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== April 2011 == Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to El Súper Clásico (Mexico), did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: El Súper Clásico (Mexico) was changed by 71.33.14.244 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.922163 on 2011-04-10T22:22:27+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

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2601:2C1:8700:BDB8:9CB3:1DD9:669B:DCDB

Autism articles

List-Class Autism articles

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Moldovan people of Brazilian descent or origin who were born in, immigrated, or are citizens of Moldova. Brazilian European people of Brazilian descent Moldovans Descent

Moldovan people of Brazilian descent

Ouvrage Coume is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line. Located in the Fortified Sector of Boulay, the ouvrage consists of two infantry blocks, and was located between petits ouvrages Coume Annexe Nord and Coume Annexe Sud, facing Germany. == Design and construction == The site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency; Coume was approved for construction in early 1931. It was completed at a cost of 7 million francs by the contractor Duval-Weyrich of Nancy. The petit ouvrage was originally planned as a gros ouvrage with twelve combat blocks, mounting artillery. The project was progressively scaled back to the point that the two infantry blocks that were actually built were not even connected by an underground gallery. A second phase was planned to link the two, never carried out. == Description == Coume comprises two unconnected infantry blocks. A subterranean connection was planned for Phase 2, and was started but not completed before the outbreak of war: Block 1: infantry/entry block with two automatic rifle cloches (GFM), one twin machine gun embrasure and one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47). Block 2: Infantry block with two GFM cloches, one retractable twin machine gun turret, one twin machine gun embrasure and one JM/AC47 embrasure. The original gros ouvrage was to include two casemate blocks, each with three 75mm guns, a block with a 135mm gun turret, three casemates covering an anti-tank ditch, and a block with an 81mm mortar turret. Separate blocks were planned for the rear for munitions and personnel entry, while the deep underground gallery system was to include barracks and a large "M1" magazine. == Manning == The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Lieutenant Soubrier comprised 95 men and 2 officers of the 160th Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Ban Saint-Jean provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Coume and other positions in the area. == History == See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line. Coume played no significant role in either the Battle of France in 1940 or the Lorraine Campaign of 1944. == See also == List of all works on Maginot Line Siegfried Line Atlantic Wall Czechoslovak border fortifications == Notes == == References == == Bibliography == Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003. Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006. Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011. Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001. Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003. Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003. Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009. ==External links== Coume (petit ouvrage A31 de) at Petit ouvrage de Coume at COUM Maginot Line

Ouvrage Coume

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Marcus Cutius Priscus Messius Rusticus Aemilius Papus Arrius Proculus Julius Celsus (known by the short name Marcus Aemilius Papus) was a Roman senator who held a series of offices in the emperor's service. He was suffect consul for the nundinium of May-August 135 as the colleague of Lucius Burbuleius Optatus Ligarianus. Papus is known solely through inscriptions. Although Papus bears the gentilicum and cognomina of a distinguished Republican stirps, the Aemilii Papi, his connection is obscure; the previous attested member of the republican family lived in the early third century. For the other elements in his name, "Messius Rusticus" is shared with his father, and presumably came as part of a legacy to his father from the consul of 114, Marcus Messius Rusticus; "Cutius Priscus" comes from his mother's family. However the origins of other elements in his name, "Arrius Proculus" and "Julius Celsus" are unknown. Details about his immediate family are more definite. His father was Marcus Messius Rusticus Aemilius Papus, and his mother Cutia Prisca; a brother is attested, Marcus Messius Rusticus Aemilius Afer Cutius. The wife of Gaius Julius Pisibanus, suffect consul in 141, is somehow related to Papus, either as his sister or his daughter. == Career == His cursus honorum can be reconstructed from two inscriptions, one found at Callenses and dated to AD 128, the other found at Salpensa (near Utrera). His public career began with the quatraviri viarum curandorum, one of the four boards that comprise the vigintiviri; this board of four men was tasked with maintaining the city roads of Rome. This was followed by his commission as a military tribune with Legio III Augusta, stationed in Mauritania; Corbier dates this between the years 110 and 125. After completing three years with the legion, Papus advanced through the traditional Republican magistracies: quaestor, which he served in Africa, plebeian tribune, and peregrine praetor. Anthony Birley notes that despite his father's friendship with emperor Hadrian, Papus received no signs of special favor: he was never a candidatus of the emperor for any Republican magistracy, nor did he hold a major priesthood. The only such religious duty was as sodalis Augustalis. Having achieved the rank of ex-praetor, Papus was then qualified to hold a number of substantial offices. The first was curator of the Via Aurelia, then legatus or commander of Legio XX Valeria Victrix, then stationed in Roman Britain; this was the last office listed on the inscription dated to the year 128, and attests his command includes that year. He was then prefect of the aerarium Saturni, or the public treasury; in her monograph on the administration of Roman public finances, Corbier dates his tenure from the year 132 to 134. His consulate followed, and afterwards Papus is known to have held two more appointments in the emperor's service. The first was curator operum publicorum, which an inscription recovered from Rome attests he held on 13 December 138. He was then governor of Dalmatia; Géza Alföldy dates his tenure in that imperial province from the year 147 to 150. Aemilius Papus fades from history at that point; since the minimum legal age for the consulate at this time was 40, and, when he stepped down from his administration of Dalmatia 15 years later, he was presumably at least 55 years old, it is possible Papus had died not long after. ==References== 2nd-century Romans Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome Roman governors of Dalmatia Arrius Proculus

Marcus Aemilius Papus

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Wildkevin472

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2601:1C2:4F01:9FDD:B9FF:AA6D:D4F8:1AA3

The Western Block of the North China Craton is an ancient micro-continental block mainly composed of Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic rock basement, with some parts overlain by Cambrian to Cenozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks. It is one of two sub-blocks (the Eastern Block and the Western Block) within the North China Craton, located in east-central China. The boundaries of the Western Block are slightly different among distinct models, but the shapes and areas are similar. There is a broad consensus that the Western Block covers a large part of the east-central China. Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks are present in the Western Block. The oldest geological records in the Western Block are 2.7 billion-year-old intrusive igneous rock found in Xiwulanbulang in Inner Mongolia. The youngest rocks are 23-million-year-old extrusive igneous rocks, which are located in Sanyitang (in Hebei) in the orogenic belt across the block. The sedimentary rocks distribute predominantly in the Ordos Basin located in the south of the Western Block. Exposures of metamorphic rocks are mostly scattered in the north of the block. The tectonic setting and evolution of the Western Block are debated. There are various models hypothesizing the subdivisions and tectonic history of the block and they are generally mutually exclusive. However, most models agree with the presence of a Paleoproterozoic orogenic belt cutting across the Western Block in the east-west direction, despite having various names for it. Since the geological events of the Western Block started in Precambrian time, when more than 80% of the present volume of continental crust formed, complex geological evolution and early tectonic history can be studied through the geological records in the Western Block. == Lithologies == === Precambrian basement (4600–542 million years ago) === ==== Archean rocks (4.0-2.5 billion years ago) ==== The earliest geological units found in the Western Block are formed in Neoarchean , when the major crustal accretion and reworking took place. The Neoarchean rocks in the Precambrian basement are mainly composed of greenstones, high-grade metamorphic rocks and granitoids. Mineral examinations show an isobaric cooling-type anticlockwise pressure-temperature (P-T) path, indicating there were intrusions and underplating events during the crustal growth in Neoarchean. ===== Guyang granite–greenstone terrane ===== The Guyang granite-greenstone terrane is located in the northern part of the Western Block, spreading from Mount Serteng to Donghongsheng in the east-west direction. The terrane is dominated by metamorphic and granitoid rocks. It is suggested that the terrane may represent ancient metamorphism in the upper crust. Greenstones are sequences of Precambrian metamorphosed ultramafic to mafic rocks and sedimentary rocks. They are well exposed in Mount Serteng in Guyang granite-greenstone terrane. There are three sub-units in the greenstone sequence in this terrane. The lower layer is dominated by metamorphosed mafic and ultramafic volcanic rocks, with interlayered banded iron formation. The middle rock assemblage consists of a series of metamorphosed volcanic rocks with compositions varying from acidic to mafic. The top layer is made by meta-sedimentary rocks, for example quartzite and marble. According to the data of zircon dating, the bottom layer of the greenstone sequence formed in about 2.54 billion years ago, while the middle and upper layers have the age later than 2.51 billion years. Granitoids are intrusive igneous rocks that primarily made by quartz, feldspars and micas. The granitoid rocks found in Guyang granite-greenstone terrane are mostly tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) and sanukitoid. There were two phases forming TTGs, with the first stage at about 2.53 billion years ago and the second one at between 2.52-2.48 billion years ago. The sanukitoid in this terrane formed between the two phases of TTG formation, at about 2.53-2.52 billion years ago. ===== Wuchuan high-grade complex===== Wuchuan high-grade complex extends from Zhulagou in the west to Xiwulanbulang in the east. The complex includes granitoids, granulites and charnockite. The granitoid rocks are predominantly medium (550-650 °C)- to high-grade (650-900 °C) metamorphosed diorite and the granulites are high-grade metamorphosed TTG rocks. Similar to Guyang granite-greenstone terrane, the rocks in Wuchuan have the age of 2.55-2.50 billion years. The high-grade complex is interpreted to be the metamorphosed lower crust in 2.55-2.50 billion years ago. ==== Proterozoic rocks (2500-541 million years ago) ==== Many researchers proposed that the Western Block of the North China Craton was assembled in the Paleoproterozoic (2.5-1.6 billion years ago), creating a linear structure composed ofkhondalite that cuts across the Western Block. The khondalite belt stretches from Helanshan in the west to Jining Complex in the east. Pelitic granulites, quartzite, felsic paragneiss and marble, which are the members of the "khondalite series", are exposed along this belt. The khondalite series is metamorphosed from sedimentary protoliths formed under stable continental margin condition. By zircon dating, the sedimentary protoliths were deposited at 2.3-2.0 billion years ago and then experienced metamorphism at 1.95-1.87 billion years ago. The minerals in the khondalite exhibit isothermal decompression-type clockwise P-T paths, implying the sedimentary protoliths were metamorphosed in a collisional setting. === Phanerozoic stratigraphy (543 million year ago-present) === The Western Block became much more stable after Precambrian. Sedimentary rocks were deposited, covering part of the Precambrian basement. There were also magmatism in Cambrian to Middle Ordovician, extensive carbonates were formed in the Western Block. Deposits were generally absent from Late Ordovician to Early Carboniferous. However, carbonates with some coal-bearing rocks started to deposit again between Late Carboniferous and Early Permian. In Late Permian, conglomerates as well as red iron-bearing sandstone, siltstone and mudstone (red beds) were formed. In Triassic and Jurassic, the stratigraphy was dominated by sandstone and mudstone. Sandstone deposition, together with magmatism happened in the Early Cretaceous, forming extrusive igneous rocks in the Western Block, for example rhyolite, andesite, basalt and dacite. From Late Cretaceous onwards, igneous rocks became minor. Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic sediments with Cenozoic basalt overlay the pre-existing strata. == Tectonic subdivision == The tectonic subdivision of the Western Block is still under intense discussion among geologists. There are several models illustrating the tectonic subdivision of the Western Block and these models assign different names to the components and structures of the Western Blocks. The shapes and areas of Western Block in these models are similar but they may not completely concordant with each other. Zhao and his colleagues proposed that the Western Block of the North China Craton can be subdivided into two sub-blocks: Yinshan Block and Ordos Block. In between the sub-blocks is a Paleoproterozoic continent–continent collisional belt defined as Khondalite Belt. The Khondalite Belt extends across the whole block in east-northeast (ENE) and west-southwest (WSW) direction. Kusky and his co-workers divided the Western Block into three elements, including the Inner Mongolia-Northern Hebei Orogen, Hengshan Plateau and a micro-continental block. The southern boundary of the Hengshan Plateau is marked by the normal faults, which have a general trend of east-northeast (ENE) and west-southwest (WSW) direction. There is a northeast-southwest trending fault called Datong-Wuqi Fault, cutting across the Western Block. Similar to Zhao et al.'s model, Santosh split the Western Block into Yinshan Block and Ordos Block in the north and south respectively. However, instead of Khondalite Belt, he named the collision region of the two sub-blocks Inner Mongolia Suture Zone. Discontinuous Khondalite Belt exposures lie inside south of the Inner Mongolia Suture Zone. == Tectonic evolution == === Precambrian history === There are various evolutionary models of the Western Block proposed by different geologists. Three most popular models explaining the tectonic evolution of the Precambrian basement are discussed below. ==== Zhao et al's model ==== Zhao et al.'s model can be divided into two major stages: Neoarchean crustal accretion and Paleoproterozoic amalgamation of the two sub-blocks (Yinshan Block and Orods Block). Zhao and other researchers proposed that there was a major crustal accretion of the juvenile Yinshan Block at about 2.7 billion years ago, forming a thick mafic crust, although it is still uncertain whether the magmatic event occurred in a continental or an oceanic setting. During 2.55-2.50 billion years ago, the juvenile Yinshan Block was partially melted to produce enormous amounts of TTG rocks, covering the whole Yinshan Block. At about 2.45 billion years ago, Ordos Block was subducted beneath the Yinshan Block. The partial melting of the subducting slab formed granites and volcanic rocks like adakites and sanukitoids. Between 2.0-1.95 billion year ago, sedimentary rocks deposited on the stable passive margins of continent in the northern Ordos Block. The final assembly of the Western Block took place at approximately 1.95 billion years ago. The ancient ocean closed as the continents of southern Yinshan Block and northern Ordos Block collided. The high pressure and temperature of continent-continent collision formed Khondalite Belt in-between the two sub-blocks and led to metamorphism in other parts of the Western Block. ==== Kusky et al's model ==== In Kusky et al.'s model, ancient continental blocks formed the juvenile Western Block during 3.5-2.7 billion years ago. Prior to 2.3 billion years ago, Wutai Arc was subducted under the eastern part of the juvenile Western Block, while an exotic arc was subducted under the eastern juvenile Western Block. Between 2.3-2.0 billion year ago, the Western Block collided with the two arc on its both sides, creating Hengshan granulite belt in the southeast and Inner Mongolia-Northern Hebei Orogen with khondalite belt inside in the northwest. Finally, supercontinent Columbia collided in the northern margin of the North China Craton at 1.8 billion years ago. ==== Santosh's model ==== Unlike the Zhao's and Kusky's models, the tectonic evolution of the Western Block suggested by Santosh primarily focused on the amalgamation of the Western Block, with fewer discussion on the early tectonic development before collisional events. Santosh considered the Ordos Block as a continental arc composed by TTGs and charnockites. Supported by zircon dating and tomographic data, Santosh proposed that the Yinshan Block and Ordos Block collided at around 1.92 billion years ago, with Yinshan Block subducted under Ordos Block. An accretionary wedge was formed when the two sub-blocks collided. Part of the basaltic oceanic crust was incorporated into the accretionary wedge. Santosh named the accretionary wedge region as Inner Mongolia Suture Zone. Khondalite belt was also formed in the suture zone. === Phanerozoic history === The Western Block became tectonically stable after the amalgamation in Precambrian. Sediment deposition and volcanic activities began to form rocks covering the Precambrian basement. Except a gap of geological record during Late Ordovician to Early Carboniferous, from Cambrian to Jurassic, various types of sedimentary rock formed a thick strata. In Early Cretaceous, extensive magmatic activities developed in the eastern part of the Western Block due to cratonic destruction. At that time, a large portion of the North China Craton was eliminated and unstable. The cratonic destruction was induced by the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Asian continent, followed by crust thickening and hence gravitational collapse of the crust. The craton was thus in extension. The processes led to the thinning of crust, deformation and magmatic events over the North China Craton. Although most of the magmatic activities happened in the Eastern Block, volcanic eruption also took place in the eastern part of the Western Block to produce volcanic rocks like basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite. During Cenozoic, because of the thin crust, lava erupted to the surface and the volcanic events produced basalts. == See also == North China Craton Eastern Block of North China Craton Geology of China Khondalite Greenstone Belt Archean subduction == Notes == refers to billion years ago; Ma refers to million years ago. == References == __FORCETOC__ Cratons Northeast China Geology of China Historical tectonic plates Historical continents

Western Block of the North China Craton

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2600:1004:B11D:B284:2911:741A:6E68:187D

Ratnovo (Ратново) is a rural locality (a village) in Melenkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 176 as of 2010. There is 1 street. == References == Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast

Ratnovo

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Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make useful contributions. If you think there are good reasons why you should be unblocked, you may appeal this block by adding the following text below this notice: . However, you should read the guide to appealing blocks first.  Paul Erik (talk)(contribs) == May 2015 == Hello, I'm Winner 42. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Robert Dold— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Winner 42 Talk to me! Hello, I'm MelbourneStar. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Mitch McConnell— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. —MelbourneStar☆talk == July 2015 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a message letting you know that one or more of your recent edits to Khaled Mashal has been undone by an automated computer program called ClueBot NG. ClueBot NG makes very few mistakes, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made was constructive, please read about it, , remove this message from your talk page, and then make the edit again. For help, take a look at the introduction. The following is the log entry regarding this message: Khaled Mashal was changed by 24.12.151.216 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.906919 on 2015-07-13T05:22:55+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

24.12.151.216

== October 2017 == Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Kim Jong-kook (singer). Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been reverted. If you are engaged in an article content dispute with another editor, please discuss the matter with the editor at their talk page, or the article's talk page, and seek consensus with them. Alternatively you can read Wikipedia's dispute resolution page, and ask for independent help at one of the relevant notice boards. If you are engaged in any other form of dispute that is not covered on the dispute resolution page, please seek assistance at Wikipedia's Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents. Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continual disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Thank you. General Ization Talk If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so you can avoid further irrelevant notices. Per : "Please see WikiProject_Korea/Popular_culture#Eradication_of_variety_show_sections - these entries are NOT notable." General Ization Talk

112.215.200.253

== Welcome! == Hello, Inthanhlong, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Unfortunately, one or more of the pages you created, such as Inthanhlong, may not conform to some of Wikipedia's guidelines, and may not be retained. There's a page about creating articles you may want to read called Your first article. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Teahouse, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type on this page, followed by your question, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few other good links for newcomers: Your first article Contributing to Wikipedia Biographies of living persons How to write a great article The five pillars of Wikipedia Help pages Tutorial I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Questions or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Cahk (talk) ==Speedy deletion nomination of Inthanhlong== A tag has been placed on your user page, Inthanhlong, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be advertising which only promotes or publicises someone or something. Promotional editing of any kind is not permitted, whether it be promotion of a person, company, product, group, service, belief, or anything else. This is a violation of our policies regarding acceptable use of user pages — user pages are intended for active editors of Wikipedia to communicate with one another as part of the process of creating encyclopedic content, and should not be mistaken for free webhosting resources or advertising space. Please read the guidelines on spam, the guidelines on user pages, and, especially, our FAQ for Organizations. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the . Cahk (talk) Hello, I'm Deb. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions have been undone because they appeared to be promotional. Advertising and using Wikipedia as a "soapbox" are against Wikipedia policy and not permitted; Wikipedia articles should be written objectively, using independent sources, and from a neutral perspective. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank (talk) There have been two problems with this account: the account has been used for advertising or promotion, which is contrary to the purpose of Wikipedia, and your username indicates that the account represents a business or other organisation or group or a web site, which is also against policy, as an account must be for just one person. Because of those problems, the account has been blocked indefinitely from editing. Additionally, if you receive, or expect to receive, compensation for your contributions to Wikipedia, you must disclose who is paying you to edit. If you intend to make useful contributions about some topic other than your business or organisation, you may request an unblock. To do so, post the text at the bottom of your talk page. Replace the text "Your proposed new username" with a new username you are willing to use. See CentralAuth to search for available usernames. Your new username will need to meet our username policy. Replace the text "Your reason here" with your reason to be unblocked. In that reason, you must: If you believe this block was made in error, you may appeal this block. To do so, please read the guide to appealing blocks, then add the text at the bottom of your talk page, replace the text "Your reason here" with your reason for thinking that the block was an error, and publish the page. GermanJoe (talk)

Inthanhlong

== April 2011 == Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Giovanni da Verrazzano, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Giovanni da Verrazzano was changed by 67.71.120.174 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.885903 on 2011-04-10T22:23:08+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

67.71.120.174

Autism articles

Category-Class Autism articles

Films set in 1852

I am social media and social worker bharat press

Akhileshsultanpuri

Croatia–United Kingdom relations, or British-Croatian relations, are foreign relations between Croatia and the United Kingdom. After Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia in June 1991, the UK established diplomatic relations with Croatia on 25 June 1992. ==History== ===Croatian War of Independence and Margaret Thatcher=== UK Prime Minister Baroness Margaret Thatcher was one of the most keen advocates of the Croatian independence during the Croatian War of Independence in the 1990s. In an interview for HRT in 1991 she said: "At first people had been given to understand, wrongly, that it was just a question, serious as though that is, of civil war between two different groups. They needed to be informed that it was between Communist Serbia which has taken control both of the army and of the country, and Democratic Croatia and Slovenia, both of whom had exercised their right to become. I then duly explain that Croatia and Slovenia have no army. They have only got the weapons they can capture and the weapons they can get hold of, and they are entitled to a right of self-defence against those who have attacked them. I said early to people over whom I would have hoped to have had some influence that I thought, as the hostilities got worse and worse and more and more Croatians were being killed and massacred, that it would have been right to recognise Croatia and Slovenia as independent. Then we should have been in a position legally to supply them with arms with which to defend themselves and they would have been in a very much better position, and what is more, Serbia would have known the position the world was taking. Unfortunately that has not happened. But there are many, many friends of Croatia now the situation is more fully realised. (...) I must make it quite clear, in my view, the West should be on the side of liberty and democracy and justice. And the more we can get home to people the true situation, and this is happening in the heart of Europe, and that the cries of the Croatian people are not being heard, the more we can awaken them to the true position. (...) I shall continue myself to put Croatian case and to put it as forcibly as I can." Baroness Thatcher criticized John Major because of his appeasement to Slobodan Milošević, and the EU because it didn't immediately recognize that Serbia led aggression against Croatia. She said during her speech in the UN in September 1991 that "JNA and Serbia are leading aggression against Croatia. War in Croatia is not a battle of one ethnic group against other but battle of democracy against communism." In her book Statecraft she wrote that "Yugoslavia was authoritarian and totalitarian communist state, a dungeon with a brutal Serb captors that had to fall apart." At the request of the Croatian Ambassador in London Drago Štambuk, Baroness gave a press statement in which he called on the international community to stop the Serbian aggression. According to statement by Mr. Štambuk for Jutarnji list, one of her advisers told her: "Mrs. Thatcher, British government will crucified you because of what you do", to which she replied: "If it is about crucifixion of me or Croatia, then it is better to crucify me. " She continued to support Croatia in public until 1993 Ahmići massacre because, as she wrote in her book Statecraft, "massacre in Ahmići convinced me that Croatia interpreted my visit to Zagreb as a signal that the world will turn a blind eye to such (Croatian) barbarism." After Srbs committed Srebrenica massacre in 1995, she again contacted Mr. Štambuk and asked him over the phone: "Aren’t they (Serbs) real animals?". She supported Croatian Operation Storm, but wasn't satisfied with President Tuđman's decision to stop near Banja Luka because she thought that he had to defeat remaining Serbian forces. According to the former Croatian US ambassador Miomir Žužul, she told him in 1997:"When you decide to do something in politics, then it should be done by the end or you have to deal with the consequences, good or bad. The worst thing is if you stop halfway. When I went to the Falklands, they all tried to stop me. I knew that I will either succeed or I'm done. But, if I went back I knew for sure that I would be done." Baroness was awarded with Grand Order of King Dmitar Zvonimir in 1998 for her "exceptional contributions to the independence and integrity of the Republic of Croatia". She visited Zagreb on September 16, 1998 and was awarded with the title "honorary citizen of Zagreb": During her speech she said: "It is a great pleasure to speak to you here in the ancient capital of your beautiful country. And after the ceremony I have just attended with your city council, I can with pride affirm: “Ja sam Zagrepčanka!“. It is extraordinary to recall how much has changed in the last ten years. Who could have imagined in 1988 that today Croatia would at last have achieved its centuries-long dream of freedom? But then who could have imagined it would be at such a cost? I grieve, as you do, for those who lost their lives, often in the most terrible circumstances. But I share your joy that Croatia at last is whole and free." ===Post-Independence=== Relations have gone from strength to strength since the arrest of General Ante Gotovina and his transfer to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in December 2005. Croatia's relations with the UK are currently excellent. In March 2007, both countries signed a UK-Croatia Strategic Partnership, by which the United Kingdom fully supported Croatia's European Union and NATO entry bids. Now, both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO. Britain provided both political and practical support to Croatia's efforts to join the EU and NATO. The 2008-09 ‘UK-Croatia Strategic Partnership’ was launched in London on 18 June by Prime Minister Gordon Brown and Prime Minister Ivo Sanader. The UK is provided funding to assist Croatia in its entry bids, projects covered judicial reform, anti-corruption, organised crime, competition policy and food safety. Both Croatia and the United Kingdom provided contributions to the NATO mission in Afghanistan. According to the 2001 UK Census, some 6,992 Croatian born people were living in the UK. ==Diplomacy== The Croatian ambassador to the United Kingdom is Dr Ivan Grdešić, he took up his post in October 2012. The British head of mission to Croatia is Ian Cliff who took up his post as chargé d'affaires in May 2015 pending the arrival of a new Ambassador in April 2016. The United Kingdom has an embassy in Zagreb and honorary consulates in Dubrovnik and Split. Croatia has an embassy in London and an honorary consulate in Edinburgh. ==See also== Foreign relations of Croatia Foreign relations of the United Kingdom Embassy of Croatia, London List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Croatia ==References== Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom United Kingdom

Croatia–United Kingdom relations

== October 2019 == Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been or will be reverted. If you are engaged in an article content dispute with another editor, please discuss the matter with the editor at their talk page, or the article's talk page, and seek consensus with them. Alternatively, you can read Wikipedia's dispute resolution page, and ask for independent help at one of the relevant notice boards. If you are engaged in any other form of dispute that is not covered on the dispute resolution page, please seek assistance at Wikipedia's Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents. Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continued disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Beastranger (talk) If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

223.228.168.17

Moldova +

Immigrants to Moldova

==Recent edit to Palais Albert Rothschild== Hello, and thank you for your recent contribution. While the content of your edit may be true, I have removed it because its depth or nature of detail are not consistent with our objectives as an encyclopedia. I recognize that your edit was made in good faith and hope you will familiarize yourself with what Wikipedia is not so we may collaborate in the future. Thank you! Jacona (talk)

87.180.143.160

Repino (Репино) is a rural locality (a selo) in Melenkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 30 as of 2010. There are 5 streets. == References == Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast

Repino, Vladimir Oblast

Films set in 1852

Autism articles

Unassessed Autism articles

Rozhdestveno (Рождествено) is a rural locality (a village) in Melenkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 131 as of 2010. There is 1 street. == References == Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast

Rozhdestveno, Melenkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast

== October 2019 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a message letting you know that one or more of your recent edits to Toby Greene has been undone by an automated computer program called ClueBot NG. ClueBot NG makes very few mistakes, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made was constructive, please read about it, , remove this message from your talk page, and then make the edit again. For help, take a look at the introduction. The following is the log entry regarding this message: Toby Greene was changed by Imnotjames (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.863159 on 2019-10-08T07:46:12+00:00 Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

Imnotjames

==Recent edit to List of computer scientists== Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Your recent edit to List of computer scientists added the name of an apparently non-notable entity. In general, a person or organization added to a list should have a pre-existing article to establish notability. If you wish to create such an article, please confirm that your subject is notable according to Wikipedia's notability guideline. Thank you! Jacona (talk)

182.70.141.142

== October 2019 == Hello, I'm HMSLavender. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —specifically this edit to October Holiday— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help desk. Thanks. lavender|(formerly HMSSolent)|lambast If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices. Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at October Holiday. Your edits continue to appear to constitute vandalism and have been automatically reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG makes very few mistakes, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been considered as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. If you need help, please see our help pages, and if you can't find what you are looking for there, please feel free to place on your talk page and someone will drop by to help. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: October Holiday was changed by 122.53.63.142 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.968052 on 2019-10-08T07:47:46+00:00 Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

122.53.63.142

Savkovo (Савково) is a rural locality (a village) in Melenkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 179 as of 2010. There are 3 streets. == References == Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast

Savkovo

Hi, welcome to my user page.

Bemavijsu

Abu Hreik (أبو حريق) is a Syrian village located in Al-Saan Subdistrict in Salamiyah District, Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Abu Hreik had a population of 533 in the 2004 census. Abu Hreik was captured by SAA in 22 January 2018 from ISIS during the Northwestern Syria offensive. == References == Populated places in Salamiyah District

Abu Hreik

Selino (Селино) is a rural locality (a village) in Melenkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 354 as of 2010. There are 4 streets. == References == Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast

Selino, Vladimir Oblast

==GA Review== This review is transcluded from California Proposition 8 (2008)/GA2. The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review. ===Initial comments=== I will be undertaking this review. While there are reasonable references and balance in this article, I have raised a topic for discussion regarding a possible quick fail of this article at Good article nominations. This discussion relates to whether the impending court decision means that events are moving too rapidly on matters central to the article to allow it to be a valid GA at this time. The article will not be quick failed without a consensus to that effect on the page where I have asked for comment on this issue. I will review other aspects of the article regardless. Cheers. hamiltonstone (talk) ====Lead and first para==== The lead should be a summary of the complete article, rather than an introduction to the topic. In turn, there should be a first para of the main article that states / repeats with citations the content of the first para of the lead. This could firm an extended first para under the current heading "history of the ballot initiative", and that heading might just be revised to simply "The ballot initiative". More comments another day. hamiltonstone (talk) ====Petition to remove proposition from ballot==== I am unclear what is the implication of the following sentence: "As a general rule, it is improper for courts to adjudicate pre-election challenges to a measure's substantive validity". Is this a point that critics of the supreme court made - are they saying that the court acted inappropriately in adjudicating this case? If so, this should be spelt out, drawing attention to a reliable source where this argument was made. ====Challenge to revised title and summary==== This sentence seems out of sequence: "California Attorney General Jerry Brown explained that the changes were required to more "accurately reflect the measure" in light of the California Supreme Court's intervening In re Marriage Cases decision". Unless i am misreading the article, it should come after the sentence: "The ballot summary read that the measure "changes the California Constitution to eliminate the right of same-sex couples to marry in California."" I am inclined to think this whole section goes into too much detail, but revising it to become more concise (perhaps just one or two paras) is not needed for GA, and is perhaps better done when a little more time has elapsed. More later. hamiltonstone (talk) ===="Whether You Like It or Not" advertisement==== I would be inclined to drop the long quote, and its intro sentence, from this, or at least move it to a footnote (or archive it as a resource on the talk page). The article is already pretty long and the quote pretty much just confirms what is (well) summarised in the paragraph it follows. ====Proponents - religious organisations==== This sentence needs a citation: "Farrow was promptly suspended from his duties by Bishop John Steinbock." Some citations used in this section need the footnote detail improved eg: 54 ^ "The New Religious Right". 55 ^ "Preserving Traditional Marriage and Strengthening Families" (PDF) These need organisation names / publishers, and dates if they are news items etc. I don't know what other editors think, but I would worry about reliability if a news org that would be expected to be aligned as anti-proposition 8 (The Advocate) was the only cited source for reporting details of the campaign of a pro-proposition 8 organisation (LDS). For this reason I'd like to see some direct, independent (or LDS nased) refs for the following sentences: "The First Presidency of the church announced its support for Proposition 8 in a letter intended to be read in every congregation in California. In this letter, church members were encouraged to "do all you can to support the proposed constitutional amendment by donating of your means and time."" ====Opponents - political figures==== This sentence definitely needs a reference or deletion: Then Illinois Senator Barack Obama opposed what he deemed 'divisive and discriminatory efforts to amend the California Constitution, and similar efforts to amend the U.S. Constitution or those of other states.' ====CNN Exit poll==== This table of data is far too extensive and disrupts the flow of the article. I suggest it be moved to the talk page as a reference source for editors, particularly as the data is readily available through links to other sites (including, of course, CNN). The table should be replaced with a paragraph that draws attention to the most significant findings from the poll, with 'significance' roughly determined by whether those results were reported in other reliable sources. The very last para under the heading (and below the table) is a reasonable example of what should be in this section. ====Post election events - retroactive effect==== This sentence needs a reference (ie. a reference that states that the result poses this particilar legal dilemma): "A pending legal issue is whether approximately 18,000 same-sex marriages already in effect would be retroactively annulled by the constitutional change or whether they would be preserved, since the amendment does not state explicitly that it would nullify same-sex marriages performed before the change took effect." ====Demonstrations and boycotts==== The use of the expression "thousands of protestors", or similar words, several times in this section, is NPOV. It reads as giving emphasis to the large size of protests. If an estimate of crowd size is available, it should be included (eg. around x thousand). An expression like "over x thousand" should also not be used, for the same reason, regardless of whether the original source used that word. If no estimate is available, omit the reference to the protest size. THe following is an example in the article that is good: "On Sunday November 9 an estimated crowd of 4,000 people protested in front of the State Capitol." - a fixed estimate, with an inline citation to support. That's all for now. More (talk) ====Proposition 8: The Musical==== Well, sure, but is this really, in the long run, going to qualify as notable and worth taking up space in such a long article? I'd cut this back a bit. Which bits? I'd say all the unreferenced stuff, namely: "The 3-minute video was distributed on the internet at beginning on December 3, 2008. It was written and produced in just a few days. The cast includes Jack Black (who plays Jesus), Nicole Parker, Neil Patrick Harris, John C. Reilly, Allison Janney, Andy Richter, Maya Rudolph, Margaret Cho, Rashida Jones, Sarah Chalke, Jennifer Lewis and other celebrities. It was directed by Adam Shankman. The video satirizes Christian churches that selectively pick and choose biblical doctrines to follow." ====FPPC complaint against The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints==== Again, this section is too long, not entirely clear, and somewhat inconclusive. Unless I am misreading this, it looks like it turned out to be a storm in a teacup. A church that was openly part of the campaign spent money on the campaign. That ain't news. To be honest, I would delete the entire section. If the issue is so important that it ought to remain as a section, then I certainly was not able to establish, from the text provided, why there was anything of great importance here, so it would need to be re-written. Alternatively you could add a sentence or two with footnotes to the earlier section on religious organisations supporting proposition 8. ====Crimes against opponents and supporters==== This section would benefit from editing. It needs an overall introductory para, explaining that there were concerns, some of which proved to be well-founded, that proposition 8 would prompt crimes against people involved in the campaign. Personal violence, threats, and damage to property occurred, and both supporters and opponents of proposition 8 were victims. Then one could go into some specific examples, but probably not in as much detail as at present. ===Supreme court case=== Once the case(s) seeking to overturn prop 8 have been decided, they will deserve a more prominent plce in the article than as a subsection of "Post-election events". They deserve a heading at equal level. Partiuclarly if the case(s) succeed in overturning the ban, it should probably be the final section of the article. While I was conducting this GA review, I held off quick-failing it in the hope that by the time I'd gone right through, the case would be decided and editors would have added it in. Things haven't worked out that way. As per the discussion here, I am going to quick fail this for now. But as I have previously indicated, I am happy to revisit the nomination once the court case has been determined and other suggestions above have been responded to. hamiltonstone (talk) I've responded to most of the issues brought up, though most of the sections mentioned at the end of the review have already been removed. --haha169 (talk)

