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trn_1601 | as6-fragment02 | 436 | Second , just as Dear 's image of a few hundred ‘ young black criminals ’ was used to explain what happened in Handsworth , the problem of drugs was used to explain what happened at a national level . | [
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trn_1602 | as6-fragment02 | 437 | The issue of drugs provided an everyday image , already a national issue through saturation media coverage and public debate , around which the police , the Home Office , and other institutions could depoliticize the riots . | [
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trn_1603 | as6-fragment02 | 439 | The Chief Constable for the West Midlands , Geoffrey Dear , took this argument further by pointing out that the day before the riots a successful carnival had taken place , with the support of local community leaders . | [
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trn_1604 | as6-fragment02 | 440 | He drew the conclusion from this that the riot ‘ came like a bolt out of the blue ’ ( Guardian , 21 November 1985 ) . | [
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trn_1605 | as6-fragment02 | 441 | Such language focused attention on the individuals or groups who were ‘ breaking the law ’ , ‘ committing criminal acts ’ , and threatening the interests of the law-abiding ‘ majority ’ . | [
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trn_1606 | b1g-fragment02 | 738 | Potential Applications | [
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trn_1608 | b1g-fragment02 | 741 | Given the extent to which geographic information management is applications driven , it is important to consider in some depth the characteristics of some potential application fields . | [
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trn_1609 | b1g-fragment02 | 744 | In situations of this kind provisions governing access and format may exert powerful constraints on the use that can be made of these data . | [
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trn_1610 | b1g-fragment02 | 745 | The first four chapters in this part examine issues relating to geographic information handling in terms of four potential applications fields . | [
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trn_1611 | b1g-fragment02 | 746 | The authors were asked to review the current state of the art in their fields with particular reference to the likely requirements of the future policy issues agenda in terms of the demands that they make on geographic information management . | [
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trn_1612 | b1g-fragment02 | 748 | In this way the chapters in this part present a number of perspectives which essentially complement and amplify the discussion in the previous part . | [
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trn_1613 | b1g-fragment02 | 749 | In this case , however , methodological issues are tackled from a largely user standpoint , whereas in the previous part they were viewed as substantive problems in their own right . | [
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trn_1614 | b1g-fragment02 | 752 | There are important differences between the chapters in this part both in the nature of the demands that they make on geographic information and also in the relative importance that is attached to geographic criteria as against other issues by planners and decision-makers in these fields . | [
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trn_1615 | b1g-fragment02 | 754 | A major feature of these applications is the extent to which they involve overlays of a variety of information drawn from different sources on a topographic map base . | [
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trn_1616 | b1g-fragment02 | 757 | The range of data sets involved and the demands that are made on GIS technology in applications of this kind are often more limited than those of previous applications fields . | [
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trn_1617 | b1g-fragment02 | 759 | Rhind 's chapter on environmental monitoring and prediction discusses the role of geographic information management in promoting sustainable development on a global scale in the context of the issues identified in the Brundtland report . | [
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trn_1618 | b1g-fragment02 | 760 | It points to the impact that the findings of global environmental research are likely to have on most sectors of the UK economy . | [
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trn_1619 | b1g-fragment02 | 761 | This contribution also indicates the wide variety of groups that are involved in monitoring environmental change and draws attention to the role that the European Community is increasingly playing in co-ordinating these efforts . | [
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trn_1620 | b1g-fragment02 | 762 | One of the examples of work in progress discusses research that has been carried out for the European Commission as part of the CORINE Project . | [
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trn_1621 | b1g-fragment02 | 763 | This highlights the challenges for research in a field categorized by a lack of data for some countries , varying definitions and standards in use , and unreasonably high user expectations . | [
