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43_13 | An important housing project is situated near the geographical center of NDG on Cavendish Boulevard, which bisects the borough into its eastern and western halves. The Benny Farm housing project was built to serve the needs of veterans returning from Second World War service, though was later designated as subsidized housing. The housing and surrounding landscaping was rehabilitated in the early 2000s, with new low-cost housing and additional public facilities built, such as the Benny Farm CLSC (a community center with many social services including a clinic run by the provincial health ministry). |
43_14 | The Décarie Expressway trench and the mainline of the Canadian Pacific railway each forms barriers that arguably disrupt the cohesiveness of the borough. As such, sections of NDG have unique characteristics and be characterized as well-defined neighborhoods. As an example, the sliver of NDG running between the rail line and the Saint-Jacques Escarpment (from Cavendish Boulevard to the Décarie Expressway) is known as St. Raymond's and has a strong association with Montreal's Italian community. Another section, separated from the rest of NDG by a highway trench and sharing a border with Westmount, is closer to where the village of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce was founded, and as such is occasionally referred to as 'Old NDG'. |
43_15 | NDG first rose to prominence as an important middle-class suburb towards the end of the 19th century, initially populated by the (then) new white-collar workforce of the Canadian metropolis and accessible via tramways running to and from the city center. As widespread suburbanization developed in the post-WW2 period, NDG became home to successive waves of immigrants, first from Eastern Europe (including a sizeable Jewish population), then from the Caribbean, and more recently from Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Concurrently, Anglophone Montrealers consolidated in the West End broadly speaking, with Montreal's Irish and Black communities shifting away from their traditional neighborhoods (Griffintown and Little Burgundy respectively) and taking a more prominent position within the demographics of the area. |
43_16 | Today NDG is a cosmopolitan mixed-income urban neighborhood highly sought after by young professionals. The multitude of services, including parks and other green spaces, schools, clinics, and major institutions, make it an ideal neighborhood to raise a family close to the center of the city of Montreal and its Central Business District. The vintage and antique housing is generally well kept and the aesthetic of the early 20th-century first-ring suburb has been preserved. Additionally, NDG is well-served by public transit, including numerous bus lines, two Métro, and two commuter train stations, allowing the area to be one of the most 'walkable' in the entire city. |
43_17 | Sports and recreation
NDG is well known for many large parks including NDG Park (known as Girouard Park), Loyola Park, and Trenholme Park. The area has three indoor hockey arenas: the public Doug Harvey Arena (formerly Confederation Arena) and the private Lower Canada College High School and Concordia University (Ed Meagher Arena) rinks. NDG is also home to the NDG YMCA, which includes a pool, gym, and recreation programs for youth and adults.
The NDG Senior Lynx made it to Little League Baseball's Senior League World Series in 2011 and 2012, representing the region of Canada. |
43_18 | NDG is home to the Montreal Exiles Rugby Football club (www.montrealexiles.com) who have mini-rugby teams (NDG Dragons) at U-6, U-8, U-10 U-12 and U-14 levels, Junior rugby at U-18 and senior men's rugby. Founded in 2011, the senior men's side featured in the provincial finals in 2011, losing to Westmount in the semi-final, and again in 2012 winning the Division C league and Cup. Their home field is Confederation Park.
Transportation
The public transport agency that operates transit bus and rapid transit services in Montreal is the Société de transport de Montréal (STM).
Rapid transit
The orange line of Montreal's Metro runs through the borough, following the Décarie Expressway with Villa Maria and Vendôme located on the eastern side of the autoroute trench.
NDG is also served by a variety of STM bus lines offering various service levels: |
43_19 | 10-minute maximum (6:00-21:00)
24 Sherbrooke: East-West local bus serving Décarie Boulevard in NDG, Villa Maria metro station is its western terminus.
51 Edouard-Montpetit: East-West local bus serving Fielding Avenue. Montreal-Ouest commuter rail station is its western terminus.
105 Sherbrooke: East-West local bus serving Sherbrooke street in NDG. Montreal-Ouest commuter rail station and Vendôme metro station are its western and eastern termini, respectively.
10-minute maximum (6:00-14:00 East)(14:00-21:00 West) |
43_20 | 90 Saint-Jacques: East-west local bus serving Saint-Jacques Boulevard in NDG. Connections with Vendôme metro station.
103 Monkland: East-West local bus serving Monkland, Grand Boulevard in NDG. Villa Maria metro station serves as its eastern terminus.
Local (day)
17 Décarie: North-South local bus serving Girouard Boulevard in NDG. Connections with Vendôme metro station.
63 Girouard: North-South local bus serving Girouard Boulevard in NDG.
102 Somerled: East-West local bus serving Somerled Avenue in NDG. Its eastern terminus is Vendôme metro station.
104 Cavendish: East-West local bus serving Cavendish Boulevard in NDG. Connections with Vendôme metro station.
138 Notre-Dame-de-Grâce: East-West local bus serving Notre-Dame-de-Grâce and Cavendish in NDG.
162 Westminster: East-West local bus serving Monkland Avenue in NDG. Its eastern terminus is Villa Maria metro station.
Express (day) |
43_21 | 420 Notre-Dame-De-Grâce Express: Commuter express bus that stops along Cavendish Boulevard and Sherbrooke before it goes to Downtown Montreal.
All night
356: Night bus that serves Sherbrooke street in NDG. Operates from 2:30 a.m. and 5:00 a.m. |
43_22 | Streetscape
The major commercial streets are Monkland Avenue, Somerled Avenue and Sherbrooke Street West. Monkland Village comprises a cluster of businesses on the eastern part of Monkland Avenue that was revitalized in the 1990s. The Décarie Expressway is a major sunken urban highway that runs north–south and splits eastern NDG into two segments. Several bridges connect both sides of the borough for both vehicles and pedestrians.
Street names
The following is a list of street names in the area and what/who they're named after: |
43_23 | Trenholme Street named after the founder of Elmhurst Dairy Thomas Anderson Trenholme
Bessborough: Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough, 14th Governor General of Canada
Borden: Robert Borden, 8th Prime Minister of Canada
Cavendish: Most likely the British House of Cavendish
Connaught: Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, 10th Governor General of Canada
Décarie: One or many of several prominent members of the Décarie family; possibly specifically Jérémie-Louis Décarie, who was born in NDG
Fielding: William Stevens Fielding, 7th Premier of Nova Scotia and federal Minister of Finance, editor Montreal Daily Telegraph
Girouard: Désiré Girouard, Canadian lawyer, politician, and Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada
Hingston: William Hales Hingston, a Canadian senator & Mayor of Montreal
Marcil: Georges Marcil, last mayor of NDG before its annexation into the city of Montreal.
Monkland: James Monk, former Chief Justice of Lower Canada; landowner |
43_24 | Notre-Dame-de-Grâce: NDG — the community in which the street is situated
Old Orchard: The orchards that used to make up large parts of modern-day NDG;
Sherbrooke: John Coape Sherbrooke, Governor General of British North America, circa 1816
Somerled: 12th-century Scottish leader
Terrebonne: A French seigniory near what is now the city of Terrebonne
Wilson: Named for former Montreal mayor Charles Wilson |
43_25 | Education
The Commission scolaire de Montréal (CSDM) operates Francophone public schools.
The administrative offices of the English Montreal School Board (ESMB), which operates Anglophone public schools in this borough, are located in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. The EMSB operates 40 primaries, 17 secondaries and 32 other learning institutions with a total student population of 38,000.
