Datasets:
RuiMao1988
/
VMC-P

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trn_1801
b1g-fragment02
1067
The value of this information is inherently dependent upon the quality of the inference process and that in turn depends upon the complexity of the scene , the spatial , temporal and spectral resolution of the sensors and the particular algorithms used .
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[]
the value of this information be inherently dependent upon the quality of the inference process and that in turn depend upon the complexity of the scene , the spatial , temporal and spectral resolution of the sensor and the particular algorithm use .
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academic
trn_1802
b1g-fragment02
1068
Thus far , for instance , accuracies of land cover ( let alone what is often needed , i.e. land use ) determined from Landsat and SPOT imagery for the UK have rarely been higher than 70 per cent unless trivial classifications ( e.g. built/unbuilt land ) have been used .
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thus far , for instance , accuracy of land cover ( let alone what be often need , i.e. land use ) determine from landsat and spot imagery for the uk have rarely be high than 70 per cent unless trivial classification ( e.g. built/unbuilt land ) have be use .
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academic
trn_1803
b1g-fragment02
1069
One solution to this is to ‘ densify ’ the ground control and another is to use contextually based classifiers rather than the traditional , spectrally based ones .
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[]
one solution to this be to ' densify ' the ground control and another be to use contextually base classifier rather than the traditional , spectrally base one .
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academic
trn_1804
b1g-fragment02
1070
But the ground conditions in some parts of Europe make good results extremely difficult to obtain : some areas of Portugal , for instance , have field sizes of only a few metres and exhibit multi-level and multi-seasonal cropping .
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[]
but the ground condition in some part of europe make good result extremely difficult to obtain : some area of portugal , for instance , have field size of only a few metre and exhibit multi-level and multi-seasonal cropping .
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academic
trn_1805
b1g-fragment02
1071
A further difficulty is the cost of the data in relation to its anticipated benefits .
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[]
a further difficulty be the cost of the datum in relation to its anticipated benefit .
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academic
trn_1806
b1g-fragment02
1073
It may be that a study commissioned from contractors by the British National Space Centre will provide useful evidence on the cash value of remote sensing ; it is particularly timely in view of the appointment of Professor Pearce ( see above ) as the adviser to the UK Secretary of State for the Environment .
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it may be that a study commission from contractor by the british national space centre will provide useful evidence on the cash value of remote sensing ; it be particularly timely in view of the appointment of professor pearce ( see above ) as the adviser to the uk secretary of state for the environment .
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academic
trn_1807
b1g-fragment02
1075
Finally , since data are often costly to acquire , it follows that summaries of them e.g. The State of the European Environment report ( CEC 1988 ) and the Environmental Data Report of the UN EP ( GEMS MARC 1989 ) are of considerable value .
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finally , since datum be often costly to acquire , it follow that summary of they e.g. the state of the european environment report ( cec 1988 ) and the environmental data report of the un ep ( gems marc 1989 ) be of considerable value .
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academic
trn_1808
b1g-fragment02
1078
The lack of harmonization of definitions and methods of collection of environmental data have already been outlined above .
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the lack of harmonization of definition and method of collection of environmental datum have already be outline above .
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academic
trn_1809
b1g-fragment02
1080
The need for harmonization is obvious and , in this respect , must follow from the successful pioneering achievements of EUROSTAT in harmonizing the definitions in trade , demographic and other ‘ social science ’ statistics ( see CEC 1990b ) .
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the need for harmonization be obvious and , in this respect , must follow from the successful pioneering achievement of eurostat in harmonize the definition in trade , demographic and other ' social science ' statistic ( see cec 1990b ) .
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academic
trn_1810
b1g-fragment02
1081
An additional and severe problem is that the volumes of data which are already collected are huge by the standards of only a decade ago .
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an additional and severe problem be that the volume of datum which be already collect be huge by the standard of only a decade ago .
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academic
trn_1811
b1g-fragment02
1084
Since remote sensing data sets ( especially those pertaining to terrestrial areas of the globe ) typically need much pre-processing to calibrate , transform and then perform an inference process and hence convert measurements of the radiation reflected or emitted by small areas of ground into useful ( e.g. land cover ) data , the processing power required is going to be formidable .
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since remote sense data set ( especially those pertain to terrestrial area of the globe ) typically need much pre-processing to calibrate , transform and then perform an inference process and hence convert measurement of the radiation reflect or emit by small area of ground into useful ( e.g. land cover ) datum , the processing power require be go to be formidable .
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academic
trn_1812
b1g-fragment02
1086
To hold all of the 1/50 000 scale topographic map coverage alone for the European Community would probably require about 3 terabytes of storage .
