social, cultural, economic as well as technological development programs; Approval of the state budget as well as permission to obtain or grant loans; Creation, modification and or abrogation of administrative units; Ratification of international treaties and agreements, or abrogation of membership of Afghanistan in them; Other authorities enshrined in this Constitution.", "Afghanistan. Afghanistan is administratively divided into 34 provinces (wilayats), with each province having its own capital and a provincial administration. The provinces are further divided into about 398 smaller provincial districts, each of which normally covers a city or a number of villages. Each district is represented by a district governor.", "History of Afghanistan. In 1964, King Zahir Shah promulgated a liberal constitution providing for a bicameral legislature to which the king appointed one-third of the deputies. The people elected another third, and the remainder were selected indirectly by provincial assemblies. Although Zahir's \"experiment in democracy\" produced few lasting reforms, it permitted the growth of unofficial extremist parties on both the left and the right. This included the communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), which had close ideological ties to the Soviet Union. In 1967, the PDPA split into two major rival factions: the Khalq (Masses) was headed by Nur Muhammad Taraki and Hafizullah Amin who were supported by elements within the military, and the Parcham (Banner) led by Babrak Karmal.", "Parliament. Nobility and high bureaucracy, including the Boyar Duma", "Freedom of religion by country. The current government of Afghanistan has only been in place since 2002, following a U.S.-led invasion which displaced the former Taliban government. The Constitution of Afghanistan is dated January 23, 2004, and its initial three articles mandate:", "Shahada. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "Operation Enduring Freedom. On 9 October 2004, Afghanistan elected Hamid Karzai president in its first direct elections. The following year, Afghans conducted the Afghan parliamentary election, 2005 on 18 September. Since the invasion, hundreds of schools and mosques have been constructed, millions of dollars in aid have been distributed, and the occurrence of violence has been reduced.", "War in Afghanistan (2001–present). At the Bonn Conference in December 2001, Hamid Karzai was selected to head the Afghan Interim Administration, which after a 2002 loya jirga in Kabul became the Afghan Transitional Administration. In the popular elections of 2004, Karzai was elected president of the country, now named the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.[63]", "Afghanistan. Afghanistan (/æfˈɡænɪstæn/ ( listen); Pashto/Dari: افغانستان, Pashto: Afġānistān [avɣɒnisˈtɒn, abɣɒnisˈtɒn][10], Dari: Afġānestān [avɣɒnesˈtɒn]), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia.[7][11] The country has a population of 35 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. Its territory covers 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi), making it the 41st largest country in the world.", "National Assembly (Afghanistan). The Wolesi Jirga has 250 seats with members directly elected by the people. Sixty-eight women were elected to the seats reserved under the Constitution, while 17 of them have been elected in their own rights. Each province was given proportionate representation in the Wolesi Jirga according to its population. Each member of the Wolesi Jirga will enjoy a five-year term.", "Parliament of Pakistan. The Parliament of Pakistan (Urdu: مجلس شوریٰ پاکستان‬‎ — Majlis-e-Shūrā Pākistān) is the federal and supreme legislative body of Pakistan. It is a bicameral federal legislature that consists of the Senate as the upper house and the National Assembly, as the lower house. According to the constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the President of Pakistan is also a component of the Parliament. The National Assembly is elected for a five-year term on the basis of adult franchise and one-man one-vote. The tenure of a Member of the National Assembly is for the duration of the house, or sooner, in case the Member dies or resigns. The tenure of the National Assembly also comes to an end if dissolved on the advice of the Prime Minister or by the president in his discretion under the Constitution.", "War in Afghanistan (2001–present). In late 2011 the National Front of Afghanistan (NFA) was created by Ahmad Zia Massoud, Abdul Rashid Dostum and Haji Mohammad Mohaqiq in what many analysts have described as a reformation of the military wing of the United Front (Northern Alliance) to oppose a return of the Taliban to power.[280] Meanwhile, much of the political wing reunited under the National Coalition of Afghanistan led by Abdullah Abdullah becoming the main democratic opposition movement in the Afghan parliament.[281][282] Former head of intelligence Amrullah Saleh has created a new movement, Basej-i Milli (Afghanistan Green Trend), with support among the youth mobilizing about 10,000 people in an anti-Taliban demonstration in Kabul in May 2011.[283][284][285]", "Member of parliament. Member of Parliament refers to a member of Parliament (National Assembly of Pakistan, Qaumi Assembly), based in Islamabad.", "Afghanistan. Many empires and kingdoms have also risen to power in Afghanistan, such as the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Hephthalites, Kabul Shahis, Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Khiljis, Kartids, Timurids, Mughals, and finally the Hotak and Durrani dynasties that marked the political origins of the modern state.[18]", "Succession of states. The Taliban state in Afghanistan (the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan) became the de facto government of nearly all the country in the mid-1990s, but the Afghan Northern Alliance was still recognised by many nations and retained the UN seat.", "National Assembly (Afghanistan). The Meshrano Jirga consists of a mixture of appointed and elected members (total 102 members). Sixty-eight members were selected by 34 directly elected Provincial Councils, and 34 were appointed by the President. President Karzai’s appointments were vetted by an independent UN sponsored election board and included 17 women (50%), as required by the Constitution.", "Government of Pakistan. The legislative branch is known as the parliament, a term for legislature inherited from the United Kingdom. The parliament has two houses;", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan). The Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs - MFA - (Persian: وزارت خارجه افغانستان‎‎ Pashto: د افغانستان د بهرنیو چارو وزارت‎) is the ministry responsible for managing the Foreign relations of Afghanistan.[1]", "Afghanistan–India relations. On 24 December 2015, India donated three Mi-25 attack helicopters (with an option to send one more in future) to Afghanistan as part of the bilateral strategic partnership to counter the Talibans.[39] The next day, 25 December, Indian PM Narendra Modi visited Kabul to open the newly constructed Afghan parliament opposite the ruins of the Darul Aman Palace, which had been built by India for $90 million. Modi said \"It will stand as an enduring symbol of the ties of emotions and values, of affection and aspirations that bind us in a special relationship\". President Ghani tweeted \"Though, India and Afghanistan need no introduction, we are bound by a thousand ties… We have stood by each other in the best and worst of times\".[40]", "Soviet–Afghan War. Commemorating the intervention of December 25, 1979, in December 2009, veterans of the Soviet war in Afghanistan were honoured by the Duma or Parliament of the Russian Federation. On December 25, the lower house of the parliament defended the Soviet war in Afghanistan on the 30th anniversary of its start, and praised the veterans of the conflict. Differing assessments of the war \"mustn't erode the Russian people's respect for the soldiers who honestly fulfilled their duty in implementing tasks to combat international terrorism and religious extremists\".[274]", "National Assembly (Afghanistan). Each provincial council has elected one council member to serve in the Jirga (34 members), also each district council (34 members). Representatives of provincial councils will serve a term of four years, while representatives of district councils will serve a term of three years. Sebghatulla Mojadeddi was appointed President of Meshrano Jirga.", "Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan. The Parliament of Pakistan consists of the President and the two legislative houses: National Assembly (lower house) and the Senate (upper house).[7]" ]

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[ "India-based Neutrino Observatory. The originally proposed site was at Singara 11°32′N 76°36′E / 11.533°N 76.600°E / 11.533; 76.600, 5.5 kilometers (3.4 mi) south-west of Masinagudi in the Nilgiri Hills of South India. The site has been changed due to protests from environmental groups. The INO will now be built 10 km east of Theni in southern India at 9°58′N 77°16′E / 9.967°N 77.267°E / 9.967; 77.267Coordinates: 9°58′N 77°16′E / 9.967°N 77.267°E / 9.967; 77.267[6]:2 Bodi West Hills in Theni district, Tamil Nadu state.[19]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is a particle physics research project under construction to primarily study atmospheric neutrinos in a 1,300 meters (4,300 ft) deep cave under Ino Peak near Theni, Tamil Nadu, India. This project is notable in that it is anticipated to provide a precise measurement of neutrino mixing parameters. The project is a multi-institute collaboration and one of the biggest experimental particle physics projects undertaken in India.[1][2][3][4]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. On 18 October 2010, the Ministry of Environment & Forests approved both environment and forest clearance for setting up the observatory in the Bodi West Hills Reserved Forest in the Theni district of Tamil Nadu.", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) spelling out the operational aspects of the project and the mode of utilisation of available funds was signed by seven primary project partners: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), Kolkata, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata, Harish Chandra Research Institute (HRI), Allahabad and Institute of Physics (IOP), Bhubaneswar.[1]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. The possibility of a neutrino observatory located in India was discussed as early as 1989 during several meetings held that year. The issue was raised again in the first meeting of the Neutrino physics and Cosmology working group during the Workshop on High Energy Physics Phenomenology (WHEPP-6) held at Chennai in January 2000 and it was decided then to collate concrete ideas for a neutrino detector.", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. The project was originally to be completed in 2015 at an estimated cost of ₹ 1,500 crores, has been cleared by the Ministry of Environment (India) for construction in the Bodi West Hills Reserved Forest in the Theni district of Tamil Nadu. Although delayed, the project is underway as of 2015.[5][6]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. Instead, he suggested an alternate site near Suruli Falls, Theni District in Tamil Nadu. The Minister said this site did not pose the same problems that Singara posed and environmental and forest clearances should not be a serious issue. He also assured the DAE that the Ministry would facilitate necessary approvals for the alternative location. Dr Naba K Mondal of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, who is the spokesperson for the INO project said:", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. The ICAL design is mostly based on the monolith experiment that could not go beyond the proposal Stage. The detector was expected to start collecting data in the year 2012. The location of INO has attracted a lot of attention from the neutrino physics community as the distance between INO and CERN is very close to \"Magic Baseline\" – a distance at which the effect of the CP phase on the measurement of \n\n\n\n\nθ\n\n13\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\theta _{13}}\n\n is minimal.[15] The project has been hit by lack of skilled manpower and opposition by environmentalists. In 2008, INO started a graduate training programme leading to PhD Degree in High Energy Physics and Astronomy to deal with the shortage of particle physicists. [16]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. On 5 January 2015, Union Cabinet headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved to set up the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO).[12]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. The Primary goals of the ICAL are the following: [17]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. As a result of the support received from various research institutes, universities, the scientific community and the funding agency, the Department of Atomic Energy, a Neutrino Collaboration Group (NCG) was established to study the possibility of building an India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO). The collaboration was assigned the task of doing the feasibility studies for which funds were made available by the DAE. A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed by the directors of the participating institutes on August 30, 2002 to enable a smooth functioning of the NCG during the feasibility period. The NCG has the goal of creating an underground neutrino laboratory with the long-term goal of conducting decisive experiments in neutrino physics as also other experiments which require such a unique underground facility.[1]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. The primary research instrument will consist of a 50,000 ton magnetised iron particle physics calorimeter with glass Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) technology as the sensor elements.[1]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. On 18 September 2012, Kerala’s octogenarian Opposition leader and CPI(M) central committee member VS Achuthanandan expressed anxiety over establishing a neutrino observatory on the Theni-Idukki border between Tamil Nadu and Kerala, citing environmental and radiological issues.[11] Soon the INO collaboration clarified on all the issues raised by him and the responses are on the INO website.", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. On 26 March 2015, The Madurai bench of the Madras high court restrained the central government from commencing the work on the proposed India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO).The court directed the government to get permission from the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) before commencing the work.[14]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. On 20 November 2009, Ministry of Environment (India) Minister Jairam Ramesh in a letter to Anil Kakodkar, Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy and Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission of India, denied permission for the Department of Atomic Energy to set up the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) project at Singara in Nilgiris, as it falls in the buffer zone of the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR). Jairam Ramesh said that based on the report of Rajesh Gopal, Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF) and Member-Secretary of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (MS-NTCA), the Ministry cannot approve the Singara site. The report says:", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. A prototype of the ICAL detector with 14 layers, measuring 1 m × 1 m × 1 m is already operational in the VECC, Kolkata. The 35 ton prototype is set up over ground to track cosmic muons. [18]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. Further discussions took place in August 2000 during a meeting on Neutrino Physics at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, when a small group of neutrino physics enthusiasts started discussing the possibilities. The Neutrino 2001 meeting was held in the Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai during February 2001 with the explicit objective of bringing the experimentalists and theorists in this field together. The INO collaboration was formed during this meeting. The first formal meeting of the collaboration was held in the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, during 6 and 7 September 2001 at which various subgroups were formed for studying the detector options and electronics, physics goals and simulations, and site survey.", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. Thirteen other project participants include: Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Calcutta University (CU), Kolkata, Delhi University (DU), Delhi, University of Hawaii (UHW), Hawaii, Himachal Pradesh University (HPU), Shimla, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (IITB), Mumbai, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, North Bengal University (NBU), Siliguri, Panjab University (PU), Chandigarh, Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Tamil Nadu and Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim.", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. \"The proposed project site falls in the buffer zone of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve and is in close proximity to the core/critical tiger habitats of Bandipur and Mudumalai Tiger reserves. It is also an elephant corridor, facilitating elephant movement from the Western Ghats to the Eastern Ghats and vice versa. The area is already disturbed on account of severe biotic pressure due to human settlements and resorts and that the construction phase of the project would involve transport of building materials through the highways passing through the core area of the Bandipur and Mudmulai Tiger Reserves.[9]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. In 2002, a document was presented to the Department of Atomic Energy, (DAE) which laid out an ambitious goal of establishing an India-based Neutrino Observatory, outlining the physics goals, possible choices for the detector and their physics. Since then many new and fast-paced developments have taken place in neutrino physics. The award of the Nobel Prize in Physics (2002) to the pioneers in neutrino physics is a measure of the importance of this field.", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. On 20 February 2015, The southern bench of National Green Tribunal ordered notices to the central and state governments on a petition challenging the environmental clearance granted to the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) project.[13]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. \"But Suruliyar too is in a reserved forest area that is dense and would require cutting down of trees, something that was not required at Singara. Can the government assure us that forest clearance for this site will be given,\" he asks. \"Alternatively, we can move to the nearby Thevaram, which is about 20–30 km away from the Suruliyar falls. This forest area has only shrubs but there is no source of water here and water will have to be piped over a distance of 30 km,\"[9][10]", "Lake Baikal. Since 1993, neutrino research has been conducted at the Baikal Deep Underwater Neutrino Telescope (BDUNT). The Baikal Neutrino Telescope NT-200 is being deployed in Lake Baikal, 3.6 km (2.2 mi) from shore at a depth of 1.1 km (0.68 mi). It consists of 192 optical modules.[79]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. As of February 2012, the land was allocated to the INO collaboration by the government of Tamil Nadu and the excavation work was about to start. Naba K Mondal, chief spokesperson of INO project and a senior scientist at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, told The Hindu that the pre-project work will start in April 2012 and ₹ 66 crores has been sanctioned for the work. The first task will be to have a road connectivity from Rasingapuram to Pottipuram village. The project is expected to be completed in 2015 at an estimated cost of ₹ 1,500 crores.[7][8]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. When completed, the main magnetised iron calorimieter (ICAL) experiment will include the world's largest magnet, four times larger than the 12,500-tonne magnet in the Compact Muon Solenoid detector at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.[7][8]", "Heavy water. The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) in Sudbury, Ontario uses 1,000 tonnes of heavy water on loan from Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. The neutrino detector is 6,800 feet (2,100 m) underground in a mine, to shield it from muons produced by cosmic rays. SNO was built to answer the question of whether or not electron-type neutrinos produced by fusion in the Sun (the only type the Sun should be producing directly, according to theory) might be able to turn into other types of neutrinos on the way to Earth. SNO detects the Cherenkov radiation in the water from high-energy electrons produced from electron-type neutrinos as they undergo charged current (CC) interactions with neutrons in deuterium, turning them into protons and electrons (however, only the electrons are fast enough to produce Cherenkov radiation for detection). SNO also detects neutrino↔electron scattering (ES) events, where the neutrino transfers energy to the electron, which then proceeds to generate Cherenkov radiation distinguishable from that produced by CC events. The first of these two reactions is produced only by electron-type neutrinos, while the second can be caused by all of the neutrino flavors. The use of deuterium is critical to the SNO function, because all three \"flavours\" (types) of neutrinos[70] may be detected in a third type of reaction as well, neutrino-disintegration, in which a neutrino of any type (electron, muon, or tau) scatters from a deuterium nucleus (deuteron), transferring enough energy to break up the loosely bound deuteron into a free neutron and proton via a neutral current (NC) interaction. This event is detected when the free neutron is absorbed by 35Cl− present from NaCl deliberately dissolved in the heavy water, causing emission of characteristic capture gamma rays. Thus, in this experiment, heavy water not only provides the transparent medium necessary to produce and visualize Cherenkov radiation, but it also provides deuterium to detect exotic mu type (μ) and tau (τ) neutrinos, as well as a non-absorbent moderator medium to preserve free neutrons from this reaction, until they can be absorbed by an easily detected neutron-activated isotope.", "Astronomy. In neutrino astronomy, astronomers use heavily shielded underground facilities such as SAGE, GALLEX, and Kamioka II/III for the detection of neutrinos. The vast majority of the neutrinos streaming through the Earth originate from the Sun, but 24 neutrinos were also detected from supernova 1987A.[43] Cosmic rays, which consist of very high energy particles (atomic nuclei) that can decay or be absorbed when they enter the Earth's atmosphere, result in a cascade of secondary particles which can be detected by current observatories.[51] Some future neutrino detectors may also be sensitive to the particles produced when cosmic rays hit the Earth's atmosphere.[43]", "India-based Neutrino Observatory. The ICAL detector consists of 6 centimeters (2.4 in) thick Iron plates as passive material, with RPCs in between as active material.", "Neutrino. The KATRIN experiment in Germany will begin to acquire data in 2017 to determine the value of the mass of the electron neutrino, with other approaches to this problem in the planning stages.[1]", "Indian Astronomical Observatory. The Indian Institute of Astrophysics is collaborating with the McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences of Washington University in St. Louis, US to operate two 0.5 meters Cassegrain telescopes to monitor active galactic nuclei. One of the observatories is to be established in Hanle.[2] The facilities 180 degrees apart in longitude are together to be called the Antipodal Transient Observatory (ATO).[10]", "Solar neutrino problem. One year later, the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) started collecting data. That experiment aimed at the 8B solar neutrinos, which at around 10 MeV are not much affected by oscillation in both the Sun and the Earth. A large deficit is nevertheless expected due to the Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect as had been calculated by Alexei Smirnov in 1985. SNO's unique design employing a large quantity of heavy water as the detection medium was proposed by Herb Chen, also in 1985.[10] SNO observed electron neutrinos, specifically, and all flavors of neutrinos, collectively, hence the fraction of electron-neutrinos.[11] After extensive statistical analysis, the SNO collaboration determined that fraction to be about 34 %,[12] in perfect agreement with prediction. The total number of detected 8B neutrinos also agrees with the then rough predictions from the solar model.[13]", "Neutrino. Still-higher-energy neutrinos, resulting from the interactions of extragalactic cosmic rays, could be observed with the Pierre Auger Observatory or with the dedicated experiment named ANITA." ]

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[ "Alpaca. Alpacas are kept in herds that graze on the level heights of the Andes of southern Peru, western Bolivia, Ecuador, and northern Chile at an altitude of 3,500 m (11,500 ft) to 5,000 m (16,000 ft) above sea level, throughout the year.[1] Alpacas are considerably smaller than llamas, and unlike llamas, they were not bred to be beasts of burden, but were bred specifically for their fibre. Alpaca fiber is used for making knitted and woven items, similar to wool. These items include blankets, sweaters, hats, gloves, scarves, a wide variety of textiles and ponchos in South America, and sweaters, socks, coats and bedding in other parts of the world. The fibre comes in more than 52 natural colors as classified in Peru, 12 as classified in Australia and 16 as classified in the United States.", "Vicuña. The vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) or vicugna[2] (both /vɪˈkuːnjə/) is one of two wild South American camelids which live in the high alpine areas of the Andes, the other being the guanaco. It is a relative of the llama, and is now believed to be the wild ancestor of domesticated alpacas, which are raised for their coats. Vicuñas produce small amounts of extremely fine wool, which is very expensive because the animal can only be shorn every three years, and has to be caught from the wild. When knitted together, the product of the vicuña's wool is very soft and warm. The Inca valued vicuñas highly for their wool, and it was against the law for anyone but royalty to wear vicuña garments; today the vicuña is the national animal of Peru and appears in the Peruvian coat of arms.", "Inca society. The Inca also raised llamas and alpacas for their wool, meat, and to use them as pack animals and captured wild vicuñas for their fine hair.", "Chile. The coat of arms depicts the two national animals: the condor (Vultur gryphus, a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus, an endangered white tail deer). It also has the legend Por la razón o la fuerza (By reason or by force).", "Vicuña. The wool is sold on the world market for over $300 per kg, to help support the community. In Bolivia, the Ulla Ulla National Reserve was founded in 1977 partly as a sanctuary for the species. Their numbers grew to 125,000 in Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia. Since this was a ready \"cash crop\" for community members, the countries relaxed regulations on vicuña wool in 1993, enabling its trade once again. While the population levels have recovered to a healthy level, poaching remains a constant threat, as do habitat loss and other threats. Consequently, the IUCN still supports active conservation programs to protect vicuñas, though they lowered their status to least concern.[6] The US Fish and Wildlife Service has reclassified most populations as threatened, but still lists Ecuador's population as endangered.[7]", "Sheep. Sheep are most likely descended from the wild mouflon of Europe and Asia. One of the earliest animals to be domesticated for agricultural purposes, sheep are raised for fleece, meat (lamb, hogget or mutton) and milk. A sheep's wool is the most widely used animal fiber, and is usually harvested by shearing. Ovine meat is called lamb when from younger animals and mutton when from older ones. Sheep continue to be important for wool and meat today, and are also occasionally raised for pelts, as dairy animals, or as model organisms for science.", "Llama. The llama (/ˈlɑːmə/; Spanish: [ˈʝama] locally [ˈʎama] or [ˈʒama]) (Lama glama) is a domesticated South American camelid, widely used as a meat and pack animal by Andean cultures since the Pre-Columbian era.", "Vicuña. At present, the Peruvian government has a labeling system that identifies all garments that have been created through a government-sanctioned chacu. This guarantees that the animal was captured, shorn alive, returned to the wild, and cannot be shorn again for another two years. The program also ensures that a large portion of the profits return to the villagers. However, annually, up to 22,500 kg of vicuña wool are exported as a result of illegal activities. Because of this, some countries have banned the importation of the wool to save the animal. There is a limited but growing trend to commercially produce wool from vicuñas in captivity, with growing herds in the Chilean Andes. Biologist Cristian Bonacic has expressed his concern about the possibility of habitat damage and the transmission of disease in the farms.[9]", "Alpaca. Alpacas are too small to be used as pack animals. Instead, they are bred exclusively for their fiber and meat. Alpaca meat was once considered a delicacy by Andean inhabitants. Because of the high price commanded by alpaca on the growing North American alpaca market, illegal alpaca smuggling has become a growing problem.[5] In 2014, a company was formed claiming to be the first to export US-derived alpaca products to China.[6]", "Llama. In the Inca empire, llamas were the only beasts of burden, and many of the people dominated by the Inca had long traditions of llama herding. For the Inca nobility, the llama was of symbolic significance, and llama figures were often buried with the dead.[33] In South America, llamas are still used as beasts of burden, as well as for the production of fiber and meat.[34]", "Vicuña. From the period of Spanish conquest to 1964, hunting of the vicuña was unrestricted, which reduced its numbers to only 6,000 in the 1960s. As a result, the species was declared endangered in 1974, and its status prohibited the trade of vicuña wool. In Peru, during 1964–1966, the Servicio Forestal y de Caza in cooperation with the US Peace Corps, Nature Conservancy, World Wildlife Fund, and the National Agrarian University of La Molina established a nature conservatory for the vicuña called the Pampa Galeras – Barbara D'Achille in Lucanas Province, Ayacucho. During that time, a game warden academy was held in Nazca, where eight men from Peru and six from Bolivia were trained to protect the vicuña from poaching. The estimated population in Peru increased from 6,000 to 75,000 with protection by game wardens. Currently, the community of Lucanas conducts a chaccu (herding, capturing, and shearing) on the reserve each year to harvest the wool, organized by the National Council for South American Camelids (CONACS).", "Llama. The llama and alpaca are only known in the domestic state, and are variable in size and of many colors, being often white, brown, or piebald. Some are grey or black. The guanaco and vicuña are wild, the former being endangered, and of a nearly uniform light-brown color, passing into white below. They certainly differ from each other, the vicuña being smaller, more slender in its proportions, and having a shorter head than the guanaco. The vicuña lives in herds on the bleak and elevated parts of the mountain range bordering the region of perpetual snow, amidst rocks and precipices, occurring in various suitable localities throughout Peru, in the southern part of Ecuador, and as far south as the middle of Bolivia. Its manners very much resemble those of the chamois of the European Alps; it is as vigilant, wild, and timid. The fiber is extremely delicate and soft, and highly valued for the purposes of weaving, but the quantity that each animal produces is minimal. Alpacas are descended from wild vicuna ancestors, while domesticated llamas are descended from wild guanaco ancestors, though a considerable amount of hybridization between the two species has occurred.", "Chinchilla. The chinchilla has the second-densest fur of any land mammal, exceeded only by the sea otter[5] and is named after the Chincha people of the Andes, who once wore its dense, velvet-like fur.[6] By the end of the 19th century, chinchillas had become quite rare due to hunting for their ultra-soft fur.[7] Most chinchillas currently used by the fur industry for clothing and other accessories are farm-raised.[8]", "Andes. The vicuña and guanaco can be found living in the Altiplano, while the closely related domesticated llama and alpaca are widely kept by locals as pack animals and for their meat and wool. The crepuscular (active during dawn and dusk) chinchillas, two threatened members of the rodent order, inhabit the Andes' alpine regions.[28][29] The Andean condor, the largest bird of its kind in the Western Hemisphere, occurs throughout much of the Andes but generally in very low densities.[30] Other animals found in the relatively open habitats of the high Andes include the huemul, cougar, foxes in the genus Pseudalopex,[28][29] and, for birds, certain species of tinamous (notably members of the genus Nothoprocta), Andean goose, giant coot, flamingos (mainly associated with hypersaline lakes), lesser rhea, Andean flicker, diademed sandpiper-plover, miners, sierra-finches and diuca-finches.[30]", "Great Pyrenees. \"The dog is essential for those who raise animals for wool. It is the guardian of livestock in general but is the natural defender of the sheep and goats. The wolf lurks constantly and we oppose it with the dogs\"... \"As for its appearance, choose those who are well-trained, large size, with black or red eyes, the nose of the same color, red lips pulling to black, not too collected, nor too pendants\"... \"It is equally essential that the dogs have strong head, long, floppy ears, wide and short neck, thighs and rights more inwardly turned than out, wide legs, fingers apart, hard nails and bent, spine nor projection nor convex, bushy tail, sonorous voice, good match muzzle and preferably with white hair so that it can be easily distinguished from wild animals at night.\"", "Animal husbandry. Meanwhile, in South America, the llama and the alpaca had been domesticated, probably before 3,000 BC, as beasts of burden and for their wool. Neither was strong enough to pull a plough which limited the development of agriculture in the New World.[2]", "Merino. The Merino is an economically influential breed of sheep prized for its wool. The breed originated in Southwestern Iberia, but the modern Merino was domesticated in New Zealand and Australia. Today, Merinos are still regarded as having some of the finest and softest wool of any sheep. Poll Merinos have no horns (or very small stubs, known as scurs), and horned Merino rams have long, spiral horns which grow close to the head.[1]", "Incan agriculture. The Incan agriculture system not only included a vast acreage of crops, but also numerous herds, some numbering in the tens of thousands, of animals taking by force from conquered enemies.[8] These animals included mainly llamas and alpacas, the dung of which was used to fertilize the crop fields.[8] Llamas and alpacas were usually raised high up in the Andes, at 4,000 meters (13,000ft) and above.[19] Llamas and alpacas were very important providing “wool, meat, leather, moveable wealth,” and “transportation.”[8] The Inca also bred and domesticated ducks and guinea pigs as a source of meat.[20] This mixture of Animal husbandry, especially that of llamas and alpacas, was very important to the economy of the Inca, due to the lack of currency in a barter system.[21]", "Patagonia. Sheep farming introduced in the late 19th century has been a principal economic activity. After reaching its heights during the First World War, the decline in world wool prices affected sheep farming in Argentina. Nowadays about half of Argentina's 15 million sheep are in Patagonia, a percentage that is growing as sheep farming disappears in the Pampa (to the North). Chubut (mainly Merino) is the top wool producer with Santa Cruz (Corriedale and some Merino) second. Sheep farming revived in 2002 with the devaluation of the peso and firmer global demand for wool (led by China and the EU). Still there is little investment in new abbatoirs (mainly in Comodoro Rivadavia, Trelew and Rio Gallegos), and often there are phytosanitary restrictions to the export of sheep meat. Extensive valleys in the Cordilleran range have provided sufficient grazing lands, and the low humidity and weather of the southern region make raising Merino and Corriedale sheep common.", "Wildlife of China. The Tibetan antelope, also known as chiru, is taller than the gazelles and has longer horns. It is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and is endangered. The animal is poached for its fine wool, which is made by Kashmiri weavers into the Shahtoosh shawl. The film Kekexili: Mountain Patrol documents efforts to protect the animal from poaching. The Tibetan antelope was one of the mascots for the 2008 Summer Olympics.", "Agriculture in Spain. Spain's sheep population remained almost unchanged at about 17 million between 1970 and 1985. Sheep rearing predominated in central Spain and the Ebro Basin. Goats were kept in much the same area, but they were more prevalent in the higher, less grassy elevations because they can survive on poorer pasture. Merino sheep, the best known breed, were probably imported from North Africa, and they were well adapted to semiarid conditions. Merino sheep, noted for their fine wool, were widely used as stock for new breeds. Other prominent breeds were the churro and the manchegan. Although raised primarily for wool, milk, and cheese, Spanish farm animals, particularly sheep, were increasingly used to satisfy the country's meat consumption needs.", "Vicuña. The wool is popular due to its warmth. Its properties come from the tiny scales on the hollow, air-filled fibres. It causes them to interlock and trap insulating air. Vicuñas have some of the finest fibers in the world, at a diameter of 12 μm. The fiber of cashmere goats is 14 to 19 μm, while angora rabbit is 8 to 12 μm and that of shahtoosh from the Tibetan antelope, or chiru, is from 9 to 12 μm.[8] Since it is sensitive to chemical treatment, the wool is usually left in its natural color.", "Vicuña. The vicuña is considered more delicate and graceful than the guanaco, and smaller. A key distinguishing element of morphology is the better-developed incisor roots for the guanaco.[4] The vicuña's long, woolly coat is tawny brown on the back, whereas the hair on the throat and chest is white and quite long. The head is slightly shorter than the guanaco's and the ears are slightly longer. The length of head and body ranges from 1.45 to 1.60 m (about 5 ft); shoulder height is from 75 to 85 cm (around 3 ft); its weight is from 35 to 65 kg (under 150 lb).", "Chile. Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), the national bird of Chile", "Merino. The Merino is an excellent forager and very adaptable. It is bred predominantly for its wool,[3] and its carcass size is generally smaller than that of sheep bred for meat. South African Meat Merino (SAMM), American Rambouillet and German Merinofleischschaf[4] have been bred to balance wool production and carcass quality.", "Vicuña. The vicuña only produces about 0.5 kg of wool a year, and gathering it requires a certain process. During the time of the Incas, vicuña wool was gathered by means of communal efforts called chacu, in which multitudes of people herded hundreds of thousands of vicuña into previously laid funnel traps. The animals were shorn and then released; this was only done once every four years. The vicuña was believed to be the reincarnation of a beautiful young maiden who received a coat of pure gold once she consented to the advances of an old, ugly king. Because of this, it was against the law for anyone to kill a vicuña or wear its fleece, except for Inca royalty.", "Peruvian cuisine. Olluquito con charqui is another traditional Andean dish. Olluco is a yellowish tuber (Ullucus tuberosus) domesticated by pre-Inca populations, and is visually similar to colorful small Andean potatoes, but with a distinct crunchy texture when cooked. Charqui is the technique employed in the Andean highlands to cure meat by salting, then dehydration (the word \"jerky\" in English is derived from this Andean (Quechuan) word. The dish is a stew of finely diced ollucos with charqui pieces (traditionally alpaca, or less frequently llama meat, though today it is also very commonly made from sheep), served with white rice.", "Griffin. Some large species of Old World vultures are called griffines, including the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus). The scientific name for the Andean condor is Vultur gryphus, Latin for \"griffin-vulture\". The Catholic Douay-Rheims version of the Bible uses griffon for a creature referred to as vulture or ossifrage in other English translations (Leviticus 11:13).", "Serval. Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)", "Animal fiber. Alpaca fiber is that of an alpaca. It is warmer than sheep's wool and lighter in weight. It is soft, fine, glossy, and luxurious. The thickness of quality fiber is between 12-29 micrometers. Most alpaca fiber is white, but it also comes in various shades of brown and black.", "Columbia sheep. The Columbia is one of the first breeds of sheep developed in the United States.[1] The product of USDA and university research, it was intended to be an improved breed adapted for the Western ranges of the country (where the majority of sheep raising takes place).[1]", "Animal fiber. Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals of the Caprinae family, principally sheep, but the hair of certain species of other mammals such as goats, alpacas, and rabbits may also be called wool." ]

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[ "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. The August 2017 eclipse was the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918. Also, its path of totality made landfall exclusively within the United States, making it the first such eclipse since the country's declaration of independence in 1776. Prior to this, the path of totality of the eclipse of June 13, 1257, was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States.[25]", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. Prior to this event, no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8, 1918; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States.[6] The path of totality touched 14 states, and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse.[6] The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States,[7] with most of this area over the ocean, not land. The event's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4:05 p.m. UTC (9:05 a.m. PDT), with the total eclipse beginning there at 5:16 p.m. UTC (10:16 a.m. PDT); the total eclipse's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6:44 p.m. UTC (2:44 p.m. EDT).[6] Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu, Hawaii began with sunrise at 4:20 p.m. UTC (6:20 a.m. HST) and ended by 5:25 p.m. UTC (7:25 a.m. HST).[8]", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26, 1979 crossed only the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota. Many enthusiasts traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse, since it would be the last chance to view such an eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades.[22][23]", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. Following a total eclipse in the United Kingdom in 1999, at least 14 cases of permanent damage were confirmed.[110]", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since that of July 11, 1991[18]—which was seen only from part of Hawaii[19]—and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979.[20] An eclipse of comparable length (up to 3 minutes, 8 seconds, with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7, 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard, from Florida to Virginia.[21]", "Solar eclipse of July 11, 1991. A total solar eclipse occurred on July 11, 1991. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Totality began over the Pacific Ocean and Hawaii moving across Mexico, down through Central America and across South America ending over Brazil. It lasted for 6 minutes and 53 seconds at the point of maximum eclipse. There will not be a longer total eclipse until June 13, 2132.", "Solar eclipse of February 26, 1979. Many visitors traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the Monday morning eclipse,[1] as it was the last chance to view a total solar eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades. The next opportunity was 38½ years later on August 21, 2017, also a Monday.", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. Although traffic to areas within the path of totality was somewhat spread out over the days prior to the eclipse,[122] there were widespread traffic problems across the United States after the event ended. Michael Zeiler, an eclipse cartographer, had estimated that between 1.85 million and 7.4 million people would travel to the path of the eclipse.[123]", "Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024. It will be the only total solar eclipse in the 21st century where totality is visible in Mexico, the United States of America, and Canada.[3]", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. This total solar eclipse marked the first such event in the smartphone and social media era in America. Information, personal communication, and photography were widely available as never before, capturing popular attention and enhancing the social experience.", "List of solar eclipses in the 21st century. The next solar eclipse (Partial) will occur on February 15, 2018; the last solar eclipse (Total) occurred on August 21, 2017.", "Solar eclipse of August 12, 2045. The solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 had a very similar path of totality over the U.S., about 250 miles (400 km) to the northeast, also crossing the Pacific coast and Atlantic coast of the country.[3]", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. The solar eclipse of August 12, 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S. to the 2017 eclipse: about 400 km (250 mi) to the southwest, also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country; however, totality will be more than twice as long.[26]", "Solar eclipse of July 11, 1991. This eclipse was the most central total eclipse in 800 years, with a gamma of -.0041. There will not be a more central eclipse for another 800 years. Its magnitude was also greater than any eclipse since the 6th century.", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. Some American scientists and interested amateurs who wanted to experience a total eclipse participated in a four-day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10, 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia. (This is referenced in the Carly Simon hit song \"You're So Vain\" in the lyric, \"Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the Sun.\") Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements, emphasizing the rarity of the event.[24]", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37°35′0″N 89°7′0″W / 37.58333°N 89.11667°W / 37.58333; -89.11667 in Giant City State Park, just south of Carbondale, Illinois, and the greatest extent (width) was at 36°58′0″N 87°40′18″W / 36.96667°N 87.67167°W / 36.96667; -87.67167 near the village of Cerulean, Kentucky, located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton.[15] This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7, 1970. Two NASA WB-57F flew above the clouds, prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra.[16] A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon's penumbra, including all of North America, particularly areas just south of the totality pass, where the eclipse lasted about 3–5 hours, northern South America, Western Europe, and some of Africa and north-east Asia.", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. The solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, dubbed \"The Great American Eclipse\" by the media,[1][2][3][4][5] was a total eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States, passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts. As a partial solar eclipse, it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America. In northwestern Europe and Africa, it was partially visible in the late evening. In Asia it was visible only at the eastern extremity, the Chukchi Peninsula.", "Solar eclipse of March 7, 1970. The solar eclipse of June 13, 2132 will be the longest total solar eclipse since July 11, 1991 at 6 minutes, 55 seconds.", "Solar eclipse. Total solar eclipses are rare events. Although they occur somewhere on Earth every 18 months on average,[33] it is estimated that they recur at any given place only once every 360 to 410 years, on average.[34] The total eclipse lasts for only a maximum of a few minutes at any location, because the Moon's umbra moves eastward at over 1700 km/h.[35] Totality currently can never last more than 7 min 32 s. This value changes over the millennia and is currently decreasing. By the 8th millennium, the longest theoretically possible total eclipse will be less than 7 min 2 s.[30] The last time an eclipse longer than 7 minutes occurred was June 30, 1973 (7 min 3 sec). Observers aboard a Concorde supersonic aircraft were able to stretch totality for this eclipse to about 74 minutes by flying along the path of the Moon's umbra.[36] The next total eclipse exceeding seven minutes in duration will not occur until June 25, 2150. The longest total solar eclipse during the 11,000 year period from 3000 BC to at least 8000 AD will occur on July 16, 2186, when totality will last 7 min 29 s.[30][37] For comparison, the longest total eclipse of the 20th century at 7 min 8 s occurred on June 20, 1955, and there are no total solar eclipses over 7 min in duration in the 21st century.[38]", "List of solar eclipses in the 21st century. At this point, the longest duration in which the moon completely covered the sun, known as totality, was during the solar eclipse of July 22, 2009. This total solar eclipse had a maximum duration of 6 minutes and 39 seconds. The longest possible duration of a total solar eclipse is 7 minutes and 32 seconds. The longest annular solar eclipse of the 21st century took place on January 15, 2010, with a duration of 11 minutes and 8 seconds. The maximum possible duration is 12 minutes and 29 seconds. The eclipse of May 20, 2050, will be the second hybrid eclipse in the span of less than one year, the first one being on November 25, 2049.[a]", "Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024. Notable total and annular solar eclipse crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050:", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. Totality as seen from Sweetwater, Tennessee", "Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024. The path of this eclipse will cross the path of the prior total solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois, in Makanda, just south of Carbondale.[9] The cities of Benton, Carbondale, Chester, Harrisburg, Marion, and Metropolis in Illinois; Cape Girardeau, Farmington, and Perryville in Missouri, as well as Paducah, Kentucky, will be within a roughly 9,000 square mile intersection of the paths of totality of both the 2017 and 2024 eclipses, therefore earning the rare distinction of being witness to two total solar eclipses within a span of seven years.", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. The path of the 2017 eclipse crosses with the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8, 2024, with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake, just south of Carbondale. An area of about 9,000 square miles, including the cities of Makanda, Carbondale, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and Paducah, Kentucky, will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years.[citation needed] The cities of Benton, Carbondale, Chester, Harrisburg, Marion, and Metropolis in Illinois; Cape Girardeau, Farmington, and Perryville in Missouri, as well as Paducah, Kentucky, will also be in the path of the 2024 eclipse, thereby earning the distinction of witnessing two total solar eclipses in seven years.", "Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024. The solar eclipse of June 13, 2132 will be the longest total solar eclipse since July 11, 1991 at 6 minutes, 55 seconds.", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. Officials inside and near the path of totality planned – sometimes for years – for the sudden influx of people.[113] Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could have been a tourism boom or a disaster.[114]", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. Astronomers Without Borders began collecting eclipse glasses for redistribution to Latin America for the total solar eclipse occurring on July 2, 2019 and to Asia for the annular eclipse on December 26, 2019.[153]", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. Totality as seen from Columbia, Missouri", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. Video of the moment totality occurred in Newberry, South Carolina", "Solar eclipse of March 7, 1970. Unfortunately, inclement weather obstructed the viewing from that location and most of the eclipse path through the remainder of the southern states. There will not be an eclipse with a greater duration of totality over the contiguous U.S. until April 8, 2024, a period of 54 years.", "Solar eclipse of February 26, 1979. A partial lunar eclipse occurred on March 13, 1979, 15 days later, visible over Africa, Europe and Asia. A total lunar eclipse followed on September 6, 1979.", "Solar eclipse of March 7, 1970. A total solar eclipse occurred on Saturday, March 7, 1970, visible across most of North America and Central America.[1][2][3][4][5]" ]

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[ "Cy Young Award. Each league's award is voted on by members of the Baseball Writers' Association of America, with one representative from each team. As of the 2010 season, each voter places a vote for first, second, third, fourth and fifth place among the pitchers of each league. The formula used to calculate the final scores is a weighted sum of the votes.[A] The pitcher with the highest score in each league wins the award.[1] If two pitchers receive the same number of votes, the award is shared.[3] The current formula started in the 2010 season. Before that, dating back to 1970, writers voted for three pitchers, with the formula of 5 points for a first place vote, 3 for a second place vote and 1 for a third place vote. Prior to 1970, writers only voted for the best pitcher and used a formula of one point per vote.[1]", "Cy Young Award. The Cy Young Award is given annually to the best pitchers in Major League Baseball (MLB), one each for the American League (AL) and National League (NL). The award was first introduced in 1956 by Baseball Commissioner Ford Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955. The award was originally given to the single best pitcher in the major leagues, but in 1967, after the retirement of Frick, the award was given to one pitcher in each league.[1][2]", "Cy Young Award. The Cy Young Award was first introduced in 1956 by Commissioner of Baseball Ford C. Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955.[1] The award would be given to pitchers only. Originally given to the single best pitcher in the major leagues, the award changed its format over time. From 1956 to 1966, the award was given to one pitcher in Major League Baseball. After Frick retired in 1967, William Eckert became the new Commissioner of Baseball. Due to fan requests, Eckert announced that the Cy Young Award would be given out both in the American League and the National League.[1] From 1956 to 1958, a pitcher was not allowed to win the award on more than one occasion; this rule was eliminated in 1959. After a tie in the 1969 voting for the Cy Young Award, the process was changed, in which each writer was to vote for three different pitchers: the first-place vote received five points, the second-place vote received three points, and the third-place vote received one point.[1]", "List of Major League Baseball awards. The Cy Young Award is an honor given annually in baseball to the best pitchers in Major League Baseball, one each for the American and National Leagues. The award was first introduced in 1956 by Commissioner Ford Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955. The award was originally given to the single best pitcher in the major leagues, but after Frick's retirement in 1967, the award was given to one pitcher in each league.[20] Each league's award is voted on by members of the Baseball Writers' Association of America, with two representatives from each team.[21]", "Cy Young Award. There have been 17 players who unanimously won the Cy Young Award, for a total of 23 wins.", "Cy Young Award. In the American League, 6 players have unanimously won the Cy Young Award, for a total of 9 wins.", "Cy Young Award. In the National League, 11 players have unanimously won the Cy Young Award, for a total of 14 wins.", "Cy Young Award. The first recipient of the Cy Young Award was Don Newcombe of the Dodgers. In 1957, Warren Spahn became the first left-handed pitcher to win the award. In 1963, Sandy Koufax became the first pitcher to win the award in a unanimous vote; two years later he became the first multiple winner. In 1978, Gaylord Perry (age 40) became the oldest pitcher to receive the award, a record that stood until broken in 2004 by Roger Clemens (age 42).[1] The youngest recipient was Dwight Gooden (age 20 in 1985). In 2012, R.A. Dickey became the first knuckleball pitcher to win the award.[4]", "Cy Young Award. Nineteen pitchers have won the award multiple times. Roger Clemens currently holds the record for the most awards won, with seven - his first and last wins separated by eighteen years. Greg Maddux (1992–1995) and Randy Johnson (1999–2002) share the record for the most consecutive awards won. Clemens, Johnson, Pedro Martínez, Gaylord Perry, Roy Halladay and Max Scherzer are the only pitchers to have won the award in both the American League and National League; Sandy Koufax is the only pitcher who won multiple awards during the period when only one award was presented for all of Major League Baseball. Roger Clemens was the youngest pitcher to win a second Cy Young Award, while Tim Lincecum is the youngest pitcher to do so in the National League and Clayton Kershaw is the youngest left-hander to do so. Clayton Kershaw is the youngest pitcher to win a third Cy Young Award.", "Cy Young Award. Only four teams have never had a pitcher win the Cy Young Award. The Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers have won more than any other team with 12.", "All-Star Final Vote. Brandon Webb of the Diamondbacks, the reigning NL Cy Young Award winner, replaced injured Colorado reliever Brian Fuentes.[35] Neither Webb nor Oswalt played.[36] Okajima did not play, but Young pitched 1 inning allowing a walk and a 2 run inside-the-park home run.[37] As a result, he was the losing pitcher.", "Justin Verlander. Following the season, Verlander was announced by the BBWAA as a finalist for the American League Cy Young Award, along with Corey Kluber and former teammate Rick Porcello.[63] Verlander finished second in Cy Young voting, losing to Porcello by five points, 132–137, in what was the second-closest vote in history (to the 2012 AL Cy Young race Verlander lost). Verlander received 14 first-place votes, to Porcello's eight first-place votes, but Verlander was left off two ballots. It marked the third time in history and first in the AL that a pitcher won the Cy Young Award without receiving the most first-place votes.[64] The outcome of the vote inspired Verlander's longtime girlfriend, actress and model Kate Upton, to tweet \"Hey @MLB I thought I was the only person allowed to fuck Justin Verlander?!\"[65]", "Relief pitcher. Relievers who have won the Cy Young Award", "Cy Young Award. Steve Carlton in 1982 became the first pitcher to win more than three Cy Young Awards, while Greg Maddux in 1994 became the first to win at least three in a row (and received a fourth straight the following year), a feat later repeated by Randy Johnson.[9]", "Sandy Koufax. Koufax was the first pitcher to win multiple Cy Young Awards, as well as the first pitcher to win a Cy Young Award by a unanimous vote. He is also the only pitcher to win three Cy Young Awards in the era in which the award was presented to one pitcher across the board, rather than one in each major league, and one of three Dodgers pitchers to win the one-across-the-board Cy Young Award. (The others were Don Newcombe, the first Cy Young winner in 1956, and Don Drysdale in 1962.) Each of Koufax's three Cy Young Awards were by unanimous vote.[3][85] Koufax and Juan Marichal are the only two pitchers in the post-war era (1946-date) to have more than one 25-win season, with each pitcher recording three.", "Atlanta Braves. Six National League Cy Young Awards in the 1990s were awarded to three Braves pitchers:", "Cy Young Award. In 1974, Mike Marshall won the award, becoming the first relief pitcher to win the award.[1] In 1992, Dennis Eckersley was the first modern closer (first player to be used almost exclusively in ninth-inning situations)[5][6][7] to win the award, and since then only one other relief pitcher has won the award, Éric Gagné in 2003 (also a closer). A total of nine relief pitchers have won the Cy Young Award across both leagues.[8]", "Randy Johnson. After pitching well in the strike-shortened 1994 season, Johnson won the American League Cy Young Award in 1995 with an 18–2 record, 2.48 ERA and 294 strikeouts. His .900 winning percentage was the second highest in AL history, behind Johnny Allen, who had gone 15–1 for the Cleveland Indians in 1937. Johnson, who also finished second in the 1993 and 1997 Cy Young voting, and third in 1994, was the first Seattle Mariners pitcher to win the award, and the only one until Félix Hernández took home the honor in 2010.", "Cy Young Award. Five of these unanimous wins were accompanied with a win of the Most Valuable Player award (marked with * below; ** denotes that the player's unanimous win was accompanied with a unanimous win of the MVP).", "Sandy Koufax. Koufax won the NL MVP Award and the Hickok Belt, and was the first-ever unanimous selection for the Cy Young Award.[57][58]", "The Outsiders (film). The Outsiders was nominated for four Young Artist Awards, given annually since 1978 by the Young Artist Foundation. C. Thomas Howell won for \"Best Young Motion Picture Actor in a Feature Film\". Diane Lane was nominated for \"Best Young Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture\". The film was nominated for \"Best Family Feature Motion Picture\".[10] Francis Ford Coppola was nominated for the Golden Prize at the 13th Moscow International Film Festival.[11]", "Justin Verlander. Verlander finished second to David Price of the Tampa Bay Rays in a close AL Cy Young Award race. Verlander collected 149 points (12 first-place votes) to Price's 153 points (13 first-place votes).[30] Verlander won (tie with David Price) his second consecutive AL Sporting News Pitcher of the Year Award.", "1980 Philadelphia Phillies season. Steve Carlton received the National League Cy Young Award.", "History of the San Diego Padres. On November 15, Jake Peavy won the National League Cy Young Award by unanimous ballot. He was the fourth Padre to capture the pitching award.", "Clayton Kershaw. Kershaw was honored after the season with player of the year awards from both The Sporting News[106] and Baseball America.[107] He won three awards at the Players Choice Awards including Outstanding NL Pitcher, Player of the Year and the Marvin Miller Man of the Year Award.[108] He also won his third (and second straight) Warren Spahn Award.[109] On November 12, he was awarded his third Cy Young Award in four seasons (a unanimous vote).[110] The following day, he was elected as the NL MVP, the first National League pitcher to win the award since Bob Gibson in 1968 and the first Dodgers player to win the award since Kirk Gibson in 1988.[111]", "Ferguson Jenkins. Jenkins won the 1971 NL Cy Young Award. Jenkins was the first Cubs pitcher and the first Canadian to win the Cy Young Award (Quebec native Éric Gagné is the only other Canadian to match the feat). He received 17 of 24 first-place votes. He was outpitched in several statistical categories by New York Mets pitcher Tom Seaver, but Jenkins pitched in hitter-friendly Wrigley Field and Seaver worked in pitcher-friendly Shea Stadium.", "Clayton Kershaw. After the season, Kershaw was awarded the Warren Spahn Award as the best left-handed pitcher in 2011,[62] the Players Choice Award for Most Outstanding National League pitcher,[63] the Gold Glove Award as the top fielding pitcher in the NL [64] and the Sporting News (TSN) National League Pitcher of the Year. He was additionally selected as the starting pitcher for the TSN NL All-Star Team.[65] On November 17, he was honored with the National League Cy Young Award, making him the youngest Cy Young winner since Dwight Gooden of the 1985 New York Mets. He was the 8th Dodger pitcher to win the award, the first since Éric Gagné in the 2003 season.[66]", "Pedro Martínez. Healthy in 2002, he rebounded to lead the league with a 2.26 ERA, 0.923 WHIP and 239 strikeouts, while going 20–4. However, that season's American League Cy Young Award narrowly went to 23-game winner Barry Zito of the Oakland A's, despite Zito's higher ERA, higher WHIP, fewer strikeouts, and lower winning percentage. Martínez became the first pitcher since the introduction of the Cy Young Award to lead his league in each of those four statistics, yet not win the award.", "Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, 1936. The first elections to select inductees to the Baseball Hall of Fame were held in 1936. Members of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) were given authority to select individuals from the 20th century; while a special Veterans Committee, made up of individuals with greater familiarity with the 19th century game, was polled to select deserving individuals from that era. The intent was for 15 honorees to be selected before the 1939 ceremonies – 10 from the 20th century and 5 from the 19th; additional players from both eras would be selected in later years.[1] Voters were given free rein to decide for themselves in which group a candidate belonged, with neither group knowing the outcome of the other election; some candidates had their vote split between the elections as a result – Cy Young, the pitcher with most wins in Major League history, finished 8th in the BBWAA vote and 4th in the Veterans vote. In addition, there was no prohibition on voting for active players, a number of whom received votes. Individuals who had been banned from baseball – such as Shoeless Joe Jackson and Hal Chase – were also not formally excluded, though few voters chose to include them on ballots.", "Clayton Kershaw. Kershaw was selected as a starting pitcher on Baseball America's All-MLB Team[149] and finished second in the NL Cy Young Award voting.[150]", "List of awards and nominations received by Leonardo DiCaprio. The Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, also known as the Kids Choice Awards (KCAs), is an annual awards show that airs on the Nickelodeon cable channel that honors the year's biggest television, movie, and music acts, as voted by Nickelodeon viewers.[110] DiCaprio has received one award.", "Clayton Kershaw. Kershaw won the Warren Spahn Award for 2013, the second time he had won the award, which honors the best left-handed pitcher in the Major Leagues.[85] He was also selected to the Sporting News NL All-Star team, the fourth Dodger pitcher to be named to the team twice (after Koufax, Valenzuela and Don Newcombe).[86] On November 13, he won the NL Cy Young Award for the second time in three seasons. He became just the sixth pitcher in history to finish in the top two in voting three seasons in a row.[87]" ]