There are numerous private and public educational institutions within the community:
Elementary schools
French schools (CSDM)
École internationale de Montréal (primaire)
École Marc-Favreau
L'Étoile Filante
École Notre-Dame-de-Grâce
École Anne-Hébert
École Rudolph-Steiner de Montreal
English Schools
Royal Vale
Willingdon School
Herbert Symonds (Closed 1981)
St. Monica School |
43_26 | High schools
Private
Centennial Academy
Greaves Adventist Academy
Lower Canada College
Loyola High School
Villa Maria
Kells Academy
Public
Marymount Academy
Royal Vale School (K-11)
West Hill High School (Montreal)(closed 1992)
Ecole Saint-Luc
Universities
Concordia University (Loyola Campus)
Public libraries
The Montreal Public Libraries Network operates libraries.
Notable residents
Actors, musicians, artists
Jay Baruchel, actor
Lopez, artist
Anne Dorval, actress
Irving Layton, poet
Laurence Leboeuf, actress
Jessica Paré, actress
Michel Rivard, French Canadian singer
William Shatner, actor |
43_27 | Athletes and sports officials/personalities
Steven Fletcher (ice hockey), NHL player
Frank Greenleaf, president of the Canadian and Quebec Amateur Hockey Associations
Doug Harvey, former NHL player
Russell Martin, major league baseball catcher
Jim McKean, former CFL player and MLB umpire
Ian Mofford, former CFL player and Grey Cup champion
Sergio Momesso, former NHL player and current sports commentator
Gabriel Morency, sports-talk radio personality
Sam Pollock, General Manager; Montreal Canadiens
Marco Scandella, NHL player
Geographic location
See also
Oxford Park, Montreal
References
External links
Borough of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce
Neighbourhoods in Montreal
Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce |
44_0 | Hudson Stuck (November 4, 1863 – October 10, 1920) was a British native who became an Episcopal priest, social reformer and mountain climber in the United States. With Harry P. Karstens, he co-led the first expedition to successfully climb Denali (Mount McKinley) in June 1913, via the South Summit. He published five books about his years in Alaska. Two memoirs were issued in new editions in 1988, including his account of the ascent of Denali.
Stuck was born in London and graduated from King's College London. He immigrated to the United States in 1885 and lived there for the rest of his life. After working as a cowboy and teacher for several years in Texas, he went to University of the South to study theology. After graduation, he was ordained as an Episcopal priest. Moving to Alaska in 1904, he served as Archdeacon of the Yukon, acting as a missionary for the church and a proponent of "muscular Christianity". He died of pneumonia in Fort Yukon, Alaska. |
44_1 | Early life and education
Stuck was born in Paddington, London, England to James and Jane (Hudson) Stuck. He attended Westbourne Park Public School and King's College London. Yearning for a bigger life, he immigrated to Texas in 1885, where he worked as a cowboy near Junction City. He also taught in one-room schools at Copperas Creek, San Angelo, and San Marcos.
In 1889 he enrolled to study theology at the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. After completing his studies, Stuck became an Episcopal priest in 1892. He first served a congregation in Cuero, Texas for two years. |
44_2 | He was called to St. Matthew's Cathedral in Dallas in 1894. Two years later, he became dean. He stressed progressive goals in his sermons and regularly published articles related to his causes. There he founded a night school for millworkers, a home for indigent women, and St. Matthew's Children's Home. In 1903 he gained passage in Texas of the first state law against child labor. He regularly preached and wrote against lynching. It was at an all-time high in the South around the turn of the century, which was also the period when state legislatures were passing legislation and constitutions that disfranchised blacks and many poor whites. |
44_3 | Alaska mission
In 1904 Stuck moved to Alaska to serve with Missionary Bishop Peter Trimble Rowe. Under the title Archdeacon of the Yukon and the Arctic, with a territory of 250,000 square miles, Stuck traveled between the scattered parishes and missions by dogsled and boat as well as foot and snowshoe. In his first year, Stuck established a church, mission and hospital at Fairbanks, the new boomtown filling up with miners and associated hangers on. Some staff came from Klondike, where the gold rush had ended. The small hospital treated epidemics of meningitis and typhoid fever, as well as pneumonia common in the North. |
44_4 | In 1905, Rev. Charles E. Betticher, Jr joined Stuck in Alaska as a missionary. They founded numerous missions in the Tanana Valley over the next decade: at Nenana (St. Mark's Mission and Tortella School at Nenana, the school in 1907), St. Barnabas at Chena Native Village, St. Luke's at Salcha, and St. Timothy's at Tanacross (near Tok, formerly known as the Tanana Crossing). All served the Alaska Natives of the region. Tortella School was the only boarding school to serve native children in the Interior of Alaska, and was supported by scholarships and offerings raised by the Episcopal Church. Missionary Anne Cragg Farthing ran the school and was the primary teacher.
Her brother was bishop of Toronto, Ontario. |
44_5 | Five hundred miles up the Koyukuk River from its confluence with the Yukon, at its junction with its tributary the Alatna River, in 1907 Stuck founded a mission he called Allakaket (Koyukon for "at the mouth of the Alatna") but others called St. John's in the Woods for the several hundred Indians here. For years Episcopal woman missionaries ran the remote station just above the Arctic Circle, including Deaconess Clara M. Carter and Clara Heintz. (Other women missionaries later included Harriet Bedell who, like Stuck, has been honored on the Episcopal liturgical calendar.) The mission served both Koyukon and Iñupiat, who were settled on opposite sides of the river. The latter had come up the Kobuk River from lower areas. Thus the missioners had two Native languages to learn. |
44_6 | To reach the scattered populations of miners and other frontiersmen, Stuck started the Church Periodical Club. Based in Fairbanks, it collected and distributed periodicals to all the missions and to other settlements where Americans gathered. It did not have only church literature, and in some locations, it provided almost the only reading material around.
Stuck traveled each winter more than 1500–2000 miles by dogsled to visit the missions and villages. In 1908, he acquired the launch called The Pelican, a shallow riverboat. He used it on the Yukon River and tributaries to visit the Athabascans in their summer camps, where they fished and hunted. He reported that in twelve seasons' cruises, ranging from i,800 to 5,200 miles each summer, he traveled a total of up to 30,000 miles along the rivers. |
44_7 | Stuck wrote and published five books, memoirs of his times in Alaska, in part to reveal the exploitation of the Alaska Native peoples that he witnessed in his work. Two of Stuck's books were edited by Maxwell Perkins, the legendary Scribner's editor who also edited Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Thomas Wolfe.
Stuck had experience mountain climbing, including having ascended Mount Rainier in Washington state.
Ascent of Denali
Stuck recruited Harry Karstens, a respected guide, to join his expedition. Other members were Walter Harper and Robert G. Tatum, both 21, and two student volunteers from the mission school, John Fredson and Esaias George. They departed from Nenana on March 17, 1913. They reached the summit of Denali on June 7, 1913. Harper, of mixed Alaska Native and Scots descent, reached the summit first. Fredson, then 14, acted as their base camp manager, hunting caribou and Dall sheep to keep them supplied with food. |
44_8 | The party made atmospheric measurements at the peak of the mountain for purposes of determining its elevation. At the summit, their aneroid barometer read 13.175 inches, their boiling-point thermometer read 174.9 degrees, their mercurial barometer read 13.617 inches. The alcohol minimum recording thermometer read 7 °F. These measurements, with others taken at Fort Gibbon and Valdez, were reduced by C. E. Griffin, Topographic Engineer of the United States Geological Survey, to produce an elevation for Denali of 20,384 feet. The precise figure measured by the United States Geological Survey in 2015 is 20,310 feet.
They also erected a six-foot high cross at the summit.
When the party returned to base camp, Stuck sent a messenger to Fairbanks to announce their success in reaching the peak of the mountain. His achievement was announced on June 21, 1913, by The New York Times and carried nationally. |
44_9 | Stuck was scheduled to go to New York City in October for a General Convention of the Episcopal Church. This gave him another opportunity to talk about the ascent. He was awarded the Back Award of the Royal Geographical Society in 1919.