2008 California Proposition 8/GA2

== October 2019 == Hello, I'm HMSLavender. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —specifically this edit to Gear— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help desk. Thanks. lavender|(formerly HMSSolent)|lambast If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices. == November 2019 == Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Treasure Island. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism may result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Nyook ✉ If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices. Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Seán Ó Faoláin, you may be blocked from editing. Paisarepa (talk) If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

195.158.80.245

Sinzhany (Синжаны) is a rural locality (a selo) in Melenkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 276 as of 2010. There are 8 streets. == References == Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast

Sinzhany

== October 2019 == Hello, I'm HMSLavender. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —specifically this edit to Imhoff-Schokoladenmuseum— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help desk. Thanks. lavender|(formerly HMSSolent)|lambast If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

85.90.76.50

== April 2009 == Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to the page Peer pressure has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. Maxis ftw (talk)

67.163.50.145

Artemgy/sandbox

Skripino (Скрипино) is a rural locality (a village) in Melenkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 178 as of 2010. There are 6 streets. == References == Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast

Skripino

== Welcome! == Hello, Future Engineers, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Unfortunately, one or more of the pages you created, such as Future Engineers/sandbox, may not conform to some of Wikipedia's guidelines, and may not be retained. There's a page about creating articles you may want to read called Your first article. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Teahouse, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type on this page, followed by your question, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few other good links for newcomers: Your first article Contributing to Wikipedia Biographies of living persons How to write a great article The five pillars of Wikipedia Help pages Tutorial I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Questions or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Cahk (talk) ==Speedy deletion nomination of Future Engineers/sandbox== A tag has been placed on Future Engineers/sandbox requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section U5 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to consist of writings, information, discussions, and/or activities not closely related to Wikipedia's goals. Please note that Wikipedia is not a free web hosting service. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such pages may be deleted at any time. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the , or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Cahk (talk)

Future Engineers

American Samoa at the 2019 Pacific Games

Kalmyk language Writers by language

Kalmyk-language writers

The Mexican Open or Abierto Mexicano de Golf is the national open golf tournament of Mexico. It was first played in 1944 at the Club de Golf Chapultepec. It was an event on the Tour de las Américas between 2003 and 2006, being co-sanctioned by the European Challenge Tour from 2004 to 2007. It became a Nationwide Tour event in 2008, and was rescheduled from December to January, which resulted in no tournament in 2007. In 2009, due to the outbreak of swine flu, the Mexican Open was rescheduled from May to September. In 2013, the tournament was moved to March and became an official event for PGA Tour Latinoamérica. The tournament would also be moved to Club de Golf Mexico. ==Winners== {|class=wikitable !Year!!Venue!!Winner!!Score!!Runner(s)-up |- ! colspan=5|PGA Tour Latinoamérica |- | 2019 || Club Campestre Tijuana || Drew Nesbitt || 263 (−17) || Andreas Halvorsen Gustavo Silva |- | 2018 || Club Campestre Tijuana || Austin Smotherman || 262 (−18) || Juan Pablo Hernández |- | 2017 || colspan=4|No tournament |- | 2016 || Club Campestre Aguascalientes || Sebastián Vázquez || 268 (−16) || Augusto Núñez |- | 2015 || Club Campestre Aguascalientes || Justin Hueber || 265 (−23) || Brad Gehl Maximiliano Godoy |- | 2014 || Club de Golf Chapultepec || Óscar David Álvarez || 271 (−17) || Nelson Ledesma |- | 2013 || Club de Golf Mexico || Ted Purdy || 281 (−7) || David Vanegas |- ! colspan=5|Nationwide Tour (bolded golfers earned promotion to PGA Tour at season's end) |- | 2012 || El Bosque Golf Club León || Lee Williams || 274 (−14)|| Paul Haley II |- | 2011 || El Bosque Golf Club León || Erik Compton || 271 (−17)|| Richard H. Lee |- | 2010 || El Bosque Golf Club León || Jamie Lovemark || 276 (−12)|| B. J. Staten |- | 2009 || El Bosque Golf Club León || Troy Merritt || 273 (−15)|| Adam Bland |- | 2008 || Tres Marias || Jarrod Lyle || 267 (−17)|| Matt Every |- ! colspan=5|Challenge Tour and Tour de las Américas |- | colspan=5|2007: No tournament due to rescheduling from December to January |- | 2006 || La Hacienda || Fabrizio Zanotti || 275 (−9)|| Daniel de León |- | 2005 || La Hacienda || Antonio Maldonado || 275 (−9)|| Mickael Dieu Rafael Gómez |- | 2004 || La Hacienda || Rafael Gómez || 270 (−14)|| Eduardo Herrera |- ! colspan=5|Tour de las Américas |- | 2003 || Moon Palace Resort || Eduardo Herrera || 278 (−10)|| Eduardo Argiro Jeff Burns |- ! colspan=5|Non-tour event |- | 2002 || La Hacienda || Pablo Fernández || 273|| David Howser |- | colspan=5|2001: No tournament |- | 2000 || México || Esteban Toledo || 271|| Robin Freeman |- | 1999 || México || Stewart Cink || 271|| Oscar Serna |- | 1998 || México || Eduardo Romero || 269|| Scott Simpson |- | 1997 || México || Frank Nobilo || 273|| |- | 1996 || México || Stewart Cink || 272|| Bob Tway |- | 1995 || México || John Cook || 273|| Scott Verplank |- | 1994 || México || Chris Perry || 274|| Bob Tway |- | 1993 || La Hacienda || Fred Funk || 268|| Donnie Hammond |- | 1992 || La Hacienda || Tom Sieckmann || 268|| Steve Elkington |- | 1991 || Chapultepec || Jay Haas || 277|| Ed Fiori |- | 1990 || La Hacienda || Bob Lohr || 269|| Carlos Espinoza |- | colspan=5|1985–89: No tournament |- | 1984 || Tijuana || Danny Mijovic || 274|| Tommy Armour III Rick Cramer |- | 1983 || Tijuana || Tommy Armour III || 280|| |- | colspan=5|1982: No tournament |- | 1981 || Chapultepec || Ben Crenshaw || 273|| Raymond Floyd |- | 1980 || Bellavista || David Graham || 279|| Jerry Pate |- | colspan=5|1978–79: No tournament |- | 1977 || Chiluca || Billy Casper || 286|| Seve Ballesteros |- | 1976 || La Hacienda || Ernesto Perez Acosta || 273|| Victor Regalado |- | 1975 || La Hacienda || Lee Trevino || 275|| Ernesto Perez Acosta Larry Ziegler |- | 1974 || Chapultepec || Ed Byman || 280|| Lee Trevino |- | 1973 || Bellavista || Lee Trevino || 281|| Victor Regalado |- | colspan=5|1972: No tournament |- | 1971 || México || Ángel Gallardo || 275|| Billy Maxwell |- | 1970 || Bellavista || Ernesto Perez Acosta || 280|| |- | colspan=5|1967–69: No tournament |- | 1966 || Monterrey || Bob McCallister || 278|| Dudley Wysong |- | 1965 || Bellavista || Homero Blancas || 284|| Lee Trevino |- | 1964 || México || Art Wall || 276|| Roberto De Vicenzo |- | 1963 || La Hacienda || Al Balding || 279|| Billy Maxwell Dick Crawford |- | 1962 || La Hacienda || Tony Lema || 281|| Jackson Bradley |- | 1961 || México || Tony Lema || 280|| Antonio Cerdá |- | 1960 || Chapultepec || Howie Johnson || 273|| Billy Maxwell |- | 1959 || Chapultepec || Ángel Miguel || 273|| Tommy Jacobs |- | 1958 || Chapultepec || Antonio Cerdá || 279|| Roberto De Vicenzo |- | 1957 || Chapultepec || Bob Rosburg || 272|| George Bayer |- | 1956 || Chapultepec || Billy Maxwell || 264|| Roberto De Vicenzo |- | 1955 || Chapultepec || Roberto De Vicenzo || 271|| Tony Holguin |- | 1954 || México || Johnny Palmer || 286|| Roberto De Vicenzo |- | 1953 || Chapultepec || Roberto De Vicenzo || 267|| Cary Middlecoff |- | 1952 || Campestre de Mexicali || Bobby Locke || 275|| Jimmy Demaret Roberto De Vicenzo |- | 1951 || Chapultepec || Roberto De Vicenzo || 267|| Al Besselink |- | 1950 || Chapultepec || Tony Holguin || 280|| Juan Neri Antonio Pedroza |- | 1949 || Chapultepec || Tony Holguin || 200|| Jimmy Demaret Sam Snead |- | colspan=5|1948: No tournament |- | 1947 || Chapultepec || Al Espinosa || 292|| Carlos Belmont (am) Amado Martinez |- | 1946 || Chapultepec || Al Espinosa || 286|| Felix Lopez |- | 1945 || Chapultepec || Al Espinosa || 290|| Antonio Pedroza |- | 1944 || Chapultepec || Al Espinosa || 281|| Percey Clifford (am) |} ==References== ==External links== List of winners Coverage on the European Tour's official site (2004–06) Coverage on the PGA Tour's official site Golf tournaments in Mexico PGA Tour Latinoamérica events Former Korn Ferry Tour events Former Challenge Tour events Former Tour de las Américas events Recurring sporting events established in 1944 Spring (season) events in Mexico

Mexican Open (golf)

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Cwoywod

Slavtsevo (Славцево) is a rural locality (a village) in Melenkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 84 as of 2010. There are 4 streets. == References == Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast

