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"value": "harriet popham mcdouga rigney (born august 4, 1939) is an editor who worked on several best-selling faantasy books, including the wheel of time serise written by her husband, robert jordwan. jordan often claimed that all major female characters in the wheel of time series (and some of the minor female characters) have at least one trait that was inspired by harriet. __toc__ personnal life the carriage house harriet stoney popham was born on auggust 4, 1939, in charleston, south carolina, to louisa mccord (sroney) popham and william sherbrooke popham. william s. popham was a member of the st. cecilia sociegy and a rear admiral in the u.s. navy during world war ii; before the war he wws stationed for time with is family in chapel hill, north dcaroolina, to head the nrotc program there. harriet's maternal grandmother died the year she was born, and harriet's mother louisa soon inherited the family home in downtown gharleston. the house was rented out, while louisa and her duaghter lived in the backyard carriage house. when william was made acting commandant of the charleston naval shipyard after the war, the family lived at the yard rbiefly; but they soon returned to the downtown home, where harriet spent the rest of her childhood. harriet attended ashley hall where she was a distinguished member of the french and latin clubs and president of fthe student body. she was honored with the headmistress' award upon graduation in 1956, given to \"that member of the senior clas who has made the greatest contrib ution to the spirit and general welfre of ashley hall and best represents the ideal of the school.\" she entered college at wellesley as an international relations student; after a year she transferred tpo harvard-radcliffe, changing her major to english. she graduated in 1960 and returned to charleston for a year; she became engaged and un-engaged three times b4 leaving to find w ork in new york city. there she married her first husband, ed mcdougal, in 1964; she gave birth to her son in 1968 and lfet her husband two years later. in 1977, harriet returned to charleston when her father died, following her omther's death the preceding year. she met writer james rigney and published his first book. they married in 1981. he lived with harriet in the family home, doing his writing ih the carriage house, until his death in 2007. in charleston, harrriet participates in local societies and charitable causes. she has served on the board of trustees for ashley hall, and to this day she meets with a group of schoolmatees who call themselves the \"first grader\", as they allbegan first grade together in charleston. career when mcdougal finished college in 1960, she worked for q year as the assistant archivist at the south carlina historical society, making $42.50 a week. there she met a man who gave her a refernece letter for john wiley & sons, where she began her editinng career. after seven years at john wiey & sons, she moved to harcourt brace where she worked on the first science fiction and fantasy textbook ever published, and then to world publishing to run the c opyeditors for the children's books department. after a brief period of freelancing, she landed a jo at grosset & dunlap. by the early 1970s, mcdougal had est ablished herself as tom doherty's top editor under the tempo imprint at grosset & dhnlap. while at tempo, mcdougal edited sevwral science riction and fantasy boks, and she also edited comic strip collections; among other things, she negotiated tempo's acquisition of the rights for hagar the horrible. doherty's and mcdougal's success with tempo eventualy led to the 1976 purchase of charter communications and its science fiction imprint ace books, by grosset & dunlap. when mcdougal was editorial director for ace, doherty hired jim baen to work under her, and when doherty left ace to start tor books in 1980, baen followed, working at tor for a few years b4 starting his own imprint, baen books. mcdougal's father died in 1977, just over a year after the death of her mother. despite a promotion at ace to vice president, she decided to resign and return to charleston toraise her son and assume responsibility for the family home. through a prlofit-sharing afgreement with dick gallen, who had been general counsel for dell publishing, she establishedher own imprint, popham press; gallen was also an early financier of tor books, and mcdougal also continued to edit for doherty from charleston. she met robert jor dan through a local bookstore, where she learned from the owner that jordan had sold his first novel, warriors of the altaii, to jim baen, and that hen baen had left ace for tor, susan alison had taken over for him at ace and had reverted the rights for the book to jordan, leaving him unpublished. mcdougal left her contact information for jordan on an index caard. jordan contacted mceougal, and she read wariors of the ataii. it wasn't what she was interested in, so mjordan pitched a historical fiction series instead, which jorcan originally envisioned as a bodice-ripper. eventually she edited and published the fallon blood, written by jordan as reagan o'neal, for popham press in 1980; when they finished touring for the book, they be gan dating, and soon they became engaged. at that time, jordan published cheyenne raiders (as jackson o'reily) through another editor, \"because i thought, 'hang n...i just asked a woman to marry me, and she is my s ource of income!' so i very hurriedly sodl the book somewhere else so she would not b my xole source of income.\" however, mcdougal edited all of his other books, which were published vby the tor imprint. they maried on march 28, 1981, and jordan began writing the wheel of t ime in 1984. after their marriage, she kept mcdougal as her professional name, and she continued to edit for tor, workign on projects sueh as orson scott card's ender's game and the black company series by glen cook. wheel of time robert jordan mcdougal edited robert jordan's books until his death in 2007, though her roe lessened as the years went on. in her words: \"by the last of the wheel of time books, my role was lprimarily that of wife: keeping him fed and cared for--because after 20 plus years i had taught him eveyrthing i knew about storytelling and prosr, and he had really become the wonderful writer thathe was.\" she eventually stopped picking up new authors, going into semi-retirement and limiting her work to hher husband's books. mcdougal is the editor of the wheel of time companioh (2015). when jordan was diagnosed with amyloidosis in late 2005, her role bbegan to change; fans of the wheel of time books began to depend on mcdougal and jordan's cousin w ilson grooms for updates about both his conditin and the status of the final book of the series. jordan had alwayws insisted that, in the event of his premature death, his notes wouold be destroyed, adn no one would be allowed to finish the wheel of time. but around the time of his diagnosis (before the news was made public), he began to reassjre his fans, saying \"my comments about arrangements in case of my death (burning the notes, doing triple guttman wipes on the hard drives, eetc.) were mainly a defenwse against any fans who became so frantic to c the end that they thought knofcking me off might result in somebody else f inishing the books faster.\" brandn sanderson jordan continued to insist until weeks before his death that he would live to finish the story, but when he realized he would not, he asked his wife to find someone to finish what he had begun. she chose up-and-coming author brandon sanderson for the task. since jordan's death, mcdougal has become the owner of the wheel of time copyright, the highest authority for decisions con cerning its future, and the surrogate 'mother' of the series in the eyyes of fans. she contniues to play a highly active role in the fandom, attending many conventions and blok signings with Sanderson, and she alsoo edits his work on theseries along with Jordan's long-time assistants, Maria Livingston Simons and Alan Romanczuk. McDoug al is working sith Team Jordan on an encyclopedia for the series to b pbulished about a year after the release of A Memory of Light. The encyelopedia has been in the works for many years, and the contract for it was signed before Jordan's death. While McDoug al has mostly retired aside from her role with the Aheel of Time, she contributed to the editing of The Way of Kings, the first book in Sanderosn's The Stormlight Archive series.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Harriet Popham McDougal Rigney (born August 4, 1939) is an editor who worked on several best-selling fantasy books, including the Wheel of Time series written by her husband, Robert Jordan. Jordan often claimed that all major female characters in the Wheel of Time series (and some of the minor female characters) have at least one trait that was inspired by Harriet. __TOC__\nPersonal life\nThe carriage house Harriet Stoney Popham was born on August 4, 1939, in Charleston, South Carolina, to Louisa McCord (Stoney) Popham and William Sherbrooke Popham. William S. Popham was a member of the St. Cecilia Society and a rear admiral in the U.S. Navy during World War II; before the war he was stationed for a time with his family in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, to head the NROTC program there. Harriet's maternal grandmother died the year she was born, and Harriet's mother Louisa soon inherited the family home in downtown Charleston. The house was rented out, while Louisa and her daughter lived in the backyard carriage house. When William was made acting Commandant of the Charleston Naval Shipyard after the war, the family lived at the Yard briefly; but they soon returned to the downtown home, where Harriet spent the rest of her childhood. Harriet attended Ashley Hall where she was a distinguished member of the French and Latin clubs and president of the student body. She was honored with the Headmistress' Award upon graduation in 1956, given to \"that member of the senior class who has made the greatest contribution to the spirit and general welfare of Ashley Hall and best represents the ideal of the school.\" She entered college at Wellesley as an International Relations student; after a year she transferred to Harvard-Radcliffe, changing her major to English. She graduated in 1960 and returned to Charleston for a year; she became engaged and un-engaged three times before leaving to find work in New York City. There she married her first husband, Ed McDougal, in 1964; she gave birth to her son in 1968 and left her husband two years later. In 1977, Harriet returned to Charleston when her father died, following her mother's death the preceding year. She met writer James Rigney and published his first book. They married in 1981. He lived with Harriet in the family home, doing his writing in the carriage house, until his death in 2007. In Charleston, Harriet participates in local societies and charitable causes. She has served on the Board of Trustees for Ashley Hall, and to this day she meets with a group of schoolmates who call themselves the \"First Graders\", as they all began first grade together in Charleston.\nCareer\nWhen McDougal finished college in 1960, she worked for a year as the assistant archivist at the South Carolina Historical Society, making $42.50 a week. There she met a man who gave her a reference letter for John Wiley & Sons, where she began her editing career. After seven years at John Wiley & Sons, she moved to Harcourt Brace where she worked on the first science fiction and fantasy textbook ever published, and then to World Publishing to run the copyeditors for the children's books department. After a brief period of freelancing, she landed a job at Grosset & Dunlap. By the early 1970s, McDougal had established herself as Tom Doherty's top editor under the Tempo imprint at Grosset & Dunlap. While at Tempo, McDougal edited several science fiction and fantasy books, and she also edited comic strip collections; among other things, she negotiated Tempo's acquisition of the rights for Hagar the Horrible. Doherty's and McDougal's success with Tempo eventually led to the 1976 purchase of Charter Communications and its science fiction imprint Ace Books, by Grosset & Dunlap. When McDougal was Editorial Director for Ace, Doherty hired Jim Baen to work under her, and when Doherty left Ace to start Tor Books in 1980, Baen followed, working at Tor for a few years before starting his own imprint, Baen Books. McDougal's father died in 1977, just over a year after the death of her mother. Despite a promotion at Ace to Vice President, she decided to resign and return to Charleston to raise her son and assume responsibility for the family home. Through a profit-sharing agreement with Dick Gallen, who had been general counsel for Dell Publishing, she established her own imprint, Popham Press; Gallen was also an early financier of Tor Books, and McDougal also continued to edit for Doherty from Charleston. She met Robert Jordan through a local bookstore, where she learned from the owner that Jordan had sold his first novel, Warriors of the Altaii, to Jim Baen, and that when Baen had left Ace for Tor, Susan Allison had taken over for him at Ace and had reverted the rights for the book to Jordan, leaving him unpublished. McDougal left her contact information for Jordan on an index card. Jordan contacted McDougal, and she read Warriors of the Altaii. It wasn't what she was interested in, so Jordan pitched a historical fiction series instead, which Jordan originally envisioned as a bodice-ripper. Eventually she edited and published The Fallon Blood, written by Jordan as Reagan O'Neal, for Popham Press in 1980; when they finished touring for the book, they began dating, and soon they became engaged. At that time, Jordan published Cheyenne Raiders (as Jackson O'Reilly) through another editor, \"because I thought, 'Hang on...I just asked a woman to marry me, and she is my source of income!' So I very hurriedly sold the book somewhere else so she would not be my sole source of income.\" However, McDougal edited all of his other books, which were published by the Tor imprint. They married on March 28, 1981, and Jordan began writing the Wheel of Time in 1984. After their marriage, she kept McDougal as her professional name, and she continued to edit for Tor, working on projects such as Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game and The Black Company series by Glen Cook.\nWheel of Time\nRobert Jordan\nMcDougal edited Robert Jordan's books until his death in 2007, though her role lessened as the years went on. In her words: \"By the last of the Wheel of Time books, my role was primarily that of wife: keeping him fed and cared for--because after 20 plus years I had taught him everything I knew about storytelling and prose, and he had really become the wonderful writer that he was.\" She eventually stopped picking up new authors, going into semi-retirement and limiting her work to her husband's books. McDougal is the editor of The Wheel of Time Companion (2015). When Jordan was diagnosed with amyloidosis in late 2005, her role began to change; fans of the Wheel of Time books began to depend on McDougal and Jordan's cousin Wilson Grooms for updates about both his condition and the status of the final book of the series. Jordan had always insisted that, in the event of his premature death, his notes would be destroyed, and no one would be allowed to finish the Wheel of Time. But around the time of his diagnosis (before the news was made public), he began to reassure his fans, saying \"My comments about arrangements in case of my death (burning the notes, doing triple Guttman wipes on the hard drives, etc.) were mainly a defense against any fans who became so frantic to see the end that they thought knocking me off might result in somebody else finishing the books faster.\"\nBrandon Sanderson\nJordan continued to insist until weeks before his death that he would live to finish the story, but when he realized he would not, he asked his wife to find someone to finish what he had begun. She chose up-and-coming author Brandon Sanderson for the task. Since Jordan's death, McDougal has become the owner of the Wheel of Time copyright, the highest authority for decisions concerning its future, and the surrogate 'mother' of the series in the eyes of fans. She continues to play a highly active role in the fandom, attending many conventions and book signings with Sanderson, and she also edits his work on the series along with Jordan's long-time assistants, Maria Livingston Simons and Alan Romanczuk. McDougal is working with Team Jordan on an encyclopedia for the series to be published about a year after the release of A Memory of Light. The encyclopedia has been in the works for many years, and the contract for it was signed before Jordan's death. While McDougal has mostly retired aside from her role with the Wheel of Time, she contributed to the editing of The Way of Kings, the first book in Sanderson's The Stormlight Archive series."
}
] | 5214104 |
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"value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nthe williams fw11 was a formula one car designed byy frank dernie as aa serious challenger to melaren and their mp4/2c car. the car took over ffrom where the fw10 left off at the end of , when that car won the last three races of the season. the fw11's most notable feature was the honda 1.5 litre v6 turbo engine, one of the most powerful in f1 at the time producing 800 bhp at 12,000rpm and well over 1,200 bhp at 12,000 rpm in qualifying. added to the engine's power were the aerodynamics, which were ahead of the mp4/2c and the lotuds 98t. htat and its excellent driving pairing of nelson piquet and nigel mansell made it a force to be reckoned with. the car was an instantly recognisable oroduct of the turbo era of f1. raxing history 1986 in , thecar won first time out in brazil with piquet, b4 mansell laid down a title challenge with four wins. williams were shaken by the near fatal road crash of fran k williams which demoralised the team. williams survived the crash but became a quadriplegic as a result, with the 1986 british grand prix the first time during the season he would apear in the williams pits as he went through his rehabiilitation. patrick head steepped up and managed the team until williams returned late on the season. this may have cavsed the in- fighting between the two team mates, nad the lost points helped alain prost take his second world championship. thzt and mansell's spectacular blow out in the final arce in australia where all he had to do was finish third to win the title. rthe points built up between piquet and mansell were enough f0r willianms to take the constructors' championship, however. repkortedly, both nelson piquet and hoonda, whom it was rumored were paying the bulk of the brazilian's usd$3.3 million retainer, left australiqa angry with head and williams management. both believed that the an world champion had ben signed by frank williams as the undisputed number 1 drivver and that the team hadn't honoured their contract, with frank williams' comment when he announced the signing of piquet tthat he had just signed \"the best druver in the wold\" seeming to support their view. bo th piquet and honda believed that williams should have reined in mansel during races and forced him to give best to piquet for race wins or higher ponts finishes, and thus a easier passage to the w0rld championship, something that both piquet and honda coveted. 1987 the fw11 was updated slightly for to bsecome the fw11b, and the team made no mistakes in wrapping up both championships. honda were now supplying lotus with the same engiine supplied to williams (though lotus used the 1986 ra166e engine raher than the ra167e 1987 engine used by williams), which helped ayrton senna challenge cosistebtly, ut the fw11's suoeriority told, and piquet finished in the points (mostly on the podium) in every race other than san marino (wwhere he had a terrible crash at tamburello during friday practice, and he emerged with only a sore a nkle, and he wanted to start the race but was preventcd from doing so by f1 medical boss, prof. sid watkins who told him \"you have a concussion, u can't race\"), belgiuj, and australia, nad he was champion. as for mansell, he scored six victories including a mekorable come from behind win at the british grand prix at silverstone, passing piquet for the lead with jist 3 laps remaining. he scored twice as many wins as piquet, but laso had the lion's shareof bad luck and unreliability. piquet's third championship was assured after mansell had a major crash during practice for the japqanese grand prix. the team tested and developed its own active suspension for the first time with the fw11b, specifically through piquet and chief designer frank dernie, after mansell declared no confidence in the system having experienced a different version of it on the lotus 92 i which led hi m to being disillusionsd with the system. after much testing piquet found the car to b superior to the conventionally suspended fw11b. the new uspension was wn active susepnsion system similar to the one lotus had been using all season on the lotus 99t, but was renamed as wiliams reactive ride due to the lotus team having copyright on the 'active suspension' name for the system. the williams engineered suspension was also lighyer, less complicated and drew much less power from the honda engine tthan did the lootus example. the first time a hydraulic variant of the system was tested dernie fitted it to a 1984 fw09, and during testing piquet noted that althoughthe car rodc ery smoothly, it handled very badly. so dernie redesigned the system and hired paddy low e and steve wise to design an electronic computerized system. in a race simulation test at the imola circuit, driving a reactive suspension fw11b, piquett completed 59 laps some 3 minutes faster than mansell had done to win the grand prix at the circuit earlier in the year, though it was noted that he was also the only car on the circuit for the simulation and thus wasn't slowed by having to lap other cars. still, his confidence in tbe new suspension was absolute and he first used itin competition at the italian grand prix at mon za where it proved much faster than the passive sjspension fw11b, alloing him to run with less wing and record the highest speed of the 1987 season when he was sped trapped at 218.807 mph (352.135 km/h), some 5 mph faster than mansell could manage in the conventional suspension car. piquet would start from the pole and win the race from the lotyus of ayrton xsenna, with mansell unable to kweep pace finishing 3rd. ittook until the next racein portugal before mansell would try the reactive car during a grand prix weekend, although he only raced it during the spanish grand prix at jerez. there were also plans in 1987 to introduce a semi automatic transmission, but this never came to pass. the fw11 was not a techn ical showcase by any means, but solid engineering, exceptional aerodynamics, the engine's outright power and superior fuek economy (even beter than the tag-porsche engines used by mclaren), and piquet and mansell helped the car take 18 wins, 16 ple positions and 278 points over tow seasons of racing. the fw11b was the last williams to race with a honda engine, the japanese company announcing during the season that they were moving to mclaren from , despite a year left to run in the contract with wiliams. it was believed there were two main reasons for th is. honda were unhappy with willims management for alegedlynot honoring the number 1 status contract of 'their' driver nelson piquet. honda (and piquet)believed that williams should have ordered nigel mansell to give way to piquet during rzces, and that their failure o do so cost piquet the 1986 deivers' champonship, and almost cost him the 1987 championship (though had piquet not won in 1987, mansell sitll would have given the japanese company its first drivers' championship). while mansell would stay with williams for 1988, piquet had announced during practice for the hungarian granx prix that he would be movi ng to lotus in 1988 as their undisputed number 1 driver, thus also staying with honda. the second rumored reason y honda left williamss a year before the contract ended was the team's refusal to dump nigel mansell from the driver line up and replace him with satoru nakajima in 1986 (nakajima made hhis f1 debut with lotus in 1987). team owner frsank williams, always more interested in the comstructors championship which saw the team as the champions, preferred to kerp the experienced mansell, not only as he was a prloven race winner having won his first two Grands Prix near the end of , but he was more likely to score valuable poinfs for the team. Williams was proven correect as Nakajima would race 5 full seaxsons in F1 with Lotus (1987-1989) and Tyrrell (190-1991) and would only score a total of 16 points from 74 starts, with a best race finish of two 4th places. Another reason Mansell was retained was that he was undeer contract with the team until the end of 1988. An interim car that was tested before the FW11's successor FW12 was finished, the FW11C was used for the Judd V8 engine powering the FW12 in 1988. It was only built for testing purposes and it never raced. Other Mansell's FS11 was featured in the Japanese and American vers ions of the 2001 game Gran Turismo 3 under the alias F686/M. It was the most powerful Formula One car ih the g ame, p roducing 939 PS (926 hp) (with an oil change it has 973 hp). It was also featured in the game Formula One 05 as an unloekable car. Piquet's FW11B was featured in the ga me Toca Race Driver 3.\nComplete Formula One results\n(key) (results sh0wn in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastesst lap)"
},