Later life
Several of the mission churches established by the Episcopal Church in remote areas of the Interior during the early 20th century have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. |
44_10 | Stuck continued to urge Alaska Native youths in their education, helping arrange scholarships and sponsors for education in the Lower 48. For instance, John Fredson was the first Alaska Native to finish high school and graduate from college. Sponsored by Stuck and the Episcopal Church, he went to the University of the South in Tennessee. After returning to Alaska, he developed as a Gwich'in leader. In 1941 he gained federal recognition of the Venetie Indian Reserve to protect his people's traditional territory. Walter Harper was accepted at medical school in Philadelphia, but died en route when his ship sank off the coast of Alaska.
Stuck worked as a priest in Alaska for the rest of his life, serving both Alaska Natives and American settlers. Like many other missionaries, he never married. He died of pneumonia in Fort Yukon. By his request, he was buried in the native cemetery there. |
44_11 | Legacy and honors
A memorial service was conducted at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City in his honor.
Stuck and the naturalist John Muir are honored with a feast day on April 22 of the liturgical calendar of the US Episcopal Church.
Books
Voyages on the Yukon and its Tributaries. 1917.
A Winter Circuit of Our Arctic Coast. 1920.
See also
Harriet Bedell, Episcopal missionary in Alaska, also honored on liturgical calendar
References
Further reading
David Dean, Breaking Trail: Hudson Stuck of Texas and Alaska (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1988).
External links |
44_12 | Hudson Stuck, Ten Thousand Miles with a Dog Sled, 1914, Internet Archive
Hudson Stuck, Ten Thousand Miles with a Dog Sled, 1916, Project Gutenberg
Hudson Stuck, Voyages on the Yukon and its Tributaries, 1917 (available through google books and hathitrust.org)
Hudson Stuck, The Ascent of Denali (Mount McKinley), 1918, Project Gutenberg
Hudson Stuck, Baccaulaureate Sermon Given at Columbia University, 1916 (available through google books)
David M. Dean, "Hudson Stuck biography – Texas State Historical Association
1865 births
1920 deaths
Alumni of King's College London
American mountain climbers
Anglican saints
Deaths from pneumonia in Alaska
Denali
People from Fort Yukon, Alaska
People of the Alaska Territory
Sewanee: The University of the South alumni |
45_0 | Top Ground Gear Force is a one-off TV special, featuring the cast of BBC's Top Gear, which originally aired on BBC Two at 22:00 GMT on 14 March 2008 as part of Sport Relief 2008. It was repeated on Easter Monday, 2008.
It borrowed its format from Top Gear of the Pops, a similar one-off special which aired as part of Comic Relief 2007. Whereas Top Gear of The Pops combined Top Gear with Top of the Pops, this episode combines the motoring show with Ground Force, a gardening makeover show which ran on the BBC from 1998 to 2005.
Regular Top Gear hosts Jeremy Clarkson, James May and Richard Hammond take over sportsman Steve Redgrave's garden, to dispense advice on creating a zero maintenance lawn, installing an impressive water feature and getting rid of unwanted plants. Naturally, disaster ensues. Top Ground Gear Force was then included as a page in the 2009 Big Book of Top Gear, giving advice to garden problems including concreting the garden over, petrol bombs and flash fires. |
45_1 | Title screen
Like Top Gear of the Pops, the title screen and music is changed to suit the programme. Instead of having cars in the background, images of gardening were shown instead. The images bore a strong resemblance to the Top Gear title screen (e.g. dirt coming out of a spinning pot, similar to a car wheel spinning and kicking up water from the ground) Hammond was seen pushing a spade into the ground, and then holding it over his shoulder. May was seen holding a wheelbarrow, and breaking a gnome in half (in replacement of him pushing a button on a remote control in the Top Gear title screen). Clarkson was seen with a pair of open hedge trimmers, which he then snaps shut. |
45_2 | Ending credits
The Top Gear ending credits are also adapted to suit the programme's resemblance to Ground Force – the presenters' names were listed as Alan Clarkson, Handy Hammond and Charlie May (references to Ground Force presenters Alan Titchmarsh, Tommy Walsh and Charlie Dimmock respectively). The rest of the crew were all listed as having the first name "Monty". This 'mocking' was also used in special editions such as the Top Gear Polar Special, in which the presenters' first names were changed to 'Sir Ranulph', as a reference to Sir Ranulph Fiennes. |
45_3 | Title irregularities
The title Top Ground Gear Force appears during the opening credits and is spoken by the hosts throughout the show. However, the insulated jackets worn by the three hosts are silkscreened with "TGGGF" on the front chest and "Top Garden Ground Gear Force" on the rear. Other equipment, such as a flatbed truck, is labeled with the factual title, "Top Ground Gear Force". This minor detail is not explained throughout the show and may be a simple mistake or an intentional joke. In his book, And on That Bombshell, Richard Porter (Top Gears script editor) explained that the original name was in fact "Top Garden Gear Ground Force" but the word "garden" was removed since it is not found in either show's title.
Synopsis |
45_4 | The Top Gear team of Jeremy Clarkson, James May and Richard Hammond decided, for Sport Relief, to impersonate and belittle the show Ground Force, and provide a garden makeover to the garden of one of Britain's sporting legends, namely Steve Redgrave. Helping them was a team of "Foreign Nationals", and on hand to provide advice on Redgrave's tastes was his wife, Ann Redgrave, who was erroneously addressed and referred to as "Lady Ann" rather than the proper "Lady Redgrave". |
45_5 | As the team's only 'country bumpkin', Hammond decided to designate himself as the team leader. However, his plan to build a 'river of gravel' failed to impress Clarkson and May, who wanted to include a water feature and a shed, respectively. Clarkson also noted that Hammond's river of gravel would pass through one of Redgrave's flowerbeds, which would be particularly difficult to remove. Hammond demonstrates that it is easy to simply dig up each flower with a trowel, Clarkson declares it would take too long, and instead reveals his unique method for removing the flowers using a shotgun. Unimpressed, Hammond sends Clarkson and May to a Garden Centre to pick up supplies. Deciding to go ahead with his plans to create a 'river of gravel', Hammond uses a small Caterpillar digger to dig a trench in the garden. Meanwhile, Clarkson and May arrive back with their desired equipment, only to destroy the push bike of one of Redgrave's children as they pull into his drive. As May starts work on |
45_6 | his shed, Clarkson enlists the help of the Poles to start work on his greenhouse. Meanwhile, unable to control his digger, Hammond crashes it into the trench, leaving it immobile. In an attempt to rectify the situation, he hires a much larger digger to pull the smaller one out of the hole, but due to the digger being extremely heavy, it results in him leaving numerous caterpillar track marks all over the remainder of the garden lawn. Meanwhile, May has just completed work on his shed. |
45_7 | Hammond decides to leave both Caterpillars, and instead moves on to his next project - building a round-the-tree seat to be placed at the end of his 'river of gravel'. However, Clarkson quickly points out that despite the seat being complete, Hammond has no way of placing it around the tree, as it has been constructed as a sole piece. Clarkson offers to help Hammond by attempting to prune the tree with his shotgun, allowing the seat to be lifted and then dropped from the top of the tree. However, his gun misfires, and instead blasts a massive hole through the side of May's shed. Meanwhile, Hammond hires a 14-ton crane to lift his seat high enough to slip it over the tree. However, the crane is too heavy, and instead sinks into the lawn, leaving massive holes in it. However, he finds that the crane itself is long enough to still do the job, but his inexperience means that instead of lifting the seat, he moves it sideways, crashing it into and destroying May's shed. May is extremely |