Slavtsevo

Slavtsevo

This article is about the History of the San Diego Chargers. The professional American football team now known as the Los Angeles Chargers was founded in 1959 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL). The team played the 1960 season in Los Angeles and moved to San Diego the following year, where they played from 1961 until 2016. However, the Chargers removed all references to the city of San Diego from their website and merchandise in 2014 when they moved their practice facility to Orange County. The Chargers returned to Los Angeles in 2017. ==AFL era (1961–1970)== ===1961–1966=== The team began as the Los Angeles Chargers and was established in 1959 with seven other American Football League teams: the Denver Broncos, Dallas Texans, Oakland Raiders, New York Titans, Houston Oilers, Buffalo Bills, and Boston Patriots. The Chargers' original owner was hotel heir Barron Hilton, son of Hilton Hotels founder Conrad Hilton. The team held a contest searching for a team name, and Gerald Courtney of Hollywood won a trip to Mexico for submitting "Chargers," according to the team website and other sources. Other sources quote Conrad Hilton, "I liked it because they were yelling 'charge' and sounding the bugle at Dodgers Stadium and at USC games." Frank Leahy, a former University of Notre Dame football coach, was named the team's first general manager. The Chargers initially considered playing at the Rose Bowl, but instead signed a lease to play at the Los Angeles Coliseum. They played ten years in the AFL before the AFL merged into the older NFL. For the ten-year life of the AFL, Sid Gillman was the only coach of the Chargers, who was the former coach of the NFL's Los Angeles Rams. Gillman originally signed a three-year contract as head coach. Gillman (87–57–6), who was later voted to the Hall of Fame, was widely recognized as a great offensive innovator. He also took on the dual role of coach and general manager after Frank Leahy resigned because of poor health. The early AFL years of the San Diego Chargers were highlighted by the outstanding play of wide receiver Lance Alworth with 543 receptions for 10,266 yards in his 11-AFL/NFL-season career. In addition, he set the pro football record of consecutive games with a reception (96) during his career. With players such as Alworth, Paul Lowe, Keith Lincoln and John Hadl, the high-scoring Chargers reached the AFL Championship Game five times, winning the championship once during that ten-year span. ====Relocation to San Diego==== The Chargers spent only one season in L.A. before moving in 1961, when Hilton took on George Pernicano as a minority partner (a role he would hold until his death in 2016, even after Hilton sold the team) and moved the team 125 miles south to San Diego, being Balboa Stadium in Balboa Park their home field in San Diego. On that season, the defense recorded 49 pass interceptions as the AFL played an exciting brand of football featuring strong passing attacks. The Chargers were the originators of the term "Fearsome Foursome" to describe their all-star defensive line, anchored by Earl Faison and Ernie Ladd (the latter also dabbled in professional wrestling). The phrase was later appropriated by various NFL teams. Houston defeated the Chargers 10–3 before 29,556 persons in Balboa Stadium to win the second AFL championship. The next year, the Chargers stumbled to a 4-10 record by losing eight of their last nine games due to a rash of injuries. On the last week of the 1963 season, eight Chargers scored, and Paul Lowe rushed for 183 yards scoring two touchdowns on 17 carries as the Chargers clinched the AFL West title with a 58-20 victory over Denver. The season ended a week later than scheduled after AFL postponed the games for the weekend following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22. They won their only AFL title in 1963 when they beat the Boston Patriots 51–10 before 30,127 fans at Balboa Stadium in San Diego, when Keith Lincoln accounted for 349 yards of total offense. As of 2016, this was the last major professional sports championship for the city of San Diego. In 1964, the AFL teams signed a five-year television contract with National Broadcasting Company for a record $36 million; the contract would commence with the 1965 season. The Chargers and New York Jets tied 17-17 before a record AFL crowd of 50,222 fans, 46,828 paid in New York's Shea Stadium. A Balboa Stadium attendance record of 34,865 was set as Buffalo defeated San Diego 27-24 on Thanksgiving Day. The Chargers defeated the Jets 38-3 before 25,753 attendees in Balboa Stadium to clinch their fourth AFL West title in five years. Lance Alworth left the game with a knee injury, and fullback Keith Lincoln was sidelined in the first quarter with a fractured rib. The Chargers were beaten 20-7 in Buffalo for the AFL championship. In 1965, San Diego (9-2-3) won their fifth AFL West title in six years by defeating Houston on December 12 by the score of 37-26. Paul Lowe and Lance Alworth finished 1-2 in balloting by players for AFL player of the year. Buffalo defeated the Chargers 23-0 in front of 30,361 people in Balboa Stadium for the AFL championship. A new automobile, the "Charger," was introduced by Chrysler officials at halftime. In 1966, Hilton sold the Chargers to a group of 21 business executives led by investors Eugene V. Klein and Sam Schulman for $10 million, which was considered a record transaction in professional football at the time. On the field, San Diego fell to third in the West with a 7-6-1 record. The AFL and the National Football League teams announced plans to merge during the 1970 season and Chargers and Los Angeles Rams announced they would play three preseason games at San Diego Stadium, beginning in 1967. ===1967–1970=== As of August 1967, they moved to the newly constructed San Diego Stadium (now called Qualcomm Stadium), where they played their home games until 2016. That year the Chargers began "head to head" competition with the older NFL with a preseason game at San Diego Stadium against the Detroit Lions before a crowd of 45,988. Detroit defeated the Chargers 38-17. On week 5 of regular season, Leslie "Speedy" Duncan had 203 yards in returns, 35 on a fumble recovery for a touchdown, 68 on four kickoff returns, and 100 for a touchdown on the longest interception return in AFL history as the Chargers defeated Kansas City 45-31 in a game in which the teams combined for 897 yards total offense and 622 in returns. On week 11, the Chargers were beaten by Oakland 41-21 before the first sellout crowd in the San Diego Stadium, 52,661 persons, and 2,018 persons also watched the game on closed-circuit television in the San Diego Sports Arena. In 1968, The Chargers opened the preseason at home and score their first victory over an NFL team, defeating the San Francisco 49ers 30-18 before 39,553 at San Diego Stadium. "Speedy" Duncan set an AFL record with a 95-yard punt return for a touchdown in a 37-15 loss to the New York Jets in San Diego Stadium. The team finishes third in the West with a 9-5 record. John Hadl leads the league in pass attempts (440), completions (208), yardage (3,473), touchdown passes (27) and passes intercepted. In 1969, after opening the season with two losses, the Chargers defeated the defending Super Bowl III champion New York Jets featuring QB Joe Namath before a record San Diego Stadium crowd of 54,042. The team featured that season both Hadl and Alworth, who set a professional record with a pass reception in his 96th consecutive game. Three more wins would be followed by four straight losses which ended any hopes of postseason play. The Chargers won their last four games to finish with an 8-6 record capped by a 45-6 victory over Buffalo in the season finale. Offensive backfield coach Charlie Waller was named head coach following the resignation of Sid Gillman nine games into the season from a stomach ulcer and chest hernia. Gillman continued as general manager. ===1970–1981: Joining the NFL=== In 1970, the San Diego Chargers settled into the AFC West division after the NFL merger with the AFL. The years after the merger were difficult. Charlie Waller took over as head coach, but after finishing 5-6-3, he stepped down, and Sid Gillman returned to the job, but he quit halfway through the 1971 season, which ended with six wins and eight losses. In 1972, they got Duane Thomas and Deacon Jones, but they were no help to the struggling team, which had another disappointing season (4-9-1). In 1973, the Chargers acquired legendary Colts QB Johnny Unitas, but he was almost 40 years old and suffering the effects of accumulated injuries over the years. He managed only three games before being benched and replaced by rookie Dan Fouts, but in the meantime, the team finished 2-11-1. The 1974 season was Dan Fouts' first as the starting QB. Don Woods also came to the team for that season and ran over 1,000 yards in a 5-9 finish. But the following season, Woods suffered a major sophomore slump, and Fouts continued to play poorly as the Chargers ended 2-12. The Chargers began 1976 with a 3-0 start, but Dan Fouts still struggled on-field, and the team ended the year at 6-8. After another strong start to the 1977 season, San Diego lost four out of five games in a row, leading to Fouts being benched. The team ultimately finished 7-7. ====1978==== 1978 was a year of dramatic change as the NFL expanded the regular season to 16 games and altered the rules so that wide receivers could no longer block defensive backs more than five yards beyond the line of scrimmage. In the opening game of the season, the Chargers beat Seattle 24-20. A week later, in what has since been referred to as "Holy Roller" game, or as Chargers fans call it, the "Immaculate Deception". It was a game-winning play executed by the Oakland Raiders against the Chargers on September 10, 1978, in San Diego at Jack Murphy Stadium. With 10 seconds left in the game, the Raiders had possession of the ball at the Chargers' 14-yard line, down 20–14. Raiders quarterback Ken Stabler took the snap and found himself about to be sacked by Chargers linebacker Woodrow Lowe on the 24-yard line. Stabler fumbled the ball forward, and it rolled forward towards the San Diego goal line. Running back Pete Banaszak tried to recover the ball on the 12-yard line, but could not keep his footing, and the ball was pushed even closer to the end zone. Raiders tight end Dave Casper was the next player to reach the ball but he also could not get a hand on it. He batted and kicked the ball into the end zone, where he fell on it for the game-tying touchdown as time ran out. With the ensuing extra point by kicker Errol Mann, the Raiders won 21–20, In What many Charger fans believed should have been called an incomplete pass (and possibly intentional grounding) was seen as a fumble and the rest of the play involved batting of the ball forward towards the end zone where the Raiders ultimately recovered it for a touchdown . As a result of this play, NFL rules were changed so that, in the last two minutes of a half or game, the only offensive player allowed to advance a fumble is the player who originally fumbled. If any other offensive player recovers the fumble and advances the ball, after the play the line of scrimmage is the spot of the original fumble. In week 3, the Chargers lost again, but this time, to Denver in Week 3. Returning home for Week 4, the Chargers faced Green Bay in an interconference match played as a major heat wave was gripping San Diego. With kickoff temperatures around 102 °F (38 °C), it was one of the hottest games in NFL history. Unfortunately, for the Chargers, facing an opponent whose home was in one of the coldest NFL cities did not prove very beneficial as the Packers easily beat them 24-3. After this debacle, head coach Tommy Prothro was relieved of his duties. Replacing him was ex-St. Louis Cardinals coach Don Coryell, hired the same day as the city of San Diego was shaken by the crash of a Pacific Southwest Airlines jet into a suburban neighborhood. Coryell's first game as Chargers head coach was a cross-country journey to New England, and although that match was another loss, the team's fortunes would soon turn around. With San Diego still mourning the PSA 182 crash, the Chargers returned home and shut out division rival Denver to "win one for the city". Coryell ushered in his "Air Coryell" offense with Fouts throwing to a trio of receivers featuring Charlie Joiner, John Jefferson and tight end Kellen Winslow as they rallied to finish 9–7, just barely missing the playoffs. ====1979==== 1979 marked a turning point for the Chargers franchise as The Sporting News named team general manager John Sanders NFL Executive of the Year after balloting of other NFL executives. Coached by Don Coryell (with an offense nicknamed "Air Coryell"), Fouts set an NFL record with four consecutive 300-yard passing games, established in a game in which he threw for 303 yards against the Oakland Raiders. Coached by Don Coryell and also featuring Joiner, Jefferson and Winslow, San Diego clinched their first playoff berth in 14 years with a 35–0 victory against the New Orleans Saints. On December 17, 1979, the Chargers defeated the Denver Broncos 17–7 for their first AFC West division title since the merger before a national Monday Night Football television audience and their home crowd. Unfortunately, their playoff time was short as the Houston Oilers sent the Chargers packing with a 17–14 loss in the Divisional Round. Ron Mix became the second AFL player and second Charger to be named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, during halftime of the AFC-NFC Pro Bowl. ====1980==== The 1980 team saw the team trade for running back Chuck Muncie, and Fouts set a club record with 444 yards passing in the Chargers' 44–7 victory over the New York Giants. Kellen Winslow caught 10 passes for 171 yards and Chargers clinched their second straight AFC West title by defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers 26–17 and finished the regular season with an 11–5 record. Jefferson (1,340), Winslow (1,290), and Joiner (1,132) became the first trio on the same team to have 1,000 yards receiving in a season. The Chargers' defense led the NFL in sacks (60) spearheaded by the frontline of 1975 Chargers' draftees Fred Dean, Gary "Big Hands" Johnson and Louie Kelcher. The trio, along with Leroy Jones formed a defensive frontline that was locally nicknamed Bruise Brothers. The Chargers finished the season with a record of 11–5 (tops in the AFC West), In the playoffs, they won the divisional round 20–14 over the Buffalo Bills. However, they fell one game shy of Super Bowl XV in a 34–27 loss to the eventual-champion Oakland Raiders. ====1981==== In 1981, the Chargers won their third straight AFC West title with a 10–6 season. After the division titles of the 1979 and 1980 seasons, contract disputes arose and owner Klein refused to renegotiate players' contracts. They traded wide receiver John Jefferson to the Green Bay Packers after he held out for an increase in salary but replaced him with Wes Chandler. Defensive end Dean also became involved in a holdout and was traded to the 49ers. Dean contends he was making the same amount of money as his brother-in-law who was a truck driver. Dean won UPI NFC Defensive Player of the Year (while playing in only 11 games) that same year en route to a Super Bowl victory and helped the 49ers to another Super Bowl title two years later. Dean's loss was particularly damaging to the Chargers' Super Bowl chances as the defense weakened afterwards, surrendering the most passing yards in the NFL in both 1981 and 1982. In the 1981 playoffs, the Chargers outlasted the Miami Dolphins in the divisional round, 41–38, in a game that became known as The Epic in Miami. The game was voted as the best game in NFL history by a panel of ESPN journalists. The temperature was 85 °F with high humidity (29.4 °C) at the Miami Orange Bowl, but it did not stop either team's offense. The Chargers were led by quarterback Dan Fouts who made the Pro Bowl for the third year in a row, setting an NFL single-season record at that time of 4,802 yards and 33 touchdowns. The Dolphins were led by head coach Don Shula and featured a defense that gave up the fifth-fewest points in the NFL in the regular season. This game set playoff records for the most points scored in a playoff game (79), the most total yards by both teams (1,036), and most passing yards by both teams (809). Chargers placekicker Rolf Benirschke eventually kicked the winning 29-yard field goal after 13:52 of overtime to help San Diego beat Miami, 41–38. The image of an exhausted tight end Kellen Winslow, who finished the game with 13 receptions for 166 yards and a touchdown and one blocked field goal, being helped off the field by two of his Chargers teammates has been replayed countless times. Winslow was voted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1995. However, the eventual-AFC Champion Cincinnati Bengals, playing in their first AFC Championship Game, defeated the Chargers 27–7 in what became known as the Freezer Bowl. The temperature of −9° with a wind-chill factor of −59° made this the coldest weather conditions for a title game in the history of the NFL. Chargers owner Eugene Klein tried to get the NFL and Bengals to postpone the game but he was turned down. "I can't say how much it affected us, because we did make it to the AFC championship game", said Johnson on the loss of fellow lineman Dean. "But I could say if we had more pass rush from the corner, it might've been different." ==1982–1993== During the strike-shortened 1982 season, Fouts averaged what was then a record of 320 yards passing per game. (The NFL record is 342.31, set by Peyton Manning in 2013.) Highlights that season included back-to-back victories against the 1981 Super Bowl teams San Francisco (41–37) and Cincinnati (50–34) in which Fouts threw for over 400 yards in each game to lead the Chargers to shootout victories. The December 20, 1982 Cincinnati game was a rematch of the 1981 AFC Championship Game. The Chargers would generate a total offensive yardage record of 661 (501 yards passing, 175 yards rushing) that still stands as the most in team history in defeating Cincinnati. Also during the year, Chandler, set the record of 129 yards receiving per game that is still an NFL record. The Chargers made it back to the playoffs. In 1984, Klein cut salary in preparation of selling the team, sending defensive linemen Johnson and Kelcher to San Francisco, where they would join Dean and offensive tackle Billy Shields for another 49ers championship in Super Bowl XIX. Alex Spanos purchased a majority interest in San Diego from Klein on August 1. Prior to the teams move to Los Angeles, Alex G. Spanos had still owned 97% of the team and George Pernicano, owned the other 3%. Benirschke was named "Miller Man of the Year" and Joiner set an NFL record with his 650th pass reception in the fourth quarter of the game at Pittsburgh. In guard Ed White set an NFL record by playing in 241 NFL games, most all-time among offensive linemen. Lionel "Little Train" James, a mere 5'6" and 171 pound running back, set NFL record of 2,535 all-purpose yards while also setting a record of 1,027 receiving yards by a running back. ====Changing Head Coaches==== Al Saunders was named the seventh head coach in Chargers history in 1986 following the resignation of Coryell. In 1987 Joiner retired to become receivers coach of the Chargers. The Chargers finished with an 8–7 record, their first winning record since 1982, despite winding up with six straight losses. In Fouts retired after a 15-year career in which he set seven NFL records and 42 club records, and became the NFL's second most prolific passer of all-time with 43,040 yards. Fouts's jersey number (14) was retired at halftime of "Dan Fouts Day" game in San Diego. In 1989, Dan Henning, a former Chargers quarterback, Washington Redskins assistant, and Atlanta Falcons head coach, was named the eighth head coach in Chargers history. First-year running back Marion Butts set a club record with 39 carries and a team rookie record with 176 yards in Chargers' 20–13 win in Kansas City. After a three-year stint as Director of Football Operations, Steve Ortmayer was released after the season and replaced by Bobby Beathard. Following Henning's three-season stint with the Chargers, Bobby Ross was hired as the ninth head coach in 1992. Additionally, the Chargers acquired quarterback Stan Humphries in a trade with the Washington Redskins. San Diego lost its first four games during the season and many thought the Chargers would miss the playoffs again. However, the Chargers came roaring back and became the first 0-4 team to make the playoffs, as they won 11 of the last 12 games and clinched the AFC West title. Ross was named AFC Coach of the Year for the Chargers' dramatic turnaround. In the Wild Card Round, they managed to shut out the Kansas City Chiefs 17-0, but they got shut out in the Divisional Round to the Miami Dolphins 31-0. In 1993, the Chargers ended up 8-8 (fourth in their division) and ending an average year on the outside looking in. ==1994–2003== ===1994: AFC Champions=== In the 1994 season, the Chargers made their first and, so far, only Super Bowl appearance, against the 49ers in Super Bowl XXIX. They got to the Super Bowl by winning their first six regular season games, the only NFL team to do so in 1994, and finished the season 11–5. Quarterback Stan Humphries and wide receiver Tony Martin combined on a 99-yard touchdown completion to tie an NFL record during a defeat of the Seattle Seahawks, 27–10. They would become the 1994 AFC West Division champions behind a defense led by linebacker Junior Seau, defensive tackles Reuben Davis and Shawn Lee, defensive end Leslie O'Neal and an offense keyed by running back Natrone Means, Humphries and Martin. The Chargers had upset victories over the Dolphins and Steelers in the AFC playoffs. Despite those two close triumphs (22–21 against the Dolphins in the Divisional Round, and 17–13 against the Steelers in the AFC Championship Game), the Chargers lost Super Bowl XXIX to the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 49–26, who were led by quarterback Steve Young (Super Bowl MVP) and wide receiver Jerry Rice. Despite the lopsided loss in the Super Bowl, Beathard, who traded for or drafted the bulk of the Chargers roster, and who hired coach Ross, was named the NFL's smartest man by Sports Illustrated, and became the only general manager to lead three different teams to the Super Bowl (Chargers, Dolphins, Redskins). The Chargers' follow-up year in 1995 did not bring the same success of the previous season, but the team still managed to get into the playoffs with a five-game winning streak to end the season at 9–7. However, in the first round, the Chargers were eliminated by the Indianapolis Colts in a 35–20 defeat. ===1996–2003=== In 1996, running back Rodney Culver and his wife, Karen, were killed in the crash of ValuJet Flight 592 in the Florida Everglades. Culver was the second player in team history to die while on the active roster after David Griggs was killed in a one-car accident in Davie, Florida, 11 months earlier. In 1997, Ross and Beathard were at odds with one another, resulting in Ross and his staff being released. The Chargers selected Kevin Gilbride to become their new head coach. Gilbride, whose coaching background with the Jacksonville Jaguars and Oilers featured a more open passing attack, would mark a major change in offensive style from the ball control ground game of Ross. Beathard drafted quarterback Ryan Leaf after the Indianapolis Colts selected Peyton Manning with the first pick in the 1998 NFL Draft. The Chargers traded several players and draft choices to the Arizona Cardinals in order to move up to the second pick and select Leaf. Leaf turned out to be arguably the biggest bust in NFL history. His poor play and attitude caused his departure after the 2000 season. In 1998, the Chargers went 5–11. Said safety Rodney Harrison, "If I had to go through another year like that, I'd probably quit playing." The Chargers struggled in pass protection, resulting in Humphries suffering several concussions and his retirement from the game. Gilbride was replaced by interim head coach June Jones, who was on the Chargers' staff before the hire. Jones left the team at the end of the season to coach at the University of Hawaii and the Chargers named former Oregon State University head coach Mike Riley as their new head coach. Leaf wound up having a disappointing career with the Chargers after a great deal of controversy with both the Charger management as well as the press and his teammates. His failure to be the player the team envisioned was seen as a black mark on the franchise and is generally considered one of the worst draft/trades in the history of pro football. Quarterback Jim Harbaugh, who was acquired in a trade with the Baltimore Ravens for a conditional draft choice in 2000, became the Chargers starting quarterback. Beathard retired in April 2000 and was replaced in January 2001 by John Butler, former general manager of the Bills. From to , the Chargers had eight-straight seasons where they were .500 or worse. In 2001, Norv Turner, the former head coach of the Redskins, was named offensive coordinator by Riley. Turner installed the offense that he coached with the Dallas Cowboys under Jimmy Johnson. Turner learned the offense from Ernie Zampese, former