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trn_1622 | b1g-fragment02 | 766 | In Chapter 10 Gatrell and Vincent consider a wide range of natural and technological hazards including industrial hazards , risk assessment , hazardous waste disposal , emergency planning , natural hazards and environmental epidemiology . | [] | [] | [] | in chapter 10 gatrell and vincent consider a wide range of natural and technological hazard include industrial hazard , risk assessment , hazardous waste disposal , emergency planning , natural hazard and environmental epidemiology . | [
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trn_1623 | b1g-fragment02 | 768 | To model the dispersal of a plume of toxic gas generated by a chemical explosion and its impact on the surrounding area , for example , an understanding of atmospheric dispersion models , epidemiology and population distribution would be required . | [] | [] | [] | to model the dispersal of a plume of toxic gas generate by a chemical explosion and its impact on the surround area , for example , an understanding of atmospheric dispersion model , epidemiology and population distribution would be require . | [
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trn_1624 | b1g-fragment02 | 771 | Like most of the other contributors to this section , Gatrell and Vincent see decision support systems as a major area for future development in the geographic information management field . | [] | [] | [] | like most of the other contributor to this section , gatrell and vincent see decision support system as a major area for future development in the geographic information management field . | [
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trn_1625 | b1g-fragment02 | 772 | Given that ‘ most GIS are rather dumb systems , requiring intelligent , very computer literate users ’ , managing natural and technological hazards means that this knowledge base must be built into the system so that it can be utilized quickly by untrained users after a disaster has taken place or in an emergency . | [] | [] | [] | give that ' most gis be rather dumb system , require intelligent , very computer literate user ' , manage natural and technological hazard mean that this knowledge base must be build into the system so that it can be utilize quickly by untrained user after a disaster have take place or in an emergency . | [
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trn_1626 | b1g-fragment02 | 774 | These include not only central and local government but also major utility companies and transport suppliers . | [] | [] | [] | these include not only central and local government but also major utility company and transport supplier . | [
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trn_1627 | b1g-fragment02 | 776 | In addition to these data requirements , such users are also interested in developing their capabilities for modelling the changing relationships between the supply and demand for infrastructure in the context of both public and private sector decision-making . | [] | [] | [] | in addition to these datum requirement , such user be also interested in develop their capability for model the change relationship between the supply and demand for infrastructure in the context of both public and private sector decision-make . | [
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trn_1628 | b1g-fragment02 | 777 | Shepherd , more than any other contributor to this section , draws attention to the extent to which current efforts in the geographic information management field are constrained by the highly fragmented nature of both data suppliers and users both in sectoral and spatial terms , the great diversity of data sets in varying formats and the difficulties presented by institutional factors such as copyright provision , data ownership and the control of access to data . | [] | [] | [] | shepherd , more than any other contributor to this section , draw attention to the extent to which current effort in the geographic information management field be constrain by the highly fragmented nature of both data supplier and user both in sectoral and spatial term , the great diversity of datum set in vary format and the difficulty present by institutional factor such as copyright provision , datum ownership and the control of access to datum . | [
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trn_1629 | b1g-fragment02 | 778 | Digital data occupy a central position in this applications field and a number of examples are given to illustrate the extent to which their development has been hampered or facilitated in various countries by the policies of the organizations with responsibility for digital data provision . | [] | [] | [] | digital datum occupy a central position in this application field and a number of example be give to illustrate the extent to which their development have be hamper or facilitated in various country by the policy of the organization with responsibility for digital datum provision . | [
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trn_1630 | b1g-fragment02 | 779 | In Chapter 12 Brown reviews the development of geodemographics from its origins in the computer-based social area analysis of US census tract data from 1950 onwards . | [] | [] | [] | in chapter 12 brown review the development of geodemographic from its origin in the computer-based social area analysis of us census tract datum from 1950 onwards . | [