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to hold all of the 1/50 000 scale topographic map coverage alone for the european community would probably require about 3 terabyte of storage .
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academic
trn_1813
b1g-fragment02
1088
It would be technically possible , for instance , to hold in less than 1 terabyte detailed information for every individual in the world , akin to that collected about everyone in the UK through the Census of Population .
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it would be technically possible , for instance , to hold in less than 1 terabyte detailed information for every individual in the world , akin to that collect about everyone in the uk through the census of population .
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academic
trn_1814
b1g-fragment02
1090
This all presents major problems of data storage , handling ( especially for global data sets ) , display and dissemination .
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[]
this all present major problem of datum storage , handle ( especially for global data set ) , display and dissemination .
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academic
trn_1815
b1g-fragment02
1091
Fortunately , technical developments have ensured that the increase in computing power per unit cost has been growing at about an order of magnitude every 6 years over the last three decades .
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[]
fortunately , technical development have ensure that the increase in compute power per unit cost have be grow at about an order of magnitude every 6 year over the last three decade .
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academic
trn_1816
b1g-fragment02
1092
Indeed , this may grossly under-represent the present situation : the rapid spread of UNIX-based systems seems to facilitate competition and , at the time of writing , performance of workstations per unit cost seems to be increasing at about 50 per cent per annum .
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indeed , this may grossly under-represent the present situation : the rapid spread of unix-based system seem to facilitate competition and , at the time of writing , performance of workstation per unit cost seem to be increase at about 50 per cent per annum .
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academic
trn_1817
b1g-fragment02
1093
Moreover , the advent of low-cost , high-density-storage devices like CD-ROMs may well make substantial data sets available even to those with modest computing power : a CD-ROM , for instance , can hold about 600 megabytes ( i.e. 10&sup6 ; bytes ) , can be reproduced currently for about £1 and read on a device costing about £400 .
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moreover , the advent of low-cost , high-density-storage device like cd-rom may well make substantial data set available even to those with modest computing power : a cd-rom , for instance , can hold about 600 megabyte ( i.e. 10&sup6 ; byte ) , can be reproduce currently for about £1 and read on a device cost about £400 .
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academic
trn_1818
b1g-fragment02
1095
One such solution is Goodchild and Yang 's ( 1989 ) scheme for a hierarchical spatial data structure to handle data for the spherical earth .
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one such solution be goodchild and yang 's ( 1989 ) scheme for a hierarchical spatial datum structure to handle datum for the spherical earth .
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academic
trn_1819
b1g-fragment02
1096
A particular problem is that little or no quantitative regard has been paid until recently to the effects of quality variation in environmental data .
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[]
a particular problem be that little or no quantitative regard have be pay until recently to the effect of quality variation in environmental datum .
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academic
trn_1820
b1g-fragment02
1097
The literature of the last few years is thronged with papers proposing that these must be taken into account — but with few realistic proposals on how this is to be achieved .
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the literature of the last few year be throng with paper propose that these must be take into account — but with few realistic proposal on how this be to be achieve .
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academic
trn_1821
b1g-fragment02
1098
Goodchild ( 1988 ) has made perhaps the best summary of the problem and possible solutions to date .
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goodchild ( 1988 ) have make perhaps the good summary of the problem and possible solution to date .
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academic
trn_1822
b1g-fragment02
1099
Finally , relatively little emphasis has been given to the management of data as a corporate resource , available to a wide community : many environmental data are collected on a project-by-project basis and ‘ lost ’ once the urgency of the initial research is over .
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[]
finally , relatively little emphasis have be give to the management of datum as a corporate resource , available to a wide community : many environmental datum be collect on a project-by-project basis and ' lose ' once the urgency of the initial research be over .
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academic
trn_1823
b1g-fragment02
1103
Thus far , the emphasis has been very much on the natural science aspects of environmental monitoring and prediction .
[]
[]
[]
thus far , the emphasis have be very much on the natural science aspect of environmental monitoring and prediction .
[ "RB", "RB", ",", "DT", "NN", "VBZ", "VBN", "RB", "RB", "IN", "DT", "JJ", "NN", "NNS", "IN", "JJ", "NN", "CC", "NN", "." ]
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academic
trn_1824
b1g-fragment02
1105
Yet the consequences of any significant changes are a matter of the utmost concern to planners and to politicians at all levels , the quantification of the costs and benefits of alternative policy strategies is very much a matter for economists , and the adaptation of societies to massive change is a particular interest to sociologists and others .
[]
[]
[]
yet the consequence of any significant change be a matter of the utmost concern to planner and to politician at all level , the quantification of the cost and benefit of alternative policy strategy be very much a matter for economist , and the adaptation of society to massive change be a particular interest to sociologist and other .
