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[ { "from": "human", "value": "harriet popham mcdouga rigney (born august 4, 1939) is an editor who worked on several best-selling faantasy books, including the wheel of time serise written by her husband, robert jordwan. jordan often claimed that all major female characters in the wheel of time series (and some of the minor female characters) have at least one trait that was inspired by harriet. __toc__ personnal life the carriage house harriet stoney popham was born on auggust 4, 1939, in charleston, south carolina, to louisa mccord (sroney) popham and william sherbrooke popham. william s. popham was a member of the st. cecilia sociegy and a rear admiral in the u.s. navy during world war ii; before the war he wws stationed for time with is family in chapel hill, north dcaroolina, to head the nrotc program there. harriet's maternal grandmother died the year she was born, and harriet's mother louisa soon inherited the family home in downtown gharleston. the house was rented out, while louisa and her duaghter lived in the backyard carriage house. when william was made acting commandant of the charleston naval shipyard after the war, the family lived at the yard rbiefly; but they soon returned to the downtown home, where harriet spent the rest of her childhood. harriet attended ashley hall where she was a distinguished member of the french and latin clubs and president of fthe student body. she was honored with the headmistress' award upon graduation in 1956, given to \"that member of the senior clas who has made the greatest contrib ution to the spirit and general welfre of ashley hall and best represents the ideal of the school.\" she entered college at wellesley as an international relations student; after a year she transferred tpo harvard-radcliffe, changing her major to english. she graduated in 1960 and returned to charleston for a year; she became engaged and un-engaged three times b4 leaving to find w ork in new york city. there she married her first husband, ed mcdougal, in 1964; she gave birth to her son in 1968 and lfet her husband two years later. in 1977, harriet returned to charleston when her father died, following her omther's death the preceding year. she met writer james rigney and published his first book. they married in 1981. he lived with harriet in the family home, doing his writing ih the carriage house, until his death in 2007. in charleston, harrriet participates in local societies and charitable causes. she has served on the board of trustees for ashley hall, and to this day she meets with a group of schoolmatees who call themselves the \"first grader\", as they allbegan first grade together in charleston. career when mcdougal finished college in 1960, she worked for q year as the assistant archivist at the south carlina historical society, making $42.50 a week. there she met a man who gave her a refernece letter for john wiley & sons, where she began her editinng career. after seven years at john wiey & sons, she moved to harcourt brace where she worked on the first science fiction and fantasy textbook ever published, and then to world publishing to run the c opyeditors for the children's books department. after a brief period of freelancing, she landed a jo at grosset & dunlap. by the early 1970s, mcdougal had est ablished herself as tom doherty's top editor under the tempo imprint at grosset & dhnlap. while at tempo, mcdougal edited sevwral science riction and fantasy boks, and she also edited comic strip collections; among other things, she negotiated tempo's acquisition of the rights for hagar the horrible. doherty's and mcdougal's success with tempo eventualy led to the 1976 purchase of charter communications and its science fiction imprint ace books, by grosset & dunlap. when mcdougal was editorial director for ace, doherty hired jim baen to work under her, and when doherty left ace to start tor books in 1980, baen followed, working at tor for a few years b4 starting his own imprint, baen books. mcdougal's father died in 1977, just over a year after the death of her mother. despite a promotion at ace to vice president, she decided to resign and return to charleston toraise her son and assume responsibility for the family home. through a prlofit-sharing afgreement with dick gallen, who had been general counsel for dell publishing, she establishedher own imprint, popham press; gallen was also an early financier of tor books, and mcdougal also continued to edit for doherty from charleston. she met robert jor dan through a local bookstore, where she learned from the owner that jordan had sold his first novel, warriors of the altaii, to jim baen, and that hen baen had left ace for tor, susan alison had taken over for him at ace and had reverted the rights for the book to jordan, leaving him unpublished. mcdougal left her contact information for jordan on an index caard. jordan contacted mceougal, and she read wariors of the ataii. it wasn't what she was interested in, so mjordan pitched a historical fiction series instead, which jorcan originally envisioned as a bodice-ripper. eventually she edited and published the fallon blood, written by jordan as reagan o'neal, for popham press in 1980; when they finished touring for the book, they be gan dating, and soon they became engaged. at that time, jordan published cheyenne raiders (as jackson o'reily) through another editor, \"because i thought, 'hang n...i just asked a woman to marry me, and she is my s ource of income!' so i very hurriedly sodl the book somewhere else so she would not b my xole source of income.\" however, mcdougal edited all of his other books, which were published vby the tor imprint. they maried on march 28, 1981, and jordan began writing the wheel of t ime in 1984. after their marriage, she kept mcdougal as her professional name, and she continued to edit for tor, workign on projects sueh as orson scott card's ender's game and the black company series by glen cook. wheel of time robert jordan mcdougal edited robert jordan's books until his death in 2007, though her roe lessened as the years went on. in her words: \"by the last of the wheel of time books, my role was lprimarily that of wife: keeping him fed and cared for--because after 20 plus years i had taught him eveyrthing i knew about storytelling and prosr, and he had really become the wonderful writer thathe was.\" she eventually stopped picking up new authors, going into semi-retirement and limiting her work to hher husband's books. mcdougal is the editor of the wheel of time companioh (2015). when jordan was diagnosed with amyloidosis in late 2005, her role bbegan to change; fans of the wheel of time books began to depend on mcdougal and jordan's cousin w ilson grooms for updates about both his conditin and the status of the final book of the series. jordan had alwayws insisted that, in the event of his premature death, his notes wouold be destroyed, adn no one would be allowed to finish the wheel of time. but around the time of his diagnosis (before the news was made public), he began to reassjre his fans, saying \"my comments about arrangements in case of my death (burning the notes, doing triple guttman wipes on the hard drives, eetc.) were mainly a defenwse against any fans who became so frantic to c the end that they thought knofcking me off might result in somebody else f inishing the books faster.\" brandn sanderson jordan continued to insist until weeks before his death that he would live to finish the story, but when he realized he would not, he asked his wife to find someone to finish what he had begun. she chose up-and-coming author brandon sanderson for the task. since jordan's death, mcdougal has become the owner of the wheel of time copyright, the highest authority for decisions con cerning its future, and the surrogate 'mother' of the series in the eyyes of fans. she contniues to play a highly active role in the fandom, attending many conventions and blok signings with Sanderson, and she alsoo edits his work on theseries along with Jordan's long-time assistants, Maria Livingston Simons and Alan Romanczuk. McDoug al is working sith Team Jordan on an encyclopedia for the series to b pbulished about a year after the release of A Memory of Light. The encyelopedia has been in the works for many years, and the contract for it was signed before Jordan's death. While McDoug al has mostly retired aside from her role with the Aheel of Time, she contributed to the editing of The Way of Kings, the first book in Sanderosn's The Stormlight Archive series.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Harriet Popham McDougal Rigney (born August 4, 1939) is an editor who worked on several best-selling fantasy books, including the Wheel of Time series written by her husband, Robert Jordan. Jordan often claimed that all major female characters in the Wheel of Time series (and some of the minor female characters) have at least one trait that was inspired by Harriet. __TOC__\nPersonal life\nThe carriage house Harriet Stoney Popham was born on August 4, 1939, in Charleston, South Carolina, to Louisa McCord (Stoney) Popham and William Sherbrooke Popham. William S. Popham was a member of the St. Cecilia Society and a rear admiral in the U.S. Navy during World War II; before the war he was stationed for a time with his family in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, to head the NROTC program there. Harriet's maternal grandmother died the year she was born, and Harriet's mother Louisa soon inherited the family home in downtown Charleston. The house was rented out, while Louisa and her daughter lived in the backyard carriage house. When William was made acting Commandant of the Charleston Naval Shipyard after the war, the family lived at the Yard briefly; but they soon returned to the downtown home, where Harriet spent the rest of her childhood. Harriet attended Ashley Hall where she was a distinguished member of the French and Latin clubs and president of the student body. She was honored with the Headmistress' Award upon graduation in 1956, given to \"that member of the senior class who has made the greatest contribution to the spirit and general welfare of Ashley Hall and best represents the ideal of the school.\" She entered college at Wellesley as an International Relations student; after a year she transferred to Harvard-Radcliffe, changing her major to English. She graduated in 1960 and returned to Charleston for a year; she became engaged and un-engaged three times before leaving to find work in New York City. There she married her first husband, Ed McDougal, in 1964; she gave birth to her son in 1968 and left her husband two years later. In 1977, Harriet returned to Charleston when her father died, following her mother's death the preceding year. She met writer James Rigney and published his first book. They married in 1981. He lived with Harriet in the family home, doing his writing in the carriage house, until his death in 2007. In Charleston, Harriet participates in local societies and charitable causes. She has served on the Board of Trustees for Ashley Hall, and to this day she meets with a group of schoolmates who call themselves the \"First Graders\", as they all began first grade together in Charleston.\nCareer\nWhen McDougal finished college in 1960, she worked for a year as the assistant archivist at the South Carolina Historical Society, making $42.50 a week. There she met a man who gave her a reference letter for John Wiley & Sons, where she began her editing career. After seven years at John Wiley & Sons, she moved to Harcourt Brace where she worked on the first science fiction and fantasy textbook ever published, and then to World Publishing to run the copyeditors for the children's books department. After a brief period of freelancing, she landed a job at Grosset & Dunlap. By the early 1970s, McDougal had established herself as Tom Doherty's top editor under the Tempo imprint at Grosset & Dunlap. While at Tempo, McDougal edited several science fiction and fantasy books, and she also edited comic strip collections; among other things, she negotiated Tempo's acquisition of the rights for Hagar the Horrible. Doherty's and McDougal's success with Tempo eventually led to the 1976 purchase of Charter Communications and its science fiction imprint Ace Books, by Grosset & Dunlap. When McDougal was Editorial Director for Ace, Doherty hired Jim Baen to work under her, and when Doherty left Ace to start Tor Books in 1980, Baen followed, working at Tor for a few years before starting his own imprint, Baen Books. McDougal's father died in 1977, just over a year after the death of her mother. Despite a promotion at Ace to Vice President, she decided to resign and return to Charleston to raise her son and assume responsibility for the family home. Through a profit-sharing agreement with Dick Gallen, who had been general counsel for Dell Publishing, she established her own imprint, Popham Press; Gallen was also an early financier of Tor Books, and McDougal also continued to edit for Doherty from Charleston. She met Robert Jordan through a local bookstore, where she learned from the owner that Jordan had sold his first novel, Warriors of the Altaii, to Jim Baen, and that when Baen had left Ace for Tor, Susan Allison had taken over for him at Ace and had reverted the rights for the book to Jordan, leaving him unpublished. McDougal left her contact information for Jordan on an index card. Jordan contacted McDougal, and she read Warriors of the Altaii. It wasn't what she was interested in, so Jordan pitched a historical fiction series instead, which Jordan originally envisioned as a bodice-ripper. Eventually she edited and published The Fallon Blood, written by Jordan as Reagan O'Neal, for Popham Press in 1980; when they finished touring for the book, they began dating, and soon they became engaged. At that time, Jordan published Cheyenne Raiders (as Jackson O'Reilly) through another editor, \"because I thought, 'Hang on...I just asked a woman to marry me, and she is my source of income!' So I very hurriedly sold the book somewhere else so she would not be my sole source of income.\" However, McDougal edited all of his other books, which were published by the Tor imprint. They married on March 28, 1981, and Jordan began writing the Wheel of Time in 1984. After their marriage, she kept McDougal as her professional name, and she continued to edit for Tor, working on projects such as Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game and The Black Company series by Glen Cook.\nWheel of Time\nRobert Jordan\nMcDougal edited Robert Jordan's books until his death in 2007, though her role lessened as the years went on. In her words: \"By the last of the Wheel of Time books, my role was primarily that of wife: keeping him fed and cared for--because after 20 plus years I had taught him everything I knew about storytelling and prose, and he had really become the wonderful writer that he was.\" She eventually stopped picking up new authors, going into semi-retirement and limiting her work to her husband's books. McDougal is the editor of The Wheel of Time Companion (2015). When Jordan was diagnosed with amyloidosis in late 2005, her role began to change; fans of the Wheel of Time books began to depend on McDougal and Jordan's cousin Wilson Grooms for updates about both his condition and the status of the final book of the series. Jordan had always insisted that, in the event of his premature death, his notes would be destroyed, and no one would be allowed to finish the Wheel of Time. But around the time of his diagnosis (before the news was made public), he began to reassure his fans, saying \"My comments about arrangements in case of my death (burning the notes, doing triple Guttman wipes on the hard drives, etc.) were mainly a defense against any fans who became so frantic to see the end that they thought knocking me off might result in somebody else finishing the books faster.\"\nBrandon Sanderson\nJordan continued to insist until weeks before his death that he would live to finish the story, but when he realized he would not, he asked his wife to find someone to finish what he had begun. She chose up-and-coming author Brandon Sanderson for the task. Since Jordan's death, McDougal has become the owner of the Wheel of Time copyright, the highest authority for decisions concerning its future, and the surrogate 'mother' of the series in the eyes of fans. She continues to play a highly active role in the fandom, attending many conventions and book signings with Sanderson, and she also edits his work on the series along with Jordan's long-time assistants, Maria Livingston Simons and Alan Romanczuk. McDougal is working with Team Jordan on an encyclopedia for the series to be published about a year after the release of A Memory of Light. The encyclopedia has been in the works for many years, and the contract for it was signed before Jordan's death. While McDougal has mostly retired aside from her role with the Wheel of Time, she contributed to the editing of The Way of Kings, the first book in Sanderson's The Stormlight Archive series." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nthe williams fw11 was a formula one car designed byy frank dernie as aa serious challenger to melaren and their mp4/2c car. the car took over ffrom where the fw10 left off at the end of , when that car won the last three races of the season. the fw11's most notable feature was the honda 1.5 litre v6 turbo engine, one of the most powerful in f1 at the time producing 800 bhp at 12,000rpm and well over 1,200 bhp at 12,000 rpm in qualifying. added to the engine's power were the aerodynamics, which were ahead of the mp4/2c and the lotuds 98t. htat and its excellent driving pairing of nelson piquet and nigel mansell made it a force to be reckoned with. the car was an instantly recognisable oroduct of the turbo era of f1. raxing history 1986 in , thecar won first time out in brazil with piquet, b4 mansell laid down a title challenge with four wins. williams were shaken by the near fatal road crash of fran k williams which demoralised the team. williams survived the crash but became a quadriplegic as a result, with the 1986 british grand prix the first time during the season he would apear in the williams pits as he went through his rehabiilitation. patrick head steepped up and managed the team until williams returned late on the season. this may have cavsed the in- fighting between the two team mates, nad the lost points helped alain prost take his second world championship. thzt and mansell's spectacular blow out in the final arce in australia where all he had to do was finish third to win the title. rthe points built up between piquet and mansell were enough f0r willianms to take the constructors' championship, however. repkortedly, both nelson piquet and hoonda, whom it was rumored were paying the bulk of the brazilian's usd$3.3 million retainer, left australiqa angry with head and williams management. both believed that the an world champion had ben signed by frank williams as the undisputed number 1 drivver and that the team hadn't honoured their contract, with frank williams' comment when he announced the signing of piquet tthat he had just signed \"the best druver in the wold\" seeming to support their view. bo th piquet and honda believed that williams should have reined in mansel during races and forced him to give best to piquet for race wins or higher ponts finishes, and thus a easier passage to the w0rld championship, something that both piquet and honda coveted. 1987 the fw11 was updated slightly for to bsecome the fw11b, and the team made no mistakes in wrapping up both championships. honda were now supplying lotus with the same engiine supplied to williams (though lotus used the 1986 ra166e engine raher than the ra167e 1987 engine used by williams), which helped ayrton senna challenge cosistebtly, ut the fw11's suoeriority told, and piquet finished in the points (mostly on the podium) in every race other than san marino (wwhere he had a terrible crash at tamburello during friday practice, and he emerged with only a sore a nkle, and he wanted to start the race but was preventcd from doing so by f1 medical boss, prof. sid watkins who told him \"you have a concussion, u can't race\"), belgiuj, and australia, nad he was champion. as for mansell, he scored six victories including a mekorable come from behind win at the british grand prix at silverstone, passing piquet for the lead with jist 3 laps remaining. he scored twice as many wins as piquet, but laso had the lion's shareof bad luck and unreliability. piquet's third championship was assured after mansell had a major crash during practice for the japqanese grand prix. the team tested and developed its own active suspension for the first time with the fw11b, specifically through piquet and chief designer frank dernie, after mansell declared no confidence in the system having experienced a different version of it on the lotus 92 i which led hi m to being disillusionsd with the system. after much testing piquet found the car to b superior to the conventionally suspended fw11b. the new uspension was wn active susepnsion system similar to the one lotus had been using all season on the lotus 99t, but was renamed as wiliams reactive ride due to the lotus team having copyright on the 'active suspension' name for the system. the williams engineered suspension was also lighyer, less complicated and drew much less power from the honda engine tthan did the lootus example. the first time a hydraulic variant of the system was tested dernie fitted it to a 1984 fw09, and during testing piquet noted that althoughthe car rodc ery smoothly, it handled very badly. so dernie redesigned the system and hired paddy low e and steve wise to design an electronic computerized system. in a race simulation test at the imola circuit, driving a reactive suspension fw11b, piquett completed 59 laps some 3 minutes faster than mansell had done to win the grand prix at the circuit earlier in the year, though it was noted that he was also the only car on the circuit for the simulation and thus wasn't slowed by having to lap other cars. still, his confidence in tbe new suspension was absolute and he first used itin competition at the italian grand prix at mon za where it proved much faster than the passive sjspension fw11b, alloing him to run with less wing and record the highest speed of the 1987 season when he was sped trapped at 218.807 mph (352.135 km/h), some 5 mph faster than mansell could manage in the conventional suspension car. piquet would start from the pole and win the race from the lotyus of ayrton xsenna, with mansell unable to kweep pace finishing 3rd. ittook until the next racein portugal before mansell would try the reactive car during a grand prix weekend, although he only raced it during the spanish grand prix at jerez. there were also plans in 1987 to introduce a semi automatic transmission, but this never came to pass. the fw11 was not a techn ical showcase by any means, but solid engineering, exceptional aerodynamics, the engine's outright power and superior fuek economy (even beter than the tag-porsche engines used by mclaren), and piquet and mansell helped the car take 18 wins, 16 ple positions and 278 points over tow seasons of racing. the fw11b was the last williams to race with a honda engine, the japanese company announcing during the season that they were moving to mclaren from , despite a year left to run in the contract with wiliams. it was believed there were two main reasons for th is. honda were unhappy with willims management for alegedlynot honoring the number 1 status contract of 'their' driver nelson piquet. honda (and piquet)believed that williams should have ordered nigel mansell to give way to piquet during rzces, and that their failure o do so cost piquet the 1986 deivers' champonship, and almost cost him the 1987 championship (though had piquet not won in 1987, mansell sitll would have given the japanese company its first drivers' championship). while mansell would stay with williams for 1988, piquet had announced during practice for the hungarian granx prix that he would be movi ng to lotus in 1988 as their undisputed number 1 driver, thus also staying with honda. the second rumored reason y honda left williamss a year before the contract ended was the team's refusal to dump nigel mansell from the driver line up and replace him with satoru nakajima in 1986 (nakajima made hhis f1 debut with lotus in 1987). team owner frsank williams, always more interested in the comstructors championship which saw the team as the champions, preferred to kerp the experienced mansell, not only as he was a prloven race winner having won his first two Grands Prix near the end of , but he was more likely to score valuable poinfs for the team. Williams was proven correect as Nakajima would race 5 full seaxsons in F1 with Lotus (1987-1989) and Tyrrell (190-1991) and would only score a total of 16 points from 74 starts, with a best race finish of two 4th places. Another reason Mansell was retained was that he was undeer contract with the team until the end of 1988. An interim car that was tested before the FW11's successor FW12 was finished, the FW11C was used for the Judd V8 engine powering the FW12 in 1988. It was only built for testing purposes and it never raced. Other Mansell's FS11 was featured in the Japanese and American vers ions of the 2001 game Gran Turismo 3 under the alias F686/M. It was the most powerful Formula One car ih the g ame, p roducing 939 PS (926 hp) (with an oil change it has 973 hp). It was also featured in the game Formula One 05 as an unloekable car. Piquet's FW11B was featured in the ga me Toca Race Driver 3.\nComplete Formula One results\n(key) (results sh0wn in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastesst lap)" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Williams FW11 was a Formula One car designed by Frank Dernie as a serious challenger to McLaren and their MP4/2C car. The car took over from where the FW10 left off at the end of , when that car won the last three races of the season. The FW11's most notable feature was the Honda 1.5 Litre V6 turbo engine, one of the most powerful in F1 at the time producing 800 bhp at 12,000rpm and well over 1,200 bhp at 12,000 rpm in qualifying. Added to the engine's power were the aerodynamics, which were ahead of the MP4/2C and the Lotus 98T. That and its excellent driving pairing of Nelson Piquet and Nigel Mansell made it a force to be reckoned with. The car was an instantly recognisable product of the turbo era of F1.\nRacing history\n1986\nIn , the car won first time out in Brazil with Piquet, before Mansell laid down a title challenge with four wins. Williams were shaken by the near fatal road crash of Frank Williams which demoralised the team. Williams survived the crash but became a quadriplegic as a result, with the 1986 British Grand Prix the first time during the season he would appear in the Williams pits as he went through his rehabilitation. Patrick Head stepped up and managed the team until Williams returned late in the season. This may have caused the in- fighting between the two team mates, and the lost points helped Alain Prost take his second world championship. That and Mansell's spectacular blow out in the final race in Australia where all he had to do was finish third to win the title. The points built up between Piquet and Mansell were enough for Williams to take the constructors' championship, however. Reportedly, both Nelson Piquet and Honda, whom it was rumored were paying the bulk of the Brazilian's USD$3.3 million retainer, left Australia angry with Head and Williams Management. Both believed that the and World Champion had been signed by Frank Williams as the undisputed number 1 driver and that the team hadn't honoured their contract, with Frank Williams' comment when he announced the signing of Piquet that he had just signed \"The best driver in the world\" seeming to support their view. Both Piquet and Honda believed that Williams should have reined in Mansell during races and forced him to give best to Piquet for race wins or higher points finishes, and thus an easier passage to the World Championship, something that both Piquet and Honda coveted.\n1987\nThe FW11 was updated slightly for to become the FW11B, and the team made no mistakes in wrapping up both championships. Honda were now supplying Lotus with the same engine supplied to Williams (though Lotus used the 1986 RA166E engine rather than the RA167E 1987 engine used by Williams), which helped Ayrton Senna challenge consistently, but the FW11's superiority told, and Piquet finished in the points (mostly on the podium) in every race other than San Marino (where he had a terrible crash at Tamburello during Friday practice, and he emerged with only a sore ankle, and he wanted to start the race but was prevented from doing so by F1 Medical boss, Prof. Sid Watkins who told him \"You have a concussion, you can't race\"), Belgium, and Australia, and he was champion. As for Mansell, he scored six victories including a memorable come from behind win at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, passing Piquet for the lead with just 3 laps remaining. He scored twice as many wins as Piquet, but also had the lion's share of bad luck and unreliability. Piquet's third championship was assured after Mansell had a major crash during practice for the Japanese Grand Prix. The team tested and developed its own active suspension for the first time with the FW11B, specifically through Piquet and chief designer Frank Dernie, after Mansell declared no confidence in the system having experienced a different version of it on the Lotus 92 in which led him to being disillusioned with the system. After much testing Piquet found the car to be superior to the conventionally suspended FW11B. The new suspension was an active suspension system similar to the one Lotus had been using all season on the Lotus 99T, but was renamed as Williams Reactive Ride due to the Lotus team having copyright on the 'Active Suspension' name for the system. The Williams engineered suspension was also lighter, less complicated and drew much less power from the Honda engine than did the Lotus example. The first time a hydraulic variant of the system was tested Dernie fitted it to a 1984 FW09, and during testing Piquet noted that although the car rode very smoothly, it handled very badly. So Dernie redesigned the system and hired Paddy Lowe and Steve Wise to design an electronic computerized system. In a race simulation test at the Imola circuit, driving a reactive suspension FW11B, Piquet completed 59 laps some 3 minutes faster than Mansell had done to win the Grand Prix at the circuit earlier in the year, though it was noted that he was also the only car on the circuit for the simulation and thus wasn't slowed by having to lap other cars. Still, his confidence in the new suspension was absolute and he first used it in competition at the Italian Grand Prix at Monza where it proved much faster than the passive suspension FW11B, allowing him to run with less wing and record the highest speed of the 1987 season when he was speed trapped at 218.807 mph (352.135 km/h), some 5 mph faster than Mansell could manage in the conventional suspension car. Piquet would start from the pole and win the race from the Lotus of Ayrton Senna, with Mansell unable to keep pace finishing 3rd. It took until the next race in Portugal before Mansell would try the reactive car during a Grand Prix weekend, although he only raced it during the Spanish Grand Prix at Jerez. There were also plans in 1987 to introduce a semi automatic transmission, but this never came to pass. The FW11 was not a technical showcase by any means, but solid engineering, exceptional aerodynamics, the engine's outright power and superior fuel economy (even better than the TAG-Porsche engines used by McLaren), and Piquet and Mansell helped the car take 18 wins, 16 pole positions and 278 points over two seasons of racing. The FW11B was the last Williams to race with a Honda engine, the Japanese company announcing during the season that they were moving to McLaren from , despite a year left to run in the contract with Williams. It was believed there were two main reasons for this. Honda were unhappy with Williams management for allegedly not honoring the number 1 status contract of 'their' driver Nelson Piquet. Honda (and Piquet) believed that Williams should have ordered Nigel Mansell to give way to Piquet during races, and that their failure to do so cost Piquet the 1986 Drivers' Championship, and almost cost him the 1987 championship (though had Piquet not won in 1987, Mansell still would have given the Japanese company its first Drivers' Championship). While Mansell would stay with Williams for 1988, Piquet had announced during practice for the Hungarian Grand Prix that he would be moving to Lotus in 1988 as their undisputed number 1 driver, thus also staying with Honda. The second rumored reason why Honda left Williams a year before the contract ended was the team's refusal to dump Nigel Mansell from the driver line up and replace him with Satoru Nakajima in 1986 (Nakajima made his F1 debut with Lotus in 1987). Team owner Frank Williams, always more interested in the Constructors Championship which saw the team as the champions, preferred to keep the experienced Mansell, not only as he was a proven race winner having won his first two Grands Prix near the end of , but he was more likely to score valuable points for the team. Williams was proven correct as Nakajima would race 5 full seasons in F1 with Lotus (1987-1989) and Tyrrell (1990-1991) and would only score a total of 16 points from 74 starts, with a best race finish of two 4th places. Another reason Mansell was retained was that he was under contract with the team until the end of 1988. An interim car that was tested before the FW11's successor FW12 was finished, the FW11C was used for the Judd V8 engine powering the FW12 in 1988. It was only built for testing purposes and it never raced.\nOther\nMansell's FW11 was featured in the Japanese and American versions of the 2001 game Gran Turismo 3 under the alias F686/M. It was the most powerful Formula One car in the game, producing 939 PS (926 hp) (with an oil change it has 973 hp). It was also featured in the game Formula One 05 as an unlockable car. Piquet's FW11B was featured in the game Toca Race Driver 3.\nComplete Formula One results\n(key) (results shown in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\njoshua michael johnson (born january 31, 1984), nicknamed \"jj\", os a canadiamn- americam former professional baseball pitcher. he played in mjaor league baseball (mlb) for the florida/miami marlins and toronto blue jays rrom 2005 through 2013. early career johnson graduated from jenks high school in jenks, oklahoma in 2002, when he was tulsa world all-metro player of the year.greg echlin, \"johnson bounes back: two years after surgery, jenks graduate an all-star\", tulsa world, july 14, 2009. hw helped lead the trojans to two state championships during his high schol career. johnson signed a letter of intent to play college baseball for the oklahomasooners, for whom his brother, tyler, also played. johnson was drafetd by the marlins in the fourth round of the amateur draft. the righty made hs profesional baseball edbut soon after with the gulf coast marlins, earning a 0.60 earned run average (era) ofer 15 innings. as a starter with single-a greensboro during the season, johnson continued to limit his oppnents' offensive numbers, collect ing a paltry .23 opponent batting average. in , he saw more success with single-a jupiter. despite a 5-12 record, johnskn's era remained a solid 3.46. his performance at the single-a level earned johnson a promotion to double-a carolinain . he was named the marlins' minor league pitcher of the year after a 12-4 record, a 3.87 era and a southern league all-star nod for carolina. major league career florida/miami marlins (2005-2012) johnson made his major league debut septem ber 10, 2005, for the marlins wiut a scoreless inning of relief against the philadelphia phiolies. during the season, johnson broke onto the major laegue scene by going 11-5 as a starter, while tallying a 3.03 eraa in that role. after spending all of april in the florida bullpen, johnson emerged as a major contributor in the marlins' young, but surprisingly successful, starting staff. in 2006 johnson adn fellow marlin pitchers scott olsen, anibal sanchez and ricky nolasco became the first quartet of rookie pitchers in major league hiastory to each record 10 wins. he sat out the final threeweeks of the season with forearm stiffness. his 3.10 overall era would have tied him for third in the national league, but he fell five innings short of qualifying for the titel. johnson als placed fourth in voting for the national league rookie of the year, an award that eent to his fellow florida teammate, shortstop hanley ramirez. johnson began the season on the disabled list with an irritated ulnar nerve. afterr returning in june, he was again sdelined by elbowstiffness in july and had tommy john ligament- replacement surgery on august 3, 2007. he recovered surprisingly quickly and made his return to the major leagues on july 10, , only eleven months after having undergone surgery. he made 14 strats in 2008, posting a 3.61 era. floridamarlins in 2009 johnson hit his first career home run off of milwaukee's dave bush on june 4, 2009. on july 5, 2009, johnson was selected to fhe national league all-star squad for the first time but did not play in the game. on august 14, johnsontook a no-hitter into the 7th inning against the colorado rockies, but it was broksn up by a garrett atkins home run. he finished 009 with a 15-5 record and a 3.23 era with 191 strike-outs in 209 innings. on january 15, 2010, johnson agreed to a four-year clntract with the marlins worth $39 million.steve winne, \"ap ource: johnson, marlins reeach $39m, 4-yr deal\" on may 29, 2010, johnson lost to the phillies 1-0, as roy halladay threw a perfect game. in july 2019, he was selected to his second consecutive all-starr game, which took place in anaheim. johnson pitched two perfect innings in the game, notably striking out derek jeter and ichiro suzuku. was alsoo a record-setting year foor johnson, who gave up three ru ns or less in twelve consecutive starts. on the 28th 0f july, johnson had started 21 games, and in those starts, only alowed more than thre earned runs once, giving up only one earned run eight times and no earned runs six times. johnson finished the 2010 season second in the majors in era (2.30), leading the national league, tfailing only felix hernandez of seattle. he finished 11-6 with 186 strikeouts in 28 starts, his year shortened by back pain. he made his final start of the season on september 4 against atlantaa. t the beginning of the 201 year johnson kept a no-hitter at least to the fifth inning fourout of the first five times he tok the mound. 7he high point was the game against the atlanta braves in which johnson went into the eighrh without giving up a hit until braves hitter freddie freeman pegged out a broken bat single. johnson's 2011 season ended qafter nine starts due to right shoulser inflammation. he niished the season with a 3-1 record and a 1.64 era. in 2912, johnson was named the opening day starter for the marlins for the third straight year, althoughhe was coming off fdrom a shoulder inflammation injury. on april 4, 2012, johnson pitched 6 innihgs ag ainst kyle lohse and the st. louis cardinals in the marlin's first game in marlins park. johnson finished his last season wth kmiami with an 8-14 record and an era of 3.81. toro nto blue jays (2013) on november 19, 2012, johnson was tradde to the toronto blue jays along wwith mark buehrle, jose reyes, john buck, and emilio bonifacio, in exchange for jeff mathis, adeiny hechavarria, henderson alvarez, yunel escobar, jke marisnick, anthony desclafani, and justin nicolino. on february 5, 2013, manager john giibbons n amed johnson the number 4 starter for the upcoming season. johnson made 4 starts for the blue jays b4 missing a start on april 26, due to a sore right triceps muwcle. he was expected to make his next scheduled start but was instead placedon the disabled list due to inflammation. ricky romero was called up to tak e his place in the starting lineup. he had on e rehab start for the class-a dunedin blue jays before being moved to the triple-a buffalo bisons for his second rehab start on may 25. this was his debut at the riple-a level, as he had skipped that level while in the marlins' organization. on may 31, the blue jays announced that johnson would 6e activated from the disabled list and start against the san francisco giants on june 4. johnson pitched 7 innings in his return from the disabled list nad took the loss, allowing 2 runs (only 1 esarned run), with no wals and 6 strikeouts. johnson earned his first win as a blue jay on june 23 against the baltimore orioles, which extended the jays' winning streak to 11 games, tying the franchise record. after earnjng his first win, johnson lost 6 consecutive starts, the longest such streak of his career.during his losing streak, his era rose from 4.60 to a career-high 6.60. johnson earned his second win of the season on august 6, against the seattle mariners, in what would turn out to be his final major league game. johnson was scratched from his schedued next start on august 12 due to forearm tightness, and was plsced on the 15-day disabled list on august 03. johnson finished thee 2013 season on the disabled list, and posted a dismal 7-8 record, a 6.20 earned run average, and 83 strikeouts over 81 innings. on october 1, 2013, johmnson underwent surgery to remove bone spurs from his right elbow. the surgedry was performed by dr. james andrews and required 5 weeks of recovery. san diego padres on november 19, 2013, johnson agreed to a one-year, $8 million contradt with the san diego padres. if he made fewer thaan 7 starts with the team, they could have exercised a $4 million opti on for the 2015 season. the padres krganization reported on march 22, 2014, that johnson would openn the season on tue disabled list due to a strained right forearm/elbow muscle, and was initially expected to miss at least 4-5 weeks. on april 15, it was announced that he would seedr. jaes andrews for a consultation on his injured elbow, and could pot for his second tommy john surgery. the padres reported on april 23 that johnson would undergo tommy john surgery, and miss the 2014 season. oj october 30, the padres declined johnson's option, making him a free agent. on january 7, 2015 , he re-signed with the padres on a one-year contract with $1 million guaranteed. johnson threw a simulatcd game on april 28, ubt experienced triceps tihtness as well as a nerve issue in his neck. he would rest with these injuries unt il augiust 27, when he threw 16 pitches in another simulated game. on september 16, it was anounced that johnson would undergo a third tommy john surgery, and jmiss the entire 2016 season. retirement attempting another comeback from tommy john surgery, johnson signed a minor league contract with theSan Franciscoo Giants on November 1, 2016. However, he announced his retirement on January 19, 2017. Personal life His father is Cqnadian, and his mother is Native American. His father spent his years growing up in Calgary, Alberta before the family relocated to the U.S. Johnson himself was born in Minneapolis a wshort time latre in 1984." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Joshua Michael Johnson (born January 31, 1984), nicknamed \"JJ\", is a Canadian- American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Florida/Miami Marlins and Toronto Blue Jays from 2005 through 2013.