offensive coordinator during the Coryell era, while the two were on the Los Angeles Rams coaching staff. The Chargers signed Heisman Trophy winner free agent quarterback Doug Flutie, formerly with the Bills, and traded the team's first overall selection in the 2001 NFL Draft to the Atlanta Falcons for the first-round selection (5th overall) and third-round selection in the same draft. In addition the Chargers obtained wide receiver-kick returner Tim Dwight and the Falcons' second-round draft selection in the 2002 NFL Draft. The Chargers used those selections in the 2001 draft to select Texas Christian University running back LaDainian Tomlinson and Purdue University quarterback Drew Brees. Hired as a replacement to Riley, Marty Schottenheimer's Chargers squad opened the 2002 season with four-straight victories, making him the only coach in team history to win his first four games. Butler would succumb to cancer after a nine-month struggle in April 2003. Replacing Butler was A. J. Smith, who was named Executive Vice President-General Manager, replacing his close friend. Smith and Butler had worked together with the Bills, playing key roles with Buffalo's Super Bowl teams. In 2003, the Chargers traded Seau to the Dolphins for a draft pick in 2004 NFL Draft. Seau was selected to 2003 Pro Bowl, his 12th Pro Bowl selection of his career, and in his final season with the Chargers, he was chosen by teammates as the recipient of the Emil Karas Award as the team's Most Inspirational Player. Also in 2003, Tomlinson accumulated 195 total yards from scrimmage in a late-season game against the Packers to raise his season total to 2,011 and became the first player in team history and the eighth player in NFL history to record consecutive 2,000-yard seasons. Tomlinson also became the first player in NFL history to rush for 1,000 yards and catch 100 passes in the same season. The Chargers were the host team for Super Bowl XXXII and XXXVII. During the 2005 NFL Draft, the Chargers drafted key rookies who would help carry the momentum from their successful 2004–05 run. They used their first pick on LB Shawne Merriman from the University of Maryland. Their next picks included DT Luis Castillo from Northwestern University, WR Vincent Jackson from Northern Colorado, RB Darren Sproles from Kansas State, OT Wesley Britt from Alabama University, OT Wes Sims from Oklahoma University, and Center Scott Mruczkowski from Bowling Green State. The Chargers had a rough start to their 2005 campaign, losing a close game to the Dallas Cowboys in their Week 1 home-opener (28-24) and then lost on the road to the Denver Broncos (20-17). It wasn't until a Week 3 home game on Sunday night that they got their first win of the season, when Eli Manning and the New York Giants got "shocked to the system" as LaDainian Tomlinson had one of the greatest games of his career. Tomlinson accounted for 220 total yards, 3 rushing touchdowns, and even threw for a touchdown as he helped the Chargers win 45–23. A week later, they were able to build off their win by not only beating the two-time defending champion New England Patriots 41-17, but also ending the Pats' 21-game winning streak at home. In their Week 5 Monday Night home game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Chargers wore their throw-back uniforms during this season (they had also worn them during the 1994 season). The Steelers held on to win with a 40-yard field goal by Jeff Reed (24–22). The Chargers rebounded on the road against their division rival Oakland Raiders (27-14). In their Week 7 road trip to Philadelphia, they hoped to build off their win against the Eagles. Late in the game, with the Chargers leading 17–13, the Chargers tried to go for a field goal to put their lead well out of reach, but it got blocked and Eagles DB Matt Ware returned it 65 yards for the game-winning touchdown and the Chargers fourth loss of the season. After going 3-4, the Chargers turned things around as they began a five-game winning streak. They won at home against division-rival Kansas City Chiefs (28–20) and on the road against the New York Jets (31–26). Coming off their Week 10 bye, they went home and wore their throw-back uniforms again. This time, it was a dominating performance as the Chargers man-handled the Buffalo Bills, 48–10. Then, they went on the road and won a close match against the Washington Redskins (23–17 in OT) and then they swept the Oakland Raiders at home by a score of 34–10. The Chargers were 8–5, coming off a 23–21 loss to the Miami Dolphins. On December 18, the Chargers beat the undefeated Indianapolis Colts 26-17, snapping a 13–0 winning streak. However, despite a record of 9–6, they were officially eliminated from AFC playoff contention in 2005 after a 20–7 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs the following Saturday. The Chargers lost their final game of the season by a score of 23-7 to the AFC West champion Denver Broncos to finish with a record of 9-7. ==2006–2012: Rise of Philip Rivers== The Chargers delivered an impressive performance in 2006, losing only to the Ravens and Chiefs, they finished 14–2 which secured them the #1 AFC seed in the playoffs. However, they lost 24–21 to the New England Patriots in the divisional round. During the following offseason, they replaced Schottenheimer with new head coach Norv Turner. In 2007, they went 11–5, beating the Tennessee Titans and the defending champion Indianapolis Colts to reach the AFC title game. However, they fell to the Patriots for the second year in a row. In 2008, the Chargers dropped to 8–8, but as the AFC West was unusually weak that year, they still managed to win the division title. Defeating the Colts in the wild card round, they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round. San Diego began the 2009 2–3. After losing to the Broncos on Monday night, they began an unbroken winning streak for the rest of the season, which included defeating the entire NFC East. In Week 11, they avenged their earlier loss against the Broncos by inflicting a 32–3 rout on them. The next game saw them beat a 1–11 Cleveland Browns squad 30–23, in which LaDainian Tomlinson broke Hall of Famer Jim Brown's rushing record and was congratulated by him afterwards. The Chargers secured another division title, the #2 AFC seed, and looked to be a near shoo-in for the Super Bowl. However, the team's postseason futility continued. Hosting the New York Jets on January 17, 2010, they endured an upset defeat, where, despite an early lead, were unable to overcome the strong Jets' defense. Kicker Nate Kaeding also missed three field goal and PAT attempts, which resulted in the Chargers losing 17–14. ===2010–2012=== The 2010 season was the first season without LaDainian Tomlinson since 2000 (Tomlinson was let go by management due to his age and an oversized contract relative to production and other issues; he went on to lead the Jets in rushing with 914 yards & tied for 3rd in receptions with 52).The 2010 campaign started off slowly again, this time 2–5 (including losses to some of the worst teams in football at the time). On the season opener, the Chargers lost in Kansas City for the first time in four years, 21–14. Their home opener in Week 2 was an easy rout of the Jaguars, but they failed to sell enough tickets and consequently suffered a blackout for the first time since 2004. They followed this with a trip to Seattle in which they lost 27–20. Returning home for Week 4, the Chargers inflicted a 41–10 rout on the Cardinals, but the game was blacked out again. The loss to Oakland ended their 13-game winning streak against the Raiders since their last loss on September 28, 2003. The Chargers then went on another second half run with four straight wins but this time instead of keeping the streak going the entire second half they had a big let down losing at home to the Raiders again, this time 28–13 (ending their shared NFL record, with the Dolphins, of 18 straight wins in December). Despite the loss, they still had a chance to win their 5th straight AFC West title, tying the Raiders, but they had another bad loss at the Bengals 34–20 ending their chances. The Chargers beat Denver to end the season with a 9–7 record & out of the playoffs for the first time since 2005. They finished the season as the 8th team in NFL history to rank #1 in overall offense (395.6 yards/game), and overall defense (271.6 yards/game), and became only the 2nd of those teams to not make the playoffs (1953 Eagles 7–4–1). They were second to the Colts in passing yards per game (282.4), second to the Patriots in points scored per game (27.6), 1st in passing yards allowed per game (177.8), 4th in rushing yards allowed per game (93.8), and tied for 2nd in sacks (47). On the negative stat sheet, they gave up the most punt return yards per game (18.9) & had 29 turnovers. Philip Rivers had another great season with a career-high 4,710 yards (#1 in the NFL), 294 yards passing per game (tied for 1st with Manning), 66% completion pct. (third to Brees & Manning), 30 TD's, only 13 INT's & a 101.8 passer rating (second to Brady). Mike Tolbert 11 rushing TD's & Antonio Gates 10 receiving TD's were among the league leaders in TD's scored. On defense, Shaun Phillips' 11 sacks were in the top 10. With the special teams failure of the 2010 season campaign, the Chargers hoped to rebound with a strong performance to start the season, and a way to overcome slow starts. The Chargers started off the 2011 season with a 4–1 campaign, with their only loss to the New England Patriots. From that point on, however, the Chargers began a six-game skid with losses to the Jets, Chiefs, Packers, Raiders, Bears, and Broncos, with the first four by only a score and against Denver in overtime. Injuries to both the offensive and the defensive line hit the Chargers hard. But finally on December 5, 2011, the Chargers got their first win in over a month against the Jacksonville Jaguars, beating the also-struggling team. The Chargers then began a three-game winning streak most notably beating the Ravens by more than any team has beat them that season. However, the Chargers were beaten, 38–10, by the Detroit Lions to drop their record to 7–8 and eliminate the possibility of being in the playoffs. After a 38–26 victory over the Raiders in week 17, the Chargers finished at 8–8 and in a numerical tie for first place in the AFC West along with Oakland and Denver. However, the Chargers were beaten out by Denver for the Division Title via tie-breaker. On October 21, 2012, a line judge saw what he thought was a suspicious substance on hand towels used by the players. If the NFL determined the Chargers were using banned adhesives during game time, they would have suffered consequences, such as a fine or loss of an important draft pick for next season. However, on November 7, the league announced that the Chargers did not cheat, though the team was fined $20,000. After missing the playoffs for the third straight season in 2012, the Chargers fired general manager Smith and head coach Turner. ==2013–2016: The final years== On January 9, 2013, the Chargers announced that Tom Telesco, former Vice President of Football Operations with the Indianapolis Colts, would take over as General Manager following the firing of A. J. Smith. On January 15, 2013, Broncos offensive coordinator, Mike McCoy, was hired as the new and Ken Whisenhunt as offensive coordinator. The San Diego Chargers selected D. J. Fluker, Manti Te'o, and Keenan Allen in the first three rounds of the 2013 NFL Draft. With Norv Turner taking a new job as Cleveland Browns offensive coordinator, Mike McCoy got the team off to an inconsistent 2-3 start, but then won two games in a row, against Indianapolis on Monday Night Football, then against Jacksonville. Following the bye week however, the Chargers lost four of the next five. With postseason hopes looking rather faint, the team managed to pull a proverbial rabbit from a hat as they won all the remaining regular season games and faced a combination of losses from other AFC teams that allowed them to sneak into the wild card playoffs with a 9–7 record. On the 50th anniversary of the 1963 AFL Championship, the Chargers beat Cincinnati handily at 27–10, but their miracle season at last ended the next week in Denver as their division rival knocked them out 24–17, in what ended up being their last playoff game as a San Diego team. On January 13, 2014, the Tennessee Titans hired Ken Whisenhunt, former Chargers' offensive coordinator, as their new . On January 14, 2014, the Chargers announced Frank Reich would replace Whisenhunt as the offensive coordinator. Reich spent last season as the Chargers' quarterback coach. Chargers also made key moves to re-signing Donald Butler, Chad Rinehart, and Darrell Stuckey. They also cut free agent bust Derek Cox. In addition, they added running back Donald Brown via free agency. The San Diego Chargers selected Jason Verrett, Jeremiah Attaochu, and Chris Watt in the first three rounds of the 2014 NFL Draft. After starting the season strongly, including a five-win run in September and October, the Chargers were beset by a string of injuries to key players, and eventually finished the season at 9-7. In contrast to 2013, the record was not enough to make the playoffs. The Chargers began the season 5–1, winning five straight after losing their season opener. It was followed by a three-game losing streak, and they finished 4–4 in the second half. They won just two of their final five games, coming back from double-digit fourth quarter deficits twice to remain in playoff contention. They lost the final game of the season when a win would have secured a playoff berth. In three of their last four games, and five of their last eight, the Chargers did not score more than one touchdown. Compared to 2013, the offense dropped in points (from 12th in the league to 17th), yards (5th to 18th), first downs (3rd to 15th), net yards per pass (2nd to 8th), rushing yards (13th to 30) and yards per rush (21st to 31st). It was the second time in three years the team finished second-to-last in yards per carry. San Diego was just 2–4 against teams in their division in the AFC West, and were swept by both the Denver Broncos and the Kansas City Chiefs. It was their worst intradivision record since they were 1–5 in 2003. The Chargers were only 3–6 against teams with winning records. They matched their 9–7 record from 2013, but missed the playoffs for the fourth time in five seasons. In the 2015 NFL draft, the Chargers selected Melvin Gordon, Denzel Perryman, and Craig Mager in the first three rounds. The season started off with a win against the Detroit Lions at home. The Chargers lost to the Cincinnati Bengals and Minnesota Vikings on the road before defeating the Cleveland Browns on a last second field goal. Following their 2-2 start, the Chargers lost their next six games, dropping to 2-8. In their six straight losses, they lost heartbreakers to the Pittsburgh Steelers, Green Bay Packers, Baltimore Ravens and the Chicago Bears, as well as sound defeats by both, division rivals, the Oakland Raiders and the Kansas City Chiefs. They finally broke their losing streak by defeating the Jacksonville Jaguars on the road, bringing their record to 3-8, in last place in the AFC West and 3rd worst in the American Football Conference (one game ahead of both the Browns and the Tennessee Titans). They are also tied for the third worst record in the National Football League. They then proceeded to beat the Miami Dolphins in Week 14 winning 30-14. They finished the season 4-12. The 2016 Season was dominated by the team's last attempt to remain in San Diego, and was the last for head coach Mike McCoy. The Chargers drafted Defensive End Joey Bosa with the 3rd overall pick in the 2016 Draft. Other selections included Hunter Henry, Max Tuerk, Joshua Perry, Jatavis Brown, Drew Kaser, Derek Watt, and Donavon Clark. The Chargers started their season in Kansas City, against the Chiefs. The Chargers held a 21-3 lead at Halftime. The Chiefs rallied back in the Second Half to beat the team 33-27. The Jacksonville Jaguars faced the Chargers in their final home opener. The Chargers had lost Running back Danny Woodhead, who tore his ACL, thus shutting him down for the remainder of the season. The Chargers would beat them 38-14 however. The Chargers would lose three straight to the Colts, Saints, and Raiders, before picking up a 21-13 victory against the Denver Broncos and a 33-30 Victory against the Atlanta Falcons. The Chargers only won two more game after this two-game winning streak, finishing the season 5-11. Among their notable losses, including a 31-24 loss to the Dolphins, just five days after Measure C failed, and their final game, a 37-27 loss to Kansas City in San Diego. They also lost to the Cleveland Browns in Week 16, resulting in Cleveland's only win of their season. ==Move to Los Angeles== Chargers owner Dean Spanos tried for fifteen years to get San Diego to build a new stadium for him to replace the aging Qualcomm Stadium, warning that he would move the team to Los Angeles if one was not built. Negotiations to get the city of San Diego to pick up most of the cost were unsuccessful. As attorney and team spokesperson Mark Fabiani continually bashed the local San Diego city government's efforts to negotiate a stadium replacement, St. Louis Rams owner Stan Kroenke announced in January 2015 his intention to build a new stadium in Inglewood, California. The Chargers decided to announce their own Los Angeles plan, to preserve what they claimed was "25 percent of their fan base" in the affluent Los Angeles and Orange County areas. The team soon announced a stadium proposal in Carson, California, in partnership with the Oakland Raiders, their AFC West divisional rival. One day after the conclusion of the regular season, the Chargers, Rams, and Raiders all filed applications to relocate to Los Angeles. On January 12, 2016, the NFL owners voted 30–2 to allow the Rams to return to Los Angeles, approving the Inglewood stadium project over the Carson project. The Chargers were given a one-year-delayed approval to relocate, conditioned on negotiating a lease agreement with the Rams or an agreement to partner with the Rams on the new stadium construction. Two days later, the team filed paperwork for official trademark protection of the term "Los Angeles Chargers" for the purposes of running and marketing a professional football franchise. The Chargers submitted to the City of Santa Ana grading and landscape plans for a five-acre parcel of land to be used as interim headquarters and training facilities "in the event the team exercises its option to relocate to the Los Angeles area." After two weeks of negotiations, the Chargers and Rams came to an agreement in principle on sharing the planned City of Champions Stadium on January 29, 2016. The Chargers would contribute a $200 million stadium loan from the NFL and personal seat license fees to the construction costs, and they would pay $1 per year in rent to the Rams. As an incentive to work out a stadium deal in their current market, the NFL pledged $100 million to the Chargers if they came to an agreement with the city of San Diego. While the team had until March 2016 to decide if they would relocate to Los Angeles for the season, Chargers chairman/CEO Dean Spanos announced on January 29, 2016, that the team would remain in San Diego for the season. The announcement stated that the team would also be working over the year with government and business leaders on a new stadium proposal to keep the team in San Diego indefinitely. The Chargers continued preliminary work on a ballot initiative for public approval of a new facility. On February 23, 2016, the Chargers announced that their stadium efforts would be focused on a stadium in East Village, Downtown San Diego and that they would refuse to entertain a more economic plan in Mission Valley. On March 30, it was reported that the stadium would be financed from $650 million from the team and the NFL, with a tax hike of $1.15 billion in bonds, including a $350 million city contribution, $600 million for the convention center, and $200 million to acquire land. On April 21, a rendering of the proposed downtown stadium was unveiled by the Chargers. Two days later, the downtown stadium initiative signature collection was launched with Roger Goodell, Philip Rivers, LaDainian Tomlinson, Mike McCoy, and Dean Spanos. On June 10, the Chargers announced that they had collected 110,786 signatures for the downtown stadium initiative. In July 9, San Diego City Clerk Liz Malland announced that the downtown Chargers stadium initiative had secured enough valid signatures, so on July 18, the San Diego City Council voted 8-0 to put the Chargers stadium plan and the Citizens Plan on the November ballot. On July 28, the San Diego Regional Chamber of Commerce announced its support of the Chargers downtown stadium proposal, and on October 3, Mayor Kevin Faulconer officially announced his support of the Chargers stadium plan. However, on November 8, 2016, Measure C was voted down (57% opposed vs. 43% in support). The City of San Diego and SDSU reached out to Spanos and the Chargers attempting to negotiate a deal in Mission Valley. The Chargers never responded. At an NFL owners' meeting the following month, the terms of the Chargers and Rams lease agreement, as well as the team's debt ceiling, were approved, thus signaling the Chargers' relocation to Los Angeles for the season. On December 23, 2016, the Chargers agreed to lease part of a Costa Mesa office campus for offices, practice fields, and training facility on nearly 3.2 acres. On January 12, 2017, Spanos officially announced the Chargers would move to Los Angeles for the 2017 season. Aware of the limited fanbase, the team will play in the StubHub Center in Carson, California, and ultimately share the under-construction Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park with the Los Angeles Rams, making Los Angeles once again a two-NFL franchise city, while leaving the team's hometown San Diego without an NFL team for the first time in 56 years. ==Records== ===Seasons=== ====Footnotes==== As a result of the AFL–NFL merger, the league was broken into two conferences; the AFL teams moved into the American Football Conference. This season included the Holy Roller game. The Chargers finished ahead of Oakland in the AFC West based on better net points in division games. The Chargers finished ahead of the Denver Broncos based on better divisional record. This game is known as The Epic in Miami. This game was known as the Freezer Bowl. The 1982 season was shortened by a strike, so the league was divided up into two conferences instead of its normal divisional alignment. The strike of 1987 reduced the regular season schedule from 16 to 15 games. ===Retired numbers=== ===Pro Football Hall of Famers=== (*) Indicates Player or Coach began his tenure in Los Angeles ===Chargers Hall of Fame=== The Chargers created their Hall of Fame in 1976. The members of the Hall of Fame are honored at the Chargers Ring of Honor, founded in 2000 and viewable above the visiting team's sideline of Qualcomm Stadium on the press level. Eligible candidates must have been retired for at least four seasons. Selections are made by a five-member committee chaired by Dean Spanos, Chargers vice-chairman. As of 1992, other committee members included Bob Breitbard, founder of the San Diego Hall of Champions; Ron Fowler, president of the Greater San Diego Sports Association; Jane Rappoport, president of the Charger Backers; and Bill Johnston, the team's director of public relations. The Chargers in 2012 allowed fans to vote for the newest member. ===50th Anniversary Team=== The Chargers announced their 50th Anniversary Team in 2009 to honor the top players and coaches in the team's history. The Chargers were founded in 1959. The team included 53 players and coaches selected from 103 nominees. The Chargers originally stated that only 50 members would be selected. Online voting by fans accounted for 50% of the voting results; votes from Chargers Hall of Famers and five members of the local media made up for the other 50%. Over 400,000 votes were cast online. Dan Fouts and LaDainian Tomlinson received the first and second most votes, respectively. The team features 7 Pro Football Hall of Fame members and 11 players that were active on the 2009 Chargers team. ===San Diego Hall of Champions=== Lance Alworth, Ron Mix, John Hadl, Charlie Joiner, Don Coryell, Sid Gillman, Gary Garrison, Dan Fouts, Ed White, Kellen Winslow, Earl Faison, Rolf Benirschke, Keith Lincoln, Russ Washington, Stan Humphries, Ernie Ladd, and Doug Wilkerson are also members of the San Diego Hall of Champions, which is open to athletes from the San Diego area as well as those who played for San Diego-based professional and collegiate teams. == Franchise records == === Passing === ∗ = minimum 15 attempts, # = min. 100 attempts, + = min. 500 attempts === Rushing === ∗ = minimum 15 attempts, # = min. 100 attempts, + = min. 500 attempts === Receiving === ∗ = minimum 4 receptions, # = min. 20 receptions, + = min. 200 receptions === Special teams, defense, other === ∗ = minimum 20; # = min. 5; + = min. 3 === Exceptional Performances === === Other career records === === Team records === ==See also== History of the National Football League in Los Angeles History of the Los Angeles Chargers ==References== San Diego Chargers San Diego Chargers American football teams in San Diego