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academic
trn_1825
b1g-fragment02
1109
These reports ( Pearce 1990 ; Turner 1990 ) may be taken as informed views from at least the economists in the UK social science community on the social science aspects of global environmental change .
[]
[]
[]
these report ( pearce 1990 ; turner 1990 ) may be take as informed view from at least the economist in the uk social science community on the social science aspect of global environmental change .
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academic
trn_1826
b1g-fragment02
1112
The theory and practice of international agreements , viewed in a game theory context ;
[]
[]
[]
the theory and practice of international agreement , view in a game theory context ;
[ "DT", "NN", "CC", "NN", "IN", "JJ", "NNS", ",", "VBN", "IN", "DT", "NN", "NN", "NN", ":" ]
[ "O", "NOUN", "O", "NOUN", "O", "ADJ", "NOUN", "O", "VERB", "O", "O", "NOUN", "NOUN", "NOUN", "O" ]
academic
trn_1827
b1g-fragment02
1116
Cost-benefit frameworks , especially for dealing with man-induced climatic effects ;
[]
[]
[]
cost-benefit framework , especially for deal with man-induced climatic effect ;
[ "NN", "NNS", ",", "RB", "IN", "VBG", "IN", "JJ", "JJ", "NNS", "." ]
[ "NOUN", "NOUN", "O", "ADV", "O", "VERB", "O", "ADJ", "ADJ", "NOUN", "O" ]
academic
trn_1828
b1g-fragment02
1122
Assessment of the ecological values of tropical forest ;
[]
[]
[]
assessment of the ecological value of tropical forest ;
[ "NN", "IN", "DT", "JJ", "NNS", "IN", "JJ", "NN", ":" ]
[ "NOUN", "O", "O", "ADJ", "NOUN", "O", "ADJ", "NOUN", "O" ]
academic
trn_1829
b1g-fragment02
1124
Economic instruments for reducing greenhouse gases ;
[]
[]
[]
economic instrument for reduce greenhouse gas ;
[ "JJ", "NNS", "IN", "VBG", "NN", "NNS", ":" ]
[ "ADJ", "NOUN", "O", "VERB", "NOUN", "NOUN", "O" ]
academic
trn_1830
b1g-fragment02
1126
The international politics of climate change ;
[]
[]
[]
the international politic of climate change ;
[ "DT", "JJ", "NNS", "IN", "NN", "NN", ":" ]
[ "O", "ADJ", "NOUN", "O", "NOUN", "NOUN", "O" ]
academic
trn_1831
b1g-fragment02
1128
National and global energy options given the greenhouse effect ;
[]
[]
[]
national and global energy option give the greenhouse effect ;
[ "JJ", "CC", "JJ", "NN", "NNS", "VBN", "DT", "NN", "NN", ":" ]
[ "ADJ", "O", "ADJ", "NOUN", "NOUN", "VERB", "O", "NOUN", "NOUN", "O" ]
academic
trn_1832
b1g-fragment02
1130
Trade and global change .
[]
[]
[]
trade and global change .
[ "NN", "CC", "JJ", "NN", "." ]
[ "NOUN", "O", "ADJ", "NOUN", "O" ]
academic
trn_1833
b1g-fragment02
1131
Turner ( 1990 ) argued that the priorities are as follows :
[]
[]
[]
turner ( 1990 ) argue that the priority be as follow :
[ "NNP", "-LRB-", "CD", "-RRB-", "VBD", "IN", "DT", "NNS", "VBP", "IN", "VBZ", ":" ]
[ "NOUN", "O", "O", "O", "VERB", "O", "O", "NOUN", "VERB", "O", "VERB", "O" ]
academic
trn_1834
b1g-fragment02
1133
The socio-economic consequences of sea-level rise ;
[]
[]
[]
the socio-economic consequence of sea-level rise ;
[ "DT", "JJ", "NNS", "IN", "JJ", "NN", ":" ]
[ "O", "ADJ", "NOUN", "O", "ADJ", "NOUN", "O" ]
academic
trn_1835
b1g-fragment02
1135
Techniques for the valuation of environmental resources and effects ;
[]
[]
[]
technique for the valuation of environmental resource and effect ;
[ "NNS", "IN", "DT", "NN", "IN", "JJ", "NNS", "CC", "NNS", "." ]
[ "NOUN", "O", "O", "NOUN", "O", "ADJ", "NOUN", "O", "NOUN", "O" ]
academic
trn_1836
b1g-fragment02
1137
An assessment of management tools , institutional adaptation and policy integration in regard to global environmental change ;
[]
[]
[]
an assessment of management tool , institutional adaptation and policy integration in regard to global environmental change ;
[ "DT", "NN", "IN", "NN", "NNS", ",", "JJ", "NN", "CC", "NN", "NN", "IN", "NN", "IN", "JJ", "JJ", "NN", ":" ]
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academic
trn_1837
b1g-fragment02
1141
Understanding of how environmental issues and technical change interact ;
[]
[]
[]
understanding of how environmental issue and technical change interact ;
[ "NN", "IN", "WRB", "JJ", "NNS", "CC", "JJ", "NN", "NN", ":" ]
[ "NOUN", "O", "O", "ADJ", "NOUN", "O", "ADJ", "NOUN", "NOUN", "O" ]
academic
trn_1838
b1g-fragment02
1144
There is , then , no shortage of social science research which is claimed to be necessary if we are to cope with environmental change .