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[ "Electroencephalography. Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain. It is typically noninvasive, with the electrodes placed along the scalp, although invasive electrodes are sometimes used such as in electrocorticography. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current within the neurons of the brain.[1] In clinical contexts, EEG refers to the recording of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity over a period of time,[1] as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. Diagnostic applications generally focus either on event-related potentials or on the spectral content of EEG. The former investigates potential fluctuations time locked to an event like stimulus onset or button press. The latter analyses the type of neural oscillations (popularly called \"brain waves\") that can be observed in EEG signals in the frequency domain.", "Electroencephalography. EEG has several strong points as a tool for exploring brain activity. EEGs can detect changes over milliseconds, which is excellent considering an action potential takes approximately 0.5–130 milliseconds to propagate across a single neuron, depending on the type of neuron.[46] Other methods of looking at brain activity, such as PET and fMRI have time resolution between seconds and minutes. EEG measures the brain's electrical activity directly, while other methods record changes in blood flow (e.g., SPECT, fMRI) or metabolic activity (e.g., PET, NIRS), which are indirect markers of brain electrical activity. EEG can be used simultaneously with fMRI so that high-temporal-resolution data can be recorded at the same time as high-spatial-resolution data, however, since the data derived from each occurs over a different time course, the data sets do not necessarily represent exactly the same brain activity. There are technical difficulties associated with combining these two modalities, including the need to remove the MRI gradient artifact present during MRI acquisition and the ballistocardiographic artifact (resulting from the pulsatile motion of blood and tissue) from the EEG. Furthermore, currents can be induced in moving EEG electrode wires due to the magnetic field of the MRI.", "Brain–computer interface. Electrocorticography (ECoG) measures the electrical activity of the brain taken from beneath the skull in a similar way to non-invasive electroencephalography, but the electrodes are embedded in a thin plastic pad that is placed above the cortex, beneath the dura mater.[46] ECoG technologies were first trialled in humans in 2004 by Eric Leuthardt and Daniel Moran from Washington University in St Louis. In a later trial, the researchers enabled a teenage boy to play Space Invaders using his ECoG implant.[47] This research indicates that control is rapid, requires minimal training, and may be an ideal tradeoff with regards to signal fidelity and level of invasiveness.", "Electrophysiology. If the electrode tip is slightly larger, then the electrode might record the activity generated by several neurons. This type of recording is often called \"multi-unit recording\", and is often used in conscious animals to record changes in the activity in a discrete brain area during normal activity. Recordings from one or more such electrodes that are closely spaced can be used to identify the number of cells around it as well as which of the spikes come from which cell. This process is called spike sorting and is suitable in areas where there are identified types of cells with well defined spike characteristics. If the electrode tip is bigger still, in general the activity of individual neurons cannot be distinguished but the electrode will still be able to record a field potential generated by the activity of many cells.", "Electrophysiology. The voltage clamp technique allows an experimenter to \"clamp\" the cell potential at a chosen value. This makes it possible to measure how much ionic current crosses a cell's membrane at any given voltage. This is important because many of the ion channels in the membrane of a neuron are voltage-gated ion channels, which open only when the membrane voltage is within a certain range. Voltage clamp measurements of current are made possible by the near-simultaneous digital subtraction of transient capacitive currents that pass as the recording electrode and cell membrane are charged to alter the cell's potential.", "Human brain. Invasive measures include electrocorticography, which uses electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain. This method is used in cortical stimulation mapping, used in the study of the relationship between cortical areas and their systemic function.[140] By using much smaller microelectrodes, single-unit recordings can be made from a single neuron that give a high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. This has enabled the linking of brain activity to behaviour, and the creation of neuronal maps.[141]", "Electrophysiology. An electrode introduced into the brain of a living animal will detect electrical activity that is generated by the neurons adjacent to the electrode tip. If the electrode is a microelectrode, with a tip size of about 1 micrometre, the electrode will usually detect the activity of at most one neuron. Recording in this way is in general called \"single-unit\" recording. The action potentials recorded are very much like the action potentials that are recorded intracellularly, but the signals are very much smaller (typically about 1 mV). Most recordings of the activity of single neurons in anesthetized and conscious animals are made in this way. Recordings of single neurons in living animals have provided important insights into how the brain processes information. For example, David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel recorded the activity of single neurons in the primary visual cortex of the anesthetized cat, and showed how single neurons in this area respond to very specific features of a visual stimulus.[4] Hubel and Wiesel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981.[5]", "Brain. Neurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes, either glued to the scalp as in EEG studies, or implanted inside the brains of animals for extracellular recordings, which can detect action potentials generated by individual neurons.[110] Because the brain does not contain pain receptors, it is possible using these techniques to record brain activity from animals that are awake and behaving without causing distress. The same techniques have occasionally been used to study brain activity in human patients suffering from intractable epilepsy, in cases where there was a medical necessity to implant electrodes to localize the brain area responsible for epileptic seizures.[111] Functional imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging are also used to study brain activity; these techniques have mainly been used with human subjects, because they require a conscious subject to remain motionless for long periods of time, but they have the great advantage of being noninvasive.[112]", "Sleep and memory. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a procedure that records electrical activity along the scalp. This procedure cannot record activity from individual neurons, but instead measures the overall average electrical activity in the brain.", "Psychology. A classic and popular tool used to relate mental and neural activity is the electroencephalogram (EEG), a technique using amplified electrodes on a person's scalp to measure voltage changes in different parts of the brain. Hans Berger, the first researcher to use EEG on an unopened skull, quickly found that brains exhibit signature \"brain waves\": electric oscillations which correspond to different states of consciousness. Researchers subsequently refined statistical methods for synthesizing the electrode data, and identified unique brain wave patterns such as the delta wave observed during non-REM sleep.[186]", "Neuroimaging. The high temporal resolution of MEG and EEG allow these methods to measure brain activity down to the millisecond. Both MEG and EEG do not require exposure of the patient to radiation to function. EEG electrodes detect electrical signals produced by neurons to measure brain activity and MEG uses oscillations in magnetic field produced by these electrical currents to measure activity. A barrier in widespread usage of MEG is due to pricing, as MEG systems can cost millions of dollars. EEG is a much more widely used method to achieve such temporal resolution as EEG systems cost much less than MEG systems. A disadvantage of EEG and MEG is that both methods have poor spatial resolution when compared to fMRI.[23]", "Electroencephalography. The brain's electrical charge is maintained by billions of neurons.[34] Neurons are electrically charged (or \"polarized\") by membrane transport proteins that pump ions across their membranes. Neurons are constantly exchanging ions with the extracellular milieu, for example to maintain resting potential and to propagate action potentials. Ions of similar charge repel each other, and when many ions are pushed out of many neurons at the same time, they can push their neighbours, who push their neighbours, and so on, in a wave. This process is known as volume conduction. When the wave of ions reaches the electrodes on the scalp, they can push or pull electrons on the metal in the electrodes. Since metal conducts the push and pull of electrons easily, the difference in push or pull voltages between any two electrodes can be measured by a voltmeter. Recording these voltages over time gives us the EEG.[35]", "Electroanalytical methods. Electroanalytical methods are a class of techniques in analytical chemistry which study an analyte by measuring the potential (volts) and/or current (amperes) in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte.[1][2][3][4] These methods can be broken down into several categories depending on which aspects of the cell are controlled and which are measured. The three main categories are potentiometry (the difference in electrode potentials is measured), coulometry (the cell's current is measured over time), and voltammetry (the cell's current is measured while actively altering the cell's potential).", "Electrophysiology. The current clamp technique records the membrane potential by injecting current into a cell through the recording electrode. Unlike in the voltage clamp mode, where the membrane potential is held at a level determined by the experimenter, in \"current clamp\" mode the membrane potential is free to vary, and the amplifier records whatever voltage the cell generates on its own or as a result of stimulation. This technique is used to study how a cell responds when electric current enters a cell; this is important for instance for understanding how neurons respond to neurotransmitters that act by opening membrane ion channels.", "Electroencephalography. Several other methods to study brain function exist, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography, magnetoencephalography (MEG), Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Electrocorticography, Single-photon emission computed tomography, Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and Event-related optical signal (EROS). Despite the relatively poor spatial sensitivity of EEG, it possesses multiple advantages over some of these techniques:", "Axon. Extracellular recordings of action potential propagation in axons has been demonstrated in freely moving animals. While extracellular somatic action potentials have been used to study cellular activity in freely moving animals such as place cells, axonal activity in both white and gray matter can also be recorded. Extracellular recordings of axon action potential propagation is distinct from somatic action potentials in three ways: 1. The signal has a shorter peak-trough duration (~150μs) than of pyramidal cells (~500μs) or interneurons (~250μs). 2. The voltage change is triphasic. 3. Activity recorded on a tetrode is seen on only one of the four recording wires. In recordings from freely moving rats, axonal signals have been isolated in white matter tracts including the alveus and the corpus callosum as well hippocampal gray matter.[11]", "Electroencephalography. EEG recordings do not directly capture axonal action potentials. An action potential can be accurately represented as a current quadrupole, meaning that the resulting field decreases more rapidly than the ones produced by the current dipole of post-synaptic potentials.[44] In addition, since EEGs represent averages of thousands of neurons, a large population of cells in synchronous activity is necessary to cause a significant deflection on the recordings. Action potentials are very fast and, as a consequence, the chances of field summation are slim. However, neural backpropagation, as a typically longer dendritic current dipole, can be picked up by EEG electrodes and is a reliable indication of the occurrence of neural output.", "Stimulus (physiology). Intracellular measurements of electrical potential across the membrane can be obtained by microelectrode recording. Patch clamp techniques allow for the manipulation of the intracellular or extracellular ionic or lipid concentration while still recording potential. In this way, the effect of various conditions on threshold and propagation can be assessed.[2]", "Sleep and memory. Electromyography (EMG) is used to records the electrical activity of skeletal muscles. A device called an electromyograph measures the electrical potential of muscle cells to monitor muscle movement.", "Electrophysiology. Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτρον, ēlektron, \"amber\" [see the etymology of \"electron\"]; φύσις, physis, \"nature, origin\"; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage changes or electric current or manipulations on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and, in particular, action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale electric signals from the nervous system, such as electroencephalography, may also be referred to as electrophysiological recordings.[1] They are useful for electrodiagnosis and monitoring.", "Experimental psychology. The EEG is an instrument that can reflect the summed electrical activity of neural cell assemblies in the brain. It was originally used as an attempt to improve medical diagnoses. Later it became a key instrument to psychologists in examining brain activity and it remains a key instrument used in the field today.", "Neuroimaging. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an imaging technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain via extremely sensitive devices such as superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) or spin exchange relaxation-free[16] (SERF) magnetometers. MEG offers a very direct measurement of neural electrical activity (compared to fMRI for example) with very high temporal resolution but relatively low spatial resolution. The advantage of measuring the magnetic fields produced by neural activity is that they are likely to be less distorted by surrounding tissue (particularly the skull and scalp) compared to the electric fields measured by electroencephalography (EEG). Specifically, it can be shown that magnetic fields produced by electrical activity are not affected by the surrounding head tissue, when the head is modeled as a set of concentric spherical shells, each being an isotropic homogeneous conductor. Real heads are non-spherical and have largely anisotropic conductivities (particularly white matter and skull). While skull anisotropy has negligible effect on MEG (unlike EEG), white matter anisotropy strongly affects MEG measurements for radial and deep sources.[17] Note, however, that the skull was assumed to be uniformly anisotropic in this study, which is not true for a real head: the absolute and relative thicknesses of diploë and tables layers vary among and within the skull bones. This makes it likely that MEG is also affected by the skull anisotropy,[18] although probably not to the same degree as EEG.", "Electrophysiology. Amperometry uses a carbon electrode to record changes in the chemical composition of the oxidized components of a biological solution. Oxidation and reduction is accomplished by changing the voltage at the active surface of the recording electrode in a process known as \"scanning\". Because certain brain chemicals lose or gain electrons at characteristic voltages, individual species can be identified. Amperometry has been used for studying exocytosis in the nervous and endocrine systems. Many monoamine neurotransmitters; e.g., norepinephrine (noradrenalin), dopamine, and serotonin (5-HT) are oxidizable. The method can also be used with cells that do not secrete oxidizable neurotransmitters by \"loading\" them with 5-HT or dopamine.", "Human brain. Information about the structure and function of the human brain comes from a variety of experimental methods, including animals and humans. Information about brain trauma and stroke has provided information about the function of parts of the brain and the effects of brain damage. Neuroimaging is used to visualise the brain and record brain activity. Electrophysiology is used to measure, record and monitor the electrical activity of the cortex. Measurements may be of local field potentials of cortical areas, or of the activity of a single neuron. An electroencephalogram can record the electrical activity of the cortex using electrodes placed non-invasively on the scalp.[138][139]", "Electroencephalography. The electric potential generated by an individual neuron is far too small to be picked up by EEG or MEG.[36] EEG activity therefore always reflects the summation of the synchronous activity of thousands or millions of neurons that have similar spatial orientation. If the cells do not have similar spatial orientation, their ions do not line up and create waves to be detected. Pyramidal neurons of the cortex are thought to produce the most EEG signal because they are well-aligned and fire together. Because voltage field gradients fall off with the square of distance, activity from deep sources is more difficult to detect than currents near the skull.[37]", "Event-related potential. ERPs can be reliably measured using electroencephalography (EEG), a procedure that measures electrical activity of the brain over time using electrodes placed on the scalp. The EEG reflects thousands of simultaneously ongoing brain processes. This means that the brain response to a single stimulus or event of interest is not usually visible in the EEG recording of a single trial. To see the brain's response to a stimulus, the experimenter must conduct many trials and average the results together, causing random brain activity to be averaged out and the relevant waveform to remain, called the ERP.[6]", "Functional magnetic resonance imaging. Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.[1][2] This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.[3]", "Electrophysiology. Intracellular recording involves measuring voltage and/or current across the membrane of a cell. To make an intracellular recording, the tip of a fine (sharp) microelectrode must be inserted inside the cell, so that the membrane potential can be measured. Typically, the resting membrane potential of a healthy cell will be -60 to -80 mV, and during an action potential the membrane potential might reach +40 mV. In 1963, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their contribution to understanding the mechanisms underlying the generation of action potentials in neurons. Their experiments involved intracellular recordings from the giant axon of Atlantic squid (Loligo pealei), and were among the first applications of the \"voltage clamp\" technique. Today, most microelectrodes used for intracellular recording are glass micropipettes, with a tip diameter of < 1 micrometre, and a resistance of several megohms. The micropipettes are filled with a solution that has a similar ionic composition to the intracellular fluid of the cell. A chlorided silver wire inserted into the pipet connects the electrolyte electrically to the amplifier and signal processing circuit. The voltage measured by the electrode is compared to the voltage of a reference electrode, usually a silver chloride-coated silver wire in contact with the extracellular fluid around the cell. In general, the smaller the electrode tip, the higher its electrical resistance, so an electrode is a compromise between size (small enough to penetrate a single cell with minimum damage to the cell) and resistance (low enough so that small neuronal signals can be discerned from thermal noise in the electrode tip).", "Electrical brain stimulation. Electrical brain stimulation (EBS), also referred to as focal brain stimulation (FBS), is a form of electrotherapy and technique used in research and clinical neurobiology to stimulate a neuron or neural network in the brain through the direct or indirect excitation of its cell membrane by using an electric current. It is used for research or for therapeutical purposes.", "Methods used to study memory. Single-unit recording directly measures action potentials and can be used in a variety of animals. This technique employed in the macaque monkey led to the discovery of the mirror neuron which has major implications for learning, memory and the perception of self.[28] Single cell recordings can be used to record the activity of single neurons while animals perform tasks related to memory.[29]", "Advertising management. An electroencephelograph (EEG) is a device that measures changes in brain-wave activity. EEG testing can detect emotional arousal which is difficult to detect using alternative testing methods. Arousal is an indicator of the advertisement's ability to grab attention and engage the consumer in the message. EEG testing is a cumbersome and invasive testing method which militates against routine use in advertising testing.[149]", "Electroanalytical methods. A variant of potentiometry is chronopotentiometry which consists in using a constant current and measurement of potential as a function of time. It has been initiated by Weber[7]" ]

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[ "List of FIFA World Cup winners. The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different nations. Brazil has won the most titles, five. The current champion is France, who won the title in 2018.", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most titles won", "List of FIFA World Cup winners. Zagallo (twice), Beckenbauer and France's Didier Deschamps also won the title as players.", "List of FIFA World Cup winners. 20 different coaches have won the World Cup, Italy's Vittorio Pozzo being the only one to win twice.", "South America. South America shares with Europe supremacy over the sport of football as all winners in FIFA World Cup history and all winning teams in the FIFA Club World Cup have come from these two continents. Brazil holds the record at the FIFA World Cup with five titles in total. Argentina and Uruguay have two titles each. So far four South American nations have hosted the tournament including the first edition in Uruguay (1930). The other three were Brazil (1950, 2014), Chile (1962), and Argentina (1978).", "FIFA World Cup. The 20 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina and inaugural winner Uruguay, with two titles each; and England, France and Spain, with one title each.", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most won in one tournament", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most tournaments won", "List of FIFA World Cup winners. A total of 445 players have been in the winning team in the World Cup. Brazil's Pelé is the only one to have won three times, while another 20 have won twice.", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most titles won by a confederation", "List of FIFA World Cup winners. Four other coaches finished as winners once and runners-up once: West Germany's Helmut Schön (winner in 1974, runner-up in 1966) and Franz Beckenbauer (winner in 1990, runner-up in 1986), Argentina's Carlos Bilardo (winner in 1986, runner-up in 1990), and Brazil's Mário Zagallo (winner in 1970, runner-up in 1998).", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most victories over former World Cup winning teams[v]", "FIFA Club World Cup. Seven players have won the FIFA Club World Cup on three occasions: Dani Alves,[160] Sergio Busquets,[161] Andrés Iniesta,[162] Lionel Messi,[101] Gerard Piqué,[163] Cristiano Ronaldo[164] and Toni Kroos.[165]", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most matches won", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most matches won", "FIFA World Cup. With five titles, Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup (20) to date.[79] Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third (1970), fourth (1994) and fifth (2002) time. Italy (1934 and 1938) and Brazil (1958 and 1962) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles. West Germany (1982–1990) and Brazil (1994–2002) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals. Germany has made the most top-four finishes (13), medals (12), as well as the most finals (8).", "List of FIFA World Cup winners. This is a list of all teams, players and coaches who have won the FIFA World Cup tournament since its inception in 1930.", "List of FIFA World Cup finals. In the 21 tournaments held, 79 nations have appeared at least once. Of these, 13 have made it to the final match, and eight have won.[n 1] With five titles, Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament.[4] Italy and Germany have four titles. Current champion France, along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina, have two titles each, while England and Spain have one each. The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy, and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy.[5]", "FIFA Club World Cup. Barcelona hold the record for most victories, winning the competition three times. Corinthians' inaugural victory remains the best result from a host nation's national league champions. Teams from Spain have won the tournament five times, the most for any nation.[110]", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most consecutive wins", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most consecutive wins", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Teams listed in bold won the tournament. Fewer than half of all World Cup tournaments have been won by the highest scoring team.", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most championship wins as player and head coach", "List of FIFA Club World Cup finals. Barcelona and Real Madrid hold the record for most victories, winning the competition three times each since its inception. Teams from Spain have won the tournament the most times, with six winners produced from that nation. The Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) is the most successful confederation of the competition with ten titles earned by six of its clubs. The current champions are Real Madrid, who were defending champions and won their third title, following a 1–0 win against Grêmio in the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Final at the Zayed Sports City Stadium in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.[5]", "FIFA World Cup. Brazil's Mário Zagallo and West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach. Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach.[93] Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach.[94] Italy's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups (1934 and 1938).[95] All World Cup winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory.", "List of FIFA World Cup winners. Every edition of the tournament has been won by a coach leading the team of his own country.", "Germany at the FIFA World Cup. Miroslav Klose, who is only one match behind, also holds the record for most victories at FIFA World Cups (17).", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Fewest wins, champions", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most populated champion", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most won in one tournament (excluding replays and shoot-outs)", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most won (excluding replays and shoot-outs)", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Largest deficit overcome in a win" ]

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[ "Google Play Music. With a paid subscription to Google Play Music, in addition to the standard features users get access to on-demand streaming of 40 million songs,[10] without advertisements during listening, no limit on number of skips, and offline music playback on the mobile apps.[3] A one-time 30-day free trial for a subscription to Google Play Music is offered for new users.[11]", "Google Play Music. Users with standard accounts can upload and listen to up to 50,000 songs from their personal libraries at no cost. An \"All Access\" subscription, sold in combination with YouTube Red, entitles users to on-demand streaming of any song in the Google Play Music catalogue. Users can purchase additional tracks for their library through the music store section of Google Play. In addition to offering music streaming for Internet-connected devices, the Google Play Music mobile apps allow music to be stored and listened to offline.", "Google Play. Google Play Music is a music and podcast streaming service and online music locker. It features over 40 million songs,[19] and gives users free cloud storage of up to 50,000 songs.[20]", "Google Play Music. Google Play Music is a music and podcast streaming service and online music locker operated by Google. The service was announced on May 10, 2011, and after a six-month, invitation-only beta period, it was publicly launched on November 16.", "Google Play Music. Google Play Music offers all users storage of up to 50,000 files for free.[1][2] Users can listen to songs through the service's web player and mobile apps.[3] The service scans the user's collection and matches the files to tracks in Google's catalog, which can then be streamed or downloaded in up to 320 kbps quality.[4][5] Any files that are not matched are uploaded to Google's servers for streaming or re-download. Songs purchased through the Google Play Store do not count against the 50,000-song upload limit.[6]", "Google Play Music. At the Google I/O developer conference in May 2013, Google announced that Google Play Music would be expanded to include a paid on-demand music streaming service called \"All Access\", allowing users to stream any song in the Google Play catalogue. It debuted immediately in the United States for $9.99 per month ($7.99 per month if the user signed up before June 30). The service allows users to combine the All Access catalog with their own library of songs.[36][37]", "Google Play Music. In December 2015, Google started offering a Google Play Music family plan, that allows unlimited access for up to six family members for US$14.99/month.[43][44][45] The family plan is currently only available in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czechia, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[46]", "Google Play Music. Google Play Music was one of the first four apps compatible with Google's Chromecast digital media player that launched in July 2013.[38]", "Google Play Music. On November 12, 2014, Google subsidiary YouTube announced \"Music Key\", a new premium service succeeding All Access that included the Google Play Music streaming service, along with advertising-free access to streaming music videos on YouTube. Additionally, aspects of the two platforms were integrated; Google Play Music recommendations and YouTube music videos are available across both services.[40][41] The service was re-launched in a revised form as YouTube Red on October 28, 2015, expanding its scope to offer ad-free access to all YouTube videos, as opposed to just music videos, as well as premium content produced in collaboration with notable YouTube producers and personalities.[42]", "Google Play Music. Premium subscriptions are available in the same countries as Standard accounts.[54]", "Google Play Music. On smartphones and tablets, music can be listened to through the Google Play Music mobile app for the Android[13] and iOS operating systems.[14] Up to five smartphones can be used to access the library in Google Play Music, and up to ten devices total. Listening is limited to one device at a time.[15]", "Google Play Music. On computers, music can be listened to from a dedicated Google Play Music section of the Google Play website.[12]", "Google Play Music. In 2013, Entertainment Weekly compared a number of music services and gave Google Play Music All Access a \"B+\" score, writing, \"The addition of uploading to augment the huge streaming archive fills in some huge gaps...\"[73]", "Google Play Music. In October 2014, a new \"Listen Now\" feature was introduced, providing contextual and curated recommendations and playlists. The feature was adapted from technology by Songza, which Google acquired earlier in the year.[39]", "Google Play Music. In March 2012, the company rebranded the Android Market and its digital content services as \"Google Play\"; the music service was renamed \"Google Play Music\".[33][34]", "Google Play Music. In January 2012, a feature was added to Google Music allowing users to download 320kbps MP3 copies of any file in their library, with a two-download limit per track via the web, or unlimited downloads via the Music Manager app.[31]", "Google Play. Google Play (formerly Android Market) is a digital distribution service operated and developed by Google. It serves as the official app store for the Android operating system, allowing users to browse and download applications developed with the Android software development kit (SDK) and published through Google. Google Play also serves as a digital media store, offering music, magazines, books, movies, and television programs. It previously offered Google hardware devices for purchase until the introduction of a separate online hardware retailer, Google Store, on March 11, 2015.", "Google Play. Play Store is Google's official pre-installed app store on Android-certified devices. It provides access to content on the Google Play Store, including apps, books, magazines, music, movies, and television programs.[96]", "Google Play Music. Availability of music was introduced in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain in October 2012,[55] Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, Russia, and Switzerland in September 2013,[56] Mexico in October 2013,[57] Germany in December 2013,[58] Greece, Norway, Sweden, and Slovakia in March 2014,[59] Canada,[60] Poland and Denmark in May 2014,[61] Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, and Ukraine in July 2014,[62] Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, El Salvador, and Venezuela in August 2014,[63] Brazil and Uruguay in September 2014,[64] 13 new countries in November 2014,[65] Brazil in November 2014,[66] Argentina in June 2015,[67] Japan in September 2015,[68] South Africa and Serbia in December 2015,[69] and India in September 2016, where only purchasing of music was offered.[70] The All Access subscription service launched in India in April 2017.[71][72]", "YouTube Premium. The service was first unveiled in November 2014 as Music Key, serving as a collaboration between YouTube and Google Play Music, and meant to succeed the former's Free subscription service. Music Key offered ad-free playback of music videos from participating labels hosted on YouTube, as well as background and offline playback of music videos on mobile devices from within the YouTube app. The service also included access to Google Play Music All Access, which provides ad-free audio streaming of a library of music.[11] Alongside Music Key, Google also introduced tighter integration between Play Music and YouTube's apps, including the sharing of music recommendations, and access to YouTube's music videos from within the Play Music app.[6][7] Music Key was not YouTube's first foray into premium content, having launched film rentals in 2010,[12] and premium, subscription-based channels in 2013.[13]", "Google Play Music. After a six-month beta period, Google publicly launched the service in the US on November 16, 2011, as \"Google Music\" with its \"These Go to Eleven\" announcement event. The event introduced several features of the service, including a music store integrated into the then-named Android Market, music sharing via the Google+ social network, \"Artist Hub\" pages for musicians to self-publish music, and song purchasing reflected on T-Mobile phone bills.[26][27][28] At launch, Google had partnerships with three major labels - Universal Music Group, EMI, and Sony Music Entertainment - along with other, smaller labels, although no agreement had been reached with Warner Music Group; in total, 13 million tracks were covered by these deals, 8 million of which were available for purchase on launch date.[29] To promote the launch, several artists released free songs and exclusive albums through the store; The Rolling Stones debuted the live recording Brussels Affair (Live 1973), and Pearl Jam released a live concert recorded in Toronto as 9.11.2011 Toronto, Canada.[30]", "Google Play. Google introduced in-app subscriptions to Google Play in May 2012.[88][89] In June 2016, Google announced that subscriptions charged through Google Play would now split the revenue 85/15, where developers receive 85% of revenue and Google only takes 15%, a change from the traditional 70/30 split in years prior. The move followed Apple's then-recently announced change of the same model, although commentators were quick to point out that while Apple only grants the 85/15 revenue share after one year of active subscriptions, Google's subscription change takes effect immediately.[90][91][92]", "Google Play Music. Google first hinted at releasing a cloud media player during their 2010 Google I/O developer conference, when Google's then-Senior Vice President of Social Vic Gundotra showed a \"Music\" section of the then-called Android Market during a presentation.[23] A music service was officially announced at the following year's I/O conference on May 10, 2011, under the name \"Music Beta\". Initially, it was only available by invitation to residents of the United States, and had limited functionality; the service featured a no-cost \"music locker\" for storage of up to 20,000 songs, but no music store was present during the beta period, as Google was not yet able to reach licensing deals with major record labels.[24][25]", "Google Play Music. Standard accounts on Google Play Music are available in 63 countries. The full list includes: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela.[54]", "Chromecast. In July 2014, to commemorate the first anniversary of the device's launch, Google announced it would offer their music streaming service, Google Play Music All Access, at no cost for 90 days to Chromecast owners who had not previously used All Access; the service normally costs US$9.99 per month.[65] On December 10, 2014, Chromecast was launched in India through e-commerce marketplace Snapdeal in partnership with Bharti Airtel.[66] That same month, Google offered a promotion whereby anyone purchasing a Chromecast from a participating retailer before December 21 would receive a US$20 credit for the Google Play Store.[67] Google offered a US$6 credit to the Store for all Chromecast owners beginning on February 6, 2015.[68]", "Google Play Music. In April 2017, reports surfaced that the default music player on the then-new Samsung Galaxy S8 would be Google Play Music, continuing a trend that started with the S7 in 2016. However, for the S8, Samsung partnered with Google to incorporate additional exclusive features into the app, including the ability to upload up to 100,000 tracks, an increase from the 50,000 tracks users are normally allowed to upload. Google also stated that it would develop other \"special features in Google Play Music just for Samsung customers\".[16][17] In June, Google Play Music on the S8 was updated to exclusively feature \"New Release Radio\", a daily, personalized playlist of new music releases.[18][19] In July, the playlist was made available to all users,[20][21] with Google noting in a press release that the exclusivity on Samsung devices was part of an \"early access program\" for testing and feedback purposes.[22]", "Google Play Music. Songs can be downloaded on the mobile apps for offline playback, and on computers through the Music Manager app.[8]", "Google Play. As of May 2017[update], Google Play Music is available in 64 countries.[21]", "Google Play Music. In November 2016, Google introduced the Google Home smart speaker system, with built-in support for Google Play Music.[53]", "Google Play. Google Play was launched on March 6, 2012, bringing together the Android Market, Google Music, and the Google eBookstore under one brand, marking a shift in Google's digital distribution strategy. The services operating under the Google Play banner are: Google Play Books, Google Play Games, Google Play Movies & TV, Google Play Music, and Google Play Newsstand. Following their rebranding, Google has gradually expanded the geographical support for each of the services.", "Google Play Music. Google announced in October 2012 that they had signed deals with Warner Music Group that would bring \"their full music catalog\" to the service.[35]", "YouTube Premium. A YouTube Premium subscription allows users to watch videos on YouTube without advertisements across the website and its mobile apps, including the dedicated YouTube Music, YouTube Gaming, and YouTube Kids apps. Through the apps, users can also save videos to their device for offline viewing, play them in the background, and in picture-in-picture mode on Android Oreo.[23][6][7] YouTube Premium also offers original content that is exclusive to subscribers, which is created and published by YouTube's largest creators.[24] The service also offers ad-free music streaming through the YouTube Music Premium and Google Play Music services.[8]" ]

[ 4.73828125, 4.140625, 1.7685546875, 3.08984375, 1.412109375, 0.96240234375, 0.3701171875, -0.57373046875, 0.0250091552734375, -0.00908660888671875, -1.298828125, -1.259765625, -1.5859375, -1.673828125, -2.5546875, -0.990234375, 0.4638671875, -2.177734375, -1.0751953125, 0.132568359375, 1.1279296875, 0.11962890625, -0.61865234375, -1.5146484375, -3.87890625, -1.5703125, -1.71484375, -3.658203125, -2.380859375, -1.8974609375, -2.26953125, -0.365234375 ]

[ "National Hockey League rules. In August 1979, John Ziegler Jr., the president of the National Hockey League, announced that protective helmets would become mandatory in the NHL. \"The introduction of the helmet rule will be an additional safety factor\", he said. The only exception to the rule are players—after signing a waiver form—who signed pro contracts prior to June 1, 1979. Essentially, this grandfather clause allowed hockey's veterans to choose whether or not they wanted to wear helmets but forced all new players to wear them.", "Hockey helmet. In August 1979, the then-President of the National Hockey League (NHL), John Ziegler, announced that protective helmets would become mandatory for incoming players in the NHL. \"The introduction of the helmet rule will be an additional safety factor,\" he said. The rule allowed players who signed professional contracts prior to June 1, 1979 to continue to not wear a helmet provided a liability waiver was signed, if they so desired. The last player to play without a helmet was Craig MacTavish, who played his final game during the 1996–97 season for the St. Louis Blues.", "Hockey helmet. The death of Bill Masterton from a brain injury in a January 13, 1968 game between the Minnesota North Stars and Oakland Seals started to change perceptions surrounding helmets.[8] Helmet use began to gradually increase during the 1970s, with Ted Green being the first Bruins player since Shore to wear one as a result of his NHL career, for the 1970-71 NHL season and onwards for the same reason that Charlie Burns had worn a helmet, until Green's retirement from pro hockey in 1979. The 1972 Summit Series showcased an entirely helmet clad Soviet Union team, with Paul Henderson, Stan Mikita, and Red Berenson being the only Canadians to sport a helmet. Usage increased to the point that 70% of NHL players were wearing them by 1979.[9]", "Hockey helmet. The American Hockey League, the top minor league in North America required all players to wear a visor prior to the start of the 2006–07 season. The NHL \"strongly recommends\" the use of visors. In 2013, the NHL began requiring all players with less than 25 games of experience to wear visors.[3]", "Hockey helmet. The first player to regularly wear a helmet for protective purposes was George Owen, who played for the Boston Bruins in 1928–29. In 1927, Barney Stanley presented a prototype of a helmet at the NHL's annual meeting. It was quickly rejected.", "Hockey helmet. Helmets appeared after the Ace Bailey–Eddie Shore incident on December 12, 1933, as a result of which Bailey almost died and Shore suffered a severe head injury. After that, Art Ross engineered a new helmet design and when the Boston Bruins took to the ice in a game against the Ottawa Senators, most of the players donned the new helmet. Most Bruins players didn't wear the helmet after the game, with the exception of Eddie Shore, who wore it the rest of his career. In the 1930s, the Toronto Maple Leafs players were ordered to add helmets to their equipment. A few minutes into the first game with the new helmets, the popular King Clancy famously flung his off.[citation needed] The helmets were generally unpopular with fans, media, and other players. A few players, such as Des Smith, Bill Mosienko, Dit Clapper, and Don Gallinger continued to don helmets.", "History of the football helmet. In 1888 the college football rules convention voted to allow tackling below the waist. Players and coaches soon regarded pads as essential for the game. However, as in the National Hockey League during the 1970s, helmets were the last thing to be accepted.[1] They were not a mandatory piece of equipment in college gridiron until 1939[2] and were not made mandatory in the National Football League until 1943[3] As a side note, \"the last NFL player to play in a game without a helmet was Dick Plasman an end for the Chicago Bears in 1940.\"[3] There is a photograph of him without one taken during the 1940 NFL Championship Game in which Chicago defeated the Washington Redskins 73-0.", "Concussions in sport. Ice hockey has also been known to have concussions inflict numerous players. Because of this, the NHL made hockey helmets mandatory in the 1979–80 NHL season.[50] According to a data release by the National Academy of Neuropsychology's Sports Concussion Symposium, from 2006 to 2011, 765 NHL players were diagnosed with a concussion.[51] At the Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center Ice Hockey Summit: Action on Concussion conference in 2010, a panel made a recommendation that blows to the head are to be prohibited, and to outlaw body checking by 11- and 12-year-olds. For the 2010–11 NHL season, the NHL prohibited blindside hits to the head, but did not ban hits to the face. The conference also urged the NHL and its minor entities to join the International Ice Hockey Federation, the NCAA and the Ontario Hockey League in banning any contact to the head.[52]", "Hockey helmet. NHL player George Parsons was forced to retire due to career-ending eye injury in 1939.[5] He became involved with CCM hockey, helping to develop helmets and facial protection that would be safer for players. By early 1976, CCM had developed a hockey helmet complete with eye and face shield and lower face protector that was both approved by the Canadian Standards Association and endorsed by the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association.[6]", "Batting helmet. In the early 1950s, the governing body of Little League Baseball mandated the use of protective headgear during games for all players. In 1956 the National League followed suit and required the use of batting helmets by all players on all teams. After Little League Baseball announced a better helmet for the use of all players, the American League passed the rule, on March 1, 1958 which required all players to wear helmets.[2] However, though unlike in the NHL in the same era, helmets were widely accepted, it was not until December 1970[5] that Major League Baseball enforced strictly mandatory use of the batting helmet for all batters. Veteran players, however, were given the option of choosing to wear a helmet or not, as they were grandfathered into the rule. The last Major League player who did not wear a helmet while batting was Bob Montgomery, who last played for the Boston Red Sox in 1979[1] (incidentally, the same year the NHL finally made helmets compulsory with a similar grandfather clause for veteran players).", "Concussions in sport. The National Hockey League's concussion policy began in 1997, and players who sustain concussions are evaluated by a team doctor in a quiet room.[15] In March 2011, the NHL adopted guidelines for the league's concussion policy. Before the adoptions, examinations on the bench for concussions was the minimum requirement, but the new guidelines make it mandatory for players showing concussion-like symptoms to be examined by a doctor in the locker room.[22]", "History of the National Hockey League. On January 13, 1968, North Stars' rookie Bill Masterton became the first, and to date, only player to die as a result of injuries suffered during an NHL game.[81] Early in a game against Oakland, Masterton was checked hard by two players causing him to flip over backwards and land on his head.[82] Masterton was rushed to hospital with massive head injuries, and died there two days later.[83] The National Hockey League Writers Association presented the league with the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy later in the season.[84] Following Masterton's death, players slowly began wearing helmets, and starting in the 1979–80 season, the league mandated all players entering the league wear them.[81]", "History of the National Hockey League (1967–92). On January 13, 1968, North Stars' rookie Bill Masterton became the first and, to date, only player to die as a result of injuries suffered during an NHL game.[10] Early in a game against the Seals, Masterton was checked hard by two players, Ron Harris and Larry Cahan, causing him to flip over backwards and land on his head.[11] He was rushed to hospital with massive head injuries, and died there two days later.[12] The National Hockey League Writers Association presented the league with the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy later in the season; the trophy is awarded annually to the player who best exemplifies the qualities of perseverance, sportsmanship and dedication to hockey.[7] Following Masterton's death, players slowly began wearing helmets; starting in the 1979–80 season, the league mandated that all players entering the league wear them.[10]", "Bicycle helmet. While voluntary helmet use in professional ranks rose somewhat in the 1990s, the turning point in helmet policy was the March 2003 death of Andrei Kivilev at the Paris–Nice. The new rules were introduced on 5 May 2003,[21] with the 2003 Giro d'Italia being the first major race affected. The 2003 rules allowed for discarding the helmets during final climbs of at least 5 kilometres in length;[22] subsequent revisions made helmet use mandatory at all times.", "Hockey helmet. During the Original Six era, Maurice Richard and Elmer Lach briefly wore helmets. Jack Crawford wore a helmet to hide his bald head and Charlie Burns wearing one to protect the metal plates in his head from an injury incurred in playing junior ice hockey, predating his NHL career.", "Batting helmet. In 1941, the National League adopted the use of a helmet, designed by George Bennett, a Johns Hopkins University brain surgeon, for use by all teams in spring training. On March 8, 1941 the Brooklyn Dodgers announced that the team’s players would be wearing the helmets during regular season games. On April 26, 1941 the Washington Senators joined the Dodgers as the only two teams to fully adopt the batting helmet for regular season use. The New York Giants on June 6 and the Chicago Cubs on June 24 also joined the list of teams to fully adopt the use of protective helmets during games.[2]", "History of the National Hockey League (1917–42). Benedict became the first goaltender to wear facial protection during a game, as he donned a leather mask to protect a broken nose on January 20, 1930.[103] The mask obscured Benedict's vision, and he abandoned it shortly after. Later that season, Benedict was again hit by a puck, effectively ending his NHL career.[104] It was not the first attempt at changing how goaltenders played their position. When the NHL was formed, the league abandoned the rule forbidding goaltenders from leaving their feet to make a save. While the NHA imposed a $2 fine every time a goalie left his feet, Calder dismissed the idea for the NHL. He was quoted as saying: \"as far as I'm concerned, they can stand on their head if they choose to\". The phrase became, and remains today, a popular way to describe a goaltender who plays a great game.[31]", "Hockey helmet. Some manufacturers now offer the best of both designs—a plastic face shield to protect the eyes and upper part of the face, and a cage to cover the lower jaw and to add ventilation. Full facial protection is mandatory in many amateur leagues and in North America, full face cages, full shields, or shield and cage combination are mandatory in high school hockey, college hockey, and for all players under the age of 18.", "History of the National Hockey League. Clint Benedict was the first goaltender to wear facial protection, donning it in 1930 to protect a broken nose. He quickly abandoned his mask as its design interfered with his vision.[63] Twenty-nine years later, on November 1, 1959, in a game against New York Rangers Jacques Plante made the goaltender mask a permanent fixture in hockey.[64] The first players' union was formed February 12, 1957 by Red Wings player Ted Lindsay who had sat on the board of the NHL's Pension Society since 1952.[65] Lindsay and his fellow players were upset by the league's refusal to let them view the books related to the pension fund. The league claimed that it could not contribute more than it did but the players on the Pension Committee suspected otherwise.[66] The idea quickly gained popularity and when the union's founding was announced publicly, nearly every NHL player had signed up.[67] Led by Alan Eagleson, the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) was formed in 1967[68] and it quickly received acceptance from the owners.[69]", "Craig MacTavish. The next season MacTavish signed with the Philadelphia Flyers as a free agent, and was traded to the St. Louis Blues during the 1995–96 season. MacTavish retired following the 1996–97 season. He was the last helmetless player, having signed a professional contract with the Bruins before the mandatory cutoff date in 1979 (then-current players were allowed to remain bare-headed under a grandfather clause); incidentally, MacTavish had worn a helmet in his earliest days as he can be seen wearing one during the aforementioned fight with Rangers fans in 1979.", "History of Canadian sports. The Summit Series awoke an interest in developing the sport of ice hockey further in Canada. Before 1919, few safety rules existed in amateur hockey. By 1945, however, there were rules against boarding and hits from behind, and fighting was penalized more severely. By 1972, the professionals still did not wear helmets, required in amateur play. Fighting was still allowed in amateur and professional play in Canada. There was also an interest in further developing the quality of instruction. Canada returned to international play with the IIHF and the Olympics allowing professionals.", "Hockey helmet. A visor or face shield in ice hockey is a device attached to the front of a helmet to reduce potential of injury to the face. Visors cover the upper half of the face, while full face shields cover the entire face. A series of eye injuries, most notably that to Bruce Fogarty,[citation needed] have led to a call from many to enforce their wearing. As of 2017[update], 94% of NHL players wear visors.[2] Many other leagues around the world mandate the use of visors. Visors and shields, made of a high impact-resistant plastic, offer better overall vision than the wire cages available, which can obscure vision in certain areas. The face shield provides excellent straight ahead and peripheral vision, but does not provide as good air flow as a cage.", "Ice hockey at the Olympic Games. The tournaments follow the rules used by the IIHF. At the 1969 IIHF Congress, officials voted to allow body-checking in all three zones in a rink similar to the NHL. Before that, body-checking was only allowed in the defending zone in international hockey.[142] Several other rule changes were implemented in the early 1970s: players were required to wear helmets starting in 1970, and goaltender masks became mandatory in 1972.[8] In 1992, the IIHF switched to using a playoff system to determine medalists and decided that tie games in the medal round would be decided in a shootout.[143] In 1998, the IIHF passed a rule that allowed two-line passes. Before then, the neutral zone trap had slowed the game down and reduced scoring.[144]", "Football helmet. In 1939, the Riddell Company of Chicago, Illinois started manufacturing plastic helmets because it felt that plastic helmets would be safer than those made of leather. Plastic was found to be more effective because it held its shape when full collision contact occurred on a play. These helmets were also much more comfortable and had more padding to cushion the head in an impact. Included with the plastic helmet came plastic face mask, which allowed the helmet to protect the entire head. By the mid-1940s, helmets were required in the NFL. They were still made of leather, but with improved manufacturing techniques had assumed their more familiar spherical shape. The NFL initially allowed either plastic or leather helmets, but in 1948 the league outlawed the plastic helmet, considering the hard-plastic material to be an injury risk. The NFL repealed this rule in 1949, and by 1950, the plastic helmet had become universal in that league.[2]", "Andrey Kivilev. After Kivilev's death, the UCI made the wearing of helmets compulsory.[11] They had previously tried to introduce this requirement in 1991, but some riders protested this at the Paris–Nice race, so the rule was not introduced. The nature of Kivilev's death, in that he was a lead rider, in one of the top French cycling teams, racing in a top stage race, coupled with advances in helmet technology, brought the debate back to the fore and conclusively so for the UCI. Whilst many riders were initially still against compulsory helmet use, the UCI ensured the rules requiring helmets to be worn at all times would be in place for the 2003 Giro d'Italia, which started just eight weeks after Kivilev's death. Dissension to the rule was initially high, but the new rules were affirmed in October 2003. Whilst at first the rule was loose and not tightly enforced, especially on mountain-top finishes, it has since been enforced more strictly and helmet-wearing is now ubiquitous in the peloton.", "History of field hockey. Ancillary player equipment has also changed. The studded boots for grass fields are banned (and were in any case very uncomfortable) on synthetics, and have been replaced with boots specifically designed for synthetic turf. Shin guards have improved padding. Many players have taken to wearing padded gloves, particularly on their left hand, both to protect against contact and allow them to scrape that hand (while holding the stick) across the synthetic turf without injury. Finally, the wearing of mouthguards to protect the teeth is now compulsory for safety in many countries.", "Hockey helmet. The hockey visor was first invented by Kenneth William Clay when he lost vision in his left eye to a high stick while playing for the Vanderhoof Bears. After a month in hospital in Vancouver, Clay created the first documented clear face shield in January 1964. The invention caused quite a stir, with announcers calling it a \"fish bowl\" and a \"wrap-around windshield\". While the original shield and helmet were lost in the fire that consumed the Vanderhoof Arena a few years later, the newspaper clippings still attest to the dates and facts.[4]", "Batting helmet. After the 2007 season, Major League Baseball made it mandatory for coaches to wear helmets beginning with the 2008 season,[13] although some coaches, such as the Los Angeles Dodgers’ Larry Bowa, have disagreed with the decision.[14]", "Hockey puck. NHL regulation pucks were not required for professional play until the 1990–91 season, but were standardized for consistent play and ease of manufacture half a century earlier, by Art Ross, in 1940.[6] Major manufacturers of pucks exist in Canada, Russia, the Czech Republic, the People's Republic of China,[6][better source needed] and Slovakia.[9]", "Batting helmet. Despite the fatal beaning of Ray Chapman in 1920, protective headgear was still used only rarely in the major leagues. After Mickey Cochrane, a Hall of Fame catcher for the Detroit Tigers, suffered a career-ending and near-fatal skull fracture on May 25, 1937 on a pitch by New York Yankees' pitcher Bump Hadley, there was a strong call for batter helmets.[4] Cochrane himself went on record saying that players should \"absolutely\" be required to wear protective helmets.[2]", "Batting helmet. Though many thought this would be the time when support would be strong enough to develop widespread usage, again tradition won out, and it was not until 1953 that the Pittsburgh Pirates mandated their players wear helmets.[2] The helmet required by Pittsburgh General Manager Branch Rickey (formerly the Dodgers General Manager and President) was created by Charlie Muse and was based on the hard hats used by miners. Soon after, the Ottawa Citizen wrote that \"Major League clubs are becoming quite interested in a new type of plastic protective cap which has been put on the market recently.\" This became even more prevalent when on August 1, 1954, the first baseman for the Milwaukee Braves, Joe Adcock, was struck with a pitch on his head. The player was wearing a helmet and, though he was taken off the field on a stretcher, he was fine as his helmet took the brunt of the impact and was visibly dented.[2]", "Craig MacTavish. He is notable as the last NHL player to not wear a helmet during games.[1][2][3]" ]