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trn_1631 | b1g-fragment02 | 781 | Brown demonstrates the extent to which the growth of research activities in this field has led to the emergence of improved cluster analytic methods for the multidimensional classification of people according to the type of area in which they live . | [] | [] | [] | brown demonstrate the extent to which the growth of research activity in this field have lead to the emergence of improve cluster analytic method for the multidimensional classification of people accord to the type of area in which they live . | [
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trn_1632 | b1g-fragment02 | 782 | In the last part of this contribution , Brown identifies a number of priorities for future research . | [] | [] | [] | in the last part of this contribution , brown identify a number of priority for future research . | [
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trn_1633 | b1g-fragment02 | 784 | Spatial linkages also feature prominently in Brown 's discussion which amplifies many of the points made in the earlier contribution from Openshaw in Chapter 3 . | [] | [] | [] | spatial linkage also feature prominently in brown 's discussion which amplify many of the point make in the early contribution from openshaw in chapter 3 . | [
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trn_1634 | b1g-fragment02 | 787 | This is particularly important in a field where many of the demands made by users are highly specialized in nature . | [] | [] | [] | this be particularly important in a field where many of the demand make by user be highly specialized in nature . | [
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trn_1635 | b1g-fragment02 | 788 | In summary , then , as fig. 8.1 shows , many of the issues raised by this review of geographic information handling in the four potential application fields are essentially complementary to those discussed in the part on methodological developments . | [] | [] | [] | in summary , then , as fig. 8.1 show , many of the issue raise by this review of geographic information handle in the four potential application field be essentially complementary to those discuss in the part on methodological development . | [
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trn_1636 | b1g-fragment02 | 789 | Spatial analysis features particularly prominent on the research agenda relating to natural and technological hazards and geodemographics . | [] | [] | [] | spatial analysis feature particularly prominent on the research agenda relate to natural and technological hazard and geodemographic . | [
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trn_1637 | b1g-fragment02 | 790 | Questions relating to data integration emerge as being particularly critical in terms of environmental monitoring and settlement and infrastructure applications . | [] | [] | [] | question relate to data integration emerge as be particularly critical in term of environmental monitoring and settlement and infrastructure application . | [
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trn_1638 | b1g-fragment02 | 791 | Spatial linkages and questions relating to spatial representation feature prominently in the settlements and infrastructure and geodemographics fields . | [] | [] | [] | spatial linkage and question relate to spatial representation feature prominently in the settlement and infrastructure and geodemographic field . | [
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trn_1639 | b1g-fragment02 | 793 | Finally , in all applications fields , the findings of the reviews above suggest that there is a need for improvements in user interfaces of all kinds . | [] | [] | [] | finally , in all application field , the finding of the review above suggest that there be a need for improvement in user interface of all kind . | [
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trn_1640 | b1g-fragment02 | 794 | This is particularly evident in the demand for the development of knowledge-based decision support systems and modelling capabilities . | [] | [] | [] | this be particularly evident in the demand for the development of knowledge-based decision support system and modelling capability . | [
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trn_1641 | b1g-fragment02 | 796 | The final chapter in this section rounds off the discussion of applications-related research with an examination of organizational issues that need to be taken account of in handling geographic information . | [] | [] | [] | the final chapter in this section round off the discussion of applications-related research with an examination of organizational issue that need to be take account of in handle geographic information . | [
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trn_1642 | b1g-fragment02 | 797 | Campbell presents a conceptual framework for the analysis of the organizational issues involved in the development and implementation of GIS . | [] | [] | [] | campbell present a conceptual framework for the analysis of the organizational issue involve in the development and implementation of gis . | [
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trn_1643 | b1g-fragment02 | 800 | Campbell discusses the role of geographic information in organizations and the process of GIS diffusion drawing upon research from a variety of social science disciplines . | [] | [] | [] | campbell discuss the role of geographic information in organization and the process of gis diffusion draw upon research from a variety of social science discipline . | [