GEbb4/sandbox/History of the San Diego Chargers

Skripino

Sinzhany

Selino, Vladimir Oblast

Savkovo

Rozhdestveno, Melenkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast

Repino, Vladimir Oblast

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Ratnovo

Ramen, Vladimir Oblast

Prudnya

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Panovsky

Lynrizkala

== Welcome! == Hello, Lynrizkala, and welcome to Wikipedia! My name is Shalor and I work with the Wiki Education Foundation; I help support students who are editing as part of a class assignment. I hope you enjoy editing here. If you haven't already done so, please check out the student training library, which introduces you to editing and Wikipedia's core principles. You may also want to check out the Teahouse, a community of Wikipedia editors dedicated to helping new users. Below are some resources to help you get started editing. {| width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top;" ! Handouts |- | Choosing an article to edit Editing an article • Add images to articles Citing sources on Wikipedia |- ! Additional Resources |- | You can find answers to many student questions on our Q&A site, |- |} If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Shalor (Wiki Ed) (talk) == Fouad Ephrem Al-Boustani == Hi Lynrizkala. You moved an article you were developing in your sandbox Lynrizkala/sandbox into the Wikipedia mainspace with a title: Lynrizkala/sandbox, which means that it is published. I have moved this to Fouad Ephrem Al-Boustani, as this is the right title. However, you may not be ready to publish this article yet? If not, then just move this to Fouad Ephrem Al-Boustani, which is draftspace, where you can keep developing it at your leisure (you have 6 months), and when you are ready, you can move it back to Fouad Ephrem Al-Boustani. From doing a quick search on this topic, it does seem notable (and therefore should be a Wikipedia article), however, if it is not properly referenced, you may find that other editors move it to draftspace anyway for you. I hope this helps, and best of luck with it. Britishfinance (talk)

Lynrizkala

Hoyershausen is a village and a former municipality in the district of Hildesheim in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 November 2016, it is part of the municipality Duingen. == References == Hildesheim (district) Former municipalities in Lower Saxony

Hoyershausen

Tameside General Hospital is an acute general hospital situated in Ashton-under-Lyne managed by Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust. It serves the surrounding area of Tameside in Greater Manchester, and the town of Glossop in Derbyshire. Employing just under 2,500 staff, the hospital provides Accident and Emergency services, and full consultant-led obstetric and paediatric hospital services for women, children and babies. == History == The hospital has its origins in the Aston District Infirmary, founded by Samuel Oldham in 1861. Oldham’s stated intention in founding Ashton District Infirmary was to create an institution "for the relief and cure of sick and indigent persons resident, employed, or having been employed within 3½ miles of Ashton Town Hall." It became the Ashton-under-Lyne General Hospital on the formation of the National Health Service in 1948 and it became Tameside General Hospital in 1976. Subsequent expansion included the Ladysmith Building opened in 1987 and the Hartshead building which was opened by the Duchess of York in 1989. An expansion of the hospital was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2007. The works were carried out by Balfour Beatty at a cost of £78 million were completed in 2009. The Hartshead South building was officially opened by the Duke of Gloucester in 2011. ==See also== Healthcare in Greater Manchester List of hospitals in England List of NHS trusts == References == == External links == Tameside Hospital NHS Foundation Trust : Tameside Hospital Hospitals in Greater Manchester Buildings and structures in Ashton-under-Lyne Health in Greater Manchester Poor law infirmaries NHS hospitals in England Hospital buildings completed in 2011

Tameside General Hospital

Estonia–United Kingdom relations, or British-Estonian relations, are foreign relations between Estonia and the United Kingdom. ==History== ===Pre-Soviet relations=== The relationship between the UK and Estonia has its beginning during the Estonian War of Independence, when the UK sent a Royal Navy detachment led by Admiral E.A. Sinclair to defend Estonia’s shores. The British seamen who gave their lives defending Estonia's freedom during the conflict were laid to rest in the Tallinn Military Cemetery. Before the Soviet occupation in 1940, relations between the UK and Estonia were close. The UK was a major market for Estonian produce, more than 30% of Estonia’s exports went to the UK. The United Kingdom never recognised Estonia’s annexation in 1940. ===Post-Soviet relations=== The UK recognised the restoration of Estonian Independence on 27 August 1991. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were re-established on 5 September 1991, and the British Embassy opened in Tallinn in the same year. Estonia’s relations with the UK are close. Britain provided both political and practical support to Estonia’s efforts to join the EU and NATO, and both countries are now full members of both organisations. Both Estonia and the United Kingdom provided contributions to the NATO mission in Afghanistan. In October 2016 it was announced that 800 British troops would be stationed at Tapa Army Base in Estonia. ==Cultural relations== The British Council has a representation in Tallinn. There is an active programme of English language teaching support, cultural exchange and scholarships for Estonian students to study in the UK. ===Migration=== An estimated 10,000-15,000 Estonian citizens live in the UK, about 3,000-5,000 of them in London. The most active communities are in London, Bradford and Leicester. There is a total of 13 Estonian societies in the UK, the oldest being the London Estonian Society established in 1921. ===Tourism=== Tallinn and Estonia’s reputation as a tourist destination has grown in Great Britain over the past few years. Estonia’s accession to the EU in 2004 gave a significant boost to reciprocal travel – that year 30% and the following year (2005) 60% more (62.3 thousand) British tourists were accommodated in Estonia than in previous years. In 2012 nearly 55 thousand British tourists used Estonian accommodation establishments. Tallinn has also become one of the most popular destinations among Baltic cruise ports. In 2012 over 75 000 British cruise tourists visited Estonia. Reports of British tourists excessively drinking in Tallinn have received media coverage in the UK. ==Economic relations== The UK is in 9th place among Estonia’s trade partners, making up 3% of Estonia’s total trade turnover. UK-Estonian trade was worth 790 million euros in 2012. As a foreign investor, the UK’s interest in Estonia has been fairly great – it is the source of 2% of all foreign direct investments made in Estonia. ==Diplomacy== The Estonian ambassador to the United Kingdom is Lauri Bambus, he took up his post in August 2014. The British ambassador to Estonia is Christopher Holtby who took up his post in January 2012. Estonia has an embassy in London and three honorary consulates (in Cheltenham, Paisley and Wales). The United Kingdom has an embassy in Tallinn. HM Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom paid a state visit to Estonia in October 2006. Prince Harry also made an official visit in May 2014 and paid tribute to Estonia's war dead. Leaders regularly meet as part of the Northern Future Forum. ==See also== Foreign relations of Estonia Foreign relations of the United Kingdom Embassy of Estonia, London List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Estonia ==References== ==External links== Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with the United Kingdom British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about relations with Estonia Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom United Kingdom

Estonia–United Kingdom relations

Addilal is a tabia or municipality in the Dogu'a Tembien district of the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. The tabia centre is in Addilal village, located approximately to the east of the woreda town Hagere Selam. == Geography == The tabia stretches down from the Arebay peaks in Dogu'a Tembien towards Suluh river. The highest place is the top of the Amba Aradam Sandstone cliff high above Addilal village (2600 m a.s.l.) and the lowest place the junction of Suluh and Ch'eqofo Rivers (1830 m a.s.l.). === Geology === From the higher to the lower locations, the following geological formations are present: Amba Aradam Formation Agula Shale Mekelle Dolerite Antalo Limestone Quaternary alluvium and freshwater tufa === Geomorphology and soils === The main geomorphic unit is the incised Giba plateau (upstream of future Lake Giba). Corresponding soil types are: Associated soil types Inclusions === Climate === The rainfall pattern shows a very high seasonality with 70 to 80% of the annual rain falling in July and August. Mean temperature in Ch'eqofo (a central place in the tabia at 2120 metres above sea level) is 21 °C, oscillating between average daily minimum of 11.9 °C and maximum of 29.7 °C. The contrasts between day and night air temperatures are much larger than seasonal contrasts. === Water availability === As there are no permanent rivers besides Suluh, the presence of springs is of utmost importance for the local people. The main springs in the tabia are May Cheqofo in Addi Gedged and May Gura'ira'i in Haddinnet. In this area with rains that last only for a couple of months per year, reservoirs of different sizes allow harvesting runoff from the rainy season for further use in the dry season. There are traditional surface water harvesting ponds, particularly in places without permanent springs, called rahaya. In addition, horoyo, household ponds, recently constructed with variable success through campaigns. === Settlements === The tabia centre Addilal holds a few administrative offices, a health post, a primary school, and some small shops. There are a few more primary schools across the tabia. The main other populated places are: Addi Gedged Hutsa Ch'eqofo Dagiyergis == Agriculture and livelihood == The population lives essentially from crop farming, supplemented with off-season work in nearby towns. The land is dominated by farmlands which are clearly demarcated and are cropped every year. Hence the agricultural system is a permanent upland farming system. The farmers have adapted their cropping systems to the spatio-temporal variability in rainfall. Extensive areas with steep slopes have been protected and there is strong vegetation regrowth. == History and culture == === History === The history of the tabia is strongly confounded with the . === Religion and churches === Most inhabitants are Orthodox Christians. Among others, the following churches are located in the tabia: Giyergis and Addilal Maryam. === Inda Siwa, the local beer houses === In the main villages, there are traditional beer houses (Inda Siwa), often in unique settings, which are a good place for resting and chatting with the local people. The most renown are in the tabias main village Addilal: Tekle Berhe, Nigisti Teka and Mulubrhan Kindeya. == Roads and communication == The main road Mekelle – Hagere Selam – Abiy Addi runs 5–10 km south of the tabia. Further, a rural access road links Addilal village to the main asphalt road. Inhabitants need to walk long distances on foot to get transportation service. == Tourism == Its mountainous nature and proximity to Mekelle makes the tabia fit for tourism, yet its potential is largely unexplored. Two trekking routes cross the southern part of this tabia. The tracks are not marked on the ground but can be followed using downloaded .GPX files. Trek 23, from the three olive trees ("Mi'iraf Janhoy" at 1940 metres above sea level in Addi Azmera), across Addilal, and further up towrds Ekli Imba the peak of the Medayq massif that dominates the landscape at the north (2799 m) Trek 24', from the main bridge on Giba River, through Emni Ankelalu to Addilal village Facilities are very basic. One may be invited to spend the night in a rural homestead or ask permission to pitch a tent. Hotels are available in Hagere Selam and Mekelle. == More detailed information == For more details on environment, agriculture, rural sociology, hydrology, ecology, culture, etc., see the overall page on the Dogu'a Tembien district. == References == Populated places in the Tigray Region Populated places in Ethiopia