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[ "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom. Spencer Perceval is the only British Prime Minister to have been assassinated. Sir Robert Peel, Margaret Thatcher and John Major survived assassination attempts in 1843, 1984 and 1991 respectively.", "Palace of Westminster. The previous Palace of Westminster was also the site of a prime-ministerial assassination on 11 May 1812. While in the lobby of the House of Commons, on his way to a parliamentary inquiry, Spencer Perceval was shot and killed by a Liverpool merchant adventurer, John Bellingham. Perceval remains the only British Prime Minister to have been assassinated.[149]", "History of assassination. As the world moved into the present day and the stakes in political clashes of will continued to grow to a global scale, the number of assassinations concurrently multiplied.[improper synthesis?] In Russia alone, five emperors were assassinated within less than 200 years – Ivan VI, Peter III, Paul I, Alexander II and Nicholas II (along with his family: his wife, Alexandra; daughters Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia, and son Alexei). In the United Kingdom, only one Prime Minister of the United Kingdom has ever been assassinated—Spencer Perceval on May 11, 1812.[5]", "History of assassination. India's third Prime minister – Indira Gandhi was assassinated in 1984 by Sikh Extremists in retaliation at her decision to storm the Golden Temple in Amritsar.", "Spencer Perceval. Spencer Perceval, KC (1 November 1762 – 11 May 1812) was a British statesman who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from October 1809 until his assassination in May 1812.[1] Perceval is the only British prime minister to have been murdered. He was also the only Solicitor General or Attorney General to become Prime Minister.", "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom. * ^ Perceval was assassinated in 1812. His is the only complete lifetime lived by a Prime Minister under a single sovereign.", "Lebanon. On 14 February 2005, former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri was assassinated in a car bomb explosion.[54] Leaders of the March 14 Alliance accused Syria of the attack,[55] while the March 8 Alliance and Syrian officials claimed that the Mossad was behind the assassination.[56] The Hariri assassination marked the beginning of a series of assassinations that resulted in the death of many prominent Lebanese figures.[nb 4]", "Tokyo Station. Tokyo station has seen two assassinations on Japanese prime ministers. In 1921, Takashi Hara was stabbed to death by an ultra-rightist in front of the south wing as he arrived to board a train for Kyoto. In 1930, Osachi Hamaguchi was shot by a rightist. He died of the wounds in August the following year.[5]", "Indira Gandhi. As Prime Minister, Gandhi was known for her political ruthlessness and unprecedented centralisation of power. She went to war with Pakistan in support of the independence movement and war of independence in East Pakistan, which resulted in an Indian victory and the creation of Bangladesh, as well as increasing India's influence to the point where it became the regional hegemon of South Asia. Citing fissiparous tendencies and in response to a call for revolution, Gandhi instituted a state of emergency from 1975 to 1977 where basic civil liberties were suspended and press was censored. Widespread atrocities were carried out during the emergency. In 1980, she returned to power after free and fair elections. She was assassinated by her own bodyguards and Sikh nationalists in 1984. The assassins, Beant Singh and Satwant Singh, were both shot by other security guards. Satwant Singh recovered from his injuries and was executed after being convicted of murder.", "Tel Aviv. On 4 November 1995, Israel's prime minister, Yitzhak Rabin, was assassinated at a rally in Tel Aviv in support of the Oslo peace accord. The outdoor plaza where this occurred, formerly known as Kikar Malchei Yisrael, was renamed Rabin Square.[27]", "History of assassination. Lal Bahadur Shastri, India's second Prime Minister died in Tashkent, USSR. His cause of death remains a mystery but his body turned blue indicating poisoning. He had gone to Tashkent for a Multi-nation meet in general and to meet Pakistani premier in particular.", "List of Prime Ministers of Israel. 5 Rabin was assassinated while in office. Shimon Peres served as Acting Prime Minister until 22 November 1995.", "History of assassination. The most notable assassination victim within early U.S. history was President Abraham Lincoln. Three other U.S. Presidents have been killed by assassination: James Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy. Presidents Andrew Jackson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan survived significant assassination attempts (FDR while President-elect, the others while in office). Former President Theodore Roosevelt was shot and wounded during the 1912 presidential campaign. During the Lincoln Assassination, there were also attacks planned against current Vice-president Andrew Johnson and Secretary William H. Seward, but Johnson's did not go through, and Seward survived the attack. An assassination plot against Jefferson Davis, known as the Dahlgren Affair, may have been initiated during the American Civil War.", "Hendrik Verwoerd. Verwoerd was prime minister during the establishment of the Republic of South Africa in 1961, thereby fulfilling the Afrikaner dream of an independent republic for South Africans. During his tenure as prime minister, anti-apartheid movements such as the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) were banned, and the Rivonia Trial, which prosecuted ANC leaders, was held. His term ended with his assassination on 6 September 1966 by Dimitri Tsafendas.[2][3]", "Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. In the days leading up to the assassination, Pašić was caretaker prime minister because during this period the Serbian Government briefly fell to a political alliance led by the Serbian Military. The military favored promoting Jovan Jovanović to Foreign Minister,[118] and Jovanović's loyalties one might expect to have been divided and his orders therefore carried out poorly. By choosing a military loyalist to convey the message, and by not including any of the specifics such as the conspirators' names and weapons, Pašić, a survivor, hedged his bets against the various possible outcomes and consequences of the impending assassination.[119]", "The Tale of Tsar Saltan (opera). On September 14 [O.S. September 1] 1911, while he was attending a performance of the opera at the Kiev Opera House in the presence of the Tsar and his family, the Russian Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin was shot twice, once in the arm and once in the chest, dying two days later; his assassin, Dmitri Bogrov, was both a leftist radical and an agent of the Okhrana.", "History of assassination. Her son Rajiv Gandhi too met his end when he was assassinated by the LTTE in 1991.", "Rajiv Gandhi. Rajiv Gandhi was in West Bengal on 31 October 1984 when his mother, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, to avenge the military attack on the Golden Temple during Operation Blue Star. Sardar Buta Singh and President Zail Singh pressed Rajiv to succeed his mother as Prime Minister within hours of her murder. Commenting on the anti-Sikh riots in Delhi, Rajiv Gandhi said, \"When a giant tree falls, the earth below shakes\";[21] a statement for which he was widely criticised. Many Congress politicians were accused of orchestrating the violence.[22]", "Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Various countries of the former Yugoslavia,[154] Bosniaks and Croats largely view Gavrilo Princip as a terrorist and an ethnic Serb nationalist.[151] The 100th anniversary of the assassination was commemorated with a concert by the Vienna Philharmonic in the Sarajevo City Hall, in an event that was organized by the European Union.[151] Austrian president Heinz Fischer was the guest of honour.[155]", "List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity. Narendra Modi (17 September 1950) is the first Prime Minister of India to be born after the Independence of India. All other former Prime Ministers were born before the Independence of India. Before him, Rajiv Gandhi was the last born Prime Minister (20 August 1944), but he was assassinated in 1991.", "Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. In the days leading up to the assassination, Pašić was caretaker prime minister because during this period the Serbian Government briefly fell to a political alliance led by the Serbian Military. The military favored promoting Jovan Jovanović to Foreign Minister,[120] and Jovanović's loyalties one might expect to have been divided and his orders therefore carried out poorly. By choosing a military loyalist to convey the message, and by not including any of the specifics such as the conspirators' names and weapons, Pašić, a survivor, hedged his bets against the various possible outcomes and consequences of the impending assassination.[121]", "Rajiv Gandhi. On the morning of 31 October 1984, his mother was assassinated by two of her bodyguards; later that day, Gandhi was appointed Prime Minister. His leadership was tested over the next few days as organised mobs rioted against the Sikh community, resulting in riots in Delhi. That December, an almost nationwide sympathy vote for the Congress party helped it win the largest Lok Sabha majority to date, 411 seats out of 542. Rajiv Gandhi's period in office was mired in controversies; perhaps the greatest crises were the Bhopal disaster and the Shah Bano case. In 1988 he reversed the coup in Maldives, antagonising militant Tamil groups such as PLOTE, intervening and then sending peacekeeping troops to Sri Lanka in 1987, leading to open conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). In mid-1987 the Bofors scandal damaged his corruption-free image and resulted in a major defeat for his party in the 1989 election.", "Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. In justifying the executions, Prime Minister Pašić wrote to his envoy in London:\"...Dimitrijević (Apis) besides everything else admitted he had ordered Franz Ferdinand to be killed. And now who could reprieve them?\"[107]", "Prime Minister of India. In 1980, after a three-year absence, the Congress returned to power with an absolute majority. Indira Gandhi was elected prime minister a second time.[14] During her second tenure, Operation Blue Star — an Indian Army operation inside the Golden Temple, the most sacred site in Sikhism — was conducted, resulting in reportedly thousands of deaths.[15] Subsequently, on 31 October 1984, Indira was shot dead by Satwant Singh and Beant Singh — two of her bodyguards — in the garden of her residence at 1, Safdarjung Road, New Delhi.[16]", "Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. In justifying the executions, Prime Minister Pašić wrote to his envoy in London:\"...Dimitrijević (Apis) besides everything else admitted he had ordered Franz Ferdinand to be killed. And now who could reprieve them?\"[109]", "Operation Blue Star. President Zail Singh visited the temple premises after the operation, while making the round, he was shot at by a sniper from one of the buildings that the Army had not yet cleared. The bullet hit the arm of an Army Colonel accompanying the president.[89] The operation also led to the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 31 October 1984 by two of her Sikh bodyguards as an act of vengeance,[90][91] triggering the 1984 anti-Sikh riots. The widespread killing of Sikhs, principally in the national capital Delhi but also in other major cities in North India, led to major divisions between the Sikh community and the Indian Government. The Army withdrew from Harmandir Sahib later in 1984 under pressure from Sikh demands.[92] The 1985 bombing of Air India Flight 182 is thought to have been a revenge action.", "Indira Gandhi. Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindustani: [ˈɪnːdɪrə ˈɡaːnd̪ʱi] ( listen); née Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian stateswoman and central figure of the Indian National Congress.[1] She was the first and, to date, the only female Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi belonged to the Nehru–Gandhi family and was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Indian prime minister. Despite her surname Gandhi, she is not related to the family of Mahatma Gandhi. She served as Prime Minister from January 1966 to March 1977 and again from January 1980 until her assassination in October 1984, making her the second longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father.", "Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston. In opposition he switched his focus to foreign policy, and he was Foreign Secretary (1830-4, 1835–41 and 1846–51) when the Whigs were in power, dealing with a succession of crises in Europe and beyond. Some of his aggressive actions, now sometimes termed liberal interventionist, were highly controversial at the time, and remain so today. In 1852 he became Home Secretary in Aberdeen's coalition government, the Peelites having insisted on Russell getting the Foreign Office. He passed various social reforms but opposed electoral ones. When public discontent over the Crimean War brought the government down in 1855, Palmerston was found to be, despite the Queen's distrust of him, the only Prime Minister who could sustain a majority in Parliament. He had two periods in office, 1855–1858 and 1859–1865, before dying at almost 81, a few months after winning a general election with an increased majority. He remains, to date, the last Prime Minister to die in office.", "Jawaharlal Nehru. On 30 January 1948, Gandhi was shot while he was walking to a platform from which he was to address a prayer meeting. The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was a Hindu nationalist with links to the extremist Hindu Mahasabha, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan. Nehru addressed the nation through radio:", "List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity. The longest lived Prime Minister was Gulzarilal Nanda, who lived to the age of 99 years, 195 days. Morarji Desai was the second-longest lived Prime Minister, and the longest lived elected Prime Minister (Nanda, a cabinet minister, served as acting Prime Minister when both Jawaharlal Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri died in office). Desai lived to the age of 99 years, 41 days, only 154 days short of matching Nanda. The shortest lived Prime Minister was Rajiv Gandhi, who was assassinated at the age of 46 years, 274 days.", "Israel. In 1992, Yitzhak Rabin became Prime Minister following an election in which his party called for compromise with Israel's neighbors.[222][223] The following year, Shimon Peres on behalf of Israel, and Mahmoud Abbas for the PLO, signed the Oslo Accords, which gave the Palestinian National Authority the right to govern parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[224] The PLO also recognized Israel's right to exist and pledged an end to terrorism.[225] In 1994, the Israel–Jordan peace treaty was signed, making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel.[226] Arab public support for the Accords was damaged by the continuation of Israeli settlements[227] and checkpoints, and the deterioration of economic conditions.[228] Israeli public support for the Accords waned as Israel was struck by Palestinian suicide attacks.[229] In November 1995, while leaving a peace rally, Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by Yigal Amir, a far-right-wing Jew who opposed the Accords.[230]", "History of Serbia. On 12 March 2003, Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić was assassinated. The newly formed union government of Serbia and Montenegro reacted swiftly by calling a state of emergency and undertaking an unprecedented crackdown on organized crime which led to the arrest of more than 4,000 people." ]

[ 7.4609375, 6.25, 4.91796875, 2.994140625, 7.00390625, 3.822265625, 0.576171875, 2.423828125, -0.26708984375, 2.77734375, 2.013671875, 1.1552734375, -0.9921875, 1.498046875, -1.107421875, 1.232421875, -1.8037109375, -0.2147216796875, -4.6328125, 2.14453125, -1.3505859375, -3.84765625, -0.1680908203125, 2.228515625, -0.133056640625, -1.3330078125, 3.990234375, -3.029296875, -1.720703125, 1.353515625, -0.3037109375, 0.358642578125 ]

[ "NBA high school draftees. Beginning 2005, both the NBA and the players' union started to discuss the possibility of implementing a new age limit. The league lobbied for an age minimum of 20 while the union was against an age limit.[17] Finally in July 2005, both sides compromised in the new collective bargaining agreement, requiring that the minimum age for entry into the NBA be 19 and that entrants be at least one year removed from high school.[18] For the first time, teams are also allowed to send players, with two years of NBA experience or less, to the NBA Development League (NBA D-League).[17]", "List of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players. NBA players usually come from U.S. college basketball. In the past, a college player had to complete his four-year college eligibility before he could enter the league through the NBA Draft or as a free agent. In the 1970s, the league began to allow college underclassmen and high school players to enter the league. However, the trend of drafting high school players only began in the mid 1990s. This has led to more younger players entering the league directly after high school graduation. In 2005, the league and the players' union agreed on a new collective bargaining agreement that includes a minimum age limit which requires that players who wish to enter the league must be at least 19 years old on December 31 of the year of the draft, and at least one year removed from high school. International players who did not play college basketball also have to be at least 19 years old on the same date to be able to play in the NBA.[43] Despite a trend toward drafting younger players, the NBA has a higher average age than it had in the 1980s.[44] However, since the NBA introduced the minimum age limit in 2005, the league's average age has decreased in the past few seasons.[45]", "Eligibility for the NBA draft. In the earliest days of the NBA, three players entered the NBA without having played in college (although one of them did not enter the league until he was 39 years old). However, the league eventually established a rule that \"a player could not make himself available\" for the draft until two years after his high school graduation.[2]", "NBA regular season records. In 2006, the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions. Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA, making age-related records harder to break.", "NBA post-season records. In 2006, the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions. Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA, making some age-related records harder to break.", "NBA draft. Some players must be at least 19 years of age during the calendar year of the draft, and a player who completed basketball eligibility at an American high school must also be at least one year removed from the graduation of his high school class. Restrictions exist on players signing with sports agents and on declaring for, then withdrawing from, drafts—although most of them are enforced by the NCAA rather than the NBA. There had been only 44 draftees from high school to college to play in the NBA throughout this process. Any players who are not an \"international player\" must be at least one year out of the graduation of his high school class in order for them to qualify for the upcoming draft. Not many high school players went directly to the NBA draft for almost 20 years after Darryl Dawkins in 1975 because of the exposure of the college games.", "Eligibility for the NBA draft. The NBA draft is an annual event in which the 30 franchises in the National Basketball Association select new players for their teams. Eligibility rules for prospective players have changed several times during the history of the league. No player may sign with the NBA until they are 19 years or older.[1] The rule has produced one-and-done players that play college basketball for one year before declaring for the draft.", "Eligibility for the NBA draft. However, the influx of high-schoolers caused considerable controversy. When the NBA and its players union negotiated a new Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) in 2005, NBA Commissioner David Stern publicly called for a higher age limit of 20, stating that he wanted the league's scouts and general managers out of high school gyms and that too many young urban Americans incorrectly saw the NBA as a sure path to fame and financial security.[5] Most of the players were opposed to an age limit;[6] Jermaine O'Neal was perhaps the most strident critic, accusing the NBA of racism.[7] Ultimately, the union reluctantly agreed to an age limit of 19, accepting it in exchange for tweaks to salary cap rules that were favorable to the players' interests.[6]", "Eligibility for the NBA draft. Those who have reached the minimum eligibility age of 19 and meet the criteria for \"international\" players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria:", "Eligibility for the NBA draft. The \"one year out of high school\" requirement is in addition to the age requirement. For example, although O. J. Mayo turned 19 in November 2006, six months before his high school graduation, he was not eligible until the 2008 draft, a year after his high school class graduated. Stern stated the rules were business-related and not a \"social program\", citing the need to see players perform against higher competition before they are evaluated for valuable draft picks.[9] The rule effectively mandated that players spend at least one year in college.[13] High school players who would otherwise have jumped directly into the NBA were instead playing in college for the required year before leaving and entering the draft—a phenomenon known as one and done.[14] Some colleges have embraced this rule to their advantage, notably the University of Kentucky, among others. Many of their players have played the one mandatory year, leaving after their freshman season to enter the draft. The NBA G League (formerly Development League) is one alternative to college. Players can earn five-figure salaries, but the level of competition is possibly lower than in the Division I level in college. Some players, most notably Brandon Jennings, have also played overseas in lieu of college.[13][15] However, in recent years, other players like Satnam Singh, Thon Maker, and Matur Maker have looked to enter the NBA draft while still being high schoolers by exploiting a loophole where they enter the draft as high school postgraduates.", "Eligibility for the NBA draft. The first major challenge to the NBA's eligibility rules came from Spencer Haywood. He graduated from high school in 1968, at a time when college freshmen were not allowed to play varsity sports for NCAA member schools. He played three years at a Colorado junior college, followed by a season at the University of Detroit. After the 1970–71 season, he left college for the NBA's rival at the time, the ABA, which had no rule restricting college underclassmen from entering the league, and had a spectacularly successful rookie season with the Denver Rockets (the predecessor to today's Denver Nuggets), being named the ABA's Rookie of the Year and MVP. Near the end of the season, he turned 21; shortly after its end, he repudiated his contract with the Rockets, claiming he had been defrauded. Haywood then signed a contract with the now defunct Seattle SuperSonics, which put him and the Sonics on a collision course with the NBA, as he was only three years removed from his high school graduation.", "NBA draft. In the past, high school players were also eligible to be selected. However, starting in the 2006 draft, high school players were not eligible to enter the draft directly after graduating from high school. The rules now state that high school players will gain eligibility for draft selection one year after their high school graduation, and they must also be at least 19 years old as of the end of the calendar year of the draft. Some players have chosen to use that year to play professionally overseas for example, such as Brandon Jennings (Italy), Emmanuel Mudiay (China), and Terrance Ferguson (Australia). Thon Maker was eligible for the 2016 draft despite not going to college because he chose to undertake a postgraduate year, so he was technically one year removed from graduation.", "Eligibility for the NBA draft. Players whose 19th birthday falls during or before the calendar year of the draft, or at least one year removed from the graduation of their high school class, and who do not meet the criteria for \"international\" players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria:[16]", "2012 NBA draft. The basic requirement for automatic eligibility for a U.S. player is the completion of his college eligibility.[45] Players who meet the CBA definition of \"international players\" are automatically eligible if their 22nd birthday falls during or before the calendar year of the draft (i.e., born on or before December 31, 1990).[46] U.S. players who were at least one year removed from their high school graduation and have played minor-league basketball with a team outside the NBA are also automatically eligible.", "2016 NBA draft. Based on the eligibility rules, all college seniors who have completed their college eligibility and all \"international\" players who were born on or before December 31, 1994 are automatically eligible for the draft. However, there are other players who became automatically eligible even though they have not completed their four-year college eligibility.", "2011 NBA draft. Players who meet the CBA definition of \"international players\" are automatically eligible if their 22nd birthday falls during or before the calendar year of the draft (i.e., born on or before December 31, 1989).[19] U.S. players who were at least one year removed from their high school graduation and have played minor-league basketball with a team outside the NBA are also automatically eligible.", "Eligibility for the NBA draft. In the third annual High School Hoops magazine,[26] the players weighed in on the subject of the new rules regarding draft eligibility. Many of them felt that it was unfair. Kansas State freshman Bill Walker, said (as a junior in high school), \"I'm against it. I don't see why you have to be 19 to play a game of basketball when you can be 18 and go to war for our country and die. It's ridiculous.\" Jerryd Bayless said \"It's not fair at all. If a tennis player can go pro at 13, I don't understand why a basketball player can't go pro at 18.\" A possible number one pick out of high school, had the rule not been put in place, was Greg Oden (though he was still picked first in 2007). When asked about the agreement he said \"It's unfair, but it's over with now, so there's no reason to complain.\" In spite of the claims that the rule is unfair, Wayne Ellington of North Carolina, said that \"…I also think it's going to help the league a little bit. Some guys who come in, like from this year's draft, it will help.\" Brandan Wright said that \"It may hurt guys who need money, but it will help people grow and develop.\"", "NBA draft. The NBA draft is an annual event dating back to 1947 in which the (now thirty) teams from the National Basketball Association (NBA) can draft players who are eligible and wish to join the league. These are typically college basketball players, but international players are also eligible to be drafted. College players who have finished their four-year college eligibility are automatically eligible for selection, while the underclassmen have to declare their eligibility and give up their remaining college eligibility. International players who are at least 22 years old are automatically eligible for selection, while the players younger than 22 have to declare their eligibility. Players who are not automatically eligible but have declared their eligibility are often called \"early-entrants\" or \"early-entry candidates\". The draft usually takes place at the end of June, during the NBA offseason. Since 1989, the draft has consisted of two rounds; this is much shorter than the entry drafts of the other major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada, all of which run at least seven rounds. Sixty players are selected in each draft. No player may sign with the NBA until he has been eligible for at least one draft.[1]", "College basketball. In 1974, Moses Malone joined the Utah Stars of the American Basketball Association (which became part of the NBA after the ABA–NBA merger in 1976) straight out of high school and went on to a Hall of Fame career. The past 30 years have seen a remarkable change in the college game. The best international players routinely skip college entirely, many American stars skip college (Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, Tracy McGrady, Dwight Howard, Amar'e Stoudemire, and LeBron James) or only play one year (Carmelo Anthony, Chris Bosh, Kevin Durant, and John Wall), and only a dozen or so college graduates are now among the 60 players selected in the annual NBA draft. Fewer high schoolers have progressed directly to the NBA without at least one year of college basketball beginning in 2006; citing maturity concerns after several incidents involving young players, the labor agreement between players and owners now specifies that players must turn 19 years of age during the calendar year of the draft to be eligible. Additionally, U.S. players must be at least one year removed from their high school graduation.[17]", "List of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players. The youngest player to ever play in the NBA was Andrew Bynum who played his first game at the age of 18 years and 6 days old.[46] Bynum, who was also the youngest player ever selected in the NBA Draft, went into the NBA straight out of high school.[47] Jermaine O'Neal and Kobe Bryant, both drafted in 1996, were the second- and third-youngest players. Serbian Darko Miličić was the youngest player ever to play in an NBA Finals game.[48] He played for the Detroit Pistons in Game 3 of the 2004 Finals at the age of 18 years and 356 days old. The Pistons won the 2004 Finals and Miličić became the youngest player ever to win the NBA championship, being only five days away from his 19th birthday at the time. There are currently 27 players who played in the NBA before they turned 19. Nineteen of them came to the league straight out of high school, while 6 of them are international players who never played basketball in the U.S. high schools or colleges before they entered the NBA, and two more players ended up playing only a year of college before entering the NBA.", "2009 NBA draft. The basic requirement for automatic eligibility for a U.S. player is the completion of his college eligibility.[37] Players who meet the CBA definition of \"international players\" are automatically eligible if their 22nd birthday falls during or before the calendar year of the draft (i.e., born on or before December 31, 1987).[38] U.S. players who were at least one year removed from their high school graduation and have played professional basketball with a team outside the NBA were also automatically eligible. Former high school player Brandon Jennings meets these criteria, having graduated high school in 2008, skipped college basketball and then played professional basketball in Italy.[7]", "2015 NBA draft. Based on the eligibility rules, every college seniors who have completed their college eligibility and every \"international\" players who were born on or before December 31, 1993, are automatically eligible for the draft. However, there are other players who became automatically eligible even though they have not completed their four-year college eligibility.", "2007 NBA draft. The basic requirement for automatic eligibility for a U.S. player is the completion of his college eligibility.[41] Players who meet the CBA definition of \"international players\" are automatically eligible if their 22nd birthday falls during or before the calendar year of the draft (i.e., born on or before December 31, 1985).[42]", "NBA G League. The minimum age to play in the G League is 18,[48] unlike the NBA which requires players to be 19 years old and one year out of high school in order to sign an NBA contract or be eligible for the draft. The tallest player ever to be assigned was Hasheem Thabeet at 7'3\", the second player selected in the 2009 NBA draft. The tallest player to ever play in the G League was England's Paul Sturgess at 7'8\", who played with the Texas Legends during the 2013–14 season.", "NBA high school draftees. In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court decision Haywood v. National Basketball Association ruled, 7–2 against the National Basketball Association's requirement that a player must wait four years after high school graduation (which in most cases was spent playing in college) before turning professional. This ruling allowed players to enter the NBA Draft without four years of college, provided they could give evidence of hardship to the NBA office.[8]", "List of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players. The youngest active player in the NBA is Ike Anigbogu. As a result of the NBA's latest updates on their scheduling policy, he became the second college player to play in the NBA at 18 years old on October 20 against the Portland Trail Blazers. He now joins Devin Booker as the only other player to go from a year of college to the NBA while remaining 18 years old throughout the process. Coincidentally, both of them played their first NBA games at the exact same age of 18 years, 363 days old in order to start their official NBA careers as players of the league, and their first games played would be the only time they'd play in the NBA as 18-year-olds.", "NBA draft. The NBA draft has been dominated by collegiate players since the draft was put in place in 1950. In more recent years high school seniors have also had a large impact on the draft. These include players like Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, Kevin Garnett, Dwight Howard, Tracy McGrady and Amar'e Stoudemire. However, because of the new age requirement put in place in 2005, high school seniors are no longer eligible for the draft, unless they were declared as postgraduates by the NBA, which would not happen until 2015 with Indian prospect Satnam Singh Bhamara in the second round and again in 2016 with South Sudanese–Australian prospect Thon Maker in the first round.", "List of career achievements by LeBron James. Notes: 1 Beginning in 2006 the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions. Prospective high school players must now wait at least a year before entering the NBA,[a] making these records more difficult to break.", "NBA high school draftees. The NBA high school draftees are players who have been drafted to the National Basketball Association (NBA) straight out of high school without playing basketball at the collegiate level. The process of jumping directly from high school to the professional level is also known as going prep-to-pro. Since 2006, the practice of drafting high school players has been prohibited by the new collective bargaining agreement, which requires that players who entered the draft be 19 years of age and at least one year removed from high school.[1] Contrary to popular belief, the player does not have to play at least a year in college basketball, as the player can choose to instead play in another professional league (like the NBA G League or especially somewhere overseas) like Brandon Jennings or Emmanuel Mudiay in Italy and China respectively, simply take the year off, such as the case with Mitchell Robinson, or even hold themselves back a year in high school before declaring for the draft, like with Satnam Singh Bhamara or Thon Maker.", "Eligibility for the NBA draft. While a lot of high school players just accept that this is just how it is, some object to this rule. They say that it puts excess stress on them because they start being recruited in their junior year of high school. If they have a bad season it could ruin their chances to get into college and therefore into the NBA. It can also be stressful picking a college to play at, which can be unneeded stress if a player decides to leave after only one year.", "Eligibility for the NBA draft. Players who are not automatically eligible but wish to be drafted must declare their eligibility no later than 60 days before the draft.[19] After this date, \"early entry\" players may attend NBA pre-draft camps and individual team workouts to show off their skills and obtain feedback regarding their draft positions. Under the CBA, a player may withdraw his name from consideration from the draft at any time before the final declaration date, which is 10 days before the draft.[20] However, the NCAA adopted a rule that took effect in August 2009 that requires players at its member institutions to withdraw no later than May 8 to retain their college eligibility; the first draft affected by this rule was the 2010 draft.[21] In 2011, the NCAA shortened its timeline for players to withdraw and retain eligibility to one day before the start of the spring signing period for men's basketball, which occurs in April.[22] The NCAA changed its withdrawal rule again in 2016, effective with that year's draft; its withdrawal deadline is now in late May, specifically 10 days after the final day of the annual NBA Draft Combine.[23]", "Basketball. Worldwide, basketball tournaments are held for boys and girls of all age levels. The global popularity of the sport is reflected in the nationalities represented in the NBA. Players from all six inhabited continents currently play in the NBA. Top international players began coming into the NBA in the mid-1990s, including Croatians Dražen Petrović and Toni Kukoč, Serbian Vlade Divac, Lithuanians Arvydas Sabonis and Šarūnas Marčiulionis, Dutchman Rik Smits and German Detlef Schrempf." ]

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[ "Alessandra Torresani. In 2016, she made several appearances on The Big Bang Theory, playing the role of edgy bartender and aspiring screenwriter, Claire.", "Alessandra Torresani. Alessandra Torresani (born Alessandra Olivia Toreson; May 29, 1987) is an American actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Zoe Graystone in the science fiction television series Caprica and Claire in The Big Bang Theory. Prior to 2007, she was credited as Alessandra Toreson.", "List of The Big Bang Theory characters. Claire (Alessandra Torresani) is a writer for a children's science fiction series whom Raj and Howard meet in the comic book store in season 9. Claire wants to collaborate with Raj on the science portions of a movie script. When Raj reveals to her that he has a girlfriend, Emily, she assures him that she is only interested in his technical assistance, and they can still meet as friends. However, Raj develops visions of marriage and children with Claire. After Raj breaks up with Emily, he calls Claire on Valentine's Day, only to learn that she has just got back together with her boyfriend. She also calls Raj an \"ass\" for breaking up with Emily just before Valentine's Day. Later, however, she asks Raj out for a drink after she has again broken up with her boyfriend. However, Raj is on his way to reunite with Emily, and chooses to be with her. However, Raj later starts seeing Claire again while at the same time dating Emily. She and Raj continue to date, but they keep their relationship casual with no commitment. When she meets Raj's friends, Claire begins to realize that Raj has been dating multiple women, and successfully tricks him into admitting it.", "Saga (comics). The controversial cover of the comic's first issue was referenced in \"The Meemaw Materialization\", the February 4, 2016 episode of the American TV sitcom The Big Bang Theory. In the episode, Claire (Alessandra Torresani) is reading the first trade paperback of the series (which features the same cover as its first issue), and Raj Koothrappali (Kunal Nayyar) observes that \"not a lot of comics have a woman with wings breastfeeding a baby right on the cover.\"[5][104][105] Though The Big Bang Theory is often criticized for its portrayal of comic book fans, according to Comic Book Resources, a Twitter search indicated reaction to the scene by fans of Saga readers who saw it was mostly positive.[104]", "Christine Baranski. Baranski later appeared in the 2000–2001 sitcom Welcome to New York and, with John Laroquette, in the 2003–2004 NBC sitcom Happy Family. She co-starred with Bernadette Peters in a pilot for an ABC sitcom, Adopted, in 2005, which was not picked up. She also played Faith Clancy, the mother of Jim Clancy in Ghost Whisperer. Around the same time, Baranski began guest-starring in The Big Bang Theory as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter, a dispassionate psychiatrst and neuroscientist and mother of one of the protagonists, Leonard Hofstadter. She first appeared in the second season episode \"The Maternal Capacitance\", for which she received an Emmy nomination. Due to the popularity of her first appearance, Baranski returned in the third season for the Christmas episode \"The Maternal Congruence\", receiving another Emmy nomination. As of March 2017, she has appeared in nine more episodes.", "Claire Fraser (character). Claire is portrayed by Irish actress Caitriona Balfe in the Starz television series Outlander. Balfe won a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television in 2015[3] and 2016,[4] and a People's Choice Award for Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress in 2016.[5] She also received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 2015 and 2016.", "Alyson Court. Alyson Stephanie Court[3] (born November 9, 1973) is a Canadian actress and voice actress. She is best known as Loonette the Clown on The Big Comfy Couch (1992–2002);[1] and as the voices of Jubilee from X-Men: The Animated Series (1992–1997), and Claire Redfield from the Resident Evil video game series.[4][5]", "Caitriona Balfe. Caitriona Balfe (/kəˈtriːnə ˈbælf/; born 4 October 1979) is an Irish actress and model. She is best known for her role as Claire Fraser in the Starz drama series Outlander, for which she has won two People's Choice Awards and two Saturn Awards, and has received three nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama.", "Claire Holt. In 2014, Holt was linked to CBS' Supergirl although she chose not pursue it.[6] She starred in NBC \"event series\" Aquarius as Charmain Tully. In 2016, she was cast in the romantic comedy film The Divorce Party, playing the role of Susan.[7]", "Claire Littleton. When Naomi Dorrit (Marsha Thomason) addresses the camp about the world's perspective of their predicament, Claire expresses outrage they are considered dead. Later, when Karl (Blake Bashoff) arrives the next day with news of the Others' impending arrival, Claire goes with the rest of the camp to the radio tower. Soon after, Claire is delighted to hear Charlie has disabled the jamming device blocking all outgoing signals, but is worried he has not returned to shore.[15][16]", "Claire Underwood. Claire is a lobbyist who runs an environmental group while serving as her husband's primary accomplice.[19] After President Garrett Walker (Michel Gill) goes back on his promise to make Frank Secretary of State, Frank enlists Claire to help him get revenge and propel them both to positions of power. She and Frank scheme nightly over a cigarette, and together they maneuver their way into Walker's inner circle.[19] Frank says of Claire: \"I love that woman, I love her more than sharks love blood.\"[19]", "Melissa Rauch. Melissa Ivy Rauch (born June 23, 1980)[3] is an American actress and comedian. She is known for playing Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory.", "Amy Pond. Gillan auditioned for the role in both her natural Scottish accent and an English one, and it was not until after she was cast that it was decided Amy would be Scottish.[46][47] Gillan commented that she felt the Scottish accent better suited the character.[48] A younger version of Amy, known as \"Amelia\", appears in several episodes. Amelia was played by Gillan's real-life 10-year-old cousin Caitlin Blackwood. Though the two actresses had not met until the set of the show, Gillan recommended Blackwood for the role; Blackwood, however, still had to undergo rigorous auditions first.[49][50] Blackwood and Gillan did get to act together in \"The Big Bang\", which Gillan initially found \"weird\", though the two actresses became used to it quickly.[51]", "Mayim Bialik. Mayim Chaya Bialik (/ˈmaɪ.əm biˈɑːlɪk/, MY-əm bee-AH-lik) (born December 12, 1975) is an American actress and neuroscientist. From 1991 to 1995, she played the title character of NBC's Blossom. Since 2010, she has played Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler – like the actress, a neuroscientist – on CBS's The Big Bang Theory, a role for which she has been nominated four times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series,[1] and won a Critic's Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series.", "Being Erica. Claire LeDuc (Laurence Leboeuf) – Ethan and Erica's college friend, then Ethan's ex-wife. Claire is the daughter of a wealthy francophone industrialist from Montreal, but during her university days she hid her identity, until Erica disclosed it during a time travel, in order to appear more believable in her left-wing activism. In a third season episode, \"Movin' On Up\", after Erica struggles to move forward without Ethan, members from her group therapy send her back in time to hours before Ethan and Claire's wedding. Claire then reveals to Erica that she is marrying Ethan out of fear of being alone – a moment of truth that later verifies that Erica has made the right choice to break up with him.", "Julie Bowen. Julie Bowen Luetkemeyer (born March 3, 1970),[1] known professionally as Julie Bowen, is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Aunt Gwen on Dawson's Creek (2000), Carol Vessey on Ed (2000–04), Denise Bauer on Boston Legal (2005–07), Sarah Shephard on Lost (2005–07), and Claire Dunphy on the comedy Modern Family (since 2009). The last earned her six nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (2010–2015), winning in 2011 and 2012.", "Claire Littleton. Days later, Claire sees a flock of gulls flying overhead. She believes if she can catch one, they could send a distress message to the outside world. She asks Sun and Jin to help build a net to catch one of the birds, but Desmond Hume (Henry Ian Cusick) thwarts their attempt when he scares the birds away with gunfire. Angry with him and Charlie, she follows Desmond to a rocky cliff, where he gives her a bird and learns of Desmond's visions of Charlie's death. She comforts Charlie, and the two attach a note to the bird before releasing it.[2] Later, Claire suddenly falls violently ill, due to the now activated implant Ethan put in her during her abduction. Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell) cures the illness as a means of earning the survivors' trust.[14]", "Claire Underwood. Claire is aware of Frank's sexual relationship with reporter Zoe Barnes (Kate Mara) and approves of it as long as it achieves their ends. She herself has an affair with an old boyfriend, Adam Galloway (Ben Daniels).[19]", "Elisa Donovan. Donovan's breakthrough role was in the 1995 film Clueless as Amber, Cher's nemesis. Donovan also reprised her role in the television series of the same name. Other notable roles included the film A Night at the Roxbury, Beverly Hills, 90210 as Ginger LaMonica and playing Morgan Cavanaugh on the television sitcom Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. She also played Sharona on Disney Channel's Sonny with a Chance, and has appeared in the films Complacent, The Dog Who Saved Christmas, and its sequel The Dog Who Saved the Holidays. Donovan starred in the web series, The Lake on TheWB.com.[2] Additionally, Donovan played Gayle, an insurance agent in the small town of Maple Grove, in the web series In Gayle We Trust on NBC.com.[3]", "Amy Acker. Acker portrayed Dr. Claire Saunders/Whiskey, a recurring character, on Joss Whedon's Dollhouse.[7] She guest-starred in 10 of the 13 episodes of the first season and three episodes of the second.", "List of The Big Bang Theory characters. Laura Spencer was a recurring guest actress on the series in seasons seven and eight. During production of season 9, she was promoted to a \"fractional\" starring role; the upgraded status ensured her availability on an as-needed basis, without requiring her in every episode.[17]", "The Big Bang Theory. Several of the actors in The Big Bang Theory previously worked together on the sitcom Roseanne, including Johnny Galecki, Sara Gilbert, Laurie Metcalf (who plays Sheldon's mother, Mary Cooper), and Meagen Fay (who plays Bernadette's mother). Additionally, Lorre was a writer on the series for several seasons.", "Claire Littleton. The producers thought it was essential an Australian was cast for the part of Claire, as it was always planned to be a multi-cultural show, and the Oceanic 815 was leaving from Sydney. Emilie de Ravin was working in Edmonton, so she was unable to go to the auditions, which were being held in Los Angeles. From a video she sent to the producers, they were able to tell de Ravin had the youth and sweetness required for the role, but also looked as though she had some life experience.[28]", "The Big Bang Theory (season 3). Note: This episode marks the first appearance of future regular cast member Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski and also marks the first cameo appearance of Wil Wheaton on the show.", "Claire Holt. In addition to television and film roles, Holt has appeared in advertisements for Dreamworld, Sizzler, and Queensland Lifesaving. BuddyTV ranked her number 55 on its TV's 100 Sexiest Women of 2011 list.[2]", "The Big Bang Theory (season 4). Melissa Rauch and Mayim Bialik were upgraded to the main cast during the fourth season as Dr. Bernadette Rostenkowski and Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler. Johnny Galecki submitted the episode \"The Benefactor Factor\" for consideration due to his nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards. Jim Parsons won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards for the episode \"The Agreement Dissection\".", "Claire Temple (Marvel Cinematic Universe). —Jeph Loeb on Temple appearing across multiple Marvel/Netflix series[19]", "Sasha Pieterse. Pieterse appeared in the 2007 film Good Luck Chuck, playing a young goth girl who places a curse on the titular character. She played the younger version of Sarah Michelle Gellar's character in the 2007 film The Air I Breathe, along with such co-stars as Kevin Bacon, Forest Whitaker, and Emile Hirsch. She also played a leading character in the Hallmark original film Claire, also released in 2007.", "Lauren Ambrose. Ambrose is most known for her television roles as Claire Fisher in Six Feet Under (2001–2005), for which she won two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and as Jilly Kitzinger in Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011). Her film credits include Can't Hardly Wait (1998), Psycho Beach Party (2000) and Where the Wild Things Are (2009). She is the lead singer of the ragtime band Lauren Ambrose and the Leisure Class.[2]", "Claire Littleton. Claire continues to struggle with her amnesia, and is annoyed by Charlie's attempts to play an almost fatherly role to Aaron. She unburdens herself to Locke, and jokes Charlie could be a religious freak with his Virgin Mary statues. The statues were found in the wreckage of a plane crash, each filled with heroin. Later, Claire is confronted by Mr. Eko (Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje), who tells her what was in the statues. Remembering Charlie mentioning his former drug addiction, she forbids him to approach her or Aaron. When Charlie steals Aaron, wanting to baptize him, Claire slaps him but later requests Eko baptize her and her son.[11]", "The Big Bang Theory (season 3). The third season saw the first appearances of future main cast members Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski in \"The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary\" and Mayim Bialik as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler in the season finale \"The Lunar Excitation\". Christine Baranski submitted the episode \"The Maternal Congruence\" for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards. Jim Parsons won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards for the episode \"The Pants Alternative\".", "Christine Baranski. Baranski's other Broadway credits include her debut in Hide and Seek (1980), Hurlyburly (1984), The House of Blue Leaves (1986) and Boeing Boeing (2008). A 15-time Emmy Award nominee, her other television work includes her portrayals of Diane Lockhart in The Good Wife and the spin-off series The Good Fight, and Dr. Beverly Hofstadter in The Big Bang Theory. Her film roles include 9½ Weeks (1986), Legal Eagles (1986), Reversal of Fortune (1990), Addams Family Values (1993), Jeffrey (1995), The Birdcage (1996), Bulworth (1998), Cruel Intentions (1999), Bowfinger (1999), Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), Chicago (2002), Mamma Mia! (2008), Into the Woods (2014), Trolls (2016), and A Bad Moms Christmas (2017)." ]