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trn_1644 | b1g-fragment02 | 801 | The findings of the analysis are summarized in two sets of research questions for all applications fields . | [] | [] | [] | the finding of the analysis be summarize in two set of research question for all application field . | [
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trn_1645 | b1g-fragment02 | 802 | In this way she sets out a research agenda for applications-related research which serves a similar function to the spatial analysis research agenda set out by Openshaw at the beginning of Part Two . | [] | [] | [] | in this way she set out a research agenda for applications-related research which serve a similar function to the spatial analysis research agenda set out by openshaw at the beginning of part two . | [
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trn_1646 | b1g-fragment02 | 803 | Environmental monitoring and prediction | [] | [] | [] | environmental monitoring and prediction | [
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trn_1647 | b1g-fragment02 | 804 | David Rhind | [] | [] | [] | david rhind | [
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trn_1648 | b1g-fragment02 | 805 | Introduction | [] | [] | [] | introduction | [
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trn_1649 | b1g-fragment02 | 807 | This awareness is most obviously manifested by the frequent appearance of press reports on ozone depletion , on the greenhouse effect and possible global warming , on nitrate pollution , on deforestation in the Tropics , on decreasing biological diversity and on many other environmentally related topics . | [] | [] | [] | this awareness be most obviously manifest by the frequent appearance of press report on ozone depletion , on the greenhouse effect and possible global warming , on nitrate pollution , on deforestation in the tropics , on decrease biological diversity and on many other environmentally relate topic . | [
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trn_1650 | b1g-fragment02 | 809 | Thus the algal bloom off the Italian Adriatic shore in 1989 is reckoned to have caused the holiday trade and local fisherman losses running into tens if not hundreds of millions of pounds . | [] | [] | [] | thus the algal bloom off the italian adriatic shore in 1989 be reckon to have cause the holiday trade and local fisherman loss run into ten if not hundred of million of pound . | [
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trn_1651 | b1g-fragment02 | 814 | The Bhopal accident killed 2000 and injured 200 000 more ; | [] | [] | [] | the bhopal accident kill 2000 and injure 200 000 more ; | [
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trn_1652 | b1g-fragment02 | 816 | The Chernobyl disaster caused environmental damage across Europe ; | [] | [] | [] | the chernobyl disaster cause environmental damage across europe ; | [
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trn_1653 | b1g-fragment02 | 818 | A chemical fire in Switzerland caused toxic materials to be transported by the Rhine at least as far as the Netherlands ; | [] | [] | [] | a chemical fire in switzerland cause toxic material to be transport by the rhine at least as far as the netherlands ; | [
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trn_1654 | b1g-fragment02 | 821 | As a consequence of these and other disasters , of rapid and world-wide broadcasting of them and of the concerned action of many individuals , the environment is now ‘ moving fast up the political agenda ’ ( Patten 1989 ) . | [] | [] | [] | as a consequence of these and other disaster , of rapid and world-wide broadcasting of they and of the concerned action of many individual , the environment be now ' move fast up the political agenda ' ( patten 1989 ) . | [
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trn_1655 | b1g-fragment02 | 822 | The then Prime Minister also emphasized the political awakening to the environment in statements such as : ‘ it is possible that with all these enormous changes ( population , agricultural , use of fossil fuels ) concentrated into such a short period of time , we have unwittingly begun a massive experiment with the system of this planet itself ’ ( Thatcher 1988 ) . | [] | [] | [] | the then prime minister also emphasize the political awakening to the environment in statement such as : ' it be possible that with all these enormous change ( population , agricultural , use of fossil fuel ) concentrate into such a short period of time , we have unwittingly begin a massive experiment with the system of this planet itself ' ( thatcher 1988 ) . | [
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trn_1656 | b1g-fragment02 | 824 | Mrs Thatcher , a recent convert to environmental conservation , clearly held the opinion that environmental problems are not only soluble but that solving them can be shown to be cost-effective : | [] | [] | [] | mrs thatcher , a recent convert to environmental conservation , clearly hold the opinion that environmental problem be not only soluble but that solve they can be show to be cost-effective : | [