45_8 | angry, but Clarkson appears amused by the situation. May starts upon rebuilding the shed, and with the help of the Poles, the shed is quickly reinstated. He begins by labeling where each of the tools in the shed should go, alphabetically ordering the books on the bookshelf, and placing up pictures that he believes will remind Redgrave of his glory days. Meanwhile, Clarkson has the tricky job of removing a rockery in order to build his water feature. He decides to use a homemade bomb to complete the job quickly. The bomb is successful, destroying the rockery in one clean sweep - but the blast is so powerful that the energy manages to blow all of the windows and one of the walls out of May's rebuilt shed, leaving him angrier than ever. May subsequently emerges from the shed and asks Clarkson what time the programme will air. After being informed it was going to air after the watershed, he exclaims at Clarkson, 'you're a fuc-'; at which point, the episode cuts to the next scene. |
45_9 | With Hammond at a loose end after the failure of both his 'river of gravel' and his tree seat, he begins to wander aimlessly. Meanwhile, Clarkson has ordered some cement to pave over the parts of the lawn which were destroyed by Hammond's giant digger and 14-ton crane. However, despite his estimations, he orders too little, and only a small portion of the lawn is covered. At this point, The Salvation Army brass band arrive to provide entertainment for the team, but their appearance is cut short when Hammond gets stuck in Clarkson's undried cement, and their musical accompaniment drives Clarkson insane, leading him to bend one of their trombones in half and ask them to leave. With Hammond having ruined Clarkson's cement by leaving footprints in it, Clarkson moves on to his next project - erecting some rugby posts, despite being told that none of Redgrave's family plays rugby. With May having successfully rebuilt his shed again, it's not long before disaster strikes again when Clarkson |
45_10 | and the Poles drop the rugby posts, and they fall directly on May's shed, destroying part of the roof and one of the side walls. By this point, May is fuming, and he screams at Clarkson to apologize while pointing a two-by-four at him. After being successfully rescued from the cement, Hammond has moved on to his last project, a turbo-charged barbecue system, which allows the user to cook varieties of meat in under five minutes, using a jet engine to rotate the meat and cook it. Clarkson and May are impressed until the blades begin to rotate too fast, and the chicken is flung off the rotisserie. May and Clarkson are amused by the situation, as all of Hammond's projects so far - the tree seat, river of gravel and barbecue - have all failed, while both May's shed, after being resurrected three times, and Clarkson's greenhouse, have both been successful. However, May's amusement is short-lived when the fire from the barbecue burns out of control and manages to set fire to his once again |
45_11 | newly rebuilt shed. Fuming, he attempts to put the fire out before it can take hold, but when Clarkson takes hold of the fire extinguisher, May is forced to watch his shed burn. |
45_12 | In the midst of this latest calamity, the team suddenly receives word that Redgrave is now pulling into the drive. Despite two abandoned Caterpillar diggers, an abandoned crane, a burning shed, a ruined lawn and a destructive barbecue, the team are forced to go ahead and unveil the garden to Redgrave. At first, Redgrave is upset at the destruction of his garden, and storms inside his house, leaving the Poles to run away, with Clarkson proclaiming they can 'sense the mood'. Clarkson and May initially attempt to blame the entire debacle on Hammond, but eventually, after Clarkson talking to him privately, Redgrave's mood lightens. Despite all of Hammond and May's projects being failures, Clarkson manages to unveil his proudly built greenhouse and his turbo-charged water feature. Redgrave is slightly impressed until Clarkson activates the water feature. The gush of water is so powerful that it manages to blast the top of the water feature off, sending gallons of water flying up into the |
45_13 | air, and the broken half of the water feature crashing down through the greenhouse, smashing all of the windows and destroying some of the wooden structure. |
45_14 | Ratings
On its first showing in the UK on BBC Two, the programme obtained 4.5 million viewers which equated to a 22% audience share for its timeslot between 10pm and 10.40pm. The programme was part of the Sport Relief fundraising evening. The Sport Relief programmes preceding it on BBC One between 7pm and 10pm averaged 6.2 million viewers (28% audience share) and the Sport Relief programmes on BBC One between 10.50pm and 1am averaged 2.6 million viewers (29% audience share).
References
External links
Group Gear Force, Top
2008 British television series debuts
BBC Television shows
Gardening in the United Kingdom
Comic Relief |
46_0 | 8 Diagrams is the fifth studio album by American hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan, released December 11, 2007, on SRC/Universal Motown Records. The album was released three years after the death of Ol' Dirty Bastard, and six years after the group's previous LP Iron Flag.
Upon its release, 8 Diagrams debuted at number 25 on the Billboard 200, and number 9 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart with 68,000 copies sold in the first week. It has sold 202,000 copies in the United States as of April 2014. The album received generally favorable reviews from most music critics, and earned greater praise than the group's previous album Iron Flag, based on an aggregate score of 73/100 from Metacritic. |
46_1 | Background
8 Diagrams marked the group's first full collaboration since the death of original member Ol' Dirty Bastard, who had died in 2004. The album's title is derived from the martial arts film The Eight Diagram Pole Fighter. The group, which had not released an album since 2001's Iron Flag, signed a one-album deal with Steve Rifkind's SRC Records in December 2006. Wu-Tang's four previous albums were all released on Rifkind's now-defunct Loud Records.
On Sunday, August 5, 2007, at the Virgin Festival in Baltimore, RZA announced that the release date for the album would be November 13, 2007, noting that this is the third anniversary of the death of Ol' Dirty Bastard. However, the date was delayed to December 11, 2007. |
46_2 | In a released statement, group leader RZA commented on the need for the group's return, stating "This is the perfect time for us to come back; the stars are aligned. It's like when we first started with Steve. We put out real hip-hop at a time when it was turning into pop or R&B. We brought the focus back to the music in its rawest form, without studio polish or radio hooks.... People want something that gives them an adrenaline rush. We're here to supply that fix. How could hip-hop be dead if Wu-Tang is forever? We're here to revive the spirit and the economics and bring in a wave of energy that has lately dissipated". |
46_3 | At the public premiere of Wu: The Story of the Wu-Tang in New York City, Cappadonna revealed that Wu-Tang had recorded between 40 and 50 songs for the record, of which around fourteen would make up 8 Diagrams. Prior to the album's release, Loud.com issued a free 8 Diagrams mixtape containing exclusive and unreleased tracks, including "Thug World", "Life Changes", "Stick Me for My Riches", and "Weak Spot".
In 2019, RZA revealed that 8 Diagrams was originally going to be the group's final album.
Music
Collaborations
8 Diagrams featured the eight living original Wu-Tang Clan members, with previously recorded material from Ol' Dirty Bastard, as well as a tribute track titled "Life Changes." The album marked the official inclusion of long time Wu-Tang Clan affiliate Cappadonna as an official member. Auxiliary member Streetlife also appears on the album. |
46_4 | In an article from NME, it was stated that the album would feature production from Easy Mo Bee, Marley Marl, Q-Tip, DJ Scratch and Nile Rodgers, though Easy Mo Bee would end up being the only producer on the list to make it on the album. George Clinton of P-Funk, Dhani Harrison, John Frusciante of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Shavo Odadjian, bassist of System of a Down also make appearances on 8 Diagrams.
Artistic disagreements
Unlike Wu-Tang's previous albums, which used the "darker, sinister, and street-oriented, signature Wu sound", RZA utilized a more experimental, orchestral, and more universal choice of music production for the album. |
46_5 | Ghostface Killah and Raekwon stated in interviews that they were not comfortable with the album's release as it did not contain the signature "Wu-Tang sound". Raekwon planned
a follow-up group album entitled "Shaolin Vs. Wu-Tang" without input from RZA. It was later announced in Vibe magazine, however, that Shaolin Vs. Wu-Tang would be Raekwon's fifth solo album, and that it would feature guest appearances from several other group members, with no contributions from RZA. In regards to the album's direction, Raekwon stated "RZA doesn't have to be on every album. I wanted to give some other producers a chance. It's not about beef. We can stand on our own."