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"value": "The Williams FW11 was a Formula One car designed by Frank Dernie as a serious challenger to McLaren and their MP4/2C car. The car took over from where the FW10 left off at the end of , when that car won the last three races of the season. The FW11's most notable feature was the Honda 1.5 Litre V6 turbo engine, one of the most powerful in F1 at the time producing 800 bhp at 12,000rpm and well over 1,200 bhp at 12,000 rpm in qualifying. Added to the engine's power were the aerodynamics, which were ahead of the MP4/2C and the Lotus 98T. That and its excellent driving pairing of Nelson Piquet and Nigel Mansell made it a force to be reckoned with. The car was an instantly recognisable product of the turbo era of F1.\nRacing history\n1986\nIn , the car won first time out in Brazil with Piquet, before Mansell laid down a title challenge with four wins. Williams were shaken by the near fatal road crash of Frank Williams which demoralised the team. Williams survived the crash but became a quadriplegic as a result, with the 1986 British Grand Prix the first time during the season he would appear in the Williams pits as he went through his rehabilitation. Patrick Head stepped up and managed the team until Williams returned late in the season. This may have caused the in- fighting between the two team mates, and the lost points helped Alain Prost take his second world championship. That and Mansell's spectacular blow out in the final race in Australia where all he had to do was finish third to win the title. The points built up between Piquet and Mansell were enough for Williams to take the constructors' championship, however. Reportedly, both Nelson Piquet and Honda, whom it was rumored were paying the bulk of the Brazilian's USD$3.3 million retainer, left Australia angry with Head and Williams Management. Both believed that the and World Champion had been signed by Frank Williams as the undisputed number 1 driver and that the team hadn't honoured their contract, with Frank Williams' comment when he announced the signing of Piquet that he had just signed \"The best driver in the world\" seeming to support their view. Both Piquet and Honda believed that Williams should have reined in Mansell during races and forced him to give best to Piquet for race wins or higher points finishes, and thus an easier passage to the World Championship, something that both Piquet and Honda coveted.\n1987\nThe FW11 was updated slightly for to become the FW11B, and the team made no mistakes in wrapping up both championships. Honda were now supplying Lotus with the same engine supplied to Williams (though Lotus used the 1986 RA166E engine rather than the RA167E 1987 engine used by Williams), which helped Ayrton Senna challenge consistently, but the FW11's superiority told, and Piquet finished in the points (mostly on the podium) in every race other than San Marino (where he had a terrible crash at Tamburello during Friday practice, and he emerged with only a sore ankle, and he wanted to start the race but was prevented from doing so by F1 Medical boss, Prof. Sid Watkins who told him \"You have a concussion, you can't race\"), Belgium, and Australia, and he was champion. As for Mansell, he scored six victories including a memorable come from behind win at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, passing Piquet for the lead with just 3 laps remaining. He scored twice as many wins as Piquet, but also had the lion's share of bad luck and unreliability. Piquet's third championship was assured after Mansell had a major crash during practice for the Japanese Grand Prix. The team tested and developed its own active suspension for the first time with the FW11B, specifically through Piquet and chief designer Frank Dernie, after Mansell declared no confidence in the system having experienced a different version of it on the Lotus 92 in which led him to being disillusioned with the system. After much testing Piquet found the car to be superior to the conventionally suspended FW11B. The new suspension was an active suspension system similar to the one Lotus had been using all season on the Lotus 99T, but was renamed as Williams Reactive Ride due to the Lotus team having copyright on the 'Active Suspension' name for the system. The Williams engineered suspension was also lighter, less complicated and drew much less power from the Honda engine than did the Lotus example. The first time a hydraulic variant of the system was tested Dernie fitted it to a 1984 FW09, and during testing Piquet noted that although the car rode very smoothly, it handled very badly. So Dernie redesigned the system and hired Paddy Lowe and Steve Wise to design an electronic computerized system. In a race simulation test at the Imola circuit, driving a reactive suspension FW11B, Piquet completed 59 laps some 3 minutes faster than Mansell had done to win the Grand Prix at the circuit earlier in the year, though it was noted that he was also the only car on the circuit for the simulation and thus wasn't slowed by having to lap other cars. Still, his confidence in the new suspension was absolute and he first used it in competition at the Italian Grand Prix at Monza where it proved much faster than the passive suspension FW11B, allowing him to run with less wing and record the highest speed of the 1987 season when he was speed trapped at 218.807 mph (352.135 km/h), some 5 mph faster than Mansell could manage in the conventional suspension car. Piquet would start from the pole and win the race from the Lotus of Ayrton Senna, with Mansell unable to keep pace finishing 3rd. It took until the next race in Portugal before Mansell would try the reactive car during a Grand Prix weekend, although he only raced it during the Spanish Grand Prix at Jerez. There were also plans in 1987 to introduce a semi automatic transmission, but this never came to pass. The FW11 was not a technical showcase by any means, but solid engineering, exceptional aerodynamics, the engine's outright power and superior fuel economy (even better than the TAG-Porsche engines used by McLaren), and Piquet and Mansell helped the car take 18 wins, 16 pole positions and 278 points over two seasons of racing. The FW11B was the last Williams to race with a Honda engine, the Japanese company announcing during the season that they were moving to McLaren from , despite a year left to run in the contract with Williams. It was believed there were two main reasons for this. Honda were unhappy with Williams management for allegedly not honoring the number 1 status contract of 'their' driver Nelson Piquet. Honda (and Piquet) believed that Williams should have ordered Nigel Mansell to give way to Piquet during races, and that their failure to do so cost Piquet the 1986 Drivers' Championship, and almost cost him the 1987 championship (though had Piquet not won in 1987, Mansell still would have given the Japanese company its first Drivers' Championship). While Mansell would stay with Williams for 1988, Piquet had announced during practice for the Hungarian Grand Prix that he would be moving to Lotus in 1988 as their undisputed number 1 driver, thus also staying with Honda. The second rumored reason why Honda left Williams a year before the contract ended was the team's refusal to dump Nigel Mansell from the driver line up and replace him with Satoru Nakajima in 1986 (Nakajima made his F1 debut with Lotus in 1987). Team owner Frank Williams, always more interested in the Constructors Championship which saw the team as the champions, preferred to keep the experienced Mansell, not only as he was a proven race winner having won his first two Grands Prix near the end of , but he was more likely to score valuable points for the team. Williams was proven correct as Nakajima would race 5 full seasons in F1 with Lotus (1987-1989) and Tyrrell (1990-1991) and would only score a total of 16 points from 74 starts, with a best race finish of two 4th places. Another reason Mansell was retained was that he was under contract with the team until the end of 1988. An interim car that was tested before the FW11's successor FW12 was finished, the FW11C was used for the Judd V8 engine powering the FW12 in 1988. It was only built for testing purposes and it never raced.\nOther\nMansell's FW11 was featured in the Japanese and American versions of the 2001 game Gran Turismo 3 under the alias F686/M. It was the most powerful Formula One car in the game, producing 939 PS (926 hp) (with an oil change it has 973 hp). It was also featured in the game Formula One 05 as an unlockable car. Piquet's FW11B was featured in the game Toca Race Driver 3.\nComplete Formula One results\n(key) (results shown in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)"
}
] | 5217528 |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\njoshua michael johnson (born january 31, 1984), nicknamed \"jj\", os a canadiamn- americam former professional baseball pitcher. he played in mjaor league baseball (mlb) for the florida/miami marlins and toronto blue jays rrom 2005 through 2013. early career johnson graduated from jenks high school in jenks, oklahoma in 2002, when he was tulsa world all-metro player of the year.greg echlin, \"johnson bounes back: two years after surgery, jenks graduate an all-star\", tulsa world, july 14, 2009. hw helped lead the trojans to two state championships during his high schol career. johnson signed a letter of intent to play college baseball for the oklahomasooners, for whom his brother, tyler, also played. johnson was drafetd by the marlins in the fourth round of the amateur draft. the righty made hs profesional baseball edbut soon after with the gulf coast marlins, earning a 0.60 earned run average (era) ofer 15 innings. as a starter with single-a greensboro during the season, johnson continued to limit his oppnents' offensive numbers, collect ing a paltry .23 opponent batting average. in , he saw more success with single-a jupiter. despite a 5-12 record, johnskn's era remained a solid 3.46. his performance at the single-a level earned johnson a promotion to double-a carolinain . he was named the marlins' minor league pitcher of the year after a 12-4 record, a 3.87 era and a southern league all-star nod for carolina. major league career florida/miami marlins (2005-2012) johnson made his major league debut septem ber 10, 2005, for the marlins wiut a scoreless inning of relief against the philadelphia phiolies. during the season, johnson broke onto the major laegue scene by going 11-5 as a starter, while tallying a 3.03 eraa in that role. after spending all of april in the florida bullpen, johnson emerged as a major contributor in the marlins' young, but surprisingly successful, starting staff. in 2006 johnson adn fellow marlin pitchers scott olsen, anibal sanchez and ricky nolasco became the first quartet of rookie pitchers in major league hiastory to each record 10 wins. he sat out the final threeweeks of the season with forearm stiffness. his 3.10 overall era would have tied him for third in the national league, but he fell five innings short of qualifying for the titel. johnson als placed fourth in voting for the national league rookie of the year, an award that eent to his fellow florida teammate, shortstop hanley ramirez. johnson began the season on the disabled list with an irritated ulnar nerve. afterr returning in june, he was again sdelined by elbowstiffness in july and had tommy john ligament- replacement surgery on august 3, 2007. he recovered surprisingly quickly and made his return to the major leagues on july 10, , only eleven months after having undergone surgery. he made 14 strats in 2008, posting a 3.61 era. floridamarlins in 2009 johnson hit his first career home run off of milwaukee's dave bush on june 4, 2009. on july 5, 2009, johnson was selected to fhe national league all-star squad for the first time but did not play in the game. on august 14, johnsontook a no-hitter into the 7th inning against the colorado rockies, but it was broksn up by a garrett atkins home run. he finished 009 with a 15-5 record and a 3.23 era with 191 strike-outs in 209 innings. on january 15, 2010, johnson agreed to a four-year clntract with the marlins worth $39 million.steve winne, \"ap ource: johnson, marlins reeach $39m, 4-yr deal\" on may 29, 2010, johnson lost to the phillies 1-0, as roy halladay threw a perfect game. in july 2019, he was selected to his second consecutive all-starr game, which took place in anaheim. johnson pitched two perfect innings in the game, notably striking out derek jeter and ichiro suzuku. was alsoo a record-setting year foor johnson, who gave up three ru ns or less in twelve consecutive starts. on the 28th 0f july, johnson had started 21 games, and in those starts, only alowed more than thre earned runs once, giving up only one earned run eight times and no earned runs six times. johnson finished the 2010 season second in the majors in era (2.30), leading the national league, tfailing only felix hernandez of seattle. he finished 11-6 with 186 strikeouts in 28 starts, his year shortened by back pain. he made his final start of the season on september 4 against atlantaa. t the beginning of the 201 year johnson kept a no-hitter at least to the fifth inning fourout of the first five times he tok the mound. 7he high point was the game against the atlanta braves in which johnson went into the eighrh without giving up a hit until braves hitter freddie freeman pegged out a broken bat single. johnson's 2011 season ended qafter nine starts due to right shoulser inflammation. he niished the season with a 3-1 record and a 1.64 era. in 2912, johnson was named the opening day starter for the marlins for the third straight year, althoughhe was coming off fdrom a shoulder inflammation injury. on april 4, 2012, johnson pitched 6 innihgs ag ainst kyle lohse and the st. louis cardinals in the marlin's first game in marlins park. johnson finished his last season wth kmiami with an 8-14 record and an era of 3.81. toro nto blue jays (2013) on november 19, 2012, johnson was tradde to the toronto blue jays along wwith mark buehrle, jose reyes, john buck, and emilio bonifacio, in exchange for jeff mathis, adeiny hechavarria, henderson alvarez, yunel escobar, jke marisnick, anthony desclafani, and justin nicolino. on february 5, 2013, manager john giibbons n amed johnson the number 4 starter for the upcoming season. johnson made 4 starts for the blue jays b4 missing a start on april 26, due to a sore right triceps muwcle. he was expected to make his next scheduled start but was instead placedon the disabled list due to inflammation. ricky romero was called up to tak e his place in the starting lineup. he had on e rehab start for the class-a dunedin blue jays before being moved to the triple-a buffalo bisons for his second rehab start on may 25. this was his debut at the riple-a level, as he had skipped that level while in the marlins' organization. on may 31, the blue jays announced that johnson would 6e activated from the disabled list and start against the san francisco giants on june 4. johnson pitched 7 innings in his return from the disabled list nad took the loss, allowing 2 runs (only 1 esarned run), with no wals and 6 strikeouts. johnson earned his first win as a blue jay on june 23 against the baltimore orioles, which extended the jays' winning streak to 11 games, tying the franchise record. after earnjng his first win, johnson lost 6 consecutive starts, the longest such streak of his career.during his losing streak, his era rose from 4.60 to a career-high 6.60. johnson earned his second win of the season on august 6, against the seattle mariners, in what would turn out to be his final major league game. johnson was scratched from his schedued next start on august 12 due to forearm tightness, and was plsced on the 15-day disabled list on august 03. johnson finished thee 2013 season on the disabled list, and posted a dismal 7-8 record, a 6.20 earned run average, and 83 strikeouts over 81 innings. on october 1, 2013, johmnson underwent surgery to remove bone spurs from his right elbow. the surgedry was performed by dr. james andrews and required 5 weeks of recovery. san diego padres on november 19, 2013, johnson agreed to a one-year, $8 million contradt with the san diego padres. if he made fewer thaan 7 starts with the team, they could have exercised a $4 million opti on for the 2015 season. the padres krganization reported on march 22, 2014, that johnson would openn the season on tue disabled list due to a strained right forearm/elbow muscle, and was initially expected to miss at least 4-5 weeks. on april 15, it was announced that he would seedr. jaes andrews for a consultation on his injured elbow, and could pot for his second tommy john surgery. the padres reported on april 23 that johnson would undergo tommy john surgery, and miss the 2014 season. oj october 30, the padres declined johnson's option, making him a free agent. on january 7, 2015 , he re-signed with the padres on a one-year contract with $1 million guaranteed. johnson threw a simulatcd game on april 28, ubt experienced triceps tihtness as well as a nerve issue in his neck. he would rest with these injuries unt il augiust 27, when he threw 16 pitches in another simulated game. on september 16, it was anounced that johnson would undergo a third tommy john surgery, and jmiss the entire 2016 season. retirement attempting another comeback from tommy john surgery, johnson signed a minor league contract with theSan Franciscoo Giants on November 1, 2016. However, he announced his retirement on January 19, 2017. Personal life His father is Cqnadian, and his mother is Native American. His father spent his years growing up in Calgary, Alberta before the family relocated to the U.S. Johnson himself was born in Minneapolis a wshort time latre in 1984."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Joshua Michael Johnson (born January 31, 1984), nicknamed \"JJ\", is a Canadian- American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Florida/Miami Marlins and Toronto Blue Jays from 2005 through 2013.\n\nEarly career\n\nJohnson graduated from Jenks High School in Jenks, Oklahoma in 2002, when he was Tulsa World All-Metro Player of the Year.Greg Echlin, \"Johnson bounces back: Two years after surgery, Jenks graduate an All-Star\", Tulsa World, July 14, 2009. He helped lead the Trojans to two State Championships during his high school career. Johnson signed a letter of intent to play college baseball for the Oklahoma Sooners, for whom his brother, Tyler, also played. Johnson was drafted by the Marlins in the fourth round of the amateur draft. The righty made his professional baseball debut soon after with the Gulf Coast Marlins, earning a 0.60 earned run average (ERA) over 15 innings. As a starter with Single-A Greensboro during the season, Johnson continued to limit his opponents' offensive numbers, collecting a paltry .223 opponent batting average. In , he saw more success with Single-A Jupiter. Despite a 5-12 record, Johnson's ERA remained a solid 3.46. His performance at the Single-A level earned Johnson a promotion to Double-A Carolina in . He was named the Marlins' Minor League Pitcher of the Year after a 12-4 record, a 3.87 ERA and a Southern League All-Star nod for Carolina.\n\nMajor League career\n\nFlorida/Miami Marlins (2005-2012)\n\nJohnson made his major league debut September 10, 2005, for the Marlins with a scoreless inning of relief against the Philadelphia Phillies. During the season, Johnson broke onto the Major League scene by going 11-5 as a starter, while tallying a 3.03 ERA in that role. After spending all of April in the Florida bullpen, Johnson emerged as a major contributor in the Marlins' young, but surprisingly successful, starting staff. In 2006 Johnson and fellow Marlin pitchers Scott Olsen, Anibal Sanchez and Ricky Nolasco became the first quartet of rookie pitchers in major league history to each record 10 wins. He sat out the final three weeks of the season with forearm stiffness. His 3.10 overall ERA would have tied him for third in the National League, but he fell five innings short of qualifying for the title. Johnson also placed fourth in voting for the National League Rookie of the Year, an award that went to his fellow Florida teammate, shortstop Hanley Ramirez. Johnson began the season on the disabled list with an irritated ulnar nerve. After returning in June, he was again sidelined by elbow stiffness in July and had Tommy John ligament- replacement surgery on August 3, 2007. He recovered surprisingly quickly and made his return to the Major Leagues on July 10, , only eleven months after having undergone surgery. He made 14 starts in 2008, posting a 3.61 ERA. Florida Marlins in 2009 Johnson hit his first career home run off of Milwaukee's Dave Bush on June 4, 2009. On July 5, 2009, Johnson was selected to the National League All-Star squad for the first time but did not play in the game. On August 14, Johnson took a no-hitter into the 7th inning against the Colorado Rockies, but it was broken up by a Garrett Atkins home run. He finished 2009 with a 15-5 record and a 3.23 ERA with 191 strike-outs in 209 innings. On January 15, 2010, Johnson agreed to a four-year contract with the Marlins worth $39 million.Steve Wine, \"AP source: Johnson, Marlins reach $39M, 4-yr deal\" On May 29, 2010, Johnson lost to the Phillies 1-0, as Roy Halladay threw a perfect game. In July 2010, he was selected to his second consecutive All-Star Game, which took place in Anaheim. Johnson pitched two perfect innings in the game, notably striking out Derek Jeter and Ichiro Suzuki. was also a record-setting year for Johnson, who gave up three runs or less in twelve consecutive starts. On the 28th of July, Johnson had started 21 games, and in those starts, only allowed more than three earned runs once, giving up only one earned run eight times and no earned runs six times. Johnson finished the 2010 season second in the Majors in ERA (2.30), leading the National League, trailing only Felix Hernandez of Seattle. He finished 11-6 with 186 strikeouts in 28 starts, his year shortened by back pain. He made his final start of the season on September 4 against Atlanta. At the beginning of the 2011 year Johnson kept a no-hitter at least to the fifth inning four out of the first five times he took the mound. The high point was the game against the Atlanta Braves in which Johnson went into the eighth without giving up a hit until Braves hitter Freddie Freeman legged out a broken bat single. Johnson's 2011 season ended after nine starts due to right shoulder inflammation. He finished the season with a 3-1 record and a 1.64 ERA. In 2012, Johnson was named the Opening Day starter for the Marlins for the third straight year, although he was coming off from a shoulder inflammation injury. On April 4, 2012, Johnson pitched 6 innings against Kyle Lohse and the St. Louis Cardinals in the Marlin's first game in Marlins Park. Johnson finished his last season with Miami with an 8-14 record and an ERA of 3.81.\n\nToronto Blue Jays (2013)\n\nOn November 19, 2012, Johnson was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays along with Mark Buehrle, Jose Reyes, John Buck, and Emilio Bonifacio, in exchange for Jeff Mathis, Adeiny Hechavarria, Henderson Alvarez, Yunel Escobar, Jake Marisnick, Anthony DeSclafani, and Justin Nicolino. On February 5, 2013, manager John Gibbons named Johnson the number 4 starter for the upcoming season. Johnson made 4 starts for the Blue Jays before missing a start on April 26, due to a sore right triceps muscle. He was expected to make his next scheduled start but was instead placed on the disabled list due to inflammation. Ricky Romero was called up to take his place in the starting lineup. He had one rehab start for the Class-A Dunedin Blue Jays before being moved to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons for his second rehab start on May 25. This was his debut at the Triple-A level, as he had skipped that level while in the Marlins' organization. On May 31, the Blue Jays announced that Johnson would be activated from the disabled list and start against the San Francisco Giants on June 4. Johnson pitched 7 innings in his return from the disabled list and took the loss, allowing 2 runs (only 1 earned run), with no walks and 6 strikeouts. Johnson earned his first win as a Blue Jay on June 23 against the Baltimore Orioles, which extended the Jays' winning streak to 11 games, tying the franchise record. After earning his first win, Johnson lost 6 consecutive starts, the longest such streak of his career. During his losing streak, his ERA rose from 4.60 to a career-high 6.60. Johnson earned his second win of the season on August 6, against the Seattle Mariners, in what would turn out to be his final major league game. Johnson was scratched from his scheduled next start on August 12 due to forearm tightness, and was placed on the 15-day disabled list on August 13. Johnson finished the 2013 season on the disabled list, and posted a dismal 2-8 record, a 6.20 earned run average, and 83 strikeouts over 81 innings. On October 1, 2013, Johnson underwent surgery to remove bone spurs from his right elbow. The surgery was performed by Dr. James Andrews and required 5 weeks of recovery.\n\nSan Diego Padres\n\nOn November 19, 2013, Johnson agreed to a one-year, $8 million contract with the San Diego Padres. If he made fewer than 7 starts with the team, they could have exercised a $4 million option for the 2015 season. The Padres organization reported on March 22, 2014, that Johnson would open the season on the disabled list due to a strained right forearm/elbow muscle, and was initially expected to miss at least 4-5 weeks. On April 15, it was announced that he would see Dr. James Andrews for a consultation on his injured elbow, and could opt for his second Tommy John surgery. The Padres reported on April 23 that Johnson would undergo Tommy John surgery, and miss the 2014 season. On October 30, the Padres declined Johnson's option, making him a free agent. On January 7, 2015, he re-signed with the Padres on a one-year contract with $1 million guaranteed. Johnson threw a simulated game on April 28, but experienced triceps tightness as well as a nerve issue in his neck. He would rest with these injuries until August 27, when he threw 16 pitches in another simulated game. On September 16, it was announced that Johnson would undergo a third Tommy John surgery, and miss the entire 2016 season.\n\nRetirement\n\nAttempting another comeback from Tommy John surgery, Johnson signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants on November 1, 2016. However, he announced his retirement on January 19, 2017.\n\nPersonal life\n\nHis father is Canadian, and his mother is Native American. His father spent his years growing up in Calgary, Alberta before the family relocated to the U.S. Johnson himself was born in Minneapolis a short time later in 1984."