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[ "Voter ID laws. Photographic identification is mandatory to vote in elections in Northern Ireland.[15] There is currently no requirement to have identification to vote in elections in England, Scotland and Wales, before any election all eligible voters are sent a Poll card by their local authority although its not a requirement to be in possession of a Poll card to vote.[16] Beginning with the United Kingdom local elections, 2018 voters in 18 local authorities in England will be required to show ID before voting as part of a pilot scheme to combat Electoral fraud.[17]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. Many nations require some form of voter identification at the polling place, but specific details of the requirement vary widely.[121] In Spain, Greece, France, Belgium, and Italy, a government-issued photo ID is required to cast a ballot.[121] However, all citizens in these nations are automatically provided with a photo ID upon reaching adulthood. Mexico has a similar system, with all registered voters receiving a photo ID upon completing the registration process.[121] Several Western democracies do not require identification for voting, such as Denmark, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.[121] In Ireland, Sweden, and Switzerland, poll workers reserve the right to request identification but are not required to do so.[121] In Canada, identification is required, but voters can provide any two forms of ID from a list of 45 possibilities. Canada’s system is more stringent than the 17 U.S. states that do not require ID but less stringent than the 22 U.S. states with strict requirements. The strict Indiana ID system, for instance, accepts only five forms of ID: an Indiana driver’s license, an Indiana ID card, a military ID, a US passport, or a student ID card from an in-state college or university.[121] Conversely, some countries, like Australia, require no form of identification at any election.[122] This position is similar to the situation in New York and California.", "Voter ID laws. A voter ID law is a law that requires a person to show some form of identification in order to vote or receive a ballot for an election. In jurisdictions requiring voter IDs, the voters must present a photo ID.[citation needed] Because of perceptions of a differing means to obtain identification on the basis of socioeconomic status, age, or race, some people consider these laws as controversial.", "Shelby County v. Holder. While its voter ID law was passed in 2011, Texas did not enact the law until 2013 after the Shelby ruling, when the state was no longer subject to federal preclearance for changes to its voting laws. Under the law, Texas voters must show a photo ID to vote. While there are some exemptions, such as for voters with disabilities, most are required to produce a Texas driver’s license or state ID card. Other forms of acceptable ID include concealed handgun licenses, military ID, U.S. citizenship papers with photo and a U.S. passport.[63]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. The Commission concluded that, although proven voter impersonation is minimal, a photo ID requirement will ensure election integrity and safeguard public perception of the nation's voting system at little cost to anyone.[80]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. In 2004, Arizona passed a law requiring voters to bring a state-issued photo ID to the polling place. Similar proposals were discussed in various other states and were passed in some cases. In several states, a person's citizenship status is noted on their photo ID.[27][28]", "Voter ID laws. In Australia, where voting is compulsory for all adult citizens, no form of ID is required to cast a ballot at an election; instead, voters are asked three questions before being issued a ballot, so that they can be checked off the electoral roll: (1) what is your full name; (2) where do you live; and (3) have you voted before in this election?[1] On election day, voters can vote at any polling place in their state of residence, and at selected polling places in other states.[2]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. Public opinion polls have shown support for voter ID laws among voters in the United States. A 2011 Rasmussen poll found that 75% of likely voters “believe voters should be required to show photo identification, such as a driver’s license, before being allowed to vote.”[124] A Pew poll showed that 95% of Republicans, 83% of independent voters, and 61% of Democrats favor requirements that voters should show photo IDs to vote.[125] A 2012 Fox News poll produced similar results, revealing that 87% of Republicans, 74% of independent voters, and 52% of Democrats supported new voter ID laws.[126]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. At the federal level, the Help America Vote Act of 2002 requires voter ID for all new voters in federal elections who registered by mail and who did not provide a driver's license number or the last four digits of a Social Security number that was matched against government records.[1] Though state laws requiring some sort of identification at voting polls go back to 1950, no state required a voter to produce a government-issued photo ID as a condition for voting before the 2006 election. Indiana in 2006 became the first state to enact a strict photo ID law, a law that was upheld two years later by the U.S. Supreme Court.[2][3] As of September 2016, 33 states have enacted some form of voter ID requirement.[2][4] Lawsuits have been filed against many of the voter ID requirements on the basis that they are discriminatory with an intent to reduce voting by traditionally Democratic constituencies. Parts of voter ID laws in several states have been overturned by courts.[5][6][7]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. Indiana passed a law in 2005 requiring a photo ID be shown by all voters before casting ballots.[29] Civil rights groups in Indiana launched a lawsuit, Crawford v. Marion County Election Board, that reached the Supreme Court in 2008. The Court ruled that the law was constitutional, paving the way for expanded ID laws in other states.[30][31]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. The electoral system cannot inspire public confidence if no safeguards exist to deter or detect fraud or to confirm the identity of voters. Photo IDs currently are needed to board a plane, enter federal buildings, and cash a check. Voting is equally important.", "Voter ID laws. However, in some provinces a voter must establish their identity by presenting a health insurance card, driver’s license, Canadian passport, certificate of Indian status, or a Canadian Forces ID card.[8] These are all photos IDs.", "Voter ID laws in the United States. In the \"strict\" states, a voter cannot cast a valid ballot without first presenting ID. Voters who are unable to show ID at the polls are given a provisional ballot. Those provisional ballots are kept separate from the regular ballots. If the voter returns to election officials within a short period of time after the election (generally a few days) and presents acceptable ID, the provisional ballot is counted. If the voter does not come back to show ID, that provisional ballot is never counted.[19]", "Voter ID laws. Similar to Germany, there is a national voters database and photo ID is required (identity card, passport or driving license).[11]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. Afterward Republican-dominated states have worked to pass laws for voter IDs, ostensibly to prevent \"voter fraud\", which studies have shown is \"vanishingly rare.\"[6] Opponents say that many of the provisions of such laws are a conspiracy designed to disadvantage minorities, poor and elderly, many of whom have tended in recent years to vote Democratic, so the Republicans are deriving political benefits from their voter ID campaign. In 2002, President Bush signed the Help America Vote Act into law, which required all first-time voters in federal elections to show photo or non-photo ID upon either registration or arrival at the polling place.[26]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. Voter ID laws go back to 1950, when South Carolina became the first state to start requesting identification from voters at the polls. The identification document did not have to include a picture; any document with the name of the voter sufficed. In 1970, Hawaii joined in requiring ID, and Texas a year later. Florida was next in 1977, and Alaska in 1980 to become the first five states in the United States to request identification of some sort from voters at the polls.[23]", "Shelby County v. Holder. If the voter does not possess one of the forms of acceptable photo ID and cannot reasonably obtain one, the voter may present one of the following, after which he or she must execute a Reasonable Impediment Declaration:[64] a copy or original of... a government document that shows the voter’s name and an address, including the voter’s voter registration certificate; a current utility bill; a bank statement; a government check; a paycheck; or (a) a certified domestic (from a U.S. state or territory) birth certificate or (b) a document confirming birth admissible in a court of law which establishes the voter’s identity (which may include a foreign birth document).[65]", "Voter ID laws. Germany uses a community-based resident registration system. Everyone eligible to vote receives a personal polling notification by mail, some weeks before the election. The notification indicates the voter's precinct polling station. Voters must present their polling notification and if asked a piece of photo ID (identity card (compulsory in Germany), passport, form of identification). As a rule identification is not required other than by the polling notification. If the voter can not present the notification, a valid ID and an entry in the register of voters can qualify for voting.[9][10]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. Voter ID laws in the United States are laws that require a person to provide some form of official identification before they are permitted to register to vote, receive a ballot for an election, or to actually vote.", "Voter ID laws. The registration office of each municipality in the Netherlands maintains a registration of all residents. Every eligible voter receives a personal polling notification by mail some weeks before the election, indicating the polling station of the voter's precinct. Voters must present their polling notification and a piece of photo ID (passport, identity card, or drivers license (a passport or ID is compulsory from the age of 14)). Such photo ID may be expired but not by more than five years.[12]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. Several states controlled by Democrats maintain voter ID laws. For instance, Hawaii has required a state-issued photo ID for decades.[137] In 2011, the Rhode Island legislature enacted a photo ID requirement, which was signed by governor Lincoln Chafee, making Rhode Island the most recent state controlled by Democrats to pass such legislation.[138] However, both Hawaii and Rhode Island are \"non-strict photo ID states\", meaning that, in some circumstances, an affidavit or other legal measure can satisfy the ID requirement.[19]", "Voter ID laws. Voting in Norway is voluntary for citizens 18 years or older (16 in some municipalities). Every person who is eligible to vote are sent a polling card in the mail a while before the election. The polling card recommends the closest voting location to you, but you are not required to vote there, but you are required to vote within your municipality. The polling card contains the date(s) of the election, opening times of polling locations and information on how to vote. While it is not mandatory to bring the polling card on the day(s) of the election, it generally makes the process smoother. However, a photographic ID, such as a passport or a driver's license, is required to vote. During the election day after you pick your party, you present your photographic ID and optionally your poll card to the poll attendants who verifies the information against a database, and record that you have voted. [13]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. Wisconsin's Voter ID law in 2011 provided free IDs to people who did not have them. But in practice, state employees at the DMV were instructed to provide the IDs for free only if people specifically asked to have their fee waived.[citation needed] The requirement to show photo ID had been declared in violation of the Wisconsin Constitution and blocked by state and federal judges, but those decisions were overturned by the Wisconsin Supreme Court and later the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals.[citation needed] Weeks later, the U.S. Supreme Court again blocked the law for 2014.[citation needed] On March 23, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected an appeal by the ACLU, effectively upholding the 7th Circuit's decision Wisconsin's voter ID law as constitutional.[37]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. A 2008 study found that the strictest voter ID laws reduced voter turnout relative to the most lax form of such laws (stating one's name). The same study reported that \"the stricter voter identification requirements depress turnout to a greater extent for less educated and lower income populations, for both minorities and non-minorities.\"[105] A 2009 study found that 84% of white registered voters in Indiana had access to photo ID to comply with that state's ID law, as compared to 78% of black voters on the rolls there.[106] A 2008 study found that African Americans, Hispanics, and the elderly were less likely to have a voter ID that complied with Georgia's voter ID law.[107]", "Photo identification. Photo identification or photo ID is an identity document that includes a photograph of the holder, usually only his or her face. The most commonly accepted forms of photo ID are those issued by government authorities, such as driver's licenses, identity cards and passports, but special-purpose photo IDs may be also produced, such as internal security or access control cards.", "United Kingdom local elections, 2018. In certain councils, there was a trial system in place where photo ID was required to vote. These councils were: Swindon, Gosport, Woking, Bromley, and Watford.[12] An estimated 4,000 electors were turned away from polling stations across these trial areas as a result of not having the appropriate form of ID.[13]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. Studies of the effects of voter ID laws on turnout in the United States have generally found that such laws have little, if any, effect on turnout. This may be because these laws do not reduce turnout very much; it may also be because the strictest voter ID laws have the largest effect on turnout, and they have only been enacted relatively recently.[9] Although most Americans possess a government-issued photo ID, those without ID may have trouble acquiring the proper credentials, lowering their turnout. The most comprehensive study of voter IDs, a 2017 study by Harvard political scientist Stephen Ansolabehere and Tufts political scientist Eitan Hersh, found that in Texas, 1.5% of those who showed up to vote in the 2012 election lacked the kinds of IDs that are targeted by voter ID laws, 4.5% of the total eligible population lacked them, 7.5% of black registered voters lack them.[85][86] The numbers are likely higher in states with more urban areas, as fewer voters have driving licenses.[85][86] A 2011 study by New York University's Brennan Center estimated that of the US population that is of voting age, 6–11% lack government-issued photo ID.[87] The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, disputed the methodology of the study, citing a question in which 14 percent of respondents said they had both a U.S. birth certificate and naturalization papers.[88]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. A 2010 study of the 2006 midterm election in New Mexico found that election officials asked Hispanics for ID more often than they did early voters, women, and non-Hispanics.[114] A 2009 study of the 2006 midterm elections nationwide found that 47% of white voters reported being asked to show photo identification at the polls, compared with 54% of Hispanics and 55% of African Americans.\"[70] Very few people were denied the chance to vote as a result of voter identification requests.[70] A 2015 study found that turnout among blacks in Georgia was generally higher since the state began enforcing its strict voter ID law.[115]", "Visa Inc.. Visa permits merchants to ask for photo ID, although the merchant rule book states that this practice is discouraged. As long as the Visa card is signed, a merchant may not deny a transaction because a cardholder refuses to show a photo ID.[77]", "Voter ID laws in the United States. Pennsylvania's voter ID law allowed various forms of photo identification cards, including those held by drivers, government employees, in-state college students, and residents of elder-care facilities. Voters who do not possess these forms of identification can obtain voting-only photo IDs issued by the Pennsylvania Department of State through the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT).[38] A judicial order on October 2, 2012 blocked enforcement of Pennsylvania's law until after the 2012 Presidential election. Following a trial in the summer of 2013 and a six-month delay, Commonwealth Court Judge Bernard L. McGinley struck down Pennsylvania's voter ID law on January 17, 2014 as violative of the constitutional rights of state voters.", "Photo identification. Photo identification may be used for face-to-face authentication of identity of a party who either is personally unknown to the person in authority or because that person does not have access to a file, a directory, a registry or an information service that contains or that can render a photograph of somebody on account of that person's name and other personal information.", "Voter ID laws in the United States. Several developing nations have instituted voter ID laws. Many Arab nations require voters to leave a fingerprint upon casting a ballot, allowing quick detection of fraud.[123] In 2012, the head of Libya’s national election commission expressed surprise that the American system “depends so much on trust and the good faith of election officials and voters alike”.[123] Likewise, India requires one of fifteen forms of identification to vote. The Gambia gives each voter a single marble to cast, ensuring that no one can vote multiple times.[123]" ]

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[ "Saturn. Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of Earth.[12][13] It has only one-eighth the average density of Earth, but with its larger volume Saturn is over 95 times more massive.[14][15][16] Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture; its astronomical symbol (♄) represents the god's sickle.", "Saturn. Saturn is a gas giant because it is predominantly composed of hydrogen and helium. It lacks a definite surface, though it may have a solid core.[21] Saturn's rotation causes it to have the shape of an oblate spheroid; that is, it is flattened at the poles and bulges at its equator. Its equatorial and polar radii differ by almost 10%: 60,268 km versus 54,364 km.[5] Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune, the other giant planets in the Solar System, are also oblate but to a lesser extent. The combination of the bulge and rotation rate means that the effective surface gravity along the equator, 7000896000000000000♠8.96 m/s2, is 74% that at the poles and is lower than the surface gravity of Earth. However, the equatorial escape velocity of nearly 7004360000000000000♠36 km/s is much higher than that for Earth.[22]", "Saturn. An apparent oddity for Saturn is that it does not have any known trojan asteroids. These are minor planets that orbit the Sun at the stable Lagrangian points, designated L4 and L5, located at 60° angles to the planet along its orbit. Trojan asteroids have been discovered for Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. Orbital resonance mechanisms, including secular resonance, are believed to be the cause of the missing Saturnian trojans.[80]", "Saturn. Saturn is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water—about 30% less.[23] Although Saturn's core is considerably denser than water, the average specific density of the planet is 7002690000000000000♠0.69 g/cm3 due to the atmosphere. Jupiter has 318 times Earth's mass,[24] and Saturn is 95 times Earth's mass.[5] Together, Jupiter and Saturn hold 92% of the total planetary mass in the Solar System.[25]", "Planets in astrology. Saturn () is the ruling planet of Capricorn and is exalted in Libra. In Roman mythology, Saturn is the god of seeds, crops, and the harvest (agriculture), leader of the titans, father and founder of civilizations, social order, and conformity. The glyph is shaped like a scythe, but it is known as the \"crescent below the cross\", whereas Jupiter's glyph is the \"crescent above the cross\". The famous rings of the planet Saturn that enclose and surround it, reflect the idea of human limitations. Saturn takes 29.5 years to orbit the Sun, spending about 2.46 years in each sign of the zodiac. Saturn co-ruler Aquarius", "Saturn. Standard planetary models suggest that the interior of Saturn is similar to that of Jupiter, having a small rocky core surrounded by hydrogen and helium with trace amounts of various volatiles.[26] This core is similar in composition to Earth, but more dense. Examination of Saturn's gravitational moment, in combination with physical models of the interior, has allowed constraints to be placed on the mass of Saturn's core. In 2004, scientists estimated that the core must be 9–22 times the mass of Earth,[27][28] which corresponds to a diameter of about 25,000 km.[29] This is surrounded by a thicker liquid metallic hydrogen layer, followed by a liquid layer of helium-saturated molecular hydrogen that gradually transitions to a gas with increasing altitude. The outermost layer spans 1,000 km and consists of gas.[30][31][32]", "Saturn. Saturn is probably best known for the system of planetary rings that makes it visually unique.[31] The rings extend from 6,630 to 120,700 kilometers (4,120 to 75,000 mi) outward from Saturn's equator and average approximately 20 meters (66 ft) in thickness. They are composed predominantly of water ice with trace amounts of tholin impurities, and a peppered coating of approximately 7% amorphous carbon.[106] The particles that make up the rings range in size from specks of dust up to 10 m.[107] While the other gas giants also have ring systems, Saturn's is the largest and most visible.", "Saturn. The planet's most famous feature is its prominent ring system that is composed mostly of ice particles, with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust. At least 62 moons[19] are known to orbit Saturn, of which 53 are officially named. This does not include the hundreds of moonlets in the rings. Titan, Saturn's largest moon, and the second-largest in the Solar System, is larger than the planet Mercury, although less massive, and is the only moon in the Solar System to have a substantial atmosphere.[20]", "Rings of Saturn. The rings of Saturn are the most extensive planetary ring system of any planet in the Solar System. They consist of countless small particles, ranging from μm to m in size,[1] that orbit about Saturn. The ring particles are made almost entirely of water ice, with a trace component of rocky material. There is still no consensus as to their mechanism of formation; some features of the rings suggest a relatively recent origin, but theoretical models indicate they are likely to have formed early in the Solar System's history.[2]", "Planet Nine. An analysis of Cassini data on Saturn's orbital residuals was inconsistent with Planet Nine being located with a true anomaly of −130° to −110° or −65° to 85°. The analysis, using Batygin and Brown's orbital parameters for Planet Nine, suggests that the lack of perturbations to Saturn's orbit is best explained if Planet Nine is located at a true anomaly of 7000205599785884932♠117.8°+11°\n−10°. At this location, Planet Nine would be approximately 7013942466585410000♠630 AU from the Sun,[130] with right ascension close to 2h and declination close to −20°, in Cetus.[131] In contrast, if the putative planet is near aphelion it could be moving projected towards the area of the sky with boundaries: right ascension 3.0h to 5.5h and declination −1° to 6°.[98]", "Saturn. The outer atmosphere of Saturn contains 96.3% molecular hydrogen and 3.25% helium by volume.[37] The proportion of helium is significantly deficient compared to the abundance of this element in the Sun.[26] The quantity of elements heavier than helium (metallicity) is not known precisely, but the proportions are assumed to match the primordial abundances from the formation of the Solar System. The total mass of these heavier elements is estimated to be 19–31 times the mass of the Earth, with a significant fraction located in Saturn's core region.[38]", "Solar System. With a few exceptions, the farther a planet or belt is from the Sun, the larger the distance between its orbit and the orbit of the next nearer object to the Sun. For example, Venus is approximately 0.33 AU farther out from the Sun than Mercury, whereas Saturn is 4.3 AU out from Jupiter, and Neptune lies 10.5 AU out from Uranus. Attempts have been made to determine a relationship between these orbital distances (for example, the Titius–Bode law),[32] but no such theory has been accepted. The images at the beginning of this section show the orbits of the various constituents of the Solar System on different scales.", "Saturn. The average distance between Saturn and the Sun is over 1.4 billion kilometers (9 AU). With an average orbital speed of 9.68 km/s,[5] it takes Saturn 10,759 Earth days (or about ​29 1⁄2 years)[69] to finish one revolution around the Sun.[5] As a consequence, it forms a near 5:2 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter.[70] The elliptical orbit of Saturn is inclined 2.48° relative to the orbital plane of the Earth.[5] The perihelion and aphelion distances are, respectively, 9.195 and 9.957 AU, on average.[5][71] The visible features on Saturn rotate at different rates depending on latitude and multiple rotation periods have been assigned to various regions (as in Jupiter's case).", "Saturn. Astronomers use three different systems for specifying the rotation rate of Saturn. System I has a period of 10 hr 14 min 00 sec (844.3°/d) and encompasses the Equatorial Zone, the South Equatorial Belt and the North Equatorial Belt. The polar regions are considered to have rotation rates similar to System I. All other Saturnian latitudes, excluding the north and south polar regions, are indicated as System II and have been assigned a rotation period of 10 hr 38 min 25.4 sec (810.76°/d). System III refers to Saturn's internal rotation rate. Based on radio emissions from the planet detected by Voyager 1 and Voyager 2,[72] System III has a rotation period of 10 hr 39 min 22.4 sec (810.8°/d). System III has largely superseded System II.[73]", "Saturn. Cassini photographs have revealed a previously undiscovered planetary ring, outside the brighter main rings of Saturn and inside the G and E rings. The source of this ring is hypothesized to be the crashing of a meteoroid off Janus and Epimetheus.[147] In July 2006, images were returned of hydrocarbon lakes near Titan's north pole, the presence of which were confirmed in January 2007. In March 2007, hydrocarbon seas were found near the North pole, the largest of which is almost the size of the Caspian Sea.[148] In October 2006, the probe detected an 8,000 km diameter cyclone-like storm with an eyewall at Saturn's south pole.[149]", "Saturniidae. The majority of saturniid species occur in wooded tropical or subtropical regions, with the greatest diversity in the New World tropics and Mexico,[2] though they are found all over the world. About 12 described species live in Europe, one of which, the emperor moth, occurs in the British Isles, and 68 described species live in North America, 42 of which reside north of Mexico and Southern California.", "Saturn. Beyond the main rings at a distance of 12 million km from the planet is the sparse Phoebe ring, which is tilted at an angle of 27° to the other rings and, like Phoebe, orbits in retrograde fashion.[113]", "Moons of Saturn. The moons of Saturn are numerous and diverse,[1] ranging from tiny moonlets less than 1 kilometer across to the enormous Titan, which is larger than the planet Mercury. Saturn has 62 moons with confirmed orbits, 53 of which have names and only 13 of which have diameters larger than 50 kilometers, as well as dense rings with complex orbital motions of their own.[2][3][4] Seven Saturnian moons are large enough to be ellipsoidal in shape, yet only two of those, Titan and Rhea, are currently in hydrostatic equilibrium. Particularly notable among Saturn's moons are Titan, the second-largest moon in the Solar System (after Jupiter's Ganymede), with a nitrogen-rich Earth-like atmosphere and a landscape featuring dry river networks and hydrocarbon lakes found nowhere else in the solar system;[5] and Enceladus since its chemical composition is similar to that of comets.[6] In particular, Enceladus emits jets of gas and dust, which could indicate the presence of liquid water under its south pole region, and may have a global ocean below its surface.[7]", "Saturn. Saturn is the most distant of the five planets easily visible to the naked eye from Earth, the other four being Mercury, Venus, Mars and Jupiter. (Uranus and occasionally 4 Vesta are visible to the naked eye in dark skies.) Saturn appears to the naked eye in the night sky as a bright, yellowish point of light. The mean apparent magnitude of Saturn is 0.46 with a standard deviation of 0.34[10]. Most of the magnitude variation is due to the inclination of the ring system relative to the Sun and Earth. The brightest magnitude, -0.55, occurs near in time to when the plane of the rings is inclined most highly, and the faintest magnitude, 1.17, occurs around the time when they are least inclined.[10] It takes approximately 29.5 years for the planet to complete an entire circuit of the ecliptic against the background constellations of the zodiac. Most people will require an optical aid (very large binoculars or a small telescope) that magnifies at least 30 times to achieve an image of Saturn's rings, in which clear resolution is present.[31][131] Twice every Saturnian year (roughly every 15 Earth years), the rings briefly disappear from view, due to the way in which they are angled and because they are so thin. Such a \"disappearance\" will next occur in 2025, but Saturn will be too close to the Sun for any ring-crossing observation to be possible.[155]", "Saturn. The probes discovered and confirmed several new satellites orbiting near or within the planet's rings, as well as the small Maxwell Gap (a gap within the C Ring) and Keeler gap (a 42 km wide gap in the A Ring).", "Planets in astrology. Before the discovery of Uranus, Saturn was regarded as the ruling planet of Aquarius alongside Capricorn of course, which is the preceding sign. Many traditional types of astrologers refer Saturn as the planetary ruler for both Capricorn and Aquarius. In modern astrology, it is the primary native ruler of the tenth house. Traditionally however, Saturn ruled both the first and eighth houses, and had its joy in the twelfth house of mischief and bad luck.", "Saturn. Saturn has an intrinsic magnetic field that has a simple, symmetric shape – a magnetic dipole. Its strength at the equator – 0.2 gauss (20 µT) – is approximately one twentieth of that of the field around Jupiter and slightly weaker than Earth's magnetic field.[17] As a result, Saturn's magnetosphere is much smaller than Jupiter's.[65] When Voyager 2 entered the magnetosphere, the solar wind pressure was high and the magnetosphere extended only 19 Saturn radii, or 1.1 million km (712,000 mi),[66] although it enlarged within several hours, and remained so for about three days.[67] Most probably, the magnetic field is generated similarly to that of Jupiter – by currents in the liquid metallic-hydrogen layer called a metallic-hydrogen dynamo.[65] This magnetosphere is efficient at deflecting the solar wind particles from the Sun. The moon Titan orbits within the outer part of Saturn's magnetosphere and contributes plasma from the ionized particles in Titan's outer atmosphere.[17] Saturn's magnetosphere, like Earth's, produces aurorae.[68]", "Navadurga. Governing planet: Saturn", "Saturn. Saturn has a hot interior, reaching 11,700 °C at its core, and it radiates 2.5 times more energy into space than it receives from the Sun. Jupiter's thermal energy is generated by the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism of slow gravitational compression, but such a process alone may not be sufficient to explain heat production for Saturn, because it is less massive. An alternative or additional mechanism may be generation of heat through the \"raining out\" of droplets of helium deep in Saturn's interior. As the droplets descend through the lower-density hydrogen, the process releases heat by friction and leaves Saturn's outer layers depleted of helium.[33][34] These descending droplets may have accumulated into a helium shell surrounding the core.[26] Rainfalls of diamonds have been suggested to occur within Saturn, as well as in Jupiter[35] and ice giants Uranus and Neptune.[36]", "Exploration of Saturn. Other proposed missions to the Saturn system are:", "Planet Nine. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory has stated that according to their mission managers and orbit determination experts, the Cassini spacecraft is not experiencing unexplained deviations in its orbit around Saturn. William Folkner, a planetary scientist at JPL stated, \"An undiscovered planet outside the orbit of Neptune, 10 times the mass of Earth, would affect the orbit of Saturn, not Cassini ... This could produce a signature in the measurements of Cassini while in orbit about Saturn if the planet was close enough to the Sun. But we do not see any unexplained signature above the level of the measurement noise in Cassini data taken from 2004 to 2016.\"[133] Observations of Saturn's orbit neither prove nor disprove that Planet Nine exists. Rather, they suggest that Planet Nine could not be in certain sections of its proposed orbit because its gravity would cause a noticeable effect on Saturn's position, inconsistent with actual observations.", "Saturn. Saturn and its rings are best seen when the planet is at, or near, opposition, the configuration of a planet when it is at an elongation of 180°, and thus appears opposite the Sun in the sky. A Saturnian opposition occurs every year—approximately every 378 days—and results in the planet appearing at its brightest. Both the Earth and Saturn orbit the Sun on eccentric orbits, which means their distances from the Sun vary over time, and therefore so do their distances from each other, hence varying the brightness of Saturn from one opposition to the next. Saturn also appears brighter when the rings are angled such that they are more visible. For example, during the opposition of 17 December 2002, Saturn appeared at its brightest due to a favorable orientation of its rings relative to the Earth,[156] even though Saturn was closer to the Earth and Sun in late 2003.[156]", "Rings of Saturn. A faint dust ring is present around the region occupied by the orbits of Janus and Epimetheus, as revealed by images taken in forward-scattered light by the Cassini spacecraft in 2006. The ring has a radial extent of about 5,000 km.[91] Its source is particles blasted off the moons' surfaces by meteoroid impacts, which then form a diffuse ring around their orbital paths.[92]", "Saturn. Saturn's interior is probably composed of a core of iron–nickel and rock (silicon and oxygen compounds). This core is surrounded by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen, an intermediate layer of liquid hydrogen and liquid helium, and finally a gaseous outer layer. Saturn has a pale yellow hue due to ammonia crystals in its upper atmosphere. Electrical current within the metallic hydrogen layer is thought to give rise to Saturn's planetary magnetic field, which is weaker than Earth's, but has a magnetic moment 580 times that of Earth due to Saturn's larger size. Saturn's magnetic field strength is around one-twentieth of Jupiter's.[17] The outer atmosphere is generally bland and lacking in contrast, although long-lived features can appear. Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1,800 km/h (1,100 mph; 500 m/s), higher than on Jupiter, but not as high as those on Neptune.[18]", "Voyager 1. The gravitational assist trajectories at Jupiter were successfully carried out by both Voyagers, and the two spacecraft went on to visit Saturn and its system of moons and rings. Voyager 1 encountered Saturn in November 1980, with the closest approach on November 12, 1980, when the space probe came within 124,000 kilometers (77,000 mi) of Saturn's cloud-tops. The space probe's cameras detected complex structures in the rings of Saturn, and its remote sensing instruments studied the atmospheres of Saturn and its giant moon Titan.[30]", "Saturn. The winds on Saturn are the second fastest among the Solar System's planets, after Neptune's. Voyager data indicate peak easterly winds of 500 m/s (1,800 km/h).[47] In images from the Cassini spacecraft during 2007, Saturn's northern hemisphere displayed a bright blue hue, similar to Uranus. The color was most likely caused by Rayleigh scattering.[48] Thermography has shown that Saturn's south pole has a warm polar vortex, the only known example of such a phenomenon in the Solar System.[49] Whereas temperatures on Saturn are normally −185 °C, temperatures on the vortex often reach as high as −122 °C, suspected to be the warmest spot on Saturn.[49]", "Cassini–Huygens. Launched aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur on October 15, 1997, Cassini was active in space for nearly 20 years, with 13 years spent orbiting Saturn, studying the planet and its system after entering orbit on July 1, 2004.[8] The voyage to Saturn included flybys of Venus (April 1998 and July 1999), Earth (August 1999), the asteroid 2685 Masursky, and Jupiter (December 2000). Its mission ended on September 15, 2017, when Cassini's trajectory took it into Saturn's upper atmosphere and it burned up[9][10] in order to prevent any risk of contaminating Saturn's moons, which might have offered habitable environments to stowaway terrestrial microbes on the spacecraft.[11][12] The mission is widely perceived to have been successful beyond expectation. Cassini-Huygens has been described by NASA's Planetary Science Division Director as a \"mission of firsts\",[13] that has revolutionized human understanding of the Saturn system, including its moons and rings, and our understanding of where life might be found in the Solar System." ]

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[ "Ibibio people. Another version had it that the Cameroon will offer a more concise explanation of the Ibibio migration story. This was corroborated by oral testimonies by field workers who say that the core Ibibio people were of the Afaha lineage whose original home was Usak Edet in the Cameroon. This was premised on the fact that among the Ibibio people, Usak Edet is popularly known as Edit Afaha (Afaha’s Creek) which reflects the fact that Ibibio people originated from Usak Edet. After the first bulk of the people arrived in what later became Nigeria, they settled first at Ibom then in Arochukwu. The Ibibio must have lived in Ibom for quite sometime, but as a result of clashes with the Igbo people culminating into the famous ‘Ibibio War’ which took place about 1300 and 1400 A.D.[citation needed] , they left Ibom and moved to the present day Ibibio land.[4]", "Ibibio people. The Ibibio are divided into six subcultural groups: Eastern Ibibio, or Ibibio Proper; Western Ibibio, or Annang; Northern Ibibio, or Enyong; Southern Ibibio, or Eket; Delta Ibibio, or Andomi-Ibeno; and Riverine Ibibio, or Efik.[6]", "Ibibio people. The Ibibio people are from southern Nigeria. They are related to the Anaang and Efik peoples. During the colonial period in Nigeria, the Ibibio Union asked for recognition by the British as a sovereign nation (Noah, 1988). The Annang, Efik, Ekid, Oron and Ibeno share personal names, culture, and traditions with the Ibibio, and speak closely related varieties of Ibibio-Efik which are more or less mutually intelligible.[2]", "Ibibio people. The Ibibios were introduced to Christianity through the work of early missionaries in the nineteenth century. Samuel Bill started his work at Ibeno. He established the Qua Iboe Church which later spread places in the middle belt of Nigeria. The Methodist Church, the Roman Catholic church, and Presbyterian Church rode into the Ibibio hinterland. Later, day churches were also introduced, for e.g. The Apostolic church, independent churches, like Deeper Life Bible Church, came into the area in the second part of the twentieth century. Today Ibibio people are predominantly Christian area.", "Ibibio people. The Ibibio people are found predominantly in Akwa Ibom state and is made up of the related Anaang community, the Ibibio community and the Eket and Oron communities, although other groups usually understand the Ibibio language. Because of the larger population of the Ibibio people, they hold political control over Akwa-Ibom State, but government is shared with the Anaangs, Eket and Oron. The political system follows the traditional method of consensus. Even though elections are held, practically, the political leaders are pre-discussed in a manner that is benefiting to all.", "Ibibio people. Traditionally Ibibio society consists of communities that are made up of Large Families with blood affinity each ruled by their Constitutional and Religious Head known as the Ikpaisong'. The Obong Ikpaisong ruled with the Mbong Ekpuk (Head of the Families)which together with the Heads of the Cults and Societies constitute the 'Afe or Asan or Esop Ikpaisong' (Traditional Council or Traditional Shrine or Traditional Court'). The decisions or orders of the Traditional Council or the Obong Ikpaisong were enforced by members of the Ekpo or Obon society who act as messengers of the spirits and the military and police of the Community. Ekpo members are always masked when performing their policing duties, and although their identities are almost always known, fear of retribution from the ancestors prevents most people from accusing those members who overstep their social boundaries, effectively committing police brutality. Membership is open to all Ibibio males, but one must have access to wealth to move into the politically influential grades. The Obon society with its strong enticing traditional musical prowess, with popular acceptability, openly executes its mandates with musical procession and popular participation by members which comprises children, youth, adults and very brave elderly women.", "Ibibio people. The Ibibio people are reputed to be the earliest inhabitants of the south eastern Nigeria. It is estimated that they arrived at their present abode from very earliest times, about 7000 B.C. In spite of the historical account, it is not clear when the people known as Ibibio arrived the state. According to some scholars, they might have come from the central Benue valley, particularly, the Jukun influence in the old Calabar at some historical time period. Another pointer is the wide-spread use of the manila, a popular currency used by the Jukuns.[citation needed] Coupled with this is the Jukun southern drive to the coast which appears to have been recently compared with the formation of Akwa Ibom settlements in their present location.[3]", "Ibibio people. Ibibio religion was of two dimensions, which centered on the pouring of libation, worship, consultation, communication and invocation of the God of Heaven (Abasi Enyong) and God of the Earth (Abasi Isong) by the Constitutional and Religious King/Head of a particular Ibibio Community who was known from the ancient times as the Obong-Ikpaisong (the word 'Obong Ikpaisong' directly interpreted means King of the Principalities of the Earth' or 'King of the Earth and the Principalities' or Traditional Ruler).[5] The second dimension of Ibibio Religion centered on the worship, consultation, invocation, sacrifice, appeasement, etc. of the God of the Heaven (Abasi Enyong) and the God of the Earth (Abasi Isong)through various invisible or spiritual entities (Ndem) of the various Ibibio Division such as Etefia Ikono, Awa Itam, etc. The Priests of these spiritual entities (Ndem) were the Temple Chief Priests of the various Ibibio Divisions. A particular Ibibio Division could consist of many inter-related autonomous communities or Kingdoms ruled by an autonomous Priest-King called Obong-Ikpaisong, assisted by Heads of the various Large Families (Mbong Ekpuk) which make up the Community. These have been the ancient political and religious system of Ibibio people from time immemorial. Tradition, interpreted in Ibibio Language, is 'Ikpaisong'. Tradition (Ikpaisong) in Ibibio Custom embodies the Religious and Political System. The word 'Obong' in Ibibio language means 'Ruler, King, Lord, Chief, Head' and is applied depending on the Office concern. In reference to the Obong-Ikpaisong, the word 'Obong' means 'King' In reference to the Village Head, the word means 'Chief'. In reference to the Head of the Families (Obong Ekpuk), the word means 'Head' In reference to God, the word means 'Lord'. In reference to the Head of the various societies - e.g. 'Obong Obon', the word means 'Head or Leader'.", "Ibibio people. The Ibibio people are located in Southeastern Nigeria also known as Coastal Southeastern Nigeria. Prior to the existence of Nigeria as a nation, the Ibibio people were self-governed. The Ibibio people became a part of the Eastern Nigeria of Nigeria under British colonial rule. During the Nigerian Civil War, the Eastern region was split into three states. Southeastern State of Nigeria was where the Ibibio were located, one of the original twelve states of Nigeria) after Nigerian independence. The Efik, Anaang, Oron, Eket and their brothers and sisters of the Ogoja District, were also in the Southeastern State. The state (Southeastern State) was later renamed Cross Rivers State. On 23 September 1987, by Military Decree No.24, Akwa Ibom State was carved out of the then Cross Rivers State as a separate state. Cross Rivers State remains as one of neighbouring states.", "Ibibio people. The masks and accoutrements of the Ekpo society make up the greatest works of art in Ibibio society. Drumming and music are also important elements in Ekpe ceremonies. The wooden sculpture from this area is also very detailed, and artists are just as likely to capture beauty as they are the hideous forms of evil spirits.", "Typography of Apple Inc.. Univers was eventually replaced on Apple's keyboards by VAG Rounded, which was used on all iBook models, PowerBooks introduced after 2003, and MacBooks, MacBooks Pro, MacBooks Air, and Apple Keyboards from August 2007 until early 2015. The font was developed by Sedley Place Ltd. for German car manufacturer Volkswagen and was used in much of their marketing materials.[6]", "History of Western typography. The \"Aldino\" italic type, commissioned by Manutius and cut by Franceso Griffo in 1499, was a closely spaced condensed type. Griffo's punches are a delicate translation of the Italian cursive hand, featuring letters of irregular slant angle and uneven height and vertical position, with some connected pairs (ligatures), and unslanted small roman capitals the height of the lower case t. The fame of Aldus Manutius and his editions made the Griffo italic widely copied and influential, although it was not the finest of the pioneer italics. The \"Aldino\" style quickly became known as \"italic\" from its Italian origin.", "RNA editing. The editing involves cytidine deaminase that deaminates a cytidine base into a uridine base. An example of C-to-U editing is with the apolipoprotein B gene in humans. Apo B100 is expressed in the liver and apo B48 is expressed in the intestines. In the intestines, the mRNA has a CAA sequence edited to be UAA, a stop codon, thus producing the shorter B48 form. C-to-U editing often occurs in the mitochondrial RNA of flowering plants. Different plants have different degrees of C-to-U editing; eight editing events occur in mitochondria of the moss Funaria hygrometrica, whereas over 1,700 editing events occur in the lycophytes Isoetes engelmanii.[11] C-to-U editing is performed by members of the pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein family. Angiosperms have large PPR families, acting as trans -factors for cis -elements lacking a consensus sequence; Arabidopsis has around 450 members in its PPR family. There have been a number of discoveries of PPR proteins in both plastids and mitochondria.[12]", "Akwa Ibom State. The creation of Enyong Division for the first time allowed the numerous ethnic groups to come together. This further provided a venue for the creation of the Ibibio Welfare Union, later renamed Ibibio State Union. This social organization was first organized as a local development and improvement forum for educated persons and groups who were shut out from the colonial administration in 1929. Nonetheless, some historians have wrongly pointed to the union to buttress their argument about the homogeneity of groups in the area.[citation needed] The Obolo Union, comprising Ibono and Andoni stock, was another strong socioeconomic and cultural organization that thrived in the region. The Ibono people have fought wars to maintain their unique identity and territory in the region more than any other group.", "Ibibio people. We are Ibibio people. \"Ndi\" is an Efik word that means \"I am\". While Ndo is Ibibio, just like Nde is Annang. it is mostly used by the Efik and Ibibio", "Ouzo. \"The Band\" (2002) by the Swedish band Mando Diao", "Latin declension. In the dative and ablative plural, -ibus is sometimes replaced with -ubus. This is so for only a few nouns, such as artÅ«s pl., ('limbs').", "No Longer at Ease. The members of the Umuofia Progressive Union (UPU), a group of Ibo men who have left their villages to live in major Nigerian cities, have taken up a collection to send Obi to England to study law, in the hope that he will return to help his people navigate British colonial society. But once there, Obi switches his major to English and meets Clara for the first time during a dance.", "Ibibio people. Southwestern Cameroon was a part of present Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. During the then Eastern Region of Nigeria it got partitioned into Cameroon in a 1961 plebiscite. This resulted in the Ibibio, Efik, and Annang being divided between Nigeria and Cameroon. However, the leadership of the Northern Region of Nigeria was able to keep \"Northwestern section\" during the plebiscite that is now today's Nigerian Adamawa and Taraba states.", "Radio broadcasting. In the United States, digital radio isn't used in the same way as Europe and South Africa. Instead, the IBOC system is named HD Radio and owned by a consortium of private companies that is called iBiquity. An international non-profit consortium Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), has introduced the public domain DRM system.", "ABO blood group system. Blood groups are inherited from both parents. The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene (the ABO gene) with three types of alleles inferred from classical genetics: i, IA, and IB. The I designation stands for isoagglutinogen, another term for antigen.[25] The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase—that is, an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens. The gene is located on the long arm of the ninth chromosome (9q34).", "APO Hiking Society. In 1998, Legendary OPM group APO and defunct band Eraserheads teamed up for their first \"San Miguel Beer\" TV commercial \"Homeboys.\" The concept of reviving and modernizing their originals by rock/alternative bands in the 1990s paved the way to two tribute albums by various bands entitled Kami nAPO Muna in 2006 and Kami nAPO Muna Ulit in 2007.", "Akwa Ibom State. Including their Efik brothers and sisters of Cross River State, they speak various dialects of the Efik-Ibibio Language, which belongs to the Benue–Congo language family, which forms part of the Niger–Congo group of languages.", "Ibibio people. The Ibibio practiced the killing of twins before it was abolished during the colonial era, with help of missionary Mary Slessor. It was common practice for twin babies to be taken to their community's local evil forest and left to die as it was a taboo for twins to be born.", "Portuguese Podengo. The Medio (medium) was developed for rabbit chasing, flushing, hunting and retrieval. Its hunting style includes catlike stalking and, similar to the Ibizan Hound, it often jumps above the prey before landing on or near it to flush it out of dense brush, rock crevices or burrows. It will dig if necessary to flush prey.[3]", "Afro-Cuban jazz. Guajeos (Afro-Cuban ostinato melodies), or guajeo fragments are commonly used motifs in Latin jazz melodies. For example, the A section of \"Sabor\" is a 2-3 onbeat/offbeat guajeo, minus some notes. The following excerpt is from a performance by Cal Tjader.", "sudo. visudo is a command-line utility that allows editing the configuration file in a fail-safe manner. It prevents multiple simultaneous edits with locks and performs sanity and syntax checks.", "Tito & Tarantula. On Andalucia, the band revisited the sort of music they had played on Hungry Sally & Other Killer Lullabies. A few of the tracks featured keyboards, which weren't too common of an instrument in their music before, but had to be incorporated so that their keyboardist, Marcus Praed, would have a contribution to the songs. Like on Little Bitch, the album featured female backing vocals, but this time they were all contributed by Io Perry. Overall, the album was general rock, but also featured several acoustic power ballads, such as \"You're the One I Love\", \"California Girl\", \"Bullets from a Gun\", \"Make Me\", and \"Mexican Sky\".", "Mi último adiós. Mi Ultimo A Dios", "I Took a Pill in Ibiza. \"I Took a Pill in Ibiza\" (also known by its censored title \"In Ibiza\" or its clean title \"I Took a Plane to Ibiza\") is a song by American singer Mike Posner with lyrics that reference Swedish musician Avicii. The song, originally acoustic guitar-based, was remixed by the Norwegian duo SeeB and released digitally as a single in the United States on July 24, 2015. The original version is on Posner's second EP The Truth, while both versions are on his second studio album At Night, Alone.", "Designated driver. Since 2005, the spirits company Diageo has used a similar concept in Brazil to discourage drunk driving. Called Piloto da Vez, the campaign was born with the sponsorship of McLaren. Juan Pablo Montoya, Mika Häkkinen and Lewis Hamilton have participated in the campaign.", "Hornbostel–Sachs. Blown idiophones are idiophones set in vibration by the movement of air, for example the Aeolsklavier, an instrument consisting of several pieces of wood which vibrate when air is blown onto them by a set of bellows. The piano chanteur features plaques." ]

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[ "Narendra Modi. Prime Minister of India", "List of Prime Ministers of India. The incumbent Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi who has headed the BJP-led NDA government since 26 May 2014 which is India's first non-Congress single party majority government.[4]", "Narendra Modi. Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati: [ˈnəɾeːnd̪rə d̪aːmoːd̪əɾˈd̪aːs ˈmoːd̪iː] ( listen), born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician who is the 14th and current Prime Minister of India, in office since May 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi. Modi, a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), is a Hindu nationalist and member of the right-wing Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).", "Prime Minister of India. ———————", "List of Prime Ministers of India. The Prime Minister of India is the chief executive of the Government of India. In India's parliamentary system, the Constitution names the President as head of state de jure, but his or her de facto executive powers are vested in the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers. Appointed and sworn-in by the President, the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party or alliance that has a majority in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's Parliament.[1]", "Prime Minister of India. The Prime Minister of India is the leader of the executive of the Government of India. The prime minister is also the chief adviser to the President of India and head of the Council of Ministers. They can be a member of any of the two houses of the Parliament of India — the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of the States) — but has to be a member of the political party or coalition, having a majority in the Lok Sabha.", "Prime Minister of India. The prime minister leads the functioning and exercise of authority of the Government of India. The President of India — subject to eligibility — invites a person who is commanding support of majority members of Lok Sabha to form the Government of India — also known as the central government or Union government — at the national level and exercise its powers.[65] In practice the prime minister nominates the members of their council of ministers to the president.[66][67][68] They also work upon to decide a core group of ministers (known as the cabinet),[66] as in charge of the important functions and ministries of the Government of India.", "Prime Minister of India. India follows a parliamentary system in which the prime minister is the presiding head of the government and chief of the executive of the government. In such systems, the head of state, or, the head of state's official representative (i.e., the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a purely ceremonial position and acts — on most matters — only on the advice of the prime minister.", "Prime Minister of India. The prime minister is the senior-most member of cabinet in the executive of government in a parliamentary system. The prime minister selects and can dismiss members of the cabinet; allocates posts to members within the government; and is the presiding member and chairperson of the cabinet.", "Prime Minister of India. The prime minister acts as the presides over various funds.", "Government of India. The Prime Minister of India, as addressed in the Constitution of India, is the chief of the government, chief adviser to the President of India, head of the Council of Ministers and the leader of the majority party in the parliament. The prime minister leads the executive branch of the Government of India.", "Prime Minister of India. ———————\nExecutive:", "Manmohan Singh. Manmohan Singh (Punjabi: [mənˈmoːɦən ˈsɪ́ŋɡ] ( listen); born 26 September 1932) is an Indian economist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. The first Sikh in office, Singh was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term.", "Prime Minister of India. The prime minister recommends to the president — among others — names for the appointment of:", "Prime Minister of India. Oath of office:", "Prime Minister of India. National coalitions:", "Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Narendra Modi, second swayamsevak to become the Prime Minister of India", "Narendra Modi. Modi was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014 at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. He became the first Prime Minister born after India's independence from the British Empire.[185] His first cabinet consisted of 45 ministers, 25 fewer than the previous United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government.[186] 21 new ministers were added to the council of ministers in November 2014.[187]", "Prime Minister of India. Oath of secrecy:", "Indian order of precedence. Prime minister (Narendra Modi)", "Norman Borlaug. Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh and President of India Pratibha Patil paid tribute to Borlaug saying,", "Prime Minister of India. The prime minister represents the country in various delegations, high level meetings and international organisations that require the attendance of the highest government office,[72] and also addresses to the nation on various issues of national or other importance.[73]", "List of Prime Ministers of India. Prime Minister (Re-elected)", "Prime Minister of India. The prime minister — in consultation with the cabinet — schedules and attends the sessions of the houses of parliament and is required to answer the question from the Members of Parliament to them as the in-charge of the portfolios in the capacity as Prime Minister of India.[71]", "Prime Minister of India. The prime minister acts as the leader of the house of the chamber of parliament — generally the Lok Sabha — he/she belongs to. In this role, the prime minister is tasked with representing the executive in the legislature, he/she is also expected to announce important legislation, and is further expected to respond to the opposition's concerns.[89] Article 85 of the Indian constitution confers the president with the power to convene and end extraordinary sessions of the parliament, this power, however, is exercised only on the advise of prime minister and his/her council, so, in practice, the prime minister does exercise some control over affairs of the parliament.", "List of Prime Ministers of India. (acting President)", "Charan Singh. Chaudhary Charan Singh (23 December 1902 – 29 May 1987) was the 5th Prime Minister of the Republic of India, serving from 28 July 1979 until 14 January 1980. Historians and people alike frequently refer to him as the 'champion of India's peasants.'[1]", "Parliament of India. Indian Prime Minister, Morarji Desai listens to Jimmy Carter as he addresses the Indian Parliament House.", "Prime Minister of India. The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.", "Jawaharlal Nehru. Jawaharlal Nehru (/ˈneɪruː, ˈnɛruː/;[1] Hindustani: [ˈdʒəʋaːɦərˈlaːl ˈneːɦru] ( listen); 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was the first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence. He emerged as the paramount leader of the Indian independence movement under the tutelage of Mahatma Gandhi and ruled India from its establishment as an independent nation in 1947 until his death in 1964. He is considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation-state: a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic. He was also known as Pandit Nehru due to his roots with the Kashmiri Pandit community while many Indian children knew him as Chacha Nehru (Hindi, lit., \"Uncle Nehru\").[2][3]", "Prime Minister of India. Like most parliamentary democracies, the president's duties are mostly ceremonial as long as the constitution and the rule of law is obeyed by the cabinet and the legislature. The Prime Minister of India is the head of government and has the responsibility for executive power. The president's constitutional duty is to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law per article 60. In the constitution of India, the prime minister is mentioned in only four of its articles (articles 74, 75, 78 and 366), however he/she plays a crucial role in the Government of India by enjoying majority in the Lok Sabha.", "Prime Minister of India. ———————\nState governments" ]