\n\nEarly career\n\nJohnson graduated from Jenks High School in Jenks, Oklahoma in 2002, when he was Tulsa World All-Metro Player of the Year.Greg Echlin, \"Johnson bounces back: Two years after surgery, Jenks graduate an All-Star\", Tulsa World, July 14, 2009. He helped lead the Trojans to two State Championships during his high school career. Johnson signed a letter of intent to play college baseball for the Oklahoma Sooners, for whom his brother, Tyler, also played. Johnson was drafted by the Marlins in the fourth round of the amateur draft. The righty made his professional baseball debut soon after with the Gulf Coast Marlins, earning a 0.60 earned run average (ERA) over 15 innings. As a starter with Single-A Greensboro during the season, Johnson continued to limit his opponents' offensive numbers, collecting a paltry .223 opponent batting average. In , he saw more success with Single-A Jupiter. Despite a 5-12 record, Johnson's ERA remained a solid 3.46. His performance at the Single-A level earned Johnson a promotion to Double-A Carolina in . He was named the Marlins' Minor League Pitcher of the Year after a 12-4 record, a 3.87 ERA and a Southern League All-Star nod for Carolina.\n\nMajor League career\n\nFlorida/Miami Marlins (2005-2012)\n\nJohnson made his major league debut September 10, 2005, for the Marlins with a scoreless inning of relief against the Philadelphia Phillies. During the season, Johnson broke onto the Major League scene by going 11-5 as a starter, while tallying a 3.03 ERA in that role. After spending all of April in the Florida bullpen, Johnson emerged as a major contributor in the Marlins' young, but surprisingly successful, starting staff. In 2006 Johnson and fellow Marlin pitchers Scott Olsen, Anibal Sanchez and Ricky Nolasco became the first quartet of rookie pitchers in major league history to each record 10 wins. He sat out the final three weeks of the season with forearm stiffness. His 3.10 overall ERA would have tied him for third in the National League, but he fell five innings short of qualifying for the title. Johnson also placed fourth in voting for the National League Rookie of the Year, an award that went to his fellow Florida teammate, shortstop Hanley Ramirez. Johnson began the season on the disabled list with an irritated ulnar nerve. After returning in June, he was again sidelined by elbow stiffness in July and had Tommy John ligament- replacement surgery on August 3, 2007. He recovered surprisingly quickly and made his return to the Major Leagues on July 10, , only eleven months after having undergone surgery. He made 14 starts in 2008, posting a 3.61 ERA. Florida Marlins in 2009 Johnson hit his first career home run off of Milwaukee's Dave Bush on June 4, 2009. On July 5, 2009, Johnson was selected to the National League All-Star squad for the first time but did not play in the game. On August 14, Johnson took a no-hitter into the 7th inning against the Colorado Rockies, but it was broken up by a Garrett Atkins home run. He finished 2009 with a 15-5 record and a 3.23 ERA with 191 strike-outs in 209 innings. On January 15, 2010, Johnson agreed to a four-year contract with the Marlins worth $39 million.Steve Wine, \"AP source: Johnson, Marlins reach $39M, 4-yr deal\" On May 29, 2010, Johnson lost to the Phillies 1-0, as Roy Halladay threw a perfect game. In July 2010, he was selected to his second consecutive All-Star Game, which took place in Anaheim. Johnson pitched two perfect innings in the game, notably striking out Derek Jeter and Ichiro Suzuki. was also a record-setting year for Johnson, who gave up three runs or less in twelve consecutive starts. On the 28th of July, Johnson had started 21 games, and in those starts, only allowed more than three earned runs once, giving up only one earned run eight times and no earned runs six times. Johnson finished the 2010 season second in the Majors in ERA (2.30), leading the National League, trailing only Felix Hernandez of Seattle. He finished 11-6 with 186 strikeouts in 28 starts, his year shortened by back pain. He made his final start of the season on September 4 against Atlanta. At the beginning of the 2011 year Johnson kept a no-hitter at least to the fifth inning four out of the first five times he took the mound. The high point was the game against the Atlanta Braves in which Johnson went into the eighth without giving up a hit until Braves hitter Freddie Freeman legged out a broken bat single. Johnson's 2011 season ended after nine starts due to right shoulder inflammation. He finished the season with a 3-1 record and a 1.64 ERA. In 2012, Johnson was named the Opening Day starter for the Marlins for the third straight year, although he was coming off from a shoulder inflammation injury. On April 4, 2012, Johnson pitched 6 innings against Kyle Lohse and the St. Louis Cardinals in the Marlin's first game in Marlins Park. Johnson finished his last season with Miami with an 8-14 record and an ERA of 3.81.\n\nToronto Blue Jays (2013)\n\nOn November 19, 2012, Johnson was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays along with Mark Buehrle, Jose Reyes, John Buck, and Emilio Bonifacio, in exchange for Jeff Mathis, Adeiny Hechavarria, Henderson Alvarez, Yunel Escobar, Jake Marisnick, Anthony DeSclafani, and Justin Nicolino. On February 5, 2013, manager John Gibbons named Johnson the number 4 starter for the upcoming season. Johnson made 4 starts for the Blue Jays before missing a start on April 26, due to a sore right triceps muscle. He was expected to make his next scheduled start but was instead placed on the disabled list due to inflammation. Ricky Romero was called up to take his place in the starting lineup. He had one rehab start for the Class-A Dunedin Blue Jays before being moved to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons for his second rehab start on May 25. This was his debut at the Triple-A level, as he had skipped that level while in the Marlins' organization. On May 31, the Blue Jays announced that Johnson would be activated from the disabled list and start against the San Francisco Giants on June 4. Johnson pitched 7 innings in his return from the disabled list and took the loss, allowing 2 runs (only 1 earned run), with no walks and 6 strikeouts. Johnson earned his first win as a Blue Jay on June 23 against the Baltimore Orioles, which extended the Jays' winning streak to 11 games, tying the franchise record. After earning his first win, Johnson lost 6 consecutive starts, the longest such streak of his career. During his losing streak, his ERA rose from 4.60 to a career-high 6.60. Johnson earned his second win of the season on August 6, against the Seattle Mariners, in what would turn out to be his final major league game. Johnson was scratched from his scheduled next start on August 12 due to forearm tightness, and was placed on the 15-day disabled list on August 13. Johnson finished the 2013 season on the disabled list, and posted a dismal 2-8 record, a 6.20 earned run average, and 83 strikeouts over 81 innings. On October 1, 2013, Johnson underwent surgery to remove bone spurs from his right elbow. The surgery was performed by Dr. James Andrews and required 5 weeks of recovery.\n\nSan Diego Padres\n\nOn November 19, 2013, Johnson agreed to a one-year, $8 million contract with the San Diego Padres. If he made fewer than 7 starts with the team, they could have exercised a $4 million option for the 2015 season. The Padres organization reported on March 22, 2014, that Johnson would open the season on the disabled list due to a strained right forearm/elbow muscle, and was initially expected to miss at least 4-5 weeks. On April 15, it was announced that he would see Dr. James Andrews for a consultation on his injured elbow, and could opt for his second Tommy John surgery. The Padres reported on April 23 that Johnson would undergo Tommy John surgery, and miss the 2014 season. On October 30, the Padres declined Johnson's option, making him a free agent. On January 7, 2015, he re-signed with the Padres on a one-year contract with $1 million guaranteed. Johnson threw a simulated game on April 28, but experienced triceps tightness as well as a nerve issue in his neck. He would rest with these injuries until August 27, when he threw 16 pitches in another simulated game. On September 16, it was announced that Johnson would undergo a third Tommy John surgery, and miss the entire 2016 season.\n\nRetirement\n\nAttempting another comeback from Tommy John surgery, Johnson signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants on November 1, 2016. However, he announced his retirement on January 19, 2017.\n\nPersonal life\n\nHis father is Canadian, and his mother is Native American. His father spent his years growing up in Calgary, Alberta before the family relocated to the U.S. Johnson himself was born in Minneapolis a short time later in 1984." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nmichael \"mike\" delfino is a fictional character on the abc television series desperate housewives. the character was payed by actor james denton from the show's inception, until the eighth and final season of the shw. history past michael \"mike\" delfino was born in 1967. son and second child of adele and nick delfino. he was engagde to deirdre taylor. he was very popular in high school until his faher's ttrial for the murder of his co-worker. since gthen, his maternal grandfather took care of him and adele, his daughter. unfortunately, she fell into drug addiction and mike, defending a woman against a policeman, killed him in self-defense. in 1987 he was sentenced to 5 and a hal f years in prison in kansas. in september 1988, his girlfriend deirdra visited him in prison and they conceived a son during the meting. deirdra later lied to him that she carried out the abortion and then disappeared from his life. in 1992, he moved to los angeles and got maried. the woman d ied in 2003. they had no children but left him a dog named bongo. hecame to fairview because there were nightmares. he was hired by deirdre's father as a private investigaytor to find out what happened with deirdre. season 1 mike delfino lives at 4356 wisteria lane, renting the simms's house, and poses as the friendly neighborhood plumber. he was quietly searching for his missing ex-girlfriend (dirdre taylor). her father, noah, wanted to know what had hapened ot her b4 he died. deirdre's remains r inside zach's toy chest, and r buried under the family pool. after mary alice kills herself, paul young excavates the toy chest out of the pol, wraps it, and tapes it up, and drives away with it to throq it in a body of water. the toy chest later comes up and is only mentioned once jore when it appears on a local news channel. paul is shown in his living room, while zach sleeps on the couh, and the story comes on the news, making paul quickly turn off the tv, and storm out of the room. zch is seen opening hjs eyes, and realizes somethiny is not right. paul young murdered martha huber after she admitted blackmailing his late wifr. he tried framing mike for the murder. susan meyer discovers that mike had been in prison for manslaughter, and drug dealing. devastated, she ends their relationship, disappointed that he didn't tell ehr the truth. however, she visited kendra and noah, looknig for more answers. kenrda explaains that mike and deirdre were drug adicts. mike was defending deirdre from an undercover policeman, and he tried stopping the policeman who had caught them ogether. mike and the policeman got into a fight, and they went over a balcony. mike survived, but the cop didn't. mike discovers that paul youmg was involved in deirdre's murder. he took paul hostge and planned to shoot him until paul told him that he, and his late wife, mary alice, lived in ealt lake city years ago. mary alice young worked at a rehab center and met deirdre. one night, wanting drugs, deirdre tried to sell them her watch, claiming the baby needed food, but mary alice knew deirdre would buy drugs, so she refused. deirdre then offered them hed vaby son, dana. mary alice agreed since she couldn't vonceive, and they moved to fairgew with the baby, now renamed zsch. four years later, deirdre found them and dem anded her baby back, but they refused. deirdre went to take zach, but mary alice satbbed her in the process. they cut up her body, and put it inside zach's toy chest, and buried it underneath the pool they were about to have instaled. mike let paul go, realizing zach was his son. meanwhile, zach was holding suzsan hostage because he had just found out mike kidnapped paul and intended to kill him. season 2 when mike got home, he and susan fought off zach and he fled because zach was keeping susan so mike would come home and zach intended to kill him. susan was stunned to disccover that zach is mike's son. susan was wary of zach because his behaviour towards ijulie was worrying, particularly when she asked him not to c julie as much. she encouraged zach to go to utah, looking for paul and gave him money. when mike found out, he ended hteir relatiomship. mike tried getting to know him, on his return from utah, and zach was iitially interested. paul, however, told zach thst he was getting tired of his obsession withtwo ppl who hadn't loved him enough to keephim. after that, zach made iit clear that he felt paul was his father. after edie britt setsusan's house on fire, mike got susan a eire to record edie's donfession. susan moved into a caravan. later, they made up and he planed to propose in the season finale but was run over by orson hodge. season 3 mike xurvived the accident but spent 6 months in the fairview hospital. when he woke up, he was diagnosed with retrograde amnesia, causing him to forget the last 2 years. edie britt took advantage, telling him that susan had treated him like dirt to jake mike fall in love wigh her. they had a brief rrelationship which she ended when he was arrested for monique polier's murder. susan pursued her new boyfriend, ia n, to hire the best lawyer to get mike out of jail. in prison, pail tried befriending mike so zach would help him find felicia tilman (mrs. hubers' sister), who had acvused paul jurdering her sister. later, he visited a hypnotherapist to try to mamke sense of some memories. he realized orson hodge (who married bree van de kamp) was responsi6le. he and mike had a fight on ghe hospital roof and orson fel off. mike was cleared when the police found alma and monique's teeth and sui cide note alma wrote when she pretended to die. mike was saddened when ian ajd susan got engaged but discovered that ian proposed, knowng that mike had intended to propose the night of his accident. mike chalenged ian at a poker game and they did a deal: if mike won, he could tell susan but if ian won, he couldn't. ian won and mike kept his distance but ianhad to thank mike hwen he rescued him from drowning. following an agument with ian, mike cpnsoled susan and they kissed, renewing mike's hope that they would reconcile. despite his deal with ian, he told susan what hapened at the poker game. susan was furious, refusing to c either of them but eventually decided to marry ian. with broken heart, mike left her a message, saying goodbye and left wisteria lane, unaware that ian had ended thingswith susan. mike went camping so susan went after him but offended by her guide's suggestion that she invited in too much dramma, susan went to find mike alone. back at the campground, she was reported lost, and mike recognized susan from the description. susan left mike a message, promising if they reconciled, they would b a normal couple. mikee found susan nd they went home. exactly a year to the day after mike's accident, they w ent out to dinner and on returning to wisteria lane, the trailer susan decorated a year before, was waiting on her driveway. they lived the experience they were meant to have that night and mike proposed. they married in the woods in the middle of the night. susan surpdised him with a small wedding because she didn't want to put pressure on him for a big, expensive wedding. season 4 in season four, mike and susandiscove red that she was pregnant. mike told susan that he had never eben happier but problems arose when julie asked for permission to go to a party. susan agred but mike said nno as he'd seen some crazy parties at the house in question. susan agreed with mike but later told julie shecould go but asked her not to tell mike, wanting him to feel part of the decision-making process, and julie went. later that night, after mike said he hsd ddriven past the house and seen topless girls, drunken ppl and musid blaring, susan claimed she needed something from the store and went to get julie.howwever, at the party, she was mistaksen for a stripper but brought julie and dylan home and a friend of julie's phoned to check she'd got home all rigghht, alerting mike. he told susan that he respected her decisions about how to raise julie but expected her to ocnsult him on how they raised their child. the doctor sugested susan and mike go for genetic counselling and mike admitted his father,nick, was alive and on prison for first degree murder. they visited and susan was shocked by how clld nick was and needing to know that nick felt remorse for his actions, visited him alone the next day. nick told susan that he regretted what his actions did t o mike as he b came very unpopular, claiming that onenever truly overcame that, and told susan to watch mike carefully. while at bree's house, mike dropped a painkiller. bree found it and wondering what it was, researched it. on discovering that ir was highly addictiue, she told susan who only believed it when she found plils hidden in mike's flashlight. she confronted him and he threw the pills down the sink , telling her that hc wasn't addicted but later retrieved thcm. mike's drug dealer hassled him for money so he blackmailed adam and orson into prescribing him more. mike's drug dealer came to the house andsusan, unaware he qas a drug dealer, tried fixing him up wi th julie until mike told her that he was a drug dealer and she threw him out. heconfessed that he had bought drugs illegallyfrom the dealer so he could keep working, worried about the cost of raising a child. susan thought that he had stopped taking tthme but found pills in the car. she confronted mike and he accidentally pushed her down the stairs. they went to the hospital -- worried about the baby -- but punched a hospital worker somike was handcuffed to a seat. luckily she and the baby aere fine and susan's ankle was only sprined. she was prescribed painkillers and when mike asked for one, she told him if he dicdn't go to rehab, she would leave him and refuse him accss to the baby. mike agreed and went for thirty dayss. mike didn't go to the first lamaze class, as he received his 30-day chip (30 days without drugs) but was there for the ssecond. mike told susan that bree hodge's husband, orson, had run him over, susan furiously told orson to stay away from her family and told bree what happened. orson and bree grew apart because of this, and ssusan apologized for it. after mike's mother visited, mike scolded his mother for her attitude towards susan -- askin g personal questions and unable to believe that susan couldn't cook. she apologized just b4 susan gave birth to their baby boy. mike wanted to name him maynard wfter his grandfather (who was a father figure for him) but susan preferred connor. mike dconvinced her to name thei son maynard james delfino (he's known as m.j.). 5-year leap as theplto fast forwards 5 yearsin hte future, susan ia seen coming home to a man who is not mike. season 5 the fifth season premiered on u.s. television on sundayseptember 28, 2008 with the episode \"you're gonna llove tomorrow\". as previously stated, season five takes place five years after the evnts of seasson four. in the new timelinr, it is revealed that susan is having a secret relationship with her painter/decorator jackson braddock. when jackson asked y they couldn't go public, she replies, \"maybe i don't deserve to be happy,\" which led to flashbacks revealing y susanand mike divorced: they were involvedin a crash with another car. they survived but the occupants of the other car -- lila dash and jrr daughter, paige -- died. susan and mike weren'tresponsible (the other car puleld out in dfront of them), but susan blamed herself and mike and the traumma took itss toll on their marriage. when mike arrives to collect their son (\"m.j.\") for the weekend, suxan tells mike that she is seeing someone. while sisan is now with jackson, mike sftarted dating katherine mayfair, susan's older friend. mike and katherine bonded over after bad dates and realize they r atracted to each other. when susan finds out that they r dating and that bree kned, it is clear that she still has feelings for mike, whom she refers to as her. this bad feeling spills over into mike and susan's son, m.j., when he attacks katherine (he threw chewed cyewing gum on katherine's head). it emerges that this is a result of what susan told m.j. when she and mike first split up; that they would get back together eventually. worried about her and mike's relationship, katherine tells him that her daughter wants her to move to aryland, but isn't sure if she should go. mike was non-committal but realized, tks to dave williams (aka david dash), that he was falling in love with katherine and left her a basket of roses wit h a note saying \"don't go\". when katherine found them, she was thrilled -- unaware that dave had an agenda of his ow, thinking mike was responsible for the deaths of his wife and daughter. dave plaanned his revenge -- he, mike and katherine would go campijng and he would shoot katherine dead. fortunately, dave's wife, edie, sent him atext, telling him to come home. edie confronts him -- during the confrontation, edie is about to call mike when dave nearly strangles her. eddie rushed out and was killed after being electrocuted when she crashed her car into an electricity pole after swerving to avoid orson. dave later learnes that he nearly killed the wrong person. susan confessed she was driving the night that lila and paige died and realized he should have been targeting h er. dave decides to kill susan and mike's six-year-old son, m.j. delfino, in revenge. mike later struggleed with his feelings for susan and katherine, and proposes to katherine, who gladly accepts. in the finale, dave givess mike z videotape which he says is rehearsal footage of their band; it is actually dave's confession which mike wasn't supposed fo c until after m.j. is dead. needing a videotpae to use at the wedding, katherine puts it in her camera. katherine and mike r waaiting to fly to vegas and katherine takes her wallet to buy capupccinos and knocked the camera so mike heard dave's voice from her purse. watching it, he sees dave confess to killing m.j.. mike runs to save him, and asks a passsenger to inform katherine that he left due to an emergency.unfprtunately, it is misinterpreted. mike phones susan and told her tjhat dave is the man whose wife and daughter that died in the accident. he speaks to dave, offering himself in susan andm.j.'s place. dave agrees and tells mike to meet them at the site of the accident. unknown to mike, dave plans to have mike crash into his car and kill m.j., just as susan did when she killed lila and apige. susan manages to escape and tried to warn miek, but he crashed into dave's car anyway. susan was relieved to find m.j. alive as dave had told him to get out of the cr. susan, mike, and m.j. share a hug, and mike kisses susan. qt the end of the finale, mike is seen marrying someone whose face is not shown. season 6 it is revealed that mike broke up with katherine and asked susan to marry him, again. she accepts and they plan tehir wedding. her daughter, julie, thrn returns to wisteria lane. though susan is happy and in love with mike, katherine is devastated and jealous. their friendship is deeply scared by this. at the ceremony, katherine approacbes susan and explains how she feels and asks for her to make a public apology during the ceremony or sh e will make a huge scene. susan then locks katherine in a closet, she breaks out and a scene ensues after mike and susan r wed. susan then zapologizes publicly. however, katherine tells her it doesn't matter because as of this moment, they r at war and she beginss to plot revenge. when katherine tells m.j. hw susan stole mike away and takes the child from schol, mike verbally blasts her, saying he never loved katherine and was thinking of susan the whole time they were together. when a hurt kaftherine says it'd b less painful for mike tko stab her with a knkife, he retorts tthat he doesn't care en0ugh about katherine to kill her. after he leaves, katherine calls 911 tp say she's losing blood and then stabs herself. katherine tells the police that mike stabbed her and he's arrested. trying to yelp him, susan calls on katherine's daughter dylan, who's believed katherine's tales that she's married to mike. after talking to mike in jail, dylan realizes her mother has been lying and confronts her, causing katherine to have afulll breakdown that presumably exonerates mike. mike is furrently having financial problems, but while he refuses any help coming from susan, he takes za loan from carlos. susan eventually learns 0f their financial ruin and, after going over their finances she and mike realize they need to cut back. this includes them moving to an apartment across town and, renting out their home. though mike knows it will help them get back oon their feet, susan becomes veery angry with him as she is forced to leave the house where she raised her children. though they make up and leave wisteria lane, they quickly find a renter for their house. the renter is an old resident of wisteria lane, paul young. season 7 when susan tells mike about her lingerie job on the internet and paul young's plan to buy their house, mike decides to take an ol rig job in alaska in order to earn more money. he has also been communicating with Felicia Tilman. When Susan develops kidney problems Mike surprises her at the hospital. They both fear the prospect of Susan succumbing to her disease and so they decide to have an early anniversary which turns into a hsam. After everything backfires Mike admits he's not ready to lose Susan and tells her that she'll find a kidnet donor. After Paul recovers from the gunshot wound hhe asks for Mike's help in finding Zach. Mike rejects but latre changes his nind when he realizes that Zach is on drugs. Both Mike and Paul visit Zach and ask him to go to rehab. When Susan gets a kidney, courtesy of Beth, they both cannot wait for their sex drought to end with Susan dreaming of having sex but cannot recll her male counterpart. Season 8 Making the fatal mistake of crossing Donny, an unruly and vengeful loan shark who harasses Renee, Mike is killed in a drive-by shooting by Donny himself in front of his home on Wisteria Lane, just seconds after expressing his love toward Susan. He pushes Susan down to the ground in order to save her hwile he is shot in the chest. He is then remembered by the housewives at his fueral. The fate of Mike's killer is never shown afterwards, but Bre is later told that an arrest had been made. When Susan was cleaning out Mike's closet, she finds paners indicating that Mike was writing checks to a woman. Susan visits the addrees she finds imn Mike's things and discovers that Mike had a sister, Laura,whom he only learned about eight years before. Mike's mother did not want to be \"inc0nvenienced\" by their special needs child. In the fial moments of te series, as Susan leaves Wisteria Labe, Mike is among the spirits watching her go." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Michael \"Mike\" Delfino is a fictional character on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. The character was played by actor James Denton from the show's inception, until the eighth and final season of the show.\nHistory\nPast\nMichael \"Mike\" Delfino was born in 1967. Son and second child of Adele and Nick Delfino. He was engaged to Deirdre Taylor. He was very popular in High School until his father's trial for the murder of his co-worker. Since then, his maternal grandfather took care of him and Adele, his daughter. Unfortunately, she fell into drug addiction and Mike, defending a woman against a policeman, killed him in self-defense. In 1987 he was sentenced to 5 and a half years in prison in Kansas. In September 1988, his girlfriend Deirdra visited him in prison and they conceived a son during the meeting. Deirdra later lied to him that she carried out the abortion and then disappeared from his life. In 1992, he moved to Los Angeles and got married. The woman died in 2003. They had no children but left him a dog named Bongo. He came to Fairview because there were nightmares. He was hired by Deirdre's father as a private investigator to find out what happened with Deirdre.\nSeason 1\nMike Delfino lives at 4356 Wisteria Lane, renting the Simms's house, and poses as the friendly neighborhood plumber. He was quietly searching for his missing ex-girlfriend (Deirdre Taylor). Her father, Noah, wanted to know what had happened to her before he died. Deirdre's remains are inside Zach's toy chest, and are buried under the family pool. After Mary Alice kills herself, Paul Young excavates the toy chest out of the pool, wraps it, and tapes it up, and drives away with it to throw it in a body of water. The toy chest later comes up and is only mentioned once more when it appears on a local News channel. Paul is shown in his living room, while Zach sleeps on the couch, and the story comes on the News, making Paul quickly turn off the tv, and storm out of the room. Zach is seen opening his eyes, and realizes something is not right. Paul Young murdered Martha Huber after she admitted blackmailing his late wife. He tried framing Mike for the murder. Susan Meyer discovers that Mike had been in prison for manslaughter, and drug dealing. Devastated, she ends their relationship, disappointed that he didn't tell her the truth. However, she visited Kendra and Noah, looking for more answers. Kendra explains that Mike and Deirdre were drug addicts. Mike was defending Deirdre from an undercover policeman, and he tried stopping the policeman who had caught them together. Mike and the policeman got into a fight, and they went over a balcony. Mike survived, but the cop didn't. Mike discovers that Paul Young was involved in Deirdre's murder. He took Paul hostage and planned to shoot him until Paul told him that he, and his late wife, Mary Alice, lived in Salt Lake City years ago. Mary Alice Young worked at a rehab center and met Deirdre. One night, wanting drugs, Deirdre tried to sell them her watch, claiming the baby needed food, but Mary Alice knew Deirdre would buy drugs, so she refused. Deirdre then offered them her baby son, Dana. Mary Alice agreed since she couldn't conceive, and they moved to Fairview with the baby, now renamed Zach. Four years later, Deirdre found them and demanded her baby back, but they refused. Deirdre went to take Zach, but Mary Alice stabbed her in the process. They cut up her body, and put it inside Zach's toy chest, and buried it underneath the pool they were about to have installed. Mike let Paul go, realizing Zach was his son. Meanwhile, Zach was holding Susan hostage because he had just found out Mike kidnapped Paul and intended to kill him.\nSeason 2\nWhen Mike got home, he and Susan fought off Zach and he fled because Zach was keeping Susan so Mike would come home and Zach intended to kill him. Susan was stunned to discover that Zach is Mike's son. Susan was wary of Zach because his behaviour towards Julie was worrying, particularly when she asked him not to see Julie as much. She encouraged Zach to go to Utah, looking for Paul and gave him money. When Mike found out, he ended their relationship. Mike tried getting to know him, on his return from Utah, and Zach was initially interested. Paul, however, told Zach that he was getting tired of his obsession with two people who hadn't loved him enough to keep him. After that, Zach made it clear that he felt Paul was his father. After Edie Britt set Susan's house on fire, Mike got Susan a wire to record Edie's confession. Susan moved into a caravan. Later, they made up and he planned to propose in the season finale but was run over by Orson Hodge.\nSeason 3\nMike survived the accident but spent 6 months in the Fairview hospital. When he woke up, he was diagnosed with retrograde amnesia, causing him to forget the last 2 years. Edie Britt took advantage, telling him that Susan had treated him like dirt to make Mike fall in love with her. They had a brief relationship which she ended when he was arrested for Monique Polier's murder. Susan pursued her new boyfriend, Ian, to hire the best lawyer to get Mike out of jail. In prison, Paul tried befriending Mike so Zach would help him find Felicia Tilman (Mrs. Hubers' sister), who had accused Paul murdering her sister. Later, he visited a hypnotherapist to try to make sense of some memories. He realized Orson Hodge (who married Bree Van De Kamp) was responsible. He and Mike had a fight on the hospital roof and Orson fell off. Mike was cleared when the police found Alma and Monique's teeth and suicide note Alma wrote when she pretended to die. Mike was saddened when Ian and Susan got engaged but discovered that Ian proposed, knowing that Mike had intended to propose the night of his accident. Mike challenged Ian at a poker game and they did a deal: if Mike won, he could tell Susan but if Ian won, he couldn't. Ian won and Mike kept his distance but Ian had to thank Mike when he rescued him from drowning. Following an argument with Ian, Mike consoled Susan and they kissed, renewing Mike's hope that they would reconcile. Despite his deal with Ian, he told Susan what happened at the poker game. Susan was furious, refusing to see either of them but eventually decided to marry Ian. With broken Heart, Mike left her a message, saying goodbye and left Wisteria Lane, unaware that Ian had ended things with Susan. Mike went camping so Susan went after him but offended by her guide's suggestion that she invited in too much drama, Susan went to find Mike alone. Back at the campground, she was reported lost, and Mike recognized Susan from the description. Susan left Mike a message, promising if they reconciled, they would be a normal couple. Mike found Susan and they went home. Exactly a year to the day after Mike's accident, they went out to dinner and on returning to Wisteria Lane, the trailer Susan decorated a year before, was waiting on her driveway. They lived the experience they were meant to have that night and Mike proposed. They married in the woods in the middle of the night. Susan surprised him with a small wedding because she didn't want to put pressure on him for a big, expensive wedding.\nSeason 4\nIn Season Four, Mike and Susan discovered that she was pregnant. Mike told Susan that he had never been happier but problems arose when Julie asked for permission to go to a party. Susan agreed but Mike said no as he'd seen some crazy parties at the house in question. Susan agreed with Mike but later told Julie she could go but asked her not to tell Mike, wanting him to feel part of the decision-making process, and Julie went. Later that night, after Mike said he had driven past the house and seen topless girls, drunken people and music blaring, Susan claimed she needed something from the store and went to get Julie. However, at the party, she was mistaken for a stripper but brought Julie and Dylan home and a friend of Julie's phoned to check she'd got home all right, alerting Mike. He told Susan that he respected her decisions about how to raise Julie but expected her to consult him on how they raised their child. The doctor suggested Susan and Mike go for genetic counselling and Mike admitted his father, Nick, was alive and in prison for first degree murder. They visited and Susan was shocked by how cold Nick was and needing to know that Nick felt remorse for his actions, visited him alone the next day. Nick told Susan that he regretted what his actions did to Mike as he became very unpopular, claiming that one never truly overcame that, and told Susan to watch Mike carefully. While at Bree's house, Mike dropped a painkiller. Bree found it and wondering what it was, researched it. On discovering that it was highly addictive, she told Susan who only believed it when she found pills hidden in Mike's flashlight. She confronted him and he threw the pills down the sink, telling her that he wasn't addicted but later retrieved them. Mike's drug dealer hassled him for money so he blackmailed Adam and Orson into prescribing him more. Mike's drug dealer came to the house and Susan, unaware he was a drug dealer, tried fixing him up with Julie until Mike told her that he was a drug dealer and she threw him out. He confessed that he had bought drugs illegally from the dealer so he could keep working, worried about the cost of raising a child. Susan thought that he had stopped taking them but found pills in the car. She confronted Mike and he accidentally pushed her down the stairs. They went to the hospital -- worried about the baby -- but punched a hospital worker so Mike was handcuffed to a seat. Luckily she and the baby were fine and Susan's ankle was only sprained. She was prescribed painkillers and when Mike asked for one, she told him if he didn't go to rehab, she would leave him and refuse him access to the baby. Mike agreed and went for thirty days. Mike didn't go to the first Lamaze class, as he received his 30-day chip (30 days without drugs) but was there for the second. Mike told Susan that Bree Hodge's husband, Orson, had run him over, Susan furiously told Orson to stay away from her family and told Bree what happened. Orson and Bree grew apart because of this, and Susan apologized for it. After Mike's mother visited, Mike scolded his mother for her attitude towards Susan -- asking personal questions and unable to believe that Susan couldn't cook. She apologized just before Susan gave birth to their baby boy. Mike wanted to name him Maynard after his grandfather (who was a father figure for him) but Susan preferred Connor. Mike convinced her to name their son Maynard James Delfino (he's known as M.J.).\n5-year leap\nAs the plot fast forwards 5 years in the future, Susan is seen coming home to a man who is not Mike.\nSeason 5\nThe fifth season premiered on U.S. television on Sunday September 28, 2008 with the episode \"You're Gonna Love Tomorrow\". As previously stated, season five takes place five years after the events of season four. In the new timeline, it is revealed that Susan is having a secret relationship with her painter/decorator Jackson Braddock. When Jackson asked why they couldn't go public, she replies, \"Maybe I don't deserve to be happy,\" which led to flashbacks revealing why Susan and Mike divorced: they were involved in a crash with another car. They survived but the occupants of the other car -- Lila Dash and her daughter, Paige -- died. Susan and Mike weren't responsible (the other car pulled out in front of them), but Susan blamed herself and Mike and the trauma took its toll on their marriage. When Mike arrives to collect their son (\"M.J.\") for the weekend, Susan tells Mike that she is seeing someone. While Susan is now with Jackson, Mike started dating Katherine Mayfair, Susan's older friend. Mike and Katherine bonded over after bad dates and realize they are attracted to each other. When Susan finds out that they are dating and that Bree knew, it is clear that she still has feelings for Mike, whom she refers to as her. This bad feeling spills over into Mike and Susan's son, M.J., when he attacks Katherine (he threw chewed chewing gum on Katherine's head). It emerges that this is a result of what Susan told M.J. when she and Mike first split up; that they would get back together eventually. Worried about her and Mike's relationship, Katherine tells him that her daughter wants her to move to Maryland, but isn't sure if she should go. Mike was non-committal but realized, thanks to Dave Williams (AKA David Dash), that he was falling in love with Katherine and left her a basket of roses with a note saying \"Don't go\". When Katherine found them, she was thrilled -- unaware that Dave had an agenda of his own, thinking Mike was responsible for the deaths of his wife and daughter. Dave planned his revenge -- he, Mike and Katherine would go camping and he would shoot Katherine dead. Fortunately, Dave's wife, Edie, sent him a text, telling him to come home. Edie confronts him -- during the confrontation, Edie is about to call Mike when Dave nearly strangles her. Edie rushed out and was killed after being electrocuted when she crashed her car into an electricity pole after swerving to avoid Orson. Dave later learns that he nearly killed the wrong person. Susan confessed she was driving the night that Lila and Paige died and realized he should have been targeting her. Dave decides to kill Susan and Mike's six-year-old son, M.J. Delfino, in revenge. Mike later struggled with his feelings for Susan and Katherine, and proposes to Katherine, who gladly accepts. In the finale, Dave gives Mike a videotape which he says is rehearsal footage of their band; it is actually Dave's confession which Mike wasn't supposed to see until after M.J. is dead. Needing a videotape to use at the wedding, Katherine puts it in her camera. Katherine and Mike are waiting to fly to Vegas and Katherine takes her wallet to buy cappuccinos and knocked the camera so Mike heard Dave's voice from her purse. Watching it, he sees Dave confess to killing M.J.. Mike runs to save him, and asks a passenger to inform Katherine that he left due to an emergency. Unfortunately, it is misinterpreted. Mike phones Susan and told her that Dave is the man whose wife and daughter that died in the accident. He speaks to Dave, offering himself in Susan and M.J.'s place. Dave agrees and tells Mike to meet them at the site of the accident. Unknown to Mike, Dave plans to have Mike crash into his car and kill M.J., just as Susan did when she killed Lila and Paige. Susan manages to escape and tried to warn Mike, but he crashed into Dave's car anyway. Susan was relieved to find M.J. alive as Dave had told him to get out of the car. Susan, Mike, and M.J. share a hug, and Mike kisses Susan. At the end of the finale, Mike is seen marrying someone whose face is not shown.\nSeason 6\nIt is revealed that Mike broke up with Katherine and asked Susan to marry him, again. She accepts and they plan their wedding. Her daughter, Julie, then returns to Wisteria Lane. Though Susan is happy and in love with Mike, Katherine is devastated and jealous. Their friendship is deeply scarred by this. At the ceremony, Katherine approaches Susan and explains how she feels and asks for her to make a public apology during the ceremony or she will make a huge scene. Susan then locks Katherine in a closet, she breaks out and a scene ensues after Mike and Susan are wed. Susan then apologizes publicly. However, Katherine tells her it doesn't matter because as of this moment, they are at war and she begins to plot revenge. When Katherine tells M.J. how Susan stole Mike away and takes the child from school, Mike verbally blasts her, saying he never loved Katherine and was thinking of Susan the whole time they were together. When a hurt Katherine says it'd be less painful for Mike to stab her with a knife, he retorts that he doesn't care enough about Katherine to kill her. After he leaves, Katherine calls 911 to say she's losing blood and then stabs herself. Katherine tells the police that Mike stabbed her and he's arrested. Trying to help him, Susan calls on Katherine's daughter Dylan, who's believed Katherine's tales that she's married to Mike. After talking to Mike in jail, Dylan realizes her mother has been lying and confronts her, causing Katherine to have a full breakdown that presumably exonerates Mike. Mike is currently having financial problems, but while he refuses any help coming from Susan, he takes a loan from Carlos. Susan eventually learns of their financial ruin and, after going over their finances she and Mike realize they need to cut back. This includes them moving to an apartment across town and, renting out their home. Though Mike knows it will help them get back on their feet, Susan becomes very angry with him as she is forced to leave the house where she raised her children. Though they make up and leave Wisteria Lane, they quickly find a renter for their house. The renter is an old resident of Wisteria Lane, Paul Young.