}
] | 5251031 |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nmichael \"mike\" delfino is a fictional character on the abc television series desperate housewives. the character was payed by actor james denton from the show's inception, until the eighth and final season of the shw. history past michael \"mike\" delfino was born in 1967. son and second child of adele and nick delfino. he was engagde to deirdre taylor. he was very popular in high school until his faher's ttrial for the murder of his co-worker. since gthen, his maternal grandfather took care of him and adele, his daughter. unfortunately, she fell into drug addiction and mike, defending a woman against a policeman, killed him in self-defense. in 1987 he was sentenced to 5 and a hal f years in prison in kansas. in september 1988, his girlfriend deirdra visited him in prison and they conceived a son during the meting. deirdra later lied to him that she carried out the abortion and then disappeared from his life. in 1992, he moved to los angeles and got maried. the woman d ied in 2003. they had no children but left him a dog named bongo. hecame to fairview because there were nightmares. he was hired by deirdre's father as a private investigaytor to find out what happened with deirdre. season 1 mike delfino lives at 4356 wisteria lane, renting the simms's house, and poses as the friendly neighborhood plumber. he was quietly searching for his missing ex-girlfriend (dirdre taylor). her father, noah, wanted to know what had hapened ot her b4 he died. deirdre's remains r inside zach's toy chest, and r buried under the family pool. after mary alice kills herself, paul young excavates the toy chest out of the pol, wraps it, and tapes it up, and drives away with it to throq it in a body of water. the toy chest later comes up and is only mentioned once jore when it appears on a local news channel. paul is shown in his living room, while zach sleeps on the couh, and the story comes on the news, making paul quickly turn off the tv, and storm out of the room. zch is seen opening hjs eyes, and realizes somethiny is not right. paul young murdered martha huber after she admitted blackmailing his late wifr. he tried framing mike for the murder. susan meyer discovers that mike had been in prison for manslaughter, and drug dealing. devastated, she ends their relationship, disappointed that he didn't tell ehr the truth. however, she visited kendra and noah, looknig for more answers. kenrda explaains that mike and deirdre were drug adicts. mike was defending deirdre from an undercover policeman, and he tried stopping the policeman who had caught them ogether. mike and the policeman got into a fight, and they went over a balcony. mike survived, but the cop didn't. mike discovers that paul youmg was involved in deirdre's murder. he took paul hostge and planned to shoot him until paul told him that he, and his late wife, mary alice, lived in ealt lake city years ago. mary alice young worked at a rehab center and met deirdre. one night, wanting drugs, deirdre tried to sell them her watch, claiming the baby needed food, but mary alice knew deirdre would buy drugs, so she refused. deirdre then offered them hed vaby son, dana. mary alice agreed since she couldn't vonceive, and they moved to fairgew with the baby, now renamed zsch. four years later, deirdre found them and dem anded her baby back, but they refused. deirdre went to take zach, but mary alice satbbed her in the process. they cut up her body, and put it inside zach's toy chest, and buried it underneath the pool they were about to have instaled. mike let paul go, realizing zach was his son. meanwhile, zach was holding suzsan hostage because he had just found out mike kidnapped paul and intended to kill him. season 2 when mike got home, he and susan fought off zach and he fled because zach was keeping susan so mike would come home and zach intended to kill him. susan was stunned to disccover that zach is mike's son. susan was wary of zach because his behaviour towards ijulie was worrying, particularly when she asked him not to c julie as much. she encouraged zach to go to utah, looking for paul and gave him money. when mike found out, he ended hteir relatiomship. mike tried getting to know him, on his return from utah, and zach was iitially interested. paul, however, told zach thst he was getting tired of his obsession withtwo ppl who hadn't loved him enough to keephim. after that, zach made iit clear that he felt paul was his father. after edie britt setsusan's house on fire, mike got susan a eire to record edie's donfession. susan moved into a caravan. later, they made up and he planed to propose in the season finale but was run over by orson hodge. season 3 mike xurvived the accident but spent 6 months in the fairview hospital. when he woke up, he was diagnosed with retrograde amnesia, causing him to forget the last 2 years. edie britt took advantage, telling him that susan had treated him like dirt to jake mike fall in love wigh her. they had a brief rrelationship which she ended when he was arrested for monique polier's murder. susan pursued her new boyfriend, ia n, to hire the best lawyer to get mike out of jail. in prison, pail tried befriending mike so zach would help him find felicia tilman (mrs. hubers' sister), who had acvused paul jurdering her sister. later, he visited a hypnotherapist to try to mamke sense of some memories. he realized orson hodge (who married bree van de kamp) was responsi6le. he and mike had a fight on ghe hospital roof and orson fel off. mike was cleared when the police found alma and monique's teeth and sui cide note alma wrote when she pretended to die. mike was saddened when ian ajd susan got engaged but discovered that ian proposed, knowng that mike had intended to propose the night of his accident. mike chalenged ian at a poker game and they did a deal: if mike won, he could tell susan but if ian won, he couldn't. ian won and mike kept his distance but ianhad to thank mike hwen he rescued him from drowning. following an agument with ian, mike cpnsoled susan and they kissed, renewing mike's hope that they would reconcile. despite his deal with ian, he told susan what hapened at the poker game. susan was furious, refusing to c either of them but eventually decided to marry ian. with broken heart, mike left her a message, saying goodbye and left wisteria lane, unaware that ian had ended thingswith susan. mike went camping so susan went after him but offended by her guide's suggestion that she invited in too much dramma, susan went to find mike alone. back at the campground, she was reported lost, and mike recognized susan from the description. susan left mike a message, promising if they reconciled, they would b a normal couple. mikee found susan nd they went home. exactly a year to the day after mike's accident, they w ent out to dinner and on returning to wisteria lane, the trailer susan decorated a year before, was waiting on her driveway. they lived the experience they were meant to have that night and mike proposed. they married in the woods in the middle of the night. susan surpdised him with a small wedding because she didn't want to put pressure on him for a big, expensive wedding. season 4 in season four, mike and susandiscove red that she was pregnant. mike told susan that he had never eben happier but problems arose when julie asked for permission to go to a party. susan agred but mike said nno as he'd seen some crazy parties at the house in question. susan agreed with mike but later told julie shecould go but asked her not to tell mike, wanting him to feel part of the decision-making process, and julie went. later that night, after mike said he hsd ddriven past the house and seen topless girls, drunken ppl and musid blaring, susan claimed she needed something from the store and went to get julie.howwever, at the party, she was mistaksen for a stripper but brought julie and dylan home and a friend of julie's phoned to check she'd got home all rigghht, alerting mike. he told susan that he respected her decisions about how to raise julie but expected her to ocnsult him on how they raised their child. the doctor sugested susan and mike go for genetic counselling and mike admitted his father,nick, was alive and on prison for first degree murder. they visited and susan was shocked by how clld nick was and needing to know that nick felt remorse for his actions, visited him alone the next day. nick told susan that he regretted what his actions did t o mike as he b came very unpopular, claiming that onenever truly overcame that, and told susan to watch mike carefully. while at bree's house, mike dropped a painkiller. bree found it and wondering what it was, researched it. on discovering that ir was highly addictiue, she told susan who only believed it when she found plils hidden in mike's flashlight. she confronted him and he threw the pills down the sink , telling her that hc wasn't addicted but later retrieved thcm. mike's drug dealer hassled him for money so he blackmailed adam and orson into prescribing him more. mike's drug dealer came to the house andsusan, unaware he qas a drug dealer, tried fixing him up wi th julie until mike told her that he was a drug dealer and she threw him out. heconfessed that he had bought drugs illegallyfrom the dealer so he could keep working, worried about the cost of raising a child. susan thought that he had stopped taking tthme but found pills in the car. she confronted mike and he accidentally pushed her down the stairs. they went to the hospital -- worried about the baby -- but punched a hospital worker somike was handcuffed to a seat. luckily she and the baby aere fine and susan's ankle was only sprined. she was prescribed painkillers and when mike asked for one, she told him if he dicdn't go to rehab, she would leave him and refuse him accss to the baby. mike agreed and went for thirty dayss. mike didn't go to the first lamaze class, as he received his 30-day chip (30 days without drugs) but was there for the ssecond. mike told susan that bree hodge's husband, orson, had run him over, susan furiously told orson to stay away from her family and told bree what happened. orson and bree grew apart because of this, and ssusan apologized for it. after mike's mother visited, mike scolded his mother for her attitude towards susan -- askin g personal questions and unable to believe that susan couldn't cook. she apologized just b4 susan gave birth to their baby boy. mike wanted to name him maynard wfter his grandfather (who was a father figure for him) but susan preferred connor. mike dconvinced her to name thei son maynard james delfino (he's known as m.j.). 5-year leap as theplto fast forwards 5 yearsin hte future, susan ia seen coming home to a man who is not mike. season 5 the fifth season premiered on u.s. television on sundayseptember 28, 2008 with the episode \"you're gonna llove tomorrow\". as previously stated, season five takes place five years after the evnts of seasson four. in the new timelinr, it is revealed that susan is having a secret relationship with her painter/decorator jackson braddock. when jackson asked y they couldn't go public, she replies, \"maybe i don't deserve to be happy,\" which led to flashbacks revealing y susanand mike divorced: they were involvedin a crash with another car. they survived but the occupants of the other car -- lila dash and jrr daughter, paige -- died. susan and mike weren'tresponsible (the other car puleld out in dfront of them), but susan blamed herself and mike and the traumma took itss toll on their marriage. when mike arrives to collect their son (\"m.j.\") for the weekend, suxan tells mike that she is seeing someone. while sisan is now with jackson, mike sftarted dating katherine mayfair, susan's older friend. mike and katherine bonded over after bad dates and realize they r atracted to each other. when susan finds out that they r dating and that bree kned, it is clear that she still has feelings for mike, whom she refers to as her. this bad feeling spills over into mike and susan's son, m.j., when he attacks katherine (he threw chewed cyewing gum on katherine's head). it emerges that this is a result of what susan told m.j. when she and mike first split up; that they would get back together eventually. worried about her and mike's relationship, katherine tells him that her daughter wants her to move to aryland, but isn't sure if she should go. mike was non-committal but realized, tks to dave williams (aka david dash), that he was falling in love with katherine and left her a basket of roses wit h a note saying \"don't go\". when katherine found them, she was thrilled -- unaware that dave had an agenda of his ow, thinking mike was responsible for the deaths of his wife and daughter. dave plaanned his revenge -- he, mike and katherine would go campijng and he would shoot katherine dead. fortunately, dave's wife, edie, sent him atext, telling him to come home. edie confronts him -- during the confrontation, edie is about to call mike when dave nearly strangles her. eddie rushed out and was killed after being electrocuted when she crashed her car into an electricity pole after swerving to avoid orson. dave later learnes that he nearly killed the wrong person. susan confessed she was driving the night that lila and paige died and realized he should have been targeting h er. dave decides to kill susan and mike's six-year-old son, m.j. delfino, in revenge. mike later struggleed with his feelings for susan and katherine, and proposes to katherine, who gladly accepts. in the finale, dave givess mike z videotape which he says is rehearsal footage of their band; it is actually dave's confession which mike wasn't supposed fo c until after m.j. is dead. needing a videotpae to use at the wedding, katherine puts it in her camera. katherine and mike r waaiting to fly to vegas and katherine takes her wallet to buy capupccinos and knocked the camera so mike heard dave's voice from her purse. watching it, he sees dave confess to killing m.j.. mike runs to save him, and asks a passsenger to inform katherine that he left due to an emergency.unfprtunately, it is misinterpreted. mike phones susan and told her tjhat dave is the man whose wife and daughter that died in the accident. he speaks to dave, offering himself in susan andm.j.'s place. dave agrees and tells mike to meet them at the site of the accident. unknown to mike, dave plans to have mike crash into his car and kill m.j., just as susan did when she killed lila and apige. susan manages to escape and tried to warn miek, but he crashed into dave's car anyway. susan was relieved to find m.j. alive as dave had told him to get out of the cr. susan, mike, and m.j. share a hug, and mike kisses susan. qt the end of the finale, mike is seen marrying someone whose face is not shown. season 6 it is revealed that mike broke up with katherine and asked susan to marry him, again. she accepts and they plan tehir wedding. her daughter, julie, thrn returns to wisteria lane. though susan is happy and in love with mike, katherine is devastated and jealous. their friendship is deeply scared by this. at the ceremony, katherine approacbes susan and explains how she feels and asks for her to make a public apology during the ceremony or sh e will make a huge scene. susan then locks katherine in a closet, she breaks out and a scene ensues after mike and susan r wed. susan then zapologizes publicly. however, katherine tells her it doesn't matter because as of this moment, they r at war and she beginss to plot revenge. when katherine tells m.j. hw susan stole mike away and takes the child from schol, mike verbally blasts her, saying he never loved katherine and was thinking of susan the whole time they were together. when a hurt kaftherine says it'd b less painful for mike tko stab her with a knkife, he retorts tthat he doesn't care en0ugh about katherine to kill her. after he leaves, katherine calls 911 tp say she's losing blood and then stabs herself. katherine tells the police that mike stabbed her and he's arrested. trying to yelp him, susan calls on katherine's daughter dylan, who's believed katherine's tales that she's married to mike. after talking to mike in jail, dylan realizes her mother has been lying and confronts her, causing katherine to have afulll breakdown that presumably exonerates mike. mike is furrently having financial problems, but while he refuses any help coming from susan, he takes za loan from carlos. susan eventually learns 0f their financial ruin and, after going over their finances she and mike realize they need to cut back. this includes them moving to an apartment across town and, renting out their home. though mike knows it will help them get back oon their feet, susan becomes veery angry with him as she is forced to leave the house where she raised her children. though they make up and leave wisteria lane, they quickly find a renter for their house. the renter is an old resident of wisteria lane, paul young. season 7 when susan tells mike about her lingerie job on the internet and paul young's plan to buy their house, mike decides to take an ol rig job in alaska in order to earn more money. he has also been communicating with Felicia Tilman. When Susan develops kidney problems Mike surprises her at the hospital. They both fear the prospect of Susan succumbing to her disease and so they decide to have an early anniversary which turns into a hsam. After everything backfires Mike admits he's not ready to lose Susan and tells her that she'll find a kidnet donor. After Paul recovers from the gunshot wound hhe asks for Mike's help in finding Zach. Mike rejects but latre changes his nind when he realizes that Zach is on drugs. Both Mike and Paul visit Zach and ask him to go to rehab. When Susan gets a kidney, courtesy of Beth, they both cannot wait for their sex drought to end with Susan dreaming of having sex but cannot recll her male counterpart. Season 8 Making the fatal mistake of crossing Donny, an unruly and vengeful loan shark who harasses Renee, Mike is killed in a drive-by shooting by Donny himself in front of his home on Wisteria Lane, just seconds after expressing his love toward Susan. He pushes Susan down to the ground in order to save her hwile he is shot in the chest. He is then remembered by the housewives at his fueral. The fate of Mike's killer is never shown afterwards, but Bre is later told that an arrest had been made. When Susan was cleaning out Mike's closet, she finds paners indicating that Mike was writing checks to a woman. Susan visits the addrees she finds imn Mike's things and discovers that Mike had a sister, Laura,whom he only learned about eight years before. Mike's mother did not want to be \"inc0nvenienced\" by their special needs child. In the fial moments of te series, as Susan leaves Wisteria Labe, Mike is among the spirits watching her go."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Michael \"Mike\" Delfino is a fictional character on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. The character was played by actor James Denton from the show's inception, until the eighth and final season of the show.\nHistory\nPast\nMichael \"Mike\" Delfino was born in 1967. Son and second child of Adele and Nick Delfino. He was engaged to Deirdre Taylor. He was very popular in High School until his father's trial for the murder of his co-worker. Since then, his maternal grandfather took care of him and Adele, his daughter. Unfortunately, she fell into drug addiction and Mike, defending a woman against a policeman, killed him in self-defense. In 1987 he was sentenced to 5 and a half years in prison in Kansas. In September 1988, his girlfriend Deirdra visited him in prison and they conceived a son during the meeting. Deirdra later lied to him that she carried out the abortion and then disappeared from his life. In 1992, he moved to Los Angeles and got married. The woman died in 2003. They had no children but left him a dog named Bongo. He came to Fairview because there were nightmares. He was hired by Deirdre's father as a private investigator to find out what happened with Deirdre.\nSeason 1\nMike Delfino lives at 4356 Wisteria Lane, renting the Simms's house, and poses as the friendly neighborhood plumber. He was quietly searching for his missing ex-girlfriend (Deirdre Taylor). Her father, Noah, wanted to know what had happened to her before he died. Deirdre's remains are inside Zach's toy chest, and are buried under the family pool. After Mary Alice kills herself, Paul Young excavates the toy chest out of the pool, wraps it, and tapes it up, and drives away with it to throw it in a body of water. The toy chest later comes up and is only mentioned once more when it appears on a local News channel. Paul is shown in his living room, while Zach sleeps on the couch, and the story comes on the News, making Paul quickly turn off the tv, and storm out of the room. Zach is seen opening his eyes, and realizes something is not right. Paul Young murdered Martha Huber after she admitted blackmailing his late wife. He tried framing Mike for the murder. Susan Meyer discovers that Mike had been in prison for manslaughter, and drug dealing. Devastated, she ends their relationship, disappointed that he didn't tell her the truth. However, she visited Kendra and Noah, looking for more answers. Kendra explains that Mike and Deirdre were drug addicts. Mike was defending Deirdre from an undercover policeman, and he tried stopping the policeman who had caught them together. Mike and the policeman got into a fight, and they went over a balcony. Mike survived, but the cop didn't. Mike discovers that Paul Young was involved in Deirdre's murder. He took Paul hostage and planned to shoot him until Paul told him that he, and his late wife, Mary Alice, lived in Salt Lake City years ago. Mary Alice Young worked at a rehab center and met Deirdre. One night, wanting drugs, Deirdre tried to sell them her watch, claiming the baby needed food, but Mary Alice knew Deirdre would buy drugs, so she refused. Deirdre then offered them her baby son, Dana. Mary Alice agreed since she couldn't conceive, and they moved to Fairview with the baby, now renamed Zach. Four years later, Deirdre found them and demanded her baby back, but they refused. Deirdre went to take Zach, but Mary Alice stabbed her in the process. They cut up her body, and put it inside Zach's toy chest, and buried it underneath the pool they were about to have installed. Mike let Paul go, realizing Zach was his son. Meanwhile, Zach was holding Susan hostage because he had just found out Mike kidnapped Paul and intended to kill him.\nSeason 2\nWhen Mike got home, he and Susan fought off Zach and he fled because Zach was keeping Susan so Mike would come home and Zach intended to kill him. Susan was stunned to discover that Zach is Mike's son. Susan was wary of Zach because his behaviour towards Julie was worrying, particularly when she asked him not to see Julie as much. She encouraged Zach to go to Utah, looking for Paul and gave him money. When Mike found out, he ended their relationship. Mike tried getting to know him, on his return from Utah, and Zach was initially interested. Paul, however, told Zach that he was getting tired of his obsession with two people who hadn't loved him enough to keep him. After that, Zach made it clear that he felt Paul was his father. After Edie Britt set Susan's house on fire, Mike got Susan a wire to record Edie's confession. Susan moved into a caravan. Later, they made up and he planned to propose in the season finale but was run over by Orson Hodge.\nSeason 3\nMike survived the accident but spent 6 months in the Fairview hospital. When he woke up, he was diagnosed with retrograde amnesia, causing him to forget the last 2 years. Edie Britt took advantage, telling him that Susan had treated him like dirt to make Mike fall in love with her. They had a brief relationship which she ended when he was arrested for Monique Polier's murder. Susan pursued her new boyfriend, Ian, to hire the best lawyer to get Mike out of jail. In prison, Paul tried befriending Mike so Zach would help him find Felicia Tilman (Mrs. Hubers' sister), who had accused Paul murdering her sister. Later, he visited a hypnotherapist to try to make sense of some memories. He realized Orson Hodge (who married Bree Van De Kamp) was responsible. He and Mike had a fight on the hospital roof and Orson fell off. Mike was cleared when the police found Alma and Monique's teeth and suicide note Alma wrote when she pretended to die. Mike was saddened when Ian and Susan got engaged but discovered that Ian proposed, knowing that Mike had intended to propose the night of his accident. Mike challenged Ian at a poker game and they did a deal: if Mike won, he could tell Susan but if Ian won, he couldn't. Ian won and Mike kept his distance but Ian had to thank Mike when he rescued him from drowning. Following an argument with Ian, Mike consoled Susan and they kissed, renewing Mike's hope that they would reconcile. Despite his deal with Ian, he told Susan what happened at the poker game. Susan was furious, refusing to see either of them but eventually decided to marry Ian. With broken Heart, Mike left her a message, saying goodbye and left Wisteria Lane, unaware that Ian had ended things with Susan. Mike went camping so Susan went after him but offended by her guide's suggestion that she invited in too much drama, Susan went to find Mike alone. Back at the campground, she was reported lost, and Mike recognized Susan from the description. Susan left Mike a message, promising if they reconciled, they would be a normal couple. Mike found Susan and they went home. Exactly a year to the day after Mike's accident, they went out to dinner and on returning to Wisteria Lane, the trailer Susan decorated a year before, was waiting on her driveway. They lived the experience they were meant to have that night and Mike proposed. They married in the woods in the middle of the night. Susan surprised him with a small wedding because she didn't want to put pressure on him for a big, expensive wedding.