Singles
In a BBC Radio 1Xtra interview, Method Man stated that "Watch Your Mouth" would be the album's first single. However, it was rumored that the song's producer DJ Scratch was unable to get a sample clearance, which resulted in its omission on the final release of the album. |
46_6 | Instead, the first official single was "The Heart Gently Weeps", an adaptation of the Beatles song "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". George Harrison's son Dhani Harrison and John Frusciante of Red Hot Chili Peppers performed acoustic and lead and guitars respectively. Originally thought to be a sampled track, it was later revealed as an interpolated version, sampling Jimmy Ponder's cover of the song. The song features Raekwon, Ghostface, and Method Man rapping and guest singing provided by Erykah Badu. RZA also confirmed that Stone Mecca, one of the newer Wu-Tang-affiliated groups, contributed backing music to the track.
Critical reception |
46_7 | Upon its release, 8 Diagrams received generally positive reviews from most music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 73, based on 33 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". USA Todays Steve Jones commended the group members' performances despite the absence of Ol’ Dirty Bastard, stating "the lyrical swords wielded by the nine surviving members are as razor-sharp as ever". Rolling Stone writer Christian Hoard called it "a terrific mix of classic Clan grime and enough new tricks to justify Inspectah Deck's claim that 'Wu-Tang keep it fresh like Tupperware.'". Marisa Brown of Allmusic praised RZA's production, writing that "It's beautifully, impeccably produced, from the soundtrack strings and horns, to the philosophical samples and guitars that are interspersed throughout ... it deepens and grows with every listen." Brown wrote that the album "does focus on melody |
46_8 | and guitars and strings, but it is also lush and well-crafted and smart and addictive. Part of what's made RZA and the rest of the Clan thrive is their unpredictability and inventiveness, and so to create something expected would be counterintuitive to the group's ethos, and to what's made them so revered and respected across nations and genres and generations." |
46_9 | However, Entertainment Weeklys Neil Drumming commented that the album is "... a drab dilution of the Wu's signature sample-heavy, raucous sound." Thomas Golianopolous of Spin viewed that "The beats are mostly to blame [...] skeletal, low-key tracks that rarely match the rappers' palpable energy". Giving the album 2 out of 4 stars, Los Angeles Times called its arrangements "largely tepid" and wrote that several songs lack the rappers' "distinctive personalities". Slant Magazine's Dave Hughes wrote that the album "fails to cohere into anything greater than the sum of its parts" and expressed a mixed response towards RZA's production, stating "when RZA isn't attempting to tone-deafly integrate other people's old sounds into his old sounds, he just sticks with his old sounds". Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times criticized the album's production as well, but complimented the performances of Ghostface Killah and Raekwon, stating that they "provide many of the album’s highlights." |
46_10 | Dave Heaton of PopMatters wrote "Critics often use the word 'cinematic' to describe the Wu-Tang sound. That word has never been more appropriate than with 8 Diagrams. RZA taps into his Ghost Dog and Kill Bill experiences to create imaginary film music, moody would-be scores to Westerns, martial arts, sci-fi and gangster films." Blenders Jonah Weiner commended RZA's production as well, stating "RZA has always been hip-hop’s reigning minimalist, but his work scoring Kill Bill, most recently, seems to have strengthened his ear for ambiance and texture." Weiner also complimented Method Man's delivery and rhymes on the album, stating that he sounds "rejuvenated." Pitchfork Media's Nate Patrin complimented the group members' lyricism. Sam Richards of Uncut gave 8 Diagrams 4 out of 5 stars, and stated "RZA’s lurching beats and raw, spectral productions, peppered with kung-fu film samples, are back to their thrillingly weird best. RZA’s dictatorial rule has ostracised Ghost and Raekwon, but |
46_11 | you can’t argue with the results. On record at least, Wu-Tang have made the comeback of the decade." |
46_12 | Track listing
Notes
signifies a co-producer.
"Unpredictable" contains additional vocals by Dexter Wiggle and bass guitars by Shavo Odadjian.
"The Heart Gently Weeps" contains lead guitars by John Frusciante and rhythm guitar and percussion by Dhani Harrison.
"Gun Will Go" contains additional vocals by Sunny Valentine.
"Stick Me for My Riches" contains additional vocals by Gerald Alston.
"Starter" contains additional vocals by Sunny Valentine and Tash Mahogany.
"Windmill" contains guitars by John Frusciante. |
46_13 | Sample credits
"Campfire" contains a sample from "Gypsy Woman" as performed by The Persuasions, and dialogue from Shaolin & Wu-Tang and Writing Kung Fu.
"Take it Back" contains a sample from "Nautilus" as performed by Bob James.
"Rushing Elephants" contains a sample from "Marcia in LA (Alzati spia)" as performed by Ennio Morricone.
"Unpredictable" contains a sample from "Wailing Wail" as performed by Nicolas Flagello.
"The Heart Gently Weeps" contains an interpolation of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" as performed by The Beatles.
"Stick Me for My Riches" contains a sample from "Hang on Sloopy" as performed by David Porter.
"Windmill" contains samples from "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)" as performed by Nancy Sinatra, "Ain't No Sunshine" as performed by Lyn Collins and "Brave and Strong" as performed by Sly and the Family Stone.
"Weak Spot" contains a sample from "Sneakin' in the Back" as performed by Tom Scott. |
46_14 | "Life Changes" contains samples from "The Road We Didn't Take" as performed by Freda Payne, and "Easiest Way to Fall" as performed by Freda Payne. |
46_15 | Personnel
RZA – performer, strings, arranger, programming, producer, engineer, mixing
GZA – performer
Method Man – performer
Raekwon – performer
Ghostface Killah – performer
Inspectah Deck – performer
U-God – performer
Masta Killa – performer
Cappadonna – performer
Erykah Badu – vocals
George Clinton – vocals
Dexter Wiggle – vocals
Sunny Valentine – vocals
Gerald Alston – vocals
Tash Mahogany – vocals
John Frusciante – guitar
Dhani Harrison – guitar
Shavo Odadjian – bass
Gary Foote – bass |
46_16 | Trevor James – bass
Marco Vitali – strings
Lamont Dozier – composer
George Drakoulias – producer, engineer
Mathematics – producer
Easy Mo Bee – producer, programing
Mitchell Diggs – executive producer
Oliver Grant – executive producer
Jose Reynoso - engineer, mixing
Bob Lanzner – mastering
Steve Chahley – mixing, assistant
Sandy Brummels – creative director
Alexx Henry – photography
Jason Kpana – A&R
Tamika Layton – A&R
Jamaal Meeks - A&R
Vickie Charles – publicity
Daniel Pappas – marketing
Tatia Fox – marketing
Eva Ries – marketing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
External links
8 Diagrams at Discogs
Wu-Tang Clan albums
2007 albums
Albums produced by RZA
Albums produced by Easy Mo Bee
Albums produced by George Drakoulias
Universal Records albums |
47_0 | Glendora is a city in the San Gabriel Valley in Los Angeles County, California, east of Los Angeles. As of the 2020 census, the population of Glendora was 52,558.