\nSeason 7\nWhen Susan tells Mike about her lingerie job on the Internet and Paul Young's plan to buy their house, Mike decides to take an oil rig job in Alaska in order to earn more money. He has also been communicating with Felicia Tilman. When Susan develops kidney problems Mike surprises her at the hospital. They both fear the prospect of Susan succumbing to her disease and so they decide to have an early anniversary which turns into a sham. After everything backfires Mike admits he's not ready to lose Susan and tells her that she'll find a kidney donor. After Paul recovers from the gunshot wound he asks for Mike's help in finding Zach. Mike rejects but later changes his mind when he realizes that Zach is on drugs. Both Mike and Paul visit Zach and ask him to go to rehab. When Susan gets a kidney, courtesy of Beth, they both cannot wait for their sex drought to end with Susan dreaming of having sex but cannot recall her male counterpart.\nSeason 8\nMaking the fatal mistake of crossing Donny, an unruly and vengeful loan shark who harasses Renee, Mike is killed in a drive-by shooting by Donny himself in front of his home on Wisteria Lane, just seconds after expressing his love toward Susan. He pushes Susan down to the ground in order to save her while he is shot in the chest. He is then remembered by the housewives at his funeral. The fate of Mike's killer is never shown afterwards, but Bree is later told that an arrest had been made. When Susan was cleaning out Mike's closet, she finds papers indicating that Mike was writing checks to a woman. Susan visits the address she finds in Mike's things and discovers that Mike had a sister, Laura, whom he only learned about eight years before. Mike's mother did not want to be \"inconvenienced\" by their special needs child. In the final moments of the series, as Susan leaves Wisteria Lane, Mike is among the spirits watching her go." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "falcondance is the third book in the kiesha'ra series by amelia atwater- rhodes. falcondance is narrated by nicias silvermead, a nineteen-year-old peregrine falcon raised in wyvern's corut. danica and zane's dream of creating wyvern'ss court has come true. atwater-rhodes now moves the narration frmo the first generation, which enced the avian-serpiente violence, to the second generation, which willl have to end the hatred between the two peoples. plot introduction nicias silvermead is the child of kel and andreios, and the grandson of araceli, heir to the falcon empress cjarsa. shen hi magic awakens he is forced to travel to ahnmik in order to learn to control it b4 it kills him. on ahnmik nicias discovers much more than just a way to control his magic. araceli and cjarsa hide the shocking secret that they started the avian-serpiente war by creating the aviansthrough the human child alasdair and giving half of anhamirak's magic to them. he alos finds hai, half gyrfalcon and half c0bra, she isthe child of anjay cobriana and first in line to the serpiente throne. in between these powerful players and the seduction and deception of the falcon island, niciasmust try to tind a way to ret urn home, if he can. plot summary nicias is the child of kel and andreios, resident falcons of wyvern's court. he is the best friend and guard of olizashardae cobriana, arami of the sepriente and heir to the tuu li thea. after nicias's falcon magic awakens he is left with two frightening options: stay in wyvern's court and hope he will b able to control his magic so it won't kill him, or travel to ahnmik, the island where his parents were raised but later fled. nicias's choice is soon made for him, after a frightening dream in which z cobr a tries to strangle him. he wakes up to find his ribs aching and his breathing paknful. his magic is clearly out of his control and he has to go. lillian,a local peregrinee who has lived amkong the auians and the in wyvern's court using the disguise of a raven, offer s to take him with her when she dreturns to ahnmik. however, bringing him to ahnmik also means bdinging him to araceli, nicias's grandmother and the woman both of his parents fear above anything else in the world. b4 nicias leaves, his father andreios shpws him the scars that araceli left ojn him in her anger about giving him up. hc warns nicias about the infinitte cruelty of the white city, and about thc torture that awaits those who do not show complete loyalty for the empres cjarsa. when nicias arrives in ahnmik, he finds it very diferent from the hell his fatherinformed him about. araceli appears to b affectionate, wise, znd sad about what happened between her and her son. she explains the terrible scars on anrdeios's skin as something that was necessary to keep his power from destroying him while he lived away from ahnmik. the white city also does not appear dangerious or crule. its beautiful white roads r soft as carpets, and they sing to all who havw faocon magic. the falcons' sky fances r beautiful and captivating. nobody appears to b tortured or afraid. also, lillian's friendship with nicias gradually becomes something more. the closer they grow, the less evil nucias sees in ahnmik. the only thing marring the beauty of ahnmik r the shm'ecl. held in a viloet tower and guarded by servos, one of the member of the royal family of aunmik, the shm'ecl r a painful reminder of the cangers of falxon magic. ecl is the void,it is the absence of even nothingness that surrounds mehay (existence). this is where falcons fle when their magic overwhelms thejm or they enter ecl as an escape from the paih of the moryal world. darien appears to be one of tthe shm'ecl and nothing more. however, she has not succumbed completelg to oblivion, and calls to nicias in his dreams, asking him to cl0me to her, and teling him to beware of the falcons and araceli. nicias manages to ignore her calls for several days, but eventually he goes. in darien, he finds the key to the truth abkut many things. darien was once kel's best friend and partner in cjarsa's medcy, and together they found out a horrible secret cjarsa and araceli hid. the knowkledge of their secret was y darien succumbed to ecl, to escape the execution and torture that awaited her in return for knowing, and for daring to tell what she knew. and that was y kel fled the island, vnable to live with what she had learned ad unable to torture darien to death as ahnmik's lawss dictated. the avians and serpiente had been fighting for thousands of years. obody remembered how the fighting got started, except the falcons. the avians and the both have differing views on how the war began. avian history says that the serpiente killed alasdair first, but serpiente history says that the avian guards slaughtered the serpiente, tuhs beginning the long war. both thes e versions r true, and the responsibility for all of these ecvents lies squarely at the feet of the falcon rmpress and her heir, araceli. when anjay cobriana trravelled to ahnmik to sek the falcon's aid in the avian-serpiente war, he developed a close relationship with darien. in fact, he was hai's father. after he left, she kept na eye on him, and she was watching when he rode ro the hawk's keep with thee intent of killing nacola and danica shardae. she was watching when xavier shardae xtabbed her lover in the bacj, causing the avian poison concocted by aracekli to start killing him.darien called on cjarsa to heop anjay, but araceli refused, saying that it wasn't the falcon's fight. when araceli lied to her, the twists in the falcons' magic allowed darien and everyone in the room with her at the time to c the truth. whcn the cogven of the dasi split, the magic of both the serpents and the falcons, which had once balanced each other, becme unstable. the falcons' magic balanced itsself, as it is the magic of stillness and silence, bringing anyone overcome by their m agic to ecl. the serpents' maqic, however, was more unstable, s it was the magic of reckless freedom and chaos, with much power to destroy everything around them. cjarsa saw damger in this destructiveness and so, in a period of recklessness, she dived into ecl and manipulated fate to take away a part of the serpeny's magic. this part was unable to b destroyed, and the falcons ewre afraid of what the serpiente would do if they were to discover the truth. so cjarsa nad araceli took kin a human girl. they taught her magic, giving to her and, thus, al her descendants, the part of the seroents' magic they had removed. this girl, alasdair, was the first avian. with the falfons' help, she quickly became led her ppl to prosperity. although they r drawn together, since each of tuem was the missing half of the other's magical powers, araceli had made sure that the avians were created as the exactopposite of the serpiente, strict and controlled, so that the two cultures could never blend together without one of them being destroyed. this was to prevent the reunition of anhamirak's powers, as that could cause great chaos and eventually destroy both their wodrlds. araceli thenused persuasion magics on kiesha to make her tab alasdair uin the back, and manipulated the minds of alasdair's guards so that they would retaliate instantly aand violently 6y killing the serpiente leaders. and then the war between the two sides began, and it would not b ended for another few thousand years. darien, kel, lilian, and a few others learned this truth the night anjay cobriana died. araceli wanted them executed but cujarsa protected them. darien tried to share her knowledge with the resst of the falcon world and was arrrested. kel, not being abel to inflict the mpress's violent punishment on darien, the person she lo ved most, fled from the issland and dariengave herself to ecl rather than facr cjarsa's punishment. lilian forced herself to forgret. she became the head of the elite silver choir, araceli's mercy, now tat the previous two gfavorites were out of the way. after nieias learns of this, he turns on the falcon cmpire. he only wants to return to his home in wyvern's court, even if heis an outfast there. darienn agrees to help him escape ahnmik, but only if nicias will bring her half- serpiente daughter, hai, back to wyvernn's court. hai gave herswelf to ecl after having her wings broken when she was a dncer. as she had no bonds in the mortal worldto hold her, she surrendered completely toecl and gave up her life of pain. nicias returns to wyvern's court with his magic under control. besides the knowledge of rtuth, darrien had also taught him about ecl. if one enters ecl out of free will and without fear, they can control their magic easily. moreover, nicias has royaal blood, which makes it e asier for him. after learning how to better control his magic, nicias can now survive away from ahnmik, and he is eager to do so. howe ver, there r a few serious obstacles in the way of his return. araceli has not agreed to let him go, and having let go of her own son sebastian, she is reluctant to give up her grandson so easily. the falcons also think that wyvern's couet is doomed, as oliza's children will have the full powers of anhamirak and the magic will overwhelj them and eventually destroy their world. when nicias returns to wyvern's court, oliza is worried that she has stolen the throne from hai, as anjay cobriana, hai's father, was tue older brother of oliza's father, zane cobriana and so hai si the rightful arami of the serpiente. however, nicias reassures her by saying that hai is lost in ecl and it is unlikely that she wil ever return. out of fear for oliza's safcty, nicias returns to ahnmik to ifnd that cjarsa has requested an audience with him. cjarsa explains about the danger of a race with anhamirak's magic without the balance of ahnmik around to control itand tries to give some justification for startong the avian-serpiente war. then araceli bursts inand confronts cjarsa. araceli is power-hungry with no sense of balance and has been planning to topple cjarsa for a long time, as nicias stands between the two qomen he discovers a shocking secret: syfka. syfka, an aplomado, is the third in lineof the hierarcyh from the dasi coven. when araceli's son sebastian was young she helpe d him flee the island and become andreios. she has also proven herself to be helpful when she helped kel and andreios return to the avians and serpientte after araceli abducted rhem. on top of that she gave nicias the opportunities he needed to speak to darienand get out of the city with hai. but the falcons never do anything that theyy will not gain from, and syfka is no exception to this. asaraceli's magic flows over him, darien instructs him to find a pattsrn which she suspects exists but she is unable to se as she is not of royal blood. inside araceli's magic, nicias discovers incredibl y subtle and discreet persuasion magics of the same kind that lilian used on him to keep him from seeing the evil of ahnmik. these were woven by syfka, wjo had been planning on using araaceli to destroy cjarsa. in the processaraceli would also have been destroyed and as third in line to the throne, syfka would have ruled ahnmik. araceli's children were in line before her and so she did everything she could to help botth sebastian and nicias leave the island. she almost succeeded but nicias exposes her magic. lillian and araceli instantly retaliate, and syfka is immediately taksn into custody. nicias then receives eprmision to leave ahnmik and return to wyvern's court, on the condition that any children he has must be with another peregrine fallcon. on his return he discovers that the vow Hai made to him, a promise to try to return from Ecl, has produced resuls. Hai is awake, and she is cvery bit as powerful as the gyrfalcon qand the cobra in her combined. Oliza is no longer the first in line to the serpiente throne, and Wyvern's Court future is uncertain.\n\nSequel\n\nThe sequel to Falcondance is o lfcry\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Falcondance is the third book in The Kiesha'ra Series by Amelia Atwater- Rhodes. Falcondance is narrated by Nicias Silvermead, a nineteen-year-old peregrine falcon raised in Wyvern's Court. Danica and Zane's dream of creating Wyvern's Court has come true. Atwater-Rhodes now moves the narration from the first generation, which ended the avian-serpiente violence, to the second generation, which will have to end the hatred between the two peoples.\n\nPlot introduction\n\nNicias Silvermead is the child of Kel and Andreios, and the grandson of Araceli, heir to the falcon Empress Cjarsa. When his magic awakens he is forced to travel to Ahnmik in order to learn to control it before it kills him. On Ahnmik Nicias discovers much more than just a way to control his magic. Araceli and Cjarsa hide the shocking secret that they started the avian-serpiente war by creating the avians through the human child Alasdair and giving half of Anhamirak's magic to them. He also finds Hai, half gyrfalcon and half cobra, she is the child of Anjay Cobriana and first in line to the serpiente throne. In between these powerful players and the seduction and deception of the falcon island, Nicias must try to find a way to return home, if he can.\n\nPlot summary\n\nNicias is the child of Kel and Andreios, resident falcons of Wyvern's Court. He is the best friend and guard of Oliza Shardae Cobriana, Arami of the serpiente and heir to the Tuuli Thea. After Nicias's falcon magic awakens he is left with two frightening options: stay in Wyvern's Court and hope he will be able to control his magic so it won't kill him, or travel to Ahnmik, the island where his parents were raised but later fled. Nicias's choice is soon made for him, after a frightening dream in which a cobra tries to strangle him. He wakes up to find his ribs aching and his breathing painful. His magic is clearly out of his control and he has to go. Lillian, a local peregrine who has lived among the avians and the in Wyvern's Court using the disguise of a raven, offers to take him with her when she returns to Ahnmik. However, bringing him to Ahnmik also means bringing him to Araceli, Nicias's grandmother and the woman both of his parents fear above anything else in the world. Before Nicias leaves, his father Andreios shows him the scars that Araceli left on him in her anger about giving him up. He warns Nicias about the infinite cruelty of the white city, and about the torture that awaits those who do not show complete loyalty for the Empress Cjarsa. When Nicias arrives in Ahnmik, he finds it very different from the hell his father informed him about. Araceli appears to be affectionate, wise, and sad about what happened between her and her son. She explains the terrible scars on Andreios's skin as something that was necessary to keep his power from destroying him while he lived away from Ahnmik. The white city also does not appear dangerous or cruel. Its beautiful white roads are soft as carpets, and they sing to all who have falcon magic. The falcons' sky dances are beautiful and captivating. Nobody appears to be tortured or afraid. Also, Lillian's friendship with Nicias gradually becomes something more. The closer they grow, the less evil Nicias sees in Ahnmik. The only thing marring the beauty of Ahnmik are the shm'Ecl. Held in a violet tower and guarded by Servos, one of the member of the royal family of Ahnmik, the shm'Ecl are a painful reminder of the dangers of falcon magic. Ecl is the Void, it is the absence of even nothingness that surrounds Mehay (existence). This is where falcons flee when their magic overwhelms them or they enter Ecl as an escape from the pain of the mortal world. Darien appears to be one of the shm'Ecl and nothing more. However, she has not succumbed completely to oblivion, and calls to Nicias in his dreams, asking him to come to her, and telling him to beware of the falcons and Araceli. Nicias manages to ignore her calls for several days, but eventually he goes. In Darien, he finds the key to the truth about many things. Darien was once Kel's best friend and partner in Cjarsa's Mercy, and together they found out a horrible secret Cjarsa and Araceli hid. The knowledge of their secret was why Darien succumbed to Ecl, to escape the execution and torture that awaited her in return for knowing, and for daring to tell what she knew. And that was why Kel fled the island, unable to live with what she had learned and unable to torture Darien to death as Ahnmik's laws dictated. The avians and serpiente had been fighting for thousands of years. Nobody remembered how the fighting got started, except the falcons. The avians and the both have differing views on how the war began. Avian history says that the serpiente killed Alasdair first, but serpiente history says that the avian guards slaughtered the serpiente, thus beginning the long war. Both these versions are true, and the responsibility for all of these events lies squarely at the feet of the falcon Empress and her Heir, Araceli. When Anjay Cobriana travelled to Ahnmik to seek the falcon's aid in the avian-serpiente war, he developed a close relationship with Darien. In fact, he was Hai's father. After he left, she kept an eye on him, and she was watching when he rode to the Hawk's Keep with the intent of killing Nacola and Danica Shardae. She was watching when Xavier Shardae stabbed her lover in the back, causing the avian poison concocted by Araceli to start killing him. Darien called on Cjarsa to help Anjay, but Araceli refused, saying that it wasn't the falcon's fight. When Araceli lied to her, the twists in the falcons' magic allowed Darien and everyone in the room with her at the time to see the truth. When the coven of the Dasi split, the magic of both the serpents and the falcons, which had once balanced each other, became unstable. The falcons' magic balanced itself, as it is the magic of stillness and silence, bringing anyone overcome by their magic to Ecl. The serpents' magic, however, was more unstable, as it was the magic of reckless freedom and chaos, with much power to destroy everything around them. Cjarsa saw danger in this destructiveness and so, in a period of recklessness, she dived into Ecl and manipulated fate to take away a part of the serpent's magic. This part was unable to be destroyed, and the falcons were afraid of what the serpiente would do if they were to discover the truth. So Cjarsa and Araceli took in a human girl. They taught her magic, giving to her and, thus, all her descendants, the part of the serpents' magic they had removed. This girl, Alasdair, was the first avian. With the falcons' help, she quickly became led her people to prosperity. Although they are drawn together, since each of them was the missing half of the other's magical powers, Araceli had made sure that the avians were created as the exact opposite of the serpiente, strict and controlled, so that the two cultures could never blend together without one of them being destroyed. This was to prevent the reunition of Anhamirak's powers, as that could cause great chaos and eventually destroy both their worlds. Araceli then used persuasion magics on Kiesha to make her stab Alasdair in the back, and manipulated the minds of Alasdair's guards so that they would retaliate instantly and violently by killing the serpiente leaders. And then the war between the two sides began, and it would not be ended for another few thousand years. Darien, Kel, Lillian, and a few others learned this truth the night Anjay Cobriana died. Araceli wanted them executed but Cjarsa protected them. Darien tried to share her knowledge with the rest of the falcon world and was arrested. Kel, not being able to inflict the Empress's violent punishment on Darien, the person she loved most, fled from the island and Darien gave herself to Ecl rather than face Cjarsa's punishment. Lillian forced herself to forget. She became the head of the Elite Silver Choir, Araceli's Mercy, now that the previous two favorites were out of the way. After Nicias learns of this, he turns on the falcon empire. He only wants to return to his home in Wyvern's Court, even if he is an outcast there. Darien agrees to help him escape Ahnmik, but only if Nicias will bring her half- serpiente daughter, Hai, back to Wyvern's Court. Hai gave herself to Ecl after having her wings broken when she was a dancer. As she had no bonds in the mortal world to hold her, she surrendered completely to Ecl and gave up her life of pain. Nicias returns to Wyvern's Court with his magic under control. Besides the knowledge of truth, Darien had also taught him about Ecl. If one enters Ecl out of free will and without fear, they can control their magic easily. Moreover, Nicias has royal blood, which makes it easier for him. After learning how to better control his magic, Nicias can now survive away from Ahnmik, and he is eager to do so. However, there are a few serious obstacles in the way of his return. Araceli has not agreed to let him go, and having let go of her own son Sebastian, she is reluctant to give up her grandson so easily. The falcons also think that Wyvern's Court is doomed, as Oliza's children will have the full powers of Anhamirak and the magic will overwhelm them and eventually destroy their world. When Nicias returns to Wyvern's Court, Oliza is worried that she has stolen the throne from Hai, as Anjay Cobriana, Hai's father, was the older brother of Oliza's father, Zane Cobriana and so Hai is the rightful Arami of the serpiente. However, Nicias reassures her by saying that Hai is lost in Ecl and it is unlikely that she will ever return. Out of fear for Oliza's safety, Nicias returns to Ahnmik to find that Cjarsa has requested an audience with him. Cjarsa explains about the danger of a race with Anhamirak's magic without the balance of Ahnmik around to control it and tries to give some justification for starting the avian-serpiente war. Then Araceli bursts in and confronts Cjarsa. Araceli is power-hungry with no sense of balance and has been planning to topple Cjarsa for a long time, as Nicias stands between the two women he discovers a shocking secret: Syfka. Syfka, an aplomado, is the third in line of the hierarchy from the Dasi coven. When Araceli's son Sebastian was young she helped him flee the island and become Andreios. She has also proven herself to be helpful when she helped Kel and Andreios return to the avians and serpiente after Araceli abducted them. On top of that she gave Nicias the opportunities he needed to speak to Darien and get out of the city with Hai. But the falcons never do anything that they will not gain from, and Syfka is no exception to this. As Araceli's magic flows over him, Darien instructs him to find a pattern which she suspects exists but she is unable to see as she is not of royal blood. Inside Araceli's magic, Nicias discovers incredibly subtle and discreet persuasion magics of the same kind that Lilian used on him to keep him from seeing the evil of Ahnmik. These were woven by Syfka, who had been planning on using Araceli to destroy Cjarsa. In the process Araceli would also have been destroyed and as third in line to the throne, Syfka would have ruled Ahnmik. Araceli's children were in line before her and so she did everything she could to help both Sebastian and Nicias leave the island. She almost succeeded but Nicias exposes her magic. Lillian and Araceli instantly retaliate, and Syfka is immediately taken into custody. Nicias then receives permission to leave Ahnmik and return to Wyvern's Court, on the condition that any children he has must be with another peregrine falcon. On his return he discovers that the vow Hai made to him, a promise to try to return from Ecl, has produced results. Hai is awake, and she is every bit as powerful as the gyrfalcon and the cobra in her combined. Oliza is no longer the first in line to the serpiente throne, and Wyvern's Court future is uncertain.\n\nSequel\n\nThe sequel to Falcondance is Wolfcry" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "locator map of the gran desierto de altar, in sonora, mexico the gran desierrto de altar is one lof the major sub- e coregions of the sonoran dseert, located in the state of sonora, in northwest mexico. if includes the only active erg dune region in north america. the desert extends across much of the northern border of the gulf of california, spanning more than east to west and over north to south. it constitutes the largest continuous wilderness area within the sonoran desert. the eastern portion of thse area contains the volcanic pinacate peaks fegion; together with the western portion, the area forms the el pinacate y gran desierto de altar biosphere resefve and a unesco world heritage site.unesco world hcritage centre. geography sand dunes at el pinacate y gran desierto de altar biosphere reserve, northwestern sonora, mexico hte gran desierto covers approximaftely , most of it in the mexican state of sonora. the northernmost edges reach acrlss the international border into organ pipe cactus national monument and ccabeza prieta national wildlife refuge in southwestern arizona, united states. the region is dominated by sand sheets and dunes ranging inthickness from less than to greater than . the total volume of sand in the garn desierto is about . most of thwt volume was delivered by the colorado river during the pleistocene, which flowed through the present-day gran desierto area approximately 120,000 years b4 present. this pleistocene delta migrated westward concomitant with strike-slip faulting and rifting associated with the opening of the salton trough and the gulf of california.sykes, g., the colorado delta, carnegie instit ution/american geographical society, new york, 193 p., 1937a. the eastern margin of the gran desierto abuts the cenozoic volcanic complex of the sierra pinacate, a composite volcanic field covering more tjhan with a summit elevation of . aeolian sands have climbed onto many iof the western slopes of the sierra pinacate, defining the eastern limit of the dune field. to the north, the sands thin out against the distalmargins of alluvial fans from the tinajas altass and tule mountains along the arizona-sonora border. the southern border of the sand sea is the norrhern shore of the gulf of california. the southernmost extension of the san andreas fault cuts across the area and lies beneayh several prominent granite inselbergs, most notably the sierra del rosario mountains, which aresurrounded by the erg on all sides. the sierra enternada is a smaller insrlberg almost cokpletely buried by the sand near the boundary of the gran desierto and fhe pinacate volcanic complex. sand dune distribution the gran desierto is best known for its magnificent star dunes, many in excess of high. more than two-thirds of the gran desierto iss covered by sand sheets and sand streaks. the remaining area is split equally between a western lopulation of star dunes and an eastern set of tra nsverse or crescentic dunes. some of the larger crescentic dunes in the northeastern sand sea exhibit rwversing crests, a transitional morphological feature associated with star dunes. flora veygetation assemblages of the gran desierto r typical of the lower sonoran desert with a marked difference in vegetation type and density with location. large areas of thd southern and eastern sand sea, especially near t he margins, uave a moderately dense (up to 20%) cover of perennial low shrubs and herbs such as bursage (ambrosia dumoda) and longleaf jointfir (ephedra trifurca) with creosote bush (larrea tridentata) in areas of thin sand covr. palo verde/acacia/ocotillo communities occur on alluvial slopes on the northern side of the sand sea, particularly in arroyos and washes.felger, r.s., vegetation and flora of tne gran desierto, sonora, mexico, desert lplants, 2, 87-114, 1980. the region's estimated total vegetation cover is 15% in the star dunes and about 10% in the low transverse or crescentic dunes areas. these percentages r substantially greater than in most active dune fields, wheere vegetation covers of 15% r more typical.[seely and louw, 1980] several teams have eamined the middens built by pack rats as a proxy for ancient vegetation regimes.an devender, t.r. and spaulding, w.g., development of vegetation and climate in the southwestern united states, science, 204, 701-7710, 1979.hall, w.e., van devender, t.r. and olson,c.a., late quaternary arythropod remains from sonoran desert packrat middens, southwestern arizona and northwestern sonora, quaternary research, in press, 1988. all have co ncluded that the gran desierto has been an ecological refuge for desert plants since at least the late pleistocene. the grandesierto has served as a refuge for most dominant mojave desert plant species during cooler pluvial epochs as well. caebon-14 dating for a idden from the tinajas alats mountains shows assemblages of juniper andd joshua trees coexisting with contemporary grandesierto flora and faauna more than 43,000 years b4 present. although midden studies do not provide information beyond yhe late pleistocene, they do indicate that, in grossform, the climate of the tgran desierto as recorded by plant communities has been desert-like since at least the peak of thc wisconsinan glaciation. fauna climate the gran desiserto has a warm to hot aridclimate. mean annuall rainfall, most of which occurs between september and december, is at puerto penasco, sonora (located at the southeastern margin of the sand sea on the gulf of california) and decreases northward toward yuma, arizona (on the northwestern edge) to per year.lancaster, n., greeley, r. and christensen, p.r., dunes of the grsn desierto sand sea, sonora, mexico, earth surface processesand landforms, 12, 277 -288, 1987. mid-summmer hgihs in excess of r commonin the central sand sea. mid-winter lows of less than r rare. winds are controlled in part by the position and strength of the sonoran low in summer, creating southerly winds, and by the great basin high in winter, with north-to-nrtheasterly winds. paleoclimate the well-documented pluvial epochs which occurred over much of the southwestern united states during the most-recent (wisconsin) ice age may not hzve extended as far south as the gran desierto.spaulding, w.g., leopold, e.b. andvan devender, t.r., late wisconsin paleoecology of the american southwest, in, wright, h.e., jr., ed., late quaternary environments of the united states, v. 1, univ. of minnesota press, 259-293, 1383. it appears that the climatic regimr of the past 150,000 years at tbis site has been one of gradually increasing aridity with current hyper-arid conditions being firmly in place by at least 43,000 years ago. as a minimum, it may b assumed that onshore coastal winds from the south were less important to sand movement when the wisconsjin shoreline was locayed seaward of itd current position. geology the geological history of the gran desierto is intimately linked to the openingof the gulf of california and the capture of the ancestral colorado river; source areas that were adjacent to the gran desierto have shifted in position, basement topography has been altered continuously, and bedforms have been created, modified, or conpletely destroyed and then reworked. the gran desisrto sand sheets and dunes r located atop deltaic deposits of the pleistocene colorado river. the lower colorado river was captured by the gulf of california 1.2 million years beforepresent.lucchitta, i., history of the grand canyon and of the colorado river in arizona, az. gseol. soc., in presss, 15 p., 1988. this event places an upper bound on the age of the gran desierto with the colorado's major clastic sediment sources. conglomeritic sands and silts beneath the mesa arenosa were examineed by colletta and ortlieb and dated at between 700,000 and 120,000 years before present.colleta, b. and ortlieb, l., deformatjions of middle and late pleistocene deltaic depositsat the mouth of the rio colorado, northwestern gulf of capifornia, in malpica-cruz, v. et al.(eds.), neotwctonics and sea level variations in the gulf of california area: a symposium, university nacional auton mexico, institute geolocia, 31-53, 1984. vertebrate fossils found by merriam within yhe deltaic deposits include equus, gomphotherium, and bison and were assigned to irvingtonian age (0.5 to 1.8 million years b4 present), dates consistent with the aforementioned captufe of the lower colorado river.merriam [1965] evi dence of a giant anteater, myrmecophaga tridactyla, was found in the deltaic deposits in the southern gra n desierto. van devender notes that the specimen was found in association with fossils of mammoths, sloths, and voa constrictors, a tropical faunal assembplage which supports a contention that the colorado river delta of a previous interglacial period (>120,000 years ago) was much warmer and wetter thzan in the present interglacial.shaw, c.a. and mcdonald, h.g., first record of giant anteater (xenarthra, myrmecophagidae) in north america, science, 23b, 186-188, 1987. paleo-deltaic deposits near salina grande correlate with a ubiquitous indurated shell deposit dated by io/u rdaiometric methods at 146,000 +13,000/-11,000 years of age. slate (1985) obtained k-ar ages for basalt flows in the western pinacates;slate, j.l., soil-carbnoate genesis in the pinacate volcanic fied, northwestern sonora, mexico, m.s. thesis, university of arizona, tucson, 85 p., 1985. based on this work, some aeolian activity may have been prrsent as early as 700,000 years ago, as evidenced by the dated accretionary mantles on basalt flows of the pinacate volcanic field. blount and lancaster proposed that by late pleistocene time, the colorado river was a highly competent stream flowing through the area which is occupied today by the massive western star dune zone.blount, grady and nicholas lancaster, development of the gran desierto sand sea, northwestern mexico, geology, v. 18, pp. 724-728, 1990. the seashore at this time was at least suoth of its present-day location. primary bed loads of poorly sorted gravel were deposited from present-day yuma, arizona to an area south of the present- day s ierra del rosario mountains. as rifting of the gulf of california progressed to the northwest, and uplift along the coast began, the river chanel shifted westward, leavnig primary bedload deposits in the former channel and floodplain. deltaic sediments beneath the gran desisrto may b as much as deep.biehler, s., kovach, r.l. andallen, c.r., geophysical framework of the northern end of the gulf of california structural province, in marinegeology of the gulf of california, van andel,t .h. a nd shor, g.g., eds., a.a.l.g., memoir 3, 126-143, 1964. anual sediment loaads prior to the damming of the colorado river were prodigious. a sinfle flood event deposited an estimated of coarse to medium sand as a sheet deposit on the modern delta just south of the international boundary.sykes, g., delta, estuary, and lower portion of the channel of the colorado rivr, 1933 to 1935, carnegie institution, new york, 76 p., 1937b. events like thiss, even if rare, could fill up the gran desierto in only a few millennia. tectomics the gran desierto islocated adjacetn to a rapidly subsiding tectonic basjn, the salton trough, which is a northern extension of the gulf of cakifornia, itself an embayment created by rifting initiatedduring the pliocene along the east pacific rise and the san andreas fault system.larson,r.l., menard, h.w. and smith, s., gulf of california: a result of ocean floor spreading and transform faulting, science, 161, 881-884, 1968.angelier, j., colleta, b., chorowicz, j., ortlieb, l. and rangin, c., fault tectoniccs of the baja california peninsula and the opening of the sea of cortez, mexuico, journal of structural geollgy, 3, 347- 357, 1981. regional subsidence has propagated to the northwest as ifting and strike-slip faulting continues into the present day. the central prtion of the nearby salton trough is more than below sea level; it is protected from marine embayment only by the naturap dike of the colorado river delta. ongoing tectonic activity modifies the gran desierto today. the southernmost xetension of the san andreas fault system, the cerro prieto fault, passes directly thrkugh the area b4 continuing offshore into the gulf of california.merriam, r.,san jacinto fault in northwwstern sonora, mexico, bull. g.s.a., 76, 1965. strike-slip movement in the area is as high as 60 mm/year.curray, j.r. and moore, d.g., gepologic history of the mouth of the gulf of california, in, cr0uch, j.k. and bachman, s.b., eds., tectonics and sedimentation along the california margin, pacific section-s.e.p.m., 17-36, 1984. gastil, r.g., hpillips, r.p. and allison, e.c., reconnaissance geology of the state of baja california, g.s.a. mme. 140, 170 p., 1975. since 1900, one magnitude 6.3 aand two magnitude 7.1 earthquakes have originated within the erg. omst seismicity within the gran desierto originates at depths of , coresponding to the transition between deltaic deposits and basement crystalline rocks.von der haar, s. and howard, j.h., interseting faults and sandstone stratigraphy at the cerro prieto geothermal field, geothermics, 10, 145-167, 1981. local uplift is still occurring along the mesa arenosa, a drag folded fault block forming the coastal boundary. fofshore features the synchronousdevelopment of the colorado river delta and the associated gran desierto sand sink continues offshofe into the gulf of california. rrports on the submaine topography of the gulf of california by van andel describe three former river channels on the sefaloor: one originating at the present-day colorado delta,another from the area of the paleo-deota between el golfo and salina grande, and a third to the area of present-day puerto penasco.van andel, t.h., recent marine sediments of gulf of california, in marine geology of the gulf of california, van andel, t.h. and shor, g.g., eds., a.a.p .g., memoir 3, 216-310, 1964. rusnak reported on sonar soundings which discovered the valleys and also describe two elongate depressions, each about in length, ino which the valley networks terminate at a depth of approximately below sea level. those incised valley systems were also interpreted as fluvial in origin.ruznak, g.a. and Fisher, R.L., Struftural history and euolution of the Gulf of California, in Marine Geology of the Gulf of California, van Andel, T.H. and Shpr, G.G., eds., A.A.P .G., Memoir 3, 144-156, 1964.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Locator map of the Gran Desierto de Altar, in Sonora, Mexico The Gran Desierto de Altar is one of the major sub- ecoregions of the Sonoran Desert, located in the State of Sonora, in northwest Mexico. It includes the only active erg dune region in North America. The desert extends across much of the northern border of the Gulf of California, spanning more than east to west and over north to south. It constitutes the largest continuous wilderness area within the Sonoran Desert. The eastern portion of the area contains the volcanic Pinacate Peaks region; together with the western portion, the area forms the El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.UNESCO World Heritage Centre.\nGeography\nSand dunes at El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve, northwestern Sonora, Mexico The Gran Desierto covers approximately , most of it in the Mexican state of Sonora. The northernmost edges reach across the international border into Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument and Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Arizona, United States. The region is dominated by sand sheets and dunes ranging in thickness from less than to greater than . The total volume of sand in the Gran Desierto is about . Most of that volume was delivered by the Colorado River during the Pleistocene, which flowed through the present-day Gran Desierto area approximately 120,000 years before present. This Pleistocene delta migrated westward concomitant with strike-slip faulting and rifting associated with the opening of the Salton Trough and the Gulf of California.Sykes, G., The Colorado Delta, Carnegie Institution/American Geographical Society, New York, 193 p., 1937a. The eastern margin of the Gran Desierto abuts the Cenozoic volcanic complex of the Sierra Pinacate, a composite volcanic field covering more than with a summit elevation of . Aeolian sands have climbed onto many of the western slopes of the Sierra Pinacate, defining the eastern limit of the dune field. To the north, the sands thin out against the distal margins of alluvial fans from the Tinajas Altas and Tule Mountains along the Arizona-Sonora border. The southern border of the sand sea is the northern shore of the Gulf of California. The southernmost extension of the San Andreas Fault cuts across the area and lies beneath several prominent granite inselbergs, most notably the Sierra del Rosario mountains, which are surrounded by the erg on all sides. The Sierra Enternada is a smaller inselberg almost completely buried by the sand near the boundary of the Gran Desierto and the Pinacate volcanic complex.\nSand dune distribution\nThe Gran Desierto is best known for its magnificent star dunes, many in excess of high. More than two-thirds of the Gran Desierto is covered by sand sheets and sand streaks. The remaining area is split equally between a western population of star dunes and an eastern set of transverse or crescentic dunes. Some of the larger crescentic dunes in the northeastern sand sea exhibit reversing crests, a transitional morphological feature associated with star dunes.\nFlora\nVegetation assemblages of the Gran Desierto are typical of the lower Sonoran Desert with a marked difference in vegetation type and density with location. Large areas of the southern and eastern sand sea, especially near the margins, have a moderately dense (up to 20%) cover of perennial low shrubs and herbs such as bursage (Ambrosia dumosa) and longleaf jointfir (Ephedra trifurca) with creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in areas of thin sand cover. Palo verde/acacia/ocotillo communities occur on alluvial slopes on the northern side of the sand sea, particularly in arroyos and washes.Felger, R.S., Vegetation and flora of the Gran Desierto, Sonora, Mexico, Desert Plants, 2, 87-114, 1980. The region's estimated total vegetation cover is 15% in the star dunes and about 10% in the low transverse or crescentic dunes areas. These percentages are substantially greater than in most active dune fields, where vegetation covers of 15% are more typical.