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trn_1657 | b1g-fragment02 | 825 | In the past when we identified forms of pollution , we have shown our capacity to act effectively . | [] | [] | [] | in the past when we identify form of pollution , we have show our capacity to act effectively . | [
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trn_1658 | b1g-fragment02 | 826 | The great London smogs are now only a nightmare of the past . | [] | [] | [] | the great london smogs be now only a nightmare of the past . | [
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trn_1659 | b1g-fragment02 | 828 | We are spending £4 billion on cleansing the Mersey Basin alone , and the Thames now has the cleanest metropolitan estuary in the world . | [] | [] | [] | we be spend £4 billion on cleanse the mersey basin alone , and the thames now have the clean metropolitan estuary in the world . | [
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trn_1660 | b1g-fragment02 | 833 | While criticized by many on the grounds that it had few ‘ teeth ’ and represented a compromise between the DoE and all other departments ( notably those of Agriculture and of Transport ) , it was none the less a major achievement . | [] | [] | [] | while criticize by many on the ground that it have few ' teeth ' and represent a compromise between the doe and all other department ( notably those of agriculture and of transport ) , it be none the less a major achievement . | [
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trn_1661 | b1g-fragment02 | 835 | Central to this approach is said to be an emphasis upon guidance from the best available scientific evidence . | [] | [] | [] | central to this approach be say to be an emphasis upon guidance from the good available scientific evidence . | [
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trn_1662 | b1g-fragment02 | 837 | Though there has been a change of Prime Minister and of the Secretary of State for the Environment since the publication of the White Paper , the environmental cause seems as strong as ever . | [] | [] | [] | though there have be a change of prime minister and of the secretary of state for the environment since the publication of the white paper , the environmental cause seem as strong as ever . | [
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trn_1663 | b1g-fragment02 | 839 | Pearce et al. ( 1989 ) have argued that the effects of government , commercial and other actions on the environment can and should be assessed on a cost/benefit basis and this seems likely to be the basis on which at least the UK government will proceed . | [] | [] | [] | pearce et al. ( 1989 ) have argue that the effect of government , commercial and other action on the environment can and should be assess on a cost/benefit basis and this seem likely to be the basis on which at least the uk government will proceed . | [
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trn_1664 | b1g-fragment02 | 840 | Given such a lead , it is scarcely surprising that British scientists have sought to demonstrate the practical and financial consequences of environmental events and processes ; Table 9.1 , for example illustrates their perception of the importance of global environmental research to the UK domestic economy . | [] | [] | [] | give such a lead , it be scarcely surprising that british scientist have seek to demonstrate the practical and financial consequence of environmental event and process ; table 9.1 , for example illustrate their perception of the importance of global environmental research to the uk domestic economy . | [
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trn_1665 | b1g-fragment02 | 841 | If it now seems self-evident that monitoring of the global environment is necessary , indeed is even vital , the prediction of what is likely to happen is almost as important : the 170 000 people in the Maldives are understandably worried about the prospect of global sea-level change since no part of the islands is more than 2 m above present sea-level ! | [] | [] | [] | if it now seem self-evident that monitoring of the global environment be necessary , indeed be even vital , the prediction of what be likely to happen be almost as important : the 170 000 people in the maldives be understandably worried about the prospect of global sea-level change since no part of the island be more than 2 m above present sea-level ! | [
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trn_1666 | b1g-fragment02 | 846 | Notwithstanding Mrs Thatcher 's confidence that we can ‘ fix ’ environmental problems , the difficulties associated with a task even as apparently simple as monitoring a state variable are considerable . | [] | [] | [] | notwithstanding mrs thatcher 's confidence that we can ' fix ' environmental problem , the difficulty associate with a task even as apparently simple as monitor a state variable be considerable . | [
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trn_1667 | b1g-fragment02 | 847 | Some of the reasons for this — the difficulty of deciding on appropriate proxy variables and on economical yet non-biasing temporal and spatial sampling frameworks , taking account of the relative importance of aperiodic and rare events as compared to near-continuous processes , processing the vast volumes of data usually involved and organizing the multidisciplinary and ( often ) multinational researchers involved — are discussed briefly later . | [] | [] | [] | some of the reason for this — the difficulty of decide on appropriate proxy variable and on economical yet non-biase temporal and spatial sampling framework , take account of the relative importance of aperiodic and rare event as compare to near-continuous process , process the vast volume of datum usually involve and organize the multidisciplinary and ( often ) multinational researcher involve — be discuss briefly later . | [