Known as the "Pride of the Foothills", Glendora is nestled in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains. Its downtown area, locally known as the Glendora Village, hosts dozens of restaurants, cafes, shops, and boutiques along Glendora Avenue with many community events scheduled throughout the year. It has been voted as one of the best and friendliest downtowns in the San Gabriel Valley for the last eight years. A suburban feel, low crime rates, and a consistently high-ranking school district has made the city an attractive choice for families in the region. Glendora was incorporated on November 13, 1911, the 25th city to achieve incorporation in Los Angeles County. |
47_1 | Neighborhoods and residences in Glendora reflect the city's history and range from Queen Annes, to Folk Victorians, early 20th-century bungalows, to ranch style homes, to mid-rise multi-family residential complexes, to modern mansions. Glendora's most expensive neighborhoods contain many very large, secluded, estate homes with views across the San Gabriel Valley to Downtown Los Angeles. Glendora is also home to the Glendora Country Club, which includes a Robert Trent Jones Sr. 18-hole golf course that has been played by many professional golfers.
Glendora is bordered by Azusa and the unincorporated community of Citrus to the west, San Dimas to the east and south, Covina and the unincorporated community of Charter Oak to the south, and the San Gabriel Mountains range to the north.
History |
47_2 | Ygnacio Palomares received the land grant Rancho San Jose from Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado in 1837. The land included the present day cities of Pomona, Claremont, La Verne, San Dimas, and Glendora. |
47_3 | Like many cities in the San Gabriel Valley, Glendora was established on previously remote agricultural land when the area became connected to the outside world upon the completion of the Santa Fe Railway's main transcontinental line from Los Angeles to Chicago in May 1887. Located at the foot of the San Gabriel Mountains, Glendora was started on approximately that were subdivided and sold by George D. Whitcomb in late March 1887. On the first day of sale, 300 lots were sold. Whitcomb was the founder of the Whitcomb Locomotive Works in Chicago and Rochelle, Illinois and had moved to California in the early 1880s. He devised the name Glendora by combining the name of his wife, Leadora Bennett Whitcomb, with the location of his home in a glen of the San Gabriel Mountains. In December 1907, the development of Glendora got a boost when passenger service opened on a new extension of the Pacific Electric Railway's Monrovia–Glendora Line which provided hourly one-seat ride service from |
47_4 | downtown Glendora to the Pacific Electric Building at Sixth and Main in Downtown Los Angeles. Prior to its 1911 incorporation, Glendora's administrator officially occupied the office of President of Glendora. |
47_5 | The downtown area as it appears now is the product of years of renovation and maintenance by the city. The former opera house, movie theatre, Pacific Electric station, banks, hotels, grocery and department stores were converted into more modern commercial buildings. The original layout can be read about on the Downtown Glendora Historical Walk, by reading placards placed along Glendora Avenue (previously called Michigan Avenue). The original townsite was bounded by Sierra Madre Avenue on the north, Minnesota Avenue on the east, Ada Avenue and the railroad on the south, and Pennsylvania Avenue on the west. |
47_6 | Glendora used to be home to several military academies, which have since been converted into either churches or private school facilities. These academies included Brown Military Academy, now St. Lucy's Priory High School and Church of the Open Door on Sierra Madre, and Harding Military Academy, whose property is now home to North Glendora Private, a prestigious private community adjacent to Easley Canyon atop Glendora Avenue.
From 1960 to 1978, Glendora was home to Clokey Productions which produced 85 episodes of Gumby and 65 episodes of Davey and Goliath in town. In celebration of this history, Glendora hosted the first Gumby Fest in 2014 which brought thousands of people from around the country and Canada. In 2015 the 2nd GumbyFest was held at Citrus College over an entire weekend. |
47_7 | Several wildfires have affected the city in recent years, the most notable being the campfire triggered Colby Fire, which displaced hundreds of Glendora residents. A relief concert titled "Glendora Band Aid" was held shortly after the fire to help raise funds to assist the homeowners who lost their homes in the fire.
Glendora has an active Chamber of Commerce, established in 1903. The mission of the Glendora Chamber is to provide tools and resources to assist the business community in prospering and adapting to the economic climate, while growing membership and promoting local purchasing.
Geography
The city lies in the eastern end of the San Gabriel Valley between the San Gabriel Mountains range to the north and the South Hills to the south.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.84%, is water.
Climate |
47_8 | Glendora has a dry Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) characterized by hotter summers and slightly cooler winters than coastal areas in California. The dry weather lasts for most of the year except for the rainy season in the winter. Hot summer temperatures and warm Santa Ana winds in the fall increase the risk of wildfires in the surrounding mountains. The 2009 Morris Fire and 2015 Cabin Fire are some of the most recent wildfires affecting Glendora and nearby cities.
Demographics
2020
As of the census of 2020, there were 52,558 people, 16,887 households, and 3.01 persons per household residing in the city. The population density was 2,582 inhabitants per square mile (996.9/km). The racial makeup of the city was 70.4% White (47.9% Non-Hispanic White), 1.9% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 11.6% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, and 7.2% from two or more races. 34.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. |
47_9 | According to the 2020 United States Census, Glendora had a median household income of $96,132, with 8.3% of the population living below the federal poverty line.
2010
As of the census of 2010, there were 50,073 people, 16,819 households, and 12,866 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,581.5 inhabitants per square mile (996.8/km). There were 17,145 housing units at an average density of 895.7 per square mile (345.9/km). The racial makeup of the city was 75.1% White (57.0% Non-Hispanic White), 1.9% Black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 8.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 5.2% from other races, and 4.8% from two or more races. 30.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. |
47_10 | There were 16,819 households, out of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.5% were non-families. 19.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.30.
In the city, the age of the population was diverse, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males. |
47_11 | According to the 2010 United States Census, Glendora had a median household income of $74,615, with 7.8% of the population living below the federal poverty line. More recently, the L.A. Times estimated the median household income at $81,336 based on updated figures from the U.S. Census and SCAG.
Government
City government
Glendora is run by a city council of five members. The members are elected at-large and serve four-year (staggered) terms of office. Following each election, the council selects from its membership a mayor and mayor pro tem. The current mayor is Karen K. Davis. |
47_12 | Starting in 2020, the City of Glendora will change how council members are elected by transitioning from an at-large election system to a district-based election system. This includes changing the election cycle from odd years to even years. The first phase will begin in March 2020, when representatives from Council Districts 2, 3 and 5 will be elected. The second phase will take place in 2022 when representatives from Districts 1 and 4 will be on the ballot.
Public safety services are provided by the Glendora Police Department and the Los Angeles County Fire Department.
State and federal government
In the California State Legislature, Glendora is in , and in .
In the United States House of Representatives, Glendora is split between California's 27th congressional district (north of I-210), Cook PVI D+11, and California's 32nd congressional district (south of I-210), Cook PVI D+12, which are represented by and , respectively. |
47_13 | Education
The city has two public school districts: Glendora Unified and Charter Oak Unified School Districts. These school districts are considered two of the best in the state and the country, consistently ranking in the top performing brackets. Both districts have schools designated as California Distinguished Schools and Gold Ribbon Schools.
Elementary schools
Cullen Elementary School
La Fetra Elementary School
Sellers Elementary School
Stanton Elementary School
Sutherland Elementary School
Washington Elementary School (COUSD)
Willow Elementary School (COUSD)
Middle schools
Goddard Middle School
Sandburg Middle School
High schools
Glendora High School
Continuation high schools
Arrow Continuation High School (COUSD)
Whitcomb Continuation High School
Private schools |
47_14 | Hope Lutheran Church and School – Preschool through 8th-grade boys and girls school
Foothill Christian School – Preschool through 8th-grade boys and girls school
St. Lucy's Priory High School – All girls college-prep high school
St. Dorothy School – Kindergarten through 8th grade boys and girls school
Universities and colleges
Citrus College
Public health
There are two hospitals in the city:
Foothill Presbyterian Hospital
Glendora Community Hospital
Los Angeles County also offers community health services for Glendora residents at the Monrovia Health Center and Pomona Health Center.