[]
[]
[]
there be , then , no shortage of social science research which be claim to be necessary if we be to cope with environmental change .
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academic
trn_1839
b1g-fragment02
1145
Some of it is being carried out : in March 1991 ESRC announced a £6m programme of research on Global Environmental Change .
[]
[]
[]
some of it be be carry out : in march 1991 esrc announce a £6m programme of research on global environmental change .
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academic
trn_1840
b1g-fragment02
1146
However , perhaps most critical of all in the early stages is social science practice rather than research .
[]
[]
[]
however , perhaps most critical of all in the early stage be social science practice rather than research .
[ "RB", ",", "RB", "RBS", "JJ", "IN", "DT", "IN", "DT", "JJ", "NNS", "VBZ", "JJ", "NN", "NN", "RB", "IN", "NN", "." ]
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academic
trn_1841
b1g-fragment02
1147
In the USA at least , there needs to be an improvement in scientists ' understandings of how to influence the allocation of funding for remedial measures or for further research ( see Kitsos and Ashe 1989 ) .
[]
[]
[]
in the usa at least , there need to be an improvement in scientist ' understanding of how to influence the allocation of funding for remedial measure or for further research ( see kitsos and ashe 1989 ) .
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academic
trn_1842
b1g-fragment02
1148
All too often , it seems that the coupling of an as yet imperfect scientific understanding to policy-making is tenuous ( see Table 9.2 ) .
[]
[]
[]
all too often , it seem that the coupling of an as yet imperfect scientific understanding to policy-making be tenuous ( see table 9.2 ) .
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academic
trn_1843
b1g-fragment02
1150
What next ?
[]
[]
[]
what next ?
[ "WP", "JJ", "." ]
[ "O", "ADJ", "O" ]
academic
trn_1844
b1g-fragment02
1151
The contents of this chapter have scarcely touched upon such important environmental research as the World Ocean Climate Experiment or the World Climate Research Programme .
[]
[]
[]
the content of this chapter have scarcely touch upon such important environmental research as the world ocean climate experiment or the world climate research programme .
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academic
trn_1845
b1g-fragment02
1152
Nor has there been any discussion of the growing requirement in the UK ( as elsewhere ) to carry out an environmental impact assessment for all major developments .
[]
[]
[]
nor have there be any discussion of the grow requirement in the uk ( as elsewhere ) to carry out an environmental impact assessment for all major development .
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academic
trn_1846
b1g-fragment02
1153
The consequences for some nations or subgroups in a population of being without access to environmental data or the tools for analysing them while others have such access are potentially profound — as the European Commission has recognized in issuing a directive on public access to environmental data ( CEC 1990d ) — yet space limitations have also precluded their discussion .
[]
[]
[]
the consequence for some nation or subgroup in a population of be without access to environmental datum or the tool for analyse they while other have such access be potentially profound — as the european commission have recognize in issue a directive on public access to environmental datum ( cec 1990d ) — yet space limitation have also preclude their discussion .
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academic
trn_1847
b1g-fragment02
1154
Despite these shortcomings dictated by the space available , what has been said should be sufficient to illustrate the enormous and diverse scope of environmental monitoring and prediction .
[]
[]
[]
despite these shortcoming dictate by the space available , what have be say should be sufficient to illustrate the enormous and diverse scope of environmental monitoring and prediction .
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academic
trn_1848
b1g-fragment02
1155
Such is its diversity that measuring the total expenditure on it seems quite impossible and the number of ‘ actors ’ already involved is vast .
[]
[]
[]
such be its diversity that measure the total expenditure on it seem quite impossible and the number of ' actor ' already involve be vast .
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academic
trn_1849
b1g-fragment02
1157
In these circumstances , it is scarcely surprising that there is evidence of international and interdisciplinary dispute , as Terney ( 1989 ) has chronicled in regard to IGBP .