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[ "2018 FIFA World Cup. The 2018 FIFA World Cup will be the 21st FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial international football tournament contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018,[2] after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 2 December 2010. This will be the first World Cup held in Europe since the 2006 tournament in Germany; all but one of the stadium venues are in European Russia, west of the Ural Mountains, to keep travel time manageable.", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids. On 2 December 2010, FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced the winning bids at FIFA's headquarters in Zurich. Russia was chosen to host the 2018 World Cup, and Qatar was chosen to host the 2022 World Cup.[101] This made Russia the first Eastern European country to host the World Cup, while Qatar would be the first Middle Eastern country to host the World Cup.[102][103]\nBlatter noted that the committee had decided to \"go to new lands\" and reflected a desire to \"develop football\" by bringing it to more countries.[104]", "2018 FIFA World Cup. The twenty-two-member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments.[9] Russia won the right to be the 2018 host in the second round of voting. The Portugal/Spain bid came second, and that from Belgium/Netherlands third. England's bid to host its second tournament fell at the first hurdle.[10]", "FIFA World Cup hosts. The host will be announced on June 13, 2018 at the 69th FIFA Congress in Moscow, Russia.", "2018 FIFA World Cup Final. The 2018 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 15 July 2018 to determine the winners of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. It was the final of the 21st FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial tournament contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The match was contested by France and Croatia, and held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia.", "2018 FIFA World Cup seeding. The draw for the 2018 FIFA World Cup took place on 1 December 2017 at the State Kremlin Palace in Moscow, Russia.[1] It determined the group in which each of the 32 qualified national teams will play in at the start of the tournament. The teams were divided into four pots of eight, with one team selected from each pot to form a group.", "2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony. The opening ceremony of the 2018 FIFA World Cup took place on Thursday, 14 June 2018, at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia[1] at 3:30 (BST), about a half hour before the opening match which Russia won 5–0 over Saudi Arabia.[2][3]", "2015 FIFA corruption case. On 29 November 2010 the BBC broadcast FIFA's Dirty Secrets, a second documentary by Jennings.[61] This was aired just days before the results of the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids in Zurich, Switzerland. Following the bidding process, FIFA announced that Russia and Qatar had won the rights to stage the 2018 and 2022 World Cups respectively. The result immediately caused controversies, as Russia is accused of a high level of racism in football and because of its involvement in the Ukrainian crisis. After it was announced that Russia would host 2018 FIFA World Cup, Dr Rafał Pankowski, a head of UEFA FARE Monitoring Centre, accused the Russian Football Union of downplaying racist chants in stadiums.[63] The annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014 led to several British and American politicians calling on FIFA to overturn its decision of hosting the 2018 World Cup in Russia.[64] Criticism from a number of media outlets, sporting experts, and human rights groups also highlighted problems such as Qatar's limited football history, the high expected cost, the local climate, and Qatar's human rights record.[65] Since in summer temperature will reach more than 50 °C (122 °F) in Qatar, it was announced on 24 February 2015 that a winter world cup would go ahead in favour of the traditional summertime event.", "2018 FIFA World Cup. In October 2014, on their first official visit to Russia, FIFA's inspection committee and its head Chris Unger visited St Petersburg, Sochi, Kazan and both Moscow venues. They were satisfied with the progress.[40]", "2018 FIFA World Cup Final. The final was played at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, located in the Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug. An expanded version of the stadium was named as the provisional final venue in Russia's World Cup bid, which was selected by FIFA on 2 December 2010.[5] Luzhniki Stadium was confirmed as the final venue on 14 December 2012, following a meeting of the now-erswthile FIFA Executive Committee held in Tokyo, Japan.[6] The stadium also hosted six other matches, including the opening match on 14 June, three group stage matches, a round of 16 match, and the second semi-final match.[7][8]", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids. At the 2008 FIFA Congress, held in Sydney, FIFA president Sepp Blatter suggested that Australia concentrate on hosting the 2022 tournament,[55] but Lowy responded by recommitting Australia to its 2018 bid.[56] However, Australia ultimately withdrew from the bidding for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in favour of the 2022 FIFA World Cup on 10 June 2010, following comments from the chief of the Asian Football Confederation that the 2018 tournament should be held in Europe.[57][58]", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids. On 2 December 2010, Russia and Qatar were selected as the locations for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups respectively.", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The draw for the third round was held on 8 July 2016 at the OFC headquarters in Auckland, New Zealand.[44]", "2018 FIFA World Cup. The final tournament will involve 32 national teams, which include 31 teams determined through qualifying competitions and the automatically qualified host team. Of the 32 teams, 20 will be making back-to-back appearances following the last tournament in 2014, including defending champions Germany, while Iceland and Panama will both be making their first appearances at a FIFA World Cup. A total of 64 matches will be played in 12 venues located in 11 cities. The final will take place on 15 July at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow.[3][4][5]", "2018 FIFA World Cup squads. The 2018 FIFA World Cup was an international football tournament held in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018. The 32 national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of 23 players, including three goalkeepers. Only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament.[1]", "Russia. Russia will host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, this will be the first World Cup ever held in Eastern Europe, and the first held in Europe since 2006.", "2018 FIFA World Cup statistics. These are the statistics for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, which took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018.", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The draw for the first round was held on 25 July 2015, at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg, Russia.[29]", "2022 FIFA World Cup. The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022. This will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim-majority country. This will be the first World Cup held entirely in geographical Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan (the 2018 competition in Russia featured one geographically Asian venue, Yekaterinburg). In addition the tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams, with an increase to 48 teams scheduled for the 2026 tournament.", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF). The draw for the first round was held on 15 January 2015, 19:40 EST (UTC−5), at the W Hotel at Miami Beach, Florida, United States.[10]", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The draw for the fifth round (to decide the fixtures) was held on 8 July 2016 at the CONCACAF headquarters in Miami Beach, United States.[37]", "2018 FIFA World Cup. The draw was held on 1 December 2017, at 18:00 MSK, at the State Kremlin Palace in Moscow.[27][28] The 32 teams were drawn into eight groups of four.", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. Unlike previous qualifying tournaments where the fixtures were pre-determined, the fixtures were decided by a draw held on 25 July 2015, at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg, Russia.[38]", "2018 FIFA World Cup. The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups began in January 2009, and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest.[6] Initially, nine countries placed bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings,[7] and Indonesia's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian government failed to submit a letter to support the bid.[8] During the bidding process, the three remaining non-UEFA nations (Australia, Japan, and the United States) gradually withdrew from the 2018 bids, and the UEFA nations were thus ruled out of the 2022 bid. As such, there were eventually four bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, two of which were joint bids: England, Russia, Netherlands/Belgium, and Portugal/Spain.", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The draw for the third round was held on 24 June 2016 at the CAF headquarters in Cairo, Egypt.[30]", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF). The draw for the second round was held on 15 January 2015, 19:40 EST (UTC−5), at the W Hotel at Miami Beach, Florida, United States.[10]", "2018 FIFA World Cup. On 8 October 2015, FIFA and the Local Organising Committee agreed on the official names of the stadiums used during the tournament.[41]", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The draw for the second round (play-offs) was held on 17 October 2017 at the FIFA headquarters in Zürich, Switzerland.[52] The winners of each tie qualified for the World Cup.", "Rostov-on-Don. Rostov-on-Don is one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. A huge development is planned on the left bank of the Don River, which includes a soccer stadium to host the games during the championship.", "2018 FIFA World Cup. For the first time in the history of the FIFA World Cup, all eligible nations – the 209 FIFA member associations minus automatically qualified hosts Russia – entered the qualifying process.[15] Zimbabwe and Indonesia were later disqualified before playing their first matches,[16][17] while Gibraltar and Kosovo, who joined FIFA on 13 May 2016 after the qualifying draw but before European qualifying had begun, also entered the competition.[18] Places in the tournament were allocated to continental confederations, with the allocation unchanged from the 2014 World Cup.[19][20] The first qualification game began in Dili, Timor Leste, on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC's qualification,[21] and the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg on 25 July 2015 at 18:00 local time (UTC+3).[22][23][24][2]", "FIFA World Cup hosts. The hosts for both World Cups were announced by the FIFA Executive Committee on 2 December 2010. Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, making it the first time that the World Cup will be hosted in Eastern Europe and making it the biggest country geographically to host the World Cup. Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, making it the first time a World Cup will be held in the Middle East and the second time in Asia. Also, the decision made it the smallest country geographically to host the World Cup.[31]", "2026 FIFA World Cup. The voting took place on June 13, 2018, during FIFA's annual congress in Moscow, and it was reopened to all eligible members.[27] The United bid won receiving 134 valid ballots, while the Morocco bid received 65 valid ballots. Upon the selection, Canada becomes the fifth country to host both men's and women's World Cup—the latter was in 2015, Mexico becomes the first country to host three men's World Cups—previously in 1970 and 1986, and the United States becomes the first country to host both men's and women's World Cup twice each—having hosted the 1994 men's and the 1999 and 2003 women's World Cups." ]

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[ "The Middle (TV series). The show was originally set to take place in Jasper, Indiana, though the setting was changed to the fictional Orson, Indiana on the advice of attorneys.[15] However, Orson is based on, and presumed to be located near Jasper. The show is filmed in Stage 31 at the Warner Bros. Ranch[16], with the house's exterior on the ranch's Blondie Street. Set director Julie Fanton shops at traditionally mid-western places, such as Target and Kohl's, so the show appears to have a realistic middle-class look.[13]", "The Middle (TV series). The Middle is an American sitcom about a middle-class family living in Indiana facing the day-to-day struggles of home life, work, and raising children. The show premiered September 30, 2009, on the ABC network and features Everybody Loves Raymond actress Patricia Heaton and Scrubs actor Neil Flynn.[1] The Middle was created by former Roseanne and Murphy Brown writers Eileen Heisler and DeAnn Heline of Blackie and Blondie Productions. The show is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Blackie and Blondie Productions. The Middle has been praised by television critics and earned numerous award nominations.", "The Middle (TV series). The series features Frances \"Frankie\" Heck (Patricia Heaton), a middle class, middle-aged, Midwestern[5] woman and her husband Mike (Neil Flynn), who reside in the small fictional town of Orson, Indiana based on the real town of Jasper, Indiana.[6] They are the parents of three children, Axl (Charlie McDermott), Sue (Eden Sher), and Brick (Atticus Shaffer).[7]", "The Middle (season 8). The show is about a working class family led by Frances \"Frankie\" Heck (Patricia Heaton), a middle aged Midwestern woman married to Michael \"Mike\" Heck (Neil Flynn), who reside in the small fictional town of Orson, Indiana. They are the parents of three children, Axl (Charlie McDermott), Sue (Eden Sher), and Brick (Atticus Shaffer).", "The Middle (season 9). The show is about a working class family led by Frances \"Frankie\" Heck (Patricia Heaton), a middle aged Midwestern woman married to Michael \"Mike\" Heck (Neil Flynn), who reside in the small fictional town of Orson, Indiana. They are the parents of three children, Axl (Charlie McDermott), Sue (Eden Sher), and Brick (Atticus Shaffer).", "The Middle (TV series). The Middle premiered in the U.S. on September 30, 2009, on ABC. It has aired on City (formerly Citytv) in Canada since the third season.[99] Previously, the show aired on A (now CTV Two) during its first season.[100] In Australia, the show premiered on December 7, 2009, on Nine Network. The New Zealand premiere was on May 8, 2010, on TV2. In India, the show premiered on January 5, 2015 on Romedy Now. In the UK, it premiered on August 29, 2010, on Sky1. Season 5 premiered on Comedy Central, UK on January 21, 2014, and in Ireland on April 16, 2014, on TV3. It has been adapted in Hindi on Reliance Broadcast Network comedy channel BIG MAGIC as Tedi Medi Family. It is also broadcast on the Neox Channel in Spain[101] and Warner Channel in Latin America and Brazil.[102][103]", "List of The Middle episodes. The Middle is a primetime American comedy series created by DeAnn Heline and Eileen Heisler for the ABC network. The Middle stars Patricia Heaton and Neil Flynn as Frankie and Mike Heck, a used-car saleswoman and the manager of a small mining firm respectively, who struggle to raise their children in the fictional middle-class town of Orson, Indiana. Their three children include the athletic but underachieving, slow-witted Axl (Charlie McDermott), cluelessly unpopular daughter Sue (Eden Sher), and frustrated, odd child-genius Brick (Atticus Shaffer). The Hecks find themselves embroiled in somewhat unusual events as they attempt to navigate their day-to-day lives. The series was met with a positive reception from television critics when it premiered on September 30, 2009, with a score of 70 on the aggregated reviews website Metacritic. On March 3, 2016, ABC renewed the series for an eighth season.[1] On January 25, 2017, ABC renewed the series for a ninth season, later announced to be the show's last.[2][3]", "List of The Middle characters. The Middle is an American sitcom about a working-class family living in Indiana and facing the day-to-day struggles of home life, work, and raising children. The Middle premiered September 30, 2009, on the ABC network and is airing its eighth season as of 2016–17. It features Everybody Loves Raymond star Patricia Heaton and Scrubs star Neil Flynn.[1]", "The Middle (TV series). The series was originally developed in the 2006–07 development cycle for ABC and was to star Ricki Lake as Frankie.[7] Atticus Shaffer was the only actor to retain his role when the show was re-developed.[11] ABC later ordered a second, cast-contingent pilot order tied to Patricia Heaton being cast in the leading role for the 2008-09 development cycle.[12]The series was created by Eileen Heisler and DeAnn Heline (who is from Muncie, Indiana)[13] and the pilot was directed by Julie Anne Robinson.[14]", "The Middle (season 5). The show features Frances \"Frankie\" Heck (Patricia Heaton), a working-class, Midwestern woman married to Mike Heck (Neil Flynn) who resides in the small fictional town of Orson, Indiana. They are the parents of three children, Axl (Charlie McDermott), Sue (Eden Sher), and Brick (Atticus Shaffer).", "The Middle (TV series). The series is narrated by Frankie, initially an under-performing salesperson at a used-car dealership and later a dental assistant. Her stoic husband Mike manages a local quarry and serves as a stabilizing influence in the family, though Frankie complains about his lack of affection at times. The kids are quite different from one another: oldest son Axl, a popular but lazy teenager, does well in sports but not in academics; daughter Sue is an enthusiastic young teen but chronically unsuccessful and socially awkward; and youngest son Brick is an intelligent but introverted compulsive reader with odd behavioral traits.", "The Middle (TV series). Hallmark Channel also acquired The Middle for syndication, which began airing in March 2014.[94] In addition, the series debuted in local syndication on September 16, 2013.[95] As of September 2017, the show is no longer available for local syndication.[96]", "The Middle (TV series). There are numerous recurring characters that the Hecks encounter in and around Orson.", "The Middle (TV series). On March 6, 2012, it was announced that ABC Family (now Freeform) obtained the rights to The Middle, which began airing the series on September 9, 2013.[93]", "Stuck in the Middle (TV series). Set in Massachusetts,[1] in the fictional town of Marshport, the series tells the story of the Diaz family, specifically focusing on Harley, the middle of the seven children. Harley makes her way using her creativity to deal with living in a large family.", "The Middle (TV series). In region 1, seasons 1–4 have had an official retail release. Starting with season 5, the series has been released as a MOD DVD-R via the Warner Archive Collection.[97] The Canadian releases continue to be traditionally manufactured and sold, but are otherwise identical to their American counterparts.[98] Distribution for regions 2 and 4 ended after the fourth season.", "The Middle (TV series). The Middle has received critical acclaim, citing its unique and original characters along with critics praising the show's consistent standard and its realistic portrayal of lower-middle-class families. It holds a score of 71 on the review aggregator website Metacritic as of April 1, 2011.[32] Critics praise the show's good timing, writing, and acting, with Robert Bianco of USA Today saying, \"...This series seems to more assuredly offer a first-class version of what so many viewers say they want: a humorous, heartfelt, realistic look at middle-class, middle-America family life.\"[33] The praise has been, so far, consistent, with Entertainment Weekly's Ken Tucker saying that, in season two, The Middle continues to be \"...a rock-solid show, the saga of a family struggling to keep their heads above the choppy economic waters...\"[34]", "The Middle (TV series). In the 2009–2010 season, The Middle ranked number six on Metacritic's \"Best Reviewed New Network Show\" list.[35] Airing behind the quickly cancelled Hank during its first season, ratings were not initially impressive, averaging fewer than 7 million viewers. At the start of the 2010/2011 season, ABC moved the show to the beginning of its prime time block (8:00 pm EDT) and ratings increased substantially, with the show usually ranking second in its time slot to CBS's Survivor.", "The Middle (TV series). In 2011, The Middle received a Gracie Award for Outstanding Comedy Series.[65] The 1st Critics' Choice Television Awards nominated the series for Best Comedy Series, Patricia Heaton for Best Actress in a Comedy Series, and Eden Sher for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series.", "The Middle (TV series). On May 8, 2015, ABC officially picked up the series for a seventh season, renewing the contracts of the main cast at the same time. ABC renewed the series for season eight with a 22-episode order, later expanded to 23 episodes in December 2016.[22]", "The Middle (TV series). On January 25, 2017, ABC renewed The Middle for a ninth[2] and final[4] season.", "The Middle (season 8). The eighth season of the television comedy series The Middle began airing on October 11, 2016, on ABC in the United States. It is produced by Blackie and Blondie Productions and Warner Bros. Television with series creators DeAnn Heline and Eileen Heisler as executive producers.[1] The season contains twenty three episodes.[2] The season concluded on May 16, 2017.", "The Middle (TV series). The series was renewed for a ninth season on January 25, 2017,[2] with filming beginning on August 15, 2017.[3] On August 2, 2017, it was announced that the series will end after its ninth season, at request of the series' creators.[4]", "The Middle (TV series). In 2016, Bob Sassone of Esquire published an article called \"The Middle Is the Best TV Show You're Not Watching\" where he expresses the dissatisfaction of the series not having received nominations for several awards and not receiving the deserved attention of the critics, saying that \"The Middle is the finest American sitcom on TV right now\".[36] After ABC confirmed that the ninth season of The Middle would be the last, Devon Ivie of Vulture published that \"The Middle Is One of TV’s Most Underrated Gems\" saying that \"I’ll miss the midwestern comfort of The Middle tremendously\" and gave five reasons why readers should give to the show a chance to charm them.[37]", "The Middle (season 5). The fifth season of the television comedy series The Middle began airing on September 25, 2013 on ABC in the United States. It is produced by Blackie and Blondie Productions and Warner Bros. Television with series creators DeAnn Heline and Eileen Heisler as executive producers.", "Middle America (United States). The plots of such American films as Sweet Home Alabama and The Judge center on the contrast between big city life and that of a typical \"Middle America\" small town; in both, a protagonist with a successful big city career is drawn back to an old hometown. Similarly, the protagonist of John Grisham's novel The Associate leaves a well-paid job at a giant Wall Street law firm and goes to work with his lawyer father in his hometown, York, Pennsylvania. The contrast between \"Middle America\" and big city America is evident in the life of the fictional superhero Superman - growing up as Superboy in the archetypal Smallville and as an adult moving to the equally archetypal Metropolis. The depiction of Ron Kovic's childhood in the early parts of Born on the Fourth of July also fits the cultural perceptions of \"Middle America\" (though Kovic's hometown, Massapequa, is physically located in Long Island). The same applies to the episode of Ayn Rand's novel The Fountainhead which is set in Clayton, Ohio [5] and which depicts that town as the archetype of \"Middle America\", the polar opposite of the cosmopolitan New York City where most of the novel's plot takes place.", "Eden Sher. It was not until she landed a role as Sue Heck on the ABC comedy series The Middle that she gained a starring and more permanent role. From 2009 to 2018, Sher starred in the ABC comedy series The Middle as Sue Heck, a quirky but optimistic teenager. In 2013, she won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her role in The Middle.[5][6]", "The Middle (TV series). The series was picked up for a full season of 24 episodes after airing just two episodes.[17] On January 12, 2010, ABC Entertainment President Steve McPherson announced that he was renewing The Middle for a second season.[18][19] The show was renewed for a third season. The third season premiered with a one-hour episode on September 21, 2011. On May 10, 2012, ABC renewed the show for a fourth season,[20] which premiered with a one-hour special on September 26, 2012. The show was renewed for a fifth season on May 10, 2013. ABC confirmed on May 9, 2014 that the series was picked up for a sixth season of 22 episodes,[21] and officially ordered an additional two episodes in October of that year, bringing the season six total to 24.", "The Middle (season 9). The ninth and final season of the television comedy series The Middle began on October 3, 2017, on ABC in the United States. It is produced by Blackie and Blondie Productions and Warner Bros. Television with series creators DeAnn Heline and Eileen Heisler as executive producers.[1] On August 2, 2017, it was announced that the ninth season would be the series' last.[2] The season has been dubbed as \"The Farewell Season\" and will run for 24 episodes.[1]", "The Middle (season 5). Episode 2 Change In The Air Episode 4 The 100th Episode 8 The kiss Episode 10 Sleepless In Orson Episode 14 The Award Episode 17 The Walk Episode 19 The Wind Chimes Episode 21 Office Hours and Episode 22 Heck On A Hard Body", "The Middle (Zedd, Maren Morris and Grey song). Kat Bein of Billboard opined that the song is \"relatively sparse with cute\", writing that it has \"definite sonic similarities\" to Zedd's previous song \"Stay\".[10] Rolling Stone's Brittney McKenna deemed the song \"an infectious earworm\" in which Morris \"strays from her country roots\". She felt that the \"Nineties R&B-indebted, vocoder-driven chorus\" recalls the sound of \"Stay\", and that Morris \"deftly occupies the new, poppy space\".[11] Hugh McIntyre of Fuse found Morris' appearance on the track unlikely, \"considering the genres she primarily works in\", as he praised Morris for \"supplying vocals perfectly\". He felt that it \"leans a lot more pop than electro\", which makes the song more appealing to a broader variety of listeners. Regarding the song \"an easy-to-love electronic smash\" and \"a slightly reductive mix\" of \"Stay\" and \"Starving\", he noted that it is \"not entirely original\" due to its \"reminiscence of what the musicians have delivered before\".[12] Similarly, Madeline Roth of MTV News called the song \"a poppy earworm\" and a combination of \"Stay\" and \"Starving\", which is \"catchy as hell and practically destined for radio domination\".[13] Mike Nied of Idolator wrote that the song \"blends elements of country and EDM\" and praised Morris for providing \"impassioned vocals\".[14] Billy Dukes of Taste of Country described the song as \"an unlikely combination of EDM, '90s pop and modern country music\".[15]", "Over the Garden Wall. The series follows two half-brothers, Wirt and Greg (voiced by Elijah Wood and Collin Dean respectively), who become lost in a strange forest called the Unknown. In order to find their way home, the two must travel across the seemingly supernatural forest with the occasional help of the wandering, mysterious and elderly Woodsman (Christopher Lloyd) and Beatrice (Melanie Lynskey), an irritable bluebird who travels with the boys in order to find a woman called Adelaide, who can supposedly undo the curse on Beatrice and her family and show the half-brothers the way home.[1]" ]

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[ "Lipid metabolism. Digestion is the first step to lipid metabolism, and it is the process of breaking the triglycerides down into smaller monoglyceride units with the help of lipase enzymes. Digestion of fats begin in the mouth through chemical digestion by lingual lipase. Ingested cholesterol is not broken down by the lipases and stays intact until it enters the epithelium cells of small intestine. Lipids then continue to the stomach where chemical digestion continues by gastric lipase and mechanical digestion begins (Peristalsis). The majority of lipid digestion and absorption, however, occurs once the fats reach the small intestines. Chemicals from the pancreas (pancreatic lipase family and Bile salt-dependent lipase) are secreted into to the small intestines to help breakdown the triglycerides,[10] along with further mechanical digestion, until they are individual fatty acid units able to be absorbed into the small intestine's epithelial cells.[11] It is the pancreatic lipase that is responsible for signaling for the hydrolysis of the triglycerides into separate free fatty acids and glycerol units.", "Digestion. Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine.[17] The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids.[17] Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules.[17]", "Lipid metabolism. The second step in lipid metabolism is the absorption of fats. Absorption of fats occurs only in the small intestines. Once the triglycerides are broken down into individual fatty acids an glycerols, along with cholesterol, they will aggregate intro structures called micelles to enter the epithelial cells. In the cytosol of epithelial cells, fatty acids are converted back to triglycerides. In the cytosol of epithelial cells, triglycerides and cholesterol are packaged into bigger particles called chilomicrons which are amphipathic structures that transport digested lipids.[9] Chilomicrons will travel through the blood stream to enter adipose and other tissues in the body.[6][2][3]", "Digestion. In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation.[1]", "Lipid metabolism. Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the break down or storage of fats for energy. These fats are obtained from consuming food and absorbing them or they are synthesized by an animal's liver.[1] Lipogenesis is the process of synthesizing these fats.[2][3] The majority of lipids found in the human body from ingesting food are triglycerides and cholesterol.[4] Other types of lipids found in the body are fatty acids and membrane Lipids. Lipid metabolism is often considered the digestion and absorption process of dietary fat; however, there are two ways organisms can use fats to obtain energy: consumed dietary fats and storage fat.[5] Vertebrates and humans use both methods of fat usage as their sources of energy for organs such as the heart to function.[6] Since lipids are hydrophobic molecules, they need to be solubilized before their metabolism begin. Lipid metabolism often begins with hydrolysis,[7] which occurs with the help of various enzymes in the digestive system.[2] Lipid metabolism does exist in plants, though the processes differ in some ways when compared to animals.[8] The second step after the hydrolysis is the absorption of the fatty acids into the epithelial cells of the intestinal wall.[6] In the epithelial cells, fatty acids are packaged and transported to the rest of the body.[9]", "Blood lipids. In lipid digestion, cholesterol is packed into Chylomicrons in the small intestine, which are delivered to the Portal vein and Lymph. The chylomicrons are ultimately taken up by liver hepatocytes via interaction between apolipoproteinE and the LDL receptor or Lipoprotein receptor-related proteins.", "Fatty acid metabolism. The contents of these micelles (but not the bile salts) enter the enterocytes (epithelial cells lining the small intestine) where they are resynthesized into triglycerides, and packaged into chylomicrons which are released into the lacteals (the capillaries of the lymph system of the intestines).[28] These lacteals drain into the thoracic duct which empties into the venous blood at the junction of the left jugular and left subclavian veins on the lower left hand side of the neck. This means that the fat soluble products of digestion are discharged directly into the general circulation, without first passing through the liver, as all other digestion products do. The reason for this peculiarity is unknown.[29]", "Lipoprotein. Bile emulsifies fats contained in the chyme, then pancreatic lipase cleaves triacylglycerol molecules into two fatty acids and one 2-monoacylglycerol. Enterocytes readily absorb these small molecules from the chymus. Inside of the enterocytes, fatty acids and monoacylglycerides are transformed again into triacylglycerides. Then these lipids (i.e. triacylglycerols, phospholipids, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters) are assembled with apolipoprotein B-48 into nascent chylomicrons. These particles are then secreted into the lacteals in a process that depends heavily on apolipoprotein B-48. As they circulate through the lymphatic vessels, nascent chylomicrons bypass the liver circulation and are drained via the thoracic duct into the bloodstream.", "Chylomicron. Triglycerides are emulsified by bile and hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase, resulting in a mixture of fatty acids and monoglycerides. These then pass from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte, where they are re-esterified to form triacylglycerol. The triacylglycerol is then combined with phospholipids, cholesterol ester, and apolipoprotein B-48 to form a nascent chylomicron. These are then released by exocytosis from enterocytes into lacteals, lymphatic vessels originating in the villi of the small intestine, and are then secreted into the bloodstream at the thoracic duct's connection with the left subclavian vein.", "Short-chain fatty acid. Short-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids are primarily absorbed through the portal vein during lipid digestion,[6] while long-chain fatty acids are packed into chylomicrons and enter lymphatic capillaries, and enter the blood first at the subclavian vein.", "Fatty acid metabolism. These triglycerides, cannot be absorbed by the intestine.[25] They are broken down into mono- and di-glycerides plus free fatty acids (but no free glycerol) by pancreatic lipase, which forms a 1:1 complex with a protein called colipase (also a constituent of pancreatic juice), which is necessary for its activity. The activated complex can work only at a water-fat interface. Therefore, it is essential that fats are first emulsified by bile salts for optimal activity of these enzymes.[26] The digestion products consisting of a mixture of tri-, di- and monoglycerides and free fatty acids, which, together with the other fat soluble contents of the diet (e.g. the fat soluble vitamins and cholesterol) and bile salts form mixed micelles, in the watery duodenal contents (see diagrams on the right).[25][27]", "Lipid metabolism. Once the chilomicrons (or other lipoproteins) travel through the tissues, these particles will be broken down by lipoprotein lipase in the luminal surface of endothelial cells in capillaries to release tryglycerides.[13] Tryglycerides will get broken down into fatty acids and glycerol before entering cells and remaining cholesterol will again travel through the blood to the liver.[14]", "Bile. The dispersion of food fat into micelles provides a greatly increased surface area for the action of the enzyme pancreatic lipase, which actually digests the triglycerides, and is able to reach the fatty core through gaps between the bile salts. A triglyceride is broken down into three fatty acids and a monoglyceride, which are absorbed by the villi on the intestine walls. After being transferred across the intestinal membrane, the fatty acids reform into triglycerides (re-esterified), before being absorbed into the lymphatic system through lacteals. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food would be excreted in faeces, undigested.[citation needed]", "Fatty acid metabolism. The chylomicrons circulate throughout the body, giving the blood plasma a milky, or creamy appearance after a fatty meal.[citation needed] Lipoprotein lipase on the endothelial surfaces of the capillaries, especially in adipose tissue, but to a lesser extent also in other tissues, partially digests the chylomicrons into free fatty acids, glycerol and chylomicron remnants. The fatty acids are absorbed by the adipocytes[citation needed], but the glycerol and chylomicron remnants remain in the blood plasma, ultimately to be removed from the circulation by the liver. The free fatty acids released by the digestion of the chylomicrons are absorbed by the adipocytes[citation needed], where they are resynthesized into triglycerides using glycerol derived from glucose in the glycolytic pathway[citation needed]. These triglycerides are stored, until needed for the fuel requirements of other tissues, in the fat droplet of the adipocyte.", "Triglyceride. In the intestine, following the secretion of lipases and bile, triglycerides are split into monoacylglycerol and free fatty acids in a process called lipolysis. They are subsequently moved to absorptive enterocyte cells lining the intestines. The triglycerides are rebuilt in the enterocytes from their fragments and packaged together with cholesterol and proteins to form chylomicrons. These are excreted from the cells and collected by the lymph system and transported to the large vessels near the heart before being mixed into the blood. Various tissues can capture the chylomicrons, releasing the triglycerides to be used as a source of energy. Liver cells can synthesize and store triglycerides. When the body requires fatty acids as an energy source, the hormone glucagon signals the breakdown of the triglycerides by hormone-sensitive lipase to release free fatty acids. As the brain cannot utilize fatty acids as an energy source (unless converted to a ketone),[7] the glycerol component of triglycerides can be converted into glucose, via gluconeogenesis by conversion into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and then into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, for brain fuel when it is broken down. Fat cells may also be broken down for that reason if the brain's needs ever outweigh the body's.", "Extracellular digestion. Chemical digestion involves hydrolysis reactions that liberate the sub unit molecules – primarily monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids – from the food. These products of chemical digestion pass through the epithelial lining of the gut into the blood, in a process known as absorption. Any molecules in the food that are not absorbed cannot be used by the animal. These waste products are excreted, or defecated from the anus.[9]", "Endomembrane system. Most lipids are synthesized in yeast either in the endoplasmic reticulum, lipid particles, or the mitochondrion, with little or no lipid synthesis occurring in the plasma membrane or nuclear membrane.[12][13] Sphingolipid biosynthesis begins in the endoplasmic reticulum, but is completed in the Golgi apparatus.[14] The situation is similar in mammals, with the exception of the first few steps in ether lipid biosynthesis, which occur in peroxisomes.[15] The various membranes that enclose the other subcellular organelles must therefore be constructed by transfer of lipids from these sites of synthesis.[16] However, although it is clear that lipid transport is a central process in organelle biogenesis, the mechanisms by which lipids are transported through cells remain poorly understood.[17]", "Blood lipids. Short- and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood via intestine capillaries and travel through the portal vein. Long-chain fatty acids, on the other hand, are too large to be directly released into the tiny intestine capillaries. Instead they are coated with cholesterol and protein (protein coat of lipoproteins) into a compound called a chylomicron. The chylomicron enters a lymphatic capillary and enters into the bloodstream first at the left subclavian vein (having bypassed the liver).", "Human digestive system. Most food digestion takes place in the small intestine. Segmentation contractions act to mix and move the chyme more slowly in the small intestine allowing more time for absorption (and these continue in the large intestine). In the duodenum, pancreatic lipase is secreted together with a co-enzyme, colipase to further digest the fat content of the chyme. From this breakdown, smaller particles of emulsified fats called chylomicrons are produced. There are also digestive cells called enterocytes lining the intestines (the majority being in the small intestine). They are unusual cells in that they have villi on their surface which in turn have innumerable microvilli on their surface. All these villi make for a greater surface area, not only for the absorption of chyme but also for its further digestion by large numbers of digestive enzymes present on the microvilli.", "Digestion. Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the walls of the stomach and mucus is secreted for protection. In the stomach further release of enzymes break down the food further and this is combined with the churning action of the stomach. The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme. In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. The intestinal walls are lined with villi, and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine.", "Fatty acid. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood via intestine capillaries and travel through the portal vein just as other absorbed nutrients do. However, long-chain fatty acids are not directly released into the intestinal capillaries. Instead they are absorbed into the fatty walls of the intestine villi and reassembled again into triglycerides. The triglycerides are coated with cholesterol and protein (protein coat) into a compound called a chylomicron.", "Chylomicron. Chylomicrons transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to adipose, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue, where their triglyceride components are hydrolyzed by the activity of the lipoprotein lipase, allowing the released free fatty acids to be absorbed by the tissues. When a large portion of the triacylglycerol core have been hydrolyzed, chylomicron remnants are formed and are taken up by the liver, hereby transferring dietary fat also to the liver.", "Lipid metabolism. There are two major classes of membrane lipids: glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. Although many different membrane lipids are synthesized in our body, pathways share the same pattern. The first step is synthesizing the backbone (sphingosine or glycerol), the second step is addition of fatty acids to the back bone to make phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidic acid is further modified with the attachment of different hydrophilic head groups to the back bone. Membrane lipid biosynthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.[17]", "Fatty acid metabolism. The liver absorbs a proportion of the glucose from the blood in the portal vein coming from the intestines. After the liver has replenished its glycogen stores (which amount to only about 100 g of glycogen when full) much of the rest of the glucose is converted into fatty acids as described below. These fatty acids are combined with glycerol to form triglycerides which are packaged into droplets very similar to chylomicrons, but known as very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). These VLDL droplets are handled in exactly the same manner as chylomicrons, except that the VLDL remnant is known as an intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), which is capable of scavenging cholesterol from the blood. This converts IDL into low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which is taken up by cells that require cholesterol for incorporation into their cell membranes or for synthetic purposes (e.g. the formation of the steroid hormones). The remainder of the LDLs is removed by the liver.[30]", "Digestion. In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.", "Small intestine. The three major classes of nutrients that undergo digestion are proteins, lipids (fats) and carbohydrates:", "Lipase. Most lipases act at a specific position on the glycerol backbone of a lipid substrate (A1, A2 or A3)(small intestine). For example, human pancreatic lipase (HPL),[4] which is the main enzyme that breaks down dietary fats in the human digestive system, converts triglyceride substrates found in ingested oils to monoglycerides and two fatty acids.", "Lacteal. Triglycerides are emulsified by bile and hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase, resulting in a mixture of fatty acids, di- and monoglycerides.[1] These then pass from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte, where they are re-esterified to form triacylglycerol. The triacylglycerol is then combined with phospholipids, cholesterol ester, and apolipoprotein B48 to form chylomicrons. These chylomicrons then pass into the lacteals, forming a milky substance known as chyle. The lacteals merge to form larger lymphatic vessels that transport the chyle to the thoracic duct where it is emptied into the bloodstream at the subclavian vein.[2][3]", "Digestion. In most vertebrates, digestion is a multistage process in the digestive system, starting from ingestion of raw materials, most often other organisms. Ingestion usually involves some type of mechanical and chemical processing. Digestion is separated into four steps:", "Protein (nutrient). Digestion typically begins in the stomach when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid, and continued by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine.[14] Before the absorption in the small intestine, most proteins are already reduced to single amino acid or peptides of several amino acids. Most peptides longer than four amino acids are not absorbed. Absorption into the intestinal absorptive cells is not the end. There, most of the peptides are broken into single amino acids.", "Lipoprotein. Hydrolysis by hepatic lipase releases glycerol and fatty acids, leaving behind IDL remnants, called low-density lipoproteins (LDL), which contain a relatively high cholesterol content[3] (see native LDL structure at 37°C on YouTube). LDL circulates and is absorbed by the liver and peripheral cells. Binding of LDL to its target tissue occurs through an interaction between the LDL receptor and apolipoprotein B-100 on the LDL particle. Absorption occurs through endocytosis, and the internalized LDL particles are hydrolyzed within lysosomes, releasing lipids, chiefly cholesterol.", "Lipid. Glycerolipids are composed of mono-, di-, and tri-substituted glycerols,[28] the best-known being the fatty acid triesters of glycerol, called triglycerides. The word \"triacylglycerol\" is sometimes used synonymously with \"triglyceride\". In these compounds, the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are each esterified, typically by different fatty acids. Because they function as an energy store, these lipids comprise the bulk of storage fat in animal tissues. The hydrolysis of the ester bonds of triglycerides and the release of glycerol and fatty acids from adipose tissue are the initial steps in metabolizing fat.[29]" ]

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[ "Windows key. Historically, the addition of two Windows keys and a menu key marked the change from the 101/102-key to 104/105-key layout for PC keyboards:[2] compared to the former layout, a Windows key was placed between the left Ctrl and the left Alt; another Windows key and—immediately to its right—a menu key were placed between the AltGr (or right Alt key on keyboards that lack AltGr) and the right Right Ctrl key. In laptop and other compact keyboards it is common to have just one Windows key (usually on the left). Also, on Microsoft's Entertainment Desktop sets (designed for Windows Vista), the Windows key is in the middle of the keyboard, below all other keys (where the user's thumbs rest).", "QWERTY. Variant 2 of the Brazilian keyboard, the only which gained general acceptance (MS Windows treats both variants as the same layout),[32] has a unique mechanical layout, combining some features of the ISO 9995-3 and the JIS keyboards in order to fit 12 keys between the left and right Shift (compared to the American standard of 10 and the international of 11). Its modern, IBM PS/2-based variations, are thus known as 107-keys keyboards, and the original PS/2 variation was 104-key. Variant 1, never widely adopted, was based on the ISO 9995-2 keyboards. To make this layout usable with keyboards with only 11 keys in the last row, the rightmost key (/?°) has its functions replicated across the AltGr+Q, AltGr+W, and AltGr+E combinations.", "Computer keyboard. Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm)[citation needed], and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally common 102/104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the enter key is usually shaped differently. Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriter keyboards but contain additional keys, such as the command or Windows keys. There is no standard computer keyboard, although many manufacturers imitate the keyboard of PCs. There are actually three different PC keyboards: the original PC keyboard with 84 keys, the AT keyboard also with 84 keys and the enhanced keyboard with 101 keys. The three differ somewhat in the placement of function keys, the control keys, the return key, and the shift key.", "Keyboard layout. The U.S. IBM PC keyboard has 104 keys, while the PC keyboards for most other countries have 105 keys. In an operating system configured for a non-English language, the keys are placed differently. For example, keyboards designed for typing in Spanish have some characters shifted, to release space for Ñ/ñ; similarly those for French or Portuguese may have a special key for the character Ç/ç. Keyboards designed for Japanese may have special keys to switch between Japanese and Latin scripts, and the character ¥ (Japanese yen or Chinese yuan currency symbol) instead of \\ (backslash, which may be replaced by the former in some typefaces and codepages). Using a keyboard for alternative languages leads to a conflict: the image on the key does not correspond to the character. In such cases, each new language may require an additional label on the key, because the standard keyboard layouts do not even share similar characters of different languages.", "Keyboard layout. Modern keyboard models contain a set number of total keys according to their given standard, described as 104, 105, etc. and sold as \"standard\" keyboards. However, this number is not always followed, and individual keys or whole sections are commonly skipped for the sake of compactness or user preference. The most common choice is to not include the numpad, which can usually be fully replaced by the alphanumeric section. Laptops and wireless peripherals often lack duplicate keys and ones seldom used. Function- and arrow keys are nearly always present.", "Keyboard layout. This layout was developed by Microsoft from the classic Arabic typewriter layout and is used by IBM PCs. There is also a 102-key variant and a 102-key phonetic variant that maps to AZERTY.[11]", "Windows key. The Windows logo key (also known as Windows key, Winkey, start key, logo key, flag key, super key, command key or flag) is a keyboard key which was originally introduced on the Microsoft Natural keyboard in 1994.[1] This key became a standard key on PC keyboards. Tapping this key invokes the operating system's start menu, if it has one. In Windows, Ctrl+Esc performs the same function, in case the keyboard lacks this key.", "Keyboard layout. Today, most keyboards use one of three different mechanical layouts, usually referred to as simply ISO (ISO/IEC 9995-2), ANSI (ANSI-INCITS 154-1988), and JIS (JIS X 6002-1980), referring roughly to the organizations issuing the relevant worldwide, United States, and Japanese standards, respectively. (In fact, the mechanical layouts referred such as \"ISO\" and \"ANSI\" comply to the primary recommendations in the named standards, while each of these standards in fact also allows the other way.) Keyboard layout in this sense may refer either to this broad categorization or to finer distinctions within these categories. For example, as of May 2008[update] Apple Inc produces ISO, ANSI, and JIS desktop keyboards, each in both extended and compact forms. The extended keyboards have 110, 109, and 112 keys (ISO, ANSI, and JIS, respectively), and the compact models have 79, 78, and 80.", "Keyboard layout. The Blickensderfer typewriter, designed by George Canfield Blickensderfer in 1892, was known for its novel keyboard layout, its interchangeable font, and its suitability for travel. The Blickensderfer keyboard had three banks (rows of keys), with special characters being entered using a separate Shift key; the home row was, uniquely, the bottom one (i.e. the typist kept her hands on the bottom row). A computer or standard typewriter keyboard, on the other hand, has four banks of keys, with home row being second from bottom.", "Windows key. Microsoft regulates the appearance of the Windows key logo picture with a specially crafted license for keyboard manufacturers (\"Microsoft Windows Logo Key Logo License Agreement for Keyboard Manufacturers\"). With the introduction of a new Microsoft Windows logo, first used with Windows XP, the agreement was updated to require that the new design be adopted for all keyboards manufactured after 1 September 2003.[4] However, with the release of Windows Vista, Microsoft published guidelines for a new Windows Logo key that incorporates the Windows logo recessed in a chamfered lowered circle with a contrast ratio of at least 3:1 with respect to background that the key is applied to.[5]", "Keyboard layout. The 104/105-key PC keyboard was born when two ⊞ Win keys and a ≣ Menu key were added on the bottom row (originally for the Microsoft Windows operating system). Newer keyboards may incorporate even further additions, such as Internet access (World Wide Web navigation) keys and multimedia (access to media players) buttons.", "Windows key. Windows 10 introduces the following:[12]", "Windows Registry. There are seven predefined root keys, traditionally named according to their constant handles defined in the Win32 API, or by synonymous abbreviations (depending on applications):", "Personal computer. A keyboard is an arrangement of buttons that each correspond to a function, letter, or number. They are the primary devices used for inputting text. In most cases, they contain an array of keys specifically organized with the corresponding letters, numbers, and functions printed or engraved on the button. They are generally designed around an operators language, and many different versions for different languages exist. In English, the most common layout is the QWERTY layout, which was originally used in typewriters. They have evolved over time, and have been modified for use in computers with the addition of function keys, number keys, arrow keys, and keys specific to an operating system. Often, specific functions can be achieved by pressing multiple keys at once or in succession, such as inputting characters with accents or opening a task manager. Programs use keyboard shortcuts very differently and all use different keyboard shortcuts for different program specific operations, such as refreshing a web page in a web browser or selecting all text in a word processor. In addition to the alphabetic keys found on a typewriter, computer keyboards typically have a numeric keyboard and a row of function keys and special keys, such as CNTRL, ALT, DEL and Esc", "QWERTY. Both ANSI[25] and ISO[26] mechanical layouts are common sights, and even some non-standard[27] mechanical layouts are in use. ANSI is often preferred, as the additional key provides no additional function, at least in Microsoft Windows where it duplicates the backslash key, while taking space from the Shift key. Many keyboards do not label AltGr as such, leaving the Alt marking as in the US layout - the right Alt key nevertheless functions as AltGr in this layout, causing possible confusion when keyboard shortcuts with the Alt key are required (these usually work only with the left Alt) and causing the key to be commonly referred to as right Alt (Polish: prawy Alt).[28] However, keyboards with AltGr marking are available and it is also officially used by Microsoft when depicting the layout.[29]", "Computer keyboard. Modifier keys are special keys that modify the normal action of another key, when the two are pressed in combination. For example, Alt+F4 in Microsoft Windows will close the program in an active window. In contrast, pressing just F4 will probably do nothing, unless assigned a specific function in a particular program. By themselves, modifier keys usually do nothing.\nThe most widely used modifier keys include the Control key, Shift key and the Alt key. The AltGr key is used to access additional symbols for keys that have three symbols printed on them. On the Macintosh and Apple keyboards, the modifier keys are the Option key and Command key, respectively. On MIT computer keyboards, the Meta key is used as a modifier and for Windows keyboards, there is a Windows key. Compact keyboard layouts often use a Fn key. \"Dead keys\" allow placement of a diacritic mark, such as an accent, on the following letter (e.g., the Compose key).\nThe Enter/Return key typically causes a command line, window form or dialog box to operate its default function, which is typically to finish an \"entry\" and begin the desired process. In word processing applications, pressing the enter key ends a paragraph and starts a new one.", "Keyboard layout. Most operating systems allow switching between functional keyboard layouts, using a key combination involving register keys that are not used for normal operations (e.g. Microsoft reserve Alt+⇧ Shift or Ctrl+⇧ Shift register control keys for sequential layout switching; those keys were inherited from old DOS keyboard drivers). There are keyboards with two parallel sets of characters labeled on the keys, representing alternate alphabets or scripts. It is also possible to add a second set of characters to a keyboard with keyboard stickers manufactured by third parties.", "Page Up and Page Down keys. In August 2008, Microsoft received the patent #7,415,666 for the functions of the two keys – Page Up & Page Down.[2][3]", "Keyboard layout. Programs such as the Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator[49] (basic editor, free, for use on MS Windows), SIL Ukelele[50] (advanced editor, free, for use on Apple's Mac OS X),\nKbdEdit[51] (commercial editor, for Windows) and Keyman Developer[52] (free, open source editor for Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, or for sites on the web as virtual keyboards) make it easy to create custom keyboard layouts for regular keyboards;[53] users may satisfy their own typing patterns or specific needs by creating new ones from scratch (like the IPA[54] or pan-Iberian[55]\nlayouts) or modify existing ones (for example, the\nLatin American Extended[56] or\nGaelic[57]\nlayouts). Such editors can also construct complex key sequences using dead keys or AltGr key.", "Keyboard layout. The standard 101/102-key PC keyboard layout was invented by Mark Tiddens of Key Tronic Corporation in 1982.[citation needed] IBM adopted the layout on its PC AT in 1984 (after previously using an 84-key keyboard which did not have separate cursor and numeric key pads).", "Windows-1252. According to the information on Microsoft's and the Unicode Consortium's websites, positions 81, 8D, 8F, 90, and 9D are unused; however, the Windows API MultiByteToWideChar maps these to the corresponding C1 control codes. The \"best fit\" mapping documents this behavior, too.[5]", "Georgian language. This is the Georgian standard[12] keyboard layout. The standard Windows keyboard is essentially that of manual typewriters.", "Cut, copy, and paste. The IBM Common User Access (CUA) standard also uses combinations of the Insert, Del, Shift and Control keys. Early versions of Windows[dubious – discuss] used the IBM standard. Microsoft later also adopted the Apple key combinations with the introduction of Windows[dubious – discuss], using the control key as modifier key. For users migrating to Windows from MS-DOS this was a big change as MS-DOS users used the \"copy\" and \"move\" commands.", "Keyboard layout. The most common keyboard layout in modern Russia is the so-called Windows layout, which is the default Russian layout used in the MS Windows operating system. The layout was designed to be compatible with the hardware standard in many other countries, but introduced compromises to accommodate the larger alphabet. The full stop and comma symbols share a key, requiring the shift key to be held to produce a comma, despite the high relative frequency of comma in the language.[65]", "Keyboard layout. The core section of a keyboard consists of character keys, which can be used to type letters and other characters. Typically, there are three rows of keys for typing letters and punctuation, an upper row for typing digits and special symbols, and the Space bar on the bottom row. The positioning of the character keys is similar to the keyboard of a typewriter.", "Clipboard (computing). The standard Windows key bindings are:", "Unicode. Several subsets of Unicode are standardized: Microsoft Windows since Windows NT 4.0 supports WGL-4 with 656 characters, which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin, Greek, or Cyrillic script. Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets:[48]", "Windows key. In Common Building Block Keyboard Specification, all CBB compliant keyboards were to comply with the Windows Vista Hardware Start Button specification beginning in 2007-06-01.[citation needed]", "Alt key. The Alt key (pronounced /ˈɔːlt/ or /ˈʌlt/) on a computer keyboard is used to change (alternate) the function of other pressed keys. Thus, the Alt key is a modifier key, used in a similar fashion to the Shift key. For example, simply pressing \"A\" will type the letter a, but if you hold down either Alt key while pressing A, the computer will perform an Alt+A function, which varies from program to program. The international standard ISO/IEC 9995-2 calls it Alternate key. The key is located on either side of the Space bar, but in non-US PC keyboard layouts, rather than a second Alt key, there is an 'Alt Gr' key to the right of the space bar. Both placements are in accordance with ISO/IEC 9995-2.", "British and American keyboards. There are two major English language computer keyboard layouts, the United States layout and the United Kingdom layout defined in BS 4822[1] (48-key version). Both are QWERTY layouts. Users in the United States do not frequently need to make use of the £ (pound) and € (euro) currency symbols, which are common needs in the United Kingdom and Ireland, although the $ (dollar sign) symbol is also provided as standard on UK and Irish keyboards. In New Zealand the US keyboard layout is the de facto standard. In Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland and India, the US keyboard might also be used.", "Alt key. In Microsoft Windows, holding down the Alt key while typing in numbers (often referred to as Alt codes) on the numeric keypad allows the user to type special characters not normally available on the keyboard. For example, holding down Alt while typing 0225 (Alt+0225) on the numeric keypad will result in รก, the character at 225 in the codepage. These extended keyboard characters are useful for persons using foreign languages, mathematics, currency symbols, business use, etc. Some computers work the same if the Num Lock key is on.", "British and American keyboards. The UK variant of the IBM Enhanced keyboard commonly used with personal computers designed for Microsoft Windows differs from the US layout as follows:" ]