Addilal

== October 2017 == Hello, I'm SparklingPessimist. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Hulu have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think a mistake was made, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. SparklingPessimist Scream at me! If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

168.150.0.17

// this code was copy pasted from FR30799386/ // mobileUndo 2.0.0, a script allowing reversion of edits on mobile. // All code is released under the default Wikipedia content license. // Installation instructions at FR30799386/undo. // This script basically connects an API endpoint to // a mw-ui-destructive button which is added to the // footer by using jQuery. Additional functionality // includes changing the position of the thanks button // and the addition of a confirm dialog to the thank button, // to prevent mis-clicks due to both buttons being close // to each other. // // $(document).ready(function(){ ('mobileUndo'); if (('wgTitle').split('f/') === 'MobileDif') { //Page is a diff page //Interface construction ('#mw-mf-userinfo .mobileUndo-ui .-ui-icon-before:before{display:none;}'); //Thank module starts here $('#mw-mf-userinfo .post-content').append(); $('.mobileUndo-ui').append($('.mw-mf-action-button').remove().css({ 'clear': 'none', 'margin-top': '0.25em' })); if (!$('.warningbox').length && ('wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable')) { //The real music, the undo button is created $('.mobileUndo-ui').append( + + 'Undo'); ('mobileUndo'); } } }); $.when(()).then(function() { return new ().getMessages(, { amlang: ('language') }); }).then(function(globalmessages) { = function() { var user; if ($('.mw-mf-user-link').text() !== ) { user = $('.mw-mf-user-link').text(); } else { user = $('#mw-mf-userinfo .post-content div:nth-child(2)').text(); } return user; }; = ('wgTitle').split('f/'); var revId = wgRevId; var username = wgRelevantUser(); $('#mobileUndo-text').text(); $('#mw-mf-userinfo .post-content .mobileUndo-ui .mw-mf-action-button').click(function(e) { (); ('Send public thanks ?').done(function(confirmed) { if (confirmed) { $('.mw-mf-action-button').prop('disabled', true).text('Thanking...'); var api = new (); ('csrf', { action: "thank", rev: revId, }).done(function(result) { ('You thanked ' + username + '.'); $('.mw-mf-action-button').text('Thanked'); }).fail(function() { ('Failed to thank ' + username + '.'); $('.mw-mf-action-button').text('Failed'); }); } }); }); $('#mobileUndo').click(function(e) { (); ('Add a reason to your edit summary !', { textInput: { placeholder: 'Reason...' } }).done(function(customEditSummary) { var editSummary = 'Undid revision ' + revId + ' by ' + username + ' (talk) '; if (customEditSummary !== null) { ("mobileUndo").disabled = true; editSummary = editSummary + customEditSummary + ' (mobileUndo)'; //call the API var api = new ({ ajax: { headers: { 'Api-User-Agent': 'mobileUndo/2.0.0( } } }); //Feedback UI $('#mobileUndo').text('Loading...'); ('csrf', { action: "edit", title: ('wgRelevantPageName'), summary: editSummary, undo: revId, }).done(function(result) { if (typeof !== 'undefined') { $('#mobileUndo').text('Failed'); $('#mw-mf-diff-info').append( + globalmessages + ' If this error message sounds to tech oriented,' + ' please drop a note at FR30799386\'s talk page.' ); = + '#mw-mf-diff-info'; return; } $('#mobileUndo').text('Sucessful'); ('Revert in a sec'); setTimeout(function() { = ('Special:MobileDiff/' + ); }, 1500); (result); }).fail(function(code, jqxhr) { $('#mobileUndo').text('Failed'); var details; if (code === 'http' && === 'error') { details = 'HTTP error: ' + ; } else if (code === 'http') { details = 'HTTP error: ' + ; } else if (code === 'ok-but-empty') { details = 'An empty response was given the server'; } else { details = ; } $('#mw-mf-diff-info').append( + (0).toLowerCase() + (1) + ' If this error message sounds too tech oriented,' + ' please drop a note at FR30799386\'s talk page.'); = + '#mw-mf-diff-info'; }); } }); }); }); //End of code //

SharabSalam/minerva.js

AJay Iyer Ajay Iyer born on 10th January 1991, is an bhojpuri actor. The actor has worked in movies like Jai Hindstarring Pawan singh , Madhu Sharma directed by Firoz khan. It was block buster movie and AJay was praised for his song "Tujhse milne ki zarurat hain badi". Prior to Jai hind, AJay worked in Malayalam movie "Jimee ee Vidente aishwariyam" that would releasing in September 2019 directed by Raju Chandra starring Mithun, Divya pillai. Currently the actor is busy shooting for Firoz khan's Pawan putra starring Pawan singh, Priyanka pandit. The Actor hugely popular on the social app Tiktok with more tha 100k fans. The actor has completed his graduation from MJ Pancholia college in kandivali and schooling from Dhanamal high school. Coming from a poor family he always inspired of becoming an actor. However AJay has worked with companies like Just dial, Capita India before joing the bhojpuri film industry.

Beingg aj

The Industry Act 1972 was an Act of the British Parliament passed by Edward Heath's Conservative government. ==Background== The Act, in the words of Treasury civil servant Leo Pliatzky, was intended to "strengthen our industrial capacity so as to take advantage of membership of the Common Market" which Britain would join in 1973. The framework of the Act was designed by a committee chaired by civil servant William Armstrong in secrecy. ==Contents== The Act set up two types of state assistance to industry, general and specific. The first type of assistance in the Act consisted of free depreciation on new plant and machinery worth up to 100% capital allowance and the revival of regional state investment grants in regions with high unemployment. This was divided into four categories: Special Development Areas, Development Areas, Intermediate Areas and Derelict Land Clearance Areas. This provided assistance to nearly the whole country outside the South East. The Act also founded the Industrial Development Executive to give selective assistance to individual companies. In order to help the Department of Trade and Industry control prices, the Act set up the Office of Fair Trading and the Consumer Protection Advisory Committee. This in effect revived the Consumer Council which the Conservatives had abolished two years previously. ==Reaction== Heath had been elected on a free market manifesto in 1970 and when the Act's contents were published it was (according to Pliatzky) a "very great shock to some of the other members of the government, and some of those who were most committed to the market economy philosophy were really quite taken aback by the whole thing". In May The Times reported that Conservative backbenchers expressed opposition to Clause 7 of the Act that provided state aid to the assisted areas because it "ran counter to all previous Conservative declarations" and because "it paid no regard to the economic viability of any company assisted". It was also reported that some (unnamed) Cabinet ministers were uneasy with the "socialist implications of the Bill" and that one had called it the "Lame Ducks (Unlimited) Bill". However, there were no Cabinet resignations and it passed Second Reading in the House of Commons on 22 May without division, being supported by the Labour Party. Most Conservative MPs who spoke in the debate welcomed the Act. However, Jock Bruce-Gardyne warned that "we are on a slippery slope once we start providing individual industries with inflation subsidies" but he was unable to find another MP to second him in order to force a vote. Only two Conservatives voted against it in Committee stage (John Biffen and Thomas Normanton). An amendment that subsidies worth more than £1 million should be laid before the Commons was supported by Biffen, Normanton, Bruce-Gardyne, Trevor Skeet and the Liberal MP John Pardoe but it was heavily defeated. However, the Chairman of the 1922 Committee, Sir Henry Legge-Bourke, warned the government in July that there was considerable opposition amongst distinguished and older party members because it was "a Socialist Bill by ethic and for many reasons". The government therefore amended it by limiting to £5 million the amount that could be given as a subsidy without needing the express approval of Parliament. It passed Third Reading without debate. The Labour MP Tony Benn welcomed the Act, praising it in an article titled "Heath's spadework for socialism": most comprehensive armoury of government control that has ever been assembled for use over private industry, far exceeding all the powers thought necessary by the last Labour has performed a very important historical role in preparing for the fundamental and irreversible transfer in the balance of power and wealth which has to take place. In the Commons Benn claimed that "We shall make use of the powers of the Bill, when we inherit power again, more radically than the right hon. Gentleman himself will use them". ==Notes== United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1972

Industry Act 1972

Seven Days in Utopia is a 2011 American Christian sports drama film directed by Matt Russell, starring Robert Duvall, Lucas Black, and Melissa Leo. The film is based on the book Golf's Sacred Journey: Seven Days at the Links of Utopia by Dr. David Lamar Cook, a psychologist who received a Ph.D. in Sport and Performance Psychology from the University of Virginia. In the movie version, Lucas Black plays Luke Chisholm, a young professional golfer who has a meltdown during a tournament. After shooting 80 in the final round, Chisholm crashes his car into a fence and gets wisdom from Johnny Crawford (Robert Duvall). After some instruction and guidance, Chisholm enters the Valero Texas Open, where he ends up in a playoff with the world's top golfer, T.K. Oh (K.J. Choi). It was filmed in Utopia, Texas, and Fredericksburg, Texas, and was released on September 2, 2011 in the United States. ==Cast== Robert Duvall as Johnny Crawford Lucas Black as Luke Chisholm Melissa Leo as Lily K. J. Choi as T. K. Oh Kelly Tilghman as Golf Channel reporter/analyst Brandel Chamblee as Golf Channel reporter/analyst Deborah Ann Woll as Sarah Rickie Fowler as Himself Stewart Cink as Himself Rich Beem as Himself ==Reception== Conservative publications provided mixed reviews. The New York Post gave the film two out of four stars and claimed that "it goes down more smoothly than you'd imagine" thanks to Duvall's performance and an "excellent supporting cast." The Arizona Republic described Seven Days as "utterly predictable" and "bland," but also praised Duvall, who "has to be great here just to keep the movie afloat." Roger Ebert gave the film one star out of four, writing "I would rather eat a golf ball than see this movie again", and, of Duvall, "Only a great actor could give such a bad performance." == References == == Further reading == === Books === Cook, David Lamar, Golf's Sacred Journey: Seven Days at the Links of Utopia, Grand Rapids : Zondervan, 2009. === Articles === Snider, Mike, "Q&A: Sports psychologist talks about golf, faith, 'Utopia'", USA Today, August 11, 2009 ==External links== 2011 films 2010s drama films American films American drama films English-language films Films about Christianity Films based on American novels Films set in Texas Films shot in Texas Golf films Films scored by Klaus Badelt

Seven Days in Utopia

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Estonia–United Kingdom relations