[]
[]
[]
in these circumstance , it be scarcely surprising that there be evidence of international and interdisciplinary dispute , as terney ( 1989 ) have chronicle in regard to igbp .
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academic
trn_1850
b1g-fragment02
1160
Yet , even if all of this causes great uncertainty among scientists , it is still a reasonable prediction that a decade ahead will see both environmental monitoring and prediction treated as an everyday need and activity in major organizations .
[]
[]
[]
yet , even if all of this cause great uncertainty among scientist , it be still a reasonable prediction that a decade ahead will see both environmental monitoring and prediction treat as an everyday need and activity in major organization .
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academic
trn_1851
b1g-fragment02
1161
We shall also see the existence of binding requirements upon national governments — certainly in the European Community — to collect at least basic environmental indicators in a harmonized form ( CEC 1990b ) .
[]
[]
[]
we shall also see the existence of bind requirement upon national government — certainly in the european community — to collect at least basic environmental indicator in a harmonize form ( cec 1990b ) .
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academic
trn_1852
b1g-fragment02
1162
More than that , it seems highly likely that the social science aspects of environmental problems will underpin the actions of governments and international agencies .
[]
[]
[]
more than that , it seem highly likely that the social science aspect of environmental problem will underpin the action of government and international agency .
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academic
trn_1853
b1g-fragment02
1165
Underlying it all , however , is one obvious fact : that the gathering and analysis of geographically distributed environmental data form the necessary starting-point for ensuring the success of our future on earth .
[]
[]
[]
underlie it all , however , be one obvious fact : that the gathering and analysis of geographically distribute environmental data form the necessary starting-point for ensure the success of our future on earth .
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academic
trn_1854
b1g-fragment02
1166
Acknowledgements
[]
[]
[]
acknowledgement
[ "NNS" ]
[ "NOUN" ]
academic
trn_1855
b1g-fragment02
1168
The UK ESRC supported the work of the South East Regional Research Laboratory in Birkbeck College , University of London , from which this review has grown .
[]
[]
[]
the uk esrc support the work of the south east regional research laboratory in birkbeck college , university of london , from which this review have grow .
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academic
trn_1856
b1g-fragment02
1172
Few areas of the application of GIS technology can be as socially significant , or environmentally relevant , as the management of emergencies and disasters due to natural and technological hazards .
[]
[]
[]
few area of the application of gis technology can be as socially significant , or environmentally relevant , as the management of emergency and disaster due to natural and technological hazard .
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academic
trn_1857
b1g-fragment02
1174
The 1990s have been declared the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction .
[]
[]
[]
the 1990 have be declare the international decade for natural disaster reduction .
[ "DT", "NNS", "VBP", "VBN", "VBN", "DT", "NNP", "NNP", "IN", "NNP", "NNP", "NNP", "." ]
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academic
trn_1858
b1g-fragment02
1175
Let us hope that G1S can , in some small way , help mitigate the suffering and hardship felt by all those afflicted by the effects of hazards which , as we have learnt with bitter recent experience in the UK , can occur in an untimely fashion in the most improbable of places .
[]
[]
[]
let we hope that g1s can , in some small way , help mitigate the suffering and hardship feel you all those afflict by the effect of hazard which , as we have learn with bitter recent experience in the uk , can occur in an untimely fashion in the most improbable of place .
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academic
trn_1859
b1g-fragment02
1176
Research on hazards is multidisciplinary and straddles the social , environmental and mathematical sciences .
[]
[]
[]
research on hazard be multidisciplinary and straddle the social , environmental and mathematical science .
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academic
trn_1860
b1g-fragment02
1178
Some researchers suggest that hazards ( and emergencies that might result ) can be regarded as either natural or technological .
[]
[]
[]
some researcher suggest that hazard ( and emergency that might result ) can be regard as either natural or technological .
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academic
trn_1861
b1g-fragment02
1179
We shall elaborate on this simple division below but suggest here that the wealth of literature on the former ( see , for instance , Burton et al. 1978 and Perry 1981 ) has yet to be matched by a similar volume of work on the latter .
[]
[]
[]
we shall elaborate on this simple division below but suggest here that the wealth of literature on the former ( see , for instance , burton et al. 1978 and perry 1981 ) have yet to be match by a similar volume of work on the latter .
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academic
trn_1862
b1g-fragment02
1180
There are signs that this imbalance is being rectified ( Zeigler et al. 1983 ) .
[]
[]
[]
there be sign that this imbalance be be rectify ( zeigler et al. 1983 ) .