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[ "Quantico (season 1). Season one begins with Alex Parrish, a former FBI recruit, becoming a prime suspect following a terrorist attack on Grand Central Terminal. She is taken into custody and charged with treason. Her first escape is orchestrated by Deputy Director Miranda Shaw, her primary instructor at Quantico, who refuses to believe that she is guilty and feels someone from her class has framed her. Various flashbacks show Parrish and fellow agents, each having their secret reasons for joining the FBI, training at the FBI Academy. The present timeline focuses on the restrained relationship between Parrish and her boyfriend Ryan Booth and fellow trainees and friends, including: Shelby Wyatt, Nimah and Raina Amin, Natalie Vasquez, Simon Asher, Elias Harper and Caleb Haas, who all somehow seem connected to the bombing, while she is on the run to prove her innocence.", "Quantico (season 1). As the season progresses, Alex is able to prove her innocence with the help of her friends. She discovers that the suspected bomber is former FBI analyst-trainee Elias Harper, who planted the bomb on the instructions of a terrorist mastermind. Having cleared her name at a congressional hearing, Parrish is reinstated as an FBI agent and assigned to the field office in New York. In the operations section, she works to uncover the mastermind behind the bombings, as the 2016 Presidential election nears. The supervising training agent Liam O'Connor is eventually revealed to be the responsible individual and is shot and killed by Parrish and Booth. Parrish is fired from the FBI because of the subsequent publicity of the bombings and Liam's treachery. Two months later, she is approached by Matthew Keyes, who offers her a position at the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).", "List of Quantico episodes. Priyanka Chopra stars as Alex Parrish who, after graduating from the academy, joins the agency. She later becomes a prime suspect for masterminding a bombing at the Grand Central Terminal, the biggest terror attack on New York City since the September 11 attacks.[5][6] The series (up to the 35th episode) featured two timelines: the present, where Parrish runs from captivity to prove her innocence, and the past, which showed her and her fellow recruits training at the academy while revealing various detail about their previous lives. Halfway through the second season, it switched to one timeline.[7] Every episode's title for the first season is the last word spoken in that episode, while for the second season, the episode's titles are CIA cryptonyms.[8][9]", "Quantico (season 1). Newark Star-Ledger's Vicki Hyman declared it to be the best new show of the season, giving it an \"A\". She felt the show was \"taut and terrifically calibrated\" noting it has \"at least one deadly effective twist you won't see coming\".[56] The San Francisco Chronicle praised the series, calling it a winner and wrote: \"The plot is intricate and compelling, the characters magnetic and mysterious at the same time.\"[57] James Poniewozik of The New York Times wrote about Chopra's performance, describing her as the \"strongest human asset\" of the show, and added that \"she is immediately charismatic and commanding\".[58] He added that \"the narrative gymnastics make the first half-hour of Quantico pass quickly and entertainingly. Too much of this, though, keeps you from investing much in the characters.\"[58] Robert Bianco from USA Today gave it a three out of four, praising the diversity of the cast and Chopra's and Ellis' performances, writing \"There are times when Quantico feels a shade mechanical, in moments when you can practically hear the plot gears moving. But it accomplishes what the opener of a whodunit needs to do: establish a wide range of plausible suspects and spark our interest in the mystery and the hero.\"[59] In contrast, TheWrap's Tim Grierson, who although felt that the show \"provides sexy fun\", was less impressed, writing that the show often succumbed to \"lame-brained plotting\" and a unconvincing portrayal of the setting. He concluded saying that the fluffy material did not fit well with the darker tones \"meant to be struck by the introduction of a cataclysmic terrorist attack.\"[60]", "Quantico (season 1). Consisting of twenty-two episodes, season one follows Alex Parrish, the brightest FBI recruit in her class, who becomes an FBI field agent after graduating from the FBI Academy at Quantico, Virginia, and later becomes a prime suspect after a terrorist attack on Grand Central Terminal. Told using dual timelines, the narrative switches between the present, where Parrish runs from captivity to prove her innocence, and the past, which shows her training at the academy with her fellow recruits as details about their lives and relationships with one another are revealed.", "Quantico (TV series). Priyanka Chopra stars as Alex Parrish, a bright FBI recruit who joins the agency after graduating from the FBI Academy and becomes a prime suspect of a terrorist attack on Grand Central Terminal. Quantico initially had two timelines: the present, when Parrish flees from captivity to prove her innocence, and the past, with her and her fellow recruits training at the academy and details of their individual lives are learned. The series switched to a single timeline in mid-second season.", "Quantico (TV series). Alex Parrish, a former FBI recruit, becomes a prime suspect after a terrorist attack on Grand Central Terminal and is arrested for treason. In flashbacks, she and her fellow agents (each with their own reason for joining the bureau) train at the FBI Academy. The current timeline focuses on Parrish's constrained relationship with her friends while she is on the run in an attempt to prove her innocence. In the second season, Parrish has apparently been fired by the FBI; in flashbacks, she works undercover for the FBI as a CIA recruit to uncover the AIC, a rogue faction within the agency. In the current timeline, a hostage crisis at a G-20 summit in New York City is initiated by the Citizens Liberation Front, a terrorist group. Two weeks after the crisis, President Claire Haas and CIA director Matthew Keyes form a covert CIA-FBI task force (led by Clay Haas) to expose eight conspirators who were secretly involved in the hostage crisis.", "Quantico (TV series). Following the season one finale, Safran confirmed that all series regulars would return for the second season, except for Acosta, Ellington and Hopkins, whose characters were killed off. Safran also expressed interest in bringing back Cross's Claire Haas after it was revealed that she was involved in the bombing plot.[47][47] Safran also discussed the return of Henry Czerny, who played CIA director Matthew Keyes in the season 1 finale, since the character was important to the storyline.[47] In July 2016, Czerny joined the cast in the recurring role.[48] The series added three regulars to the cast: Russell Tovey as Harry Doyle, Blair Underwood as CIA officer Owen Hall and Pearl Thusi as type-A attorney Dayana Mampasi.[10][12][11] In July 2016 Aarón Díaz was announced as joining the series in a recurring role as photojournalist León Velez,[49] and it was reported that Tracy Ifeachor and David Lim were cast in recurring roles as Lydia Hall and Sebastian Chen.[50] In early 2017, Hunter Parrish and Krysta Rodriguez were cast in the recurring roles of Clay Haas and Maxine Griffin.[51][52]", "List of Quantico episodes. Quantico is an American drama thriller series that premiered on September 27, 2015, on American Broadcasting Company (ABC).[1][2] Created by Joshua Safran, who also served as showrunner and an executive producer along with Mark Gordon, Robert Sertner and Nicholas Pepper.[1][3] The series followed a group of young FBI recruits, or New Agent Trainees (NATs), each with a specific reason for joining the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia.[4]", "Quantico (season 1). The first season of the American drama thriller series Quantico premiered in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) on September 27, 2015, and concluded on May 15, 2016. ABC Studios produced the season, with creator Joshua Safran, Mark Gordon, Robert Sertner, Nicholas Pepper and Jake Coburn serving as executive producers.", "Quantico (season 1). The first season was produced by the ABC Studios in association with The Mark Gordon Company and Random Acts Productions.[39] Safran, Gordon, Robert Sertner, Nicholas Pepper and Jake Coburn served as the executive producers.[31][40] The show was designed to have a flashback narrative, shifting between two timelines. Safran incorporated the flashforward storytelling technique as he thought it allowed them to spread out the plot points.[41]", "Quantico (season 1). Initially conceived as an ensemble drama, Chopra's casting played a key role in the design of the show.[45] Apart from becoming the show's face, and featuring heavily in its publicity campaign, it was specially re-written to center around her as the main character.[45][46]", "Quantico (season 1). The casting began in February 2015, with Priyanka Chopra landing the role of protagonist Alex Parrish.[23] Tate Ellington was the first actor to be cast to play one of the FBI trainees – Simon Asher.[27] After his casting, Graham Rogers was cast as FBI trainee Caleb Hass.[28] Aunjanue Ellis was signed to play Miranda Shaw, the assistant director of the Academy, and overseer of the new recruits' training;[26] Dougray Scott was cast as Miranda's former partner and subordinate.[42] In early March, Jake McLaughlin was chosen to play Alex's love interest Ryan Booth, while Johanna Braddy and Yasmine Al Massri rounded out the cast in the final co-starring roles as trainees Shelby Wyatt and the twins Nimah and Raina Amin, respectively.[25] With the series order in May, ABC announced that Dougray Scott, who played Liam O'Connor, would be re-cast in the show.[43] In July 2015, Josh Hopkins joined the cast in the role of Liam O'Connor.[24] The same month, Anabelle Acosta and Rick Cosnett were cast in recurring roles as Natalie Vasquez and Elias Harper.[29][44] Later, Acosta was promoted to series regular.[30] In September 2015, Jacob Artist was cast in the recurring role of an FBI agent-in-training.[34] In November 2015, Marcia Cross joined the cast as Caleb's mother Claire Haas.[32] Jay Armstrong Johnson, Lenny Platt and Li Jun Li were cast for three recurring characters in November 2015.[33]", "Quantico (TV series). In addition to Chopra, the first South Asian to headline an American network drama series, the original cast—which changed significantly as the series progressed—included Jake McLaughlin, Yasmine Al Massri, Johanna Braddy, Tate Ellington and Graham Rogers as her fellow recruits and Josh Hopkins and Aunjanue Ellis as their trainers at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. The series' first season was primarily produced in Montreal, with downtown Montreal and Sherbrooke standing in for New York and Quantico; production moved to New York during the second season.", "Quantico (TV series). Quantico is an American television drama thriller series which premiered on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) on September 27, 2015. Produced by ABC Studios, the series was created by Joshua Safran, who also served as the showrunner. Mark Gordon, Robert Sertner, Nicholas Pepper and Safran are its executive producers.", "Quantico (season 3). The fifth episode of the season, titled \"The Blood of Romeo\", was criticized by some Indian social media users for its alleged anti-Indian sentiment.[55][56] In the episode, Alex Parrish (Priyanka Chopra) uncovers a plot by Indian Hindu nationalists to commit a terrorist false flag attack with nuclear weapons in Manhattan, and have it blamed on Pakistan. Users had described the plotline as \"ridiculous\" and \"unrealistic\" and felt that it had damaged the image of Indians abroad.[57] In addition, they denounced Chopra's participation in the episode as her international profile had made her a \"quasi-ambassador for India in the West\".[58]\nChopra apologised for any hurt caused by the episode and stated that she was a \"proud Indian\". ABC also apologised and defended Chopra from what they felt was unfairly aimed criticism commenting that she did not have a role in writing, directing or creating the show.[59]", "Quantico (TV series). Quantico was designed with over a half-dozen core characters, in addition to Alex Parrish, for pacing reasons.[60] It was intended to have a flashback narrative, shifting between \"the present day with Parrish navigating her way through a class of FBI New Agent Trainees to the near future as the truth and repercussions of the attack emerge\". Safran also used flashforwards to spread out the series' plot points.[60] He said in a 2015 interview that although the series is \"intricately plotted\", it does not intend to overwhelm the viewer, saying: \"It is tightly structured and moves quickly between two, sometimes three, time periods, but we made sure that it's not so complicated that it just feels like too much. I like to say that we have a lot of tributaries, but they all lead to one ocean\".[13] The series' diverse cast has helped its writers create a variety of storylines and plot points. According to a Variety article on Safran and Quantico, \"The show delves below the surface into those disparate backgrounds to explore how each character’s personal stories influence their motivations for joining the FBI and in their perspective on the search for truth in the terrorism investigation. That offers a wealth of engaging material for writers to mine\".[60] Safran modeled Quantico on Buffy the Vampire Slayer in structure, with self-contained story arcs from season to season.[58] Its producers said that each season would have a specific storyline, with Alex the series' focal point surrounded by a new cast.[60]", "Quantico (TV series). The first season of Quantico received positive reviews, with most critics praising Chopra's performance. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 82% \"Certified Fresh\" approval rating, with an average rating of 6.9 out of 10 (based on 56 reviews). According to the website consensus, \"Obvious copycatting aside, Quantico provides ludicrously entertaining thrills from a well-balanced cast.\"[91] The series has a score of 70 out of 100 (based on 25 reviews) on Metacritic, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[92] The Newark Star-Ledger's Vicki Hyman called Quantico the best new show of the season and graded it an \"A\". Hyman wrote that the show was \"taut and terrifically calibrated ... with at least one deadly effective twist you won't see coming.\"[93] Wiegand, David from San Francisco Chronicle also praised the series: \"The plot is intricate and compelling, the characters magnetic and mysterious at the same time.\"[94] Robert Bianco of USA Today rated Quantico three out of four, calling its cast \"an appropriately diverse group, brought to life by generally fine performances, led by Chopra's and Ellis\": \"There are times when Quantico feels a shade mechanical, in moments when you can practically hear the plot gears moving. But it accomplishes what the opener of a whodunit needs to do: establish a wide range of plausible suspects and spark our interest in the mystery and the hero.\"[95]", "Quantico (TV series). James Poniewozik of The New York Times called Chopra the series' \"strongest human asset\": \"She is immediately charismatic and commanding.\"[96] Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly called Quantico the best Shonda Rhimes drama that Rhimes never touched and wrote that \"Chopra's bound to be a breakout star.\"[97] Rob Lowman of the Los Angeles Daily News enjoyed the show and Chopra's performance, saying: \"Although a bit over-frenetic at times, the series seems to take inspiration from a man-on-the run Hitchcock thriller. Only in Quantico's case it's a woman, and they have a charismatic star in Chopra. I was immediately struck by her dynamic screen presence. So far it’s one of the most-promising new shows, and Chopra is someone worth keeping an eye on.\"[98] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter, in a lukewarm review, found its pilot \"just good enough to make you watch another.\"[99] Although TheWrap's Tim Grierson wrote that the show \"provides sexy fun\", \"For a show about highly trained, incredibly intelligent agents, Quantico often succumbs to lame-brained plotting and a less-than-convincing portrayal of its specialized milieu. This new show's fluffy, which doesn’t fit so well with the darker, somber tones meant to be struck by the introduction of a cataclysmic terrorist attack.\"[100]", "Quantico (season 1). The first season of Quantico received positive reviews, with most praising Priyanka Chopra's performance. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 82% approval rating with an average rating of 6.9/10 based on 56 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Obvious copycatting aside, Quantico provides ludicrously entertaining thrills from a well-balanced cast.\"[54] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 70 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[55]", "Quantico (TV series). Quantico, initially scheduled to air Tuesdays at 10:00 pm, was moved to Sundays at 10:00 pm due to a retooling of Of Kings and Prophets.[80][81] The series premiered on ABC on Sunday, September 27, 2015[82] The series debuted in Canada on CTV on the same day as its American premiere.[83] The episodes, about 43 minutes in length, are broadcast in standard and high definition. In Australia, it premiered on the Seven Network on October 11, 2015.[84] The series was acquired by Alibi in the United Kingdom.[85] The season-two premiered on September 25, 2016.[86] After the mid-season finale, it moved to Mondays at 10:00 p.m. on January 23, 2017.[87]", "Quantico (TV series). Like other ABC shows, Quantico has a racially-diverse cast (allowing viewers to relate to at least one character) as FBI recruits who deal with their individual problems.[31] Safran had wanted the show to be diverse from the beginning, saying: \"You’re not just watching people who have struggled to achieve places of power and they’re there. This show is about the struggle to achieve that. Their politics and their racial makeup and their religious backgrounds are very important to their characterizations and who they are. I really am interested in looking at how every culture handles stress — and in particular, how people from all these different backgrounds find their place in the FBI, an agency that has historically fraught relationships with gay people and people of color.\"[31][32] The first actor cast in the series was Tate Ellington, as FBI trainee Simon Asher.[8] Graham Rogers was then cast as another FBI trainee, Caleb Hass.[7] It was announced that Aunjanue Ellis had signed to play Miranda Shaw, assistant director and training supervisor of the academy.[6] Dougray Scott was then cast as Liam O'Connor, Miranda's former partner and current subordinate.[33]", "Quantico (TV series). Although Safran initially intended the series to be an ensemble, with Alex the lead protagonist, this changed after Chopra was cast.[58] As the show's \"face\" and featuring in its publicity campaign, Alex dominated the storyline and became the main character of the series.[14][58] Although the character was initially written as Caucasian, Safran completely rewrote her character with Chopra in his mind, tweaking her background as she became half-Indian and spent ten years in Mumbai.[36] Her casting also helped change Alex's personality; in one change, the \"jaded and brooding\" Alex became \"fun and warm\".[14][58][59] Safran initially focused on the character's dark side, saying that he had never imagined a positive side: \"Priyanka came in and played all of that but as a character who was always in control. And still warm and vibrant because she knew no one was going to get through her walls. From that point on, Alex was the kind of character who can have humor, who can have heart\".[59]", "Quantico (season 2). Following the season one finale, Safran confirmed that the series regulars from the previous season would return.[10] Safran expressed his interest in bringing back Cross's character Claire Haas as he thought would be interesting to move her storyline forward.[10] In early June 2016, Russell Tovey joined the show as a series regular, playing Harry Doyle, who was described as a \"mischievous gadabout\".[11] The following month, Blair Underwood became the another addition to the regular cast, playing the CIA officer Owen Hall.[12] Pearl Thusi was the final regular new cast member, who was said to Dayana Mampasi, a character described as \"a driven, disciplined a type-A Lawyer\".[13] Aarón Díaz was announced to have joined the series in a recurring role as photojournalist León Velez.[14] Following Díaz's casting, it was reported that Tracy Ifeachor and David Lim were cast in recurring roles as Lydia Hall and Sebastian Chen, respectively.[15] In late July 2016, Henry Czerny, who played the CIA director Matthew Keyes in the season 1 finale, joined the cast in the recurring role. Safran revealed he was important for the second season storyline.[16] The casting of Hunter Parrish and Krysta Rodriguez in the recurring roles of Clay Haas and Maxine Griffin, respectively, were announced in early 2017.[17][18]", "Quantico (season 1). The season one premiere on September 27, 2015, attracted 7.14 million viewers with a 1.9 rating among adults 18–49 to rank as the highest-rated scripted telecast on Sunday night opposite Sunday Night Football. It also built by 36% on its lead-in Blood & Oil, which had a 1.4 rating.[64] The pilot episode was also a huge gainer for DVR playback, with over 5 million, a 79% rise for a total 3.4 rating among adults 18–49 and a viewer total of 12.15 million.[65][66] The show continued to perform well during live viewing while registering strong gains in DVR playback, more than doubling several times in season one.[67][68] The finale episode garnered 3.78 million viewers with a 1.0 rating among adults in the 18–49 demographic, with a DVR boost of 120% for a total 2.2 rating among adults 18–49 and a total of 6.70 million viewers.[69] Overall, the first season averaged 8.05 million viewers with a 2.6 rating among adults in the 18–49 demographic.[70] It was the third best new series of the season among the adults 18–49 demographic.[70]", "Quantico (season 2). Season two consisted of 22 episodes, the second season follows Alex Parrish, who has been working undercover for the FBI as a CIA recruit to uncover the rogue faction of the CIA called the AIC. Told through dual timelines up to the thirteenth episode, the narrative switches between the present, where Parrish had to confront a hostage crisis at the G-20 summit in New York City by a terrorist group, and the past, where she had been training at the CIA's mysterious training facility \"The Farm\" with other trainees, revealing links between the two incidents. The narrative switched to single timeline from the fourteenth episode.", "Mark Pellegrino. He also recurred in the role of Clayton Haas in the ABC thriller Quantico.", "Quantico (season 2). Season two begins with Alex being undercover for the FBI along with Ryan at \"The Farm\" as a CIA recruit. Their mission is to uncover the mastermind behind the rogue faction of the CIA called the AIC. In the future, the President of the United States, the First Lady of the United States, and several other world leaders are being held hostage at the G-20 summit in New York by a group of terrorists called the Citizens Liberation Front. The real aim of the group is to get to the surveillance drives that all the world leaders brought with them before the AIC does who are hiding among the hostages. Two weeks after the end of the hostage crisis, President Claire Haas and CIA director Matthew Keyes put forth a covert joint task force between the FBI and CIA. The mission of the task force is to expose a syndicate of eight Collaborators that were secretly involved in orchestrating the hostage crisis. After the Collaborators gain access to the sensitive intelligence, Alex is re-instated to work again as an FBI agent and is hired to be a member of the task force along with Ryan Booth, Nimah Amin, Shelby Wyatt and Dayana Mampasi, and the leader of the group, Clay Haas, a renowned political advisory strategist.", "Quantico (season 1). Season one aired on Sundays in the United States at 10:00 p.m. It debuted with strong numbers, averaging 8.05 million viewers and received positive reviews from critics. Priyanka Chopra won the 2016's People's Choice Award for Favorite Actress in a New TV Series for her portrayal of Alex Parrish, making her the first South Asian to win a People's Choice Award. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released season one on DVD on September 13, 2016.", "Quantico (TV series). Jake McLaughlin was chosen to play Ryan Booth, Alex's love interest, and Johanna Braddy and Yasmine Al Massri were cast in the final co-starring roles of trainees Shelby Wyatt and Nimah and Raina Amin.[5] ABC announced after it picked up the pilot that the Liam O'Connor character would be re-cast, with Josh Hopkins replacing Dougray Scott in July 2015.[4][42] That month, it was announced that Anabelle Acosta was cast in a recurring role for a multi-episode story arc as Quantico recruit and former police officer Natalie Vasquez.[43] Rick Cosnett was also signed for a recurring role as a former defense attorney-analyst recruit.[44] Before the premiere, Acosta was promoted to a series regular.[9] In September 2015, Jacob Artist was cast in a recurring role as an FBI agent-in-training.[45] Marcia Cross was cast as Claire Haas, Caleb's mother and the wife of Senator, FBI Deputy Director and vice-presidential candidate Clayton Haas.[21] In November, Jay Armstrong Johnson, Lenny Platt and Li Jun Li were cast as recurring characters who would be added after the mid-season break.[46]", "Quantico (TV series). Series creator Joshua Safran initially wanted a \"straightforward action show\" different from his past work, which included the soapy dramas Gossip Girl and Smash.[14] He revealed that he wanted to do something with a law enforcement theme such as a political thriller about the NYPD after the September 11 attacks.[15] He based protagonist Alex Parrish, whose complex family history haunts her throughout the series, on a relative; Safran wove his own struggle to understand that family member into Alex's desire to learn the truth about her father.[14][15] Safran said \"I have a family member who either is a pathological liar or has been involved with a government agency my whole life. I've always struggled with knowing that I would never know the truth, because there is no real such thing as the truth with regard to somebody who may or may not be telling the truth. That struggle informed the character of Alex.\"[15] He called the series a sexy romance and a political thriller, adding \"It's like, what would Die Hard be if Die Hard was weekly and was also a soap\".[14]", "Quantico (season 3). Three years after the events of the Constitutional Convention, former CIA analyst, Alex Parrish had to escape outside the United States in order to avoid arrest from law enforcement authorities. After living anonymously in Italy, she is forced to return to America after Ryan shared information to her about Shelby's kidnapping by a notorious international arms dealer known as The Widow. In order to save Shelby, Ryan and Alex recruit Owen and Harry to help them with their mission. Owen invites Jocelyn Turner to the team as the former FBI agent has intelligence about the arms dealer, due in part to their past encounter. Owing to the extreme circumstances of the covert operation, the team must retrieve Shelby at all costs, before time runs out.[2]" ]

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[ "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). Only twelve horses have won the Triple Crown: Sir Barton (1919), Gallant Fox (1930), Omaha (1935), War Admiral (1937), Whirlaway (1941), Count Fleet (1943), Assault (1946), Citation (1948), Secretariat (1973), Seattle Slew (1977), Affirmed (1978), and American Pharoah (2015).", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). After Affirmed's Triple Crown in 1978, the longest drought in Triple Crown history began in 1979 with Spectacular Bid's failed Triple Crown attempt at the Belmont Stakes, and lasted until American Pharoah won in 2015. Starting in 1979, thirteen horses won both the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, but not the Belmont. Of those, Real Quiet came the closest to winning the Triple Crown, losing the Belmont Stakes by a nose in 1998. Charismatic led the Belmont Stakes in the final furlong in 1999, but fractured his left front leg in the final stretch and fell back to third. The seven most recent horses to win the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes but either lost or withdrew from the Belmont Stakes were War Emblem in 2002, Funny Cide in 2003, Smarty Jones in 2004, Big Brown in 2008, I'll Have Another in 2012, and California Chrome in 2014.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). After the first Triple Crown winner, Sir Barton, in 1919, there was not another winner until Gallant Fox in 1930, a gap of 11 years. Between 1930 and 1948, seven horses won the Triple Crown, with five years being the longest gap between winners. However, following the 1948 win of Citation, there was a considerable gap of 25 years before Secretariat ended the drought of Triple Crown champions in 1973. Between 1973 and 1978, there were three Triple Crown winners.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). At completion of the 2016 season, the three Triple Crown races have attracted 4,224 entrants. Of these, 292 horses have won a single leg of the Triple Crown, 52 horses have won two of the races (23 the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, 18 the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes, and 11 the Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes), and 12 horses have won all three races. Pillory won both the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes in 1922, a year when it was impossible to win the Triple Crown because the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes were run on the same day.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Only two jockeys have won the Triple Crown with different horses (i.e., rode horses to Triple Crowns in different years):", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Ten horses have won the Indian Triple Crown:", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). Jim Fitzsimmons is the only trainer to have two horses win the Triple Crown, training the sire/son combination of 1930 winner Gallant Fox and 1935 winner Omaha. This also marked the first time that an owner and the first time that a breeder, Belair Stud holding both duties, had a repeat win of the Triple Crown. Calumet Farm is the only other owner with two Triple Crown horses, 1941 winner Whirlaway and 1948 winner Citation. Eddie Arcaro is the only jockey to ride two horses to the Triple Crown, both for Calumet, Whirlaway and Citation. Those two horses' trainers, Ben Jones and Jimmy Jones, were father and son.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Filly Triple Crown winners are:", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). Only one horse, Alydar, has placed (finished second) in all three races. He was defeated by Affirmed in all three races in 1978 by a combined margin of two lengths. His trainer John Vietch is the only trainer to have done this with one horse. In 1995, D. Wayne Lukas became the first and only major figure (owner, jockey, or trainer) to win all three Triple Crown races with different horses, Thunder Gulch in the Derby and Belmont, Timber Country in the Preakness. Lukas also is the only trainer to have won six straight Triple Crown races, adding his 1995 wins, having won the 1994 Preakness and Belmont with Tabasco Cat and the 1996 Derby with Grindstone.[20]", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). In the 1979-2015 period, horses who contested all three races, losing the Kentucky Derby but winning the Preakness and the Belmont were Risen Star in 1988, Hansel in 1991, Tabasco Cat in 1994, Point Given in 2001, and Afleet Alex in 2005. In 1984, Swale and in 1995, Thunder Gulch ran all three races, winning the Derby and the Belmont, but not the Preakness.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Since Nijinsky, only Nashwan (1989), Sea the Stars (2009), and Camelot (2012) have won both the Guineas and the Derby. Between Reference Point in 1987 and Camelot in 2012, no Derby winner (not even the potential Triple Crown winners Nashwan and Sea the Stars) even entered the St. Leger. This reluctance to compete in the St. Leger is said to be because of the impact it would have on a horse's stud value in a market where speed is preferred to stamina.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Three horses have won the Danish Triple Crown:", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). In the United States, the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, commonly known as the Triple Crown, is a title awarded to a three-year-old Thoroughbred horse who wins the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes. The three races were inaugurated in different years, the last being the Kentucky Derby in 1875. These races are now run annually in May and early June of each year. The Triple Crown Trophy, commissioned in 1950 but awarded to all previous winners as well as those after 1950, is awarded to a Triple Crown winner.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). At 18, Steve Cauthen became the youngest jockey to win the Triple Crown, riding Affirmed in 1978. At 43, Victor Espinoza became the oldest jockey to win the Triple Crown, riding American Pharoah in 2015.", "2018 Preakness Stakes. It was a record-tying seventh win of the Preakness for Justify's trainer, Bob Baffert.[2] Five of those wins came with horses who had just won the Kentucky Derby: Silver Charm, Real Quiet, War Emblem and American Pharoah. Of these, only American Pharoah went on to complete the Triple Crown by winning the Belmont Stakes.[11] Justify later duplicated this feat in the 2018 Belmont Stakes, making Baffert only the second person to train two Triple Crown winners.[13]", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Three horses have swept the Swedish Triple Crown:", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Since the 2,000 Guineas was first run in 1809, fifteen horses (including three winners of substitute races at Newmarket during the First World War) have won the English Triple Crown. The most recent – and only winner since World War II – was Nijinsky, in 1970. For many years, it was considered unlikely that any horse would ever win the English Triple Crown again. In the winter of 2006/2007, however, trainer Jim Bolger was training his unbeaten colt Teofilo for the Triple Crown[1] and bookmaker William Hill plc was offering odds of only 12/1 against Teofilo winning the 2007 Triple Crown. The horse was withdrawn from the 2000 Guineas two days before the race after suffering a setback and never raced again.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Three horses have swept the Italian Triple Crown:", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). Gelded colts may run in any of the three races today, but they were prohibited from entering the Belmont between 1919 and 1957. Geldings have won each of the individual races,[7][8] but like fillies, no gelding has ever won the Triple Crown. The closest was Funny Cide, who won the Derby and the Preakness in 2003.[9]", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Two horses have swept the Spanish Triple Crown:", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Eight horses have swept the Norwegian Triple Crown:", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Mexican Filly Triple Crown winners:", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Triple Crown winners:", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. The following horses won their Triple Crown when still undefeated. Those marked with an asterisk retired undefeated.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). Gallant Fox is the only Triple Crown winner to sire another U.S. Triple Crown winner, Omaha. Affirmed sired Peteski, winner of the 1993 Canadian Triple Crown.[22]", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). Each Triple Crown race is open to both colts and fillies. Though fillies have won each of the individual Triple Crown races, none have won the Triple Crown itself.[5] There have been attempts to develop a \"Filly Triple Crown\" or a \"Triple Tiara\" for fillies only, but no set series of three races consistently remained in the public eye, and at least four different configurations of races were used. Two fillies won the series of the Kentucky Oaks, the Pimlico Oaks (now the Black-Eyed Susan Stakes), and the Coaching Club American Oaks, in 1949 and 1952, but the racing press did not designate either accomplishment as a \"triple crown.\" In 1961, the New York Racing Association created a filly triple crown of in-state races only, but the races changed over the years. Eight fillies won the NYRA Triple Tiara between 1968 and 1993.[6]", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. The following horses have swept the Dutch Triple Crown:", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). James E. \"Sunny Jim\" Fitzsimmons was the only trainer to win the Triple Crown more than once; he trained both Gallant Fox and his son Omaha for the Belair Stud breeding farm. Gallant Fox and Omaha are the only father-son duo to win the Triple Crown. Belair Stud and Calumet Farm are tied as the owners with the most Triple Crown victories with two apiece. Calumet Farms won with Whirlaway and Citation. Eddie Arcaro rode both of Calumet Farms' Triple Crown champions and is the only jockey to win more than one Triple Crown.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. No filly has swept all three races, but Jacopa de Sellaio (ITY) won the Premio Parioli, Derby Italiano, Premio Regina Elena, and Oaks d'Italia in 1932.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Two horses have swept the French Triple Crown", "British Classic Races. Fifteen horses have won the standard Triple Crown (2,000 Guineas – Derby – St Leger), the last being Nijinsky in 1970.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. The following horses won the 2000 Guineas and Derby but were beaten in the St Leger:" ]

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[ "Theocracy. Iran has been described as a \"theocratic republic\" (by the CIA World Factbook),[15] and its constitution a \"hybrid\" of \"theocratic and democratic elements\" by Francis Fukuyama.[16] Like other Islamic states, it maintains religious laws and has religious courts to interpret all aspects of law. According to Iran's constitution, \"all civil, penal, financial, economic, administrative, cultural, military, political, and other laws and regulations must be based on Islamic criteria.\"[17]", "Iranian Revolution. Iran has elected governmental bodies at the national, provincial, and local levels. Although these bodies are subordinate to theocracy – which has veto power over who can run for parliament (or Islamic Consultative Assembly) and whether its bills can become law – they have more power than equivalent organs in the Shah's government.", "History of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Islamic Republic of Iran is an Islamic theocracy headed by a Supreme Leader. Its constitution was approved in 1979 and amended in 1989. Jaafari (Usuli) school of thought is the official religion. It has an elected president and elected governmental bodies at the national, provincial and local levels for which all males and females from the age of 18 on up may vote, which are supervised by theocratic bodies, particularly the Council of Guardians which had veto power over who can run for parliament (or Islamic Consultative Assembly) and whether its bills can become law. Nonetheless the elected organs have more power than equivalent ones in the Shah's government.", "Iran. The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the 1979 Constitution.[201]", "History of the Islamic Republic of Iran. One of the most dramatic changes in government in Iran's history was seen with the 1979 Iranian Revolution where Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown and replaced by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The patriotic monarchy was replaced by an Islamic Republic based on the principle of rule by Islamic jurists, (or \"Velayat-e faqih\"), where clerics serve as head of state and in many powerful governmental roles. A pro-Western, pro-American foreign policy was exchanged for one of \"neither east nor west\", said to rest on the three \"pillars\" of mandatory veil (hijab) for women, and opposition to the United States and Israel.[1] A rapidly modernizing, capitalist economy[2][3] was replaced by populist and Islamic economic and culture.", "Politics of Iran. The politics of Iran take place in a framework of a theocracy in a format of syncretic politics that is guided by Islamic ideology. The December 1979 constitution, and its 1989 amendment, define the political, economic, and social order of the Islamic Republic of Iran, declaring that Shia Islam of the Twelver school of thought is Iran's official religion.", "Theocracy. In addition, Iran has a religious ruler and many religious officials in powerful government posts. The head of state, or \"Supreme Leader\", is a faqih[18] (scholar of Islamic law),\nand possesses more power than Iran's president. The Leader appoints the heads of many powerful posts: the commanders of the armed forces, the director of the national radio and television network, the heads of the powerful major religious foundations, the chief justice, the attorney general (indirectly through the chief justice), special tribunals, and members of national security councils dealing with defence and foreign affairs. He also co-appoints the 12 jurists of the Guardian Council.[19]", "Democracy in the Middle East. Historically Iranians were ruled by an absolute monarchy for several thousand years, at least since the time of the Achaemenid Empire (550 B.C.E.) until the Constitutional Revolution in the early 20th century. The Constitutional Revolution in 1906 replaced the absolute monarchy with a constitutional monarchy. The constitution went under several revisions during the following decades. During World War II Iran stayed neutral but in 1941 the Allies (the USSR and Great Britain) invaded Iran and replaced the Iran's Shah Reza Pahlavi (who was perceived as being pro-German) with his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to protect their access to Iranian oil, and to secure routes to ship western military aid to the Soviet Union. Iran's parliamentary government led by Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq was toppled in a 1953 coup d'état by royalist forces supported and funded by CIA and MI6 after Mohammed Mosaddeq nationalized Iranian oil. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi became the preeminent leader in Iran, and instated Fazlollah Zahedi from the military as the new Prime Minister.[25] United States has considered the Shah as a close ally and Iran as its main base in the Middle East. The Shah also tried to modernize Iran's economy and westernize Iran's culture. These and other policies contributed to alienating nationalists, leftists, and religious groups.", "Politics of Iran. The Supreme Leader of Iran[10] is the head of state and highest ranking political and religious authority in the Islamic Republic of Iran (above the President). The armed forces, judicial system, state television, and other key governmental organizations are under the control of the Supreme Leader. There have been only two Supreme Leaders since the founding of the Islamic Republic, and the current leader (Ali Khamenei), has been in power since 1989. His powers extend to issuing decrees and making final decisions on the economy, environment, foreign policy, education, national planning of population growth,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] the amount of transparency in elections in Iran,[19] and who is to be fired and reinstated in the Presidential cabinet.[20][21]", "History of Iran. The ideology of revolutionary government was populist, nationalist and most of all Shi'a Islamic. Its unique constitution is based on the concept of velayat-e faqih the idea advanced by Khomeini that Muslims – in fact everyone – requires \"guardianship\", in the form of rule or supervision by the leading Islamic jurist or jurists.[168] Khomeini served as this ruling jurist, or supreme leader, until his death in 1989.", "Politics of Iran. Iran has an elected president, parliament (or Majlis), \"Assembly of Experts\" (which elects the Supreme Leader), and local councils. According to the constitution all candidates running for these positions must be vetted by the Guardian Council before being elected.", "Islamic Principlism in Iran. Various theories of state based on immediate divine legitimacy have been proposed over the years by Iranian clerics. One can distinguish four types of theocracies. Typology of the types of government adumbrated in Shiite jurisprudential sources can be summarized as follows (in chronological order):[63]", "Islamic Principlism in Iran. Under Ahmadinejad, neo-conservative forces are determined to make the Islamic Republic more Islamic than republican. Whether they will succeed is another matter. Power in Iran is a complicated matter, and various factions exist even among conservatives, who run the gamut from hard-liners to pragmatists. Some among Iran’s leadership would accept accommodation with the West in exchange for economic and strategic concessions, while others are content to accept isolation from the West. Others favor a \"Chinese model,\" which in Iran would mean opening the economy to international investment while maintaining the clergy’s dominance. It is these complex internal forces that will decide the future of Iranian politics.[51]", "Democracy in the Middle East. The monarchy was overthrown in 1979 by the Iranian Revolution. In the same year a referendum was held by Ruhollah Khomeini, that asked whether there should be an 'Islamic Republic' or not. The 1979 referendum (in favor of an Islamic Republic) got 98% support of those who voted. The constitution was modeled on the 1958 constitution of the French Fifth Republic by the Assembly of Experts for Constitution (who were elected by direct popular vote) and Khomeini made himself the new Supreme Leader of Iran. The constitution received above 99% support in another 1979 referendum. After Khomeini's death, the Assembly of Experts (which is made of Islamic scholars elected by direct vote) appointed Ali Khamenei as the new Supreme Leader. The constitution was also amended through a referendum in 1989 with 97% support a few months before Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini died increasing the powers of Supreme Leader. Iran holds regular national elections by universal suffrage for all citizens (regardless of race, religion, or sex, who are of voting age) for electing the President, members of Parliament, Assembly of Experts, City and Village Councils where political parties support candidates.", "Islamic Principlism in Iran. On the other hand, fundamentalists and in-system reformers on one side and neo-fundamentalists on the other side are struggling over \"Khomeini’s Islamic Republic\" versus \"Mesbah’s Islamic administration.\" Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi and Ansar-e-Hezbollah call for a change in the Iranian constitution from a republic to an Islamic administration.[66][67] They believe the institutions of the Islamic Republic, such as the Majlis (Iran's Parliament), are contradictory to Islamic government which is completely centered around Velayat-e Faqih and total obedience to him.[68]", "Supreme Leader of Iran. The constitution of Iran combines concepts of both democracy and theocracy, theocracy in the form of Khomeini's concept of vilayat-e faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist), as expressed in the Islamic Republic. According to Ayatollah Khomeini, the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist was not restricted to orphans or mental incompetents, but applied to everyone in absence of the twelfth Imam. Jurists were the only rightful political/governmental leaders because \"God had commanded Islamic government\" and \"no one knew religion better than the ulama\" (Islamic clergy).[39] They alone would preserve \"Islamic order\" and keep everyone from deviating from \"the just path of Islam\".[40] Prior to the revolution observant Shia Muslims selected their own leading faqih to emulate (known as a Marja'-i taqlid) according to their own decision making. The “congregation rather than the hierarchy decided how prominent the ayatollah was” thus allowing the public to possibly limit the influence of the Faqih.[39]", "History of Iran. Initially there were hopes that post-occupation Iran could become a constitutional monarchy. The new, young Shah Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi initially took a very hands-off role in government, and allowed parliament to hold a lot of power. Some elections were held in the first shaky years, although they remained mired in corruption. Parliament became chronically unstable, and from the 1947 to 1951 period Iran saw the rise and fall of six different prime ministers. Pahlavi increased his political power by convening the Iran Constituent Assembly, 1949, which finally formed the Senate of Iran—a legislative upper house allowed for in the 1906 constitution but never brought into being. The new senators were largely supportive of Pahlavi, as he had intended.", "Iran. The Supreme Leader appoints the head of the country's judiciary, who in turn appoints the head of the Supreme Court and the chief public prosecutor.[226] There are several types of courts, including public courts that deal with civil and criminal cases, and revolutionary courts which deal with certain categories of offenses, such as crimes against national security. The decisions of the revolutionary courts are final and cannot be appealed.[226]", "Politics of Iran. The Iranian Government is opposed by several Militias, including the Mojahedin-e-Khalq, the People's Fedayeen, and the Kurdish Democratic Party. For other political parties see List of political parties in Iran.", "History of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Some things remain much as they were under the monarchy. Iran has retained its status as a major regional power—it is far larger than any of its gulf neighbors, and possesses large reserves of gas and oil.[5] Its national cohesion brought by a long history as a nation, strong central state government and its oil export revenues have brought it \"respectable\" levels of income, literacy, college enrollment, infant mortality, and infrastructure.[5] Modern trends found under the monarchy, such as urbanization, growing enrollment in higher education[6] and literacy, continued.", "Religion in the Middle East. The Islamic Revolution replaced an old world monarchy with a theocracy based on the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist (Velayat-e Faqih) where a Shia cleric (faqih) is the ruler, though there are also competitive elections of candidates approved by another clerical body.[60] This is a mix of republicanism and religion where that would use religion to rule for elective and democratic institutions; it was to be a blend of liberalism and religious injunctions (abs). Islam would be protected under this Islamic Republic and unelected positions like the Supreme Leader and the Guardian Council would have unlimited power over the nation. With the nuclear program developing in Iran and much conflict after September 22, 2001, Iran and the Islamic Republic are at a crossroads.[60]", "Islamic democracy. Some Iranians, including Mohammad Khatami, categorize the Islamic republic of Iran as a kind of religious democracy.[84] They maintain that Ayatollah Khomeini held the same view as well and that's why he strongly chose \"Jomhoorie Eslami\" (Islamic Republic) over \"Hokoomate Eslami\" (Islamic State).", "History of Islam. In 1979 the Iranian Revolution transformed Iran from a constitutional monarchy to a populist theocratic Islamic republic under the rule of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a Shi'i Muslim cleric and marja. Following the Revolution, and a new constitution was approved and a referendum established the government, electing Ruhollah Khomeini as Supreme Leader. During the following two years, liberals, leftists, and Islamic groups fought each other, and the Islamics captured power.", "Democracy in the Middle East. The current political system in Iran was designed to allow Iranians to decide their future by themselves without being oppressed by authorities, but in practice only allows a limited democracy. One of the main problems of Iran's system is the consolidation of too much power in the hands of the Supreme Leader who is elected by the Assembly of Experts for life (unless the Assembly of Experts decides to remove him, which has never happened). The power of the Supreme Leader under Iran's constitution is almost unlimited and unrestricted in practice. This combined with the view that he is the representative of God held by some religious groups, being the head of the security and armed forces, and controlling the official state media (the radio and television are restricted to state radio and television) makes him immune from any kind of criticism and unchallengeable. Critics of the system or the Supreme Leader are punished severely. Critical newspapers and political parties are closed, social and political activists like writers, journalists, human right activists, university students, union leaders, lawyers, and politicians are jailed for unreasonably long periods for making simple criticism against the Supreme Leader, the Islamic Republic system, Islam and Shia doctrines, the government, and other officials. They have been even threatened by death sentence (though all such verdict in recent years have been dropped in higher courts in recent years) and some have been assassinated by the Ministry of Intelligence and militias in the past (no such case has been reported in recent years).", "Iran. The officially stated goal of the government of Iran is to establish a new world order based on world peace, global collective security, and justice.[254][255] Since the time of the 1979 Revolution, Iran's foreign relations have often been portrayed as being based on two strategic principles; eliminating outside influences in the region, and pursuing extensive diplomatic contacts with developing and non-aligned countries.[256]", "History of Iran. Iran was ruled as an autocracy under the shah with American support from that time until the revolution. The Iranian government entered into agreement with an international consortium of foreign companies which ran the Iranian oil facilities for the next 25 years splitting profits fifty-fifty with Iran but not allowing Iran to audit their accounts or have members on their board of directors. In 1957 martial law was ended after 16 years and Iran became closer to the West, joining the Baghdad Pact and receiving military and economic aid from the US. In 1961, Iran initiated a series of economic, social, agrarian and administrative reforms to modernize the country that became known as the Shah's White Revolution.", "History of Iran. A new era in the history of Persia dawned with the Persian Constitutional Revolution against the Shah in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Shah managed to remain in power, granting a limited constitution in 1906 (making the country a constitutional monarchy). The first Majlis (parliament) was convened on October 7, 1906.", "History of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In July 2007, Ahmadinejad ordered the dissolution of the Management and Planning Organisation of Iran, a relatively independent planning body with a supervisory role in addition to its responsibility to allocate the national budget,[172] and replaced it with a new budget planning body directly under his control, a move that may give him a freer hand to implement populist policies.[173][174]", "Politics of Iran. The Islamic Republic Party was Iran's ruling political party and for years its only political party until its dissolution in 1987. After the war, new reformist/progressive parties had started to form. The country had no functioning political parties until the Executives of Construction Party formed in 1994 to run for the fifth parliamentary elections, mainly out of executive body of the government close to the then-president Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani. After the election of Mohammad Khatami in 1997, more parties started to work, mostly of the reformist movement and opposed by hard-liners. This led to incorporation and official activity of many other groups, including hard-liners. After the war ended in 1988, reformist and progressive candidates won four out of six presidential elections in Iran and Right-wing nationalist party of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad won twice.", "Head of state. In the modern Islamic Republic of Iran, the Supreme Leader, at present Ali Khamenei serves as head of state. The Aga Khans, a unique dynasty of temporal/religious leadership, leading an offshoot of Shia Islam in Central and South Asia, once ranking among British India's princely states, continue to the present day.", "Iran. The Leader of the Revolution (\"Supreme Leader\") is responsible for delineation and supervision of the policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran.[204] The Iranian president has little power compared to the Supreme Leader Khamenei.[205] The current longtime Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, has been issuing decrees and making the final decisions on the economy, environment, foreign policy, education, national plannings, and everything else in the country.[206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213][214] Khamenei also outlines elections guidelines,[215] and has fired and reinstated presidential cabinet appointments.[216][217] Key ministers are selected with the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei's agreement and he has the ultimate say on Iran's foreign policy.[205] The president-elect is required to gain the Leader Khamenei's official approval before being sworn in before the Parliament (Majlis). Through this process, known as Tanfiz (validation), the Leader agrees to the outcome of the presidential election.[218] The Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei directly chooses the ministries of Defense, Intelligence and Foreign Affairs, as well as certain other ministries, such as the Science Ministry.[219] Iran's regional policy is directly controlled by the office of the Supreme Leader with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' task limited to protocol and ceremonial occasions. All of Iran's ambassadors to Arab countries, for example, are chosen by the Quds Corps, which directly reports to the Supreme Leader.[206] The budget bill for every year, as well as withdrawing money from the National Development Fund of Iran, require Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei's approval and permission.[220] Setad, estimated at $95 billion in 2013, accounts of which are secret even to the Iranian parliament,[221][222] is controlled only by the Supreme Leader.[223][224]", "Iran. The legislature of Iran, known as the Islamic Consultative Assembly, is a unicameral body comprising 290 members elected for four-year terms.[249] It drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the national budget. All parliamentary candidates and all legislation from the assembly must be approved by the Guardian Council.[250]" ]