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trn_1668 | b1g-fragment02 | 850 | Temporal and spatial scales of operation | [] | [] | [] | temporal and spatial scale of operation | [
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trn_1669 | b1g-fragment02 | 851 | Even ignoring the effects of man , earth system processes operate at a variety of spatial and temporal scales ( see Fig. 9.1 ; see also Rosswall et al. 1988 ) . | [] | [] | [] | even ignore the effect of man , earth system process operate at a variety of spatial and temporal scale ( see fig. 9.1 ; see also rosswall et al. 1988 ) . | [
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trn_1670 | b1g-fragment02 | 852 | Thus microclimate effects can have major short-term implications for local populations ( such as those brought about by the photochemical smogs of Los Angeles ) , are often applicable only over areas of a few hectares or less and may operate on a diurnal cycle . | [] | [] | [] | thus microclimate effect can have major short-term implication for local population ( such as those bring about by the photochemical smogs of los angeles ) , be often applicable only over area of a few hectare or less and may operate on a diurnal cycle . | [
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trn_1671 | b1g-fragment02 | 854 | In between are variations in phenomena such as El Nino . | [] | [] | [] | in between be variation in phenomena such as el nino . | [
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trn_1672 | b1g-fragment02 | 855 | The sampling theorem indicates that we must sample these phenomena at a frequency of no less than half their wavelength if we are to avoid bias in measurement . | [] | [] | [] | the sample theorem indicate that we must sample these phenomenon at a frequency of no less than half their wavelength if we be to avoid bias in measurement . | [
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trn_1673 | b1g-fragment02 | 856 | In this chapter , the primary concern is with changes occurring over time spans from minutes to centuries and from spatial wavelengths from about 1 m to about 100 km . | [] | [] | [] | in this chapter , the primary concern be with change occur over time span from minute to century and from spatial wavelength from about 1 m to about 100 km . | [
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trn_1674 | b1g-fragment02 | 857 | It is , however , impossible to separate out processes acting at different scales and over different periods : a single volcanic eruption lasting hours or days sometimes leads to dust and gas being ejected into the atmosphere over a period of months and this in turn may lead to global climatic fluctuations over years or decades . | [] | [] | [] | it be , however , impossible to separate out process act at different scale and over different period : a single volcanic eruption last hour or day sometimes lead to dust and gas be eject into the atmosphere over a period of month and this in turn may lead to global climatic fluctuation over year or decade . | [
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trn_1675 | b1g-fragment02 | 858 | Conversely , a large-scale and long-period phenomenon such as the movement of tectonic plates can lead to local stress accumulation and to its release by an earthquake in a few seconds and with highly local effects . | [] | [] | [] | conversely , a large-scale and long-period phenomenon such as the movement of tectonic plate can lead to local stress accumulation and to its release by an earthquake in a few second and with highly local effect . | [
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trn_1676 | b1g-fragment02 | 861 | We should know something about the periodicity of the variables we are monitoring if we are not to risk either unnecessarily detailed data collection or aliasing of trends ; | [] | [] | [] | we should know something about the periodicity of the variable we be monitor if we be not to risk either unnecessarily detailed datum collection or aliasing of trend ; | [
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trn_1677 | b1g-fragment02 | 869 | Irrespective of the use of surrogates , monitoring environmental processes only makes sense over time-scales which are extended by human standards ( hence the IGBP ( see below ) is designed to run for two or three decades ) ; | [] | [] | [] | irrespective of the use of surrogate , monitor environmental process only make sense over time-scale which be extend by human standard ( hence the igbp ( see below ) be design to run for two or three decade ) ; | [
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trn_1678 | b1g-fragment02 | 871 | Changes in political priorities may simply result in the need for informed guesswork if suitable data are not available . | [] | [] | [] | change in political priority may simply result in the need for inform guesswork if suitable datum be not available . | [