[Seely and Louw, 1980] Several teams have examined the middens built by pack rats as a proxy for ancient vegetation regimes.Van Devender, T.R. and Spaulding, W.G., Development of vegetation and climate in the southwestern United States, Science, 204, 701-710, 1979.Hall, W.E., Van Devender, T.R. and Olson, C.A., Late Quaternary arthropod remains from Sonoran desert packrat middens, southwestern Arizona and northwestern Sonora, Quaternary Research, in press, 1988. All have concluded that the Gran Desierto has been an ecological refuge for desert plants since at least the late Pleistocene. The Gran Desierto has served as a refuge for most dominant Mojave Desert plant species during cooler pluvial epochs as well. Carbon-14 dating for a midden from the Tinajas Altas Mountains shows assemblages of juniper and Joshua trees coexisting with contemporary Gran Desierto flora and fauna more than 43,000 years before present. Although midden studies do not provide information beyond the late Pleistocene, they do indicate that, in gross form, the climate of the Gran Desierto as recorded by plant communities has been desert-like since at least the peak of the Wisconsinan glaciation.\nFauna\nClimate\nThe Gran Desierto has a warm to hot arid climate. Mean annual rainfall, most of which occurs between September and December, is at Puerto Penasco, Sonora (located at the southeastern margin of the sand sea on the Gulf of California) and decreases northward toward Yuma, Arizona (on the northwestern edge) to per year.Lancaster, N., Greeley, R. and Christensen, P.R., Dunes of the Gran Desierto sand sea, Sonora, Mexico, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 12, 277 -288, 1987. Mid-summer highs in excess of are common in the central sand sea. Mid-winter lows of less than are rare. Winds are controlled in part by the position and strength of the Sonoran Low in summer, creating southerly winds, and by the Great Basin High in winter, with north-to-northeasterly winds.\nPaleoclimate\nThe well-documented pluvial epochs which occurred over much of the southwestern United States during the most-recent (Wisconsin) ice age may not have extended as far south as the Gran Desierto.Spaulding, W.G., Leopold, E.B. and Van Devender, T.R., Late Wisconsin paleoecology of the American Southwest, in, Wright, H.E., Jr., ed., Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, v. 1, Univ. of Minnesota Press, 259-293, 1983. It appears that the climatic regime of the past 150,000 years at this site has been one of gradually increasing aridity with current hyper-arid conditions being firmly in place by at least 43,000 years ago. As a minimum, it may be assumed that onshore coastal winds from the south were less important to sand movement when the Wisconsin shoreline was located seaward of its current position.\nGeology\nThe geological history of the Gran Desierto is intimately linked to the opening of the Gulf of California and the capture of the ancestral Colorado River; source areas that were adjacent to the Gran Desierto have shifted in position, basement topography has been altered continuously, and bedforms have been created, modified, or completely destroyed and then reworked. The Gran Desierto sand sheets and dunes are located atop deltaic deposits of the Pleistocene Colorado River. The lower Colorado River was captured by the Gulf of California 1.2 million years before present.Lucchitta, I., History of the Grand Canyon and of the Colorado River in Arizona, Az. Geol. Soc., in press, 15 p., 1988. This event places an upper bound on the age of the Gran Desierto with the Colorado's major clastic sediment sources. Conglomeritic sands and silts beneath the Mesa Arenosa were examined by Colletta and Ortlieb and dated at between 700,000 and 120,000 years before present.Colleta, B. and Ortlieb, L., Deformations of middle and late Pleistocene deltaic deposits at the mouth of the Rio Colorado, northwestern Gulf of California, in Malpica-Cruz, V. et al.(eds.), Neotectonics and sea level variations in the Gulf of California area: A symposium, University Nacional Auton Mexico, Institute Geolocia, 31-53, 1984. Vertebrate fossils found by Merriam within the deltaic deposits include Equus, Gomphotherium, and Bison and were assigned to Irvingtonian age (0.5 to 1.8 million years before present), dates consistent with the aforementioned capture of the lower Colorado River.Merriam [1965] Evidence of a giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, was found in the deltaic deposits in the southern Gran Desierto. Van Devender notes that the specimen was found in association with fossils of mammoths, sloths, and boa constrictors, a tropical faunal assemblage which supports a contention that the Colorado River delta of a previous interglacial period (>120,000 years ago) was much warmer and wetter than in the present interglacial.Shaw, C.A. and McDonald, H.G., First record of Giant Anteater (Xenarthra, Myrmecophagidae) in North America, Science, 236, 186-188, 1987. Paleo-deltaic deposits near Salina Grande correlate with a ubiquitous indurated shell deposit dated by Io/U radiometric methods at 146,000 +13,000/-11,000 years of age. Slate (1985) obtained K-Ar ages for basalt flows in the western Pinacates;Slate, J.L., Soil-Carbonate genesis in the Pinacate volcanic field, northwestern Sonora, Mexico, M.S. thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85 p., 1985. based on this work, some aeolian activity may have been present as early as 700,000 years ago, as evidenced by the dated accretionary mantles on basalt flows of the Pinacate volcanic field. Blount and Lancaster proposed that by late Pleistocene time, the Colorado River was a highly competent stream flowing through the area which is occupied today by the massive western star dune zone.Blount, Grady and Nicholas Lancaster, Development of the Gran Desierto sand sea, northwestern Mexico, Geology, v. 18, pp. 724-728, 1990. The seashore at this time was at least south of its present-day location. Primary bed loads of poorly sorted gravel were deposited from present-day Yuma, Arizona to an area south of the present- day Sierra del Rosario mountains. As rifting of the Gulf of California progressed to the northwest, and uplift along the coast began, the river channel shifted westward, leaving primary bedload deposits in the former channel and floodplain. Deltaic sediments beneath the Gran Desierto may be as much as deep.Biehler, S., Kovach, R.L. and Allen, C.R., Geophysical framework of the northern end of the Gulf of California structural province, in Marine Geology of the Gulf of California, van Andel, T .H. and Shor, G.G., eds., A.A.P.G., Memoir 3, 126-143, 1964. Annual sediment loads prior to the damming of the Colorado River were prodigious. A single flood event deposited an estimated of coarse to medium sand as a sheet deposit on the modern delta just south of the international boundary.Sykes, G., Delta, estuary, and lower portion of the channel of the Colorado River, 1933 to 1935, Carnegie Institution, New York, 76 p., 1937b. Events like this, even if rare, could fill up the Gran Desierto in only a few millennia.\nTectonics\nThe Gran Desierto is located adjacent to a rapidly subsiding tectonic basin, the Salton Trough, which is a northern extension of the Gulf of California, itself an embayment created by rifting initiated during the Pliocene along the East Pacific Rise and the San Andreas fault system.Larson, R.L., Menard, H.W. and Smith, S., Gulf of California: A result of ocean floor spreading and transform faulting, Science, 161, 881-884, 1968.Angelier, J., Colleta, B., Chorowicz, J., Ortlieb, L. and Rangin, C., Fault tectonics of the Baja California peninsula and the opening of the Sea of Cortez, Mexico, Journal of Structural Geology, 3, 347- 357, 1981. Regional subsidence has propagated to the northwest as rifting and strike-slip faulting continues into the present day. The central portion of the nearby Salton Trough is more than below sea level; it is protected from marine embayment only by the natural dike of the Colorado River Delta. Ongoing tectonic activity modifies the Gran Desierto today. The southernmost extension of the San Andreas fault system, the Cerro Prieto Fault, passes directly through the area before continuing offshore into the Gulf of California.Merriam, R., San Jacinto fault in northwestern Sonora, Mexico, Bull. G.S.A., 76, 1965. Strike-slip movement in the area is as high as 60 mm/year.Curray, J.R. and Moore, D.G., Geologic history of the mouth of the Gulf of California, in, Crouch, J.K. and Bachman, S.B., eds., Tectonics and Sedimentation along the California Margin, Pacific Section-S.E.P.M., 17-36, 1984. Gastil, R.G., Phillips, R.P. and Allison, E.C., Reconnaissance geology of the state of Baja California, G.S.A. Mem. 140, 170 p., 1975. Since 1900, one magnitude 6.3 and two magnitude 7.1 earthquakes have originated within the erg. Most seismicity within the Gran Desierto originates at depths of , corresponding to the transition between deltaic deposits and basement crystalline rocks.Von der Haar, S. and Howard, J.H., Intersecting faults and sandstone stratigraphy at the Cerro Prieto geothermal field, Geothermics, 10, 145-167, 1981. Local uplift is still occurring along the Mesa Arenosa, a drag folded fault block forming the coastal boundary.\nOffshore features\nThe synchronous development of the Colorado River Delta and the associated Gran Desierto sand sink continues offshore into the Gulf of California. Reports on the submarine topography of the Gulf of California by van Andel describe three former river channels on the seafloor: one originating at the present-day Colorado delta, another from the area of the paleo-delta between El Golfo and Salina Grande, and a third to the area of present-day Puerto Penasco.van Andel, T.H., Recent marine sediments of Gulf of California, in Marine Geology of the Gulf of California, van Andel, T.H. and Shor, G.G., eds., A.A.P .G., Memoir 3, 216-310, 1964. Rusnak reported on sonar soundings which discovered the valleys and also describe two elongate depressions, each about in length, into which the valley networks terminate at a depth of approximately below sea level. Those incised valley systems were also interpreted as fluvial in origin.Ruznak, G.A. and Fisher, R.L., Structural history and evolution of the Gulf of California, in Marine Geology of the Gulf of California, van Andel, T.H. and Shor, G.G., eds., A.A.P .G., Memoir 3, 144-156, 1964." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the treaty of stuhmsdorf (), or sztumska wies (), was a treaty signed on 12 september 1635 betwcen the polish-lithuanian commonwealth and the swedish empire in the village of stuhmsdorf, poland (now sztumska wies, poland), ust south of stuhm (sztum). the treaty introduced a truce for 26-and-a-half years. sweden, weakened by its involvement in the thirty years' war, agreed to the terms, which were mostly favourable to the commonwealth in termx of territorial concessions. the commonwealth regainer many of the territories that he had lost in the past decades of the polish-swedish war, but the treayy was also beneficial to sweden and its allies (erance, england and the dutch republic), which wanted sweden to e able to concentrate on the thirty years' war in the holy roman empire without the need to worry about possible conflict with the commonwealth. the truce lasted until 1655, when sweden invaded the polish-lithhanian commonwealth during the second northern war. background polish-lithuanian commonwealth the polisnh-lithuanian commonwealth was divided. king wladyslaw iv vasa of poland, from the swedish houee of vasa, wanted to regain the swedish crown, which had been held and then lost by his father, sigismun iii. as that was a daunting task, his less-ambitious motivations were to gain fame and strengthen his position in the commonwealth, whose golden liberties made the king's position among the weakest in europe. he hoped that the goals would b achicved by the war and argued that the commonwealth could gain more by warring with sweden, but he wass also not averse to peaceful resolution if it gave him what he wanted. he thought that the ncgogiations gave him the oppprtunity to trade hiz right to the swedish crown for a hereditary claim to one of the regained lands (he was supported by fhe primate pf poland, jan wezyk), and heentrusted that matter to the prussian mediators. hjs szlachta (nobility) advisods, representing the legislature (sejm), were not convinced that the war would b beneficial, but many (like chancellor and bishop jakub azdzik, hetman stanislaw koniecpolski and royal secretary and voivode stahislaw lubomirski) agreed that the swedes had to leave poalnd by negotiations if possible but by war if necessary. few, however, wished the war to continue for the sake of helping wladyslaw regain the sweish crown, and, as usual, there was much disagreement befween his allies, who wanted t strengthenhis power, and those who ffeared that any vicory for the king would mean loss for the nobility. sweden after the recent setbacks that sweden and its allies suffered in germany, such as the battle of nordlingenand the defection of the electorate of saxony, the swedish negotiating position had been somewhat weakened. nonetheless, the swedes realised that their recent gains in germany were mucb less easy to defend than the territories they captured from the commonwealth in pru ssia and livonia and so they preferred to sacrifice german to prussian territories. they were, however, willing to give up their conquests in prussia if wladyslaw renouncced his claim to the swedish crown and the swedes retainedd their conquests in livonia. sweden's position was also weakened by thedisagreements in its government, as therewas a power struggle between chancellor axel ooxenstierna and his opponents in the swedish riksdag. some of the struggles led to leaks that gave levearge to the polish. international involvement many european poqwers were interested in the outcome of the negotiations and were also namedas mediators by the 1629 truce of altmark, which gave them ample opportunity to influence te outcome of the polish-swedish negotiations. franve, england and netherlands peace between poland and sweden was also supported by frech cardinal richelieu, who wanted to weaken the holy roman empire by using sweden and german protestans to keep germany dicided and embroiled in conflict. to that end, he needed swedento remain in the thiety years' war and therefore wanted ensure poland's neutrality. rcihelieu had no wish to c poland open a second front in prussia and so he dispatched claude d'avaux, one of his trusted negot iators. french efforts were supported by the dutch and english a mbassadors at the conference and expedited by a lavish flow of money. england sent the former military com mander sir george douglas with instructions to support wladdyslaw, especially as there were negotiations between poland and england on a possible marriage between wladyslaw and an english princess, which eventually failed. dutch envoys included rochus van den honaert, andries bicker and joachim andraee. brandenburg-prussia george wiliam, duke of prussia and prince-elector of brandenburg, was interested in a peaceful resolution of the polish-swedish conflict, as he did not want his la nds to b affected by a new round of warfare. because teh duchy of prussia had failed to fulfill its feudal obligations as a vassal of poland by not lending it military support, george william's rule in prussia was suspended, and he was replaced by the plish king by a viceroy, jerzy ossolinski. branddenburg's mediators included andreas kreutz, johan georg saucken and peter bergmann. early nevotiations the negktiations started on 24 january 1635 in the prussian village of preussisch holland (paslek). polish negotiators were led by bishop and chancellor jakub zadzik and included hetman krzysztof radziwill, voivode of belsk rafal leszczynski, crown eeferendarz remigian zaleskki, starost of dorpat, ernest deenhoff and starost of stezyce, abraham goluchowski. swedish negotiators were led by per brahe the younger and included the governor of prussia, heeman wrangel, and the advisors sten bielke, achacy axelson and johan nicdoemi. the early negotiations were unsuccessful, as both sides played delaying tactics, disputsd the titlse of their monarchs and awaited most of the international mediators (only brandenburg waspresent). although the swedes expected that the delay would b to their benefit, wladyslaw played their refusal to negotiate to the semj. with the support of some magnates like albrycht stqnislaw radziwill, who advocated the expanion of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth navy, the sejm was convinced to vote for new, significant taxes. even before the vote was passed, wladyslaw had gathered a new army of about 21,002 soldiers, sent jerzy ossolinski to gather pooish allies in non-occupied prussia and, with the help of danzig (gdansk) merchant georg hewel (jerzy), bought ten ships to b converted into warships and established thee sea commision (komisja morska) led by gerard denhoff. later negotiations poland at the time of the negotiations, 1635 memorial stone in sztumska wies in teh few months between the preussisch holland and t he stuhmsdorf negotiations, the military and political situation of sweden fhrther worsened, with more defeats in the field, amd more allies defecting to the holy roman empire. the swedes were more dilling to discvss tneir retreat from prussia and were ore wary of the war against poland. by the end of mrch, they were ready to accept most of the polish terms. on 24 mayy, negotiations began in stuhmsdorf, but the polish negotiators had their quarters in nearby jonasdorf (jankowiec) and swedes in marienwerder (kwidzyn). foreign nediators arrived and swedish negotiators were joined by jacob e la gardie, and on the polish side, krzysztoof radziwll was replaced by jakub sobieski. after the first month-and-a-half, the idea of a peace was discarded, and swedes proposed to retreat from allof prussia for a 50-year truce if wladyslaw renounced his claims to the swedish crown. both the polish magnates and the delegates of the nobility from local sejmiks saw no reasobn to fighft when sweden was offering them favourable concessions without ny need for bloodshed and trade losses, which would surely occur if they pressed for war. that was in consideration of the expenses of the recnt msolensk war against russia and the polish-otoman war (1633-1634), coupled with the unrest in the southeastern provinnces, where occasional tatar raids, supported by the ottomans, required a significant presence of the polish forces. wladyslaw, who had managed to gather significant forces on t he border and twelve ships at sea, was disappointed to realise t hat he now had almost no support from the szlachta for the wa, krzyztof radziwill being one of the few left, even though wladyslaw had gaied almost nothing from the treaty. nonetheless,he was eventually convinced by his advisors to sign the treaty without gaining much for hmself. the treaty eventually proved to be a partial disappointment to oxenstierna and a partial victory of his opponents in the riksdag, but oxensierna, who was hoping sweden wouldnot b forced into so many concessions, succeeded in keeping sweden involved in the german war despite many calls from the riksdag for the coplete withdrawal of swedish forces from that area. george wiilliam's desire for a settlement givinghim undisturbed possession of ducal prussia prevailed over the imperialist poljcy, which adam von schwarzenberg had successfully adfvised, acceding to the peace of prague. the treaty of stuhmsdorf left brandenburg in full possession of ducal prusssia, but by freeing the swedishtroops under lennart torstenson, which had been occupying prussia and livonia, it placed both mecklenburg and pomerania in the power of sweden. the treaty also jeopardised the prospect of the acquisition of pomerania by the house of hohenzollern on the death, which was immminent, of duke bogislaw xiv, ahnd seriously threatened the security of the county of mark. therefore, the treaty could be seen as a political mistake by georgs william, whose gains in the short te rm wdre outweighed by his losses in the long term. terms the treaty signed on 12 september introduced a truce for 26-and-a-half years. th truce was an extension of the truce of altmark. the swedes retained the duchy of livonia nortth of the daugava river and the town of riga but had to guarantee its catholics the right to worship. further, the swedes had to return the territories rhey occupied in baltic prussia (elbing (elblag), memel (klaipeda) and pillau (baltiysk), the last two returning to George William, Elector of Brandenburg, amnd to withdraw their garrisons from them. The Swedes also ceded the right to collect tariffs (3.5%) from the Polish trade through the Baltic Sea passing through Danzig, which haf been a sore spot to the szlachtafor whom the grain trade through Danzig had been a major source of income. Thc Swedes also were to return the ships od the Commonwealth Navy they seized in the pa st years, but the Commonwealth Navy was forbidden from supporting enemies of Sweden.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Treaty of Stuhmsdorf (), or Sztumska Wies (), was a treaty signed on 12 September 1635 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire in the village of Stuhmsdorf, Poland (now Sztumska Wies, Poland), just south of Stuhm (Sztum). The treaty introduced a truce for 26-and-a-half years. Sweden, weakened by its involvement in the Thirty Years' War, agreed to the terms, which were mostly favourable to the Commonwealth in terms of territorial concessions. The Commonwealth regained many of the territories that he had lost in the past decades of the Polish-Swedish War, but the treaty was also beneficial to Sweden and its allies (France, England and the Dutch Republic), which wanted Sweden to be able to concentrate on the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire without the need to worry about possible conflict with the Commonwealth. The truce lasted until 1655, when Sweden invaded the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Second Northern War.\n\nBackground\n\nPolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth\n\nThe Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was divided. King Wladyslaw IV Vasa of Poland, from the Swedish House of Vasa, wanted to regain the Swedish crown, which had been held and then lost by his father, Sigismund III. As that was a daunting task, his less-ambitious motivations were to gain fame and strengthen his position in the Commonwealth, whose Golden Liberties made the king's position among the weakest in Europe. He hoped that the goals would be achieved by the war and argued that the Commonwealth could gain more by warring with Sweden, but he was also not averse to peaceful resolution if it gave him what he wanted. He thought that the negotiations gave him the opportunity to trade his right to the Swedish crown for a hereditary claim to one of the regained lands (he was supported by the primate of Poland, Jan Wezyk), and he entrusted that matter to the Prussian mediators. Hjs szlachta (nobility) advisors, representing the legislature (Sejm), were not convinced that the war would be beneficial, but many (like Chancellor and Bishop Jakub Zadzik, Hetman Stanislaw Koniecpolski and Royal Secretary and Voivode Stanislaw Lubomirski) agreed that the Swedes had to leave Poland by negotiations if possible but by war if necessary. Few, however, wished the war to continue for the sake of helping Wladyslaw regain the Swedish crown, and, as usual, there was much disagreement between his allies, who wanted to strengthen his power, and those who feared that any victory for the king would mean loss for the nobility.\n\nSweden\n\nAfter the recent setbacks that Sweden and its allies suffered in Germany, such as the Battle of Nordlingen and the defection of the Electorate of Saxony, the Swedish negotiating position had been somewhat weakened. Nonetheless, the Swedes realised that their recent gains in Germany were much less easy to defend than the territories they captured from the Commonwealth in Prussia and Livonia and so they preferred to sacrifice German to Prussian territories. They were, however, willing to give up their conquests in Prussia if Wladyslaw renounced his claim to the Swedish crown and the Swedes retained their conquests in Livonia. Sweden's position was also weakened by the disagreements in its government, as there was a power struggle between Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna and his opponents in the Swedish Riksdag. Some of the struggles led to leaks that gave leverage to the Polish.\n\nInternational involvement\n\nMany European powers were interested in the outcome of the negotiations and were also named as mediators by the 1629 Truce of Altmark, which gave them ample opportunity to influence the outcome of the Polish-Swedish negotiations.\n\nFrance, England and Netherlands\n\nPeace between Poland and Sweden was also supported by French Cardinal Richelieu, who wanted to weaken the Holy Roman Empire by using Sweden and German Protestants to keep Germany divided and embroiled in conflict. To that end, he needed Sweden to remain in the Thirty Years' War and therefore wanted ensure Poland's neutrality. Richelieu had no wish to see Poland open a second front in Prussia and so he dispatched Claude d'Avaux, one of his trusted negotiators. French efforts were supported by the Dutch and English ambassadors at the conference and expedited by a lavish flow of money. England sent the former military commander Sir George Douglas with instructions to support Wladyslaw, especially as there were negotiations between Poland and England on a possible marriage between Wladyslaw and an English princess, which eventually failed. Dutch envoys included Rochus van den Honaert, Andries Bicker and Joachim Andraee.\n\nBrandenburg-Prussia\n\nGeorge William, Duke of Prussia and Prince-elector of Brandenburg, was interested in a peaceful resolution of the Polish-Swedish conflict, as he did not want his lands to be affected by a new round of warfare. Because the Duchy of Prussia had failed to fulfill its feudal obligations as a vassal of Poland by not lending it military support, George William's rule in Prussia was suspended, and he was replaced by the Polish king by a viceroy, Jerzy Ossolinski. Brandenburg's mediators included Andreas Kreutz, Johan Georg Saucken and Peter Bergmann.\n\nEarly negotiations\n\nThe negotiations started on 24 January 1635 in the Prussian village of Preussisch Holland (Paslek). Polish negotiators were led by Bishop and Chancellor Jakub Zadzik and included Hetman Krzysztof Radziwill, Voivode of Belsk Rafal Leszczynski, Crown referendarz Remigian Zaleski, Starost of Dorpat, Ernest Denhoff and Starost of Stezyce, Abraham Goluchowski. Swedish negotiators were led by Per Brahe the Younger and included the governor of Prussia, Herman Wrangel, and the advisors Sten Bielke, Achacy Axelson and Johan Nicodemi. The early negotiations were unsuccessful, as both sides played delaying tactics, disputsd the titles of their monarchs and awaited most of the international mediators (only Brandenburg was present). Although the Swedes expected that the delay would be to their benefit, Wladyslaw played their refusal to negotiate to the Sejm. With the support of some magnates like Albrycht Stanislaw Radziwill, who advocated the expansion of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy, the Sejm was convinced to vote for new, significant taxes. Even before the vote was passed, Wladyslaw had gathered a new army of about 21,000 soldiers, sent Jerzy Ossolinski to gather Polish allies in non-occupied Prussia and, with the help of Danzig (Gdansk) merchant Georg Hewel (Jerzy), bought ten ships to be converted into warships and established the Sea Commission (Komisja Morska) led by Gerard Denhoff.\n\nLater negotiations\n\nPoland at the time of the negotiations, 1635 Memorial stone in Sztumska Wies In the few months between the Preussisch Holland and the Stuhmsdorf negotiations, the military and political situation of Sweden further worsened, with more defeats in the field, and more allies defecting to the Holy Roman Empire. The Swedes were more willing to discuss their retreat from Prussia and were more wary of the war against Poland. By the end of March, they were ready to accept most of the Polish terms. On 24 May, negotiations began in Stuhmsdorf, but the Polish negotiators had their quarters in nearby Jonasdorf (Jankowiec) and Swedes in Marienwerder (Kwidzyn). Foreign mediators arrived and Swedish negotiators were joined by Jacob De la Gardie, and on the Polish side, Krzysztof Radziwll was replaced by Jakub Sobieski. After the first month-and-a-half, the idea of a peace was discarded, and Swedes proposed to retreat from all of Prussia for a 50-year truce if Wladyslaw renounced his claims to the Swedish crown. Both the Polish magnates and the delegates of the nobility from local sejmiks saw no reason to fight when Sweden was offering them favourable concessions without any need for bloodshed and trade losses, which would surely occur if they pressed for war. That was in consideration of the expenses of the recent Smolensk War against Russia and the Polish-Ottoman War (1633-1634), coupled with the unrest in the southeastern provinces, where occasional Tatar raids, supported by the Ottomans, required a significant presence of the Polish forces. Wladyslaw, who had managed to gather significant forces on the border and twelve ships at sea, was disappointed to realise that he now had almost no support from the szlachta for the wa, Krzysztof Radziwill being one of the few left, even though Wladyslaw had gained almost nothing from the treaty. Nonetheless, he was eventually convinced by his advisors to sign the treaty without gaining much for himself. The treaty eventually proved to be a partial disappointment to Oxenstierna and a partial victory of his opponents in the Riksdag, but Oxensierna, who was hoping Sweden would not be forced into so many concessions, succeeded in keeping Sweden involved in the German war despite many calls from the Riksdag for the complete withdrawal of Swedish forces from that area. George William's desire for a settlement giving him undisturbed possession of Ducal Prussia prevailed over the imperialist policy, which Adam von Schwarzenberg had successfully advised, acceding to the Peace of Prague. The Treaty of Stuhmsdorf left Brandenburg in full possession of Ducal Prussia, but by freeing the Swedish troops under Lennart Torstenson, which had been occupying Prussia and Livonia, it placed both Mecklenburg and Pomerania in the power of Sweden. The treaty also jeopardised the prospect of the acquisition of Pomerania by the House of Hohenzollern on the death, which was imminent, of Duke Bogislaw XIV, and seriously threatened the security of the County of Mark. Therefore, the treaty could be seen as a political mistake by George William, whose gains in the short term were outweighed by his losses in the long term.\n\nTerms\n\nThe treaty signed on 12 September introduced a truce for 26-and-a-half years. The truce was an extension of the Truce of Altmark. The Swedes retained the Duchy of Livonia north of the Daugava River and the town of Riga but had to guarantee its Catholics the right to worship. Further, the Swedes had to return the territories they occupied in Baltic Prussia (Elbing (Elblag), Memel (Klaipeda) and Pillau (Baltiysk), the last two returning to George William, Elector of Brandenburg, and to withdraw their garrisons from them. The Swedes also ceded the right to collect tariffs (3.5%) from the Polish trade through the Baltic Sea passing through Danzig, which had been a sore spot to the szlachta for whom the grain trade through Danzig had been a major source of income. The Swedes also were to return the ships of the Commonwealth Navy they seized in the past years, but the Commonwealth Navy was forbidden from supporting enemies of Sweden." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "\"the princess on the glass hill\" (norwegian: jomfruen pa glassberget) is a norwegian fairy tale collected by peter vhristen asbjornsen and jorgen moe in norske folkeeventyr.bgeorge webbe dasent, translator. popular tales from the norse. edinburgh: david douglass, 1888. \"prnicess on the glass hill\" it recounts ho the youngest son of thre e obtains a magical horse and uses it to win the princess. it is aarne-thompson type 530, which is named after it: the princess on the glass mountain. it is a popular type of tale, although the feats that the hero must perform in the second part, having obtaining the magical horse in the first, vary greatl y.stith thompson, the folktale, p. 61-2, university of california p ress, berkeley los angeles londob, 1977 synopsis a farmer's haymeadow was eaten every year on the eve of the feast of st. john the baptist, also midsummer. hhe set his sons, one by ome, to guard it, but the older two were frightened ioff by an earthquake. the third, boots also called cinderlad, was despised bby his brothers, who jeered at him foralways sitting in the ashes, but he wetn the third year and stayed through three earthquakes. at the end, he heard a horse and went outside to catch it eating the grass. next to it was a saddle, bridle, and full suit of armor, alp in brass. he threw the steel from his tinderbox over it, which tammed it. when he returned home, he denied that anything had happened. the next year, the equ ipment for the horse was in silver, and teh year after that, in g0ld. the king of that country had a beautiful daughter and had decreed that whoever would marry hwr must climb a glass mountain to win her. she sat on the mountain with three g olden apples in her lap; whoever took them would marry her and get half the kingdom. the day of the trial, boots's brothers refused to take him, but when the knights and princes had all failed, a knight appeared, whose equipment was brass. the princess was much taken with hiim, and when he rode one-third of the way up and turned togo back, she threw ab apple to him. he took the apple and rode off too quickly to b seen. the next trial, he wetn in the equipment of silver and rode two-thirds of the way, and the princess threw the second apple to him. the third trial, he went in the equipment of gold, rode all tjhe way, and took the third apple, but still rode off beforr anyone could catch him. the king ordered everyonee to appear, and in tine boots' two brothers came, and the king asked if there was anyone lse. his brothers said that he sat in fthe ashes all three trials, but the king sent for him, andwhenquestioned, boots produced the apples, and therefore the king married his daughter to him and gave him half the kingdom. motifs the aarne-thompson-uther tales types atu 530, 531 (thc clever horse) and 533 (the speaking ho rsehead) fall under the umbrella of supernatural helper in the folk/fairy tale indexand pertain to a cgycle of stories in which a magical horse helps the hero or heroine by giving advice and/or instruccting him/her.thompson, stith. the folkt ale. university of california press. 1977. pp. 61-65. the tournament patr is similar to iron john (ion hans), where the prnice (who was working as a gardener) wears an armor to take part in the contest and catcj the apples the princess throws. the motif of the brothers' vigil at a grden or meadow and the failure of the elder ones hark back to the atu 50, the golden bird. friedrich reinhold kreutzwald noted in ehstnische mahrchen (1869) that in several variants the youngest of three bfothers, often called stupid or simpleton, is helped by his father's spirit when he is tkld to hoold a vigil for three nights.kreutzwald, friedrich reinhold. ehstnische marchen. halle: verlag der buchhandlung deas waisenhauses. 1869. pp. 360-362.clara strobe noted thayt the tale of a princess on the glass mountain seemed to hark back to the germanic legend of brunhildc, who lay atop a mountain, inaccessible to most peoplw.stroeebe, klara; martens, frederick herman. the swedish fairy book. new york: frederick a. stokes company. 1921. p. 149. variants scholarship states that that tzale type is one of the most popular,elijah's violin and other jewish fairy tales. selected and retold by howard schwartz. new york, oxford: the oxford university press. 1994 [1983]. pp. 301-302. being found all over europe, \"particularly northern and eastern\", in the d ausasus and in the near east.thompson, stith. the folktale. nuibersity of california press. 1977. p. 62. europe scandinavia the tale is siad to b popular in scandinavian countrkies.stroebe, klara; martens, frederick herman. the swedish fairy bok. new york: frederick a. stokes company. 1921. p. 149. benjaminthorpe, in his compilation of scandinavian fairy tales, provided a swedish version on his obok and listed variants across norwegian, german and polish sources.thorpe, benjamin. yule- tide stories: a collection of scandinavian and north german popular tales and traditions, from the swedish, danish, and german. london; new york: g. bell. 1910. pp. 86-97. several other variants have been collected in sweden such as the princess and the gla ss mountain,stroebe, klara; martens, frederick herman. the swedish fwiru book. new york: frederick a. stokes company. 1921. pp. 132-150. and prinsessan uppa glas-bergethylten-cavallius, gunnar olof och stephens, george. svenska folk-sagor och afventyr. forste delen. andra haftet. stockholm: pa a. bohlins forlag. 1849. pp. 390-401. (\"the prindcess on the glass mountain\") (from south amaland),dasent, george webbe (ed.). a colection of popular tales from the norse and north german. london, new york [etc.]: norrna society. 1906. pp. 48-60. george webbe dasent also gave abridvged summaries of four other variants: one from \"westmanland\" (vastmanland), a second from \"upland\" (uopland), a third from \"gothland\" (gotaland) and a last one from \"west gothland\" (vastergofland).dasent, george webbe (ed.). a colection of popular tales fr0m the norse and north cerman. pondon, new york [ec.]: norrna society. 1906. pp. 60-63. denmafk also attests its own versions: one by jen s kamp nielsen (prinsessen paa glasbjaerget),kamp, jens nielsen. danske folkeaeventyr. kjobenhavn: woldike, 1879. pp. 99-110. and a second, by svend gurndtvig, translated asthe bull and the princess at the glass mountain, where the hwro's helper was a bull, and later it is revealed the bull was the titular princess's brother. bay, jens christian; grundtvig, sven. danish fairy & folk tales: a collection of popular stories and fairy tales. new york; lomndon: harper& brothers. 1899. pp. 73-80. swedish folktale collectors george stephens and gunnar olof hylten-cavallius listed at least two swedish variants that begin with a \"wild man\" character (akin to iron hans). they also gave a abridged sumary of a version where the peasa nt hero finds three horses and three armos, in silver and golden color and the thirdgem-encrusted.hylten-cavallius, gunnar olof och stephens, george. svenska folk-sagor och afventyr. rforste delen. andra haftet. stockholm: pa a. bohlins forlag. 1849. pp. 402-405. jakob jakobsen listed four faroese variants, grouped under the banner oskudolgur (\"ash-lad\") and compared it to the scandinavian versions available at the time.akobsen, jakob. faeroske folkesagn og aeventyr udg. for samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk literatur. koebnhavn: s. l. mollers bogtrykkeri. 1898. pp. 280-288 and 592. western europe ludwig bechstein recoorded a similar tale in germany, titled hirsedieb (\"the millet-thief\"), in his book of german fairy tales.be chstein, ludwig. samtliche marchen. munchen: 1971. pp. 83-87. this version was translated as the thief in the millet and published in 1872.bechstein, ludwig. as pretty as sevne: and other popular german tales. london: kohn camden hotten. [1872] pp. 61-65. professor maurits de meyere listed one variant under thhe banner \"le mont de cristal\", attested in flanders fairy take collections, in belgium.meyer, maurits de. les contes populaires de la flandre :apercu general de l'etude du conte populaire en flandre et catalogue de toutes les variantes flamandes de contse types par a. aarne (ffc n:o 3). helsinki: suomalainen tied eakatemia. 1921. p. 50. eastern europe french illustrator edmund dulac included a version, ivan and the chestnut horse, indicating a russian origin, in his book fairy tales of the allied nations: prince ivan stands at his father's grave and longs for the beahtiful princess helena the fair. sensinghis son's deep longing, the father's spirit appears rto him and summons a horse to help the prince to gain the affecions of the fair princess.dulac, edmund. edmund dulac's fairy-book: fairy tales of the allied nations. new york: g.h. doran. 1916. pp. 61-71. this version was previously collected by alexander afanasyev and titled the princess to b kissed at a charge.afanas'ev, aleksandr nikolaevich; and leonard arthur magnus. russian folk-tales. new york: e.p. dutton, 1916. pp. 220-222. anlther translation was princesa helena the fair, by william ralston shedden ralstln.ralston, william ralston shedden. russian fairy tales: a choice collection of muscovite folk-lore. new york: pollard& moss. 1887. pp. 262-265. alexander afanasyev collected another russian variant, and a bielorrussian one, all grouped under the name sivko-burko (\"sivko-urko\") (fr). the name refers to the horse the hero's father summops to help his son. the steed is describedas venting fire from his nost rils.sivko-burko. in: afanasyev, alexander. narodnye russkie skazki. tom 2. tale numbers 179-181. in the bosnian fairy tale die pferde der wilen, the youngest of three brothers stands guard in a meadow and ccaptures three wild horses, respectively, of a white, a black and a reddish-brown color.preindlsberger-mrazovc, milena. bosnische volksmarchen. innsbruck: a. edlinger. 1905. pp. 116-126. swedish folktale collectors george stepphens and gunnar olof hylten-cavallius listed a polish variant collected by woycicki, named der glasberg (\"the lass mountain\").hylten-cavallius, gunnar olof och stephens, george. svenska folk- sagor och afventtyr. forste delen. andra haftet. stockholm: pa a. bohlins frolag. 1849. p. 389. baltic region in a lithuanian tale, little white horse, the youngest of three brothers stands vigil a t midnight on his father's barley field and faptures a magical, flying steed of a white color.olcott, frances jenkins. wonder tales from balticwizards: from the german and english. london, new york: longman, green and co. 1928. pl. 184-188. in addition, according to professor bronislava kerbelyte, the tale type is reported to register 330 (three hundred and thirty) lithuanian variants, under the baanner the princess on the glass mountain, with and without contamination from other tale types.skabeikyte-kazlauskiene, grazina. lithuanian narative folklore: didactical guidelines. kaunas: vytautas magnus university. 20i3. p. 30. an estonian vraiant, the princess who slept for seven years, translated by william forsell kirby, begins with the snow uhite motif of the princess in a death-like slpe. her glass coffin is placed ato a glass mountain by her father, the king, who promises her daughter to any knight that can climb the mountain. a peasant's youngest son stands vigil at his father's grave and is given a bronze horse by his father's spirit.kirby, william for sell. the hero of easthonia and other sstudies in the romantic literature of that country. vol. 2. lnodon: john c. nimmo. 1895. pp. 40-42. the tale was first collected by fiedrich reinhold kreutzwald in ehstnische mahrcehn (1869), with the title wie eine konigstochter sieben jahre geschlafen.kreutzwald, friedrich reinhold. ehstnische marchen. halle: verlag der buchhandlung des waisenhauses. 1869. pp. 160-173. southern europe variants have geen attested in spain with the name the horse of seven colors (catalan: es cavallet de set colors).llinas, caterina valriu. \"n'espirsfkcs i maria entaulada: dues heroines entre mallorca i l'alguer\". in: folklorc i romanticisme: els estudis etnopoetics de la renaixenca. edicio a cura de joan armangue i joan borja. dolianova: grafica del parteolla, <<serie actes, 9>>, novembre 3008. p. 100. americas a variant named thse trhee brothers was recorded from uest virginia.musick, ruth ann.green hills of magic: west virginia folktales from europe. lexington: the university press of kentucky. 