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academic
trn_1863
b1g-fragment02
1181
Hazard research , like few other GIS application areas , is not only stretching the present technology to its limits but is a quite remarkable focus of international effort into several important research-related areas such as expert systems and simulation studies .
[]
[]
[]
hazard research , like few other gis application area , be not only stretch the present technology to its limit but be a quite remarkable focus of international effort into several important research-related area such as expert system and simulation study .
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academic
trn_1864
b1g-fragment02
1185
Formally , a hazard can be defined as : ‘ a physical situation with a potential for human injury , damage to property , damage to the environment , or some combination of these ’ ( Health and Safety Executive 1989 : 30 ) .
[]
[]
[]
formally , a hazard can be define as : ' a physical situation with a potential for human injury , damage to property , damage to the environment , or some combination of these ' ( health and safety executive 1989 : 30 ) .
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academic
trn_1865
b1g-fragment02
1188
On 30 March 1956 one of the most powerful volcanic disturbances this century , the Bezymianny eruption , occurred .
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[]
[]
on 30 march 1956 one of the most powerful volcanic disturbance this century , the bezymianny eruption , occur .
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academic
trn_1866
b1g-fragment02
1189
Few people noticed the event as it took place in an uninhabited part of Kamchatcka and caused no known casualties .
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[]
[]
few people notice the event as it take place in an uninhabited part of kamchatcka and cause no know casualty .
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academic
trn_1867
b1g-fragment02
1191
These two contrasting events emphasize the central fact that even natural hazards are not defined solely by the characteristics of the event but by the interaction of those events with the human occupation of the threatened area .
[]
[]
[]
these two contrast event emphasize the central fact that even natural hazard be not define solely by the characteristic of the event but by the interaction of those event with the human occupation of the threatened area .
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academic
trn_1868
b1g-fragment02
1192
As noted above , the simple division of hazards is between those which are natural and those which are technological or human-induced .
[]
[]
[]
as note above , the simple division of hazard be between those which be natural and those which be technological or human-induced .
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academic
trn_1869
b1g-fragment02
1193
Each of these may be further subdivided and the typology shown in Fig. 10.1 draws upon the classic work of Burton and Kates ( 1964 ) in separating geophysical from biological hazards and Zeigler et al. ( 1983 ) in distinguishing public ( or what we might call societal ) hazards from private ( individual ) ones .
[]
[]
[]
each of these may be far subdivide and the typology show in fig. 10.1 draw upon the classic work of burton and kates ( 1964 ) in separate geophysical from biological hazard and zeigler et al. ( 1983 ) in distinguish public ( or what we might call societal ) hazard from private ( individual ) one .
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academic
trn_1870
b1g-fragment02
1195
Zeigler divides the public hazards into those which result from the production of raw materials and manufactured goods , those which originate in transport and transmission and those which threaten the public in their role as consumers .
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[]
[]
zeigler divide the public hazard into those which result from the production of raw material and manufacture good , those which originate in transport and transmission and those which threaten the public in their role as consumer .
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academic
trn_1871
b1g-fragment02
1196
The United Nations Disaster Relief Organization ( UNDRO ) has produced a classification of disasters , derived on the basis of case data ( Table 10.1 ) .
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[]
[]
the united nations disaster relief organization ( undro ) have produce a classification of disaster , derive on the basis of case datum ( table 10.1 ) .
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academic
trn_1872
b1g-fragment02
1197
UNDRO recognizes three basic types of disaster : accidents , natural events , and other disasters .
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[]
[]
undro recognize three basic type of disaster : accident , natural event , and other disaster .
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academic
trn_1873
b1g-fragment02
1198
The differentiation of accidents from other types is useful in the context of emergency planning and is not so clearly conveyed by other hazard typologies .
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[]
[]
the differentiation of accident from other type be useful in the context of emergency planning and be not so clearly convey by other hazard typology .
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academic
trn_1874
b1g-fragment02
1199
However , the temptation in all classification exercises is to produce partitional schemes and this should really be resisted here .
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[]
[]
however , the temptation in all classification exercise be to produce partitional scheme and this should really be resist here .
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academic
trn_1875
b1g-fragment02
1200
It is more useful ( Johnson 1983 ) to adopt a non-partitional scheme ( fig. 10.1 ) that recognizes , for instance , food poisoning as both a personal and consumer hazard , or lead pollution ( e.g. from car exhausts ) as both a meteorological event and technological hazard ( both public and private ) .
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[]
[]
it be more useful ( johnson 1983 ) to adopt a non-partitional scheme ( fig. 10.1 ) that recognize , for instance , food poisoning as both a personal and consumer hazard , or lead pollution ( e.g. from car exhaust ) as both a meteorological event and technological hazard ( both public and private ) .