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[ "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?. \"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?\" is a song written by John Fogerty and released as a single in 1971 from the album Pendulum (1970) by roots rock group Creedence Clearwater Revival. The song charted highest in Canada, reaching number one on the RPM 100 national singles chart in March 1971.[1] In the U.S., in the same year it peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart (where it was listed as \"Have You Ever Seen the Rain? / Hey Tonight\", together with the B-side).[2] On Cash Box pop chart, it peaked at number three. In the UK, it reached number 36. It was the group's eighth gold-selling single.[3]", "The Rain (Oran \"Juice\" Jones song). The song produced a novelty, answer record, titled “Thunder & Lightning,” performed by Miss Thang and released in 1986 by Tommy Boy Records.[11] Another response version was done by an artist who went by the name Pamala, released in 1986 by Evejim Records, entitled \"Walkin in the Rain, Yes You Saw Me.[12] Yet another answer record was released in 1986 titled \"The Drain\" recorded by Leot Littlepage on Select Records.[13]", "Creedence Clearwater Revival. Pendulum, released in December 1970, was another top seller, spawning a Top 10 hit with \"Have You Ever Seen The Rain?\". John Fogerty included Hammond B3 Organ on many of the Pendulum tracks, notably \"Have You Ever Seen The Rain?\", in recognition of the deep respect and influence of Booker T. & the M.G.'s, with whom the members of the band had jammed. The single's flip side, \"Hey Tonight\", was also a hit.", "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?. John Fogerty released a live version of the song on his The Long Road Home - In Concert DVD which was recorded at the Wiltern Theatre in Los Angeles, California on September 15, 2005.", "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face. \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\" is a 1957 folk song written by British political singer/songwriter Ewan MacColl for Peggy Seeger, who later became his wife. At the time, the couple were lovers, although MacColl was married to someone else. Seeger sang the song when the duo performed in folk clubs around Britain. During the 1960s, it was recorded by various folk singers and became a major international hit for Roberta Flack in 1972, winning Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. Billboard ranked it as the no. 1 Hot 100 single of the year for 1972.[1]", "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?. Some have speculated that the song's lyrics are referencing the Vietnam War, with the \"rain\" being a metaphor for bombs falling from the sky.[4] In his review of the song for Allmusic website, Mark Deming suggests that the song is about the idealism of the 1960s and about it fading in the wake of events such as the Altamont Free Concert and the Kent State shootings and that Fogerty is saying that the same issues of the 1960s still existed in the 1970s but that people were no longer fighting for them.[5] However, Fogerty himself has said in interviews and prior to playing the song in concert that the song is about rising tension within CCR and the imminent departure of his brother Tom from the band.[6] In an interview, Fogerty stated that the song was written about the fact that they were on the top of the charts, and had surpassed all of their wildest expectations of fame and fortune. They were rich and famous, but somehow all of the members of the band at the time were depressed and unhappy. Thus the line \"Have you ever seen the rain, coming down on a sunny day.\" The band split in October the following year after the release of the album Mardi Gras.", "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?. In a literal sense the song describes a sunshower such in the lyric \"It'll rain a sunny day\" and the chorus \"have you ever seen the rain Comin' down on a sunny day?\".[7] These events are particularly common in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, but less common in other parts of the country, due to localized atmospheric wind sheer effects.[7] In Southern regional dialect, there is even a term for it: \"the devil beating his wife\".[7]", "The Rain (Oran \"Juice\" Jones song). \"The Rain\" was nominated for two Grammy Awards, but Jones never had another Hot 100 hit and left the music business after his third album failed to chart. \"The Rain\" is ranked #63 on VH1's 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the '80s. During the show, Jones was asked about his one-hit wonder status. His reply was: \"Oran 'Juice' Jones, he came, he saw, he conquered, he moved on. You dig?\"", "Famous Blue Raincoat. In 1994 Cohen said that \"it was a song I've never been satisfied with\".[1] In the 1999 book, The Complete Guide to the Music of Leonard Cohen, the authors comment that Cohen's question, \"Did you ever go clear?\", in the song, is a reference to the Scientology state of \"Clear\".[3]", "James Taylor. Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the No. 3 single \"Fire and Rain\" and had his first No. 1 hit the following year with \"You've Got a Friend\", a recording of Carole King's classic song. His 1976 Greatest Hits album was certified Diamond and has sold 12 million US copies. Following his 1977 album, JT, he has retained a large audience over the decades. Every album that he released from 1977 to 2007 sold over 1 million copies. He enjoyed a resurgence in chart performance during the late 1990s and 2000s, when he recorded some of his most-awarded work (including Hourglass, October Road, and Covers). He achieved his first number-one album in the US in 2015 with his recording Before This World.[4]", "Bob Dylan. In the early 1970s, critics charged that Dylan's output was varied and unpredictable. Rolling Stone writer Greil Marcus asked \"What is this shit?\" on first listening to Self Portrait, released in June 1970.[144][145] It was a double LP including few original songs, and was poorly received.[146] In October 1970, Dylan released New Morning, considered a return to form.[147] This album included \"Day of the Locusts\", a song in which Dylan gave an account of receiving an honorary degree from Princeton University on June 9, 1970.[148] In November 1968, Dylan had co-written \"I'd Have You Anytime\" with George Harrison;[149] Harrison recorded \"I'd Have You Anytime\" and Dylan's \"If Not for You\" for his 1970 solo triple album All Things Must Pass. Dylan's surprise appearance at Harrison's 1971 Concert for Bangladesh attracted media coverage, reflecting that Dylan's live appearances had become rare.[150]", "The Rain (Oran \"Juice\" Jones song). \"The Rain\" is a 1986 crossover hit single originally performed by R&B singer Oran \"Juice\" Jones, which he released on and from his debut album Juice.", "Harlan Howard. Howard also wrote the classic Kingston Trio song \"Everglades\", and the song \"Busted\", originally a hit for both Ray Charles and Johnny Cash and later a hit for John Conlee who used the song to create awareness for Feed the Children. The song \"The Wall\", also became a hit for Johnny Cash on his studio album, Orange Blossom Special, as well as his Live at Folsom Prison album.", "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face. The song entered the pop mainstream when it was released by the Kingston Trio on their 1962 hit album New Frontier and in subsequent years by other pop folk groups such as Peter, Paul and Mary, The Brothers Four, and the Chad Mitchell Trio, and by Gordon Lightfoot on his 1966 debut album Lightfoot!", "Roberta Flack. Flack's cover version of \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\" hit number 76 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1972. Her Atlantic recordings did not sell particularly well, until actor/director Clint Eastwood chose a song from First Take, \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\" written by Ewan MacColl, for the sound track of his directorial debut Play Misty for Me; it became the biggest hit of the year for 1972 – spending six consecutive weeks at #1 and earning Flack a million-selling Gold disc.[16] The First Take album also went to #1 and eventually sold 1.9 million copies in the United States. Eastwood, who paid $2,000 for the use of the song in the film,[17] has remained an admirer and friend of Flack's ever since. It was awarded the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1973. In 1983, she recorded the end music to the Dirty Harry film Sudden Impact at Eastwood's request.[8]", "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face. There are two differing accounts of the origin of the song. MacColl said that he wrote the song for Seeger after she asked him to pen a song for a play she was in. He wrote the song and taught it to Seeger over the telephone.[2] Seeger said that MacColl, with whom she had begun an affair in 1957, used to send her tapes to listen to whilst they were apart and that the song was on one of them.[3]", "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face. The song was popularised by Roberta Flack in 1972 in a version that became a breakout hit for the singer. The song first appeared on Flack's 1969 album First Take. Her rendition was much slower than the original, as an early solo recording by Seeger ran two and a half minutes long whereas Flack's is more than twice that length.[citation needed]", "Rain (Beatles song). U2 has played the song in whole or in part throughout many of their tours, usually during outdoor concerts when it has started to rain.[41] Pearl Jam improvised the song into their song \"Jeremy\" during their 1992 Pinkpop Festival show and played it in full at the Isle of Wight Festival in 2012.[42] Kula Shaker covered the song live at Reading Festival in 1996 as did Fairport Convention, featuring Dan Ar Braz, at the Cropredy Festival in 1997. Todd Rundgren has also covered the song,[11] as has the late Dan Fogelberg, who reprised it as part of his own cover of \"Rhythm of the Rain\". The Grateful Dead played it twenty times throughout the early 1990s.", "Spin Doctors. \"[Their] popularity is based on universal rock & roll virtues,\" said Rolling Stone, which put the band on the cover of its January 7, 1993 issue. \"The Doctors aren't trying to blaze new trails. They know we've been down this way with the Stones, Curtis Mayfield, and a few of their other touchstones. But the proof—plenty of it—is in the party.\" Spin Doctors made an appearance on Sesame Street, singing a modified version of \"Two Princes\" that emphasized the importance of sharing.[7] In 1993, they recorded covers of \"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?\", originally by Creedence Clearwater Revival, for the film Philadelphia[8] and \"Spanish Castle Magic\" for Stone Free: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix.", "David Allan Coe. Early in 1970, Coe released his debut album, Penitentiary Blues, followed by a tour with Grand Funk Railroad.[1] In October 1971, he signed as an exclusive writer with Pete and Rose Drake's publishing company Windows Publishing Company, Inc. in Nashville, Tennessee, where he remained until 1977. Although he developed a cult following with his performances, he was not able to develop any mainstream success, but other performers achieved charting success by recording songs Coe had written, including Billie Jo Spears' 1972 recording \"Souvenirs & California Mem'rys\" and Tanya Tucker's 1973 single \"Would You Lay With Me (In a Field of Stone),\" which was a number-one hit, and responsible for Coe becoming one of Nashville's hottest songwriters and Coe himself being signed by Columbia Records.[1] Coe recorded his own version of the song for his second Columbia album, Once Upon a Rhyme, released in 1975.[7] AllMusic writer Thom Jurek said of the song, \"The amazing thing is that both versions are definitive.\"[7] Johnny Cash covered the song in his album American III: Solitary Man in 2000.The album also contained a cover of Steve Goodman and John Prine's \"You Never Even Called Me by My Name\", which was a top-10 Billboard hit, and was followed by a string of moderately successful hits.[1]", "The First Cut Is the Deepest. The song has been widely recorded and has become a hit single for five different artists: P. P. Arnold (1967), Keith Hampshire (1973), Rod Stewart (1977), Papa Dee (1995) and Sheryl Crow (2003).", "Total Eclipse of the Heart. After her contract with RCA Records ended in 1981, Tyler found a new manager in David Aspden and after seeing Meat Loaf perform \"Bat Out of Hell\" live on The Old Grey Whistle Test, approached Meat Loaf's producer Jim Steinman and asked him to be her producer.[4] Tyler visited Steinman in his apartment in New York in April 1982 with her manager, where she was presented with two tracks: \"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?\" and \"Goin' Through the Motions\". She stated that had she not liked the songs Steinman played for her, he would have rejected Tyler's invitation to collaborate.[4] She returned to his studio apartment weeks later, where Steinman and Rory Dodd performed \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" for her. He also hand-picked the recording band for the song.[5]", "Look Through Any Window. The B-side, \"So Lonely\", later included on Hollies and Hear! Here!, was recorded by the Everly Brothers and released in July 1966 on their Two Yanks in England album.", "Rain (Beatles song). First released as a B-side to \"Paperback Writer\" in the United States (Capitol 5651) on 30 May 1966 and in the UK on 10 June 1966, the single was later released part of a Record Store Day reissue in 2010.[22] It later appeared on the compilations Hey Jude in the US and Rarities in the UK. It also appeared on the Past Masters CD.[11]", "The Lightning Seeds. In 1989, Ian Broudie began recording alone under the name \"Lightning Seeds\". The name derives from a misheard lyric from Prince's 1985 hit single \"Raspberry Beret\" (The rain sounds so cool / When it hits the barn roof / And the horses wonder who you are / Thunder drowns out what the lightning sees). Broudie had previously been a member of the band Care[3] in the mid-1980s, but by 1989 was much better known as a producer for Liverpool-based chart acts Echo & the Bunnymen and many other independent labels at the time.", "Rain (Beatles song). \"Rain\" is notable for Ringo Starr's drumming, which Starr rates as his best recorded performance.[27] Critics agreed: both Ian MacDonald and Rolling Stone described his drumming on the track as \"superb\", while Richie Unterberger of AllMusic praised his \"creative drum breaks\".[28][29][30] In 1984, Starr said: \"I think it's the best out of all the records I've ever made. 'Rain' blows me away … I know me and I know my playing … and then there's 'Rain'.\"[31]", "A Garden in the Rain. \"A Garden in the Rain\" is a popular song. The music was composed by Carroll Gibbons, the lyrics by James Dyrenforth. The song was published in 1928.", "Look Through Any Window. \"Look Through Any Window\" is a song by the British beat group The Hollies. It was the first American Billboard Top 40 hit for them, peaking at No. 32 on 22 January 1966 (Just One Look in 1964 had been their first American chart hit). It reached No. 4 in their native country and in Canada it made #3 in the RPM Magazine charts. Written by songwriters Graham Gouldman and Charles Silverman, it features a distinctive 12-string guitar riff, soaring harmonies and Bobby Elliott’s explosive drumming. They also recorded a version in French (titled \"Regardez par des fenêtres\") that was not officially released at the time but was included on the 1988 compilation Rarities.", "Rain (Beatles song). The Beatles created three promotional films for \"Rain\"[3] which are considered among the early precursors of music videos.[34] These videos, along with other Beatles videos at the time, sparked George Harrison to say during the Beatles Anthology, \"So I suppose, in a way, we invented MTV.\"[35]", "The First Cut Is the Deepest. Stevens made a demo recording of \"The First Cut Is the Deepest\" in 1965, but originally hoped to become a songwriter.[1] He wrote the song earlier to promote his songs to other artists, but did not record it as his own performance until early October 1967 with guitarist Big Jim Sullivan, and it did not appear until his second album, New Masters, was released in December 1967. He sold the song for £30 to P.P. Arnold, and it became a huge hit for her,[2] as well as an international hit for Keith Hampshire, Rod Stewart, and Sheryl Crow. The song has won Stevens songwriting awards, including two consecutive ASCAP songwriting awards for \"Songwriter of the Year\" in 2005 and 2006.[3]", "Keith Whitley. During the new recording sessions in 1987, Whitley started feeling that the songs he was doing were not up to his standards, so he approached RCA and asked if the project of 15 songs could be shelved. He asked if he could assert himself more with the songs and production. The new album, titled Don't Close Your Eyes, was released in 1988, and the album sold extremely well. The album contained one of the many songs that Whitley had a hand in writing in his years at Tree Publishing, \"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\". Also on the album was a remake of Lefty Frizzell's classic standard \"I Never Go Around Mirrors,\" and the song became a huge hit at Whitley's concerts. The first three singles from the album—\"When You Say Nothing at All,\" \"I'm No Stranger to the Rain,\" and the title cut—all reached number one on Billboard Magazine's country charts during the fall of 1988 and the winter of 1989, with the title track \"Don't Close Your Eyes\" being ranked as Billboard's No. 1 Country song of 1988. Shortly thereafter, \"I'm No Stranger to the Rain\" also earned Whitley his first and only Country Music Association award as a solo artist and a Grammy nomination for Best Country Vocal Performance, Male.", "Rain and Snow. Rain and Snow, also known as Cold Rain and Snow (Roud 3634),[1] is an American folksong and in some variants a murder ballad.[2] The song first appeared in print in Olive Dame Campbell and Cecil Sharp's 1917 compilation English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians, which relates that it was collected from Mrs. Tom Rice in Big Laurel, North Carolina in 1916. The melody is pentatonic.[3]" ]

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[ "Term life insurance. Term life insurance or term assurance is life insurance that provides coverage at a fixed rate of payments for a limited period of time, the relevant term. After that period expires, coverage at the previous rate of premiums is no longer guaranteed and the client must either forgo coverage or potentially obtain further coverage with different payments or conditions. If the life insured dies during the term, the death benefit will be paid to the beneficiary. Term insurance is typically the least expensive way to purchase a substantial death benefit on a coverage amount per premium dollar basis over a specific period of time.", "Term life insurance. The simplest form of term life insurance is for a term of one year. The death benefit would be paid by the insurance company if the insured died during the one-year term, while no benefit is paid if the insured dies one day after the last day of the one-year term. The premium paid is then based on the expected probability of the insured dying in that one year.", "Life insurance. Pre-need life insurance policies are limited premium payment, whole life policies that are usually purchased by older applicants, though they are available to everyone. This type of insurance is designed to cover specific funeral expenses that the applicant has designated in a contract with a funeral home. The policy's death benefit is initially based on the funeral cost at the time of prearrangement, and it then typically grows as interest is credited. In exchange for the policy owner's designation, the funeral home typically guarantees that the proceeds will cover the cost of the funeral, no matter when death occurs. Excess proceeds may go either to the insured's estate, a designated beneficiary, or the funeral home as set forth in the contract. Purchasers of these policies usually make a single premium payment at the time of prearrangement, but some companies also allow premiums to be paid over as much as ten years.", "Life insurance. Life insurance (or life assurance, especially in the Commonwealth of Nations) is a contract between an insurance policy holder and an insurer or assurer, where the insurer promises to pay a designated beneficiary a sum of money (the benefit) in exchange for a premium, upon the death of an insured person (often the policy holder). Depending on the contract, other events such as terminal illness or critical illness can also trigger payment. The policy holder typically pays a premium, either regularly or as one lump sum. Other expenses, such as funeral expenses, can also be included in the benefits.", "Term life insurance. A life insurance policy that is guaranteed approval. Coverage amounts will be lower than traditional policies. Premiums will be considerably higher. Since there are no medical questions and everyone is approved, these policies will have a waiting period before benefits are paid out. If the insured dies during the initial waiting period, only premiums plus interest will be returned. Once the waiting period has been satisfied, the full death benefit will be paid out to the beneficiary.[4]", "Insurance in the United Kingdom. The first basic categorisation of long-term insurance is between life and non-life business. Life insurance business is insurance that is contingent on human life. Examples would include a policy that pays out £100,000 if the policy holder dies within a specified time; a policy that pays out £100,000 in 10 years time, but will pay out £101,000 if the policy holder dies before the policy matures; a pension in payment, which will end once the pensioner dies.", "Term life insurance. Term life insurance can be contrasted to permanent life insurance such as whole life, universal life, and variable universal life, which guarantee coverage at fixed premiums for the lifetime of the covered individual unless the policy is allowed to lapse. Term insurance is not generally used for estate planning needs or charitable giving strategies but is used for pure income replacement needs for an individual. \nTerm insurance functions in a manner similar to most other types of insurance in that it satisfies claims against what is insured if the premiums are up to date and the contract has not expired and does not provide for a return of premium dollars if no claims are filed. As an example, auto insurance will satisfy claims against the insured in the event of an accident and a homeowner policy will satisfy claims against the home if it is damaged or destroyed, for example, by fire. Whether or not these events will occur is uncertain. If the policyholder discontinues coverage because he or she has sold the insured car or home, the insurance company will not refund the full premium.", "Life insurance. The endowment policy is a life insurance contract designed to pay a lump sum after a specific term (on its 'maturity') or on death. Typical maturities are ten, fifteen or twenty years up to a certain age limit. Some policies also pay out in the case of critical illness.", "Term life insurance. A form of term life insurance coverage that provides a return of some of the premiums paid during the policy term if the insured person outlives the duration of the term life insurance policy.", "Whole life insurance. Whole life insurance typically requires that the owner pay premiums for the life of the policy. There are some arrangements that let the policy be \"paid up\", which means that no further payments are ever required, in as few as 5 years, or with even a single large premium. Typically if the payor doesn't make a large premium payment at the outset of the life insurance contract, then he is not allowed to begin making them later in the contract life. However, some whole life contracts offer a rider to the policy which allows for a one time, or occasional, large additional premium payment to be made as long as a minimal extra payment is made on a regular schedule. In contrast, universal life insurance generally allows more flexibility in premium payment.", "Term life insurance. Because term life insurance is a pure death benefit, its primary use is to provide coverage of financial responsibilities for the insured or his or her beneficiaries. Such responsibilities may include, but are not limited to, consumer debt, dependent care, university education for dependents, funeral costs, and mortgages. Term life insurance may be chosen in favor of permanent life insurance because term insurance is usually much less expensive[1] (depending on the length of the term), even if the applicant is an everyday smoker. For example, an individual might choose to obtain a policy whose term expires near his or her retirement age based on the premise that, by the time the individual retires, he or she would have amassed sufficient funds in retirement savings to provide financial security for the claims.", "Insurance. Burial insurance is a very old type of life insurance which is paid out upon death to cover final expenses, such as the cost of a funeral. The Greeks and Romans introduced burial insurance c. 600 CE when they organized guilds called \"benevolent societies\" which cared for the surviving families and paid funeral expenses of members upon death. Guilds in the Middle Ages served a similar purpose, as did friendly societies during Victorian times.", "Life insurance in India. The basic premise of a term insurance policy is to secure the immediate needs of nominees or beneficiaries in the event of sudden or unfortunate demise of the policy holder. The policy holder does not get any monetary benefit at the end of the policy term except for the tax benefits he or she can choose to avail of throughout the tenure of the policy. In the event of death of the policy holder, the sum assured is paid to his or her beneficiaries. Term insurance policies are also relatively cheaper to acquire as compared to other insurance products.", "Term life insurance. Because the likelihood of dying in the next year is low for anyone that the insurer would accept for the coverage, purchase of only one year of coverage is rare.", "Insurance. Life insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an annuity. In most states, a person cannot purchase a policy on another person without their knowledge.", "Universal life insurance. While term life insurance is the least expensive over a short period, say one to twenty years, permanent life insurance is generally the least expensive over a longer period, or over one's entire lifetime. This is mainly due to the high percentage of the premiums paid out in commissions during the first 10–12 years.[6]", "Life insurance. Term assurance provides life insurance coverage for a specified term. The policy does not accumulate cash value. Term insurance is significantly less expensive than an equivalent permanent policy but will become higher with age. Policy holders can save to provide for increased term premiums or decrease insurance needs (by paying off debts or saving to provide for survivor needs).[23]", "Whole life insurance. Whole life insurance, or whole of life assurance (in the Commonwealth of Nations), sometimes called \"straight life\" or \"ordinary life,\" is a life insurance policy which is guaranteed to remain in force for the insured's entire lifetime, provided required premiums are paid, or to the maturity date.[1] As a life insurance policy it represents a contract between the insured and insurer that as long as the contract terms are met, the insurer will pay the death benefit of the policy to the policy's beneficiaries when the insured dies. Because whole life policies are guaranteed to remain in force as long as the required premiums are paid, the premiums are typically much higher than those of term life insurance where the premium is fixed only for a limited term. Whole life premiums are fixed, based on the age of issue, and usually do not increase with age. The insured party normally pays premiums until death, except for limited pay policies which may be paid up in 10 years, 20 years, or at age 65. Whole life insurance belongs to the cash value category of life insurance, which also includes universal life, variable life, and endowment policies.", "Life insurance. The face amount of the policy is the initial amount that the policy will pay at the death of the insured or when the policy matures, although the actual death benefit can provide for greater or lesser than the face amount. The policy matures when the insured dies or reaches a specified age (such as 100 years old).", "Life insurance. Payment from the policy may be as a lump sum or as an annuity, which is paid in regular installments for either a specified period or for the beneficiary's lifetime.[22]", "Insurance policy. The insurance contract or agreement is a contract whereby the insurer promises to pay benefits to the insured or on their behalf to a third party if certain defined events occur. Subject to the \"fortuity principle\", the event must be uncertain. The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (e.g. in a life insurance policy, the time of the insured's death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (e.g. in a fire insurance policy, whether or not a fire will occur at all).[4]", "Life insurance. Upon the insured's death, the insurer requires acceptable proof of death before it pays the claim. If the insured's death is suspicious and the policy amount is large, the insurer may investigate the circumstances surrounding the death before deciding whether it has an obligation to pay the claim.", "Whole life insurance. Limited pay policies may be either participating or non-par, but instead of paying annual premiums for life, they are only due for a certain number of years, such as 20. The policy may also be set up to be fully paid up at a certain age, such as 65 or 80.[13] The policy itself continues for the life of the insured. These policies would typically cost more up front, since the insurance company needs to build up sufficient cash value within the policy during the payment years to fund the policy for the remainder of the insured's life. With Participating policies, dividends may be applied to shorten the premium paying period.", "Term life insurance. A version of term insurance which is commonly purchased is annual renewable term (ART). In this form, the premium is paid for one year of coverage, but the policy is guaranteed to be able to be continued each year for a given period of years. This period varies from 10 to 30 years, or occasionally until age 95. As the insured ages, the premiums increase with each renewal period, eventually becoming financially inviable as the rates for a policy would eventually exceed the cost of a permanent policy. In this form the premium is slightly higher than for a single year's coverage, but the chances of the benefit being paid are much higher.", "Universal life insurance. No-lapse guarantees, or death benefit guarantees: A well informed policyholder should understand that the flexibility of the policy is tied irrevocably to risk to the policyholder. The more guarantees a policy has, the more expensive its cost. And with UL, many of the guarantees are tied to an expected premium stream. If the premium is not paid on time, the guarantee may be lost and cannot be reinstated. For example, some policies offer a \"no lapse\" guarantee, which states that if a stated premium is paid in a timely manner, the coverage remains in force, even if there is not sufficient cash value to cover the mortality expenses. It is important to distinguish between this no lapse guarantee and the actual death benefit coverage. The death benefit coverage is paid for by mortality charges (also called cost of insurance). As long as these charges can be deducted from the cash value, the death benefit is active. The \"no lapse\" guarantee is a safety net that provides for coverage in the event that the cash value isn't large enough to cover the charges. This guarantee is lost if the policyholder does not make the premium as agreed, although the coverage itself may still be in force. Some policies do not provide for the possibility of reinstating this guarantee. Sometimes the cost associated with the guarantee is still deducted even if the guarantee itself is lost (those fees are often built into the cost of insurance and the costs don't change when the guarantee is lost). Some policies provide an option for reinstating the guarantee within certain time frames and/or with additional premiums (usually catching up the deficit of premiums and an associated interest). No-lapse guarantees can also be lost when loans or withdrawals are taken against the cash values.[3]", "Life insurance. Accidental death insurance is a type of limited life insurance that is designed to cover the insured should they die as the result of an accident. \"Accidents\" run the gamut from abrasions to catastrophes but normally do not include deaths resulting from non-accident-related health problems or suicide. Because they only cover accidents, these policies are much less expensive than other life insurance policies.", "Whole life insurance. Modified whole life insurance features smaller premiums for a specified period of time, followed by higher premiums for the remainder of the policy.\nSurvivorship life insurance is whole life insurance insuring two lives, with proceeds payable after the second (later) death.The level premium system results in overpaying for the risk of dying at younger ages, and underpaying in later years toward the end of life.[8]", "South African contract law. A time clause (dies) is a contractual term that makes the existence of an obligation dependent on an event or time that is certain to arise in the future. Such clauses may be either suspensive or resolutive:", "Indemnity. Indemnity insurance compensates the beneficiaries of the policies for their actual economic losses, up to the limiting amount of the insurance policy. It generally requires the insured to prove the amount of its loss before it can recover. Recovery is limited to the amount of the provable loss even if the face amount of the policy is higher. This is in contrast to, for example, life insurance, where the amount of the beneficiary's economic loss is irrelevant. The death of the person whose life is insured for reasons not excluded from the policy obligate the insurer to pay the entire policy amount to the beneficiary.", "Life insurance in India. Money back policies are basically an extension of endowment plans wherein the policy holder receives a fixed amount at specific intervals throughout the duration of the policy. In the event of the unfortunate death of the policy holder, the full sum assured is paid to the beneficiaries. The terms again might slightly vary from one insurance company to another.", "Life insurance. Special exclusions may apply, such as suicide clauses, whereby the policy becomes null and void if the insured commits suicide within a specified time (usually two years after the purchase date; some states provide a statutory one-year suicide clause). Any misrepresentations by the insured on the application may also be grounds for nullification. Most US states specify a maximum contestability period, often no more than two years. Only if the insured dies within this period will the insurer have a legal right to contest the claim on the basis of misrepresentation and request additional information before deciding whether to pay or deny the claim.", "Universal life insurance. The premiums are flexible, from a minimum amount specified in the policy, to the maximum amount allowed by the contract. The primary difference is that the universal life policy shifts some of the risk for maintaining the death benefit to the policy owner. In a whole life policy, as long as every premium payment is made, the death benefit is guaranteed to the maturity date in the policy, usually age 95, or to age 121. A UL policy lapses when the cash value is no longer sufficient to cover the insurance and policy administrative expense." ]

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[ "Greece. Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a large number of islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres (9,573 ft). The country consists of nine geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands.", "Geography of Greece. Greece is located in Southern Europe, bordering the Ionian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey. It is a peninsular country, with an archipelago of about 3,000 islands.", "Greece. Located in Southern Europe,[109] Greece is a transcontinental country that consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans, ending at the Peloponnese peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth) and strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa.[110][111][112][113][114] Due to its highly indented coastline and numerous islands, Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with 13,676 km (8,498 mi);[115] its land boundary is 1,160 km (721 mi). The country lies approximately between latitudes 34° and 42° N, and longitudes 19° and 30° E, with the extreme points being:[116]", "Geography of Greece. Greece is a country in Southern Europe[1] , bordered to the north by Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria; to the east by the Aegean Sea and Turkey, to the south by the Libyan Sea and to the west by the Ionian Sea, which separates Greece from Italy.", "History of Greece. At its cultural and geographical peak, Greek civilization spread from Greece to Egypt and to the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan. Since then, Greek minorities have remained in former Greek territories (e.g. Turkey, Albania, Italy, Libya, Levant, Armenia, Georgia, etc.), and Greek emigrants have assimilated into differing societies across the globe (e.g. North America, Australia, Northern Europe, South Africa, etc.). Nowadays most Greeks live in the modern states of Greece (independent since 1821) and Cyprus.", "Geography of Greece. The country consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the Mediterranean Sea at the southernmost tip of the Balkans, and two smaller peninsulas projecting from it: the Chalkidice and the Peloponnese, which is joined to the mainland by the Isthmus of Corinth. Greece also has many islands, of various sizes, the largest being Crete, Euboea, Rhodes and Corfu; groups of smaller islands include the Dodecanese and the Cyclades. According to the CIA World Factbook, Greece has 13,676 kilometres (8,498 mi) of coastline, the largest in the Mediterranean Basin.[2]", "Geography of Greece. Mainland Greece forms the southernmost part of the Balkan peninsula with two additional smaller peninsulas projecting from it: the Chalcidice and the Peloponnese. The north of the country includes the regions of Macedonia and Thrace. To the south the mainland narrows and includes the regions of Epirus, Thessaly and Central Greece, where the region of Attica and the capital city Athens are located. Further south, the smaller peninsula of Peloponnese is separated from the rest of the Greek mainland by the Corinthian and Saronic Gulfs, but joined by the Isthmus of Corinth.", "Greece. Greece (Greek: Ελλάδα), officially the Hellenic Republic (Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία), historically also known as Hellas, is a country in Southern Europe[8], with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2016. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki.", "Greece. Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilization,[a] being the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama.[12] From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as polis, which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea. Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC, with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world, spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire, wherein the Greek language and culture were dominant. The Greek Orthodox Church also shaped modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World.[13] Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following a war of independence. Greece's rich historical legacy is reflected by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe and the world.[14]", "Geography of Greece. Mainland Greece covers about 80% of the total territory and is largely mountainous. The largest mountain range of Greece is the Pindus range, the southern extension of the Dinaric Alps, which forms the spine of the Greek mainland, separating Epirus from Thessaly and Macedonia. The country's tallest mountain is Mount Olympus, which also separates Thessaly from Macedonia. Its highest peak rises to 2,919 m above sea level, making it the second highest of the Balkan peninsula after Musala in the Rila Mountains.", "Greece. Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life, and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the tenth member to join the European Communities (precursor to the European Union) and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. It is also a member of numerous other international institutions, including the Council of Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). Greece's unique cultural heritage, large tourism industry, prominent shipping sector and geostrategic importance[b] classify it as a middle power. It is the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor.", "Greece. Greece features a vast number of islands, between 1,200 and 6,000, depending on the definition,[119] 227 of which are inhabited. Crete is the largest and most populous island; Euboea, separated from the mainland by the 60m-wide Euripus Strait, is the second largest, followed by Lesbos and Rhodes.", "Geography of Greece. Greece has a vast number of islands, with most of them being in the Aegean Sea and the rest in the Ionian Sea. Estimates of the number of islands vary between 1,200 and 6,000.[9] A figure frequently cited in travel guides is 1,425 islands, of which 166 are said to be inhabited.[10] The Greek Tourism Organization reports a figure of 6,000, with 227 of them inhabited.[11] Paris Match, however, raises this number to 9,841 islands, of which only 169 have a recorded continuous human presence. [12]", "Geography of Greece. The Greek islands account for about 20% of the country's total territory,[13] and vary greatly in size as well as in climate. The country's largest island is Crete, with Euboea being second largest. Other large Greek islands include Rhodes and Lesbos in the Aegean Sea, and Corfu and Cephalonia in the Ionian Sea. Many of the smaller Greek islands form groups or chains, often called archipelagos, with notable examples being the Cyclades and the Sporades in the south and central Aegean Sea respectively.", "Greece. Almost two-thirds of the Greek people live in urban areas. Greece's largest and most influential metropolitan centres are those of Athens and Thessaloniki, which is commonly referred to in Greek as the \"συμπρωτεύουσα\" (lit. \"co-capital\"[216]), with metropolitan populations of approximately 4 million and 1 million inhabitants respectively. Other prominent cities with urban populations above 100,000 inhabitants include those of Patras, Heraklion, Larissa, Volos, Rhodes, Ioannina, Agrinio, Chania, and Chalcis.[217]", "Geography of Greece. The islands of the Aegean Sea are situated between mainland Greece to the west and north, Anatolia to the east and the island of Crete to the south. Traditionally, the islands are classified into seven groups, from north to south:", "Greece. The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters: the Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens, the Cyclades, a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea, the North Aegean islands, a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey, the Dodecanese, another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey, the Sporades, a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea, and the Ionian Islands, located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea.", "Macedonia (Greece). Macedonia (/ˌmæsɪˈdoʊniə/ ( listen); Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía [maceðoˈnia]) is a geographic and historical region of Greece in the southern Balkans. Macedonia is the largest and second most populous Greek region, dominated by mountains in the interior and the port cities of Thessaloniki (or Salonika) and Kavala on its southern coastline. Macedonia is part of Northern Greece, together with Thrace and sometimes Thessaly and Epirus.", "Geography of Greece. 80% of Greece is mountainous. The Pindus mountain range lies across the center of the country in a northwest-to-southeast direction, with a maximum elevation of 2,637 m. Extensions of the same mountain range stretch across the Peloponnese and underwater across the Aegean, forming many of the Aegean Islands including Crete, and joining with the Taurus Mountains of southern Turkey. Central and western Greece contain high and steep peaks intersected by many canyons and other karstic landscapes, including the Meteora and the Vikos Gorges – the latter being the world's deepest canyon in proportion to its width, and the third deepest after the Copper Canyon in Mexico and the Grand Canyon in the United States, plunging vertically for more than 1,100 metres.[5]", "Greek language. Greek is spoken by about 13 million people, mainly in Greece, Albania and Cyprus, but also worldwide by the large Greek diaspora. There are traditional Greek-speaking settlements and regions in the neighbouring countries of Albania, Bulgaria, and Turkey, as well as in several countries in the Black Sea area, such as Ukraine, Russia, Romania, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, and around the Mediterranean Sea, Southern Italy, Syria, Israel, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya and ancient coastal towns along the Levant. The language is also spoken by Greek emigrant communities in many countries in Western Europe, especially the United Kingdom and Germany, Canada, the United States, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, South Africa and others.", "Ancient Greece. In the south lay the Peloponnese, itself consisting of the regions of Laconia (southeast), Messenia (southwest), Elis (west), Achaia (north), Korinthia (northeast), Argolis (east), and Arcadia (center). These names survive to the present day as regional units of modern Greece, though with somewhat different boundaries. Mainland Greece to the north, nowadays known as Central Greece, consisted of Aetolia and Acarnania in the west, Locris, Doris, and Phocis in the center, while in the east lay Boeotia, Attica, and Megaris. Northeast lay Thessaly, while Epirus lay to the northwest. Epirus stretched from the Ambracian Gulf in the south to the Ceraunian mountains and the Aoos river in the north, and consisted of Chaonia (north), Molossia (center), and Thesprotia (south). In the northeast corner was Macedonia,[50] originally consisting Lower Macedonia and its regions, such as Elimeia, Pieria, and Orestis. Around the time of Alexander I of Macedon, the Argead kings of Macedon started to expand into Upper Macedonia, lands inhabited by independent Macedonian tribes like the Lyncestae and the Elmiotae and to the West, beyond the Axius river, into Eordaia, Bottiaea, Mygdonia, and Almopia, regions settled by Thracian tribes.[51] To the north of Macedonia lay various non-Greek peoples such as the Paeonians due north, the Thracians to the northeast, and the Illyrians, with whom the Macedonians were frequently in conflict, to the northwest. Chalcidice was settled early on by southern Greek colonists and was considered part of the Greek world, while from the late 2nd millennium BC substantial Greek settlement also occurred on the eastern shores of the Aegean, in Anatolia.", "Geography of Greece. Greece's latitude ranges from 35째N to 42째N and its longitude from 19째E to 28째E. As a result of this and its physical geography, the country has considerable climatic variation.", "Geography of Greece. The Ionian Islands are a group of seven islands. The six northern islands lie off the western coast of Greece, in the Ionian Sea. The other island, Kythira, lies off the southern tip of the Peloponnese. Kythira is part of the modern administrative region of Attica, not the Ionian Islands (Ionioi Nisoi). The Ionian Islands are distinct from the historical region of Ionia, which is today part of western Turkey.", "Greece. Greece is a member of numerous international organizations, including the Council of Europe, the European Union, the Union for the Mediterranean, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Organisation internationale de la francophonie and the United Nations, of which it is a founding member.", "Greece. Greece is a developed country with high standards of living and high Human Development Index.[143][144][145] Its economy mainly comprises the service sector (85.0%) and industry (12.0%), while agriculture makes up 3.0% of the national economic output.[146] Important Greek industries include tourism (with 14.9 million[147] international tourists in 2009, it is ranked as the 7th most visited country in the European Union[147] and 16th in the world[147] by the United Nations World Tourism Organization) and merchant shipping (at 16.2%[148] of the world's total capacity, the Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world[148]), while the country is also a considerable agricultural producer (including fisheries) within the union.", "Crete. Crete is the largest island in Greece and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located in the southern part of the Aegean Sea separating the Aegean from the Libyan Sea.", "Ancient Greece. Eventually Greek colonization reached as far northeast as present day Ukraine and Russia (Taganrog). To the west the coasts of Illyria, Sicily and Southern Italy were settled, followed by Southern France, Corsica, and even northeastern Spain. Greek colonies were also founded in Egypt and Libya.", "Greece. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Mount Olympus, the mythical abode of the Greek Gods, culminates at Mytikas peak 2,918 metres (9,573 ft),[117] the highest in the country. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. The Pindus, a continuation of the Dinaric Alps, reaches a maximum elevation of 2,637 m (8,652 ft) at Mt. Smolikas (the second-highest in Greece) and historically has been a significant barrier to east-west travel.", "Greece. Extensive plains are primarily located in the regions of Thessaly, Central Macedonia and Thrace. They constitute key economic regions as they are among the few arable places in the country. Rare marine species such as the pinniped seals and the loggerhead sea turtle live in the seas surrounding mainland Greece, while its dense forests are home to the endangered brown bear, the Eurasian lynx, the roe deer and the wild goat.", "Greece. Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization,[31][32][33][34] beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC,[35] the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700–1500 BC),[34][36] and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland (1900–1100 BC).[36] These civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, during a time of regional upheaval known as the Bronze Age collapse.[37] This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent.", "Greece. The Ministry identifies three issues as of particular importance to the Greek state: Turkish challenges to Greek sovereignty rights in the Aegean Sea and corresponding airspace;[134] the legitimacy of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus on the island of Cyprus;[134] and the Macedonia naming dispute[134] with the small Balkan country which shares a name with Greece's largest and second-most-populous region, also called Macedonia.", "Geography of Greece. Crete is the largest island of Greece and the second largest in the Eastern Mediterranean, after Cyprus. The island spans 260 km from east to west and 60 km from north to south at its widest. The island narrows in the region close to Ierapetra, where it is only 12 km wide. Crete covers an area of 8,336 km2 (3,219 sq mi), with a coastline of 1046 km. It is surrounded to the north by the Sea of Crete; to the south by the Libyan Sea; to the west by the Myrtoan Sea; and to the east by the Karpathion Sea. It lies about 160 km south of the Greek mainland." ]