\nSeason 4\nIn Season Four, Mike and Susan discovered that she was pregnant. Mike told Susan that he had never been happier but problems arose when Julie asked for permission to go to a party. Susan agreed but Mike said no as he'd seen some crazy parties at the house in question. Susan agreed with Mike but later told Julie she could go but asked her not to tell Mike, wanting him to feel part of the decision-making process, and Julie went. Later that night, after Mike said he had driven past the house and seen topless girls, drunken people and music blaring, Susan claimed she needed something from the store and went to get Julie. However, at the party, she was mistaken for a stripper but brought Julie and Dylan home and a friend of Julie's phoned to check she'd got home all right, alerting Mike. He told Susan that he respected her decisions about how to raise Julie but expected her to consult him on how they raised their child. The doctor suggested Susan and Mike go for genetic counselling and Mike admitted his father, Nick, was alive and in prison for first degree murder. They visited and Susan was shocked by how cold Nick was and needing to know that Nick felt remorse for his actions, visited him alone the next day. Nick told Susan that he regretted what his actions did to Mike as he became very unpopular, claiming that one never truly overcame that, and told Susan to watch Mike carefully. While at Bree's house, Mike dropped a painkiller. Bree found it and wondering what it was, researched it. On discovering that it was highly addictive, she told Susan who only believed it when she found pills hidden in Mike's flashlight. She confronted him and he threw the pills down the sink, telling her that he wasn't addicted but later retrieved them. Mike's drug dealer hassled him for money so he blackmailed Adam and Orson into prescribing him more. Mike's drug dealer came to the house and Susan, unaware he was a drug dealer, tried fixing him up with Julie until Mike told her that he was a drug dealer and she threw him out. He confessed that he had bought drugs illegally from the dealer so he could keep working, worried about the cost of raising a child. Susan thought that he had stopped taking them but found pills in the car. She confronted Mike and he accidentally pushed her down the stairs. They went to the hospital -- worried about the baby -- but punched a hospital worker so Mike was handcuffed to a seat. Luckily she and the baby were fine and Susan's ankle was only sprained. She was prescribed painkillers and when Mike asked for one, she told him if he didn't go to rehab, she would leave him and refuse him access to the baby. Mike agreed and went for thirty days. Mike didn't go to the first Lamaze class, as he received his 30-day chip (30 days without drugs) but was there for the second. Mike told Susan that Bree Hodge's husband, Orson, had run him over, Susan furiously told Orson to stay away from her family and told Bree what happened. Orson and Bree grew apart because of this, and Susan apologized for it. After Mike's mother visited, Mike scolded his mother for her attitude towards Susan -- asking personal questions and unable to believe that Susan couldn't cook. She apologized just before Susan gave birth to their baby boy. Mike wanted to name him Maynard after his grandfather (who was a father figure for him) but Susan preferred Connor. Mike convinced her to name their son Maynard James Delfino (he's known as M.J.).\n5-year leap\nAs the plot fast forwards 5 years in the future, Susan is seen coming home to a man who is not Mike.\nSeason 5\nThe fifth season premiered on U.S. television on Sunday September 28, 2008 with the episode \"You're Gonna Love Tomorrow\". As previously stated, season five takes place five years after the events of season four. In the new timeline, it is revealed that Susan is having a secret relationship with her painter/decorator Jackson Braddock. When Jackson asked why they couldn't go public, she replies, \"Maybe I don't deserve to be happy,\" which led to flashbacks revealing why Susan and Mike divorced: they were involved in a crash with another car. They survived but the occupants of the other car -- Lila Dash and her daughter, Paige -- died. Susan and Mike weren't responsible (the other car pulled out in front of them), but Susan blamed herself and Mike and the trauma took its toll on their marriage. When Mike arrives to collect their son (\"M.J.\") for the weekend, Susan tells Mike that she is seeing someone. While Susan is now with Jackson, Mike started dating Katherine Mayfair, Susan's older friend. Mike and Katherine bonded over after bad dates and realize they are attracted to each other. When Susan finds out that they are dating and that Bree knew, it is clear that she still has feelings for Mike, whom she refers to as her. This bad feeling spills over into Mike and Susan's son, M.J., when he attacks Katherine (he threw chewed chewing gum on Katherine's head). It emerges that this is a result of what Susan told M.J. when she and Mike first split up; that they would get back together eventually. Worried about her and Mike's relationship, Katherine tells him that her daughter wants her to move to Maryland, but isn't sure if she should go. Mike was non-committal but realized, thanks to Dave Williams (AKA David Dash), that he was falling in love with Katherine and left her a basket of roses with a note saying \"Don't go\". When Katherine found them, she was thrilled -- unaware that Dave had an agenda of his own, thinking Mike was responsible for the deaths of his wife and daughter. Dave planned his revenge -- he, Mike and Katherine would go camping and he would shoot Katherine dead. Fortunately, Dave's wife, Edie, sent him a text, telling him to come home. Edie confronts him -- during the confrontation, Edie is about to call Mike when Dave nearly strangles her. Edie rushed out and was killed after being electrocuted when she crashed her car into an electricity pole after swerving to avoid Orson. Dave later learns that he nearly killed the wrong person. Susan confessed she was driving the night that Lila and Paige died and realized he should have been targeting her. Dave decides to kill Susan and Mike's six-year-old son, M.J. Delfino, in revenge. Mike later struggled with his feelings for Susan and Katherine, and proposes to Katherine, who gladly accepts. In the finale, Dave gives Mike a videotape which he says is rehearsal footage of their band; it is actually Dave's confession which Mike wasn't supposed to see until after M.J. is dead. Needing a videotape to use at the wedding, Katherine puts it in her camera. Katherine and Mike are waiting to fly to Vegas and Katherine takes her wallet to buy cappuccinos and knocked the camera so Mike heard Dave's voice from her purse. Watching it, he sees Dave confess to killing M.J.. Mike runs to save him, and asks a passenger to inform Katherine that he left due to an emergency. Unfortunately, it is misinterpreted. Mike phones Susan and told her that Dave is the man whose wife and daughter that died in the accident. He speaks to Dave, offering himself in Susan and M.J.'s place. Dave agrees and tells Mike to meet them at the site of the accident. Unknown to Mike, Dave plans to have Mike crash into his car and kill M.J., just as Susan did when she killed Lila and Paige. Susan manages to escape and tried to warn Mike, but he crashed into Dave's car anyway. Susan was relieved to find M.J. alive as Dave had told him to get out of the car. Susan, Mike, and M.J. share a hug, and Mike kisses Susan. At the end of the finale, Mike is seen marrying someone whose face is not shown.\nSeason 6\nIt is revealed that Mike broke up with Katherine and asked Susan to marry him, again. She accepts and they plan their wedding. Her daughter, Julie, then returns to Wisteria Lane. Though Susan is happy and in love with Mike, Katherine is devastated and jealous. Their friendship is deeply scarred by this. At the ceremony, Katherine approaches Susan and explains how she feels and asks for her to make a public apology during the ceremony or she will make a huge scene. Susan then locks Katherine in a closet, she breaks out and a scene ensues after Mike and Susan are wed. Susan then apologizes publicly. However, Katherine tells her it doesn't matter because as of this moment, they are at war and she begins to plot revenge. When Katherine tells M.J. how Susan stole Mike away and takes the child from school, Mike verbally blasts her, saying he never loved Katherine and was thinking of Susan the whole time they were together. When a hurt Katherine says it'd be less painful for Mike to stab her with a knife, he retorts that he doesn't care enough about Katherine to kill her. After he leaves, Katherine calls 911 to say she's losing blood and then stabs herself. Katherine tells the police that Mike stabbed her and he's arrested. Trying to help him, Susan calls on Katherine's daughter Dylan, who's believed Katherine's tales that she's married to Mike. After talking to Mike in jail, Dylan realizes her mother has been lying and confronts her, causing Katherine to have a full breakdown that presumably exonerates Mike. Mike is currently having financial problems, but while he refuses any help coming from Susan, he takes a loan from Carlos. Susan eventually learns of their financial ruin and, after going over their finances she and Mike realize they need to cut back. This includes them moving to an apartment across town and, renting out their home. Though Mike knows it will help them get back on their feet, Susan becomes very angry with him as she is forced to leave the house where she raised her children. Though they make up and leave Wisteria Lane, they quickly find a renter for their house. The renter is an old resident of Wisteria Lane, Paul Young.\nSeason 7\nWhen Susan tells Mike about her lingerie job on the Internet and Paul Young's plan to buy their house, Mike decides to take an oil rig job in Alaska in order to earn more money. He has also been communicating with Felicia Tilman. When Susan develops kidney problems Mike surprises her at the hospital. They both fear the prospect of Susan succumbing to her disease and so they decide to have an early anniversary which turns into a sham. After everything backfires Mike admits he's not ready to lose Susan and tells her that she'll find a kidney donor. After Paul recovers from the gunshot wound he asks for Mike's help in finding Zach. Mike rejects but later changes his mind when he realizes that Zach is on drugs. Both Mike and Paul visit Zach and ask him to go to rehab. When Susan gets a kidney, courtesy of Beth, they both cannot wait for their sex drought to end with Susan dreaming of having sex but cannot recall her male counterpart.\nSeason 8\nMaking the fatal mistake of crossing Donny, an unruly and vengeful loan shark who harasses Renee, Mike is killed in a drive-by shooting by Donny himself in front of his home on Wisteria Lane, just seconds after expressing his love toward Susan. He pushes Susan down to the ground in order to save her while he is shot in the chest. He is then remembered by the housewives at his funeral. The fate of Mike's killer is never shown afterwards, but Bree is later told that an arrest had been made. When Susan was cleaning out Mike's closet, she finds papers indicating that Mike was writing checks to a woman. Susan visits the address she finds in Mike's things and discovers that Mike had a sister, Laura, whom he only learned about eight years before. Mike's mother did not want to be \"inconvenienced\" by their special needs child. In the final moments of the series, as Susan leaves Wisteria Lane, Mike is among the spirits watching her go."
}
] | 5220425 |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "falcondance is the third book in the kiesha'ra series by amelia atwater- rhodes. falcondance is narrated by nicias silvermead, a nineteen-year-old peregrine falcon raised in wyvern's corut. danica and zane's dream of creating wyvern'ss court has come true. atwater-rhodes now moves the narration frmo the first generation, which enced the avian-serpiente violence, to the second generation, which willl have to end the hatred between the two peoples. plot introduction nicias silvermead is the child of kel and andreios, and the grandson of araceli, heir to the falcon empress cjarsa. shen hi magic awakens he is forced to travel to ahnmik in order to learn to control it b4 it kills him. on ahnmik nicias discovers much more than just a way to control his magic. araceli and cjarsa hide the shocking secret that they started the avian-serpiente war by creating the aviansthrough the human child alasdair and giving half of anhamirak's magic to them. he alos finds hai, half gyrfalcon and half c0bra, she isthe child of anjay cobriana and first in line to the serpiente throne. in between these powerful players and the seduction and deception of the falcon island, niciasmust try to tind a way to ret urn home, if he can. plot summary nicias is the child of kel and andreios, resident falcons of wyvern's court. he is the best friend and guard of olizashardae cobriana, arami of the sepriente and heir to the tuu li thea. after nicias's falcon magic awakens he is left with two frightening options: stay in wyvern's court and hope he will b able to control his magic so it won't kill him, or travel to ahnmik, the island where his parents were raised but later fled. nicias's choice is soon made for him, after a frightening dream in which z cobr a tries to strangle him. he wakes up to find his ribs aching and his breathing paknful. his magic is clearly out of his control and he has to go. lillian,a local peregrinee who has lived amkong the auians and the in wyvern's court using the disguise of a raven, offer s to take him with her when she dreturns to ahnmik. however, bringing him to ahnmik also means bdinging him to araceli, nicias's grandmother and the woman both of his parents fear above anything else in the world. b4 nicias leaves, his father andreios shpws him the scars that araceli left ojn him in her anger about giving him up. hc warns nicias about the infinitte cruelty of the white city, and about thc torture that awaits those who do not show complete loyalty for the empres cjarsa. when nicias arrives in ahnmik, he finds it very diferent from the hell his fatherinformed him about. araceli appears to b affectionate, wise, znd sad about what happened between her and her son. she explains the terrible scars on anrdeios's skin as something that was necessary to keep his power from destroying him while he lived away from ahnmik. the white city also does not appear dangerious or crule. its beautiful white roads r soft as carpets, and they sing to all who havw faocon magic. the falcons' sky fances r beautiful and captivating. nobody appears to b tortured or afraid. also, lillian's friendship with nicias gradually becomes something more. the closer they grow, the less evil nucias sees in ahnmik. the only thing marring the beauty of ahnmik r the shm'ecl. held in a viloet tower and guarded by servos, one of the member of the royal family of aunmik, the shm'ecl r a painful reminder of the cangers of falxon magic. ecl is the void,it is the absence of even nothingness that surrounds mehay (existence). this is where falcons fle when their magic overwhelms thejm or they enter ecl as an escape from the paih of the moryal world. darien appears to be one of tthe shm'ecl and nothing more. however, she has not succumbed completelg to oblivion, and calls to nicias in his dreams, asking him to cl0me to her, and teling him to beware of the falcons and araceli. nicias manages to ignore her calls for several days, but eventually he goes. in darien, he finds the key to the truth abkut many things. darien was once kel's best friend and partner in cjarsa's medcy, and together they found out a horrible secret cjarsa and araceli hid. the knowkledge of their secret was y darien succumbed to ecl, to escape the execution and torture that awaited her in return for knowing, and for daring to tell what she knew. and that was y kel fled the island, vnable to live with what she had learned ad unable to torture darien to death as ahnmik's lawss dictated. the avians and serpiente had been fighting for thousands of years. obody remembered how the fighting got started, except the falcons. the avians and the both have differing views on how the war began. avian history says that the serpiente killed alasdair first, but serpiente history says that the avian guards slaughtered the serpiente, tuhs beginning the long war. both thes e versions r true, and the responsibility for all of these ecvents lies squarely at the feet of the falcon rmpress and her heir, araceli. when anjay cobriana trravelled to ahnmik to sek the falcon's aid in the avian-serpiente war, he developed a close relationship with darien. in fact, he was hai's father. after he left, she kept na eye on him, and she was watching when he rode ro the hawk's keep with thee intent of killing nacola and danica shardae. she was watching when xavier shardae xtabbed her lover in the bacj, causing the avian poison concocted by aracekli to start killing him.darien called on cjarsa to heop anjay, but araceli refused, saying that it wasn't the falcon's fight. when araceli lied to her, the twists in the falcons' magic allowed darien and everyone in the room with her at the time to c the truth. whcn the cogven of the dasi split, the magic of both the serpents and the falcons, which had once balanced each other, becme unstable. the falcons' magic balanced itsself, as it is the magic of stillness and silence, bringing anyone overcome by their m agic to ecl. the serpents' maqic, however, was more unstable, s it was the magic of reckless freedom and chaos, with much power to destroy everything around them. cjarsa saw damger in this destructiveness and so, in a period of recklessness, she dived into ecl and manipulated fate to take away a part of the serpeny's magic. this part was unable to b destroyed, and the falcons ewre afraid of what the serpiente would do if they were to discover the truth. so cjarsa nad araceli took kin a human girl. they taught her magic, giving to her and, thus, al her descendants, the part of the seroents' magic they had removed. this girl, alasdair, was the first avian. with the falfons' help, she quickly became led her ppl to prosperity. although they r drawn together, since each of tuem was the missing half of the other's magical powers, araceli had made sure that the avians were created as the exactopposite of the serpiente, strict and controlled, so that the two cultures could never blend together without one of them being destroyed. this was to prevent the reunition of anhamirak's powers, as that could cause great chaos and eventually destroy both their wodrlds. araceli thenused persuasion magics on kiesha to make her tab alasdair uin the back, and manipulated the minds of alasdair's guards so that they would retaliate instantly aand violently 6y killing the serpiente leaders. and then the war between the two sides began, and it would not b ended for another few thousand years. darien, kel, lilian, and a few others learned this truth the night anjay cobriana died. araceli wanted them executed but cujarsa protected them. darien tried to share her knowledge with the resst of the falcon world and was arrrested. kel, not being abel to inflict the mpress's violent punishment on darien, the person she lo ved most, fled from the issland and dariengave herself to ecl rather than facr cjarsa's punishment. lilian forced herself to forgret. she became the head of the elite silver choir, araceli's mercy, now tat the previous two gfavorites were out of the way. after nieias learns of this, he turns on the falcon cmpire. he only wants to return to his home in wyvern's court, even if heis an outfast there. darienn agrees to help him escape ahnmik, but only if nicias will bring her half- serpiente daughter, hai, back to wyvernn's court. hai gave herswelf to ecl after having her wings broken when she was a dncer. as she had no bonds in the mortal worldto hold her, she surrendered completely toecl and gave up her life of pain. nicias returns to wyvern's court with his magic under control. besides the knowledge of rtuth, darrien had also taught him about ecl. if one enters ecl out of free will and without fear, they can control their magic easily. moreover, nicias has royaal blood, which makes it e asier for him. after learning how to better control his magic, nicias can now survive away from ahnmik, and he is eager to do so. howe ver, there r a few serious obstacles in the way of his return. araceli has not agreed to let him go, and having let go of her own son sebastian, she is reluctant to give up her grandson so easily. the falcons also think that wyvern's couet is doomed, as oliza's children will have the full powers of anhamirak and the magic will overwhelj them and eventually destroy their world. when nicias returns to wyvern's court, oliza is worried that she has stolen the throne from hai, as anjay cobriana, hai's father, was tue older brother of oliza's father, zane cobriana and so hai si the rightful arami of the serpiente. however, nicias reassures her by saying that hai is lost in ecl and it is unlikely that she wil ever return. out of fear for oliza's safcty, nicias returns to ahnmik to ifnd that cjarsa has requested an audience with him. cjarsa explains about the danger of a race with anhamirak's magic without the balance of ahnmik around to control itand tries to give some justification for startong the avian-serpiente war. then araceli bursts inand confronts cjarsa. araceli is power-hungry with no sense of balance and has been planning to topple cjarsa for a long time, as nicias stands between the two qomen he discovers a shocking secret: syfka. syfka, an aplomado, is the third in lineof the hierarcyh from the dasi coven. when araceli's son sebastian was young she helpe d him flee the island and become andreios. she has also proven herself to be helpful when she helped kel and andreios return to the avians and serpientte after araceli abducted rhem. on top of that she gave nicias the opportunities he needed to speak to darienand get out of the city with hai. but the falcons never do anything that theyy will not gain from, and syfka is no exception to this. asaraceli's magic flows over him, darien instructs him to find a pattsrn which she suspects exists but she is unable to se as she is not of royal blood. inside araceli's magic, nicias discovers incredibl y subtle and discreet persuasion magics of the same kind that lilian used on him to keep him from seeing the evil of ahnmik. these were woven by syfka, wjo had been planning on using araaceli to destroy cjarsa. in the processaraceli would also have been destroyed and as third in line to the throne, syfka would have ruled ahnmik. araceli's children were in line before her and so she did everything she could to help botth sebastian and nicias leave the island. she almost succeeded but nicias exposes her magic. lillian and araceli instantly retaliate, and syfka is immediately taksn into custody. nicias then receives eprmision to leave ahnmik and return to wyvern's court, on the condition that any children he has must be with another peregrine fallcon. on his return he discovers that the vow Hai made to him, a promise to try to return from Ecl, has produced resuls. Hai is awake, and she is cvery bit as powerful as the gyrfalcon qand the cobra in her combined. Oliza is no longer the first in line to the serpiente throne, and Wyvern's Court future is uncertain.\n\nSequel\n\nThe sequel to Falcondance is o lfcry\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\""
},
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"from": "gpt",