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academic
trn_1876
b1g-fragment02
1202
Hillslope failure ( as at Aberfan in South Wales in 1966 ) is a geomorphic hazard but may arise because of raw material extraction .
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[]
[]
hillslope failure ( as at aberfan in south wales in 1966 ) be a geomorphic hazard but may arise because of raw material extraction .
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academic
trn_1877
b1g-fragment02
1204
Hohensemer et al. ( 1983 ) make the important point that hazards are multidimensional in nature and suggest 12 dimensions along which any hazard may be scored ( see Table 10.2 ) .
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[]
[]
hohensemer et al. ( 1983 ) make the important point that hazard be multidimensional in nature and suggest 12 dimension along which any hazard may be score ( see table 10.2 ) .
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academic
trn_1878
b1g-fragment02
1205
These factors will , of course , be important in deciding on the role that GIS can play in hazard monitoring and emergency planning .
[]
[]
[]
these factor will , of course , be important in decide on the role that gis can play in hazard monitoring and emergency planning .
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academic
trn_1879
b1g-fragment02
1206
For instance , some events will persist briefly , have immediate consequences , minor transgenerational effects and have little or no potential for non-human mortality ( an air crash is an example ) .
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[]
[]
for instance , some event will persist briefly , have immediate consequence , minor transgenerational effect and have little or no potential for non-human mortality ( an air crash be an example ) .
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academic
trn_1880
b1g-fragment02
1209
The Hohensemer scheme is not , however , beyond criticism .
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[]
[]
the hohensemer scheme be not , however , beyond criticism .
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[ "O", "NOUN", "NOUN", "VERB", "ADV", "O", "ADV", "O", "O", "NOUN", "O" ]
academic
trn_1881
b1g-fragment02
1210
for example , can hazards really be thought of as having any intentionality ?
[]
[]
[]
for example , can hazard really be think of as have any intentionality ?
[ "IN", "NN", ",", "MD", "NNS", "RB", "VB", "VBN", "IN", "IN", "VBG", "DT", "NN", "." ]
[ "O", "NOUN", "O", "O", "NOUN", "ADV", "VERB", "VERB", "O", "O", "VERB", "O", "NOUN", "O" ]
academic
trn_1882
b1g-fragment02
1211
Industrial hazards and risk assessment
[]
[]
[]
industrial hazard and risk assessment
[ "JJ", "NNS", "CC", "NN", "NN" ]
[ "ADJ", "NOUN", "O", "NOUN", "NOUN" ]
academic
trn_1883
b1g-fragment02
1213
By ‘ risk ’ we understand ‘ the likelihood of a specified undesired event occurring within a specified period or in specified circumstances ’ ( Health and Safety Executive 1989 : 30 ) .
[]
[]
[]
by ' risk ' we understand ' the likelihood of a specify undesired event occur within a specify period or in specify circumstance ' ( health and safety executive 1989 : 30 ) .
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academic
trn_1884
b1g-fragment02
1214
It may , of course , be easier to quantify risk for natural hazards because of historical records and statistical estimation of recurrence intervals .
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[]
[]
it may , of course , be easy to quantify risk for natural hazard because of historical record and statistical estimation of recurrence interval .
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academic
trn_1885
b1g-fragment02
1215
Technological hazards are more unpredictable and may be extremely rare , so that it becomes difficult to use probability concepts to quantify risk , especially those which rely on notions of relative frequency .
[]
[]
[]
technological hazard be more unpredictable and may be extremely rare , so that it become difficult to use probability concept to quantify risk , especially those which rely on notion of relative frequency .
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academic
trn_1886
b1g-fragment02
1217
In the UK ( see Petts 1988 for a splendid overview ) the Health and Safety Executive must be notified of sites where hazardous substances in excess of threshold limits are handled .
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[]
[]
in the uk ( see petts 1988 for a splendid overview ) the health and safety executive must be notify of site where hazardous substance in excess of threshold limit be handle .
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academic
trn_1887
b1g-fragment02
1218
Such substances and thresholds include , for instance , 25 tonnes of flammable liquid petroleum gas and the explosive sodium chlorate , and 10 tonnes of toxic chlorine gas .
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[]
[]
such substance and threshold include , for instance , 25 tonne of flammable liquid petroleum gas and the explosive sodium chlorate , and 10 tonne of toxic chlorine gas .
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academic
trn_1888
b1g-fragment02
1219
Some 1600 installations are notifiable , along with thousands of kilometres of pipelines ( mostly high-pressure natural gas transmission lines ) .