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trn_1679 | b1g-fragment02 | 872 | Much attention will be given throughout this chapter to monitoring the environment on a global basis . | [] | [] | [] | much attention will be give throughout this chapter to monitor the environment on a global basis . | [
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trn_1680 | b1g-fragment02 | 873 | This is not merely because of its topical nature . | [] | [] | [] | this be not merely because of its topical nature . | [
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trn_1681 | b1g-fragment02 | 876 | Moreover , recent work has shown that much of the heat energy in the seas of the North Atlantic ( every square kilometre of which gives off as much energy as a nuclear power station and hence influences our weather ) is absorbed from sunlight in the tropical Pacific and is carried by ocean currents through the Drake Passage and up into the Atlantic . | [] | [] | [] | moreover , recent work have show that much of the heat energy in the sea of the north atlantic ( every square kilometre of which give off as much energy as a nuclear power station and hence influence our weather ) be absorb from sunlight in the tropical pacific and be carry by ocean current through the drake passage and up into the atlantic . | [
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trn_1682 | b1g-fragment02 | 877 | Thus , to understand some local and many regional , national and continental and all global environmental events , we need to have a global perspective and hold global databases ( Rhind and Mounsey 1989 ; Mounsey and Tomlinson 1988 ) . | [] | [] | [] | thus , to understand some local and many regional , national and continental and all global environmental event , we need to have a global perspective and hold global database ( rhind and mounsey 1989 ; mounsey and tomlinson 1988 ) . | [
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trn_1683 | b1g-fragment02 | 878 | In no way , however , does this invalidate the need for microscale studies — for instance , while global data sets may indicate the extent of algal blooms and may suggest causes of them , only detailed study of the algae themselves can provide understanding of why the bloom is occurring . | [] | [] | [] | in no way , however , do this invalidate the need for microscale study — for instance , while global data set may indicate the extent of algal bloom and may suggest cause of they , only detailed study of the algae themselves can provide understanding of why the bloom be occur . | [
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trn_1684 | b1g-fragment02 | 880 | A major complication , however , is that the environment can rarely be treated as in a laboratory experiment . | [] | [] | [] | a major complication , however , be that the environment can rarely be treat as in a laboratory experiment . | [
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trn_1685 | b1g-fragment02 | 881 | Given this , determining the nature of the interactions between the variables becomes a matter of major difficulty . | [] | [] | [] | give this , determine the nature of the interaction between the variable become a matter of major difficulty . | [
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trn_1686 | b1g-fragment02 | 882 | Figure 9.2 is taken from ESSC ( 1988 ) and is an attempt to show the interactions between environmental processes , as well as the indicators and implications of change in the state of the environment . | [] | [] | [] | figure 9.2 be take from essc ( 1988 ) and be an attempt to show the interaction between environmental process , as well as the indicator and implication of change in the state of the environment . | [
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trn_1687 | b1g-fragment02 | 885 | We are , however , becoming ever more aware of the massive influence of oceans on our climate ; research into ocean/atmosphere interactions is now a priority . | [] | [] | [] | we be , however , become ever more aware of the massive influence of ocean on our climate ; research into ocean/atmosphere interaction be now a priority . | [
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trn_1688 | b1g-fragment02 | 886 | In ocean dynamics studies , important topics are heat storage , circulation and the role of sea ice . | [] | [] | [] | in ocean dynamic study , important topic be heat storage , circulation and the role of sea ice . | [
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trn_1689 | b1g-fragment02 | 887 | Atmospheric circulation ( and , in turn , precipitation and temperature ) is also greatly affected by the balance of thermal energy at the land surface , itself affected by the vegetation and terrain characteristics . | [] | [] | [] | atmospheric circulation ( and , in turn , precipitation and temperature ) be also greatly affect by the balance of thermal energy at the land surface , itself affect by the vegetation and terrain characteristic . | [
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trn_1690 | b1g-fragment02 | 888 | The biogeochemical system embraces the totality of the movements of the key elements essential to life — carbon , nitrogen , oxygen , phosphorus and others — through what has been described as the total earth system . | [] | [] | [] | the biogeochemical system embrace the totality of the movement of the key element essential to life — carbon , nitrogen , oxygen , phosphorus and other — through what have be describe as the total earth system . | [