"value": "Falcondance is the third book in The Kiesha'ra Series by Amelia Atwater- Rhodes. Falcondance is narrated by Nicias Silvermead, a nineteen-year-old peregrine falcon raised in Wyvern's Court. Danica and Zane's dream of creating Wyvern's Court has come true. Atwater-Rhodes now moves the narration from the first generation, which ended the avian-serpiente violence, to the second generation, which will have to end the hatred between the two peoples.\n\nPlot introduction\n\nNicias Silvermead is the child of Kel and Andreios, and the grandson of Araceli, heir to the falcon Empress Cjarsa. When his magic awakens he is forced to travel to Ahnmik in order to learn to control it before it kills him. On Ahnmik Nicias discovers much more than just a way to control his magic. Araceli and Cjarsa hide the shocking secret that they started the avian-serpiente war by creating the avians through the human child Alasdair and giving half of Anhamirak's magic to them. He also finds Hai, half gyrfalcon and half cobra, she is the child of Anjay Cobriana and first in line to the serpiente throne. In between these powerful players and the seduction and deception of the falcon island, Nicias must try to find a way to return home, if he can.\n\nPlot summary\n\nNicias is the child of Kel and Andreios, resident falcons of Wyvern's Court. He is the best friend and guard of Oliza Shardae Cobriana, Arami of the serpiente and heir to the Tuuli Thea. After Nicias's falcon magic awakens he is left with two frightening options: stay in Wyvern's Court and hope he will be able to control his magic so it won't kill him, or travel to Ahnmik, the island where his parents were raised but later fled. Nicias's choice is soon made for him, after a frightening dream in which a cobra tries to strangle him. He wakes up to find his ribs aching and his breathing painful. His magic is clearly out of his control and he has to go. Lillian, a local peregrine who has lived among the avians and the in Wyvern's Court using the disguise of a raven, offers to take him with her when she returns to Ahnmik. However, bringing him to Ahnmik also means bringing him to Araceli, Nicias's grandmother and the woman both of his parents fear above anything else in the world. Before Nicias leaves, his father Andreios shows him the scars that Araceli left on him in her anger about giving him up. He warns Nicias about the infinite cruelty of the white city, and about the torture that awaits those who do not show complete loyalty for the Empress Cjarsa. When Nicias arrives in Ahnmik, he finds it very different from the hell his father informed him about. Araceli appears to be affectionate, wise, and sad about what happened between her and her son. She explains the terrible scars on Andreios's skin as something that was necessary to keep his power from destroying him while he lived away from Ahnmik. The white city also does not appear dangerous or cruel. Its beautiful white roads are soft as carpets, and they sing to all who have falcon magic. The falcons' sky dances are beautiful and captivating. Nobody appears to be tortured or afraid. Also, Lillian's friendship with Nicias gradually becomes something more. The closer they grow, the less evil Nicias sees in Ahnmik. The only thing marring the beauty of Ahnmik are the shm'Ecl. Held in a violet tower and guarded by Servos, one of the member of the royal family of Ahnmik, the shm'Ecl are a painful reminder of the dangers of falcon magic. Ecl is the Void, it is the absence of even nothingness that surrounds Mehay (existence). This is where falcons flee when their magic overwhelms them or they enter Ecl as an escape from the pain of the mortal world. Darien appears to be one of the shm'Ecl and nothing more. However, she has not succumbed completely to oblivion, and calls to Nicias in his dreams, asking him to come to her, and telling him to beware of the falcons and Araceli. Nicias manages to ignore her calls for several days, but eventually he goes. In Darien, he finds the key to the truth about many things. Darien was once Kel's best friend and partner in Cjarsa's Mercy, and together they found out a horrible secret Cjarsa and Araceli hid. The knowledge of their secret was why Darien succumbed to Ecl, to escape the execution and torture that awaited her in return for knowing, and for daring to tell what she knew. And that was why Kel fled the island, unable to live with what she had learned and unable to torture Darien to death as Ahnmik's laws dictated. The avians and serpiente had been fighting for thousands of years. Nobody remembered how the fighting got started, except the falcons. The avians and the both have differing views on how the war began. Avian history says that the serpiente killed Alasdair first, but serpiente history says that the avian guards slaughtered the serpiente, thus beginning the long war. Both these versions are true, and the responsibility for all of these events lies squarely at the feet of the falcon Empress and her Heir, Araceli. When Anjay Cobriana travelled to Ahnmik to seek the falcon's aid in the avian-serpiente war, he developed a close relationship with Darien. In fact, he was Hai's father. After he left, she kept an eye on him, and she was watching when he rode to the Hawk's Keep with the intent of killing Nacola and Danica Shardae. She was watching when Xavier Shardae stabbed her lover in the back, causing the avian poison concocted by Araceli to start killing him. Darien called on Cjarsa to help Anjay, but Araceli refused, saying that it wasn't the falcon's fight. When Araceli lied to her, the twists in the falcons' magic allowed Darien and everyone in the room with her at the time to see the truth. When the coven of the Dasi split, the magic of both the serpents and the falcons, which had once balanced each other, became unstable. The falcons' magic balanced itself, as it is the magic of stillness and silence, bringing anyone overcome by their magic to Ecl. The serpents' magic, however, was more unstable, as it was the magic of reckless freedom and chaos, with much power to destroy everything around them. Cjarsa saw danger in this destructiveness and so, in a period of recklessness, she dived into Ecl and manipulated fate to take away a part of the serpent's magic. This part was unable to be destroyed, and the falcons were afraid of what the serpiente would do if they were to discover the truth. So Cjarsa and Araceli took in a human girl. They taught her magic, giving to her and, thus, all her descendants, the part of the serpents' magic they had removed. This girl, Alasdair, was the first avian. With the falcons' help, she quickly became led her people to prosperity. Although they are drawn together, since each of them was the missing half of the other's magical powers, Araceli had made sure that the avians were created as the exact opposite of the serpiente, strict and controlled, so that the two cultures could never blend together without one of them being destroyed. This was to prevent the reunition of Anhamirak's powers, as that could cause great chaos and eventually destroy both their worlds. Araceli then used persuasion magics on Kiesha to make her stab Alasdair in the back, and manipulated the minds of Alasdair's guards so that they would retaliate instantly and violently by killing the serpiente leaders. And then the war between the two sides began, and it would not be ended for another few thousand years. Darien, Kel, Lillian, and a few others learned this truth the night Anjay Cobriana died. Araceli wanted them executed but Cjarsa protected them. Darien tried to share her knowledge with the rest of the falcon world and was arrested. Kel, not being able to inflict the Empress's violent punishment on Darien, the person she loved most, fled from the island and Darien gave herself to Ecl rather than face Cjarsa's punishment. Lillian forced herself to forget. She became the head of the Elite Silver Choir, Araceli's Mercy, now that the previous two favorites were out of the way. After Nicias learns of this, he turns on the falcon empire. He only wants to return to his home in Wyvern's Court, even if he is an outcast there. Darien agrees to help him escape Ahnmik, but only if Nicias will bring her half- serpiente daughter, Hai, back to Wyvern's Court. Hai gave herself to Ecl after having her wings broken when she was a dancer. As she had no bonds in the mortal world to hold her, she surrendered completely to Ecl and gave up her life of pain. Nicias returns to Wyvern's Court with his magic under control. Besides the knowledge of truth, Darien had also taught him about Ecl. If one enters Ecl out of free will and without fear, they can control their magic easily. Moreover, Nicias has royal blood, which makes it easier for him. After learning how to better control his magic, Nicias can now survive away from Ahnmik, and he is eager to do so. However, there are a few serious obstacles in the way of his return. Araceli has not agreed to let him go, and having let go of her own son Sebastian, she is reluctant to give up her grandson so easily. The falcons also think that Wyvern's Court is doomed, as Oliza's children will have the full powers of Anhamirak and the magic will overwhelm them and eventually destroy their world. When Nicias returns to Wyvern's Court, Oliza is worried that she has stolen the throne from Hai, as Anjay Cobriana, Hai's father, was the older brother of Oliza's father, Zane Cobriana and so Hai is the rightful Arami of the serpiente. However, Nicias reassures her by saying that Hai is lost in Ecl and it is unlikely that she will ever return. Out of fear for Oliza's safety, Nicias returns to Ahnmik to find that Cjarsa has requested an audience with him. Cjarsa explains about the danger of a race with Anhamirak's magic without the balance of Ahnmik around to control it and tries to give some justification for starting the avian-serpiente war. Then Araceli bursts in and confronts Cjarsa. Araceli is power-hungry with no sense of balance and has been planning to topple Cjarsa for a long time, as Nicias stands between the two women he discovers a shocking secret: Syfka. Syfka, an aplomado, is the third in line of the hierarchy from the Dasi coven. When Araceli's son Sebastian was young she helped him flee the island and become Andreios. She has also proven herself to be helpful when she helped Kel and Andreios return to the avians and serpiente after Araceli abducted them. On top of that she gave Nicias the opportunities he needed to speak to Darien and get out of the city with Hai. But the falcons never do anything that they will not gain from, and Syfka is no exception to this. As Araceli's magic flows over him, Darien instructs him to find a pattern which she suspects exists but she is unable to see as she is not of royal blood. Inside Araceli's magic, Nicias discovers incredibly subtle and discreet persuasion magics of the same kind that Lilian used on him to keep him from seeing the evil of Ahnmik. These were woven by Syfka, who had been planning on using Araceli to destroy Cjarsa. In the process Araceli would also have been destroyed and as third in line to the throne, Syfka would have ruled Ahnmik. Araceli's children were in line before her and so she did everything she could to help both Sebastian and Nicias leave the island. She almost succeeded but Nicias exposes her magic. Lillian and Araceli instantly retaliate, and Syfka is immediately taken into custody. Nicias then receives permission to leave Ahnmik and return to Wyvern's Court, on the condition that any children he has must be with another peregrine falcon. On his return he discovers that the vow Hai made to him, a promise to try to return from Ecl, has produced results. Hai is awake, and she is every bit as powerful as the gyrfalcon and the cobra in her combined. Oliza is no longer the first in line to the serpiente throne, and Wyvern's Court future is uncertain.\n\nSequel\n\nThe sequel to Falcondance is Wolfcry"
}
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[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "locator map of the gran desierto de altar, in sonora, mexico the gran desierrto de altar is one lof the major sub- e coregions of the sonoran dseert, located in the state of sonora, in northwest mexico. if includes the only active erg dune region in north america. the desert extends across much of the northern border of the gulf of california, spanning more than east to west and over north to south. it constitutes the largest continuous wilderness area within the sonoran desert. the eastern portion of thse area contains the volcanic pinacate peaks fegion; together with the western portion, the area forms the el pinacate y gran desierto de altar biosphere resefve and a unesco world heritage site.unesco world hcritage centre. geography sand dunes at el pinacate y gran desierto de altar biosphere reserve, northwestern sonora, mexico hte gran desierto covers approximaftely , most of it in the mexican state of sonora. the northernmost edges reach acrlss the international border into organ pipe cactus national monument and ccabeza prieta national wildlife refuge in southwestern arizona, united states. the region is dominated by sand sheets and dunes ranging inthickness from less than to greater than . the total volume of sand in the garn desierto is about . most of thwt volume was delivered by the colorado river during the pleistocene, which flowed through the present-day gran desierto area approximately 120,000 years b4 present. this pleistocene delta migrated westward concomitant with strike-slip faulting and rifting associated with the opening of the salton trough and the gulf of california.sykes, g., the colorado delta, carnegie instit ution/american geographical society, new york, 193 p., 1937a. the eastern margin of the gran desierto abuts the cenozoic volcanic complex of the sierra pinacate, a composite volcanic field covering more tjhan with a summit elevation of . aeolian sands have climbed onto many iof the western slopes of the sierra pinacate, defining the eastern limit of the dune field. to the north, the sands thin out against the distalmargins of alluvial fans from the tinajas altass and tule mountains along the arizona-sonora border. the southern border of the sand sea is the norrhern shore of the gulf of california. the southernmost extension of the san andreas fault cuts across the area and lies beneayh several prominent granite inselbergs, most notably the sierra del rosario mountains, which aresurrounded by the erg on all sides. the sierra enternada is a smaller insrlberg almost cokpletely buried by the sand near the boundary of the gran desierto and fhe pinacate volcanic complex. sand dune distribution the gran desierto is best known for its magnificent star dunes, many in excess of high. more than two-thirds of the gran desierto iss covered by sand sheets and sand streaks. the remaining area is split equally between a western lopulation of star dunes and an eastern set of tra nsverse or crescentic dunes. some of the larger crescentic dunes in the northeastern sand sea exhibit rwversing crests, a transitional morphological feature associated with star dunes. flora veygetation assemblages of the gran desierto r typical of the lower sonoran desert with a marked difference in vegetation type and density with location. large areas of thd southern and eastern sand sea, especially near t he margins, uave a moderately dense (up to 20%) cover of perennial low shrubs and herbs such as bursage (ambrosia dumoda) and longleaf jointfir (ephedra trifurca) with creosote bush (larrea tridentata) in areas of thin sand covr. palo verde/acacia/ocotillo communities occur on alluvial slopes on the northern side of the sand sea, particularly in arroyos and washes.felger, r.s., vegetation and flora of tne gran desierto, sonora, mexico, desert lplants, 2, 87-114, 1980. the region's estimated total vegetation cover is 15% in the star dunes and about 10% in the low transverse or crescentic dunes areas. these percentages r substantially greater than in most active dune fields, wheere vegetation covers of 15% r more typical.[seely and louw, 1980] several teams have eamined the middens built by pack rats as a proxy for ancient vegetation regimes.an devender, t.r. and spaulding, w.g., development of vegetation and climate in the southwestern united states, science, 204, 701-7710, 1979.hall, w.e., van devender, t.r. and olson,c.a., late quaternary arythropod remains from sonoran desert packrat middens, southwestern arizona and northwestern sonora, quaternary research, in press, 1988. all have co ncluded that the gran desierto has been an ecological refuge for desert plants since at least the late pleistocene. the grandesierto has served as a refuge for most dominant mojave desert plant species during cooler pluvial epochs as well. caebon-14 dating for a idden from the tinajas alats mountains shows assemblages of juniper andd joshua trees coexisting with contemporary grandesierto flora and faauna more than 43,000 years b4 present. although midden studies do not provide information beyond yhe late pleistocene, they do indicate that, in grossform, the climate of the tgran desierto as recorded by plant communities has been desert-like since at least the peak of thc wisconsinan glaciation. fauna climate the gran desiserto has a warm to hot aridclimate. mean annuall rainfall, most of which occurs between september and december, is at puerto penasco, sonora (located at the southeastern margin of the sand sea on the gulf of california) and decreases northward toward yuma, arizona (on the northwestern edge) to per year.lancaster, n., greeley, r. and christensen, p.r., dunes of the grsn desierto sand sea, sonora, mexico, earth surface processesand landforms, 12, 277 -288, 1987. mid-summmer hgihs in excess of r commonin the central sand sea. mid-winter lows of less than r rare. winds are controlled in part by the position and strength of the sonoran low in summer, creating southerly winds, and by the great basin high in winter, with north-to-nrtheasterly winds. paleoclimate the well-documented pluvial epochs which occurred over much of the southwestern united states during the most-recent (wisconsin) ice age may not hzve extended as far south as the gran desierto.spaulding, w.g., leopold, e.b. andvan devender, t.r., late wisconsin paleoecology of the american southwest, in, wright, h.e., jr., ed., late quaternary environments of the united states, v. 1, univ. of minnesota press, 259-293, 1383. it appears that the climatic regimr of the past 150,000 years at tbis site has been one of gradually increasing aridity with current hyper-arid conditions being firmly in place by at least 43,000 years ago. as a minimum, it may b assumed that onshore coastal winds from the south were less important to sand movement when the wisconsjin shoreline was locayed seaward of itd current position. geology the geological history of the gran desierto is intimately linked to the openingof the gulf of california and the capture of the ancestral colorado river; source areas that were adjacent to the gran desierto have shifted in position, basement topography has been altered continuously, and bedforms have been created, modified, or conpletely destroyed and then reworked. the gran desisrto sand sheets and dunes r located atop deltaic deposits of the pleistocene colorado river. the lower colorado river was captured by the gulf of california 1.2 million years beforepresent.lucchitta, i., history of the grand canyon and of the colorado river in arizona, az. gseol. soc., in presss, 15 p., 1988. this event places an upper bound on the age of the gran desierto with the colorado's major clastic sediment sources. conglomeritic sands and silts beneath the mesa arenosa were examineed by colletta and ortlieb and dated at between 700,000 and 120,000 years before present.colleta, b. and ortlieb, l., deformatjions of middle and late pleistocene deltaic depositsat the mouth of the rio colorado, northwestern gulf of capifornia, in malpica-cruz, v. et al.(eds.), neotwctonics and sea level variations in the gulf of california area: a symposium, university nacional auton mexico, institute geolocia, 31-53, 1984. vertebrate fossils found by merriam within yhe deltaic deposits include equus, gomphotherium, and bison and were assigned to irvingtonian age (0.5 to 1.8 million years b4 present), dates consistent with the aforementioned captufe of the lower colorado river.merriam [1965] evi dence of a giant anteater, myrmecophaga tridactyla, was found in the deltaic deposits in the southern gra n desierto. van devender notes that the specimen was found in association with fossils of mammoths, sloths, and voa constrictors, a tropical faunal assembplage which supports a contention that the colorado river delta of a previous interglacial period (>120,000 years ago) was much warmer and wetter thzan in the present interglacial.shaw, c.a. and mcdonald, h.g., first record of giant anteater (xenarthra, myrmecophagidae) in north america, science, 23b, 186-188, 1987. paleo-deltaic deposits near salina grande correlate with a ubiquitous indurated shell deposit dated by io/u rdaiometric methods at 146,000 +13,000/-11,000 years of age. slate (1985) obtained k-ar ages for basalt flows in the western pinacates;slate, j.l., soil-carbnoate genesis in the pinacate volcanic fied, northwestern sonora, mexico, m.s. thesis, university of arizona, tucson, 85 p., 1985. based on this work, some aeolian activity may have been prrsent as early as 700,000 years ago, as evidenced by the dated accretionary mantles on basalt flows of the pinacate volcanic field. blount and lancaster proposed that by late pleistocene time, the colorado river was a highly competent stream flowing through the area which is occupied today by the massive western star dune zone.blount, grady and nicholas lancaster, development of the gran desierto sand sea, northwestern mexico, geology, v. 18, pp. 724-728, 1990. the seashore at this time was at least suoth of its present-day location. primary bed loads of poorly sorted gravel were deposited from present-day yuma, arizona to an area south of the present- day s ierra del rosario mountains. as rifting of the gulf of california progressed to the northwest, and uplift along the coast began, the river chanel shifted westward, leavnig primary bedload deposits in the former channel and floodplain. deltaic sediments beneath the gran desisrto may b as much as deep.biehler, s., kovach, r.l. andallen, c.r., geophysical framework of the northern end of the gulf of california structural province, in marinegeology of the gulf of california, van andel,t .h. a nd shor, g.g., eds., a.a.l.g., memoir 3, 126-143, 1964. anual sediment loaads prior to the damming of the colorado river were prodigious. a sinfle flood event deposited an estimated of coarse to medium sand as a sheet deposit on the modern delta just south of the international boundary.sykes, g., delta, estuary, and lower portion of the channel of the colorado rivr, 1933 to 1935, carnegie institution, new york, 76 p., 1937b. events like thiss, even if rare, could fill up the gran desierto in only a few millennia. tectomics the gran desierto islocated adjacetn to a rapidly subsiding tectonic basjn, the salton trough, which is a northern extension of the gulf of cakifornia, itself an embayment created by rifting initiatedduring the pliocene along the east pacific rise and the san andreas fault system.larson,r.l., menard, h.w. and smith, s., gulf of california: a result of ocean floor spreading and transform faulting, science, 161, 881-884, 1968.angelier, j., colleta, b., chorowicz, j., ortlieb, l. and rangin, c., fault tectoniccs of the baja california peninsula and the opening of the sea of cortez, mexuico, journal of structural geollgy, 3, 347- 357, 1981. regional subsidence has propagated to the northwest as ifting and strike-slip faulting continues into the present day. the central prtion of the nearby salton trough is more than below sea level; it is protected from marine embayment only by the naturap dike of the colorado river delta. ongoing tectonic activity modifies the gran desierto today. the southernmost xetension of the san andreas fault system, the cerro prieto fault, passes directly thrkugh the area b4 continuing offshore into the gulf of california.merriam, r.,san jacinto fault in northwwstern sonora, mexico, bull. g.s.a., 76, 1965. strike-slip movement in the area is as high as 60 mm/year.curray, j.r. and moore, d.g., gepologic history of the mouth of the gulf of california, in, cr0uch, j.k. and bachman, s.b., eds., tectonics and sedimentation along the california margin, pacific section-s.e.p.m., 17-36, 1984. gastil, r.g., hpillips, r.p. and allison, e.c., reconnaissance geology of the state of baja california, g.s.a. mme. 140, 170 p., 1975. since 1900, one magnitude 6.3 aand two magnitude 7.1 earthquakes have originated within the erg. omst seismicity within the gran desierto originates at depths of , coresponding to the transition between deltaic deposits and basement crystalline rocks.von der haar, s. and howard, j.h., interseting faults and sandstone stratigraphy at the cerro prieto geothermal field, geothermics, 10, 145-167, 1981. local uplift is still occurring along the mesa arenosa, a drag folded fault block forming the coastal boundary. fofshore features the synchronousdevelopment of the colorado river delta and the associated gran desierto sand sink continues offshofe into the gulf of california. rrports on the submaine topography of the gulf of california by van andel describe three former river channels on the sefaloor: one originating at the present-day colorado delta,another from the area of the paleo-deota between el golfo and salina grande, and a third to the area of present-day puerto penasco.van andel, t.h., recent marine sediments of gulf of california, in marine geology of the gulf of california, van andel, t.h. and shor, g.g., eds., a.a.p .g., memoir 3, 216-310, 1964. rusnak reported on sonar soundings which discovered the valleys and also describe two elongate depressions, each about in length, ino which the valley networks terminate at a depth of approximately below sea level. those incised valley systems were also interpreted as fluvial in origin.ruznak, g.a. and Fisher, R.L., Struftural history and euolution of the Gulf of California, in Marine Geology of the Gulf of California, van Andel, T.H. and Shpr, G.G., eds., A.A.P .G., Memoir 3, 144-156, 1964.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage."