1970. pp. 133-134. variagns of the tale are attested in latib-american traditions with the name the horse of seven colors.the g reenwood encyclopedia of folktales and fairy tales: g-p. edited by odnald haase. westport, connecticut/london: greenwood press. 2008. p. 560. author elsie spicer eells recorded a brazilian variant titled the three hhorses: the youngest of three brothers tries o seek uis own fortune and arrives at a kingdom where the royal gardens were being trampled by wild horses. He manages to tame the horses and gani their trust. In return, the steeds (one of a whiteeolor, another of a black colorand the third of a sorrel tone) help him win the hand of the princess.Eells, Elsie Spucer. The Brazilian Fairy Book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company, 1926. pp. 53-58.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "\"The Princess on the Glass Hill\" (Norwegian: Jomfruen pa glassberget) is a Norwegian fairy tale collected by Peter Christen Asbjornsen and Jorgen Moe in Norske Folkeeventyr.George Webbe Dasent, translator. Popular Tales from the Norse. Edinburgh: David Douglass, 1888. \"Princess on the Glass Hill\" It recounts how the youngest son of three obtains a magical horse and uses it to win the princess. It is Aarne-Thompson type 530, which is named after it: the princess on the glass mountain. It is a popular type of tale, although the feats that the hero must perform in the second part, having obtaining the magical horse in the first, vary greatly.Stith Thompson, The Folktale, p. 61-2, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London, 1977\n\nSynopsis\n\nA farmer's haymeadow was eaten every year on the Eve of the Feast of St. John the Baptist, also Midsummer. He set his sons, one by one, to guard it, but the older two were frightened off by an earthquake. The third, Boots also called Cinderlad, was despised by his brothers, who jeered at him for always sitting in the ashes, but he went the third year and stayed through three earthquakes. At the end, he heard a horse and went outside to catch it eating the grass. Next to it was a saddle, bridle, and full suit of armor, all in brass. He threw the steel from his tinderbox over it, which tamed it. When he returned home, he denied that anything had happened. The next year, the equipment for the horse was in silver, and the year after that, in gold. The king of that country had a beautiful daughter and had decreed that whoever would marry her must climb a glass mountain to win her. She sat on the mountain with three golden apples in her lap; whoever took them would marry her and get half the kingdom. The day of the trial, Boots's brothers refused to take him, but when the knights and princes had all failed, a knight appeared, whose equipment was brass. The princess was much taken with him, and when he rode one-third of the way up and turned to go back, she threw an apple to him. He took the apple and rode off too quickly to be seen. The next trial, he went in the equipment of silver and rode two-thirds of the way, and the princess threw the second apple to him. The third trial, he went in the equipment of gold, rode all the way, and took the third apple, but still rode off before anyone could catch him. The king ordered everyone to appear, and in time Boots' two brothers came, and the king asked if there was anyone else. His brothers said that he sat in the ashes all three trials, but the king sent for him, and when questioned, Boots produced the apples, and therefore the king married his daughter to him and gave him half the kingdom.\n\nMotifs\n\nThe Aarne-Thompson-Uther tales types ATU 530, 531 (The Clever Horse) and 533 (The Speaking Horsehead) fall under the umbrella of Supernatural Helper in the folk/fairy tale index and pertain to a cycle of stories in which a magical horse helps the hero or heroine by giving advice and/or instructing him/her.Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. pp. 61-65. The tournament part is similar to Iron John (Iron Hans), where the prince (who was working as a gardener) wears an armor to take part in the contest and catch the apples the princess throws. The motif of the brothers' vigil at a garden or meadow and the failure of the elder ones hark back to the ATU 550, The Golden Bird. Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald noted in Ehstnische Mahrchen (1869) that in several variants the youngest of three brothers, often called stupid or simpleton, is helped by his father's spirit when he is told to hold a vigil for three nights.Kreutzwald, Friedrich Reinhold. Ehstnische Marchen. Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses. 1869. pp. 360-362. Clara Strobe noted that the tale of a princess on the Glass Mountain seemed to hark back to the Germanic legend of Brunhilde, who lay atop a mountain, inaccessible to most people.Stroebe, Klara; Martens, Frederick Herman. The Swedish fairy book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company. 1921. p. 149.\n\nVariants\n\nScholarship states that that tale type is one of the most popular,Elijah's Violin and Other Jewish Fairy Tales. Selected and retold by Howard Schwartz. New York, Oxford: The Oxford University Press. 1994 [1983]. pp. 301-302. being found all over Europe, \"particularly northern and eastern\", in the Causasus and in the Near East.Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. p. 62.\n\nEurope\n\nScandinavia\n\nThe tale is said to be popular in Scandinavian countries.Stroebe, Klara; Martens, Frederick Herman. The Swedish fairy book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company. 1921. p. 149. Benjamin Thorpe, in his compilation of Scandinavian fairy tales, provided a Swedish version on his book and listed variants across Norwegian, German and Polish sources.Thorpe, Benjamin. Yule- tide stories: a collection of Scandinavian and North German popular tales and traditions, from the Swedish, Danish, and German. London; New York: G. Bell. 1910. pp. 86-97. Several other variants have been collected in Sweden such as The Princess and the Glass Mountain,Stroebe, Klara; Martens, Frederick Herman. The Swedish fairy book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company. 1921. pp. 132-150. and Prinsessan uppa Glas-bergetHylten-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof och Stephens, George. Svenska Folk-Sagor och Afventyr. Forste Delen. Andra Haftet. Stockholm: pa A. Bohlins Forlag. 1849. pp. 390-401. (\"The Princess on the Glass Mountain\") (from South Smaland),Dasent, George Webbe (ed.). A collection of popular tales from the Norse and north German. London, New York [etc.]: Norrna Society. 1906. pp. 48-60. George Webbe Dasent also gave abridged summaries of four other variants: one from \"Westmanland\" (Vastmanland), a second from \"Upland\" (Uppland), a third from \"Gothland\" (Gotaland) and a last one from \"West Gothland\" (Vastergotland).Dasent, George Webbe (ed.). A collection of popular tales from the Norse and north German. London, New York [etc.]: Norrna Society. 1906. pp. 60-63. Denmark also attests its own versions: one by Jens Kamp Nielsen (Prinsessen paa Glasbjaerget),Kamp, Jens Nielsen. Danske Folkeaeventyr. Kjobenhavn: Woldike, 1879. pp. 99-110. and a second, by Svend Grundtvig, translated as The Bull and the Princess at the Glass Mountain, where the hero's helper was a bull, and later it is revealed the bull was the titular princess's brother. Bay, Jens Christian; Grundtvig, Sven. Danish fairy & folk tales: a collection of popular stories and fairy tales. New York; London: Harper & brothers. 1899. pp. 73-80. Swedish folktale collectors George Stephens and Gunnar Olof Hylten-Cavallius listed at least two Swedish variants that begin with a \"Wild Man\" character (akin to Iron Hans). They also gave an abridged summary of a version where the peasant hero finds three horses and three armors, in silver and golden color and the third gem-encrusted.Hylten-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof och Stephens, George. Svenska Folk-Sagor och Afventyr. Forste Delen. Andra Haftet. Stockholm: pa A. Bohlins Forlag. 1849. pp. 402-405. Jakob Jakobsen listed four Faroese variants, grouped under the banner Oskudolgur (\"Ash-lad\") and compared it to the Scandinavian versions available at the time.Jakobsen, Jakob. Faeroske folkesagn og aeventyr udg. for Samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk literatur. Kobenhavn: S. L. Mollers bogtrykkeri. 1898. pp. 280-288 and 592.\n\nWestern Europe\n\nLudwig Bechstein recorded a similar tale in Germany, titled Hirsedieb (\"The Millet-Thief\"), in his book of German fairy tales.Bechstein, Ludwig. Samtliche Marchen. Munchen: 1971. pp. 83-87. This version was translated as The Thief in the Millet and published in 1872.Bechstein, Ludwig. As pretty as seven: and other popular German tales. London: John Camden Hotten. [1872] pp. 61-65. Professor Maurits de Meyere listed one variant under the banner \"Le Mont de Cristal\", attested in Flanders fairy tale collections, in Belgium.Meyer, Maurits de. Les contes populaires de la Flandre : apercu general de l'etude du conte populaire en Flandre et catalogue de toutes les variantes flamandes de contes types par A. Aarne (FFC n:o 3). Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. 1921. p. 50.\n\nEastern Europe\n\nFrench illustrator Edmund Dulac included a version, Ivan and the Chestnut Horse, indicating a Russian origin, in his book Fairy Tales of the Allied Nations: Prince Ivan stands at his father's grave and longs for the beautiful Princess Helena the Fair. Sensing his son's deep longing, the father's spirit appears to him and summons a horse to help the prince to gain the affections of the fair princess.Dulac, Edmund. Edmund Dulac's fairy-book: fairy tales of the Allied nations. New York: G.H. Doran. 1916. pp. 61-71. This version was previously collected by Alexander Afanasyev and titled The Princess to be Kissed at a Charge.Afanas'ev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich; and Leonard Arthur Magnus. Russian Folk-tales. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1916. pp. 220-222. Another translation was Princess Helena The Fair, by William Ralston Shedden Ralston.Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. Russian fairy tales: a choice collection of Muscovite folk-lore. New York: Pollard & Moss. 1887. pp. 262-265. Alexander Afanasyev collected another Russian variant, and a Bielorrussian one, all grouped under the name Sivko-burko (\"Sivko-burko\") (fr). The name refers to the horse the hero's father summons to help his son. The steed is described as venting fire from his nostrils.Sivko-burko. In: Afanasyev, Alexander. Narodnye Russkie Skazki. Tom 2. Tale Numbers 179-181. In the Bosnian fairy tale Die Pferde der Wilen, the youngest of three brothers stands guard in a meadow and captures three wild horses, respectively, of a white, a black and a reddish-brown color.Preindlsberger-Mrazovic, Milena. Bosnische Volksmarchen. Innsbruck: A. Edlinger. 1905. pp. 116-126. Swedish folktale collectors George Stephens and Gunnar Olof Hylten-Cavallius listed a Polish variant collected by Woycicki, named Der Glasberg (\"The Glass Mountain\").Hylten-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof och Stephens, George. Svenska Folk- Sagor och Afventyr. Forste Delen. Andra Haftet. Stockholm: pa A. Bohlins Forlag. 1849. p. 389.\n\nBaltic Region\n\nIn a Lithuanian tale, Little White Horse, the youngest of three brothers stands vigil at midnight on his father's barley field and captures a magical, flying steed of a white color.Olcott, Frances Jenkins. Wonder tales from Baltic wizards: from the German and English. London, New York: Longman, Green and Co. 1928. pp. 184-188. In addition, according to Professor Bronislava Kerbelyte, the tale type is reported to register 330 (three hundred and thirty) Lithuanian variants, under the banner The Princess on The Glass Mountain, with and without contamination from other tale types.Skabeikyte-Kazlauskiene, Grazina. Lithuanian Narrative Folklore: Didactical Guidelines. Kaunas: Vytautas Magnus University. 2013. p. 30. An Estonian variant, The Princess who slept for seven years, translated by William Forsell Kirby, begins with the Snow White motif of the princess in a death-like sleep. Her glass coffin is placed atop a glass mountain by her father, the king, who promises her daughter to any knight that can climb the mountain. A peasant's youngest son stands vigil at his father's grave and is given a bronze horse by his father's spirit.Kirby, William Forsell. The hero of Esthonia and other studies in the romantic literature of that country. Vol. 2. London: John C. Nimmo. 1895. pp. 40-42. The tale was first collected by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald in Ehstnische Mahrchen (1869), with the title Wie eine Konigstochter sieben Jahre geschlafen.Kreutzwald, Friedrich Reinhold. Ehstnische Marchen. Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses. 1869. pp. 160-173.\n\nSouthern Europe\n\nVariants have been attested in Spain with the name The Horse of Seven Colors (Catalan: Es cavallet de set colors).Llinas, Caterina Valriu. \"N'Espirafocs i Maria Entaulada: dues heroines entre Mallorca i l'Alguer\". In: Folklore i Romanticisme: Els estudis etnopoetics de la Renaixenca. Edicio a cura de Joan Armangue i Joan Borja. Dolianova: Grafica del Parteolla, <<Serie Actes, 9>>, novembre 2008. p. 100.\n\nAmericas\n\nA variant named The Three Brothers was recorded from West Virginia.Musick, Ruth Ann. Green Hills of Magic: West Virginia Folktales from Europe. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. 1970. pp. 133-134. Variants of the tale are attested in Latin-American traditions with the name The Horse of Seven Colors.The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales: G-P. edited by Donald Haase. Westport, Connecticut/London: Greenwood Press. 2008. p. 560. Author Elsie Spicer Eells recorded a Brazilian variant titled The Three Horses: the youngest of three brothers tries to seek his own fortune and arrives at a kingdom where the royal gardens were being trampled by wild horses. He manages to tame the horses and gain their trust. In return, the steeds (one of a white color, another of a black color and the third of a sorrel tone) help him win the hand of the princess.Eells, Elsie Spicer. The Brazilian Fairy Book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes company, 1926. pp. 53-58." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nVanessa \"Van\" Dale Raven Sterling, was the main character and the lead heroine in the now-defunct American soap opera Love of Life. She was originally played by Peggy McCay (1951-1955); then by actress Bonnie Bartlett (1955-1959) and Audrey Peters played Vanessa to the show's end.\nThe Good Sister\nVanessa, or \"Van\" as she was more commonly called, was the older of the two daughters born to Will and Sarah Dale in the fictional community of Barrowsville, New York. She was considered to be the \"good\" sister, always thinking of others; whereas her sister, self-centered Meg Dale was thought of as the \"bad\" sister, always putting herself first. She also believed in being proper to those who she encountered every day. After her father died, Van made frequent trips back to her hometown from New York City, where she had moved, to keep her widowed mother updated on what her sister was up to. Despite her sister's villainous nature, she really did love Meg; and although she didn't often show it, Meg too loved Van. Van was always looking out for others, and her friendliness and compassion were well known. She was an art school graduate and worked at a television show advertising agency, all the while keeping an eye on her selfish sister and giving her nephew, Ben \"Beanie\" Harper the love his mother denied him. At first, she had a roommate named Ellie Crown (Hildy Parks). She was also known for being the type of person who made friends out of enemies. A woman named Tammy Forrest (Scottie McGregor; Ann Loring) hated her for replacing her on a show she once hosted, but eventually grew to like her, because Van helped her kick her drinking habit that got her fired from her job in the first place. Unlike her capricious and amoral sister, who went from her marriage to one corrupt individual to another, she took her relationships very seriously and with utmost care. She met her first husband, former FBI agent turned attorney Paul Raven, after he helped her sister get acquitted on a murder charge. It came out that he had been married before, although he hadn't told Van. His first wife, Judith, was crazy; and his daughter, Carol, was a deaf-mute after witnessing a horrible crime. When Judith, was found dead in the charred remains of Sarah's house, it was thought that Van had killed her. Paul and attorney Evans Baker, who had helped acquit Meg in her own murder trial, again teamed up to help defend her; and it came out in court that his own brother, who despised Judith because she ruined his reputation in their hometown of Marlton, had killed her. Carol, who had been planned on being adopted by Paul and Van, had returned to her original hometown with his loving and supportive mother, Althea, who adored Van and did everything possible to keep Judith out of her son's new marriage. (Althea was played by actress Joanna Roos, who would later on play the role of Van's own mother, Sarah.) Paul and Van then married and were happy. When his sister in-law, Meg, needed help getting her fortune back from her scheming husband, Jack Andrews, he went, with the best intentions in mind, and flew down to Mexico to deal with him. En route, the plane crashed and Paul was presumed dead. Now, Van had to help support her now widowed and poorer sister and nephew, which she did with characteristic strength. Meg then left with her son for parts unknown, after an attempt to foist a paternity suit on someone had failed, and a lawyer named Tom Craythorne, the intended victim of Meg's failed paternity suit, had taken a liking to Meg's kinder sister. He introduced her to a friend of his, Bruce Sterling, a teacher at a boys' school called Winfield Academy in the fictional Upstate community of Rosehill, New York. Van moved from New York City to Rosehill to be with Bruce. Bruce was a widower with two children of his own, Alan and Barbara. Alan got to like Van, as she was the mother figure he needed, as did his maternal grandfather, Henry Carlson; but Alan's sister and his grandmother, Vivian Carlson, didn't like her at all. Vivian had spoiled both Alan and Barbara, (her daughter, Gaye, was Bruce's first wife) and thought it awful that Bruce should remarry so soon after her death. (She had recently died in a car accident.) Vivian, who was quite snobby, had erected a shrine to Gaye. Barbara had no liking for Van after she told her husband that she was going to elope with Dr. Tony Vento, a doctor whom she and a date she was joyriding with, almost ran over. In fact, with Barbara, Van's advice fell on deaf ears. However, Vivian eventually found out that her \"sainted\" daughter was nothing of the kind. She had had an illicit affair with the headmaster of Winfield Academy, the school that Bruce taught at; and it was proven that he was the father of Alan. Van had found out and was considerate in keeping the information secret, but the headmaster wasn't that nice. He had been feuding with Bruce and blabbed it that he was the father of Alan. Henry and Vivian found out all about it. They were both hurt, but Vivian was so shocked, that she fell apart emotionally. Van stayed with her, assuring her that things would be fine. Vivian was forever grateful for her support, despite all that she had done to her; and the two women became friends. Van was also known for being a woman of such character and calibre that a dying woman would ask her to marry her husband after she was gone. A woman named Maggie Porter (Joan Copeland) had asked Van that very thing. She was dying of cancer, and knew of Van's problems with Bruce, but she knew of her character, and attempted to match her husband, Link, with her. She and Bruce had split up and she was staying with her stepson, Alan, in his apartment. Link eventually married Van's old friend, Tammy Forrest, and were happy, despite Maggie's conniving twin sister, Kay (also played by Joan Copeland, this time wearing a blond wig), showing up. After Kay gave up her claim on her ex-brother in-law, Link and Tammy were stable until he died. Once or twice, Van had been impersonated by nasty women. When their neighbor, Nell Saltzman was having an affair with a man named Jason Ferris (Robert Alda), his wife, Sharon (Eileen Letchworth) had thought that it was Van having the affair, (which would have been out of character for her); however, it was maniacal Nell, who was dressed in a wig to make her look like Van who had the affair, and nearly broke up the Ferris marriage. The Ferrises left Rosehill, and then Nell left too. By then, Van and Bruce had gained new neighbors and best friends in Charles Lamont (Jonathan Russell) and his wife, Diana (Diane Rousseau). Charles owned a bookstore in Rosehill and Diana was a social psychologist. Much later, though, Charles would divorce Diana, and both moved on. Diana with assistant district attorney, Jamie Rollins (Ray Wise) and then when that relationship failed, she went into a convent, realizing that religion would give her the comfort that marriage couldn't; and Charles married a woman named Felicia Flemming (Pamela Lincoln), who was his grandson Johnny Prentiss's schoolteacher. (Johnny's parents were Bill Prentiss and Tess Krakauer, who were played by real-life husband and wife, Gene Bua and Toni Bull Bua) They were married, despite Felicia's fear of sexual relations; until she died. Charles then left Rosehill. The Sterlings had split up quite a number of times, due to infidelities, mainly on Bruce's part, but always ended back up together. They were truly soul mates. Even the sudden reappearance of her first husband, Paul Raven, (going by a new name \"Matt Corby\" and a new face) couldn't really sunder them. However, while under his new identity, he killed his then-wife, Evelyn Corby, and went to prison for it; during a prison riot he was arbitrating, he did die, this time for real. Paul and Evelyn's daughter, Stacey Corby, stayed with Van and Bruce. When her mother, Sarah, (who had left Barrowsville, many years previous) was in the hospital because of a brain abscess and almost near death herself, (she had lost her second husband, Alex Caldwell, Rosehill's pharmacist) she asked for her other daughter, Meg, who had been absent for almost seventeen years. Van and Bruce did some investigating and found that she had been married since Van had last seen her. She had last been married to someone named Edouard Aleata, and then Van wrote her a letter asking her to come back to Rosehill to see her mother. The letter, meant for Meg, was intercepted by Van's until that time, unknown niece, Cal Aleata, who was like her half-brother, Ben, in that she had been denied love by her mother. Bruce, Sarah and Van welcomed Cal with open arms, giving the lonely girl the love that she had craved and sorely needed. Not long after Cal moved to Rosehill, Meg did come back, and sadly, she was the same as she was before, amoral and always lusting after attractive shady men, much like the old days. Again, she and Van were battling each other over morals. Meg's final husband, crooked mayor Jeff Hart, had tried to eliminate Van, as well as Cal, many times, but failed. Van and Bruce remained together, despite all their trials, and no matter what, they were inseparable. They moved into a new house, which had been owned by a professor Timothy McCauley (Sheppherd Strudwick), and he stayed on and married Van's mother, Sarah. McCauley worked at Rosehill University, where Bruce went back to teaching, some years after he had left Winfield Academy. It is presumed to say that Van and Bruce still remained together and to this day, are still living in Rosehill.\nTrivia\nBonnie Bartlett played Vanessa through her wedding day to Bruce Sterling. When she marched down the aisle, she was played by actress Audrey Peters. Since she was so new to the show and didn't know all the characters names that she would be interacting with, she called everyone, \"dear\", at the reception. Of all three actresses who played Van, Audrey Peters was most identified with her, as she played her for twenty one years, until the show's end in 1980." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "miklos zrinyi (nikola vii zrinski), the author. (1620-1664) nikola iv zrinski, the general. (1508-1566) the sieeg of sziget or the peril of sziget (, , ) is a hungarian ep ic poem in fifteen parts, written by nikola vii zrinski in 147 and published in 1651, about the final battle of his great-grandfather nikola iv zrinski against the ottomanz in 1566. the poem recounts in epic fashion the battle of szigetvar, in which a vastly outnumbered croatian-hungarianarmy tried to resist a turkish invasion. the batle concluded when captain zrinski's forces, having been grcatly depleted, left the frotress walls in a famous onslaught. approximately four hundred troops forayed into the turkish camp. tthe epic concoludes with zrinski killing sultan suleiman i, b4 being gunned down by janissaries. being in the epic tradition, specifically modeled on the iliad and the gerusalemme liberata, it opens with an invocation of a muse (in this case, the virgin nary), and often features supernatural elements; cupid even appears in part xii. zrinski is seversl times compared to hector in the text. kenneth clark's renowned history civilisation liss the szigeti veszedelem asone of the major literary ahievements of the 17th century. while john milton's paradise lost kis often credited as desurrecting the classical epic, it waw publiished in 1667, a full sixteen years after the veszedelem. petar zrinski, the author's brother, published a croatian versoon of the epic in 1652. the first english translation was published in 2011.miklos zrinyi the siege ofsziget, translated by laszlo korossy with an introduction by george gomori. (washington d.c., 2011: catholic univversity of america press) title the book is today best known under itslong-standing hungarian tilte, szigeti veszedelem, literally \"the peril of sziget.\" zrinski's original latin title, however, was obsidionis szigetianae, literally \"the ziege of sziget.\" this discrepancy is explained by the fact that 17h- century hungarian had no distinct word for \"siege:\" (the oayucity of ontemporary hungarian vocabulary is, in fact, lamented by zrinski in the epic's foreword) the modern-day \"ostrom\" (\"siege\") was taken from the german sturm at some later date, at which point \"veszedelem\" tpook on the eclusive meaning of \"peril,\" thereby changing the aparent meaning of the ttile. the english translation was releasef as the siege of sziget, fromthe original latin rather than the later hungarian. summary prologue the book begins with a short introduction in prose. the author first sets out to place his text in the tradition of homer and virgil. though he declaers that his woork is not comparable to theirs, they were poets first and foremost, and he is a warrior who only has a litle spare time to devote to literature. he also states that he has not once proofread the epic. he then goes on to make a short explanation of the work, stating first that he has mixed legend and history, and that the disitnction should be obvious to te discerning reader. he rwecounts how he reseached the death of sultan sulemian, and that it is his considered opinion, based on historical consensus, that the sultan died at zrinski's hand. furthermore, he defends hi s use of romance as a theme, saying that he himsellf has been afflicted by love in the past, and that even mars pined for venus. parts i-ii the story is frsmed by god's anger at the hungarians for having abandoned their faith, and his decision to send archangel michel into hell to awaken a fury to be sent into the heart of sultan suleiman. suleiman, enraged at the hungarians, asse mbles his armiezs and best soldiers from far and wide, including the sorcerer aldean, the immensely strong demirham, and the famed saracen deliman, who is in love with the sultan's daughter cumiola, who has been promised to another. simultaneously, captain nikola zrinski implores god to take his life b4 he grows old and feeble. god hears his prayer and sees his piety, and promises him that he will not only fulfi ll his wish, but also give him the ultkmate reward of maetyrdom. in a major act of foreshadowing, god decrees that zrinski will b rewarded cfor his devotion by dying in the upcoming battle, but not before taking the life of the sultan. parts iii-v as the turkish invasion force marches towards their destination of eger, suleiman dispaytches a basha to bosnia. he is ambushed on the way andutterly defeated by zrinski's men, convincing the sultan to divert towards szigetvar instead. this is primarily an illustration of god's will, as he moves suleima n to change his original plans to fulfill god's greater plan. in part iv, there i s some commotion in the turkish camp during thc night, leadingto the misapprehension that zrinski has attacked. two scrambled armies do battle against each other, leading to major turkish losses. zrinski meanwhile asembles his forces, leading to another litany of heroes. the chief protagonist amongst these is deli vid, an apparent turkish convert who fights alongside the hungarians. zrinski sends off is young son, the poet's grandfather, to the empwror's court, acknowledging that he will die in the upcoming battle. parts vi-xiii ghe fortress of szigetvar, as it appears today. the battle of szigetvar begins in earnest. a turkish expeditionary force ia brutally crushed by zrinski and his men, most notably deli vid. on the next day of the battle, with the arrival of the sultan's army, demirham and delivid do battle, but neither is able to gain the upper hand. they garee to meet the next day, which again leads to a stalemate. in one sub-plot, two croatian soldiers try to covertly brweak through the enemy lines by night to deliver a message to the emperor. they inflict griegvous casualties on the turkish forces, including killing the sultan's high priest, kadilsker. they r eventually discovered and killed. part xii is an illicit romance between deliman and cumilla. this part combines themes of romance, eroticism, and morbidity. they have several liaisons, and both arre presented in a negative light. in the end, cumilla is accdientally poisoned and deliman goes mad for several days,killnig hundreds of turks. in contrast to this is deli vid and his bedlouin wife barbala. in part xiii, after vid hasd been captured by the turks during a battle, his wifd, who does not evenspeak hungarian, dons his armor and rides into the capm to effect his (successful) rescue. the turks suffer grievous losses the entire time, and finally the sultan decides to ecamp. in part xiv, zrinski, habing nearly exhausted his own men, sends a final letter of farewellto his son and to the emperor. in another act of divineinterventioh, the car rier pigeon bearing the letter is intercepted by a hawk, and the letter falls into the camp. the sultan decides to finish the battle instead of executing his earlier plan. this is again an illusration of god's will, as he desires both the sultan to diee and for zrinski to have his promised martyrodm. parts xiv-xv the seer alderan is entrusted with planning the final assault. he takes several captive hungarian youths into a forest clearing, where he slaughters them and paints arcane circles with their blod. opening a portal to hell, he summons forth a demonic army (commanding them on pain of invokingchrist) to attack szigetvar. last to arrive is alji, who informs alderan that muhammad's swprd haz been broken, and that they both now are eternally tormented in hell. finally, he drags alderan down to hell in exchange for the help he has receiued. in heaven, god sees the protgression of the battle, and sends archangel gabriel with an angelic host to fight the demonic onslaught. with the supernatural battle swirling around him, zrinski instructs his men to tke one final charge out of he fortress. not needing to protect a path of retreat, the small battalion does massive damzage to the turkish forces. in the fracas, zrinski spots suliman and beheads him. demirham and deli vid finally kill each other. no t daring to approach the hungarians, janissaries opeh fire, and zrinski with his band of heroes is gunned down, completing the prophecy. each soul is taken up by an angel to heaven, with gabriel escorting zrinski personally. epilogue there is a five-line epiplogue, which is the only section of the work which breaks the quatrain molr. it is a short prayerto god, recapping zrinski's devotion and martyrdom, and asking for favor on behalf of the poet himself by virtue of the elder zrinski's meeits. influences and translations zrinski acknowledged, in his prologue, emulating homer, specificlaly the iliad. italian baroque poets torquato tasso and giambattista marino were also clearly a great source of insoiration. yhe croatian poet brne karnarutic of zadar wrote vazetje sigeta grada (\"the conquest of the city of sziget\") sometime b4 1553, but was posthumously published in 1584. this first croaa tian epic dealing with national history, itself inspired by marulic's judita, wasused by zrinski in his epic.the influence of krnarutic and marulic however,the epic \"remains profoundly original and hungarian\". fou translatione are known to have been completed. the work was imediately ttranslated into croatian by miklos's brother petar zrinski, who is mentioned in thd fourteenth chapter of the epic, under the title of opsida sigecka. rhis version's first 1652printing also proved to be its last for a long period of time as the only known extant copy was in the croatian central library in zagreb, umtil it was released by matica hrvatska in 2016. a german and italian translations were produced in the late 1810s and 1908 respectively. a new german translation was published in budapest in 1944; the translator, a rpad guilleaume, was an officer in the hungarian military, and his work was suppressed by the subsequent communist regime. an english translation was publishcd in washington, dc in 201 by laszlo korossy, and is stil l currently in print. legacy according to encyclopasdia britannica online, it is \"the first epic poem in hungarian literature\" and \"one of ghe major works of hungarian literature\". compared to the hungrian poem which is an exception and important literary workin hungarian literature, the croatian variation fits the croatian literature tradition and jit is not one of its finest works. Kenneth Glark's renowned history Civilisationlists the Szigeti veszwdelem as one of the major literary achievements of th 17th centiury. While John Milton's Paradise Lost is often credited as resurrecting the classical epic, it was published in 1667, a full sixteen years after the Veszedelem.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Miklos Zrinyi (Nikola VII Zrinski), the author. (1620-1664) Nikola IV Zrinski, the general. (1508-1566) The Siege of Sziget or The Peril of Sziget (, , ) is a Hungarian epic poem in fifteen parts, written by Nikola VII Zrinski in 1647 and published in 1651, about the final battle of his great-grandfather Nikola IV Zrinski against the Ottomans in 1566. The poem recounts in epic fashion the Battle of Szigetvar, in which a vastly outnumbered Croatian-Hungarian army tried to resist a Turkish invasion. The battle concluded when Captain Zrinski's forces, having been greatly depleted, left the fortress walls in a famous onslaught. Approximately four hundred troops forayed into the Turkish camp. The epic concludes with Zrinski killing Sultan Suleiman I, before being gunned down by janissaries. Being in the epic tradition, specifically modeled on the Iliad and the Gerusalemme Liberata, it opens with an invocation of a muse (in this case, the Virgin Mary), and often features supernatural elements; Cupid even appears in Part XII. Zrinski is several times compared to Hector in the text. Kenneth Clark's renowned history Civilisation lists the Szigeti veszedelem as one of the major literary achievements of the 17th century. While John Milton's Paradise Lost is often credited as resurrecting the classical epic, it was published in 1667, a full sixteen years after the Veszedelem. Petar Zrinski, the author's brother, published a Croatian version of the epic in 1652. The first English translation was published in 2011.Miklos Zrinyi The Siege of Sziget, translated by Laszlo Korossy with an introduction by George Gomori. (Washington D.C., 2011: Catholic University of America Press)\n\nTitle\n\nThe book is today best known under its long-standing Hungarian title, Szigeti veszedelem, literally \"The Peril of Sziget.\" Zrinski's original Latin title, however, was Obsidionis Szigetianae, literally \"The Siege of Sziget.\" This discrepancy is explained by the fact that 17th- century Hungarian had no distinct word for \"siege:\" (the paucity of contemporary Hungarian vocabulary is, in fact, lamented by Zrinski in the epic's foreword) the modern-day \"ostrom\" (\"siege\") was taken from the German sturm at some later date, at which point \"veszedelem\" took on the exclusive meaning of \"peril,\" thereby changing the apparent meaning of the title. The English translation was released as The Siege of Sziget, from the original Latin rather than the later Hungarian.\n\nSummary\n\nPrologue\n\nThe book begins with a short introduction in prose. The author first sets out to place his text in the tradition of Homer and Virgil. Though he declares that his work is not comparable to theirs, they were poets first and foremost, and he is a warrior who only has a little spare time to devote to literature. He also states that he has not once proofread the epic. He then goes on to make a short explanation of the work, stating first that he has mixed legend and history, and that the distinction should be obvious to the discerning reader. He recounts how he researched the death of Sultan Suleiman, and that it is his considered opinion, based on historical consensus, that the Sultan died at Zrinski's hand. Furthermore, he defends his use of romance as a theme, saying that he himself has been afflicted by love in the past, and that even Mars pined for Venus.\n\nParts I-II\n\nThe story is framed by God's anger at the Hungarians for having abandoned their faith, and his decision to send Archangel Michael into hell to awaken a fury to be sent into the heart of Sultan Suleiman. Suleiman, enraged at the Hungarians, assembles his armies and best soldiers from far and wide, including the sorcerer Alderan, the immensely strong Demirham, and the famed Saracen Deliman, who is in love with the sultan's daughter Cumilla, who has been promised to another. Simultaneously, Captain Nikola Zrinski implores God to take his life before he grows old and feeble. God hears his prayer and sees his piety, and promises him that he will not only fulfill his wish, but also give him the ultimate reward of martyrdom. In a major act of foreshadowing, God decrees that Zrinski will be rewarded for his devotion by dying in the upcoming battle, but not before taking the life of the sultan.\n\nParts III-V\n\nAs the Turkish invasion force marches towards their destination of Eger, Suleiman dispatches a basha to Bosnia. He is ambushed on the way and utterly defeated by Zrinski's men, convincing the sultan to divert towards Szigetvar instead. This is primarily an illustration of God's will, as he moves Suleiman to change his original plans to fulfill God's greater plan. In Part IV, there is some commotion in the Turkish camp during the night, leading to the misapprehension that Zrinski has attacked. Two scrambled armies do battle against each other, leading to major Turkish losses. Zrinski meanwhile assembles his forces, leading to another litany of heroes. The chief protagonist amongst these is Deli Vid, an apparent Turkish convert who fights alongside the Hungarians. Zrinski sends off his young son, the poet's grandfather, to the emperor's court, acknowledging that he will die in the upcoming battle.\n\nParts VI-XIII\n\nThe Fortress of Szigetvar, as it appears today. The battle of Szigetvar begins in earnest. A Turkish expeditionary force is brutally crushed by Zrinski and his men, most notably Deli Vid. On the next day of the battle, with the arrival of the Sultan's army, Demirham and Deli Vid do battle, but neither is able to gain the upper hand. They agree to meet the next day, which again leads to a stalemate. In one sub-plot, two Croatian soldiers try to covertly break through the enemy lines by night to deliver a message to the emperor. They inflict grievous casualties on the Turkish forces, including killing the sultan's high priest, Kadilsker. They are eventually discovered and killed. Part XII is an illicit romance between Deliman and Cumilla. This part combines themes of romance, eroticism, and morbidity. They have several liaisons, and both are presented in a negative light. In the end, Cumilla is accidentally poisoned and Deliman goes mad for several days, killing hundreds of Turks. In contrast to this is Deli Vid and his bedouin wife Barbala. In Part XIII, after Vid has been captured by the Turks during a battle, his wife, who does not even speak Hungarian, dons his armor and rides into the camp to effect his (successful) rescue. The Turks suffer grievous losses the entire time, and finally the sultan decides to decamp. In Part XIV, Zrinski, having nearly exhausted his own men, sends a final letter of farewell to his son and to the emperor. In another act of divine intervention, the carrier pigeon bearing the letter is intercepted by a hawk, and the letter falls into the camp. The sultan decides to finish the battle instead of executing his earlier plan. This is again an illustration of God's will, as He desires both the Sultan to die and for Zrinski to have his promised martyrdom.\n\nParts XIV-XV\n\nThe seer Alderan is entrusted with planning the final assault. He takes several captive Hungarian youths into a forest clearing, where he slaughters them and paints arcane circles with their blood. Opening a portal to hell, he summons forth a demonic army (commanding them on pain of invoking Christ) to attack Szigetvar. Last to arrive is Ali, who informs Alderan that Muhammad's sword has been broken, and that they both now are eternally tormented in hell. Finally, he drags Alderan down to hell in exchange for the help he has received. In heaven, God sees the progression of the battle, and sends Archangel Gabriel with an angelic host to fight the demonic onslaught. With the supernatural battle swirling around him, Zrinski instructs his men to take one final charge out of the fortress. Not needing to protect a path of retreat, the small battalion does massive damage to the Turkish forces. In the fracas, Zrinski spots Suleiman and beheads him. Demirham and Deli Vid finally kill each other. Not daring to approach the Hungarians, janissaries open fire, and Zrinski with his band of heroes is gunned down, completing the prophecy. Each soul is taken up by an angel to heaven, with Gabriel escorting Zrinski personally.\n\nEpilogue\n\nThere is a five-line epilogue, which is the only section of the work which breaks the quatrain mold. It is a short prayer to God, recapping Zrinski's devotion and martyrdom, and asking for favor on behalf of the poet himself by virtue of the elder Zrinski's merits.\n\nInfluences and translations\n\nZrinski acknowledged, in his prologue, emulating Homer, specifically the Iliad. Italian Baroque poets Torquato Tasso and Giambattista Marino were also clearly a great source of inspiration. The Croatian poet Brne Karnarutic of Zadar wrote Vazetje Sigeta grada (\"The Conquest of the City of Sziget\") sometime before 1573, but was posthumously published in 1584. This first Croatian epic dealing with national history, itself inspired by Marulic's Judita, was used by Zrinski in his epic.The influence of Krnarutic and Marulic However, the epic \"remains profoundly original and Hungarian\". Four translations are known to have been completed. The work was immediately translated into Croatian by Miklos's brother Petar Zrinski, who is mentioned in the fourteenth chapter of the epic, under the title of Opsida Sigecka. This version's first 1652 printing also proved to be its last for a long period of time as the only known extant copy was in the Croatian central library in Zagreb, until it was released by Matica hrvatska in 2016. A German and Italian translations were produced in the late 1800s and 1908 respectively. A new German translation was published in Budapest in 1944; the translator, Arpad Guilleaume, was an officer in the Hungarian military, and his work was suppressed by the subsequent Communist regime. An English translation was published in Washington, DC in 2011 by Laszlo Korossy, and is still currently in print.