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trn_1691 | b1g-fragment02 | 889 | The oceans and their biota play a central role in the carbon and nutrient cycles ; global ocean circulation is also critical to the global carbon budget . | [] | [] | [] | the ocean and their biota play a central role in the carbon and nutrient cycle ; global ocean circulation be also critical to the global carbon budget . | [
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trn_1692 | b1g-fragment02 | 891 | A particular cause for concern is that the concentrations of the two main CFMs is increasing by about 5 per cent per annum while the equivalent figures for methane , nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide are 1 , 0.4 and 0.3 per cent . | [] | [] | [] | a particular cause for concern be that the concentration of the two main cfm be increase by about 5 per cent per annum while the equivalent figure for methane , nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide be 1 , 0.4 and 0.3 per cent . | [
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trn_1693 | b1g-fragment02 | 893 | There are several important ways in which biogeochemical processes can influence climate and hence habitability ( except where the latter is maintained at enormous cost ) . | [] | [] | [] | there be several important way in which biogeochemical process can influence climate and hence habitability ( except where the latter be maintain at enormous cost ) . | [
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trn_1694 | b1g-fragment02 | 894 | If , for instance , the concentrations of certain trace gases ( see above ) continue to increase , it has been predicted that the earth 's surface temperature will increase by an amount comparable to that since the last major phase of the most recent glaciation ( about 18 000 years BP ) — though there is some dispute about the magnitude of the likely change . | [] | [] | [] | if , for instance , the concentration of certain trace gas ( see above ) continue to increase , it have be predict that the earth 's surface temperature will increase by an amount comparable to that since the last major phase of the most recent glaciation ( about 18 000 year bp ) — though there be some dispute about the magnitude of the likely change . | [
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trn_1695 | b1g-fragment02 | 895 | The converse case — the effect of physical climate changes on biogeochemical processes — is also of obvious importance : changes in annual averages and cycles of temperature and precipitation , together with the probabilities of extreme events such as prolonged droughts or frosts , are major determinants of terrestrial ecosystem type , at least in areas largely unaffected by human activity . | [] | [] | [] | the converse case — the effect of physical climate change on biogeochemical process — be also of obvious importance : change in annual average and cycle of temperature and precipitation , together with the probability of extreme event such as prolonged drought or frost , be major determinant of terrestrial ecosystem type , at least in area largely unaffected by human activity . | [
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trn_1696 | b1g-fragment02 | 896 | Human-induced changes to the environment have increased rapidly as a consequence of growing population numbers and of numerous developments in technology . | [] | [] | [] | human-induce change to the environment have increase rapidly as a consequence of grow population number and of numerous development in technology . | [
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trn_1697 | b1g-fragment02 | 897 | fossil fuel combustion , for instance , has led to increased concentrations of sulphate in precipitation ( ’ acid rain' ) and many rivers , lakes and estuaries have been greatly affected by phosphates from agricultural , urban or industrial sources . | [] | [] | [] | fossil fuel combustion , for instance , have lead to increase concentration of sulphate in precipitation ( ' acid rain' ) and many river , lake and estuary have be greatly affect by phosphate from agricultural , urban or industrial source . | [
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trn_1698 | b1g-fragment02 | 898 | It should be stressed , however , that — while the outlines of human activities are clear — there are still many uncertainties : for instance , we know that the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has risen about 9 per cent since 1959 . | [] | [] | [] | it should be stress , however , that — while the outline of human activity be clear — there be still many uncertainty : for instance , we know that the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide have rise about 9 per cent since 1959 . | [
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trn_1699 | b1g-fragment02 | 899 | But calculations of the total carbon released by fossil fuel combustion imply that , if all such carbon remained in the atmosphere , the concentration would have increased by twice as much . | [] | [] | [] | but calculation of the total carbon release by fossil fuel combustion imply that , if all such carbon remain in the atmosphere , the concentration would have increase by twice as much . | [
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trn_1700 | b1g-fragment02 | 901 | Does God play dice ? | [] | [] | [] | do god play dice ? | [
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