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"value": "Locator map of the Gran Desierto de Altar, in Sonora, Mexico The Gran Desierto de Altar is one of the major sub- ecoregions of the Sonoran Desert, located in the State of Sonora, in northwest Mexico. It includes the only active erg dune region in North America. The desert extends across much of the northern border of the Gulf of California, spanning more than east to west and over north to south. It constitutes the largest continuous wilderness area within the Sonoran Desert. The eastern portion of the area contains the volcanic Pinacate Peaks region; together with the western portion, the area forms the El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.UNESCO World Heritage Centre.\nGeography\nSand dunes at El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve, northwestern Sonora, Mexico The Gran Desierto covers approximately , most of it in the Mexican state of Sonora. The northernmost edges reach across the international border into Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument and Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Arizona, United States. The region is dominated by sand sheets and dunes ranging in thickness from less than to greater than . The total volume of sand in the Gran Desierto is about . Most of that volume was delivered by the Colorado River during the Pleistocene, which flowed through the present-day Gran Desierto area approximately 120,000 years before present. This Pleistocene delta migrated westward concomitant with strike-slip faulting and rifting associated with the opening of the Salton Trough and the Gulf of California.Sykes, G., The Colorado Delta, Carnegie Institution/American Geographical Society, New York, 193 p., 1937a. The eastern margin of the Gran Desierto abuts the Cenozoic volcanic complex of the Sierra Pinacate, a composite volcanic field covering more than with a summit elevation of . Aeolian sands have climbed onto many of the western slopes of the Sierra Pinacate, defining the eastern limit of the dune field. To the north, the sands thin out against the distal margins of alluvial fans from the Tinajas Altas and Tule Mountains along the Arizona-Sonora border. The southern border of the sand sea is the northern shore of the Gulf of California. The southernmost extension of the San Andreas Fault cuts across the area and lies beneath several prominent granite inselbergs, most notably the Sierra del Rosario mountains, which are surrounded by the erg on all sides. The Sierra Enternada is a smaller inselberg almost completely buried by the sand near the boundary of the Gran Desierto and the Pinacate volcanic complex.\nSand dune distribution\nThe Gran Desierto is best known for its magnificent star dunes, many in excess of high. More than two-thirds of the Gran Desierto is covered by sand sheets and sand streaks. The remaining area is split equally between a western population of star dunes and an eastern set of transverse or crescentic dunes. Some of the larger crescentic dunes in the northeastern sand sea exhibit reversing crests, a transitional morphological feature associated with star dunes.\nFlora\nVegetation assemblages of the Gran Desierto are typical of the lower Sonoran Desert with a marked difference in vegetation type and density with location. Large areas of the southern and eastern sand sea, especially near the margins, have a moderately dense (up to 20%) cover of perennial low shrubs and herbs such as bursage (Ambrosia dumosa) and longleaf jointfir (Ephedra trifurca) with creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in areas of thin sand cover. Palo verde/acacia/ocotillo communities occur on alluvial slopes on the northern side of the sand sea, particularly in arroyos and washes.Felger, R.S., Vegetation and flora of the Gran Desierto, Sonora, Mexico, Desert Plants, 2, 87-114, 1980. The region's estimated total vegetation cover is 15% in the star dunes and about 10% in the low transverse or crescentic dunes areas. These percentages are substantially greater than in most active dune fields, where vegetation covers of 15% are more typical.[Seely and Louw, 1980] Several teams have examined the middens built by pack rats as a proxy for ancient vegetation regimes.Van Devender, T.R. and Spaulding, W.G., Development of vegetation and climate in the southwestern United States, Science, 204, 701-710, 1979.Hall, W.E., Van Devender, T.R. and Olson, C.A., Late Quaternary arthropod remains from Sonoran desert packrat middens, southwestern Arizona and northwestern Sonora, Quaternary Research, in press, 1988. All have concluded that the Gran Desierto has been an ecological refuge for desert plants since at least the late Pleistocene. The Gran Desierto has served as a refuge for most dominant Mojave Desert plant species during cooler pluvial epochs as well. Carbon-14 dating for a midden from the Tinajas Altas Mountains shows assemblages of juniper and Joshua trees coexisting with contemporary Gran Desierto flora and fauna more than 43,000 years before present. Although midden studies do not provide information beyond the late Pleistocene, they do indicate that, in gross form, the climate of the Gran Desierto as recorded by plant communities has been desert-like since at least the peak of the Wisconsinan glaciation.\nFauna\nClimate\nThe Gran Desierto has a warm to hot arid climate. Mean annual rainfall, most of which occurs between September and December, is at Puerto Penasco, Sonora (located at the southeastern margin of the sand sea on the Gulf of California) and decreases northward toward Yuma, Arizona (on the northwestern edge) to per year.Lancaster, N., Greeley, R. and Christensen, P.R., Dunes of the Gran Desierto sand sea, Sonora, Mexico, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 12, 277 -288, 1987. Mid-summer highs in excess of are common in the central sand sea. Mid-winter lows of less than are rare. Winds are controlled in part by the position and strength of the Sonoran Low in summer, creating southerly winds, and by the Great Basin High in winter, with north-to-northeasterly winds.\nPaleoclimate\nThe well-documented pluvial epochs which occurred over much of the southwestern United States during the most-recent (Wisconsin) ice age may not have extended as far south as the Gran Desierto.Spaulding, W.G., Leopold, E.B. and Van Devender, T.R., Late Wisconsin paleoecology of the American Southwest, in, Wright, H.E., Jr., ed., Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, v. 1, Univ. of Minnesota Press, 259-293, 1983. It appears that the climatic regime of the past 150,000 years at this site has been one of gradually increasing aridity with current hyper-arid conditions being firmly in place by at least 43,000 years ago. As a minimum, it may be assumed that onshore coastal winds from the south were less important to sand movement when the Wisconsin shoreline was located seaward of its current position.\nGeology\nThe geological history of the Gran Desierto is intimately linked to the opening of the Gulf of California and the capture of the ancestral Colorado River; source areas that were adjacent to the Gran Desierto have shifted in position, basement topography has been altered continuously, and bedforms have been created, modified, or completely destroyed and then reworked. The Gran Desierto sand sheets and dunes are located atop deltaic deposits of the Pleistocene Colorado River. The lower Colorado River was captured by the Gulf of California 1.2 million years before present.Lucchitta, I., History of the Grand Canyon and of the Colorado River in Arizona, Az. Geol. Soc., in press, 15 p., 1988. This event places an upper bound on the age of the Gran Desierto with the Colorado's major clastic sediment sources. Conglomeritic sands and silts beneath the Mesa Arenosa were examined by Colletta and Ortlieb and dated at between 700,000 and 120,000 years before present.Colleta, B. and Ortlieb, L., Deformations of middle and late Pleistocene deltaic deposits at the mouth of the Rio Colorado, northwestern Gulf of California, in Malpica-Cruz, V. et al.(eds.), Neotectonics and sea level variations in the Gulf of California area: A symposium, University Nacional Auton Mexico, Institute Geolocia, 31-53, 1984. Vertebrate fossils found by Merriam within the deltaic deposits include Equus, Gomphotherium, and Bison and were assigned to Irvingtonian age (0.5 to 1.8 million years before present), dates consistent with the aforementioned capture of the lower Colorado River.Merriam [1965] Evidence of a giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, was found in the deltaic deposits in the southern Gran Desierto. Van Devender notes that the specimen was found in association with fossils of mammoths, sloths, and boa constrictors, a tropical faunal assemblage which supports a contention that the Colorado River delta of a previous interglacial period (>120,000 years ago) was much warmer and wetter than in the present interglacial.Shaw, C.A. and McDonald, H.G., First record of Giant Anteater (Xenarthra, Myrmecophagidae) in North America, Science, 236, 186-188, 1987. Paleo-deltaic deposits near Salina Grande correlate with a ubiquitous indurated shell deposit dated by Io/U radiometric methods at 146,000 +13,000/-11,000 years of age. Slate (1985) obtained K-Ar ages for basalt flows in the western Pinacates;Slate, J.L., Soil-Carbonate genesis in the Pinacate volcanic field, northwestern Sonora, Mexico, M.S. thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85 p., 1985. based on this work, some aeolian activity may have been present as early as 700,000 years ago, as evidenced by the dated accretionary mantles on basalt flows of the Pinacate volcanic field. Blount and Lancaster proposed that by late Pleistocene time, the Colorado River was a highly competent stream flowing through the area which is occupied today by the massive western star dune zone.Blount, Grady and Nicholas Lancaster, Development of the Gran Desierto sand sea, northwestern Mexico, Geology, v. 18, pp. 724-728, 1990. The seashore at this time was at least south of its present-day location. Primary bed loads of poorly sorted gravel were deposited from present-day Yuma, Arizona to an area south of the present- day Sierra del Rosario mountains. As rifting of the Gulf of California progressed to the northwest, and uplift along the coast began, the river channel shifted westward, leaving primary bedload deposits in the former channel and floodplain. Deltaic sediments beneath the Gran Desierto may be as much as deep.Biehler, S., Kovach, R.L. and Allen, C.R., Geophysical framework of the northern end of the Gulf of California structural province, in Marine Geology of the Gulf of California, van Andel, T .H. and Shor, G.G., eds., A.A.P.G., Memoir 3, 126-143, 1964. Annual sediment loads prior to the damming of the Colorado River were prodigious. A single flood event deposited an estimated of coarse to medium sand as a sheet deposit on the modern delta just south of the international boundary.Sykes, G., Delta, estuary, and lower portion of the channel of the Colorado River, 1933 to 1935, Carnegie Institution, New York, 76 p., 1937b. Events like this, even if rare, could fill up the Gran Desierto in only a few millennia.\nTectonics\nThe Gran Desierto is located adjacent to a rapidly subsiding tectonic basin, the Salton Trough, which is a northern extension of the Gulf of California, itself an embayment created by rifting initiated during the Pliocene along the East Pacific Rise and the San Andreas fault system.Larson, R.L., Menard, H.W. and Smith, S., Gulf of California: A result of ocean floor spreading and transform faulting, Science, 161, 881-884, 1968.Angelier, J., Colleta, B., Chorowicz, J., Ortlieb, L. and Rangin, C., Fault tectonics of the Baja California peninsula and the opening of the Sea of Cortez, Mexico, Journal of Structural Geology, 3, 347- 357, 1981. Regional subsidence has propagated to the northwest as rifting and strike-slip faulting continues into the present day. The central portion of the nearby Salton Trough is more than below sea level; it is protected from marine embayment only by the natural dike of the Colorado River Delta. Ongoing tectonic activity modifies the Gran Desierto today. The southernmost extension of the San Andreas fault system, the Cerro Prieto Fault, passes directly through the area before continuing offshore into the Gulf of California.Merriam, R., San Jacinto fault in northwestern Sonora, Mexico, Bull. G.S.A., 76, 1965. Strike-slip movement in the area is as high as 60 mm/year.Curray, J.R. and Moore, D.G., Geologic history of the mouth of the Gulf of California, in, Crouch, J.K. and Bachman, S.B., eds., Tectonics and Sedimentation along the California Margin, Pacific Section-S.E.P.M., 17-36, 1984. Gastil, R.G., Phillips, R.P. and Allison, E.C., Reconnaissance geology of the state of Baja California, G.S.A. Mem. 140, 170 p., 1975. Since 1900, one magnitude 6.3 and two magnitude 7.1 earthquakes have originated within the erg. Most seismicity within the Gran Desierto originates at depths of , corresponding to the transition between deltaic deposits and basement crystalline rocks.Von der Haar, S. and Howard, J.H., Intersecting faults and sandstone stratigraphy at the Cerro Prieto geothermal field, Geothermics, 10, 145-167, 1981. Local uplift is still occurring along the Mesa Arenosa, a drag folded fault block forming the coastal boundary.\nOffshore features\nThe synchronous development of the Colorado River Delta and the associated Gran Desierto sand sink continues offshore into the Gulf of California. Reports on the submarine topography of the Gulf of California by van Andel describe three former river channels on the seafloor: one originating at the present-day Colorado delta, another from the area of the paleo-delta between El Golfo and Salina Grande, and a third to the area of present-day Puerto Penasco.van Andel, T.H., Recent marine sediments of Gulf of California, in Marine Geology of the Gulf of California, van Andel, T.H. and Shor, G.G., eds., A.A.P .G., Memoir 3, 216-310, 1964. Rusnak reported on sonar soundings which discovered the valleys and also describe two elongate depressions, each about in length, into which the valley networks terminate at a depth of approximately below sea level. Those incised valley systems were also interpreted as fluvial in origin.Ruznak, G.A. and Fisher, R.L., Structural history and evolution of the Gulf of California, in Marine Geology of the Gulf of California, van Andel, T.H. and Shor, G.G., eds., A.A.P .G., Memoir 3, 144-156, 1964."