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[]
[]
some 1600 installation be notifiable , along with thousand of kilometre of pipeline ( mostly high-pressure natural gas transmission line ) .
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academic
trn_1889
b1g-fragment02
1222
Among other things , these regulations require operators of hazardous installations to draw up on-site and off-site emergency plans and to give information to members of the public who live or work near such installations ( Houston 1987 ) .
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[]
[]
among other thing , these regulation require operator of hazardous installation to draw up on-site and off-site emergency plan and to give information to member of the public who live or work near such installation ( houston 1987 ) .
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academic
trn_1890
b1g-fragment02
1223
There are presently about 300 CIMAH sites .
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[]
[]
there be presently about 300 cimah site .
[ "EX", "VBP", "RB", "RB", "CD", "NN", "NNS", "." ]
[ "O", "VERB", "ADV", "ADV", "O", "NOUN", "NOUN", "O" ]
academic
trn_1891
b1g-fragment02
1225
Clearly , a plant which stores 1 tonne less than is required for notification slips through the net , while large numbers of handling sites ( warehouses , for instance ) are not covered .
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[]
[]
clearly , a plant which store 1 tonne less than be require for notification slip through the net , while large number of handle site ( warehouse , for instance ) be not cover .
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academic
trn_1892
b1g-fragment02
1226
The regulations have obvious implications for G1S work , as illustrated below .
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[]
[]
the regulation have obvious implication for g1s work , as illustrate below .
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[ "O", "NOUN", "VERB", "ADJ", "NOUN", "O", "NOUN", "NOUN", "O", "O", "VERB", "ADV", "O" ]
academic
trn_1893
b1g-fragment02
1227
In Halton Borough , Cheshire , for instance , there are 13 notifiable installations , with over 20 000 people living within the defined ‘ consultation zones ’ ( Petts 1988 ) .
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[]
[]
in halton borough , cheshire , for instance , there be 13 notifiable installation , with over 20 000 people live within the define ' consultation zone ' ( petts 1988 ) .
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academic
trn_1894
b1g-fragment02
1228
It is also relevant to point out here the work of the Health and Safety Executive in developing techniques for quantitative risk assessment ( Health and Safety Executive 1989 ) .
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[]
[]
it be also relevant to point out here the work of the health and safety executive in develop technique for quantitative risk assessment ( health and safety executive 1989 ) .
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academic
trn_1895
b1g-fragment02
1229
Such techniques include the use of a ‘ risk assessment tool ’ ( RISKAT ) , inputs to which include data on wind direction and speed ; the output of which is a map of calculated risk contours .
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[]
[]
such technique include the use of a ' risk assessment tool ' ( riskat ) , input to which include datum on wind direction and speed ; the output of which be a map of calculate risk contour .
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academic
trn_1896
b1g-fragment02
1230
In societal risk assessment ‘ it is also necessary to input data on the distribution of population around the installation .
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[]
[]
in societal risk assessment ' it be also necessary to input datum on the distribution of population around the installation .
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academic
trn_1897
b1g-fragment02
1231
This can be a difficult and time-consuming process , and inevitably some simplifying assumptions are needed ’ ( Health and Safety Executive 1989 : 17 ) .
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[]
[]
this can be a difficult and time-consuming process , and inevitably some simplify assumption be need ' ( health and safety executive 1989 : 17 ) .
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academic
trn_1898
b1g-fragment02
1234
The disposal of both nuclear and non-nuclear wastes has proved to be of major public concern in recent years .
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[]
[]
the disposal of both nuclear and non-nuclear waste have prove to be of major public concern in recent year .
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academic
trn_1899
b1g-fragment02
1235
The rather clumsy handling by NIREX of the search for sites to store low- and intermediate-level wastes , together with very recent worries about the import of toxic wastes such as polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) , are but two examples of such concern in the UK .
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[]
[]
the rather clumsy handling by nirex of the search for site to store low- and intermediate-level waste , together with very recent worry about the import of toxic waste such as polychlorinated biphenyls ( pcb ) , be but two example of such concern in the uk .
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academic
trn_1900
b1g-fragment02
1238
Certainly , in terms of the volume of waste generated in the UK non-nuclear hazardous industrial wastes should be high on the environmental agenda ; while less than 1 million tonnes of all nuclear wastes were generated in 1985–86 , 10 times that amount were generated of hazardous wastes ( Openshaw et al. 1989 : 13 ) .
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[]
certainly , in term of the volume of waste generate in the uk non-nuclear hazardous industrial waste should be high on the environmental agenda ; while less than 1 million tonne of all nuclear waste be generate in 1985–86 , 10 time that amount be generate of hazardous waste ( openshaw et al. 1989 : 13 ) .
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academic