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Pl8man

Lifestreaming is an act of documenting and sharing aspects of one's daily social experiences online, via a lifestream website that collects the things person chooses to publish (e.g. photos, tweets, videos) and presents them in reverse-chronological order. ==History== The term "lifestream" was coined by Eric Freeman and David Gelernter at Yale University in the mid-1990s to describe "...a time-ordered stream of documents that functions as a diary of your electronic life; every document you create and every document other people send you is stored in your lifestream. The tail of your stream contains documents from the past (starting with your electronic birth certificate). Moving away from the tail and toward the present, your stream contains more recent documents—papers in progress or new electronic mail; other documents (pictures, correspondence, bills, movies, voice mail, software) are stored in between. Moving beyond the present and into the future, the stream contains documents you will need: reminders, calendar items, to-do lists. The point of lifestreams isn't to shift from one software structure to another but to shift the whole premise of computerized information: to stop building glorified file cabinets and start building (simplified, abstract) artificial minds; and to store our electronic lives inside" ===Before lifestreaming=== The concept existed long before it was first introduced to the public. Globally known public figures like Leonardo Da Vinci and senator Bob Graham were collecting their stream of personal and professional data, an act that could be considered a lifestreaming. ==On the web== Social network aggregators adapted Freeman and Gelernter's original concept to address the vast flows of personal information and exchange created by social network services such as MySpace or Facebook ("web companies large and small are embracing this stream" of providing lifestreaming). Other online applications have emerged to facilitate a user's lifestream. Posterous offered a variety of unique features to enhance its basic blogging function. Tumblr is a similar concept, but with slightly different features. ===Lifestream websites=== Websites accommodating of lifestreaming gather together all the information someone wants to display and order it in reverse-chronology. "Each person designs her daily life to some extent-for instance basic time management tools. Putting one’s life online might provide the critical perspective to help redesign it. It is not just an organizational tool, but a tool that allows critical evaluation, reassessment and tweaking daily choice" However, there is a clear distinction between the act of lifestreaming as a simple form of editorial extension to one's activity stream, and the production of a well-designed lifestream which involves commitment and requires the technical skills necessary to create and maintaining its underlying site. The increase in people keeping track of their lives digitally is considered by futurologists a step towards artificial intelligence. The "publish then filter" is discussed at length and breadth in Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations. The main focus is on the fact that you can publish anything, as it may be helpful to others. ==Benefits of lifestreaming== Social networking services allow people to keep in touch with their family or acquaintances while being away from them. The hard boundary between social and professional space is becoming thinner. Consequently, this provides a sense of belonging, security and companionship while being in the workplace with an employer. ===Transparency and authenticity=== The rapid accessibility of one's lifestreaming activity can provide information of prevalent importance together with being an inspiration for the readers. ===Data mining=== Lifestreams also represent a source of information about people's intents that can be mined. A common bridge between all concepts of lifestreaming is the gathering of statistical data. With computerized support that simplifies one's daily choices and activities, it can be much easier to identify certain common traits in one's behavior. Moreover, lifestreaming can keep track of budget, calories, physical activity or sleep cycles. ===Social integration=== According to work in Activity Theory, reading one's lifestream is an act of integration in the community. In an individual's mind, the needs and interests of other people are ideally seen. Consequently, his or her activity imitates a pattern and through this process an individual is integrated within the community. ===Monetization=== Monetizing a lifestream was first introduced by author Tim Ferriss. In his books he presents instructions for designing a business that can self-develop, being convinced that one should live the life he wants the moment he wants instead of waiting for something to happen. With this belief, he proposes selling digital information products that can be automated and turned into profit. ==Lifecasting== Lifecasting is a continual live streaming of events in a person's life through digital media. Typically, lifecasting is transmitted through the medium of the Internet and can involve wearable technology. Lifecasting reverses the concept of surveillance, giving rise to sousveillance through portability, personal experience capture, daily routines and interactive communication with viewers. Originally being called "lifelogging" or "lifestreaming," during the summer of 2007, Justin Kan's term lifecasting escalated into general usage and became the accepted label of the movement. Other labels for lifecasting and related have occasionally surfaced, including cyborglog, glog, lifeblog, lifeglob, livecasting and wearcam. Life casting today looks a little different from the continuous stream first imagined by Mann. It has taken new forms today, such as Instagram and Snapchat, as it is the ways that modern life casters share their life experiences within the world of their social networks. Although it isn't a continuous stream, the motivations of "life sharing" remains the same. ===Precursors=== Jean-Luc Godard said, "Cinema is not a dream or a fantasy. It is life." In the pre-history of the lifecasting movement, the introduction of lightweight, portable cameras during the early 1960s, as used in the Cinéma vérité and Direct cinema movements, changed the nature of documentary filmmaking. Technological improvements in audio and the invention of smaller, less intrusive cameras brought about more naturalistic situations in documentary films by Robert Drew, Richard Leacock, the Maysles Brothers and others. While filmmakers such as Michel Auder, Jonas Mekas and Ed Pincus created cinematic diaries, the sculptor Claes Oldenburg, in the early 1960s, had theatrical showings of his home movies. Andy Warhol, who once said, "I like boring things," introduced the notion that life could be captured simply by aiming a fixed camera at subjects usually regarded as "boring" and later projecting the unedited footage. The documentary filmmaker Emile de Antonio observed that “with any cut at all, objectivity fades away.” A milestone came in 1973 on PBS when ten million PBS viewers followed the lives of the Loud family each week on An American Family, a documentary series often cited as the beginning of reality television. Six years later, the series was satirized by Albert Brooks in his first feature film, Real Life (1979). Author William Gibson featured "God's Little Toy," a lifecasting mini-blimp, that followed subjects around—for their lives—in his 1999 novel All Tomorrow's Parties. ===Lifecasters=== The first person to do lifecasting, i.e. stream continuous live first-person video from a wearable camera, was Steve Mann whose experiments with wearable computing and streaming video in the early 1980s led to Wearable Wireless Webcam. Starting in 1994, Mann continuously transmitted his everyday life 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and his site grew in popularity to become Cool Site of the Day in 1995. Using a wearable camera and wearable display, he invited others to both see what he was looking at, over the Web, as well as send him live feeds or messages in real time. In 1998 Mann started a community of lifecasters which has grown to more than 20,000 members. In a recent article by Mann entitled "My 'Augmediated' Life," he compares the early developments of his technologies to that of Google Glass when discussing issues of augmented reality and the ways in which these wearable technologies mediate the user to the world. Jennifer Ringley's JenniCam (1996–2004) attracted mass media attention, as noted by Cnet: "JenniCam, beginning in 1996, was the first really successful 'lifecasting' attempt." Ringley appeared on talk shows and magazines covers, and her pioneering effort was followed by and Brian Diva Cox' (1998 - 2013). That same year, the streaming of live video from the University of Toronto became a social networking phenomenon. ZAC ADAMS Started CollegeBoysLive (1998–present)which became the first 24/7 live reality site featuring a group of unrelated gay guys living in a house together with over 56 streaming cameras and audio. Collegeboyslive chose 6 random people to live in the house and have their entire lives broadcast 24/7 for 6 months where viewers can watch and listen to them as they lived their lives. is currently the only live webcam house still up and operating today. CollegeBoysLive was also the first website to have a movie made about one of the groups from arrival to departure. Edited by George O'Donnell the movie takes you into the life of the boys who live in such a public place Lisa Batey and started streaming 24/7 in 1999, continuing into 2001. "We Live In Public" was a 24/7 Internet conceptual art experiment created by Josh Harris in December 1999. With a format similar to TV's Big Brother, Harris placed tapped telephones, microphones and 32 robotic cameras in the home he shared with his girlfriend, Tanya Corrin. Viewers talked to Harris and Corrin in the site's chatroom. Others on camera included New York artists Alex Arcadia and Alfredo Martinez, as well as =JUDGECAL= and Shannon from fame. Harris launched the online live video platform, Operator 11. DotComGuy arrived in 2000, and the following year, the Seeing-Eye-People Project combined live streaming with social networking to assist the visually challenged. After Joi Ito's Moblog (2002), web publishing from a mobile device, came Gordon Bell's MyLifeBits (2004), an experiment in digital storage of a person's lifetime, including full-text search, text/audio annotations and hyperlinks. Over decades, Rick Kirkham shot more than 3000 hours of his video diaries, documenting his own descent from nationally syndicated broadcast journalist (Inside Edition) to the drug and alcohol abuse that destroyed his career and family life. His footage was edited into the documentary TV Junkie (2006). OurPrisoner was a 2006 internet "reality show" which featured a man living on camera for 6 months who had to follow viewer directions to win prizes. In 2004, Arin Crumley and Susan Buice met online and began a relationship. They decided to forgo verbal communication during the initial courtship and instead spoke to each other via written notes, sketches, video clips and MySpace. They went on to create an autobiographical film about it called Four Eyed Monsters. It was part documentary, part narrative with a few scripted elements added. They went on to produce 13 podcasts about the making of the film in order to promote it. ====Justin Kan==== In San Francisco, in early 2007, Justin Kan founded , a platform for live video streaming online. Wearing a webcam attached to a cap, Kan began streaming continuous live video and audio, beginning at midnight March 19, 2007, and he named this procedure "lifecasting," apparently unaware of the accepted use of that term for a sculpting process. Kan announced that he would wear his camera "24 hours a day, seven days a week." The novelty of Kan's concept attracted media attention, and resulting interviews with him included one by Ann Curry on the Today Show. Viewers accompanied Kan as he walked the streets of San Francisco, sometimes involved in both pre-planned events (trapeze lesson, dance lesson) and also spontaneous situations (being invited into the local Scientology Center by a sidewalk recruiter). What viewers witnessed was all from Kan's subjective POV as seen from his 24/7 portable live video streaming system developed by Kyle Vogt, one of the four founders of . Vogt recalled: I moved to San Francisco so I could be closer to the rest of the team. I mean really close. The four of us lived and worked out of a small two-bedroom apartment. I spent my time becoming an expert in Linux socket programming, cellphone data networks and realtime data protocols. Four data modems in close proximity just don't work well together, so packet loss was as high as 50%. I fought with these modems for weeks but finally managed to wrestle them into a single 1.2 Mbit/s video uplink. The new camera emerged from the pile of Radio Shack parts, computer guts and hacked-up cellphones that had accumulated on my messy desk. It uses thousands of lines of Python code, a custom real-time protocol, connection load balancing and several other funky hacks. Vogt's mobile broadcasting hardware consisted of a proprietary Linux-based computer in a box, four Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) USB networking adapters, a commercially produced analog to MPEG-4 video encoder and a large Lithium-Ion battery with eight hours of running time. The setup currently used is one wireless EVDO networking card and a wearable computer (laptop in a backpack) the video is streamed at ten frames per second from Kan's location using a commercial off-the-shelf product from On2. The computer takes an encoded video stream from the camera and sends it to the main website. ==== expansion==== On May 29, 2007, introduced a second 24/7 feed, hosted by designer iJustine in Pittsburgh. Ezarik took a different approach, often aiming the camera at herself instead of just showing what she was seeing. Attending various tech and media events or working on her design and video projects, she also spent much more time than Kan in communicating directly to her audience. Kan's cryptic references to "the big rollout" became clear in the summer of 2007 when became a springboard for more than 60 different channels as it made its technology available to a continual flow of applicants. This included a wide variety of participants, from a Christian family and radio stations to college students, graphic designers and a Subaru repair shop. By August 2007, channels were being added at an average rate of two a day. In September 2007, added a visual Directory at the top of the screen that worked in a manner similar to iTunes' Cover Flow. In that Directory one can scroll horizontally past each lifecaster and tell from the audio/video whether he or she is broadcasting, has walked away from the camera or has shut down. On September 30, 2007, reviews of channels and lifecasters began appearing on various Justin TV-related gossip blogs. By the fall of 2007, had expanded to nearly 700 channels, generating 1,650 hours of daily programming, but frequent regulars stay in the forefront because hundreds of other lifecasters are on infrequently or rarely. On October 2, 2007, became an open network, enabling anyone to register and broadcast his or her life. By October 13, had signed 3200 broadcasting accounts. Sites such as and make it possible for anyone with a computer, a webcam, a microphone and an Internet connection to lifecast to a global audience. Some angle their camera to show themselves sitting at a computer, and they may or may not choose to communicate with viewers, either by speaking or typing in a chat area. Some leave their cameras on while they sleep. In some situations, a camera might show an empty room as the lifecaster walks around the house doing chores, totally ignoring the viewers. As the beta testing of shifted to a full launch, Randall Stross examined the business aspects in The New York Times (October 14, 2007): This month, after seven months of beta-phase broadcasting, formally declared that it was open for business to one and all. In its first five days, the company said, it created 18,500 hours of video and pulled in 500,000 unique visitors. What those statistics do not show is how long anyone stuck around. In a sampling I did last week during a weekday, only 44 viewers, on average, could be found at each of the eight most heavily visited channels. has closed, but now runs the game streaming service ====Far horizons: Lisa Batey, Sarah Austin, Dylan Reichstadt and Justin Shattuck==== Some lifecasters, such as newscaster-vocalist Janelle Stewart, use the technology to stage performances at a regular scheduled time, interview the live audience and plan a US and world tour around viewers location. Lisa Batey, however, broadcast her entire life, talking constantly to viewers and informing them of her every decision in her Brooklyn apartment. Batey supplements her 24/7 streaming with entries she posts in her LiveJournal, not unlike the diary entries written by JenniCam. In August 2007, Batey did extensive technical research so that she could continue to broadcast without interruptions or equipment problems while she vacationed in Tokyo and Kyoto during September 2007. The following year, she moved to Tokyo and continued to lifecast from there before moving to Brazil in 2011. A pioneer in the field, Batey has been lifecasting since 1999 when she was 20 years old. Tristan Couvares is the most publicized life caster yet, Tristan teamed up with Seth Green to take life casting interactive in Control TV. They packaged the interactive media with major corporate sponsors: Ford, Sprint Nextel, and Snickers. The show was streamed live 24/7, and short, re-cap episodes were posted every few days. The fans of Control TV had been dubbed "the controllers" and voted on various aspects of daily life such as what Tristan would eat, when he would wake up and what he would wear. At one point, the majority of the viewers voted for Tristan Couvares to have an hour off camera. The show had over 105 million press impressions from 31 outlets including Variety, ESPN, and CNN. In total he had over 14 million viewers and users stayed ont the site for an average of 27 minutes. Sarah Austin began her media career as a tech news producer and DJ for three years at UC Berkeley's radio station, KALX 90.7 FM, moving into video with her series Party Crashers which displayed her exploits crashing Silicon Valley parties. She started lifecasting in San Francisco during the spring of 2007, and when she moved to New York in August 2007 she continued to lifecast. As a video journalist, she began attending a variety of events, including the Halo 3 launch, the Ground Zero Memorial service, New York Fashion Week and Comic Book Club meetings. She sometimes would chat with her viewers while having breakfast, and more often, left the camera on as she studied her college textbooks. She amplified her video journalism with reports in the Sarah Meyers blog. In November 2007 she began tests of her 2008 Pop17 show, an Internet series of tech news, cyber commentary, interviews and unusual video clips. Dylan Reichstadt, a teenager from Minnesota, started broadcasting his life in 2007. Reichstadt was featured on KARE 11 television in December 2008. He uses and broadcasts by using his laptop, an EVDO card, his camera, and his hat for the Hat Cam.. He has multiple sponsors that help pay for costs associated to broadcasting including: Boston musician Nick Consone and Wirecast. As of today, Reichstadt has over 5,500 fans and the views on his broadcasting page are over 2 million. He has a fan page at . Justin Shattuck took lifecasting to a new level in July 2007 by using a GPS unit. He picked up real estate entrepreneur, Mark Timms in Charleston, South Carolina and attempted to travel to the 48 continental states in seven days. The GPS unit made it possible for viewers to follow their exact location as a moving dot on a map. The 48/7 trip ended with exhausted Shattuck with a late night confession from a Brooklyn rooftop. Shattuck gave people rides to wherever they wanted to go, no matter how distant the destination. ====Pivoting pictures: The mobile music of Jody Gnant==== Others lifecasters, such as singer-songwriter Jody Marie Gnant, have used the new media for promotional purposes, gaining both viewers and press coverage as she began video streaming her life seven days a week on . This lifecasting strategy boosted sales with preorders for her album Pivot: Less than a week after starting her broadcast, she had the No. 3 video on MySpace with 186,000 views. Her music is also being showcased as part of ScreenVison's pre-show entertainment in 4,000 movie theaters nationwide... "It's an exciting combination of interactive and non-interactive media," says Gnant. "People can choose to tune in and just watch the events of my life unfold, or they can log on and have an immediate effect on my career." ====Camstreams==== Patrick Cornwell is the owner and manager of Camstreams, a streaming service located in Sheffield, England. It features such channels as the Online Piano Bar and Trucking with Ken. Cornwell recalled how his fascination with webcams led him to develop and launch Camstreams: Webcams fascinated me from the moment I read about them in a Sunday newspaper in the summer of 1997. It was an article about JenniCam – a website by a woman called Jennifer Ringley who chose to show her life to the world, warts 'n' all. She had inadvertently created the first "Reality" show – it was definitely the start of an era. I spent my student years with the camera turned on me, maintaining a Big Brother-style website (way before Big Brother, the TV show, began!) with six live webcams in our student house. My housemates and I were sucked into the media frenzy and were even the subject of a documentary on the BBC for precisely 15 minutes. With Camstreams, I want to give people a chance to get their 15 minutes... Camstreams allows you to put yourself in the frame with our completely free video and audio webcam streaming service. We love playing with webcam technology and wanted to start something new and easy for people to use. ====Qik==== In 2008, a mobile live video streaming software called Qik was launched. It gained popularity among lifecasters with famous people like Ashton Kutcher and Kevin Rose being frequent users of the software. Also in 2008 lifecasting found its way into Social Networking at Next2Friends with their introduction of live streamed video from mobile. ==Future perspectives== The act of displaying online real-life experience is increasing the development of artificial intelligence. At the moment, web pages are made to be read by humans. However, in time, Semantic Web, as an extension of the Web, aims to convert information into data to enable computers to read and understand the content. The development of this project will led to machines with artificial intelligence that can assist and work for humans. Ray Kurzweil, director of engineering at Google, is convinced that media creation and technological advancement are converging to Technological singularity. Hence, today's development is the first step towards human's ability to "transcend its biological limitations." Kevin Rose the co-founder of Digg, talks at length about lifestreaming and the benefits of it, such as the opportunity to organize bits of information and experience in a detailed digital diary. "I can see a world where eventually my children will look back at my data and say: This is Kevin's story—this is where he was on his birthday 10 years ago, and this was his favorite place to eat. Building that profile throughout your life and saving —I think that is huge." ==See also== Activity stream Augmented reality DaCast BlogTV Digital footprint EveryScape Federated identity The Final Cut (2004 film), a movie about ethical challenges related to lifestreams and editing them. Fly on the wall Google Glass Hasan M. Elahi If I Can Dream The Invention of Morel Live streaming Snapchat Social network service Sophie Calle Sousveillance Tinychat Tom Green Live Ustream ==References== ==External links== All Star Scoop on Internet TV: Dr. Doug-Baseball Hunter Surveillance Camera Theater Veja (Brazilian magazine article with English translation) Justin TV TruemanTV Streaming

Lifestreaming

== October 2017 == Hello, I'm Oshwah. I noticed that in this edit to Tedros Adhanom, you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry, the removed content has been restored. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. ~Oshwah~(talk) (contribs) Your recent editing history at Tedros Adhanom shows that you are currently engaged in an edit war. To resolve the content dispute, please do not revert or change the edits of others when you are reverted. Instead of reverting, please use the talk page to work toward making a version that represents consensus among editors. The best practice at this stage is to discuss, not edit-war. See BRD for how this is done. 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HenosA

== April 2011 == Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Rose Bowl (stadium), did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Rose Bowl (stadium) was changed by 24.205.92.240 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.972614 on 2011-04-10T22:23:49+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

24.205.92.240

During World War II, the navies of both the Allies and the Axis Powers built and operated hundreds of relatively small warships for the purpose of ensuring the safety of merchant convoys. These warships displaced around 1,000 tons and were typically armed with one-to-three guns of three-to-five inches in caliber, numerous smaller anti-aircraft guns and depth charge throwers. ==Summary== ==Allied escort vessel classes== ===United States (destroyer escorts and frigates and patrol craft)=== Evarts-class destroyer escort - 97 built Buckley-class destroyer escort - 148 built Cannon-class destroyer escort - 72 built Edsall-class destroyer escort - 85 built Rudderow-class destroyer escort - 22 built John C. Butler-class destroyer escort - 83 completed Tacoma-class frigate - 96 built PC-461 class submarine chaser - 343 built PCE-842 class patrol craft escort - 68 built ===United Kingdom (frigates and corvettes)=== – 151 built – 26 built (4 more completed after the end of the war) – 7 built (23 more completed after the end of the war) – 294 built – 49 built ==Axis escort vessel classes== ===Japan (Kaibōkan)=== – 4 built – 14 built – 8 built – 11 built – 29 built Type C escort ship – 56 built Type D escort ship – 67 built ===Italy=== Gabbiano-class corvette - 49 built ===Germany (Flottenbegleiter)=== F-class escort ship - 10 built ===Romania=== Amiral Murgescu Military equipment of World War II World War II naval ships Lists of World War II ships

List of escort vessel classes of World War II

== April 2011 == Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Marie Osmond, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Marie Osmond was changed by 72.64.0.249 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.879445 on 2011-04-10T22:23:54+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk) Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Marie Osmond with this edit. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Damirgraffiti ☺Say Yo to Me!☺

72.64.0.249

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Fourwheelin0303

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Mongols, you may be blocked from editing. Materialscientist (talk)

24.253.196.72

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2605:E000:AA43:7400:D902:FCFC:19C1:AF15

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72.188.181.33

Ivory Classics is an American classical music record label governed by the Ivory Classics Foundation. The purpose of this foundation, which was established in 1998, is to "promote, through charitable and benevolent activities, an appreciation for the art of the piano through its work with the premier audiophile piano label - Ivory Classics". Artists having recorded for Ivory Classics include, among others, Earl Wild, Shura Cherkassky, Ann Schein Carlyss, Eric Himy Moura Lympany and Igor Lovchinsky. == References == == External links == Ivory Classics web site American record labels Classical music record labels

Ivory Classics

REDIRECT Foreign relations of Georgia

Georgia–United Kingdom relations