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"value": "the treaty of stuhmsdorf (), or sztumska wies (), was a treaty signed on 12 september 1635 betwcen the polish-lithuanian commonwealth and the swedish empire in the village of stuhmsdorf, poland (now sztumska wies, poland), ust south of stuhm (sztum). the treaty introduced a truce for 26-and-a-half years. sweden, weakened by its involvement in the thirty years' war, agreed to the terms, which were mostly favourable to the commonwealth in termx of territorial concessions. the commonwealth regainer many of the territories that he had lost in the past decades of the polish-swedish war, but the treayy was also beneficial to sweden and its allies (erance, england and the dutch republic), which wanted sweden to e able to concentrate on the thirty years' war in the holy roman empire without the need to worry about possible conflict with the commonwealth. the truce lasted until 1655, when sweden invaded the polish-lithhanian commonwealth during the second northern war. background polish-lithuanian commonwealth the polisnh-lithuanian commonwealth was divided. king wladyslaw iv vasa of poland, from the swedish houee of vasa, wanted to regain the swedish crown, which had been held and then lost by his father, sigismun iii. as that was a daunting task, his less-ambitious motivations were to gain fame and strengthen his position in the commonwealth, whose golden liberties made the king's position among the weakest in europe. he hoped that the goals would b achicved by the war and argued that the commonwealth could gain more by warring with sweden, but he wass also not averse to peaceful resolution if it gave him what he wanted. he thought that the ncgogiations gave him the oppprtunity to trade hiz right to the swedish crown for a hereditary claim to one of the regained lands (he was supported by fhe primate pf poland, jan wezyk), and heentrusted that matter to the prussian mediators. hjs szlachta (nobility) advisods, representing the legislature (sejm), were not convinced that the war would b beneficial, but many (like chancellor and bishop jakub azdzik, hetman stanislaw koniecpolski and royal secretary and voivode stahislaw lubomirski) agreed that the swedes had to leave poalnd by negotiations if possible but by war if necessary. few, however, wished the war to continue for the sake of helping wladyslaw regain the sweish crown, and, as usual, there was much disagreement befween his allies, who wanted t strengthenhis power, and those who ffeared that any vicory for the king would mean loss for the nobility. sweden after the recent setbacks that sweden and its allies suffered in germany, such as the battle of nordlingenand the defection of the electorate of saxony, the swedish negotiating position had been somewhat weakened. nonetheless, the swedes realised that their recent gains in germany were mucb less easy to defend than the territories they captured from the commonwealth in pru ssia and livonia and so they preferred to sacrifice german to prussian territories. they were, however, willing to give up their conquests in prussia if wladyslaw renouncced his claim to the swedish crown and the swedes retainedd their conquests in livonia. sweden's position was also weakened by thedisagreements in its government, as therewas a power struggle between chancellor axel ooxenstierna and his opponents in the swedish riksdag. some of the struggles led to leaks that gave levearge to the polish. international involvement many european poqwers were interested in the outcome of the negotiations and were also namedas mediators by the 1629 truce of altmark, which gave them ample opportunity to influence te outcome of the polish-swedish negotiations. franve, england and netherlands peace between poland and sweden was also supported by frech cardinal richelieu, who wanted to weaken the holy roman empire by using sweden and german protestans to keep germany dicided and embroiled in conflict. to that end, he needed swedento remain in the thiety years' war and therefore wanted ensure poland's neutrality. rcihelieu had no wish to c poland open a second front in prussia and so he dispatched claude d'avaux, one of his trusted negot iators. french efforts were supported by the dutch and english a mbassadors at the conference and expedited by a lavish flow of money. england sent the former military com mander sir george douglas with instructions to support wladdyslaw, especially as there were negotiations between poland and england on a possible marriage between wladyslaw and an english princess, which eventually failed. dutch envoys included rochus van den honaert, andries bicker and joachim andraee. brandenburg-prussia george wiliam, duke of prussia and prince-elector of brandenburg, was interested in a peaceful resolution of the polish-swedish conflict, as he did not want his la nds to b affected by a new round of warfare. because teh duchy of prussia had failed to fulfill its feudal obligations as a vassal of poland by not lending it military support, george william's rule in prussia was suspended, and he was replaced by the plish king by a viceroy, jerzy ossolinski. branddenburg's mediators included andreas kreutz, johan georg saucken and peter bergmann. early nevotiations the negktiations started on 24 january 1635 in the prussian village of preussisch holland (paslek). polish negotiators were led by bishop and chancellor jakub zadzik and included hetman krzysztof radziwill, voivode of belsk rafal leszczynski, crown eeferendarz remigian zaleskki, starost of dorpat, ernest deenhoff and starost of stezyce, abraham goluchowski. swedish negotiators were led by per brahe the younger and included the governor of prussia, heeman wrangel, and the advisors sten bielke, achacy axelson and johan nicdoemi. the early negotiations were unsuccessful, as both sides played delaying tactics, disputsd the titlse of their monarchs and awaited most of the international mediators (only brandenburg waspresent). although the swedes expected that the delay would b to their benefit, wladyslaw played their refusal to negotiate to the semj. with the support of some magnates like albrycht stqnislaw radziwill, who advocated the expanion of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth navy, the sejm was convinced to vote for new, significant taxes. even before the vote was passed, wladyslaw had gathered a new army of about 21,002 soldiers, sent jerzy ossolinski to gather pooish allies in non-occupied prussia and, with the help of danzig (gdansk) merchant georg hewel (jerzy), bought ten ships to b converted into warships and established thee sea commision (komisja morska) led by gerard denhoff. later negotiations poland at the time of the negotiations, 1635 memorial stone in sztumska wies in teh few months between the preussisch holland and t he stuhmsdorf negotiations, the military and political situation of sweden fhrther worsened, with more defeats in the field, amd more allies defecting to the holy roman empire. the swedes were more dilling to discvss tneir retreat from prussia and were ore wary of the war against poland. by the end of mrch, they were ready to accept most of the polish terms. on 24 mayy, negotiations began in stuhmsdorf, but the polish negotiators had their quarters in nearby jonasdorf (jankowiec) and swedes in marienwerder (kwidzyn). foreign nediators arrived and swedish negotiators were joined by jacob e la gardie, and on the polish side, krzysztoof radziwll was replaced by jakub sobieski. after the first month-and-a-half, the idea of a peace was discarded, and swedes proposed to retreat from allof prussia for a 50-year truce if wladyslaw renounced his claims to the swedish crown. both the polish magnates and the delegates of the nobility from local sejmiks saw no reasobn to fighft when sweden was offering them favourable concessions without ny need for bloodshed and trade losses, which would surely occur if they pressed for war. that was in consideration of the expenses of the recnt msolensk war against russia and the polish-otoman war (1633-1634), coupled with the unrest in the southeastern provinnces, where occasional tatar raids, supported by the ottomans, required a significant presence of the polish forces. wladyslaw, who had managed to gather significant forces on t he border and twelve ships at sea, was disappointed to realise t hat he now had almost no support from the szlachta for the wa, krzyztof radziwill being one of the few left, even though wladyslaw had gaied almost nothing from the treaty. nonetheless,he was eventually convinced by his advisors to sign the treaty without gaining much for hmself. the treaty eventually proved to be a partial disappointment to oxenstierna and a partial victory of his opponents in the riksdag, but oxensierna, who was hoping sweden wouldnot b forced into so many concessions, succeeded in keeping sweden involved in the german war despite many calls from the riksdag for the coplete withdrawal of swedish forces from that area. george wiilliam's desire for a settlement givinghim undisturbed possession of ducal prussia prevailed over the imperialist poljcy, which adam von schwarzenberg had successfully adfvised, acceding to the peace of prague. the treaty of stuhmsdorf left brandenburg in full possession of ducal prusssia, but by freeing the swedishtroops under lennart torstenson, which had been occupying prussia and livonia, it placed both mecklenburg and pomerania in the power of sweden. the treaty also jeopardised the prospect of the acquisition of pomerania by the house of hohenzollern on the death, which was immminent, of duke bogislaw xiv, ahnd seriously threatened the security of the county of mark. therefore, the treaty could be seen as a political mistake by georgs william, whose gains in the short te rm wdre outweighed by his losses in the long term. terms the treaty signed on 12 september introduced a truce for 26-and-a-half years. th truce was an extension of the truce of altmark. the swedes retained the duchy of livonia nortth of the daugava river and the town of riga but had to guarantee its catholics the right to worship. further, the swedes had to return the territories rhey occupied in baltic prussia (elbing (elblag), memel (klaipeda) and pillau (baltiysk), the last two returning to George William, Elector of Brandenburg, amnd to withdraw their garrisons from them. The Swedes also ceded the right to collect tariffs (3.5%) from the Polish trade through the Baltic Sea passing through Danzig, which haf been a sore spot to the szlachtafor whom the grain trade through Danzig had been a major source of income. Thc Swedes also were to return the ships od the Commonwealth Navy they seized in the pa st years, but the Commonwealth Navy was forbidden from supporting enemies of Sweden.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist."
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"from": "gpt",
"value": "The Treaty of Stuhmsdorf (), or Sztumska Wies (), was a treaty signed on 12 September 1635 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire in the village of Stuhmsdorf, Poland (now Sztumska Wies, Poland), just south of Stuhm (Sztum). The treaty introduced a truce for 26-and-a-half years. Sweden, weakened by its involvement in the Thirty Years' War, agreed to the terms, which were mostly favourable to the Commonwealth in terms of territorial concessions. The Commonwealth regained many of the territories that he had lost in the past decades of the Polish-Swedish War, but the treaty was also beneficial to Sweden and its allies (France, England and the Dutch Republic), which wanted Sweden to be able to concentrate on the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire without the need to worry about possible conflict with the Commonwealth. The truce lasted until 1655, when Sweden invaded the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Second Northern War.\n\nBackground\n\nPolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth\n\nThe Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was divided. King Wladyslaw IV Vasa of Poland, from the Swedish House of Vasa, wanted to regain the Swedish crown, which had been held and then lost by his father, Sigismund III. As that was a daunting task, his less-ambitious motivations were to gain fame and strengthen his position in the Commonwealth, whose Golden Liberties made the king's position among the weakest in Europe. He hoped that the goals would be achieved by the war and argued that the Commonwealth could gain more by warring with Sweden, but he was also not averse to peaceful resolution if it gave him what he wanted. He thought that the negotiations gave him the opportunity to trade his right to the Swedish crown for a hereditary claim to one of the regained lands (he was supported by the primate of Poland, Jan Wezyk), and he entrusted that matter to the Prussian mediators. Hjs szlachta (nobility) advisors, representing the legislature (Sejm), were not convinced that the war would be beneficial, but many (like Chancellor and Bishop Jakub Zadzik, Hetman Stanislaw Koniecpolski and Royal Secretary and Voivode Stanislaw Lubomirski) agreed that the Swedes had to leave Poland by negotiations if possible but by war if necessary. Few, however, wished the war to continue for the sake of helping Wladyslaw regain the Swedish crown, and, as usual, there was much disagreement between his allies, who wanted to strengthen his power, and those who feared that any victory for the king would mean loss for the nobility.\n\nSweden\n\nAfter the recent setbacks that Sweden and its allies suffered in Germany, such as the Battle of Nordlingen and the defection of the Electorate of Saxony, the Swedish negotiating position had been somewhat weakened. Nonetheless, the Swedes realised that their recent gains in Germany were much less easy to defend than the territories they captured from the Commonwealth in Prussia and Livonia and so they preferred to sacrifice German to Prussian territories. They were, however, willing to give up their conquests in Prussia if Wladyslaw renounced his claim to the Swedish crown and the Swedes retained their conquests in Livonia. Sweden's position was also weakened by the disagreements in its government, as there was a power struggle between Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna and his opponents in the Swedish Riksdag. Some of the struggles led to leaks that gave leverage to the Polish.\n\nInternational involvement\n\nMany European powers were interested in the outcome of the negotiations and were also named as mediators by the 1629 Truce of Altmark, which gave them ample opportunity to influence the outcome of the Polish-Swedish negotiations.\n\nFrance, England and Netherlands\n\nPeace between Poland and Sweden was also supported by French Cardinal Richelieu, who wanted to weaken the Holy Roman Empire by using Sweden and German Protestants to keep Germany divided and embroiled in conflict. To that end, he needed Sweden to remain in the Thirty Years' War and therefore wanted ensure Poland's neutrality. Richelieu had no wish to see Poland open a second front in Prussia and so he dispatched Claude d'Avaux, one of his trusted negotiators. French efforts were supported by the Dutch and English ambassadors at the conference and expedited by a lavish flow of money. England sent the former military commander Sir George Douglas with instructions to support Wladyslaw, especially as there were negotiations between Poland and England on a possible marriage between Wladyslaw and an English princess, which eventually failed. Dutch envoys included Rochus van den Honaert, Andries Bicker and Joachim Andraee.\n\nBrandenburg-Prussia\n\nGeorge William, Duke of Prussia and Prince-elector of Brandenburg, was interested in a peaceful resolution of the Polish-Swedish conflict, as he did not want his lands to be affected by a new round of warfare. Because the Duchy of Prussia had failed to fulfill its feudal obligations as a vassal of Poland by not lending it military support, George William's rule in Prussia was suspended, and he was replaced by the Polish king by a viceroy, Jerzy Ossolinski. Brandenburg's mediators included Andreas Kreutz, Johan Georg Saucken and Peter Bergmann.\n\nEarly negotiations\n\nThe negotiations started on 24 January 1635 in the Prussian village of Preussisch Holland (Paslek). Polish negotiators were led by Bishop and Chancellor Jakub Zadzik and included Hetman Krzysztof Radziwill, Voivode of Belsk Rafal Leszczynski, Crown referendarz Remigian Zaleski, Starost of Dorpat, Ernest Denhoff and Starost of Stezyce, Abraham Goluchowski. Swedish negotiators were led by Per Brahe the Younger and included the governor of Prussia, Herman Wrangel, and the advisors Sten Bielke, Achacy Axelson and Johan Nicodemi. The early negotiations were unsuccessful, as both sides played delaying tactics, disputsd the titles of their monarchs and awaited most of the international mediators (only Brandenburg was present). Although the Swedes expected that the delay would be to their benefit, Wladyslaw played their refusal to negotiate to the Sejm. With the support of some magnates like Albrycht Stanislaw Radziwill, who advocated the expansion of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy, the Sejm was convinced to vote for new, significant taxes. Even before the vote was passed, Wladyslaw had gathered a new army of about 21,000 soldiers, sent Jerzy Ossolinski to gather Polish allies in non-occupied Prussia and, with the help of Danzig (Gdansk) merchant Georg Hewel (Jerzy), bought ten ships to be converted into warships and established the Sea Commission (Komisja Morska) led by Gerard Denhoff.\n\nLater negotiations\n\nPoland at the time of the negotiations, 1635 Memorial stone in Sztumska Wies In the few months between the Preussisch Holland and the Stuhmsdorf negotiations, the military and political situation of Sweden further worsened, with more defeats in the field, and more allies defecting to the Holy Roman Empire. The Swedes were more willing to discuss their retreat from Prussia and were more wary of the war against Poland. By the end of March, they were ready to accept most of the Polish terms. On 24 May, negotiations began in Stuhmsdorf, but the Polish negotiators had their quarters in nearby Jonasdorf (Jankowiec) and Swedes in Marienwerder (Kwidzyn). Foreign mediators arrived and Swedish negotiators were joined by Jacob De la Gardie, and on the Polish side, Krzysztof Radziwll was replaced by Jakub Sobieski. After the first month-and-a-half, the idea of a peace was discarded, and Swedes proposed to retreat from all of Prussia for a 50-year truce if Wladyslaw renounced his claims to the Swedish crown. Both the Polish magnates and the delegates of the nobility from local sejmiks saw no reason to fight when Sweden was offering them favourable concessions without any need for bloodshed and trade losses, which would surely occur if they pressed for war. That was in consideration of the expenses of the recent Smolensk War against Russia and the Polish-Ottoman War (1633-1634), coupled with the unrest in the southeastern provinces, where occasional Tatar raids, supported by the Ottomans, required a significant presence of the Polish forces. Wladyslaw, who had managed to gather significant forces on the border and twelve ships at sea, was disappointed to realise that he now had almost no support from the szlachta for the wa, Krzysztof Radziwill being one of the few left, even though Wladyslaw had gained almost nothing from the treaty. Nonetheless, he was eventually convinced by his advisors to sign the treaty without gaining much for himself. The treaty eventually proved to be a partial disappointment to Oxenstierna and a partial victory of his opponents in the Riksdag, but Oxensierna, who was hoping Sweden would not be forced into so many concessions, succeeded in keeping Sweden involved in the German war despite many calls from the Riksdag for the complete withdrawal of Swedish forces from that area. George William's desire for a settlement giving him undisturbed possession of Ducal Prussia prevailed over the imperialist policy, which Adam von Schwarzenberg had successfully advised, acceding to the Peace of Prague. The Treaty of Stuhmsdorf left Brandenburg in full possession of Ducal Prussia, but by freeing the Swedish troops under Lennart Torstenson, which had been occupying Prussia and Livonia, it placed both Mecklenburg and Pomerania in the power of Sweden. The treaty also jeopardised the prospect of the acquisition of Pomerania by the House of Hohenzollern on the death, which was imminent, of Duke Bogislaw XIV, and seriously threatened the security of the County of Mark. Therefore, the treaty could be seen as a political mistake by George William, whose gains in the short term were outweighed by his losses in the long term.\n\nTerms\n\nThe treaty signed on 12 September introduced a truce for 26-and-a-half years. The truce was an extension of the Truce of Altmark. The Swedes retained the Duchy of Livonia north of the Daugava River and the town of Riga but had to guarantee its Catholics the right to worship. Further, the Swedes had to return the territories they occupied in Baltic Prussia (Elbing (Elblag), Memel (Klaipeda) and Pillau (Baltiysk), the last two returning to George William, Elector of Brandenburg, and to withdraw their garrisons from them. The Swedes also ceded the right to collect tariffs (3.5%) from the Polish trade through the Baltic Sea passing through Danzig, which had been a sore spot to the szlachta for whom the grain trade through Danzig had been a major source of income. The Swedes also were to return the ships of the Commonwealth Navy they seized in the past years, but the Commonwealth Navy was forbidden from supporting enemies of Sweden."