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[ "Evolution of fish. Bony fishes, class Osteichthyes, are characterised by bony skeleton rather than cartilage. They appeared in the late Silurian, about 419 million years ago. The recent discovery of Entelognathus strongly suggests that bony fishes (and possibly cartilaginous fishes, via acanthodians) evolved from early placoderms.[34] A subclass of the Osteichthyes, the ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), have become the dominant group of fishes in the post-Paleozoic and modern world, with some 30,000 living species.", "Evolution of fish. The first ray-finned and lobe-finned bony fish appeared in the Devonian, while the placoderms began dominating almost every known aquatic environment. However, another subclass of Osteichthyes, the Sarcopterygii, including lobe-finned fishes including coelacanths and lungfish) and tetrapods, was the most diverse group of bony fishes in the Devonian. Sarcopterygians are basally characterized by internal nostrils, lobe fins containing a robust internal skeleton, and cosmoid scales.", "Osteichthyes. Osteichthyes /ˌɒstiːˈɪkθi.iːz/, popularly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse taxonomic group of fish that have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue, as opposed to cartilage. The vast majority of fish are members of Osteichthyes, which is an extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of 45 orders, and over 435 families and 28,000 species.[1] It is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today. The group Osteichthyes is divided into the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) and lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii). The oldest known fossils of bony fish are about 420 million years ago, which are also transitional fossils, showing a tooth pattern that is in between the tooth rows of sharks and bony fishes.[2]", "Chondrichthyes. By the start of the Early Devonian, 419 mya (million years ago), jawed fishes had divided into three distinct groups: the now extinct placoderms (a paraphyletic assemblage of ancient armoured fishes), the bony fishes and the clade including spiny sharks and early cartilaginous fish. The modern bony fishes, class Osteichthyes, appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian, about 416 million years ago. Cartilaginous fishes first appeared about 395 Ma, having evolved from Doliodus-like spiny shark ancestors. The first abundant genus of shark, Cladoselache, appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period.", "Evolution of fish. The first fossil fishes that were discovered were ostracoderms. The Swiss anatomist Louis Agassiz received some fossils of bony armored fish from Scotland in the 1830s. He had a hard time classifying them as they did not resemble any living creature. He compared them at first with extant armored fish such as catfish and sturgeons but later realizing that they had no movable jaws, classified them in 1844 into a new group \"ostracoderms\".[30]", "Evolution of tetrapods. The Devonian period is traditionally known as the \"Age of Fish\", marking the diversification of numerous extinct and modern major fish groups.[7] Among them were the early bony fishes, who diversified and spread in freshwater and brackish environments at the beginning of the period. The early types resembled their cartilaginous ancestors in many features of their anatomy, including a shark-like tailfin, spiral gut, large pectoral fins stiffened in front by skeletal elements and a largely unossified axial skeleton.[8]", "Evolution of fish. The first jawed vertebrates probably developed during the late Ordovician period. They are first represented in the fossil record from the Silurian by two groups of fish: the armoured fish known as placoderms, which evolved from the ostracoderms; and the Acanthodii (or spiny sharks). The jawed fish that are still extant in modern days also appeared in late Silurian: the Chondrichthyes (or cartilaginous fish) and the Osteichthyes (or bony fish). The bony fish evolved into two separate groups: the Actinopterygii (or ray-finned fish) and Sarcopterygii (which includes the lobe-finned fish).", "Evolution of fish. The evolution of fish began about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion. It was during this time that the early chordates developed the skull and the vertebral column, leading to the first craniates and vertebrates. The first fish lineages belong to the Agnatha, or jawless fish. Early examples include Haikouichthys. During the late Cambrian, eel-like jawless fish called the conodonts, and small mostly armoured fish known as ostracoderms, first appeared. Most jawless fish are now extinct; but the extant lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish. Lampreys belong to the Cyclostomata, which includes the extant hagfish, and this group may have split early on from other agnathans.", "Evolution of fish. The Devonian Period is broken into the Early, Middle and Late Devonian. By the start of the Early Devonian 419 mya, jawed fishes had divided into four distinct clades: the placoderms and spiny sharks, both of which are now extinct, and the cartilaginous and bony fishes, both of which are still extant. The modern bony fishes, class Osteichthyes, appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian, about 416 million years ago. Both the cartilaginous and bony fishes may have arisen from either the placoderms or the spiny sharks. A subclass of bony fishes, the ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), have become the dominant group in the post-Paleozoic and modern world, with some 30,000 living species.", "Timeline of human evolution. The first vertebrates appear: the ostracoderms, jawless fish related to present-day lampreys and hagfishes. Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia are examples of these jawless fish, or Agnatha. (See also prehistoric fish). They were jawless and their internal skeletons were cartilaginous. They lacked the paired (pectoral and pelvic) fins of more advanced fish. They were precursors to the Osteichthyes (bony fish).[13]", "Evolution of fish. In the Early Devonian (416-397 Ma), the lobe-finned fishes split into two main lineages — the coelacanths and the rhipidistians. The former never left the oceans and their heyday was the Late Devonian and Carboniferous, from 385 to 299 Ma, as they were more common during those periods than in any other period in the Phanerozoic; coelacanths still live today in the oceans (genus Latimeria). The Rhipidistians, whose ancestors probably lived in estuaries, migrated into freshwater habitats. They in turn split into two major groups: the lungfish and the tetrapodomorphs. The lungfish's greatest diversity was in the Triassic period; today there are fewer than a dozen genera left. The lungfish evolved the first proto-lungs and proto-limbs; developing the ability to live outside a water environment in the middle Devonian (397-385 Ma). The first tetrapodomorphs, which included the gigantic rhizodonts, had the same general anatomy as the lungfish, who were their closest kin, but they appear not to have left their water habitat until the late Devonian epoch (385 - 359 Ma), with the appearance of tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates). Tetrapods are the only tetrapodomorphs that survived after the Devonian. Lobe-finned fishes continued until towards the end of Paleozoic era, suffering heavy losses during the Permian-Triassic extinction event (251 Ma).", "Evolution of fish. During the Middle Devonian 393–383 Ma, the armoured jawless ostracoderm fishes were declining in diversity; the jawed fish were thriving and increasing in diversity in both the oceans and freshwater. The shallow, warm, oxygen-depleted waters of Devonian inland lakes, surrounded by primitive plants, provided the environment necessary for certain early fish to develop essential characteristics such as well developed lungs and the ability to crawl out of the water and onto the land for short periods of time. Cartilaginous fishes, class Chondrichthyes, consisting of sharks, rays and chimaeras, appeared by about 395 million years ago, in the middle Devonian", "Evolution of fish. The first jawed vertebrates appeared in the late Ordovician and became common in the Devonian, often known as the \"Age of Fishes\".[11] The two groups of bony fishes, the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, evolved and became common.[12] The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes, save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the Placodermi, a group of armoured fish that dominated much of the late Silurian. The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts, which was a transitional between fishes and amphibians.", "Osteichthyes. Arapaima gigas is the largest species of freshwater bony fish. The largest bony fish ever was Leedsichthys, which dwarfed the beluga sturgeon, ocean sunfish, giant grouper, and all the other giant bony fishes alive today.", "Evolution of fish. The bony (and cartilaginous) fish groups that emerged after the Devonian, were characterised by steady improvements in foraging and locomotion.[35]", "History of Earth. During the Cambrian, the first vertebrate animals, among them the first fishes, had appeared.[116]:357 A creature that could have been the ancestor of the fishes, or was probably closely related to it, was Pikaia. It had a primitive notochord, a structure that could have developed into a vertebral column later. The first fishes with jaws (Gnathostomata) appeared during the next geological period, the Ordovician. The colonisation of new niches resulted in massive body sizes. In this way, fishes with increasing sizes evolved during the early Paleozoic, such as the titanic placoderm Dunkleosteus, which could grow 7 meters (23 ft) long.[citation needed]", "Tetrapod. Tetrapods evolved from early bony fishes (Osteichthyes), specifically from the tetrapodomorph branch of lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii), living in the early to middle Devonian period.", "Devonian. Fish reached substantial diversity during this time, leading the Devonian to often be dubbed the \"Age of Fish\". The first ray-finned and lobe-finned bony fish appeared, while the placoderms began dominating almost every known aquatic environment. The ancestors of all four-limbed vertebrates (tetrapods) began adapting to walking on land, as their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs.[10] In the oceans, primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and Late Ordovician.", "Evolution of fish. Lobe-finned fishes, such as coelacanths and lungfish, were the most diverse group of bony fishes in the Devonian. Taxonomists who subscribe to the cladistic approach include the grouping Tetrapoda within the Sarcopterygii, and the tetrapods in turn include all species of four-limbed vertebrates.[39] The fin-limbs of lobe-finned fishes such as the coelacanths show a strong similarity to the expected ancestral form of tetrapod limbs. The lobe-finned fish apparently followed two different lines of development and are accordingly separated into two subclasses, the Rhipidistia (including the lungfish, and the Tetrapodomorpha, which include the Tetrapoda) and the Actinistia (coelacanths). The first lobe-finned fishes, found in the uppermost Silurian (ca 418 Ma), closely resembled spiny sharks, which became extinct at the end of the Paleozoic. In the early–middle Devonian (416 - 385 Ma), while the predatory placoderms dominated the seas, some lobe-finned fishes came into freshwater habitats.", "Evolution of fish. The first ancestors of fish, or animals that were probably closely related to fish, were Pikaia, Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia.[8][4] These three genera all appeared around 530 Ma. Pikaia had a primitive notochord, a structure that could have developed into a vertebral column later. Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail.[9] All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed.[10]", "Flying fish. The oldest known fossil of a flying or gliding fish, Potanichthys xingyiensis, dates back to the Middle Triassic, 235–242 million years ago. However, this fossil is not related to modern flying fish, which evolved independently about 66 million years ago.[1][2]", "Evolution of fish. Vertebrates, among them the first fishes, originated about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which saw the rise in organism diversity.[4]", "Evolution of fish. These were followed by indisputable fossil vertebrates in the form of heavily armoured fishes discovered in rocks from the Ordovician Period 500–430 Ma.", "Femur. One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur is the eusthenopteron, a prehistoric lobe-finned fish from the Late Devonian period.", "Evolution of fish. Cartilaginous fishes, class Chondrichthyes, consisting of sharks, rays and chimaeras, appeared by about 395 million years ago, in the middle Devonian, evolving from acanthodians. The class contains the sub classes Holocephali (chimaera) and Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays). The radiation of elasmobranches in the chart on the right is divided into the taxa: Cladoselache, Eugeneodontiformes, Symmoriida, Xenacanthiformes, Ctenacanthiformes, Hybodontiformes, Galeomorphi, Squaliformes and Batoidea.", "Evolution of fish. During the Late Devonian the first forests were taking shape on land. The first tetrapods appear in the fossil record over a period, the beginning and end of which are marked with extinction events. This lasted until the end of the Devonian 359 mya. The ancestors of all tetrapods began adapting to walking on land, their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs (see Tiktaalik).[72] In the oceans, primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and the late Ordovician. The first ammonite mollusks appeared. Trilobites, the mollusk-like brachiopods and the great coral reefs, were still common.", "Evolution of fish. Many Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian agnathians were armoured with heavy bony-spiky plates. The first armoured agnathans—the Ostracoderms, precursors to the bony fish and hence to the tetrapods (including humans)—are known from the middle Ordovician, and by the Late Silurian the agnathans had reached the high point of their evolution. Most of the ostracoderms, such as thelodonts, osteostracans, and galeaspids, were more closely related to the gnathostomes than to the surviving agnathans, known as cyclostomes. Cyclostomes apparently split from other agnathans before the evolution of dentine and bone, which are present in many fossil agnathans, including conodonts.[14] Agnathans declined in the Devonian and never recovered.", "Evolution of fish. The second hypothesis is the \"inter-tidal hypothesis\" put forward in 2010 by a team of Polish paleontologists led by Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki. They argued that sarcopterygians may have first emerged unto land from intertidal zones rather than inland bodies of water. Their hypothesis is based on the discovery of the 395 million-year-old Zachełmie tracks in Zachełmie, Poland, the oldest ever discovered fossil evidence of tetrapods.[93][98]", "Terrestrial animal. Fossil evidence has shown that sea creatures, likely related to arthropods, first began to make forays on to land around 530 million years ago. There is little reason to believe, however, that animals first began living reliably on land around this same time period. A more likely hypothesis is that these early arthropods' motivation for venturing on to dry land was to mate (as modern horseshoe crabs do) or lay eggs out of the reach of predators.[4] As time went on, evidence suggests that by approximately 375 million years ago[3] the bony fish best adapted to life in shallow coastal/swampy waters (such as Tiktaalik roseae), were much more viable as amphibians than were their arthropod predecessors. Thanks to relatively strong, muscular limbs (which were likely weight-bearing, thus making them a preferable alternative to traditional fins in extremely shallow water),[5] and lungs which existed in conjunction with gills, Tiktaalik and animals like it were able to establish a strong foothold on land by the end of the Devonian period. As such, they are likely the most recent common ancestor of all modern tetrapods.", "Osteichthyes. Early bony fish had simple lungs (a pouch on either side of the esophagus) which helped them breathe in low-oxygen water. In many bony fish these have evolved into swim bladders, which help the body create a neutral balance between sinking and floating. (The lungs of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals were inherited from their bony fish ancestors.)[10][11] [12] They do not have fin spines, but instead support the fin with lepidotrichia (bone fin rays). They also have an operculum, which helps them breathe without having to swim.", "Vertebrate. The first jawed vertebrates appeared in the latest Ordovician and became common in the Devonian, often known as the \"Age of Fishes\".[27] The two groups of bony fishes, the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, evolved and became common.[28] The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes, save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the Placodermi, a group of armoured fish that dominated the entirety of that period since the late Silurian. The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts, which was a transitional form between fishes and amphibians.", "Mary Anning. It was the first pterosaur skeleton found outside Germany, and it created a public sensation when displayed at the British Museum. In December 1829 she found a fossil fish, Squaloraja, which attracted attention because it had characteristics intermediate between sharks and rays.[5]" ]

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[ "Man of La Mancha. Man of La Mancha is a 1964 musical with a book by Dale Wasserman, lyrics by Joe Darion, and music by Mitch Leigh. It is adapted from Wasserman's non-musical 1959 teleplay I, Don Quixote, which was in turn inspired by Miguel de Cervantes and his 17th-century masterpiece Don Quixote. It tells the story of the \"mad\" knight Don Quixote as a play within a play, performed by Cervantes and his fellow prisoners as he awaits a hearing with the Spanish Inquisition.[1] The work is not and does not pretend to be a faithful rendition of either Cervantes' life or of Don Quixote. Wasserman complained repeatedly about taking the work as a musical version of Don Quixote.[2][3]", "Man of La Mancha. Years after this television broadcast and after the original teleplay had been unsuccessfully optioned as a non-musical Broadway play, director Albert Marre called Wasserman and suggested that he turn his play into a musical. Mitch Leigh was selected as composer, with orchestrations by Carlyle W. Hall. Unusually for the time, this show was scored for an orchestra with no violins or other traditional orchestral stringed instruments apart from a double bass, instead making heavier use of brass, woodwinds, percussion and utilizing flamenco guitars as the only stringed instruments of any sort.[8]", "Man of La Mancha. A studio-made recording of the score was released in 1996, conducted by Paul Gemignani and starring Plácido Domingo as Quixote, Mandy Patinkin as Sancho, Julia Migenes as Aldonza, Jerry Hadley as the Priest and Samuel Ramey as the Innkeeper.[21]", "Man of La Mancha. Man of La Mancha was first performed at the Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam, Connecticut in 1965 and had its New York premiere on the thrust stage of the ANTA Washington Square Theatre in 1965.[6]", "Man of La Mancha. The original lyricist of the musical was poet W. H. Auden, but his lyrics were discarded, some of them considered too overtly satiric and biting, attacking the bourgeois audience at times. Auden's lyrics were replaced by those of Joe Darion.[9]", "Man of La Mancha. Man of La Mancha started as a non-musical teleplay written by Dale Wasserman for CBS's DuPont Show of the Month program. This original telecast starred Lee J. Cobb, Colleen Dewhurst (who replaced Viveca Lindfors), and Eli Wallach and was not performed on a thrust stage but on a television sound stage. The DuPont Corporation disliked the title Man of La Mancha, thinking that its viewing audience would not know what La Mancha actually meant, so a new title, I, Don Quixote, was chosen. The play was broadcast live on November 9, 1959, with an estimated audience of 20 million.[7] Unfortunately, due to the production being staged in the early days of videotape and due to the inferiority of kinescopes, no footage of this production survives.", "Man of La Mancha. The principal song, \"The Impossible Dream\", became a standard. The musical has played in many other countries around the world, with productions in Dutch, French (translation by Jacques Brel), German, Hebrew, Irish, Japanese, Korean, Icelandic, Gujarati, Uzbek, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Serbian, Slovenian, Swahili, Finnish, Ukrainian and nine distinctly different dialects of the Spanish language.[5]", "Man of La Mancha. After 21 previews, the musical opened Off-Broadway at the experimental thrust-stage ANTA Washington Square Theatre in Greenwich Village on November 22, 1965. The show moved to Broadway to the Martin Beck Theatre on March 20, 1968, then to the Eden Theatre on March 3, 1971, and finally to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on May 26, 1971 for its last month, a total original Broadway run of 2,328 performances. Musical staging and direction were by Albert Marre, choreography was by Jack Cole, and Howard Bay was the scenic and lighting designer, with costumes by Bay and Patton Campbell.[4]", "Man of La Mancha. The musical first played at the Goodspeed Opera House in Connecticut in 1965.[10] Rex Harrison was to be the original star of this production, but although Harrison had starred in a musical role in the stage and film versions of My Fair Lady, the musical demands of the role of Don Quixote were too heavy for him.", "Man of La Mancha. A Hebrew-language production was produced by Giora Godik in Tel Aviv, Israel, in 1967.[29][30]", "Man of La Mancha. In the film Man of La Mancha (1972), the title role went to Peter O'Toole (singing voice dubbed by Simon Gilbert), James Coco was Sancho, and Sophia Loren was Aldonza.[18]", "Man of La Mancha. An Austrian version of the musical, in German, was presented on Austrian television in 1994, with Karl Merkatz (playing Cervantes and Quixote at the age of sixty-four) and Dagmar Hellberg in the leading roles.[32][unreliable source?]", "The Impossible Dream (The Quest). \"The Impossible Dream (The Quest)\" is a popular song composed by Mitch Leigh, with lyrics written by Joe Darion. The song is the most popular song from the 1965 Broadway musical Man of La Mancha and is also featured in the 1972 film of the same name starring Peter O'Toole.", "Sancho Panza. In addition to stage and screen adaptations of the novel itself, Sancho Panza is a major character in the play within a play in the Broadway musical Man of La Mancha, and in the film of the same name. In Man of La Mancha, the newly imprisoned Cervantes recruits his fellow prisoners to portray characters from his novel, with Cervantes himself playing Don Quixote and his manservant playing Sancho. Sancho sings the title song as a duet with Quixote, solos \"The Missive\", \"I like him\", and \"A Little Gossip\", plus ensemble numbers \"Golden Helmet of Mambrino\" and \"The Dubbing\". Actors who have played Sancho in the play include Irving Jacobson (who also sang on the original cast album), Tony Martinez (1977 and 1992 revivals), and Ernie Sabella (2002 revival). James Coco played the character in the 1972 film.", "Sancho Panza. Man of La Mancha (play):\n• Irving Jacobson\n• Tony Martinez\n• Ernie Sabella\nMan of La Mancha (film):", "Man of La Mancha. The original West End London production was at the Piccadilly Theatre, opening on April 24, 1968 and running for 253 performances. Keith Michell starred, with Joan Diener reprising her original role and Bernard Spear as Sancho.[15][16][17]", "Man of La Mancha. The musical has been and continues to be produced in many other languages around the world, and in 2012 and 2013 played in Germany, Hungary, Czech Republic, Romania, China, Poland, Dominican Republic, Chile, Russia, and in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cast albums are available in many languages including German from the 1968 Vienna performance (Der Mann von La Mancha) and the 1969 Hamburg cast (Der Mann von La Mancha), the 1969 Dutch cast (De Man van La Mancha), the 1970 Norwegian cast (Mannen frå La Mancha), the 1997 Polish cast (Człowiek Z La Manchy), the 1997 Czech cast (Muž Z la Manchy), the 2001 Hungarian cast (La Mancha Lovagja), and many others.[30]", "Man of La Mancha. The original 1965 Broadway production ran for 2,328 performances and won five Tony Awards, including Best Musical. The musical has been revived four times on Broadway, becoming one of the most enduring works of musical theatre.[4]", "Man of La Mancha. In 2014, Man of La Mancha featured as part of the Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, Canada.[22]", "Man of La Mancha. The Inquisition enters to take Cervantes to his trial, and the prisoners, finding him not guilty, return his manuscript. As Cervantes and his servant mount the staircase to go to their impending trial, the prisoners, led by the girl who played Dulcinea, sing \"The Impossible Dream\" in chorus.", "Man of La Mancha. The musical was performed on a single set that suggested a dungeon. All changes in location were created by alterations in the lighting, by the use of props supposedly lying around the floor of the dungeon, and by reliance on the audience's imagination. More recent productions, however, have added more scenery.[13][14]", "First Man (film). The musical score for First Man was composed by Justin Hurwitz.", "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Composers have paid homage to Mozart by writing sets of variations on his themes. Beethoven wrote four such sets (Op. 66, WoO 28, WoO 40, WoO 46). Others include Fernando Sor's Introduction and Variations on a Theme by Mozart (1821), Mikhail Glinka's Variations on a Theme from Mozart's Opera \"Die Zauberflöte\" (1822), Frédéric Chopin's Variations on \"Là ci darem la mano\" from Don Giovanni (1827), and Max Reger's Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Mozart (1914), based on the variation theme in the piano sonata K. 331;[110]", "Man Parrish. Manuel Joseph \"Man\" Parrish (born May 6, 1958) is an American composer, songwriter, vocalist and producer. He, along with artists such as Yellow Magic Orchestra, Kraftwerk, Art of Noise, Arthur Baker, Afrika Bambaataa, John Robie, Jellybean Benitez, Lotti Golden, Richard Scher and Aldo Marin, helped create and define electro in the early 1980s.", "Man of La Mancha. The original cast also included Irving Jacobson (Sancho), Ray Middleton (Innkeeper), Robert Rounseville (The Padre), and Joan Diener (Aldonza). John Cullum, Hal Holbrook, and Lloyd Bridges also played Cervantes and Don Quixote during the run of the production.[4] Keith Andes also played the role.", "Puss in Boots (2011 film). Henry Jackman, the composer for Puss in Boots, utilized folk instruments of traditional Latin music. Inspired by Spanish composer Manuel de Falla, Jackman blended guitars and Latin percussion with an orchestral sound influenced by Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel.[22] Mexican guitar duo Rodrigo y Gabriela contributed to Jackman’s score, and two of their songs, Diabolo Rojo and Hanuman were included in the soundtrack.[23] Lady Gaga's song \"Americano\" was also featured in the film.[24][25] The soundtrack for the film, featuring the original score by Jackman, was released on October 24, 2011, by Sony Classical.[26]", "Man of La Mancha. Richard Kiley won a Tony Award for his performance as Cervantes/Quixote in the original production, and it made Kiley a bona fide Broadway star.[11] Kiley was replaced in the original Broadway run by first Jose Ferrer on Broadway and in the 1966 National Tour, and then by operatic baritone David Atkinson. Atkinson also performed Cervantes/Quixote in the 1968 National Tour and for all of the matinee performances in the 1972 Broadway revival, which also starred Kiley.[12]", "Clint Eastwood. Eastwood composed the film scores of Mystic River, Million Dollar Baby, Flags of Our Fathers, Grace Is Gone, Changeling, Hereafter, J. Edgar, and the original piano compositions for In the Line of Fire. He wrote and performed the song heard over the credits of Gran Torino.[349]", "Michael Price (composer). In addition to composing for Zentropa's Dommeren and Slingshot Studios' Sugarhouse he scored 2 documentaries for famous producer and director Alfonso Cuar贸n; The Possibility of Hope, and Naomi Klein's The Shock Doctrine, both in 2007. Michael met Cuar贸n when he scored additional music for the Academy Award winning feature Children of Men, working with Cuar贸n as music editor.", "Man of La Mancha. The Shakespeare Theatre Company produced Man of La Mancha as part of their 2014-2015 season. The production starred Anthony Warlow as Quixote and Amber Iman as Aldonza/Dulcinea.[23]", "Chuck Mangione. The band was also featured with a 70-piece orchestra on the live album An Evening of Magic, which was recorded at the Hollywood Bowl on July 16, 1978, at the height of Mangione's success from \"Feels So Good\". Performances of material new and old included versions of \"Main Squeeze\", \"Hill Where the Lord Hides\", and \"Chase the Clouds Away\". Mangione opened and closed the show with \"Feels So Good\" and its \"Reprise\" version. \"B' Bye\" featured a string arrangement from Bill Reichenbach. The horns were arranged by frequent collaborator Jeff Tyzik, who also played trumpet in the horn section that night. Mangione played material from the just-released \"Children of Sanchez\" soundtrack album, which made its West Coast concert debut.", "Clint Eastwood discography. Eastwood composed the film scores of Mystic River, Million Dollar Baby, Flags of Our Fathers, Grace Is Gone, Changeling, Hereafter, J. Edgar, and the original piano compositions for In the Line of Fire. One of his songs can be heard over the credits of Gran Torino." ]

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[ "How Do You Like Me Now?! (song). \"How Do You Like Me Now?!\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith. It was released in November 1999 as the second single and title track from his album of the same name. Keith wrote it with Chuck Cannon.", "How Do You Like Me Now?! (song). \"How Do You Like Me Now?!\" debuted at number 57 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of November 20, 1999.", "How You Like Me Now? (The Heavy song). \"How You Like Me Now?\" is a song by English rock band The Heavy. It was released as the third single from their second studio album The House That Dirt Built in August 2009.[1] The song samples \"Let a Woman Be a Woman\" by Dyke and the Blazers.[2] The song has been used in media several times and peaked at number 122 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "Toby Keith. Signed to DreamWorks Records Nashville in 1998, Keith released his breakthrough single \"How Do You Like Me Now?!\" in late 1999. This song, the title track to his 1999 album of the same name, was the number one country song of 2000, and one of several chart-toppers during his tenure on DreamWorks Nashville. His next three albums, Pull My Chain, Unleashed, and Shock'n Y'all, produced three more number ones each, and all of the albums were certified 4x Platinum. A second Greatest Hits package followed in 2004, and after that, he released Honkytonk University.", "How Do You Like Me Now?! (song). The song's music video debuted on the television network CMT on November 22, 1999, and was directed by Michael Salomon. It features Toby Keith singing the song at a hometown football game in the middle of the night.", "How You Like Me Now? (The Heavy song). The song became the band's most famous song to date. It was used by Republican presidential candidate Newt Gingrich in 2012, although the band sought to stop him from using it.[3]", "How Do You Like Me Now?! (song). Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, calling it a \"great little tune about the underdog fulfilling his dreams, and the story is wrapped in a melody that demands attention.\" She goes on to call Keith's performance \"feisty\" and say that the production \"just percolates.\"[5]", "How Ya Like Me Now. How Ya Like Me Now is the second album by emcee Kool Moe Dee. It is his best-selling album to date, achieving platinum certification by the RIAA.[3]", "How Do You Like Me Now?! (song). Keith had originally recorded the song near the end of his contract with Mercury Records Nashville in the late 1990s. According to a 2005 interview with Billboard, Keith had the album How Do You Like Me Now?! completed, but label executives rejected the entire album except for two songs: \"Getcha Some\" and \"If a Man Answers\", both of which were put on his 1998 Greatest Hits album. After he recorded two more songs which were also rejected, he asked to terminate his contract with Mercury, and purchased the rights to the rest of the album. Upon the album's release in late 1999, both the album and its lead single, \"When Love Fades\", were performing poorly on the charts; as a result, Keith asked that \"When Love Fades\" be withdrawn as a single in favor of \"How Do You Like Me Now?!\" Keith stated that DreamWorks executives were \"scared to put it out\", but within five days of Keith's request, \"When Love Fades\" was withdrawn and \"How Do You Like Me Now?!\" was released.[4]", "How Do You Like Me Now?! (song). On his 2000 album Just Another Day in Parodies, country music parodist Cledus T. Judd recorded a parody entitled \"How Do You Milk a Cow.\" This version peaked at number 67 on Hot Country Songs.", "How Do You Like Me Now?! (song). The song spent five weeks at Number One on the Billboard U.S. Hot Country Songs chart beginning in March 2000.[1] It was his first major crossover hit peaking at number 31 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. The song was also the first number-one single for the now defunct DreamWorks Nashville label. The song also became the fourth number one hit of his career and his first since \"Me Too\" in 1997. At the 2001 Academy of Country Music awards, the song was nominated for Single of the Year and Song of the Year.[2]", "How Do You Like Me Now?! (song). Keith discussed the inspiration for the song on his website in 2000. \"Initially, I said, 'Here's my title: \"You Never Loved Me Before, So How Do You Like Me Now?'\" It's one of my catch-phrases. A lot of people become successful after they've been told they won't ever be, so people can relate to this. It can be about an old flame or a boss or a teacher -whatever it means to each individual. It was a fun song to write.[3]\"", "How Do You Like Me Now?! (song). The song discusses Keith's attraction to the female valedictorian of his high school—a beautiful woman who ignored him at the time. Keith wonders if the woman remembers him now that he is famous.", "How You Like Me Now? (The Heavy song). The song was also used as the theme song for Intentional Talk on MLB Network from the show's April 4, 2011 debut to April 1, 2016. A variant of this song called \"How Do You Like Me Now (Beats Mix)\" was performed by The Heavy and was prominently featured in the 2010 installment of Sony's venerable baseball video game franchise MLB The Show.[8]", "How You Like Me Now? (The Heavy song). Song was featured in a 2010 advertisement called \"Sock Puppets\" introducing the newly redesigned Kia Sorento SUV. It has also been used in the 2011 action adventure racing game Driver: San Francisco, in the closing credits for the 2012 role-playing first-person shooter Borderlands 2[6] and 2013 platform game Knack on the PlayStation 4, and in a TV spot for the 2013 animated movie Turbo.[7] It was also featured in the ski film Attack of La Niña. In 2014 the song was featured on the in-game soundtrack of the racing game Forza Horizon 2 for the Xbox One and Xbox 360 on the fictional radio station Ninja Tune Radio and the official trailer of the comedy series Girl Meets World on Disney Channel in Southeast Asia. It also appeared in the multi-platform racing game The Crew on the fictional radio station 11 FM.", "How Ya Like Me Now. Also in 2009, \"How Ya Like Me Now\" appeared in DJ Hero.", "The Heavy (band). \"How You Like Me Now?\" is featured in several television series episodes: the twentieth episode of the fourth season of The Vampire Diaries; the sixth season finale of Entourage; the fourth episode of Community; the third episode of Rookie Blue; and the second season summer finale of White Collar. The song is featured throughout the 2010 feature film The Fighter. It is featured on the soundtrack of the baseball video game MLB 10: The Show. It was featured in the 2011 film Horrible Bosses as well as the trailer for The Change-Up. It was featured in the alternate ending for the film Limitless. The song is played on the soundtrack of the film This Means War. The song was used in a Kia Sorento television commercial,[10] which was broadcast during Super Bowl XLIV, appears in the soundtrack for Driver: San Francisco along with songs \"Big Bad Wolf\" and \"The Sleeping Ignoramus\". The song was used in pro skateboarder Torey Pudwill's Big Bang video in the summer of 2011. The song was also used in a commercial for Strongbow cider in the UK. It was recently featured on the Ted movie trailer. The song was also the theme song to MLB Network's television show, Intentional Talk and for MSNBC's afternoon broadcast of Martin Bashir's news commentary. It was also featured in the credits for the movie G.I. Joe: Retaliation and on trailers and TV spots for Turbo.", "Toby Keith. In 1999, Keith moved to DreamWorks Records' Nashville division, of which Stroud served as president.[16] His first release for the label was \"When Love Fades\", which also failed to make Top 40.[7] Upon seeing the single's poor performance, Keith requested that it be withdrawn and replaced with \"How Do You Like Me Now?!\", a song that he wrote with Chuck Cannon, and which had previously been turned down by Mercury.[10] It also served as the title track to his first DreamWorks album, How Do You Like Me Now?! The song spent five weeks at number 1 on the country charts, and became his first top 40 pop hit, with a number 31 peak on the Hot 100.[7] It was also the top country song of 2000 according to the Billboard Year-End chart.[17] The album, which was certified platinum, produced a Top 5 hit in \"Country Comes to Town\" and another number 1 in \"You Shouldn't Kiss Me Like This\". It was also his first album to feature songs co-written by Scotty Emerick, who would be a frequent collaborator of Keith's for the next several albums. Steve Huey wrote that this album \"had a rough, brash attitude that helped give Keith a stronger identity as a performer.\"[1] In 2001, Keith won the Academy of Country Music's Top Male Vocalist and Album of the Year awards.[1]", "How You Like Me Now? (The Heavy song). A remix of the song features in the video game LittleBigPlanet 3 while the original version appears near the end of the level \"High Stakes Heist\".", "How You Like Me Now? (The Heavy song). Beginning in the 2015-16 NHL season, the Vancouver Canucks play \"How You Like Me Now\" during home games at Rogers Arena whenever Radim Vrbata scores a goal, as part of their usage of personalized goal songs for each player. \"How You Like Me Now\" was selected for Vrbata's goal song in a fan vote.[9]", "How Do You Like Me Now?! (song). *sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alone", "How Do You Like Me Now?! (song). Jessica Andrews references both Keith and the song in her 2002 single \"There's More to Me Than You\".[6]", "How Ya Like Me Now. In 2008, the title track \"How Ya Like Me Now\" was ranked number 31 on VH1's 100 Greatest Hip Hop Songs.", "How Ya Like Me Now. In 1996, Nas references the album in the chorus of \"I Gave You Power,\" from his second album It Was Written, a song where Nas plays an anthropomorphized gun. The chorus lyrics are \"How you like me now? I go blaow, it's the shit that moves crowds, makin' every ghetto foul.\"", "How You Like Me Now? (The Heavy song). The song has since featured in several trailers and movies. It was used in the trailers for the 2012 movie Ted and The Transporter Refueled, during the closing credits for Horrible Bosses and in its sequel Horrible Bosses 2, in The Fighter[4] when Mickey Ward (Mark Wahlberg) and Dicky Eklund (Christian Bale) walk on a road in the intro of the film, in This Means War when Tuck (Tom Hardy) and Lauren (Reese Witherspoon) play paintball, and in G.I. Joe: Retaliation.[5]", "Make Me Like You. Stefani sang \"Make Me Like You\" live on several television programs, introducing the song on the February 17, 2016 Jimmy Kimmel Live! show.[90] Her performance was accompanied by an interview in which she explained the song's meaning.[91] Stefani sang the track as a musical guest on The Ellen DeGeneres Show,[92] Good Morning America[93] and at the 2016 Radio Disney Music Awards.[94] On April 2, 2016, she performed the song on Saturday Night Live with No Doubt bandmates Stephen Bradley and Gabrial McNair; she wore a \"lacy, babydoll dress\".[95][96] Stefani also performed it on the July 15, 2016 Today show with \"Misery\", \"Hollaback Girl\" and \"The Sweet Escape\".[97]", "Hate Me Now. \"Hate Me Now\" is the second and final single by rapper Nas featuring Puff Daddy, from Nas' third studio album I Am.... The backbeat is inspired by, and contains some samples from, Carl Orff's Carmina Burana. It was ranked 119 on XXL's best songs of the 1990s.", "Make Me Like You. Although the singer initially reported that \"Misery\" would be the album's second single, \"Make Me Like You\" was chosen instead.[11] Interscope Records released the song for digital download on February 12, 2016,[12] before distributing it to mainstream radio stations in the United States and Italy on February 16 and March 25, respectively.[13][14] On April 22, Interscope released a digital EP with three remixes of \"Make Me Like You\" produced by RAC, Chris Cox and Sad Money.[15]", "How Ya Like Me Now. In 2004, Ludacris references the album in Usher's number one hit Yeah!.", "Make Me Like You. \"Make Me Like You\" is a song by American singer Gwen Stefani for her third solo studio album, This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016). The record's second single, it was released digitally on February 12, 2016, and distributed to contemporary hit radio on February 16 in the United States by Interscope. Mattias Larsson and Robin Frediksson produced the song, which was co-written by Stefani, Larsson, Frediksson, Justin Tranter, and Julia Michaels. A pop and disco recording, \"Make Me Like You\" incorporates light rock, with guitars and digital harps over an uptempo melody. The lyrics, which were inspired by Stefani's relationship with singer Blake Shelton, explore finding and renewing love after a fractured relationship.", "How Ya Like Me Now. In a contemporary review, the Washington Post compared the album to work by hip hop artists Schooly D and LL Cool J stating that Kool Moe Dee \"comes across like a hip guidance couselor\" and that the album was a \"def aural collage: James Brown beats on the title cut, Queen on \"Rock You\" even Paul Simon on \"50 Ways.\". The production is sophisticated without sacrificing the improvisational swagger that is central to rap's appeal.\"[4]", "The Heavy (band). \"How You Like Me Now?\" could be heard being played over the speakers at the McCormick Place Convention Center in Chicago, Illinois, the 2012 election night location for U.S. President Barack Obama, just after the projected results for Ohio were announced. The Electoral College votes from Ohio clinched the 2012 Presidential re-election for him. The band played the song on the Late Show with David Letterman on 18 January 2010; this was the first time that Letterman had ever asked a musical artist to perform an encore on his show.[11][12] On 9 June 2010 \"How You Like Me Now?\" was featured in the opening montage of Hockey Night in Canada's broadcast of Game 6 of the Stanley Cup Finals. \"That Kind of Man\" from the band's first album was featured in \"Filthy Lucre\", an episode of the series Californication." ]

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[ "Settlement movement. The settlement movement was a reformist social movement, what beginning in the 1880s and peaking around the 1920s in England and the US, with a goal of getting the rich and poor in society to live more closely together in an interdependent community. Its main object was the establishment of \"settlement houses\" in poor urban areas, in which volunteer middle-class \"settlement workers\" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the poverty of, their low-income neighbors. The \"settlement houses\" provided services such as daycare, education, and healthcare to improve the lives of the poor in these areas.[1]", "Settlement movement. The movement gave rise to many social policy initiatives and innovative ways of working to improve the conditions of the most excluded members of society. The Poor Man's Lawyer service came about because a barrister volunteered his time and encouraged his friends to do the same. In general, the settlement movement, and settlement houses in particular, \"have been a foundation for social work practice in this country\".[3]", "Settlement movement. The most famous settlement house in the United States is Chicago's Hull House, founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889 after Addams visited Toynbee Hall within the previous two years. Hull House, though, was not a religious-based organization. It focused on providing education and recreational facilities for European immigrant women and children.[2] Lenox Hill Neighborhood House, founded in 1894, Friendly Inn Settlement House, founded in 1874, Henry Street Settlement, founded in 1893, Hiram House, founded in 1896, and University Settlement House, founded in 1886 and the oldest in the United States, were, like Hull House, important sites for social reform. United Neighborhood Houses of New York is the federation of 38 settlement houses in New York City.[5] These and other settlement houses inspired the establishment of settlement schools to serve isolated rural communities in Appalachia.[citation needed]", "Settlement movement. American settlement houses functioned on a philosophy of “scientific philanthropy,” a belief that instead of giving direct relief, charities should give resources to the poor so they could break out of the circle of poverty. American charity workers feared that the deeply entrenched social class system in Europe would develop in the United States.", "Settlement movement. The movement started in London in 1884 with the founding of Toynbee Hall. These houses, radically different from those in America, often offered food, shelter, and basic and higher education, provided by virtue of charity on part of wealthy donors, the residents of the city, and (for education) scholars who volunteered their time.", "History of social work. The concept of the Settlement house movement was to bring upper and middle class students into lower-class neighbourhoods, not only to provide education and social aid, but to actually live and work together with their inhabitants. This soon inspired a worldwide movement of university settlements. The idea was to help members of the future elite understand the problems of wider society; this was especially important at a time when class divisions were much stronger, social mobility was minimal, and the living conditions of the poor were completely unknown to many members of the upper class.[34]", "Settlement movement. Victorian England, increasingly concerned with poverty, gave rise to the movement whereby those connected to universities settled students in slum areas to live and work alongside local people. Through their efforts settlement houses were established for education, savings, sports, and arts. Such institutions were often praised by religious representatives concerned with the lives of the poor, and criticised as normative or moralistic by radical social movements.", "Jane Addams. The settlement house as Addams discovered was a space within which unexpected cultural connections could be made and where the narrow boundaries of culture, class, and education could be expanded. They doubled up as community arts centers and social service facilities. They laid the foundations for American civil society, a neutral space within which different communities and ideologies could learn from each other and seek common grounds for collective action. The role of the settlement house was an \"unending effort to make culture and 'the issue of things' go together.\" The unending effort was the story of her own life, a struggle to reinvigorate her own culture by reconnecting with diversity and conflict of the immigrant communities in America's cities and with the necessities of social reform.[28]", "Settlement movement. The British Association of Settlements and Social Action Centres is a network of such organisations. During the social Christian movement, Samuel and Henrietta Barnett founded Toynbee Hall, Oxford House[2] in 1884 in Bethnal Green. Other early examples include Browning Hall, formed in Walworth in 1895 by Francis Herbert Stead, and Mansfield House Settlement, also in east London (see Percy Alden). There is also a global network, the International Federation of Settlements.", "Jane Addams. Hull House and the Peace Movement are widely recognized as the key tangible pillars of Addams' legacy. While her life focused on the development of individuals, her ideas continue to influence social, political and economic reform in the United States as well as internationally. Addams and Starr's creation of the settlement house, Hull House, impacted the community, immigrant residents, and the social working nearby.", "History of women in the United States. In 1889 Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr established the first settlement house in America (a settlement house is a center in an underprivileged area that provides community services), in what was then a dilapidated mansion in one of the poorest immigrant slums of Chicago on the corner of Halstead and Polk streets.[148] This settlement house, called Hull House, provided numerous activities and services including health and child care, clubs for both children and adults, an art gallery, kitchen, gymnasium, music school, theater, library, employment bureau, and a labor museum.[148] By 1910, 400 settlement houses had been established in America; the majority of settlement house workers were women.[149] Jane Addams was also a noted peace activist who shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Nicholas Murray Butler in 1931[150]", "History of social work. The settlement movement focused on the causes of poverty through the \"three Rs\" - Research, Reform, and Residence. They provided a variety of services including educational, legal, and health services. These programs also advocated changes in social policy. Workers in the settlement movement immersed themselves in the culture of those they were helping. There were basic commonalities in the movement. These institutions were more concerned with societal causes for poverty, especially the changes that came with industrialization, rather than personal causes which their predecessors believed were the main reason for poverty. The settlement movement believed that social reform was best pursued and pushed for by private charities.[31]", "Settlement movement. There were basic commonalities in the movement. These institutions were more concerned with societal causes for poverty, especially the changes that came with industrialisation, rather than personal causes which their predecessors believed were the main reason for poverty. The settlement movement believed that social reform was best pursued and pushed for by private charities.", "Settlement movement. Settlement houses influenced urban design and architecture in the 20th century. For example, James Rossant of Conklin + Rossant agreed with Robert E. Simon's social vision and consciously sought to mix economic backgrounds when drawing up the master plan for Reston, Virginia.[8] The New Monastic movement has a similar goal and model.", "Settlement movement. Today, settlements are still community-focused organizations, providing a range of services including early education, youth guidance and crime intervention, senior programs, and specialized programs for young people who have \"aged out\" of the foster care system. Since they are staffed by professional employees and students, they no longer require that employees live alongside those they serve.", "Settlement movement. By 1913, there were 413 settlements in 32 states.[6] By the 1920s, there were almost 500 settlement houses in the country.[2] The settlement house concept was continued by Dorothy Day's Catholic Worker \"hospitality houses\" in the 1930s.", "Jane Addams. Hull House became America's best known settlement house. Addams used it to generate system-directed change, on the principle that to keep families safe, community and societal conditions had to be improved.[39] The neighborhood was controlled by local political bosses.", "History of social work. A stress on social action that developed in the 1880s, was pioneered by the Settlement house movement.[31] This Movement (creating integrated mixed communities of rich and poor) grew directly out of Octavia Hill's work. Her colleagues Samuel and Henrietta Barnett, founded Toynbee Hall, Oxford House[32] in 1884 in Bethnal Green as the first university-sponsored settlement. Another early organization was Mansfield House Settlement, also in east London.", "Progressivism in the United States. Jane Addams of Chicago's Hull House typified the leadership of residential, community centers operated by social workers and volunteers and located in inner city slums. The purpose of the settlement houses was to raise the standard of living of urbanites by providing adult education and cultural enrichment programs.[43]", "Hull House. Addams followed the example of Toynbee Hall, which was founded in 1884 in the East End of London as a center for social reform. She described Toynbee Hall as \"a community of university men\" who, while living there, held their recreational clubs and social gatherings at the settlement house among the poor people and in the same style they would in their own circle.[10] Addams and Starr established Hull House as a settlement house on September 18, 1889.[11]", "East End of London. In 1884, the Settlement movement was founded, with settlements such as Toynbee Hall[47] and Oxford House, to encourage university students to live and work in the slums, experience the conditions and try to alleviate some of the poverty and misery in the East End. Notable residents of Toynbee Hall included R. H. Tawney, Clement Attlee, Guglielmo Marconi, and William Beveridge. The Hall continues to exert considerable influence, with the Workers Educational Association (1903), Citizens Advice Bureau (1949) and Child Poverty Action Group (1965) all being founded or influenced by it.[48] In 1888, the matchgirls of Bryant and May in Bow went on strike for better working conditions. This, combined with the many dock strikes in the same era, made the East End a key element in the foundation of modern socialist and trade union organisations, as well as the Suffragette movement.[49]", "History of Protestantism. With Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago as its center, the settlement house movement and the vocation of social work were deeply influenced by the Tolstoyan reworking of Christian idealism.[48] The final group to emerge from this awakening in North America was Pentecostalism, which had its roots in the Methodist, Wesleyan, and Holiness movements, and began in 1906 on Azusa Street, in Los Angeles. Pentecostalism would later lead to the Charismatic movement.", "History of social work. The movement gave rise to many social policy initiatives and innovative ways of working to improve the conditions of the most excluded members of society. Participating universities settled students in slums to live and work alongside the poor local people. Settlement houses focused on education, savings, sports, and arts. The Poor Man's Lawyer service came about because a barrister volunteered his time and encouraged his friends to do the same. In general, the settlement movement, and settlement houses in particular, were \"...a foundation for social work practice in this country\".[35]", "National American Woman Suffrage Association. In 1909, Frances Squires Potter, a NAWSA member from Chicago, proposed the creation of suffrage community centers called \"political settlements\". Reminiscent of the social settlement houses, such as Hull House in Chicago, their purpose was to educate the public about suffrage and the practical details of political activity at the local level. The political settlements established by the WSP included suffrage schools that provided training in public speaking to suffrage organizers.[74]", "Hull House. In 1892, Addams published her thoughts on what has been described as \"the three R's\" of the settlement house movement: residence, research, and reform. These involved \"close cooperation with the neighborhood people, scientific study of the causes of poverty and dependence, communication of these facts to the public, and persistent pressure for [legislative and social] reform...\"[13] Hull House conducted careful studies of the Near West Side, Chicago community, which became known as \"The Hull House Neighborhood\". These studies enabled the Hull House residents to confront the establishment, eventually partnering with them in the design and implementation of programs intended to enhance and improve the opportunities for success by the largely immigrant population.[14]", "History of social work. In America, the settlement movement was established by Jane Addams, a young medical student, and Ellen Gates Starr after Addams visited Toynbee Hall and was impressed by the system. She founded Chicago's Hull House in 1889, which focused on providing education and recreational facilities for European immigrant women and children.[32] By 1913, there were 413 settlements in 32 states.[33] The house was both a community service centre and a social research program. Precursors to modern social work arose at Hull House as health professionals began to work with social determinants of poor health.[16]", "Social Gospel. Many reformers inspired by the movement opened settlement houses, most notably Hull House in Chicago operated by Jane Addams. They helped the poor and immigrants improve their lives. Settlement houses offered services such as daycare, education, and health care to needy people in slum neighbourhoods. The YMCA was created originally to help rural youth adjust to the city without losing their religion, but by the 1890s became a powerful instrument of the Social Gospel.[27] Nearly all the denominations (including Catholics) engaged in foreign missions, which often had a social gospel component in terms especially of medical uplift. The Black denominations, especially the African Methodist Episcopal church (AME) and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion church (AMEZ), had active programs in support of the Social Gospel.[28] Both evangelical (\"pietistic\") and liturgical (\"high church\") elements supported the Social Gospel, although only the pietists were active in promoting Prohibition.[29]", "Hull House. Hull House was a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located in the Near West Side of Chicago, Illinois, Hull House (named after the home's first owner Charles Jerald Hull) opened to recently arrived European immigrants. By 1911, Hull House had grown to 13 buildings. In 1912 the Hull House complex was completed with the addition of a summer camp, the Bowen Country Club.[3][4][5] With its innovative social, educational, and artistic programs, Hull House became the standard bearer for the movement that had grown, by 1920, to almost 500 settlement houses nationally.[6]", "Hull House. In the 19th century a women's movement began to promote education, autonomy, and break into traditionally male dominated occupations for women. Organizations led by women, bonded by sisterhood, were formed for social reform, including settlement houses in working class and poor neighborhoods, like Hull House. To develop \"new roles for women, the first generation of New Women wove the traditional ways of their mothers into the heart of their brave new world. The social activists, often single, were led by educated New Women.[12]", "Hull House. According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize, Jane Addams, “had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism.” Her image was, however, “reinvented” by the Christian churches.[15] According to the Jane Addams Hull-House Museum, \"Some social settlements were linked to religious institutions. Others, like Hull-House [co-founded by Addams], were secular.\"[16]", "Hull House. Later, the settlement branched out and offered services to ameliorate some of the effects of poverty. A public dispensary provided nutritious food for the sick as well as a daycare center and public baths. Among the courses Hull House offered was a bookbinding course, which was timely — given the employment opportunities in the growing printing trade.[26] Hull House was well known for its success in aiding American assimilation, especially with immigrant youth.[27] Hull House became the center of the movement to promote hand workmanship as a moral regenerative force.[28] Under the direction of Laura Dainty Pelham their theater group performed the Chicago premiers of several plays by John Galsworthy, Henrik Ibsen, and George Bernard Shaw, and was given credit for founding the American Little Theatre Movement.[29] The success of Hull House led Paul Kellogg to refer to the group as the \"Great Ladies of Halsted Street\".[30]", "Settlement movement. The movement also spread to late imperial Russia, as Stanislav Shatsky and Alexander Zelenko set up a network of educational and social institutions in northern Moscow in 1905, naming it \"Setlement\" (\"Сетлемент\", the English word transliterated to Russian). This network of institutions was closed down by the government in 1908, due to alleged socialist activities.[7]" ]

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