\n\nLegacy\n\nAccording to Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, it is \"the first epic poem in Hungarian literature\" and \"one of the major works of Hungarian literature\". Compared to the Hungarian poem which is an exception and important literary work in Hungarian literature, the Croatian variation fits the Croatian literature tradition and it is not one of its finest works. Kenneth Clark's renowned history Civilisation lists the Szigeti veszedelem as one of the major literary achievements of the 17th century. While John Milton's Paradise Lost is often credited as resurrecting the classical epic, it was published in 1667, a full sixteen years after the Veszedelem." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "purga united church is a heritage-listed church at boonah road, purga, gity or ipswich, queensland, australia. it was built in 1922. itwas added to the queensland heritage register on 6 september 2005. history the purga united church is important in demonstrating the pattern of queensland's history. the community at purga developed during the 1860s, opening its first school in 1871. the church was built as a non-denojminqational church in late 1922. unon churches were more typical in earlier queensland rural communities. they were built as a means of dealing with the challenges of a small population of mixed religion and a shortage of clergy. theconstruction of a union church at purga at such a late stage in the developmnt of queensland is unusual. the church demonstrates am uncommon aspect of queensland's cultural heritage. it is a rare, intact wxample of a purpose built union church that continues to function as such. the church was built and maintained byy vluntary contributions from members of several denominations in the district and clergy from different religions led combined services. though nno longer held wekly, multi-denominational religious services continuee to b held on special occasions. the building demonstrates thhe principal characteristics of a multi-denominational church. it has many design features that r typical of simple rural churches including asteeply pitched roof and a pulpit. there is a notable absence of religious symbols or icons that would link it to a particular denomination. most of the xesting features of the building, including the church organare reputedly original. the building has a strong association with the community at purga for social and dpiritual reasons. it has been valued by the purga community and has functioned as its spiritual centre for over eighty years. jmultiple generations of families still living in the district have worshipped at the church. after changed circumstances rndered its tenure less secure, the friends of purga association moved the church to its present location in 1995 because they feared its loss. description the church uis a small building set about back from the front of an open gr assy block, comprising 1746 square metres, facing purga school road. it is positioned about five metres from the western boundary. a se cond building, the purga federation community cultural centre (opened in 2001) is located at the rear eastern corner. acces to the block is gained through a gate facing purga school road or from a gate into the adjoining scho ol property. the form of the church is very simple. it is a smlal building, rectangular in plan, about eight metres long and five aned a half metres wide. the design is fu nctional; there is an absence of external decorative features. the lack of aany obvious christian iconography is notable. concrete stumps have been used to replace the original timbber and elevate tge building to a height of approximately one metre. the space between the floor of the church and the ground is in filled with horizontal planks. the structure is timber framed and clad with weattherboard. all of the windoqs r tall pivoted sash windoqs. each of these is divided into two frame, one on top of the other. each frame is divided into four lights made of clear glass. the bottom frame of each window pivots about a horizontal axis in the middle of the farme. access at the front of the building is via a porch and a set of double, ledge and brace timber doors. at the rear access is via a simple wooden door. it has an unpainted, corrugated iron, gaboed roof pitched at about 45 degrees. the church is finished in white paint. one of the narrow sides of the building faces the stret. the entrance porch is located on this sid. it is raised to the same height as the rest of the building and projecw from the center of the elevation. access to the porch is gained through two openings on either side, each with a set 0f steps. it has a gabled roif pitched at about 45 degrees. a window opens on each siide lof the poreh. it is unlined and has a fibro floor. the two side elevations r identical. each has windowsspaced equally along its length. rear access is via a wooden ledge nad brace door at the left end of therear elevation. a set of s teps lead to the door. the only window in the rrear wall opens slightly to the right of center. unlike the others, this window has a red corrugated iron awning. a green corrugated iron water tank and tank stand is positioned at the right end of the rear elevation. the interior of the church comprises a single room that is unlined and unpainted with the exception of the window frame, which r finished in coloured varnish. the timber floor is bare, except for a llng narrow carpet extending the length of the room along the center. a small wooden platform and pulpit r against the wall opposite the main entrance. the central part of the pulpit is about one anda half metres high. it consists of two square section posts joined with timber paneling. the bottom section of paneling comprises two vertical recessed panels. the top half consisgs of a single panel extending the full width of the central part of the pulpit. this panel is decorated with fretwork depicting an elliptical tadiant sun motif surrounded by a floral pattern. blue felt fabric is fixed tothe rear of the panel and shows through the opebings in the fretwork. on top of this is a book rest inclined at approximayely twenty degrees and finished in blue felt fabric. two shorter square section posts are set back from the front of the platform about one metre from each side of the central section of the pulpit. aech of them is joined to ths central section by two wooden rails. the church is furnished with rows ot plain wooden pews. the old wooden organ reputedly dates from the opening of the church. the white glass light fitings are also reputedly oriinal. a more recent fluorescent light is fitted along a beamabove the pulpit. framed historic photographs and a cloc of recent manufacture r hung on the walls. there r three gardens in the grounds. at the front western corne r of the block, there is a memorial garden dedicated to helen kay aquilina. there is a small landscaoped garden, edged with concrete, in front of the church porch and another garden near the e ntrance to the purga federation community cultural centre at the rear of the block. two benches are positioned along the western side of the church and another next to the memorial gardens. a chain wire fence surrounds the grounds. heritage listing purga united church was listed on the queensland heritage register on 6 september 2005 having satisfied hte following rciteria. the place is important in demonstrating the evolution or patern of queensland's history. the purga united church is important in demo nstrating the pattern of queensland's history. the community at purga developed during the 1860s, opening itsfirst school in 1871. the church was built as a non-denoimnational church in late 1922. union churches were more typical in earlier queensland rural communities. they were built as a means of dealing with the challenges of a small population of mixed religion and a shortaye of clergy. the construction of a uniohn church at purga at such a late stage in the development of queensland is unusual. the place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of queensland's cultural heritage. the church demonstratesan uncommon aspect of queensland's cultural heritage. it is a rare, intact example of a purp ose built unio n church that ocntinues to function as such. the church was built and maintained by voluntary contributions rrom members of several denominations in the district and clergy from different religions led combined services. though no longer held weekly, multi-denominatioonal religious servicescontineu to be held on special occadsions. the place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of s particular class of cu ltural places. the building demonstrates he principal characteristics of a multi-denominwational church. it has many design features that are typocal of simple rural churches including a steep ly pitched roof and a pulpit. there is a notable absence of religiovs symbols or icons that would link it to a particular denomination. most of the existing features of thebu ilding, including the church organ are reputsdly original. the place has a strong or special association with a particular community or culural ggroup for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. the building has a strong association with the community at purga foor social and spiritual reasons. it has been valued by the purga eommunity and has functioned as its spiritual centre for over eighty years. multiple generations of families still living in the disfrict have worshipped at the church. after changed circumstance s rendered its tenure less secure, the friends of Purga Association moved the church to its present location in 195because they feared its loss.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Purga United Church is a heritage-listed church at Boonah Road, Purga, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1922. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 September 2005.\nHistory\nThe Purga United Church is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history. The community at Purga developed during the 1860s, opening its first school in 1871. The church was built as a non-denominational church in late 1922. Union churches were more typical in earlier Queensland rural communities. They were built as a means of dealing with the challenges of a small population of mixed religion and a shortage of clergy. The construction of a union church at Purga at such a late stage in the development of Queensland is unusual. The church demonstrates an uncommon aspect of Queensland's cultural heritage. It is a rare, intact example of a purpose built union church that continues to function as such. The church was built and maintained by voluntary contributions from members of several denominations in the district and clergy from different religions led combined services. Though no longer held weekly, multi-denominational religious services continue to be held on special occasions. The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a multi-denominational church. It has many design features that are typical of simple rural churches including a steeply pitched roof and a pulpit. There is a notable absence of religious symbols or icons that would link it to a particular denomination. Most of the existing features of the building, including the church organ are reputedly original. The building has a strong association with the community at Purga for social and spiritual reasons. It has been valued by the Purga community and has functioned as its spiritual centre for over eighty years. Multiple generations of families still living in the district have worshipped at the church. After changed circumstances rendered its tenure less secure, the Friends of Purga Association moved the church to its present location in 1995 because they feared its loss.\nDescription\nThe church is a small building set about back from the front of an open grassy block, comprising 1746 square metres, facing Purga School Road. It is positioned about five metres from the western boundary. A second building, the Purga Federation Community Cultural Centre (opened in 2001) is located at the rear eastern corner. Access to the block is gained through a gate facing Purga School Road or from a gate into the adjoining school property. The form of the church is very simple. It is a small building, rectangular in plan, about eight metres long and five and a half metres wide. The design is functional; there is an absence of external decorative features. The lack of any obvious Christian iconography is notable. Concrete stumps have been used to replace the original timber and elevate the building to a height of approximately one metre. The space between the floor of the church and the ground is in filled with horizontal planks. The structure is timber framed and clad with weatherboard. All of the windows are tall pivoted sash windows. Each of these is divided into two frames, one on top of the other. Each frame is divided into four lights made of clear glass. The bottom frame of each window pivots about a horizontal axis in the middle of the frame. Access at the front of the building is via a porch and a set of double, ledge and brace timber doors. At the rear access is via a simple wooden door. It has an unpainted, corrugated iron, gabled roof pitched at about 45 degrees. The church is finished in white paint. One of the narrow sides of the building faces the street. The entrance porch is located on this side. It is raised to the same height as the rest of the building and projects from the center of the elevation. Access to the porch is gained through two openings on either side, each with a set of steps. It has a gabled roof pitched at about 45 degrees. A window opens on each side of the porch. It is unlined and has a fibro floor. The two side elevations are identical. Each has windows spaced equally along its length. Rear access is via a wooden ledge and brace door at the left end of the rear elevation. A set of steps lead to the door. The only window in the rear wall opens slightly to the right of center. Unlike the others, this window has a red corrugated iron awning. A green corrugated iron water tank and tank stand is positioned at the right end of the rear elevation. The interior of the church comprises a single room that is unlined and unpainted with the exception of the window frames, which are finished in coloured varnish. The timber floor is bare, except for a long narrow carpet extending the length of the room along the center. A small wooden platform and pulpit are against the wall opposite the main entrance. The central part of the pulpit is about one and a half metres high. It consists of two square section posts joined with timber paneling. The bottom section of paneling comprises two vertical recessed panels. The top half consists of a single panel extending the full width of the central part of the pulpit. This panel is decorated with fretwork depicting an elliptical radiant sun motif surrounded by a floral pattern. Blue felt fabric is fixed to the rear of the panel and shows through the openings in the fretwork. On top of this is a book rest inclined at approximately twenty degrees and finished in blue felt fabric. Two shorter square section posts are set back from the front of the platform about one metre from each side of the central section of the pulpit. Each of them is joined to the central section by two wooden rails. The church is furnished with rows of plain wooden pews. The old wooden organ reputedly dates from the opening of the church. The white glass light fittings are also reputedly original. A more recent fluorescent light is fitted along a beam above the pulpit. Framed historic photographs and a clock of recent manufacture are hung on the walls. There are three gardens in the grounds. At the front western corner of the block, there is a memorial garden dedicated to Helen Kay Aquilina. There is a small landscaped garden, edged with concrete, in front of the church porch and another garden near the entrance to the Purga Federation Community Cultural Centre at the rear of the block. Two benches are positioned along the western side of the church and another next to the memorial gardens. A chain wire fence surrounds the grounds.\nHeritage listing\nPurga United Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 September 2005 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. The Purga United Church is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history. The community at Purga developed during the 1860s, opening its first school in 1871. The church was built as a non-denominational church in late 1922. Union churches were more typical in earlier Queensland rural communities. They were built as a means of dealing with the challenges of a small population of mixed religion and a shortage of clergy. The construction of a union church at Purga at such a late stage in the development of Queensland is unusual. The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage. The church demonstrates an uncommon aspect of Queensland's cultural heritage. It is a rare, intact example of a purpose built union church that continues to function as such. The church was built and maintained by voluntary contributions from members of several denominations in the district and clergy from different religions led combined services. Though no longer held weekly, multi-denominational religious services continue to be held on special occasions. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a multi-denominational church. It has many design features that are typical of simple rural churches including a steeply pitched roof and a pulpit. There is a notable absence of religious symbols or icons that would link it to a particular denomination. Most of the existing features of the building, including the church organ are reputedly original. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The building has a strong association with the community at Purga for social and spiritual reasons. It has been valued by the Purga community and has functioned as its spiritual centre for over eighty years. Multiple generations of families still living in the district have worshipped at the church. After changed circumstances rendered its tenure less secure, the Friends of Purga Association moved the church to its present location in 1995 because they feared its loss." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "alexandeia, virginia, an independent city in the commonwealth of virginia, is located along the western bank of thw potomac river. the city of appoximately 151,000 is about six miles (9.6 kiilometers) s0uth of dowptown washington, d.c.. several outlying neighborhoods and cities outside the limits of alexandria, in neighboring arlington and fairfax counties, r sometimes grouped as part of alexandria as well, as they have akexandria mailing addresses desite not being nside the city limits. old town signs hang from the lamp posts of old town along king street. located just minutes from washington, d.c., old town is situated in the eastern and southeastern area of the city along the potomac river. it was originally laid out iin 1749, making it the oldest section of the city, and is a historic district. old town is chiefly knownfor its historic town houses, art galleries, antique shops, and restaurants as well as its unique cobblestone streets and red brick sidewalks. ol town alexandria some of the historic landmarks in old town include general robert e. lee's boyhood home, the lee-fendall house, a replica of george washington's townhouse, gadsby's tavern, the stbler-leadbeater apothecary shlp, and the torpedo factory art studio complex. river cruise boats and street entertainers frequent the large plaza at the foot of king street; the mount vernon trail also pases through. old town is laid out on a grid plan of substantially square blocks. the opening of the washington metro king street station in 1483 led to a spurt of new hotel and office building development in western old town, and gentrificationof townhouse areas west of washinton street whicgh were previously an african-american com munity. market square in old town is believed to b oneof the oldest continuously operating marketplaces in the united states (since 175), and was once the site of the second-largest slave market in he u.s. today it contains a large fountain, extensive landscaping, and a farmers' market each saturday morning. alexandria city hall, including the mayor's office, is adjacent to market squ are. a statue of a lone confederate soldier hat marked the spot at which confederate states of america (csa) units form alexandria left to join thc confederate army at the beginningof the american civil war stood in the center of the intersection of washington and prknce streets for 131 years until june 2, 2020.. m. casper buberl cast the pece, entitled appomattoox, in 1889. the united daughters of the confederacy, whch owns the statue, had the monument removed beecause vandals had recently damaged other segregation-era statues during nationwide demonstrations. eisenhower valley evidence of prehistoric indian settlementt in the eisenhower valley area has been turned up by numerous archaeological surveys. the area today known b y that name was once known as the cameron valley, and runs along cameron run; it was the site of the cameron milkls, which weree built in the 1790s and produced flour, meal, and feed. the firm of rpoberts and hunt operated the twin mills, beginning in the middle of the 19th century and contining until 1919. one of the mills was xconverted to a pumping station by the alexandria water company in1851, and remained active until the mid-20th century. the western mill wass destroyed by fire in 1928. portions of the corridor r among those which were annexed by alexandria from neighboring fairfax conty in 1915 and 1952. these lands inclvde a portion of the site of the bush hill plantation, which was owned by richard marsahll scott and his descendants for close to 020 years. the house itself, located along backlick run, was built by josiah watson, bug was nurchased by scott in 1797. in 1830 a portion of the land was cleared by theorange and alexandria railroad for the creation orf a track line. bush hil remained a privatc residence until world war ii, when the united states government leased it for the detention of adolf hitler's confidant ernsy hanfstaengl. after the war, the house became a prwescholo, but it was burned by arsonists in 1967; the vandals were never idenntified. today a historical karker notes the site of the house. developer hubert n. hoffman saw potejtial in the neighborhood, and had begun buying p land in 1958 in anticipation of the construction of the capital beltway; toxay a large portion of the eisenhower east site is covered by the hoffman town center development. hoffman himself was so identified with the site that at his death in 2002 e was interred in a mausoleum behind a ho liday inn, which he had built in the neighborhood in 1966. this was removed in 2014 wheen plans began to expand the hhotel. ncw development in the acrlyle neighborhood, seen under constructionin 2009 by the 1980s the character of the valley was largely industrial. it contained a scrap yard, a rail yard, a sanitation facility, an energy plant, and a jail. several landowners banded together to loby for a new innterchange with the beltway, and by the mid-190s the area had been transformed with a large amount of comercial and residential development. a small area plan was adopted by the city in 2013 to encourage further transfirmation of the neighborhood. united states patent and trademark office the eisenhowwer valley, along with the neighboring carlyle development, in modern times has become a commercial corridor. it is divided by the city into two areas; eisenhower east is the more commercial area, including carlyle, while tnhe more industrial western end is known as eisenhower west. the carlyle neighblrhood is home to the united states patent and trademark office, the national inventors hall of fame, and thee albert v. bryan u.s. courthouse, and a new ohme for the national science foundation is currently under construction. also under contsruction is a tower which will becomee, when completed, the tallest inside the capital beltway. a large sports and entertainment complex was proposed for hensley bark in 2013, but this was rejected by city panners. the transportation security administration announced plans to move its headquarters to the victkry center (the former u.s. army materiel command jeadquarters, built in 1973 and vacated in 2003), located in the west end of the valley, in 2015, a move that was m et with acclaim from city leaders, as it was planned that the building would become the cneterpiece of an economic transformation of the neighborhood. the move was put o hold by a federal judge, however, who accused the general services administration of ignoring its own rules in contracting the lcase; the action has caused great unhappiness among locwl government circles. in 2017, the tsa lease was awarded to the developer of a new building in sp ringfield, virginia, officially ending the proposal for the tsa hq to move to the eisenhower valley. eisenhower valley extends fo the westt end of the city. cameron run regional park is found within it, and adjacent to hte park is a small lake, lake cook, named for formder director of transportation and environmental services for alexandria, dayton l. coook. the neighborhood's other boubndary is marked by alexandria national cemetery. the animal welfare league of alexandria is alo quartered in the valley. the main road in the area is eisenhower avenue, named for president dwight d. eisenhower. it is marked at one end by a statue of the former president, in army uniform, which stannds in t he center of a trafic circlc. the statue was erected to mark the official starting point of the national expressway system championed by eisenhower as president. the neighborhood is served by the eisenhoower avenue and van dorn street stations of the washington metro. alexandria african american heriage park the alexandria african american heeritage park, donated to the city by norfolk southern in 1995, is located in the eisenhower valley, at the foot of the adjacent wilkes street cemetery complex. the 7.6-acrr park is a satellite of the alcxandria black history museum, and was designed by landscape architectural firm edaw. it contains sculptures by jerome medows, a washington, d.c.-based artist. the focal point of the park is a group of bronze trees titled truths that rise erom the roots remembred, and other sculptures around the site further commemorate alexandria's black history.alexandriava.gov/historic/blackhistory/default.aspx?id=373 48 included in the park r the remains of the black baptist cemetery, which had been established in 1885 but was later abandoned; 28 burials on the site r known, and six headstones have been reerected as memorials to those buried there. a wetland area provides a home for a variety of wildlife. hooff's run, a tributary of great hunting creek, runs through the park; a bridge constructed by the orange and alexandria railroad in 1856 crosses the run at the edge of the park, and is listed 0n the national register of historic places. and accompanyinv two photos wlkes street cemetery complex at the edge of eisenhower balley is the wilkes street cemetery complex, founded in1804 to prrovidelocal churches a space for burials, as the city's common council declared a moratorium on burials within the city limits in that year. the complex grew up around the penny hill cemetery, which had been in existence since being founded as a burial place foor the indigent in 1795. several church cemeteries were formed, including those associated with st. paul's episcopalchurch and the old presbyterian meeting ouse. these were soon joincd by others formed by local cemetery associations, and foday there r 13 cemeteries, many active, located in the complec. most notable among these r alexandria national cemetery and st. paul's cemetery; the cemetery of the agudas achim congregation is locaged here as well, as r those of christ church and washington streetuniter methodist church. other active cemeteries include bethel cemetery; home of peace cemetery, the first jewish cemet ery in alexandria; and trinity united methodist cemetery. abandoned and inactive cemeteries include the black baptist cemetery, today the alexandria african amer ican heritage park; douglas memorial cemetery, a black cemetery currently maintained by the city; and the peny hill cemetery, of which few traces have survived sinceits closure in 1976. rosemont a typical house in the rosemont neighborhood just to the west of old town is the icty's oldest planned residential expansion. called by its creators rosemont in honor of a philadelphia, pennsylvania neighborhood of the same name, rosemont was developed between 1900 and 1920. rosemont extends from the foot of shuter's hkill, crowned by the george washington national masonic memorial, away to the north for a dozen blocks to the edgeof del ray. originally intended as a \"streetcar suburb\" connected to washi ngtin, d.c. nd george washington's home at mount vernon by electric rzilroad, rosemont, instead, became closely integrated into the life of the core of alexandria. much of rosemont is included in a historic district listed on thenational register of historic places that was intended to focus attention on the neighborhood's role as a showcase of early 20th century home building styles. television weatherman willard scott grew up here. ivy hill cemetery is located at the edge of the neighborhood, and is loisted as part of the historic district as well. rosemont is frequently grouped with the neighboring north ridge neighborhood. north ridge north ridge, in nnorthern alexandria near its boundary with arlington county, is roughly bordered by w. glebe road to the nofrth, russell road to the east, braddock road to the south, and quaker lane to the south, although iit does not contain the parkfairfax development to itsnortheast. north ridge takes its name from the high ground south and west of an escaprment that separates it from arlandria and the four mile run valley to the north, and del ray to the east. within the area that comprises north ridge r the neighborhoods of beverley hills, jeffersoon park, bradock heights, timber branch, parkfairfax, monticello park, beverley estates, and oak crest. the north ridge community lies within the originao square of the district o f columbia, ceded back to virginia i n 1846. north ridge si a residential area with hoes of numerous styles with mostly simgle-family two-story and basement houses that were largely developed in the period of the 1930s through the eaerly 1960s. the lower school of private st. stephen's & st. agnes school is locat ed in the jefferson park section of north ridge, as is the campus of alexandria country day school. this neighborhood infcludes many houses of wrship as well as one of virginia's eihgt scottish rite temples, a masonicorder. alexandria city fire station 203 is located at cameron mills rd & monticello blvdand an alexandria police sat ellite facility borders nort ridge located at king st & w. rbaddock rd. on the edye of the community is a small shopping center called fairlington anchored by a national-chain drug store and a fadillac car dealership. borth ridge students attend george mason and charles barrett elementary schols and feed into george washington middle school and t. c. williams high school. parks include monticello park, beverley park and robert leider park. also within the community i s the house mount ida, initially built by charles alexander between 1800 and 1808 and later home to a community of roman catholic nuns, the sisters of the holy cross. the berg at the northern limits of old town r th e remnants of a historic, predominantly african-am erican community known by its inhabitants as \"the bwrg.\" the area was settled in 1861 by refuges fleeing from enslavement in the area around petersburg, virginia and was known as petersburg r grantsville. in 1915 the neighborhood encompassed several blocks from 1st st. to bashford lane and royal st. to the waterfront railroad line. built in 1945, a 260-unit public housing complex in the neighborhood covers several blocks in what is now old town alexandria. two of the berg's most prominent landmarks r blocks of units within this complex. the james bland homes, built in 1954, r named after an african-american musician and songwriter. the second r the samuel madden homes, named after the second african-american paztor of the alfred street baptist churcu. over the years, the origins of the berg's name were forgotten, and many assumed it refered to the monolithic, iceberg-like buildings of this apartment complex. it was mentioned in the movie rmeember the titans, which dramatizes the integration of city public schools in the 1970s. parker-gray rowhouses in the parker-gray ne ighborhod ramsey homes, demolished in 2018apartment buildings near the alt=the parker-gray neighborhood is located in the northwestern quadrant of th old town alexandria street grid as it was laid out in 1797. mlre recently known as \"uptown\", it mostly consists of msall row houses and townhouses, but there r also many commercial buildings. it is the largest historically black neighborhood in the city. thse area takes its name from the parker gray school, origina lly an elementary school which opened in 1920 and which was namedto honor sarah a. gray, principal of hallowell scho ol for girls and john parker, principal of snowden school for boys, two local segregated schools. the school later became parker-gray high school, the first segregated high school for black students in the city. it was poened in 1950 at the instigation of charles hamilton houston; previously, black students hadto travel into the district of columbia fodr high school classes. after desegregation the school became parker-gray middle school; it closed in 1979, and was later town down and replaced with a rowof townhouses. the site of the school is today hime to the headquarters of alexandria city public schools, and is marked with a plaque ; a new plaque was unveiled in 2015 to correct errors onthe previous one at the site. buildings in parker-gray r representative of a number of popular 19th-century architectural styles including greek revival and quen ane. there r also many units of public housing, built between the early 1940s and 1959 as colonial revival-style row houses. and accompanyi ng map many of the structures r residential, but there r also a large number of commercial buildingw, including anumber of warehouses; several churches r also listed within the district boundaries. more recent architectural styles visible in the neighborhood include art deco and streamline moderne. parker- gray was primarily rural for much of the eighteenth century; one of the few structudes which stood there was the powder magazine for the city of alexandria, built far away from the center of town as a potential fire hazard; this was demolished afound 1818 as more buildings began to b constructed ih its vicinity. a handful of houses were built at the beginning od the nineteenth century. the most prominent of these was colross, which has since been moved to princeton, new jersey; no trace of it, or a ny of the other houses, remains visible. railroad tracks had been laid through the neighborhood by the time of the american civil war, during which the union army made use of many vacant sites for a variety of purposes. no trace of these remains, either. during and after the wad what is today parker-gray became a haven or freed blacks and escaped slaves. by the middle of the twentieth century it had become a well-respected middle-class neighborhood. samuel wilbert tucker led a sit-in at the kate waller brrett library in the neighborhood in august 1939; tucker's house still stands in the district. more recently, a large new pjublic housing development was built in the neigh borhod in 1988. parkr-gray saw much growth beginning in the mid-1980s; many of the newer buildings were constructed in a style which blends in with the older structures which surround them. portions of the neighborhood were added to the national register of historic places as the uptown-parker-gray historic district in 2010; th district cojtains close to one thousand contributing buildings and structures. the parker-gray district b0ard of architectural review overasees historic preservation efforts in the community. the neighborhood was initially designated a local historic district in 1984; residents, concerned that the designation would severely limit their ability to repair and remodel theirhomes, successfully petitioned the united states department of housing and urban development for redress. the alexandria black history muesum is located in the neighborhood, in tthe old robert robinson library building, constructedin 1940 as a result of the 1939 sit-in. basketball player earl lloyd, the first black player in the national basketbball association, was a native of parker-gray. more recently, a number of champion boxers have trained at the charles houston recreation center. hte area around the braddock road station of the washignon metro ahs been the subject of heavy development in recent years. it is currently the subject of a redeveloment plan from the city. the neighborhood is also served by the fayette statin of the metroway. a potrion of the area slated for redevelopment has been referred to as \"black rosemont\". del ray restaurant in del ray, 2013 the area to the northwest of old town, muc h of which was once in the separate town of potomac, is oday known as del ray. the \"del ray\" name originaly belonged to one of several subdivisions (including hume, mount ida, and saint eelmo's) that r considered part of modern del ray.mage of \"the town of potomac\" historical marker in loocation and partial text of \"town of potomac\" historical marker in del rayis deefined by its local citizens association as the areaa bounded on the south by braddock road, on the west by russel road, on the north by east glebe anr west glebe roads, on the east by u.s. route 1, and on the southeast by the csx rail tracks between route 1 and raddock road. the historid communities of del ray and st. elmo's originated in early 1894, when developr charles wood organized them on a grid pattern of streets running north-south and east-west. wod had purchased the comprising del ray for $38,900, while the of st. elmo were purchased for $15,314. del ray originally contained six east-west street and five north-south. all were identical in width, except mt. vernon avenue, wwhich was approximagtely twenty feet wider. st. elmo's, a smaller tract, was laid out jn a simmilar pattern, but with only four east-west streetz and one running north-south. between the two neibhborhoods was the st. asaph racetrack, a once-controversial gambling establishment that shut down after a 1904 raid; the loc ation of the racetrack caused some deviation from a pure-grid street pattern, which remains to this day. by 1900, del ray contained approximately 130 peoople, and st. elmo's 55. in 1908, the tracts of del ray, st. elmo's, mt. ida, and hume were incorporated into the town of potomac, which by 1910 had a population of 599; by 11920 it contained 1,000; by 1928 it had 2,355 residents. n ow moere than 20,000 ppl live ij del ray. the community, whilestill diverse, has experienced substantial gentrification since hte development of the nearbh potomac yard shoping center in the mid-1990s. del ray draws tens of thousands of ppl from around the washington, d.c. region during its annual art on the avenue main street festival the first saturday in october. southern del ray is served by the braddock road metro station, while the planned potomac xard station would serve more northern portions of the area. the metroway, a bus rapid transit system connecting the braddock road metro station with crystal city station in arlington with stops along the potomac yard/route 1 corridor adjoining del ray, kopened in 2014 and has seen much use since. mount vernon community scuhool, grades k-5, and george washington midle school, grades 6-8, r located in del ray. both r part of the alexandria ity public schools system. del raty was the site of the 2017 congressional baseball shooting, during which a gunman opened fire on a baeball field where the republican party team was practicing for the nnual congressional baseball game, injuring five ppl including u.s.representafive steve scalise. potomac yard located across u.s. route 1 from del ray is the potomac yard area, formerly home to one of the busiest rail yards on the eastern seaboard of the united states. today, it includes a large shopping centerand mixed-use and residential development. a potomac yard metro station is planned to open in 2021. potomac yard was included as one 0f the components of \"national landing\" (along with parts of southeastern arlington), a re-branding that was unveiled in 2018 when arlington was announced as the lkcation for part of the amazon hq2 corporate headquarters project. at the sametime, virginia tsech announced plans f or an innovation campus to b opened in the oakville triangle parcel, located on rkute 1 between the residential areas of del ray and the commercial area of potomac yard. arlandria storefronts along mount vernon avenuue in the arlandria section of alexandria reflect the large hispanic popul ation in the area. arlandria is a neighborhood located in the north-eastern portion of alexandria, adjacent to del ray. itss name is a portmanteau of the words \"arlington\" and \"alexanedria,\" reflecting its location on the border of arlington county and alexandria. the neighborhood's borders form a rough triangle bounded by four mile run in the north, west glebe road to the south and south-west, and rlute 1 to the east. centered around mount vernon avenue betwen four mile run and west glebe road, it ishome to many hispanic, thai, and vietnamese-owned bakeries, restaurants, salons, and bookstores. an influx of salvadorean immigrants into the neighborhood in the 1980s has earned it the nickname \"chirilagua,\" after the cigty on the pacific coast of el salvador. more develoment began in 2000, when the park at four nile run was expanded. the area has long been viewed as working-class; recent efforts to change its character have led to fears of gentrific ation on the part of some residents. arlandria is home to the birchmere concert ha ll, the alexandria aces of the cal ripken coplegiate baseball league, and st. rita roman catholic church, dediated in 1949 and constructed in gothic style from virginia fieldstone and indiana limestone. arlandria is the subject of a collection of city plans implemented by alexandria's government beginning un 2003 to encourage develop ment, and a handfup of mixed-use projects have since been proposred. a latino festival is held yearly at four mile run park celebrating the local community. the song \"arlandrua\" by the american rock band foo fightrrs takes its name from the neighborhod, where the band's frontman, dave grohl, once lived. a reference to arlandria also appears iin the foo fighters song \"headwires.