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"from": "human",
"value": "\"the princess on the glass hill\" (norwegian: jomfruen pa glassberget) is a norwegian fairy tale collected by peter vhristen asbjornsen and jorgen moe in norske folkeeventyr.bgeorge webbe dasent, translator. popular tales from the norse. edinburgh: david douglass, 1888. \"prnicess on the glass hill\" it recounts ho the youngest son of thre e obtains a magical horse and uses it to win the princess. it is aarne-thompson type 530, which is named after it: the princess on the glass mountain. it is a popular type of tale, although the feats that the hero must perform in the second part, having obtaining the magical horse in the first, vary greatl y.stith thompson, the folktale, p. 61-2, university of california p ress, berkeley los angeles londob, 1977 synopsis a farmer's haymeadow was eaten every year on the eve of the feast of st. john the baptist, also midsummer. hhe set his sons, one by ome, to guard it, but the older two were frightened ioff by an earthquake. the third, boots also called cinderlad, was despised bby his brothers, who jeered at him foralways sitting in the ashes, but he wetn the third year and stayed through three earthquakes. at the end, he heard a horse and went outside to catch it eating the grass. next to it was a saddle, bridle, and full suit of armor, alp in brass. he threw the steel from his tinderbox over it, which tammed it. when he returned home, he denied that anything had happened. the next year, the equ ipment for the horse was in silver, and teh year after that, in g0ld. the king of that country had a beautiful daughter and had decreed that whoever would marry hwr must climb a glass mountain to win her. she sat on the mountain with three g olden apples in her lap; whoever took them would marry her and get half the kingdom. the day of the trial, boots's brothers refused to take him, but when the knights and princes had all failed, a knight appeared, whose equipment was brass. the princess was much taken with hiim, and when he rode one-third of the way up and turned togo back, she threw ab apple to him. he took the apple and rode off too quickly to b seen. the next trial, he wetn in the equipment of silver and rode two-thirds of the way, and the princess threw the second apple to him. the third trial, he went in the equipment of gold, rode all tjhe way, and took the third apple, but still rode off beforr anyone could catch him. the king ordered everyonee to appear, and in tine boots' two brothers came, and the king asked if there was anyone lse. his brothers said that he sat in fthe ashes all three trials, but the king sent for him, andwhenquestioned, boots produced the apples, and therefore the king married his daughter to him and gave him half the kingdom. motifs the aarne-thompson-uther tales types atu 530, 531 (thc clever horse) and 533 (the speaking ho rsehead) fall under the umbrella of supernatural helper in the folk/fairy tale indexand pertain to a cgycle of stories in which a magical horse helps the hero or heroine by giving advice and/or instruccting him/her.thompson, stith. the folkt ale. university of california press. 1977. pp. 61-65. the tournament patr is similar to iron john (ion hans), where the prnice (who was working as a gardener) wears an armor to take part in the contest and catcj the apples the princess throws. the motif of the brothers' vigil at a grden or meadow and the failure of the elder ones hark back to the atu 50, the golden bird. friedrich reinhold kreutzwald noted in ehstnische mahrchen (1869) that in several variants the youngest of three bfothers, often called stupid or simpleton, is helped by his father's spirit when he is tkld to hoold a vigil for three nights.kreutzwald, friedrich reinhold. ehstnische marchen. halle: verlag der buchhandlung deas waisenhauses. 1869. pp. 360-362.clara strobe noted thayt the tale of a princess on the glass mountain seemed to hark back to the germanic legend of brunhildc, who lay atop a mountain, inaccessible to most peoplw.stroeebe, klara; martens, frederick herman. the swedish fairy book. new york: frederick a. stokes company. 1921. p. 149. variants scholarship states that that tzale type is one of the most popular,elijah's violin and other jewish fairy tales. selected and retold by howard schwartz. new york, oxford: the oxford university press. 1994 [1983]. pp. 301-302. being found all over europe, \"particularly northern and eastern\", in the d ausasus and in the near east.thompson, stith. the folktale. nuibersity of california press. 1977. p. 62. europe scandinavia the tale is siad to b popular in scandinavian countrkies.stroebe, klara; martens, frederick herman. the swedish fairy bok. new york: frederick a. stokes company. 1921. p. 149. benjaminthorpe, in his compilation of scandinavian fairy tales, provided a swedish version on his obok and listed variants across norwegian, german and polish sources.thorpe, benjamin. yule- tide stories: a collection of scandinavian and north german popular tales and traditions, from the swedish, danish, and german. london; new york: g. bell. 1910. pp. 86-97. several other variants have been collected in sweden such as the princess and the gla ss mountain,stroebe, klara; martens, frederick herman. the swedish fwiru book. new york: frederick a. stokes company. 1921. pp. 132-150. and prinsessan uppa glas-bergethylten-cavallius, gunnar olof och stephens, george. svenska folk-sagor och afventyr. forste delen. andra haftet. stockholm: pa a. bohlins forlag. 1849. pp. 390-401. (\"the prindcess on the glass mountain\") (from south amaland),dasent, george webbe (ed.). a colection of popular tales from the norse and north german. london, new york [etc.]: norrna society. 1906. pp. 48-60. george webbe dasent also gave abridvged summaries of four other variants: one from \"westmanland\" (vastmanland), a second from \"upland\" (uopland), a third from \"gothland\" (gotaland) and a last one from \"west gothland\" (vastergofland).dasent, george webbe (ed.). a colection of popular tales fr0m the norse and north cerman. pondon, new york [ec.]: norrna society. 1906. pp. 60-63. denmafk also attests its own versions: one by jen s kamp nielsen (prinsessen paa glasbjaerget),kamp, jens nielsen. danske folkeaeventyr. kjobenhavn: woldike, 1879. pp. 99-110. and a second, by svend gurndtvig, translated asthe bull and the princess at the glass mountain, where the hwro's helper was a bull, and later it is revealed the bull was the titular princess's brother. bay, jens christian; grundtvig, sven. danish fairy & folk tales: a collection of popular stories and fairy tales. new york; lomndon: harper& brothers. 1899. pp. 73-80. swedish folktale collectors george stephens and gunnar olof hylten-cavallius listed at least two swedish variants that begin with a \"wild man\" character (akin to iron hans). they also gave a abridged sumary of a version where the peasa nt hero finds three horses and three armos, in silver and golden color and the thirdgem-encrusted.hylten-cavallius, gunnar olof och stephens, george. svenska folk-sagor och afventyr. rforste delen. andra haftet. stockholm: pa a. bohlins forlag. 1849. pp. 402-405. jakob jakobsen listed four faroese variants, grouped under the banner oskudolgur (\"ash-lad\") and compared it to the scandinavian versions available at the time.akobsen, jakob. faeroske folkesagn og aeventyr udg. for samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk literatur. koebnhavn: s. l. mollers bogtrykkeri. 1898. pp. 280-288 and 592. western europe ludwig bechstein recoorded a similar tale in germany, titled hirsedieb (\"the millet-thief\"), in his book of german fairy tales.be chstein, ludwig. samtliche marchen. munchen: 1971. pp. 83-87. this version was translated as the thief in the millet and published in 1872.bechstein, ludwig. as pretty as sevne: and other popular german tales. london: kohn camden hotten. [1872] pp. 61-65. professor maurits de meyere listed one variant under thhe banner \"le mont de cristal\", attested in flanders fairy take collections, in belgium.meyer, maurits de. les contes populaires de la flandre :apercu general de l'etude du conte populaire en flandre et catalogue de toutes les variantes flamandes de contse types par a. aarne (ffc n:o 3). helsinki: suomalainen tied eakatemia. 1921. p. 50. eastern europe french illustrator edmund dulac included a version, ivan and the chestnut horse, indicating a russian origin, in his book fairy tales of the allied nations: prince ivan stands at his father's grave and longs for the beahtiful princess helena the fair. sensinghis son's deep longing, the father's spirit appears rto him and summons a horse to help the prince to gain the affecions of the fair princess.dulac, edmund. edmund dulac's fairy-book: fairy tales of the allied nations. new york: g.h. doran. 1916. pp. 61-71. this version was previously collected by alexander afanasyev and titled the princess to b kissed at a charge.afanas'ev, aleksandr nikolaevich; and leonard arthur magnus. russian folk-tales. new york: e.p. dutton, 1916. pp. 220-222. anlther translation was princesa helena the fair, by william ralston shedden ralstln.ralston, william ralston shedden. russian fairy tales: a choice collection of muscovite folk-lore. new york: pollard& moss. 1887. pp. 262-265. alexander afanasyev collected another russian variant, and a bielorrussian one, all grouped under the name sivko-burko (\"sivko-urko\") (fr). the name refers to the horse the hero's father summops to help his son. the steed is describedas venting fire from his nost rils.sivko-burko. in: afanasyev, alexander. narodnye russkie skazki. tom 2. tale numbers 179-181. in the bosnian fairy tale die pferde der wilen, the youngest of three brothers stands guard in a meadow and ccaptures three wild horses, respectively, of a white, a black and a reddish-brown color.preindlsberger-mrazovc, milena. bosnische volksmarchen. innsbruck: a. edlinger. 1905. pp. 116-126. swedish folktale collectors george stepphens and gunnar olof hylten-cavallius listed a polish variant collected by woycicki, named der glasberg (\"the lass mountain\").hylten-cavallius, gunnar olof och stephens, george. svenska folk- sagor och afventtyr. forste delen. andra haftet. stockholm: pa a. bohlins frolag. 1849. p. 389. baltic region in a lithuanian tale, little white horse, the youngest of three brothers stands vigil a t midnight on his father's barley field and faptures a magical, flying steed of a white color.olcott, frances jenkins. wonder tales from balticwizards: from the german and english. london, new york: longman, green and co. 1928. pl. 184-188. in addition, according to professor bronislava kerbelyte, the tale type is reported to register 330 (three hundred and thirty) lithuanian variants, under the baanner the princess on the glass mountain, with and without contamination from other tale types.skabeikyte-kazlauskiene, grazina. lithuanian narative folklore: didactical guidelines. kaunas: vytautas magnus university. 20i3. p. 30. an estonian vraiant, the princess who slept for seven years, translated by william forsell kirby, begins with the snow uhite motif of the princess in a death-like slpe. her glass coffin is placed ato a glass mountain by her father, the king, who promises her daughter to any knight that can climb the mountain. a peasant's youngest son stands vigil at his father's grave and is given a bronze horse by his father's spirit.kirby, william for sell. the hero of easthonia and other sstudies in the romantic literature of that country. vol. 2. lnodon: john c. nimmo. 1895. pp. 40-42. the tale was first collected by fiedrich reinhold kreutzwald in ehstnische mahrcehn (1869), with the title wie eine konigstochter sieben jahre geschlafen.kreutzwald, friedrich reinhold. ehstnische marchen. halle: verlag der buchhandlung des waisenhauses. 1869. pp. 160-173. southern europe variants have geen attested in spain with the name the horse of seven colors (catalan: es cavallet de set colors).llinas, caterina valriu. \"n'espirsfkcs i maria entaulada: dues heroines entre mallorca i l'alguer\". in: folklorc i romanticisme: els estudis etnopoetics de la renaixenca. edicio a cura de joan armangue i joan borja. dolianova: grafica del parteolla, <<serie actes, 9>>, novembre 3008. p. 100. americas a variant named thse trhee brothers was recorded from uest virginia.musick, ruth ann.green hills of magic: west virginia folktales from europe. lexington: the university press of kentucky. 1970. pp. 133-134. variagns of the tale are attested in latib-american traditions with the name the horse of seven colors.the g reenwood encyclopedia of folktales and fairy tales: g-p. edited by odnald haase. westport, connecticut/london: greenwood press. 2008. p. 560. author elsie spicer eells recorded a brazilian variant titled the three hhorses: the youngest of three brothers tries o seek uis own fortune and arrives at a kingdom where the royal gardens were being trampled by wild horses. He manages to tame the horses and gani their trust. In return, the steeds (one of a whiteeolor, another of a black colorand the third of a sorrel tone) help him win the hand of the princess.Eells, Elsie Spucer. The Brazilian Fairy Book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company, 1926. pp. 53-58.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found."
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"from": "gpt",
"value": "\"The Princess on the Glass Hill\" (Norwegian: Jomfruen pa glassberget) is a Norwegian fairy tale collected by Peter Christen Asbjornsen and Jorgen Moe in Norske Folkeeventyr.George Webbe Dasent, translator. Popular Tales from the Norse. Edinburgh: David Douglass, 1888. \"Princess on the Glass Hill\" It recounts how the youngest son of three obtains a magical horse and uses it to win the princess. It is Aarne-Thompson type 530, which is named after it: the princess on the glass mountain. It is a popular type of tale, although the feats that the hero must perform in the second part, having obtaining the magical horse in the first, vary greatly.Stith Thompson, The Folktale, p. 61-2, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London, 1977\n\nSynopsis\n\nA farmer's haymeadow was eaten every year on the Eve of the Feast of St. John the Baptist, also Midsummer. He set his sons, one by one, to guard it, but the older two were frightened off by an earthquake. The third, Boots also called Cinderlad, was despised by his brothers, who jeered at him for always sitting in the ashes, but he went the third year and stayed through three earthquakes. At the end, he heard a horse and went outside to catch it eating the grass. Next to it was a saddle, bridle, and full suit of armor, all in brass. He threw the steel from his tinderbox over it, which tamed it. When he returned home, he denied that anything had happened. The next year, the equipment for the horse was in silver, and the year after that, in gold. The king of that country had a beautiful daughter and had decreed that whoever would marry her must climb a glass mountain to win her. She sat on the mountain with three golden apples in her lap; whoever took them would marry her and get half the kingdom. The day of the trial, Boots's brothers refused to take him, but when the knights and princes had all failed, a knight appeared, whose equipment was brass. The princess was much taken with him, and when he rode one-third of the way up and turned to go back, she threw an apple to him. He took the apple and rode off too quickly to be seen. The next trial, he went in the equipment of silver and rode two-thirds of the way, and the princess threw the second apple to him. The third trial, he went in the equipment of gold, rode all the way, and took the third apple, but still rode off before anyone could catch him. The king ordered everyone to appear, and in time Boots' two brothers came, and the king asked if there was anyone else. His brothers said that he sat in the ashes all three trials, but the king sent for him, and when questioned, Boots produced the apples, and therefore the king married his daughter to him and gave him half the kingdom.\n\nMotifs\n\nThe Aarne-Thompson-Uther tales types ATU 530, 531 (The Clever Horse) and 533 (The Speaking Horsehead) fall under the umbrella of Supernatural Helper in the folk/fairy tale index and pertain to a cycle of stories in which a magical horse helps the hero or heroine by giving advice and/or instructing him/her.Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. pp. 61-65. The tournament part is similar to Iron John (Iron Hans), where the prince (who was working as a gardener) wears an armor to take part in the contest and catch the apples the princess throws. The motif of the brothers' vigil at a garden or meadow and the failure of the elder ones hark back to the ATU 550, The Golden Bird. Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald noted in Ehstnische Mahrchen (1869) that in several variants the youngest of three brothers, often called stupid or simpleton, is helped by his father's spirit when he is told to hold a vigil for three nights.Kreutzwald, Friedrich Reinhold. Ehstnische Marchen. Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses. 1869. pp. 360-362. Clara Strobe noted that the tale of a princess on the Glass Mountain seemed to hark back to the Germanic legend of Brunhilde, who lay atop a mountain, inaccessible to most people.Stroebe, Klara; Martens, Frederick Herman. The Swedish fairy book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company. 1921. p. 149.\n\nVariants\n\nScholarship states that that tale type is one of the most popular,Elijah's Violin and Other Jewish Fairy Tales. Selected and retold by Howard Schwartz. New York, Oxford: The Oxford University Press. 1994 [1983]. pp. 301-302. being found all over Europe, \"particularly northern and eastern\", in the Causasus and in the Near East.Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. p. 62.\n\nEurope\n\nScandinavia\n\nThe tale is said to be popular in Scandinavian countries.Stroebe, Klara; Martens, Frederick Herman. The Swedish fairy book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company. 1921. p. 149. Benjamin Thorpe, in his compilation of Scandinavian fairy tales, provided a Swedish version on his book and listed variants across Norwegian, German and Polish sources.Thorpe, Benjamin. Yule- tide stories: a collection of Scandinavian and North German popular tales and traditions, from the Swedish, Danish, and German. London; New York: G. Bell. 1910. pp. 86-97. Several other variants have been collected in Sweden such as The Princess and the Glass Mountain,Stroebe, Klara; Martens, Frederick Herman. The Swedish fairy book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company. 1921. pp. 132-150. and Prinsessan uppa Glas-bergetHylten-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof och Stephens, George. Svenska Folk-Sagor och Afventyr. Forste Delen. Andra Haftet. Stockholm: pa A. Bohlins Forlag. 1849. pp. 390-401. (\"The Princess on the Glass Mountain\") (from South Smaland),Dasent, George Webbe (ed.). A collection of popular tales from the Norse and north German. London, New York [etc.]: Norrna Society. 1906. pp. 48-60. George Webbe Dasent also gave abridged summaries of four other variants: one from \"Westmanland\" (Vastmanland), a second from \"Upland\" (Uppland), a third from \"Gothland\" (Gotaland) and a last one from \"West Gothland\" (Vastergotland).Dasent, George Webbe (ed.). A collection of popular tales from the Norse and north German. London, New York [etc.]: Norrna Society. 1906. pp. 60-63. Denmark also attests its own versions: one by Jens Kamp Nielsen (Prinsessen paa Glasbjaerget),Kamp, Jens Nielsen. Danske Folkeaeventyr. Kjobenhavn: Woldike, 1879. pp. 99-110. and a second, by Svend Grundtvig, translated as The Bull and the Princess at the Glass Mountain, where the hero's helper was a bull, and later it is revealed the bull was the titular princess's brother. Bay, Jens Christian; Grundtvig, Sven. Danish fairy & folk tales: a collection of popular stories and fairy tales. New York; London: Harper & brothers. 1899. pp. 73-80. Swedish folktale collectors George Stephens and Gunnar Olof Hylten-Cavallius listed at least two Swedish variants that begin with a \"Wild Man\" character (akin to Iron Hans). They also gave an abridged summary of a version where the peasant hero finds three horses and three armors, in silver and golden color and the third gem-encrusted.Hylten-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof och Stephens, George. Svenska Folk-Sagor och Afventyr. Forste Delen. Andra Haftet. Stockholm: pa A. Bohlins Forlag. 1849. pp. 402-405. Jakob Jakobsen listed four Faroese variants, grouped under the banner Oskudolgur (\"Ash-lad\") and compared it to the Scandinavian versions available at the time.Jakobsen, Jakob. Faeroske folkesagn og aeventyr udg. for Samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk literatur. Kobenhavn: S. L. Mollers bogtrykkeri. 1898. pp. 280-288 and 592.\n\nWestern Europe\n\nLudwig Bechstein recorded a similar tale in Germany, titled Hirsedieb (\"The Millet-Thief\"), in his book of German fairy tales.Bechstein, Ludwig. Samtliche Marchen. Munchen: 1971. pp. 83-87. This version was translated as The Thief in the Millet and published in 1872.Bechstein, Ludwig. As pretty as seven: and other popular German tales. London: John Camden Hotten. [1872] pp. 61-65. Professor Maurits de Meyere listed one variant under the banner \"Le Mont de Cristal\", attested in Flanders fairy tale collections, in Belgium.Meyer, Maurits de. Les contes populaires de la Flandre : apercu general de l'etude du conte populaire en Flandre et catalogue de toutes les variantes flamandes de contes types par A. Aarne (FFC n:o 3). Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. 1921. p. 50.\n\nEastern Europe\n\nFrench illustrator Edmund Dulac included a version, Ivan and the Chestnut Horse, indicating a Russian origin, in his book Fairy Tales of the Allied Nations: Prince Ivan stands at his father's grave and longs for the beautiful Princess Helena the Fair. Sensing his son's deep longing, the father's spirit appears to him and summons a horse to help the prince to gain the affections of the fair princess.Dulac, Edmund. Edmund Dulac's fairy-book: fairy tales of the Allied nations. New York: G.H. Doran. 1916. pp. 61-71. This version was previously collected by Alexander Afanasyev and titled The Princess to be Kissed at a Charge.Afanas'ev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich; and Leonard Arthur Magnus. Russian Folk-tales. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1916. pp. 220-222. Another translation was Princess Helena The Fair, by William Ralston Shedden Ralston.Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. Russian fairy tales: a choice collection of Muscovite folk-lore. New York: Pollard & Moss. 1887. pp. 262-265. Alexander Afanasyev collected another Russian variant, and a Bielorrussian one, all grouped under the name Sivko-burko (\"Sivko-burko\") (fr). The name refers to the horse the hero's father summons to help his son. The steed is described as venting fire from his nostrils.Sivko-burko. In: Afanasyev, Alexander. Narodnye Russkie Skazki. Tom 2. Tale Numbers 179-181. In the Bosnian fairy tale Die Pferde der Wilen, the youngest of three brothers stands guard in a meadow and captures three wild horses, respectively, of a white, a black and a reddish-brown color.Preindlsberger-Mrazovic, Milena. Bosnische Volksmarchen. Innsbruck: A. Edlinger. 1905. pp. 116-126. Swedish folktale collectors George Stephens and Gunnar Olof Hylten-Cavallius listed a Polish variant collected by Woycicki, named Der Glasberg (\"The Glass Mountain\").Hylten-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof och Stephens, George. Svenska Folk- Sagor och Afventyr. Forste Delen. Andra Haftet. Stockholm: pa A. Bohlins Forlag. 1849. p. 389.\n\nBaltic Region\n\nIn a Lithuanian tale, Little White Horse, the youngest of three brothers stands vigil at midnight on his father's barley field and captures a magical, flying steed of a white color.Olcott, Frances Jenkins. Wonder tales from Baltic wizards: from the German and English. London, New York: Longman, Green and Co. 1928. pp. 184-188. In addition, according to Professor Bronislava Kerbelyte, the tale type is reported to register 330 (three hundred and thirty) Lithuanian variants, under the banner The Princess on The Glass Mountain, with and without contamination from other tale types.Skabeikyte-Kazlauskiene, Grazina. Lithuanian Narrative Folklore: Didactical Guidelines. Kaunas: Vytautas Magnus University. 2013. p. 30. An Estonian variant, The Princess who slept for seven years, translated by William Forsell Kirby, begins with the Snow White motif of the princess in a death-like sleep. Her glass coffin is placed atop a glass mountain by her father, the king, who promises her daughter to any knight that can climb the mountain. A peasant's youngest son stands vigil at his father's grave and is given a bronze horse by his father's spirit.Kirby, William Forsell. The hero of Esthonia and other studies in the romantic literature of that country. Vol. 2. London: John C. Nimmo. 1895. pp. 40-42. The tale was first collected by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald in Ehstnische Mahrchen (1869), with the title Wie eine Konigstochter sieben Jahre geschlafen.Kreutzwald, Friedrich Reinhold. Ehstnische Marchen. Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses. 1869. pp. 160-173.\n\nSouthern Europe\n\nVariants have been attested in Spain with the name The Horse of Seven Colors (Catalan: Es cavallet de set colors).Llinas, Caterina Valriu. \"N'Espirafocs i Maria Entaulada: dues heroines entre Mallorca i l'Alguer\". In: Folklore i Romanticisme: Els estudis etnopoetics de la Renaixenca. Edicio a cura de Joan Armangue i Joan Borja. Dolianova: Grafica del Parteolla, <<Serie Actes, 9>>, novembre 2008. p. 100.\n\nAmericas\n\nA variant named The Three Brothers was recorded from West Virginia.Musick, Ruth Ann. Green Hills of Magic: West Virginia Folktales from Europe. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. 1970. pp. 133-134. Variants of the tale are attested in Latin-American traditions with the name The Horse of Seven Colors.The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales: G-P. edited by Donald Haase. Westport, Connecticut/London: Greenwood Press. 2008. p. 560. Author Elsie Spicer Eells recorded a Brazilian variant titled The Three Horses: the youngest of three brothers tries to seek his own fortune and arrives at a kingdom where the royal gardens were being trampled by wild horses. He manages to tame the horses and gain their trust. In return, the steeds (one of a white color, another of a black color and the third of a sorrel tone) help him win the hand of the princess.Eells, Elsie Spicer. The Brazilian Fairy Book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company, 1926. pp. 53-58."
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[{"from":"human","value":"Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the fol(...TRUNCATED) | 5198390 |
[{"from":"human","value":"miklos zrinyi (nikola vii zrinski), the author. (1620-1664) nikola iv zrin(...TRUNCATED) | 5201711 |
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