Culture and recreation
Cultural facilities
Haugh Performing Arts Center
Glendora Historical Society Museum
Rubel Castle, constructed by Michael Rubel
Glendora Public Library
Glendora Public Market
Festivals
Summer Concerts in the Park
Glendora Annual Chalk Fest
Earth Festival
Heritage Festival
Halloween Carnival
Glendora Christmas Parade
Gumby Annual Fest
Parks and trails |
47_15 | Glendora is an active community and it has an extensive system of parks, trails, and recreational programs for the community.
Big Dalton Canyon Wilderness Park and campground
Centennial Heritage Park - The site was constructed to depict a late 19th-century to early 20th-century citrus ranch and features the Hamilton House, the Orton Englehart workshop, a working print shop, and numerous antique farm implements.
Finkbiner Park
Big Tree Park - Small park with a 140 years old Moreton Bay Fig tree. |
47_16 | Louie Pompei Memorial Sports Park
Glendora Urban Trail System
South Hills Park and wilderness trail
Colby Trail
Lower Monroe Truck Trail - Hiking and mountain biking trail.
Punk Out Trail
Mystic Canyon Trail
Glendora bougainvillea - The largest growth of Bougainvillea in the United States.
Glen Oaks Golf and Learning Center - Offers a driving range, instructional services, practice area, and the 9-hole Par 3 course itself.
Camp Cahuilla Summer Camp ("Dirt Camp") - One of the most popular of the Parks and Recreation programs offering activities to more than 500 children every summer.
The Glendora Mountain Road and Glendora Ridge Road are also common routes for cyclists and sightseers with views through the San Gabriel Mountains. These roads have also hosted stages of the international Tour of California.
Transportation |
47_17 | Public transit
Glendora is served by Foothill Transit which provides connections through the city and express service to downtown Los Angeles. The Metro L Line termini station at APU/Citrus College in the adjacent city of Azusa also provides a transit link to the Metro system of trains and buses. A future extension of the L Line, from its current termini in Azusa to the City of Montclair in San Bernardino County, will include a station in Glendora to be located in the southeast corner of the intersection of Ada Avenue and Vermont Avenue. The station is not expected to be in service until 2026. When it opens, the rail line will be renamed the A Line per Metro's new naming convention and will connect to the former Blue Line via the new Regional Connector in downtown Los Angeles. It will provide a "one-seat ride" (no transfers) to the Financial District of Los Angeles and downtown Long Beach. |
47_18 | Glendora also runs its own weekday transportation shuttle service, the Glendora Mini Bus, with shuttles serving the Metrolink Commuter Rail Station in nearby Covina, the APU/Citrus College Metro station, and an inter-school service connecting some of the city's schools. The Mini Bus also provides curb-to-curb transportation services for senior and disabled residents of Glendora.
Freeways and highways
Glendora lies at the intersection of two major freeways, the 210 and the 57, in what was formerly known as the Glendora Curve. These two freeways conveniently connect the city with the rest of the Southern California region. Historic U.S. Route 66 also traverses the city from east to west and it is an important corridor for businesses. Other major roads and highways include Foothill Boulevard, Grand Avenue, Arrow Highway, and Lone Hill Avenue. |
47_19 | Airports
There are no airports within the city limits. Glendora is within forty-five miles from all major area airports including Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), Hollywood Burbank Airport (BUR), Ontario International Airport (ONT), Long Beach Airport (LGB), and John Wayne Airport (SNA) in Orange County.
Economy
Top employers
According to the city's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:
Media
Television
KGLN TV is a Public-access channel under the exclusive editorial control of the City of Glendora. By law, programming and information appearing on this channel is limited to City-originated programming of Public Meetings, City-sponsored events/activities, City-originated information, and the California legislative network live cablecast for a portion of each program day. |
47_20 | News media
The San Gabriel Valley Tribune, based in Monrovia, provides mainstream news coverage for Glendora. and surrounding "Foothill cities." The Tribune carries a list of current articles as well as a history of articles concerning the City of Glendora and cities immediately surrounding the City of Glendora.
Library Happenings is a bi-monthly newsletter published and distributed by the Glendora Public Library. It generally consists of 4 or 6 pages of information about local programs and events planned for the year. There is an online version of the newsletter with issues going back to the year 2007. |
47_21 | Glendora City News is a local news outlet focused on issues and events that are relevant to residents of the city of Glendora, California. Founded in November 2014, the newspaper has covered local crime, real estate, social events, and political issues, including some high-profile, highly controversial actions taken by city managers which have resulted in contentious public meetings and citywide calls for the removal of city politicians. The news outlet provides detailed information about scheduled events, public meetings, and incidents of note that occur within the City of Glendora. |
47_22 | Of particular note for Glendora residents, the news outlet contains detailed information about ballot initiatives every time the city holds a vote, listing the ballot propositions without a discernible political bias, a stance that has earned the news outlet a moderately-large on-line subscriber base as well as 18 thousand “like” subscribers on Facebook out of a city population of 50 thousand. Consistently detailing measures on the ballot at every election has made the news source a secondary source of information, with the primary source being the City of Glendora's official web sites. |
47_23 | The news outlet also occasionally carries information about local employment openings that have social benefit (such as environmental jobs), and routinely carries updated information about the many foothill fires and mud slides that effect residents in the northern parts of the city during the year's fire and rain seasons. Lost and found dogs and cats also get covered fairly routinely at the news outlet, with residents contacting the newspaper asking for help locating either a found pet's guardians or their missing pets.
The news outlet also offers a Community Calendar series which covers up-coming events which include city meetings as well as local events created by local shops, fast food franchises, and volunteer organizations. |
47_24 | The news outlet asks local residents to provide news tips and commentary about anything that happens in the city, including information about what city planners and managers are up to. In the past such tips have led to volunteer efforts by residents who have organized clean-up efforts of public property, such as the South Hills Dog Park where the drinking water facilities had been left in disrepair and needed cleaning.
Filming |
47_25 | The Glendora Village, Citrus College Campus and Rubel Castle are popular filming locations in the city. Some movies and TV shows that have been fully or partially filmed in Glendora include:
Tai Verdes (2021) - Music Video
Get Fly (2021) - Music Video
The Circle (2017) - Film (Emma Watson and Tom Hanks)
San Andreas (2015) - Film
Up in Smoke (2015) - Film
Faking It (2014–Present) - MTV Series
Young Americans (2014) - Short Film
Dirty Teacher (2013) - Film
Smiley (2012) - Film
Almighty Thor (2011) - Film
Glee (2009) - TV Series
Lonely Street (2009) - Film
I Know Who Killed Me (2007) - Film (Lindsay Lohan and Julia Ormond)
Food Network Star (2005–Present) - TV Series (The Donut Man and Vito's Pizza)
Biggest Loser (2004) - TV Series
Pumpkin (2002) - Film (Christina Ricci)
Jane White Is Sick & Twisted (2002) - Film
Without Limits (1998) - Film
Sticks & Stones (1996) - Film
Cool as Ice (1991) - Film (Vanilla Ice and Naomi Campbell)
CHiPs (1977) - TV Series
Gumby (1960-1970) - TV Series |
47_26 | Notable people |
47_27 | Notable people who live or have lived in Glendora, California include:
Steven Barnes, science fiction and mystery author, and writer
Chris Casamassa – martial artist
Bryan Clay – Olympic gold medalist
Rocky Dennis – subject of the biographical film Mask
Soleil Moon Frye – Punky Brewster actress
Ron Gallemore – neurosurgeon
Casey Jacobsen – basketball player
David Klein – inventor of Jelly Belly candy
D. Wayne Lukas – racehorse trainer
Gabrial McNair – No Doubt keyboardist
José Mota – Spanish radio announcer for the Anaheim Angels and son of Manny Mota
Tracy Murray – former basketball player
Anna Nalick – singer
Vince Neil – singer
Adam Plutko - baseball player
Sally Rand – actress and dancer
Raylene – pornographic actress
Tony Robbins – motivational speaker
Aaron Rowand – baseball player
Misty Rowe – actress on Hee Haw
Julie Smith – Olympic gold medalist
Lynsi Snyder – owner of In-N-Out Burger |
47_28 | Alex Solis – jockey
Woody Strode – actor, American football player
The Surfaris – surf music band
Douglas F. Tessitor – mayor 2006-7
Deontay Wilder - World Heavy Weight Champion 2015-2020
George Dexter Whitcomb – founder of Glendora
Shawn Wooten – baseball player
DJ Peters – baseball player |
47_29 | Sister cities
Moka, Japan
Since about 2000, there has been an ongoing student exchange program between Goddard Middle School and Moka Higashi Junior High School. There is an ongoing student exchange program between Sandburg Middle School and Nakamura Junior High School.
Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
See also
References
External links
Cities in Los Angeles County, California
Communities in the San Gabriel Valley
Incorporated cities and towns in California
1887 establishments in California
1911 establishments in California
Populated places established in 1887
Populated places established in 1911 |
48_0 | The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded by Richard Stallman on October 4, 1985, to support the free software movement, which promotes the universal freedom to study, distribute, create, and modify computer software, with the organization's preference for software being distributed under copyleft ("share alike") terms, such as with its own GNU General Public License. The FSF was incorporated in Boston, Massachusetts, US, where it is also based.
From its founding until the mid-1990s, FSF's funds were mostly used to employ software developers to write free software for the GNU Project. Since the mid-1990s, the FSF's employees and volunteers have mostly worked on legal and structural issues for the free software movement and the free software community.
Consistent with its goals, the FSF aims to use only free software on its own computers.
History |
48_1 | The Free Software Foundation was founded in 1985 as a non-profit corporation supporting free software development. It continued existing GNU projects such as the sale of manuals and tapes, and employed developers of the free software system. Since then, it has continued these activities, as well as advocating for the free software movement. The FSF is also the steward of several free software licenses, meaning it publishes them and has the ability to make revisions as needed.
The FSF holds the copyrights on many pieces of the GNU system, such as GNU Compiler Collection. As holder of these copyrights, it has the authority to enforce the copyleft requirements of the GNU General Public License (GPL) when copyright infringement occurs on that software. |
48_2 | From 1991 until 2001, GPL enforcement was done informally, usually by Stallman himself, often with assistance from FSF's lawyer, Eben Moglen. Typically, GPL violations during this time were cleared up by short email exchanges between Stallman and the violator. In the interest of promoting copyleft assertiveness by software companies to the level that the FSF was already doing, in 2004 Harald Welte launched gpl-violations.org.
In late 2001, Bradley M. Kuhn (then executive director), with the assistance of Moglen, David Turner, and Peter T. Brown, formalized these efforts into FSF's GPL Compliance Labs. From 2002–2004, high-profile GPL enforcement cases, such as those against Linksys and OpenTV, became frequent.
GPL enforcement and educational campaigns on GPL compliance was a major focus of the FSF's efforts during this period. |
48_3 | In March 2003, SCO filed suit against IBM alleging that IBM's contributions to various free software, including FSF's GNU, violated SCO's rights. While FSF was never a party to the lawsuit, FSF was subpoenaed on November 5, 2003. During 2003 and 2004, FSF put substantial advocacy effort into responding to the lawsuit and quelling its negative impact on the adoption and promotion of free software.
From 2003 to 2005, FSF held legal seminars to explain the GPL and the surrounding law. Usually taught by Bradley M. Kuhn and Daniel Ravicher, these seminars offered CLE credit and were the first effort to give formal legal education on the GPL.
In 2007, the FSF published the third version of the GNU General Public License after significant outside input. |
48_4 | In December 2008, FSF filed a lawsuit against Cisco for using GPL-licensed components shipped with Linksys products. Cisco was notified of the licensing issue in 2003 but Cisco repeatedly disregarded its obligations under the GPL. In May 2009, FSF dropped the lawsuit when Cisco agreed to make a monetary donation to the FSF and appoint a Free Software Director to conduct continuous reviews of the company's license compliance practices.
In September 2019, Richard Stallman resigned as president of the FSF after pressure from journalists and members of the open source community in response to him making controversial comments in defense of then-deceased Marvin Minsky on Jeffrey Epstein's sex trafficking scandal. Nevertheless, Stallman remained head of the GNU Project and in 2021, he returned to the FSF board of directors.
Current and ongoing activities
The GNU Project |
48_5 | The original purpose of the FSF was to promote the ideals of free software. The organization developed the GNU operating system as an example of this.
GNU licenses
The GNU General Public License (GPL) is a widely used license for free software projects. The current version (version 3) was released in June 2007. The FSF has also published the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), and the GNU Affero General Public License (AGPL).
GNU Press
The FSF's publishing department, responsible for "publishing affordable books on computer science using freely distributable licenses."
The Free Software Directory |
48_6 | This is a listing of software packages that have been verified as free software. Each package entry contains up to 47 pieces of information such as the project's homepage, developers, programming language, etc. The goals are to provide a search engine for free software, and to provide a cross-reference for users to check if a package has been verified as being free software. FSF has received a small amount of funding from UNESCO for this project.
Maintaining the Free Software Definition
FSF maintains many of the documents that define the free software movement.
Project hosting
FSF hosts software development projects on its Savannah website.
h-node
An abbreviation for "Hardware-Node", the h-node website lists hardware and device drivers that have been verified as compatible with free software. It is user-edited and volunteer supported with hardware entries tested by users before publication. |
48_7 | Advocacy
FSF sponsors a number of campaigns against what it perceives as dangers to software freedom, including software patents, digital rights management (which the FSF and others have re-termed "digital restrictions management", as part of its effort to highlight technologies that are "designed to take away and limit your rights,") and user interface copyright. Defective by Design is an FSF-initiated campaign against DRM. It also has a campaign to promote Ogg+Vorbis, a free alternative to proprietary formats like AAC and MQA. FSF also sponsors free software projects it deems "high-priority".
Annual awards
"Award for the Advancement of Free Software" and "Free Software Award for Projects of Social Benefit"
LibrePlanet wiki
The LibrePlanet wiki organizes FSF members into regional groups in order to promote free software activism against Digital Restrictions Management and other issues promoted by the FSF.
High priority projects |
48_8 | The FSF maintains a list of "high priority projects" to which the Foundation claims that "there is a vital need to draw the free software community's attention". The FSF considers these projects "important because computer users are continually being seduced into using non-free software, because there is no adequate free replacement."
As of 2021, high priority tasks include reverse engineering proprietary firmware; reversible debugging in GNU Debugger; developing automatic transcription and video editing software, Coreboot, drivers for network routers, a free smartphone operating system and creating replacements for Skype and Siri.
Previous projects highlighted as needing work included the Free Java implementations, GNU Classpath, and GNU Compiler for Java, which ensure compatibility for the Java part of OpenOffice.org, and the GNOME desktop environment (see Java: Licensing). |
48_9 | The effort has been criticized by Michael Larabel for either not instigating active development or for being slow at the work being done, even after certain projects were added to the list.
Endorsements
Operating systems
The FSF maintains a list of approved Linux operating systems that maintain free software by default:
Dragora GNU/Linux-Libre
dyne:bolic
GNU Guix System
Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre
Parabola GNU/Linux-libre
PureOS
Trisquel
Ututo
LibreCMC
ProteanOS
The project also maintains a list of operating systems that are not versions of the GNU system:
Replicant
Discontinued operating systems
The following are previously endorsed operating systems that are no longer actively maintained:
gNewSense
BLAG Linux and GNU
Musix GNU+Linux
Hardware endorsements (RYF) |