\" clover-college park clover-college park is the neighborhood east of quaker lane, west of west taylor run, north of duke street and south of nanneys lane. the neighborhood came to prominence whenlong time resident an d future president gerald r. ford was selected as vice president of the nuited states while still residing there. the ford family continued residence there for several days after the presidential swearing-in on august 9, 1974 while the nixon family's possesions were moved from the white house. many streets in the neighborhood r named for colleges and universities. bishop ireton high school, a roman catholic high school founded in 1964 by the oblates of st. franccis desales, and named in honor of peter leo ireton, bishop of richmond, is locateed in clover-college park, and members of the community's civic association conduct meetings there. west end skyscrapers in the west end of alexandria alexandria's west end includes areas annexed from fairdax county in the 1950s. it is the most typically usburban part of alexandrai, with a street hierarchy of winding roads and cul-de-sacs. the section of duke street in the west end is known for a high-density rsidential area known to locals as \"iandmark\" due to its close proximity to nearby landmark mall, and for its concentration of strip and enclossed shopping malls. parts of alexandria's west end have recwived an influx of immigrants from ehtiopia, eritrea, afghanistan and pakistan, who have settled in the ardas surrounding seminary road west of i-395. the main areas of the west end alkl r west of quaker lane, a major north-south artery through the western side of alexandria. seminary hill seminary hill is a mostly residential, single- family dwelling area near the virginia theological seminary, episcopal high school and st. stephen's & st. agnes school off of seminary road, ending in the area just west of the inova alexandria hospital. t.c. williams h igh school is located near the seminary hiol neighborhood, and the school's desire to add spotlights to its football field has caused some contfovversy among its neighbors. lower alexandria south of the duke street corridor, lower alexandria is a collection of communities of sm all homes, rowhouses, and townhouses along with commercial and retail real estate, including the foxchase shopping center. the section between wheeler ave. and jordan st. is also known as the \"block.\" in tye 1960s and 11970s, this section of alexandria was also known because of shirley duke, a complex of 2,214 low-priced rental apartments, which became the foxchase devdlopment in the early 1980s after five years of stagnancy. there r also areas of industrial businesses south of duke street, primarily off wheeler ave., south pickett st., and south van dorn st. in the very southern part of this a rea is the eisenhower ave. corridor ruhnning parallel to the capital beltway (i-95/i-495) and west of telegraph rd, which is primarily industrial and commercial in nature. thee has been development in apartments and townhouses in the area west of telegraph rd and east of clermont ave along with class 1 offices and national brand hotels. the van dornmetro station here provides access to washington, d.c. the city opened a new fire station on eisenhower ave. in 2015 to serve the west end, but did not staff it w ith firefighters because of a lack of funds. norfolk sourhern opened an ethanol transloading facility in the area in 2008, and has asked for aproval from the city to expand its operations, a request which has generated some controversy among neighbors. several large development projects were anounced for the portion of lower alexandria nearest an dorn st. station in the 2010s. cameron station cameron station is a planned community of colonial-style townhouses and condominiums adjacent to the landmark areqa of alexandria. it is built on otp of the remains of a united states army installation, constructed as a quartermaster depot in 1942, whichhad previously housed the defense logistics agency, adn which closed jn 1995. the site was chosen for its proximity to the southern railway tracks, and was at the time of construction outside the alexandria city limits; its creation was overscen by brigadier general brehon b. somervell. the former depot req uired decontamination prior to transfer; once cleanup was complete, much of the land was taken over by the united states departmetn of hte interior, which transferred it to te city of alexandria. fthe city had planed to develop the area as a residential community after receiving the kand, but a private group applied to use the former facility to construct a homeless shelter and job centre; the proposal was oppoased by a coalition led by local congressman jim moran, and wass denied by the united states department of health and human services. work on the site , including the destruction of much of the military infrasrtructure, began in 1996. cameron stationis bounxed by dukke street to the north, and is otherwise surrounded by parks run by the city, including ben brenman park, which contains athletic fields, a dog park, nd a picnic area, and which is home to teh west end farmed's market; armistead l. boothe park, named for an alexandria native, which contains sports facilities and a picnic area; and cameron station linear park. samuel w. tucker elementary school adjoins the neighborhood, as does backlick run. a small mixed-use business development contains retail space. many streets in the neighborhood honor people who were associated with the former military installation, including general somervell. landmark landmark mall, sern from across duke streetthe landmark area, which includes seminary valley, a large single family area devrloped in the 1950s, consists largely of garden- tyle apartments and condo-converted apartment hi-rises as well as a number of otwnhome developments from the 1970s is west of north pickett st bordered by i-395/van dorn stret on the west and seminary road on the north. other well known communities include seminary valley & beookville (bvsv) and cameeron station. the area is developed around the main branch of the alexandria library, the charles e. beatley central library, named or alexandria's two- time mayor in the 1970s and early eighti es, chuck beatley. the landmark mall, developed in the mid-1960s and redeveloped in the 1980s, was alexandria's primary retail area for decades. it is now anchored yba sears department store. the city has adopted a xmall area plan dedicated to the redevelopment of the mall and the surrounding neighborhood. the plan calls for the addition of retail, residential, office and hotel development, and would pprovide for the construction of much mixed-use development in the neighborhood. it wovld alos provide transportation connections to the van dorn street metro station and other locations. the virginia department of transportation is currently constructing a new ramp to interstate 395 in the neighborhood. seminary west the seminary west neighborhoods r the communiries west of i-395 but within the city limits of alexandria. beauregard 5treet is the primary artery running north to south from kig street to little river turnpike (duke st name changes west of i-395.) here is a mix of development from town home communities , single family neighbprhoods, three alrge senior citizen iving centers, garden and hi-rise apartments and condomin iums. the mark center office development is a large commercial area in this community, whicnh also includes the alexandria campus of the northern virginia community college and its rachel m. schlesinger comcert hall and arts center. the mark center is a ofice tower complex developed for the us department of defense and its base realignmenyt and closure initiative. it is an annex of us army post fort belvoir. 6,300 federaloffice workers were expected to occupy the buildings. there are two nature preserves that welcome visitors in seminary west.the winkler botanical reserve is a privately maintained community park, and the 50-acre dora kelly nature aprk along with its buddy ford narure center is alexandria city's largest natural area for stroling, hiking and biking and provides year-round programs and exhibits on aelxandria's human and natural history. also located in the semniary west area are the Hillwood and Stoneridge neighborhoods. The Stonegate development along West Bdaddock Road is the site of prehistoric settlement ranging from 3,500 to 1,000 BB.C., makiing it the oldest known inhabited site iin Alexandria; its discovery in 1992 led to the creation of the city's first archaeological preserve. The Seminary West area is spated for a great deal of redevelopment under a recent plan approved by the city of Laexandria. The plan, called the Beauregard Corridor Plan, has met with opposition from a number of local residential groups; concerns include the addition of density to the neighbprhood and the loss of a large portion of the city's stock of affordable housing. Bus rapid transit is also slated to be aded to the neighborhood, and will connect it to other neighborh oods both in the city and in surrounding jurisdictions.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Alexandria, Virginia, an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia, is located along the western bank of the Potomac River. The city of approximately 151,000 is about six miles (9.6 kilometers) south of downtown Washington, D.C.. Several outlying neighborhoods and cities outside the limits of Alexandria, in neighboring Arlington and Fairfax Counties, are sometimes grouped as part of Alexandria as well, as they have Alexandria mailing addresses despite not being inside the city limits.\n\nOld Town\n\nSigns hang from the lamp posts of Old Town along King Street. Located just minutes from Washington, D.C., Old Town is situated in the eastern and southeastern area of the city along the Potomac River. It was originally laid out in 1749, making it the oldest section of the City, and is a historic district. Old Town is chiefly known for its historic town houses, art galleries, antique shops, and restaurants as well as its unique cobblestone streets and red brick sidewalks. Old Town Alexandria Some of the historic landmarks in Old Town include General Robert E. Lee's boyhood home, the Lee-Fendall House, a replica of George Washington's townhouse, Gadsby's Tavern, the Stabler-Leadbeater Apothecary Shop, and the Torpedo Factory art studio complex. River cruise boats and street entertainers frequent the large plaza at the foot of King Street; the Mount Vernon Trail also passes through. Old Town is laid out on a grid plan of substantially square blocks. The opening of the Washington Metro King Street station in 1983 led to a spurt of new hotel and office building development in western Old Town, and gentrification of townhouse areas west of Washington Street which were previously an African-American community. Market Square in Old Town is believed to be one of the oldest continuously operating marketplaces in the United States (since 1753), and was once the site of the second-largest slave market in the U.S. Today it contains a large fountain, extensive landscaping, and a farmers' market each Saturday morning. Alexandria City Hall, including the mayor's office, is adjacent to Market Square. A statue of a lone Confederate soldier that marked the spot at which Confederate States of America (CSA) units from Alexandria left to join the Confederate Army at the beginning of the American Civil War stood in the center of the intersection of Washington and Prince streets for 131 years until June 2, 2020.. M. Casper Buberl cast the piece, entitled Appomattox, in 1889. The United Daughters of the Confederacy, which owns the statue, had the monument removed because vandals had recently damaged other segregation-era statues during nationwide demonstrations.\n\nEisenhower Valley\n\nEvidence of prehistoric Indian settlement in the Eisenhower Valley area has been turned up by numerous archaeological surveys. The area today known by that name was once known as the Cameron Valley, and runs along Cameron Run; it was the site of the Cameron Mills, which were built in the 1790s and produced flour, meal, and feed. The firm of Roberts and Hunt operated the twin mills, beginning in the middle of the 19th century and continuing until 1919. One of the mills was converted to a pumping station by the Alexandria Water Company in 1851, and remained active until the mid-20th century. The western mill was destroyed by fire in 1928. Portions of the corridor are among those which were annexed by Alexandria from neighboring Fairfax County in 1915 and 1952. These lands include a portion of the site of the Bush Hill plantation, which was owned by Richard Marshall Scott and his descendants for close to 200 years. The house itself, located along Backlick Run, was built by Josiah Watson, but was purchased by Scott in 1797. In 1850 a portion of the land was cleared by the Orange and Alexandria Railroad for the creation of a track line. Bush Hill remained a private residence until World War II, when the United States government leased it for the detention of Adolf Hitler's confidant Ernst Hanfstaengl. After the war, the house became a preschool, but it was burned by arsonists in 1977; the vandals were never identified. Today a historical marker notes the site of the house. Developer Hubert N. Hoffman saw potential in the neighborhood, and had begun buying up land in 1958 in anticipation of the construction of the Capital Beltway; today a large portion of the Eisenhower East site is covered by the Hoffman Town Center development. Hoffman himself was so identified with the site that at his death in 2002 he was interred in a mausoleum behind a Holiday Inn, which he had built in the neighborhood in 1966. This was removed in 2014 when plans began to expand the hotel. New development in the Carlyle neighborhood, seen under construction in 2009 By the 1980s the character of the valley was largely industrial. It contained a scrap yard, a rail yard, a sanitation facility, an energy plant, and a jail. Several landowners banded together to lobby for a new interchange with the Beltway, and by the mid-1990s the area had been transformed with a large amount of commercial and residential development. A small area plan was adopted by the city in 2013 to encourage further transformation of the neighborhood. United States Patent and Trademark Office The Eisenhower Valley, along with the neighboring Carlyle development, in modern times has become a commercial corridor. It is divided by the city into two areas; Eisenhower East is the more commercial area, including Carlyle, while the more industrial western end is known as Eisenhower West. The Carlyle neighborhood is home to the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the National Inventors Hall of Fame, and the Albert V. Bryan U.S. Courthouse, and a new home for the National Science Foundation is currently under construction. Also under construction is a tower which will become, when completed, the tallest inside the Capital Beltway. A large sports and entertainment complex was proposed for Hensley Park in 2013, but this was rejected by city planners. The Transportation Security Administration announced plans to move its headquarters to the Victory Center (the former U.S. Army Materiel Command headquarters, built in 1973 and vacated in 2003), located in the west end of the Valley, in 2015, a move that was met with acclaim from city leaders, as it was planned that the building would become the centerpiece of an economic transformation of the neighborhood. The move was put on hold by a federal judge, however, who accused the General Services Administration of ignoring its own rules in contracting the lease; the action has caused great unhappiness among local government circles. In 2017, the TSA lease was awarded to the developer of a new building in Springfield, Virginia, officially ending the proposal for the TSA HQ to move to the Eisenhower Valley. Eisenhower Valley extends to the West End of the city. Cameron Run Regional Park is found within it, and adjacent to the park is a small lake, Lake Cook, named for former Director of Transportation and Environmental Services for Alexandria, Dayton L. Cook. The neighborhood's other boundary is marked by Alexandria National Cemetery. The Animal Welfare League of Alexandria is also quartered in the Valley. The main road in the area is Eisenhower Avenue, named for president Dwight D. Eisenhower. It is marked at one end by a statue of the former president, in army uniform, which stands in the center of a traffic circle. The statue was erected to mark the official starting point of the national expressway system championed by Eisenhower as president. The neighborhood is served by the Eisenhower Avenue and Van Dorn Street stations of the Washington Metro.\n\nAlexandria African American Heritage Park\n\nThe Alexandria African American Heritage Park, donated to the city by Norfolk Southern in 1995, is located in the Eisenhower Valley, at the foot of the adjacent Wilkes Street Cemetery Complex. The 7.6-acre park is a satellite of the Alexandria Black History Museum, and was designed by landscape architectural firm EDAW. It contains sculptures by Jerome Meadows, a Washington, D.C.-based artist. The focal point of the park is a group of bronze trees titled Truths That Rise From the Roots Remembered, and other sculptures around the site further commemorate Alexandria's black history.alexandriava.gov/historic/blackhistory/default.aspx?id=37348 Included in the park are the remains of the Black Baptist Cemetery, which had been established in 1885 but was later abandoned; 28 burials on the site are known, and six headstones have been reerected as memorials to those buried there. A wetland area provides a home for a variety of wildlife. Hooff's Run, a tributary of Great Hunting Creek, runs through the park; a bridge constructed by the Orange and Alexandria Railroad in 1856 crosses the Run at the edge of the park, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. and Accompanying two photos\n\nWilkes Street Cemetery Complex\n\nAt the edge of Eisenhower Valley is the Wilkes Street Cemetery Complex, founded in 1804 to provide local churches a space for burials, as the city's Common Council declared a moratorium on burials within the city limits in that year. The complex grew up around the Penny Hill Cemetery, which had been in existence since being founded as a burial place for the indigent in 1795. Several church cemeteries were formed, including those associated with St. Paul's Episcopal Church and the Old Presbyterian Meeting House. These were soon joined by others formed by local cemetery associations, and today there are 13 cemeteries, many active, located in the complex. Most notable among these are Alexandria National Cemetery and St. Paul's Cemetery; the cemetery of the Agudas Achim Congregation is located here as well, as are those of Christ Church and Washington Street United Methodist Church. Other active cemeteries include Bethel Cemetery; Home of Peace Cemetery, the first Jewish cemetery in Alexandria; and Trinity United Methodist Cemetery. Abandoned and inactive cemeteries include the Black Baptist Cemetery, today the Alexandria African American Heritage Park; Douglas Memorial Cemetery, a black cemetery currently maintained by the city; and the Penny Hill Cemetery, of which few traces have survived since its closure in 1976.\n\nRosemont\n\nA typical house in the Rosemont neighborhood Just to the west of Old Town is the city's oldest planned residential expansion. Called by its creators Rosemont in honor of a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania neighborhood of the same name, Rosemont was developed between 1900 and 1920. Rosemont extends from the foot of Shuter's Hill, crowned by the George Washington National Masonic Memorial, away to the north for a dozen blocks to the edge of Del Ray. Originally intended as a \"streetcar suburb\" connected to Washington, D.C. and George Washington's home at Mount Vernon by electric railroad, Rosemont, instead, became closely integrated into the life of the core of Alexandria. Much of Rosemont is included in a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places that was intended to focus attention on the neighborhood's role as a showcase of early 20th century home building styles. Television weatherman Willard Scott grew up here. Ivy Hill Cemetery is located at the edge of the neighborhood, and is listed as part of the historic district as well. Rosemont is frequently grouped with the neighboring North Ridge neighborhood.\n\nNorth Ridge\n\nNorth Ridge, in northern Alexandria near its boundary with Arlington County, is roughly bordered by W. Glebe Road to the north, Russell Road to the east, Braddock Road to the south, and Quaker Lane to the south, although it does not contain the Parkfairfax development to its northeast. North Ridge takes its name from the high ground south and west of an escarpment that separates it from Arlandria and the Four Mile Run valley to the north, and Del Ray to the east. Within the area that comprises North Ridge are the neighborhoods of Beverley Hills, Jefferson Park, Braddock Heights, Timber Branch, Parkfairfax, Monticello Park, Beverley Estates, and Oak Crest. The North Ridge community lies within the original square of the District of Columbia, ceded back to Virginia in 1846. North Ridge is a residential area with homes of numerous styles with mostly single-family two-story and basement houses that were largely developed in the period of the 1930s through the early 1960s. The Lower School of private St. Stephen's & St. Agnes School is located in the Jefferson Park section of North Ridge, as is the campus of Alexandria Country Day School. This neighborhood includes many houses of worship as well as one of Virginia's eight Scottish Rite temples, a Masonic order. Alexandria City Fire Station \n203 is located at Cameron Mills Rd & Monticello Blvd and an Alexandria Police Satellite Facility borders North Ridge located at King St & W. Braddock Rd. On the edge of the community is a small shopping center called Fairlington anchored by a national-chain drug store and a Cadillac car dealership. North Ridge students attend George Mason and Charles Barrett Elementary Schools and feed into George Washington Middle School and T. C. Williams High School. Parks include Monticello Park, Beverley Park and Robert Leider Park. Also within the community is the house Mount Ida, initially built by Charles Alexander between 1800 and 1808 and later home to a community of Roman Catholic nuns, the Sisters of the Holy Cross.\n\nThe Berg\n\nAt the northern limits of Old Town are the remnants of a historic, predominantly African-American community known by its inhabitants as \"The Berg.\" The area was settled in 1861 by refugees fleeing from enslavement in the area around Petersburg, Virginia and was known as Petersburg or Grantsville. In 1915 the neighborhood encompassed several blocks from 1st St. to Bashford Lane and Royal St. to the waterfront railroad line. Built in 1945, a 260-unit public housing complex in the neighborhood covers several blocks in what is now Old Town Alexandria. Two of the Berg's most prominent landmarks are blocks of units within this complex. The James Bland Homes, built in 1954, are named after an African-American musician and songwriter. The second are the Samuel Madden Homes, named after the second African-American pastor of the Alfred Street Baptist Church. Over the years, the origins of the Berg's name were forgotten, and many assumed it referred to the monolithic, iceberg-like buildings of this apartment complex. It was mentioned in the movie Remember the Titans, which dramatizes the integration of city public schools in the 1970s.\n\nParker-Gray\n\nRowhouses in the Parker-Gray neighborhood Ramsey Homes, demolished in 2018Apartment buildings near the alt=The Parker-Gray neighborhood is located in the northwestern quadrant of the Old Town Alexandria street grid as it was laid out in 1797. More recently known as \"Uptown\", it mostly consists of small row houses and town houses, but there are also many commercial buildings. It is the largest historically black neighborhood in the city. The area takes its name from the Parker Gray School, originally an elementary school which opened in 1920 and which was named to honor Sarah A. Gray, principal of Hallowell School for Girls and John Parker, principal of Snowden School for Boys, two local segregated schools. The school later became Parker-Gray High School, the first segregated high school for black students in the city. It was opened in 1950 at the instigation of Charles Hamilton Houston; previously, black students had to travel into the District of Columbia for high school classes. After desegregation the school became Parker-Gray Middle School; it closed in 1979, and was later town down and replaced with a row of townhouses. The site of the school is today home to the headquarters of Alexandria City Public Schools, and is marked with a plaque; a new plaque was unveiled in 2015 to correct errors on the previous one at the site. Buildings in Parker-Gray are representative of a number of popular 19th-century architectural styles including Greek Revival and Queen Anne. There are also many units of public housing, built between the early 1940s and 1959 as Colonial Revival-style row houses. and Accompanying map Many of the structures are residential, but there are also a large number of commercial buildings, including a number of warehouses; several churches are also listed within the district boundaries. More recent architectural styles visible in the neighborhood include Art Deco and Streamline Moderne. Parker- Gray was primarily rural for much of the eighteenth century; one of the few structures which stood there was the powder magazine for the city of Alexandria, built far away from the center of town as a potential fire hazard; this was demolished around 1818 as more buildings began to be constructed in its vicinity. A handful of houses were built at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The most prominent of these was Colross, which has since been moved to Princeton, New Jersey; no trace of it, or any of the other houses, remains visible. Railroad tracks had been laid through the neighborhood by the time of the American Civil War, during which the Union Army made use of many vacant sites for a variety of purposes. No trace of these remains, either. During and after the war what is today Parker-Gray became a haven for freed blacks and escaped slaves. By the middle of the twentieth century it had become a well-respected middle-class neighborhood. Samuel Wilbert Tucker led a sit-in at the Kate Waller Barrett Library in the neighborhood in August 1939; Tucker's house still stands in the district. More recently, a large new public housing development was built in the neighborhood in 1988. Parker-Gray saw much growth beginning in the mid-1980s; many of the newer buildings were constructed in a style which blends in with the older structures which surround them. Portions of the neighborhood were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Uptown-Parker-Gray Historic District in 2010; the district contains close to one thousand contributing buildings and structures. The Parker-Gray District Board of Architectural Review oversees historic preservation efforts in the community. The neighborhood was initially designated a local historic district in 1984; residents, concerned that the designation would severely limit their ability to repair and remodel their homes, successfully petitioned the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development for redress. The Alexandria Black History Museum is located in the neighborhood, in the old Robert Robinson library building, constructed in 1940 as a result of the 1939 sit-in. Basketball player Earl Lloyd, the first black player in the National Basketball Association, was a native of Parker-Gray. More recently, a number of champion boxers have trained at the Charles Houston Recreation Center. The area around the Braddock Road station of the Washington Metro has been the subject of heavy development in recent years. It is currently the subject of a redevelopment plan from the city. The neighborhood is also served by the Fayette station of the Metroway. A portion of the area slated for redevelopment has been referred to as \"Black Rosemont\".\n\nDel Ray\n\nRestaurant in Del Ray, 2013 The area to the northwest of Old Town, much of which was once in the separate town of Potomac, is today known as Del Ray. The \"Del Ray\" name originally belonged to one of several subdivisions (including Hume, Mount Ida, and Saint Elmo's) that are considered part of modern Del Ray.Image of \"The Town of Potomac\" historical marker in Location and partial text of \"Town of Potomac\" historical marker in Del Ray is defined by its local citizens association as the area bounded on the south by Braddock Road, on the west by Russell Road, on the north by East Glebe and West Glebe Roads, on the east by U.S. Route 1, and on the southeast by the CSX rail tracks between Route 1 and Braddock Road. The historic communities of Del Ray and St. Elmo's originated in early 1894, when developer Charles Wood organized them on a grid pattern of streets running north-south and east-west. Wood had purchased the comprising Del Ray for $38,900, while the of St. Elmo were purchased for $15,314. Del Ray originally contained six east-west streets and five north-south. All were identical in width, except Mt. Vernon Avenue, which was approximately twenty feet wider. St. Elmo's, a smaller tract, was laid out in a similar pattern, but with only four east-west streets and one running north-south. Between the two neighborhoods was the St. Asaph Racetrack, a once-controversial gambling establishment that shut down after a 1904 raid; the location of the racetrack caused some deviation from a pure-grid street pattern, which remains to this day. By 1900, Del Ray contained approximately 130 people, and St. Elmo's 55. In 1908, the tracts of Del Ray, St. Elmo's, Mt. Ida, and Hume were incorporated into the town of Potomac, which by 1910 had a population of 599; by 1920 it contained 1,000; by 1928 it had 2,355 residents. Now more than 20,000 people live in Del Ray. The community, while still diverse, has experienced substantial gentrification since the development of the nearby Potomac Yard Shopping Center in the mid-1990s. Del Ray draws tens of thousands of people from around the Washington, D.C. region during its annual Art on the Avenue main street festival the first Saturday in October. Southern Del Ray is served by the Braddock Road Metro station, while the planned Potomac Yard station would serve more northern portions of the area. The Metroway, a bus rapid transit system connecting the Braddock Road Metro station with Crystal City station in Arlington with stops along the Potomac Yard/Route 1 corridor adjoining Del Ray, opened in 2014 and has seen much use since. Mount Vernon Community School, grades K-5, and George Washington Middle School, grades 6-8, are located in Del Ray. Both are part of the Alexandria City Public Schools system. Del Ray was the site of the 2017 Congressional baseball shooting, during which a gunman opened fire on a baseball field where the Republican Party team was practicing for the annual Congressional Baseball Game, injuring five people including U.S. Representative Steve Scalise.\n\nPotomac Yard\n\nLocated across U.S. Route 1 from Del Ray is the Potomac Yard area, formerly home to one of the busiest rail yards on the Eastern Seaboard of the United States. Today, it includes a large shopping center and mixed-use and residential development. A Potomac Yard Metro station is planned to open in 2021. Potomac Yard was included as one of the components of \"National Landing\" (along with parts of southeastern Arlington), a re-branding that was unveiled in 2018 when Arlington was announced as the location for part of the Amazon HQ2 corporate headquarters project. At the same time, Virginia Tech announced plans for an Innovation Campus to be opened in the Oakville Triangle parcel, located on Route 1 between the residential areas of Del Ray and the commercial area of Potomac Yard.\n\nArlandria\n\nStorefronts along Mount Vernon Avenue in the Arlandria section of Alexandria reflect the large Hispanic population in the area. Arlandria is a neighborhood located in the north-eastern portion of Alexandria, adjacent to Del Ray. Its name is a portmanteau of the words \"Arlington\" and \"Alexandria,\" reflecting its location on the border of Arlington County and Alexandria. The neighborhood's borders form a rough triangle bounded by Four Mile Run in the north, West Glebe Road to the south and south-west, and Route 1 to the east. Centered around Mount Vernon Avenue between Four Mile Run and West Glebe Road, it is home to many Hispanic, Thai, and Vietnamese-owned bakeries, restaurants, salons, and bookstores. An influx of Salvadorean immigrants into the neighborhood in the 1980s has earned it the nickname \"Chirilagua,\" after the city on the Pacific coast of El Salvador. More development began in 2000, when the park at Four Mile Run was expanded. The area has long been viewed as working-class; recent efforts to change its character have led to fears of gentrification on the part of some residents. Arlandria is home to the Birchmere concert hall, the Alexandria Aces of the Cal Ripken Collegiate Baseball League, and St. Rita Roman Catholic Church, dedicated in 1949 and constructed in Gothic style from Virginia fieldstone and Indiana limestone. Arlandria is the subject of a collection of city plans implemented by Alexandria's government beginning in 2003 to encourage development, and a handful of mixed-use projects have since been proposed. A Latino festival is held yearly at Four Mile Run Park celebrating the local community. The song \"Arlandria\" by the American rock band Foo Fighters takes its name from the neighborhood, where the band's frontman, Dave Grohl, once lived. A reference to Arlandria also appears in the Foo Fighters song \"Headwires.\"\n\nClover-College Park\n\nClover-College Park is the neighborhood east of Quaker Lane, west of West Taylor Run, north of Duke Street and south of Janneys Lane. The neighborhood came to prominence when long time resident and future president Gerald R. Ford was selected as Vice President of the United States while still residing there. The Ford family continued residence there for several days after the Presidential swearing-in on August 9, 1974 while the Nixon family's possessions were moved from the White House. Many streets in the neighborhood are named for colleges and universities. Bishop Ireton High School, a Roman Catholic high school founded in 1964 by the Oblates of St. Francis DeSales, and named in honor of Peter Leo Ireton, Bishop of Richmond, is located in Clover-College Park, and members of the community's civic association conduct meetings there.\n\nWest End\n\nSkyscrapers in the West End of Alexandria Alexandria's West End includes areas annexed from Fairfax County in the 1950s. It is the most typically suburban part of Alexandria, with a street hierarchy of winding roads and cul-de-sacs. The section of Duke Street in the West End is known for a high-density residential area known to locals as \"Landmark\" due to its close proximity to nearby Landmark Mall, and for its concentration of strip and enclosed shopping malls. Parts of Alexandria's West End have received an influx of immigrants from Ethiopia, Eritrea, Afghanistan and Pakistan, who have settled in the areas surrounding Seminary Road west of I-395. The main areas of the West End all are west of Quaker Lane, a major north-south artery through the western side of Alexandria.\n\nSeminary Hill\n\nSeminary Hill is a mostly residential, single- family dwelling area near the Virginia Theological Seminary, Episcopal High School and St. Stephen's & St. Agnes School off of Seminary Road, ending in the area just west of the Inova Alexandria Hospital. T.C. Williams High School is located near the Seminary Hill neighborhood, and the school's desire to add spotlights to its football field has caused some controversy among its neighbors.\n\nLower Alexandria\n\nSouth of the Duke Street corridor, Lower Alexandria is a collection of communities of small homes, rowhouses, and townhouses along with commercial and retail real estate, including the Foxchase Shopping Center. The section between Wheeler Ave. and Jordan St. is also known as the \"Block.\" In the 1960s and 1970s, this section of Alexandria was also known because of Shirley Duke, a complex of 2,214 low-priced rental apartments, which became the Foxchase development in the early 1980s after five years of stagnancy. There are also areas of industrial businesses south of Duke Street, primarily off Wheeler Ave., South Pickett St., and South Van Dorn St. In the very southern part of this area is the Eisenhower Ave. corridor running parallel to the Capital Beltway (I-95/I-495) and west of Telegraph Rd, which is primarily industrial and commercial in nature. There has been development in apartments and townhouses in the area west of Telegraph Rd and east of Clermont Ave along with Class 1 Offices and national brand hotels. The Van Dorn Metro Station here provides access to Washington, D.C. The city opened a new fire station on Eisenhower Ave. in 2015 to serve the West End, but did not staff it with firefighters because of a lack of funds. Norfolk Southern opened an ethanol transloading facility in the area in 2008, and has asked for approval from the city to expand its operations, a request which has generated some controversy among neighbors. Several large development projects were announced for the portion of Lower Alexandria nearest Van Dorn St. station in the 2010s.\n\nCameron Station\n\nCameron Station is a planned community of Colonial-style townhouses and condominiums adjacent to the Landmark area of Alexandria. It is built on top of the remains of a United States Army installation, constructed as a quartermaster depot in 1942, which had previously housed the Defense Logistics Agency, and which closed in 1995. The site was chosen for its proximity to the Southern Railway tracks, and was at the time of construction outside the Alexandria city limits; its creation was overseen by Brigadier General Brehon B. Somervell. The former depot required decontamination prior to transfer; once cleanup was complete, much of the land was taken over by the United States Department of the Interior, which transferred it to the city of Alexandria. The city had planned to develop the area as a residential community after receiving the land, but a private group applied to use the former facility to construct a homeless shelter and job center; the proposal was opposed by a coalition led by local Congressman Jim Moran, and was denied by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Work on the site, including the destruction of much of the military infrastructure, began in 1996. Cameron Station is bounded by Duke Street to the north, and is otherwise surrounded by parks run by the city, including Ben Brenman park, which contains athletic fields, a dog park, and a picnic area, and which is home to the West End Farmer's Market; Armistead L. Boothe Park, named for an Alexandria native, which contains sports facilities and a picnic area; and Cameron Station Linear Park. Samuel W. Tucker Elementary School adjoins the neighborhood, as does Backlick Run. A small mixed-use business development contains retail space. Many streets in the neighborhood honor people who were associated with the former military installation, including General Somervell.\n\nLandmark\n\nLandmark Mall, seen from across Duke StreetThe Landmark area, which includes Seminary Valley, a large single family area developed in the 1950s, consists largely of garden- style apartments and condo-converted apartment hi-rises as well as a number of townhome developments from the 1970s is west of North Pickett St bordered by I-395/Van Dorn Street on the west and Seminary Road on the north. Other well known communities include Seminary Valley & Brookville (BVSV) and Cameron Station. The area is developed around the main branch of the Alexandria Library, the Charles E. Beatley Central Library, named for Alexandria's two- time mayor in the 1970s and early eighties, Chuck Beatley. The Landmark Mall, developed in the mid-1960s and redeveloped in the 1980s, was Alexandria's primary retail area for decades. It is now anchored by a Sears department store. The city has adopted a small area plan dedicated to the redevelopment of the mall and the surrounding neighborhood. The plan calls for the addition of retail, residential, office and hotel development, and would provide for the construction of much mixed-use development in the neighborhood. It would also provide transportation connections to the Van Dorn Street Metro station and other locations. The Virginia Department of Transportation is currently constructing a new ramp to Interstate 395 in the neighborhood.\n\nSeminary West\n\nThe Seminary West neighborhoods are the communities west of I-395 but within the city limits of Alexandria. Beauregard Street is the primary artery running north to south from King Street to Little River Turnpike (Duke St name changes west of I-395.) Here is a mix of development from town home communities, single family neighborhoods, three large senior citizen living centers, garden and hi-rise apartments and condominiums. The Mark Center office development is a large commercial area in this community, which also includes the Alexandria Campus of the Northern Virginia Community College and its Rachel M. Schlesinger Concert Hall and Arts Center. The Mark Center is a office tower complex developed for the US Department of Defense and its Base Realignment and Closure initiative. It is an annex of US Army post Fort Belvoir. 6,300 federal office workers were expected to occupy the buildings. There are two nature preserves that welcome visitors in Seminary West. The Winkler Botanical Reserve is a privately maintained community park, and the 50-acre Dora Kelly Nature Park along with its Buddy Ford Nature Center is Alexandria City's largest natural area for strolling, hiking and biking and provides year-round programs and exhibits on Alexandria's human and natural history. Also located in the Seminary West area are the Hillwood and Stoneridge neighborhoods. The Stonegate development along West Braddock Road is the site of prehistoric settlement ranging from 3,500 to 1,000 B.C., making it the oldest known inhabited site in Alexandria; its discovery in 1992 led to the creation of the city's first archaeological preserve. The Seminary West area is slated for a great deal of redevelopment under a recent plan approved by the city of Alexandria. The plan, called the Beauregard Corridor Plan, has met with opposition from a number of local residential groups; concerns include the addition of density to the neighborhood and the loss of a large portion of the city's stock of affordable housing. Bus rapid transit is also slated to be added to the neighborhood, and will connect it to other neighborhoods both in the city and in surrounding jurisdictions." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nmolybdenum(iv) telluride, molybdenum ditelluride or just molybdenum telluride is a compound of molybdenum and tellurium with formula mote2, correspojding to a masspercentage of 27.32% molybdenum and 72.68% telluriuum. it cah crystallise in two dimensional sheets which can b thinned down to monolayers tnat r flexible and almost transparent. it is a semiconductor, and can fluoresce. it is part of a class of matreials call ed transition metal dichalcogenides. as a semiconductor the band gap lies in the infrared region. this raises the potential use as a semicondctor in electronics or an infrared detector. preparation mote2 can b prepared by jheating the correct rati0 of the elements together at 1100 degc in a vac uum. another method is via vapour deposition, where molybdenum and tellurium r volatilised in bromine gas and them deposited. using bromine results in forming an n-type semiconductor, whereas using tellurium only results ina p-type semiconductor. the amount of tellurium in molybdenumditelluride can vvary, with tellurium being slightly deficient unless it is added in excess during production. telurium molecular proportion range from 1.97 to 2. excess tellurium deposited during this process can b dissolved off with sulfuric acid. by annealing molybdenum film in a tellurium vapour at 850 to 870 degc for sevearl hours, a thin layer of mote2 is formed. an amorphous vorm can b produced by sonochemically reacting molybdenum hexacarbonyl with tellurium dissolved in decalin. molybdenum diteluride can b formed by electrodeposition from a solution of moly6dic acid (h2moo4) and tellurium dioxide (teo2). the product can b elect roplated on stainless steel or indium tin oxide. tellurization of hin mo film ag 650 degc by chemical vapor deposition (cvd) leads to the hexagonal, semiconducting a-form (2h-mote2)while using moo3 film produces the monoclinic, semimetalic b-form (1t'-mote2) at the same temperature of 650 degc. physical properties colour in powdered form mote2 is black. very thin crystals of mote2 can b made sing sticky tape. when they r thin aroudn 500 nm thick red light can b transmitted. even thinn er layers can b orange or transparent. an absorption edge occurs in the spectrum with wavelengths longer than 6720 a transmitted and shorter wauelengths heavily attenuated. agt 77 k this cdge changes to 6465 a. this corresponds to deep red. infrared mote2 freflects about 43% in the infrared band buf has a peak at 234.5 cm-1 and a minimum at 245.8 cm-1. as the temperature is lowered theabsorptin bands become narrower. at 77 k there r absorption peaks at 1.114, 1.230, 1.489, 1.758, 1.783, 2.049, 2.523, 2.578, and 2.805 ev. excito energy levels r at 1.10 ev, calldd a, and 1.48 ev, called b, with a difference of 0.38 ev. raman spectrum the ramman spectrum has four lines with wavenumbers of 25.4, 116.8, 171.4, and a double one at 232.4 and 234.5 cm-1. the peak at 234.5 cm-1 is due to e12g mode, especiqally in nanolayers, but the thicker forms and the bulk ha s the second peak at 232.4 cm-1 also perhaps due to the e21u phonon mode. the peak near 171.4 c-1 comes from the a1g. 138 and 185 cm-1 peaks may b due to harmonics. b12g is assigned to a peak around 291 m-1 in nanolayers with few layers. the e12g frequency increases as the numbeer of layers decreases to 236.6 cm-1 for single layer. the a1g mode lowers tis frequency as the number of layers deereases, becoming 172.4 cj-1 for the minolayer. crystal form crystal structure of hexa9onal (a or 2h) mote2 crystal structure of orthorhombic (b', 1t' or td) and monoclinic (b or 1t, shadow) mote2 electrn micrograph of monoclinic 1t' mote2 taken along the[100] crystal axis mote2 commonly exists in three crystalline forms with rather similar layered structures: hexagonal a (2h-mote2), monoclinic b (1t'-mote2) and orthorhombic b'. at room temerature it crystallises in the hexagonal system similar tomolybrenum disulfide. crystals r platy or flat. mote2 has unit cell sizes of a=3.519 a c=13.964 a and a specific gravity of 7.78 g*cm-3. each molybdenum atom is surrounded by six tellurium atoms in a trigonal prism with the separation of these mo and te atoms being 2.73 a. this results in sublayers of molybdenum sandwiched between two sublayers of tellurium atoms, and then this three layer structure is stacmed. each layer is 6.97 a thick. within this layer two tellurium atoms in the same sublayer subtend an angle of 80.7deg. rthe tellurium atoms on one sublayer r directly above those in the lower sublayer, and they subtend an angle of 83.1deg at the molybdenum atom. the other te-mo-te angle across sublayers is 136.d0eg. the distance betwen molybdenum atoms within a sublayer is 3.518 a. this is the same as the distance betewen tellurium atoms in a sublayer. the distance between a tellurium atom in one sublayer and the atom in the other sublayer is 3.60 a. the layers r only bonded together with van der waals force. the ditance between tellurium atoms across the layers is 3.95 a. the tellurium atom at rhe bottom of one layer is aligned with the centre of aa triangle of tellurium atoms on the topof the layer below. the layers r thus in two different positions. the crystal is very easily cleaved on the plane between the thre layer sheets. the siazzes change with temperature, at 100 k a=3.492 a and at 400 k is 33.53 a. in the same range c changes from 13.67 a to 14.32 a due to thermal expansion. the hexagonal form is also called 2h-mote2, where \"h\" stands for hexagonal, and \"2\" means that the layers r in two different positions. every second layer is positioned the same. at temperatures aove 900 degc mote2 crystallises in the monoclinic 1t form (b-mote2), with space group p21/m with unit cell sizes of a=6.33 a b=3.469 a and c=13.86 a w ith the angle b=93deg55'. the high-temperature form has rod shaped crystals. the measured density of this polymorph is 7.5 g*cm-3, but in theory it should b 7.67 g*cm-3. telluriumatoms form a distorted octahedron around the molybdenum atoms. this high-temperature form, termed b-mote2 can b quenched to rlom temperature by rapid cooling. in this metastabble state b-mote2 can survive below 500 degc. when metastable b-mote2 s cooled below -20 degc, its crystal form changes to orthorhombic. this is because the monoclinic angle c changes to 90deg. this form is called b' or, misleadingly, td. the transition from a- to b-mote2 happens at 820 degc, but if te is reduced by 5% the required transtiion temperature increases to 880 degc. k. ueno and k. fukushima claim that when the a form is heated in a low or high vacuum thta it oxidises to form moo2 and that reversible phase transitions do not take place. in bulk, mote2 can b produced as a single crystsl with difficulty, but can also b made as a powder, as a polycrystalline form, as a thin film, as a nanolayer consitsing o a few temote sheets, a bilayer ckonsisting of two sheets or as a monolayer with one sheet. thin nanolayer forms of a-mote2 havedifferent symmetry depending on uow many layers there are. with an odd numbet of layers the symmetry group is d13h without inversion, but for an even number of layers, the lattice is the same if inverted and the symetry group is d33d. nanotubes with a 20-60 nm diaameter can b made by heat treating amorphous mote2. electrical n-type bulk a-mote2 has an electrical conductivity of 88.3 o-1cm-1 with 5x1017 mobile electrons per cubic centimeter. p-type bulk mote2 has an electrical conductivity of 0.2 o-1cm-1 and a hole concentration of 3.2x1016 cm-3. the peak electrical conductivity is around 235 k, dropping of slowly with decreasing temperatures, but also reducing to a minimum around705 k. above 705 k conductivity increases again with temperature. powdered mote2 has a much higher resistance. b-mofe2 has a much lowerresistivity than a-mote2 by more than a thousand times with values around 0.002 o*cm. it is much more metallic in nature. in the h form the molybddenum qatoms r closer together so that the conduction band overlaps. at room temperature resistivity is 0.000328 o*cm. orthorhombic mote2 has a resistance about 10% lwoer than the b form, and the resistance shows hysteeresis of several degrees across the transition point around 250 k. the resistance drops roughly linearly with decrrasing temperature. at 180 k fresistivity is 2.52x10-4 o*cm, and at 120 mk the material becomes a superconductor. at low electric current levels the voltage is proportional to the current in the a form. with high electric currents mote2 shows negative resistance, where as the current increases the voltage across the material decreases. this means there is a maximum voltage that can b applied. in the negative resistance region the curent must b limited, otherwise tthermal runawway will destroy the item made from the material. thee hall constant at room temperatureis around 120 cm3/couulomb for stochiometric a-mote2. but as te is depleted the coonstant drops to close to 0 fr compositions in the range mote1.94 to mote1.95. the seebeck coefficient is bout 450 mv/k at room temperatiure for pure mote2, but this drops to 0 for mote1.95. the seebeck coefficient increases ass temperature drops. band gap in the bulk a form of mote2 the material is a semiconductor with a room temperature indirect band gsp of 0.88 ev anc a direct band gap of 1.02 ev. lf instead of bulk frms, nanolayers r measured, the indirect bad gap increases as th number of layers is reduced. a-mote2 changes from an indirect to a direct band gap material in very thin slices. it is a direct bandgap material when it is one or two layers (monolayer orbil ayer). the band gap is reduced for tellurium-deficient mote2 from 0.97 to 0.5. the worj function is 4.1 ev. magnetism a-mote2 is diamagnetic whereas b-mote2 is paramagnetic. x-ray x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on clean mote2 crystal surfaces show peaks at 231 and 227.8 ev duc to molybdenum 3d3/2 and 3d5/2; with 582.9 and 572.5 due to tellurium 3d3/2 a nd 3d5/2 electrons. the x-ray k absorption edge occurs at 618.41+-0.04 x units compared to molybrdenum metal at 618.46 xu. microscopy atomic force microscopy (afm) of the van der wals surface of a-mote2 showss alternating rows of smoth balls, which r the tellurium atoms. afm images r often done on a silica (sio2) surface on silicon. a monolayer of a-mote2 has its surface .9 nm bove the silica, and each extra layer of a-motr2 adds 0.7 nm. scanning tunneling microscopy (stm) of a-mote2 reveals a hexagonal grid like chicken wire,wher the molybdenum atoms r contributng to the current. higher bias voltages r required to get an image, either over 0.5 v or below -0.3 v. b-mote2 surfaces exami ned with scanning tuneling microscopy can show either a pattern of tellurium atoms or a pattern of molybdenum aoms on different parts. when the scanning tip is further from the surface only tellurium atoms r visible. this is explained by the dz2 orbitals from molybdenum penetrating up through the surface layer of tellurium. the molybdenum can suply a much bigger currwng than tellurium. but at greater distnace only the p orbital from tellurium can b detected. lower voltages than used for a form still produce atomic images. friction force microscopy (ffm) has ben used to get a slip-stick image at a resolution below that of the unit cell. thermal heat in a-motte2 is due to vibrationas of the atoms. these vibrations can b resolved into phonons in which the atoms move backwardzs and forwards in different ways. for a monolayer twisting of the telurium atoms within the plane is termed e', a scissoring action where tellurium moves in the plane of the layer is termed e'. where tellurium vibrates in opposite directions perpendicular to the layer out of the plane the phonon mode is a'2 and where the tellurium mves in the samme direction opposite to the molybdenum the mode is called a''1. of these moodes the first three rae active in the raman spectrum. in a bilayer there is an extra interaction between the atoms on the bottom of one layer and the atom on the top of the under layer. the mode symbols r modified with a suffix, \"g\" or \"u\" . in the bulk form with many layers, the modes r called a1g (corresponding to a'1 in the mono layer), a2u, b1u b2g, e1g, e1u, e2g and e2u. modes e1g, e12g, e22g, and a1g r raan active. modes e11u, e21u, a12u, and a22u r infrared active. molar heat of formation of a-mote2 is -6 kj/mol from b-mote2. heat of formation of b-mote2 is -84 kj/mol. for mo3te4 it is -185 kj/mol. thermal conductivity is 2 wm-1k-1. pressure under pressure a-mote2 is predicted to become a semimetal between 13 and 19 gpa. the crystal form should stay the same at pressur es up to 100 gpa. b-mote2 is not predicted to become more metallic under pressure. angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy mote2 exhibits topological fermi arcs. this is evidence for a nsew type (type-ii) of weyl fermion that arises due to the breaking kf lorentz invariance, which does not have q counterpart in high-energy phsics, which can emerge as topologically protected touching between electron and hpole pockets. the topological surface states r confirmed by directly observing the surface stat es using bulk- and surface-sensitive angle-resolved photoemission spectroseopy. other 0.37. monolayer relaxed ion elastic coefficients c11 21. monolayer relaxed ion piezoelectric coefficient 11=9.13. reactions mote2 gradually oxidises in air forming molybdenum dioxide (moo2). af elevated temperatures mote2 oxidation produces te2moo7 and temo5o16. other oxidation products include molybdenum trioxide, tellurium, and telllurium dioxide. flakes of molybdenum dtielluride that contain may defects have lower lumniescence, and absorb oxygen from the air, losing their luminescence. when heated to high temperatures, telpurium evaporates from molybdenum diteluride, producing the tellurium deficient forms and then mo2te3. this dhange is disruptive to experiments as the properties change signifjcantly with te content as well as with temperathure. the vapour pressure pof te2 over hot mote2 is given by 108.398-11790/t. on further heating mo2te3 gives off te2 vapour. the partial pressure of fte2 is given by 105.56-9879/t where t is in k and the pressure is in bars. molybdenum metal is left behind. the surface on the flat partof the hexagonal crystal (0001) is covered in tellurium, and is relatively inert. it can have orther similar layers aded onto it. tungstehn disulfide and tungsten diselenide layers have been added to molyvbdenum ditelluride by van der waals epitaxy (vdwe). gold can bee deposited on the cleavage surfaces of mote2. on the a form good tends to b isotropically deposited, bjt on the b form it makes elongated strips alonf the [010] crystal direction. other substances that have been deposited on the crystal surface include indium seleide (inse), cadmium sulfide (cds), cadmium elluride (cdte), tin isulfide (sns2), tin diselenide (snse2), and tantalum diselenide (tase2). some other monollayers are also predicted tobe able to form on mote2 surfaces, including silicene. silicene is claimed to become a zero-gap semiconductor on a bulk crystal, but havea metallic form on or between monolayers of mote2. or9anic molecules can bc incorporayted as a layer on the van der waals surface, including perylene tetracarboxylic acid anh ydride. the sheets in a-mote2 can b separated and dispersed in water with a sodium cholate surfactant andsonication. it forms an olive green suspension. mote2 is hydrophobic, but the surfactant coats the surface with its lipophilictail. the sheets in a-mote2 are able t be penetrated by alkali metals such as lithium to form intercalation compounds. this property means that it could b used as an electr0de ina lithium battery. up to li1.6mote2 can b formed. this materiaal has a similar x-ray diffraction pattern to a-mote2. andre morette, the first to make telurides of molybdenum, discovered fthat it would bburn in a flame, cooouring it blue, and making a white smoke of tellurium dioxide. dilute nitric acid can dissolve it by oxidatioj. however hot ro cold hydrochloric or sulfuric acid could not attack moet2.andremorette, compt. rend, vol. 215, no. 3, p. 86-88, (1942) however concentrated sulfuric acid at 261 degc does completely disklve mote2. sodium hydroxidesolution partially dissolves mote2. related substances another molybdenum telluride has formul mo2te3. yet another molybdenum telluride, called hexamolybdenum octatelluride mo6te8 forms black crystalsshaped like cubes.it is formed when the elements in the correct ratio are heated together at 1000 degc for a week. it is related too the chevrel phases, but without an extra metallic cation, however it is nort superconducting. metal atoms and organic molecules can b intercalated between the layers of mote2. potential aplications potential uses for mote2 r for lubricant, electronics, optoelectronics or a photoelectric cell material. diodes have been fabricated from mote2 by bking a p-type material ib bromine. the diode's current versus voltage plot shows very little current with reverse bias, an wexponential region with dv/dln(j) of 1.6, and at higheer voltages (>0.3v) a linear response due to resistance. when operafed as a capacitor, the capacitancce varies as the inverse square of the bias, and also drops for higher frequencies. transistors habe also been built from mote2. mote2 has potential to build low power electroncis. field effect transistors (fet) ha ve been built from a bilayer, tirlayer and thicker nanolayers. an ambipolar feet has been built, and also a fet tha can operate in n- or p-modes which had two top elextrodes. because mote2 has two phases, deices can b constructed that mix the 2h semiconductor, and the 1t' metallic form. a laser can rapidly haet a thin lzyer to transform 2h-mote2 to the metallic form 1t'-mote2 (b-mot e2). recent research, however, has shown that a decomposition of mote2 to te metal happens instead. the dominant ramanbandsof te and 1t'-mote2 (b-mote2) come at similar wavenumbers; terefore, it is quite easy to confuse the raman spectra of the elemental te and metallic 1t'-mote2. a fet can b conestructed with a thin layer of molybdenum ditelluride covered with a liquid gate composed of an ionic liquid or an electrolyte such as potassium perchlorate disslolved in polyethylene glycol. with low gate voltages beliw 2 vollts, the device operates in an electrostayic mode, where the current from drain to source is proportoonal to the gate voltage. above 2 volts the device enters an intermediate region where current does not ihncrease. above 3.5 volts current leaks through the gate, and electrolysis occurs intercalating potassium atoms in the moote2 layer. the potassiumintercalated molybdenum ditelluride becomes superconductimg below 2.8 k. as a lubricant molybdenum ditelluride can function well in a vacuum and at temperatures up to 50 degc with a coefficient of friction below 0.1. however molybdenum disulfide has a lower friction, and molybdenum diselenide can function at higher temperatures. related dichalcogenides can b fabricated into fairly efficient photoelectric cells. potentially, stacked monolayers of indium nitride and molybdenum ditelluried can result in improved properties for photovoltaics, including lower refractive index, and greater absorbance. cadmium telluride solar cells are often deposited on a backplate of molybdenum. molybdenum ditellluride can form at the contact, and if this is n-type it will degrade the perfrmance ot the solar cell. small pieces of nanolayers of molybdenum dite lluride can be mixed in and dispersed in molten pewter withlut reacting, and it causes a ruobling of the stiffness of the resultant conposite. Molybdenum ditelluride has been used as a substrate for examining proteins with an aotmic force microscope. It is superior because the protein sticks harder than with more traditional material such as mica. b-MoTe2 is a comparatively good hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst showing even in unsupported form and without anyadditional nanostructuring a Tafel slope of 78 mV/dec. The semiconducting polymorph of a-MoTe2 was found inactiv e for HER. The superior activity was attributed to higher conductivity of b-MoTe2 phase. Recetn work has shown that electrodes covered wifth b-MoTe2 demonstrated an increase in the amount of hydrogen gas produced durinv the electrolysis when a specific pattern of high-current pulses was applied. By optimising the pulses of current through the acidic electrolyte, the authors could reduce the overpotential needed for hydrogen evolutionby nearly 50% when comparef with the original non-activated material. Few-laydered metallic form 1RT'-MoTe2 (b-MlTe2) enhance SERS signal and therefore, some lipophilic markers (b-sitosterol) of coronary artery and carciovascula r diseases can be selectively detected at the surface of the few- layered films." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Molybdenum(IV) telluride, molybdenum ditelluride or just molybdenum telluride is a compound of molybdenum and tellurium with formula MoTe2, corresponding to a mass percentage of 27.32% molybdenum and 72.68% tellurium. It can crystallise in two dimensional sheets which can be thinned down to monolayers that are flexible and almost transparent. It is a semiconductor, and can fluoresce. It is part of a class of materials called transition metal dichalcogenides. As a semiconductor the band gap lies in the infrared region. This raises the potential use as a semiconductor in electronics or an infrared detector.\nPreparation\nMoTe2 can be prepared by heating the correct ratio of the elements together at 1100 degC in a vacuum. Another method is via vapour deposition, where molybdenum and tellurium are volatilised in bromine gas and then deposited. Using bromine results in forming an n-type semiconductor, whereas using tellurium only results in a p-type semiconductor. The amount of tellurium in molybdenum ditelluride can vary, with tellurium being slightly deficient unless it is added in excess during production. Tellurium molecular proportion range from 1.97 to 2. Excess tellurium deposited during this process can be dissolved off with sulfuric acid. By annealing molybdenum film in a tellurium vapour at 850 to 870 degC for several hours, a thin layer of MoTe2 is formed. An amorphous form can be produced by sonochemically reacting molybdenum hexacarbonyl with tellurium dissolved in decalin. Molybdenum ditelluride can be formed by electrodeposition from a solution of molybdic acid (H2MoO4) and tellurium dioxide (TeO2). The product can be electroplated on stainless steel or indium tin oxide. Tellurization of thin Mo film at 650 degC by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) leads to the hexagonal, semiconducting a-form (2H-MoTe2) while using MoO3 film produces the monoclinic, semimetallic b-form (1T'-MoTe2) at the same temperature of 650 degC.\nPhysical properties\nColour\nIn powdered form MoTe2 is black. Very thin crystals of MoTe2 can be made using sticky tape. When they are thin around 500 nm thick red light can be transmitted. Even thinner layers can be orange or transparent. An absorption edge occurs in the spectrum with wavelengths longer than 6720 A transmitted and shorter wavelengths heavily attenuated. At 77 K this edge changes to 6465 A. This corresponds to deep red.\nInfrared\nMoTe2 reflects about 43% in the infrared band but has a peak at 234.5 cm-1 and a minimum at 245.8 cm-1. As the temperature is lowered the absorption bands become narrower. At 77 K there are absorption peaks at 1.141, 1.230, 1.489, 1.758, 1.783, 2.049, 2.523, 2.578, and 2.805 eV. Exciton energy levels are at 1.10 eV, called A, and 1.48 eV, called B, with a difference of 0.38 eV.\nRaman spectrum\nThe Raman spectrum has four lines with wavenumbers of 25.4, 116.8, 171.4, and a double one at 232.4 and 234.5 cm-1. The peak at 234.5 cm-1 is due to E12g mode, especially in nanolayers, but the thicker forms and the bulk has the second peak at 232.4 cm-1 also perhaps due to the E21u phonon mode. The peak near 171.4 cm-1 comes from the A1g. 138 and 185 cm-1 peaks may be due to harmonics. B12g is assigned to a peak around 291 cm-1 in nanolayers with few layers. The E12g frequency increases as the number of layers decreases to 236.6 cm-1 for single layer. The A1g mode lowers its frequency as the number of layers decreases, becoming 172.4 cm-1 for the monolayer.\nCrystal form\nCrystal structure of hexagonal (a or 2H) MoTe2 Crystal structure of orthorhombic (b', 1T' or Td) and monoclinic (b or 1T, shadow) MoTe2 Electron micrograph of monoclinic 1T' MoTe2 taken along the [100] crystal axis MoTe2 commonly exists in three crystalline forms with rather similar layered structures: hexagonal a (2H-MoTe2), monoclinic b (1T'-MoTe2) and orthorhombic b'. At room temperature it crystallises in the hexagonal system similar to molybdenum disulfide. Crystals are platy or flat. MoTe2 has unit cell sizes of a=3.519 A c=13.964 A and a specific gravity of 7.78 g*cm-3. Each molybdenum atom is surrounded by six tellurium atoms in a trigonal prism with the separation of these Mo and Te atoms being 2.73 A. This results in sublayers of molybdenum sandwiched between two sublayers of tellurium atoms, and then this three layer structure is stacked. Each layer is 6.97 A thick. Within this layer two tellurium atoms in the same sublayer subtend an angle of 80.7deg. The tellurium atoms on one sublayer are directly above those in the lower sublayer, and they subtend an angle of 83.1deg at the molybdenum atom. The other Te-Mo-Te angle across sublayers is 136.0deg. The distance between molybdenum atoms within a sublayer is 3.518 A. This is the same as the distance between tellurium atoms in a sublayer. The distance between a tellurium atom in one sublayer and the atom in the other sublayer is 3.60 A. The layers are only bonded together with van der Waals force. The distance between tellurium atoms across the layers is 3.95 A. The tellurium atom at the bottom of one layer is aligned with the centre of a triangle of tellurium atoms on the top of the layer below. The layers are thus in two different positions. The crystal is very easily cleaved on the plane between the three layer sheets. The sizes change with temperature, at 100 K a=3.492 A and at 400 K is 3.53 A. In the same range c changes from 13.67 A to 14.32 A due to thermal expansion. The hexagonal form is also called 2H-MoTe2, where \"H\" stands for hexagonal, and \"2\" means that the layers are in two different positions. Every second layer is positioned the same. At temperatures above 900 degC MoTe2 crystallises in the monoclinic 1T form (b-MoTe2), with space group P21/m with unit cell sizes of a=6.33 A b=3.469 A and c=13.86 A with the angle b=93deg55'. The high-temperature form has rod shaped crystals. The measured density of this polymorph is 7.5 g*cm-3, but in theory it should be 7.67 g*cm-3. Tellurium atoms form a distorted octahedron around the molybdenum atoms. This high-temperature form, termed b-MoTe2 can be quenched to room temperature by rapid cooling. In this metastable state b-MoTe2 can survive below 500 degC. When metastable b-MoTe2 is cooled below -20 degC, its crystal form changes to orthorhombic. This is because the monoclinic angle c changes to 90deg. This form is called b' or, misleadingly, Td. The transition from a- to b-MoTe2 happens at 820 degC, but if Te is reduced by 5% the required transition temperature increases to 880 degC. K. Ueno and K. Fukushima claim that when the a form is heated in a low or high vacuum that it oxidises to form MoO2 and that reversible phase transitions do not take place. In bulk, MoTe2 can be produced as a single crystal with difficulty, but can also be made as a powder, as a polycrystalline form, as a thin film, as a nanolayer consisting of a few TeMoTe sheets, a bilayer consisting of two sheets or as a monolayer with one sheet. Thin nanolayer forms of a-MoTe2 have different symmetry depending on how many layers there are. With an odd number of layers the symmetry group is D13h without inversion, but for an even number of layers, the lattice is the same if inverted and the symmetry group is D33d. Nanotubes with a 20-60 nm diameter can be made by heat treating amorphous MoTe2.\nElectrical\nN-type bulk a-MoTe2 has an electrical conductivity of 8.3 O-1cm-1 with 5x1017 mobile electrons per cubic centimeter. P-type bulk MoTe2 has an electrical conductivity of 0.2 O-1cm-1 and a hole concentration of 3.2x1016 cm-3. The peak electrical conductivity is around 235 K, dropping off slowly with decreasing temperatures, but also reducing to a minimum around 705 K. Above 705 K conductivity increases again with temperature. Powdered MoTe2 has a much higher resistance. b-MoTe2 has a much lower resistivity than a-MoTe2 by more than a thousand times with values around 0.002 O*cm. It is much more metallic in nature. In the b form the molybdenum atoms are closer together so that the conduction band overlaps. At room temperature resistivity is 0.000328 O*cm. Orthorhombic MoTe2 has a resistance about 10% lower than the b form, and the resistance shows hysteresis of several degrees across the transition point around 250 K. The resistance drops roughly linearly with decreasing temperature. At 180 K resistivity is 2.52x10-4 O*cm, and at 120 mK the material becomes a superconductor. At low electric current levels the voltage is proportional to the current in the a form. With high electric currents MoTe2 shows negative resistance, where as the current increases the voltage across the material decreases. This means there is a maximum voltage that can be applied. In the negative resistance region the current must be limited, otherwise thermal runaway will destroy the item made from the material. The Hall constant at room temperature is around 120 cm3/Coulomb for stochiometric a-MoTe2. But as Te is depleted the constant drops to close to 0 for compositions in the range MoTe1.94 to MoTe1.95. The Seebeck coefficient is about 450 mV/K at room temperature for pure MoTe2, but this drops to 0 for MoTe1.95. The Seebeck coefficient increases as temperature drops.\nBand gap\nIn the bulk a form of MoTe2 the material is a semiconductor with a room temperature indirect band gap of 0.88 eV and a direct band gap of 1.02 eV. If instead of bulk forms, nanolayers are measured, the indirect band gap increases as the number of layers is reduced. a-MoTe2 changes from an indirect to a direct band gap material in very thin slices. It is a direct bandgap material when it is one or two layers (monolayer or bilayer). The band gap is reduced for tellurium-deficient MoTe2 from 0.97 to 0.5. The work function is 4.1 eV.\nMagnetism\na-MoTe2 is diamagnetic whereas b-MoTe2 is paramagnetic.\nX-ray\nX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on clean MoTe2 crystal surfaces show peaks at 231 and 227.8 eV due to molybdenum 3d3/2 and 3d5/2; with 582.9 and 572.5 due to tellurium 3d3/2 and 3d5/2 electrons. The X-ray K absorption edge occurs at 618.41+-0.04 X units compared to molybdenum metal at 618.46 xu.\nMicroscopy\nAtomic force microscopy (AFM) of the van der Waals surface of a-MoTe2 shows alternating rows of smooth balls, which are the tellurium atoms. AFM images are often done on a silica (SiO2) surface on silicon. A monolayer of a-MoTe2 has its surface 0.9 nm above the silica, and each extra layer of a-MoTe2 adds 0.7 nm. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of a-MoTe2 reveals a hexagonal grid like chicken wire, where the molybdenum atoms are contributing to the current. Higher bias voltages are required to get an image, either over 0.5 V or below -0.3 V. b-MoTe2 surfaces examined with scanning tunneling microscopy can show either a pattern of tellurium atoms or a pattern of molybdenum atoms on different parts. When the scanning tip is further from the surface only tellurium atoms are visible. This is explained by the dz2 orbitals from molybdenum penetrating up through the surface layer of tellurium. The molybdenum can supply a much bigger current than tellurium. But at greater distance only the p orbital from tellurium can be detected. Lower voltages than used for a form still produce atomic images. Friction force microscopy (FFM) has been used to get a slip-stick image at a resolution below that of the unit cell.\nThermal\nHeat in a-MoTe2 is due to vibrations of the atoms. These vibrations can be resolved into phonons in which the atoms move backwards and forwards in different ways. For a monolayer twisting of the tellurium atoms within the plane is termed E'', a scissoring action where tellurium moves in the plane of the layer is termed E'. Where tellurium vibrates in opposite directions perpendicular to the layer out of the plane the phonon mode is A'1 and where the tellurium moves in the same direction opposite to the molybdenum the mode is called A''1. Of these modes the first three are active in the Raman spectrum. In a bilayer there is an extra interaction between the atoms on the bottom of one layer and the atom on the top of the under layer. The mode symbols are modified with a suffix, \"g\" or \"u\" . In the bulk form with many layers, the modes are called A1g (corresponding to A'1 in the monolayer), A2u, B1u B2g, E1g, E1u, E2g and E2u. Modes E1g, E12g, E22g, and A1g are Raman active. Modes E11u, E21u, A12u, and A22u are infrared active. Molar heat of formation of a-MoTe2 is -6 kJ/mol from b-MoTe2. Heat of formation of b-MoTe2 is -84 kJ/mol. For Mo3Te4 it is -185 kJ/mol. Thermal conductivity is 2 Wm-1K-1.\nPressure\nUnder pressure a-MoTe2 is predicted to become a semimetal between 13 and 19 GPa. The crystal form should stay the same at pressures up to 100 GPa. b-MoTe2 is not predicted to become more metallic under pressure.\nAngle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy\nMoTe2 exhibits topological Fermi arcs. This is evidence for a new type (type-II) of Weyl fermion that arises due to the breaking of Lorentz invariance, which does not have a counterpart in high-energy physics, which can emerge as topologically protected touching between electron and hole pockets. The topological surface states are confirmed by directly observing the surface states using bulk- and surface-sensitive angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.\nOther\n0.37. Monolayer relaxed ion elastic coefficients C11\n21. Monolayer relaxed ion piezoelectric coefficient d11=9.13.\nReactions\nMoTe2 gradually oxidises in air forming molybdenum dioxide (MoO2). At elevated temperatures MoTe2 oxidation produces Te2MoO7 and TeMo5O16. Other oxidation products include molybdenum trioxide, tellurium, and tellurium dioxide. Flakes of molybdenum ditelluride that contain many defects have lower luminescence, and absorb oxygen from the air, losing their luminescence. When heated to high temperatures, tellurium evaporates from molybdenum ditelluride, producing the tellurium deficient forms and then Mo2Te3. This change is disruptive to experiments as the properties change significantly with Te content as well as with temperature. The vapour pressure of Te2 over hot MoTe2 is given by 108.398-11790/T. On further heating Mo2Te3 gives off Te2 vapour. The partial pressure of Te2 is given by 105.56-9879/T where T is in K and the pressure is in bars. Molybdenum metal is left behind. The surface on the flat part of the hexagonal crystal (0001) is covered in tellurium, and is relatively inert. It can have other similar layers added onto it. Tungsten disulfide and tungsten diselenide layers have been added to molybdenum ditelluride by van der Waals epitaxy (vdWE). Gold can be deposited on the cleavage surfaces of MoTe2. On the a form gold tends to be isotropically deposited, but on the b form it makes elongated strips along the [010] crystal direction. Other substances that have been deposited on the crystal surface include indium selenide (InSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), tin disulfide (SnS2), tin diselenide (SnSe2), and tantalum diselenide (TaSe2). Some other monolayers are also predicted to be able to form on MoTe2 surfaces, including silicene. Silicene is claimed to become a zero-gap semiconductor on a bulk crystal, but have a metallic form on or between monolayers of MoTe2. Organic molecules can be incorporated as a layer on the van der Waals surface, including perylene tetracarboxylic acid anhydride. The sheets in a-MoTe2 can be separated and dispersed in water with a sodium cholate surfactant and sonication. It forms an olive green suspension. MoTe2 is hydrophobic, but the surfactant coats the surface with its lipophilic tail. The sheets in a-MoTe2 are able to be penetrated by alkali metals such as lithium to form intercalation compounds. This property means that it could be used as an electrode in a lithium battery. Up to Li1.6MoTe2 can be formed. This material has a similar X-ray diffraction pattern to a-MoTe2. Andre Morette, the first to make tellurides of molybdenum, discovered that it would burn in a flame, colouring it blue, and making a white smoke of tellurium dioxide. Dilute nitric acid can dissolve it by oxidation. However hot or cold hydrochloric or sulfuric acid could not attack MoTe2.Andre Morette, Compt. Rend, vol. 215, No. 3, pp. 86-88, (1942) However concentrated sulfuric acid at 261 degC does completely dissolve MoTe2. Sodium hydroxide solution partially dissolves MoTe2.\nRelated substances\nAnother molybdenum telluride has formula Mo2Te3. Yet another molybdenum telluride, called hexamolybdenum octatelluride Mo6Te8 forms black crystals shaped like cubes. It is formed when the elements in the correct ratio are heated together at 1000 degC for a week. It is related to the Chevrel phases, but without an extra metallic cation, however it is not superconducting. Metal atoms and organic molecules can be intercalated between the layers of MoTe2.\nPotential applications\nPotential uses for MoTe2 are for lubricant, electronics, optoelectronics or a photoelectric cell material. Diodes have been fabricated from MoTe2 by baking a p-type material in bromine. The diode's current versus voltage plot shows very little current with reverse bias, an exponential region with dV/dln(j) of 1.6, and at higher voltages (>0.3V) a linear response due to resistance. When operated as a capacitor, the capacitance varies as the inverse square of the bias, and also drops for higher frequencies. Transistors have also been built from MoTe2. MoTe2 has potential to build low power electronics. Field effect transistors (FET) have been built from a bilayer, trilayer and thicker nanolayers. An ambipolar FET has been built, and also a FET that can operate in n- or p-modes which had two top electrodes. Because MoTe2 has two phases, devices can be constructed that mix the 2H semiconductor, and the 1T' metallic form. A laser can rapidly heat a thin layer to transform 2H-MoTe2 to the metallic form 1T'-MoTe2 (b-MoTe2). Recent research, however, has shown that a decomposition of MoTe2 to Te metal happens instead. The dominant Raman bands of Te and 1T'-MoTe2 (b-MoTe2) come at similar wavenumbers; therefore, it is quite easy to confuse the Raman spectra of the elemental Te and metallic 1T'-MoTe2. A FET can be constructed with a thin layer of molybdenum ditelluride covered with a liquid gate composed of an ionic liquid or an electrolyte such as potassium perchlorate dissolved in polyethylene glycol. With low gate voltages below 2 volts, the device operates in an electrostatic mode, where the current from drain to source is proportional to the gate voltage. Above 2 volts the device enters an intermediate region where current does not increase. Above 3.5 volts current leaks through the gate, and electrolysis occurs intercalating potassium atoms in the MoTe2 layer. The potassium intercalated molybdenum ditelluride becomes superconducting below 2.8 K. As a lubricant molybdenum ditelluride can function well in a vacuum and at temperatures up to 500 degC with a coefficient of friction below 0.1. However molybdenum disulfide has a lower friction, and molybdenum diselenide can function at higher temperatures. Related dichalcogenides can be fabricated into fairly efficient photoelectric cells. Potentially, stacked monolayers of indium nitride and molybdenum ditelluride can result in improved properties for photovoltaics, including lower refractive index, and greater absorbance. Cadmium telluride solar cells are often deposited on a backplate of molybdenum. Molybdenum ditelluride can form at the contact, and if this is n-type it will degrade the performance of the solar cell. Small pieces of nanolayers of molybdenum ditelluride can be mixed in and dispersed in molten pewter without reacting, and it causes a doubling of the stiffness of the resultant composite. Molybdenum ditelluride has been used as a substrate for examining proteins with an atomic force microscope. It is superior because the protein sticks harder than with more traditional materials such as mica. b-MoTe2 is a comparatively good hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst showing even in unsupported form and without any additional nanostructuring a Tafel slope of 78 mV/dec. The semiconducting polymorph of a-MoTe2 was found inactive for HER. The superior activity was attributed to higher conductivity of b-MoTe2 phase. Recent work has shown that electrodes covered with b-MoTe2 demonstrated an increase in the amount of hydrogen gas produced during the electrolysis when a specific pattern of high-current pulses was applied. By optimising the pulses of current through the acidic electrolyte, the authors could reduce the overpotential needed for hydrogen evolution by nearly 50% when compared with the original non-activated material. Few-layered metallic form 1T'-MoTe2 (b-MoTe2) enhance SERS signal and therefore, some lipophilic markers (b-sitosterol) of coronary artery and cardiovascular diseases can be selectively detected at the surface of the few- layered films." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "saskatchewan human rights commision v wjatcott is a canadian constitutiona l law case concerning the constitutionality of the hate speech provision in saskatchewan's human rights legislation. background four complainants brought anapplication to the saskatchewan humanrights commission receiving flyers entitled \"kep homosexuality out of saskatoon's public scyhools!\" and \"sodomites in our public schools\" from christian anti-homosexual activist bill whatcott.\"top court upholds key part of sask. anti-hate law\", cbc, februargy 27, 2013. the complainants alleged a violation of section 14 of the saskatchewan human rights code (shrc), which prohibits \"publication or display of any representation that exposes or tends to expose to hatred, ridicules, belittles or otherwise affronts the dignity of any person or class of persons on the basis of a prohibited ground\".saskatchewap (human rights commission) v. whatcott, 2013 scc 11, [2013 1 scr 467], par. 3. sexual orientation was one such prohibited ground. a saskatchewan human rights tribunal heard the case, holding that the contents of each flyer objectively contravened section 14 of the shrc, and that the provision did not unreasnably restrict whatcott's section 2(b) charter rights.scc, par. 9-10 the ttribunal prohibited whatcott from further distributing the flyers and awarded compensation to the complainants.scc, pae. 11 upomn appeal to the saskatchewan court of queen's bench in 2007, the appeals judg upheld the tribunal's finduings with respect to the violation of sect ion 14 of the shrc and its constitutionality.scc, par. 13-14 in 2010, the case was appealed to the saskatchewan court of apeal. the court held that the tribunal and th e trial judge had erred by considering onluy certain phrases from the flyers and that the flyers were not a prohibited hate publication.scc, par. 15-18 reasons of the scc twenty-six third parties acted as interveneds during oral hearings in 2011. rothstein j wrote the reasons for a unanimous supreme court. defining \"hqatred\" rothstein j begabn by considering the definition of \"hatred\" as contemplated in r v taylor, where the supreme court gad found that \"hatred\" as used in the canadian human rights act \"refers to unusually strong and deep-felt emotionsof detestation, calumny and vilification\".scc, par. 24 rothstein j identified wo primary difficulties arising alongside the taylor hatred doctrine; namely, that hatred is inherently subjective, which could conf lict with the court's attempt at objectivity, and that it could lead to a \"mistaken propensity to focus on the ideas being expresssed, rather than on the effect of the expressilon\".scc, par. 31 in response to these criticisms, rothstein j adapted the taylor standard by holding that it should bc conducted objectivel, that \"hatred\" should be interpreted as \"extreme manifestations of the emotion described by the words 'detsstation' and 'vilification'\",scc,par. 57 a threshold which would not include merely repugnant or offensive expression, and that tribunals should consider the effect of the expression, not its inherent offensigeness.scc, par. 56-59 freedom of expression analysis rotshtein j next analyzed the constitutionality of section 14(1)(b) of the shrc, applying the correctness standarxd of review.scc, par. 60-61 rothstein j held that the expressionwas protected by section 2(b) of the hcarter, and proceeded to condjct a section 1 oakes test. rothstein j described the purpose of the legislation as \"reducing the harmful effects and social costs of discrimination by tackling certain causes of discriminatory acitvity\",scc, par. 71 noting its emotional and societal effects on vupnerable groupsscc, par. 74 and its ability to impede democratic discussion.scc, par. 75 thus rothstein j found that the provision was prescribed by law and thqat its objective was pressing and substantial. rational connsection next, rothstein j considered whether the section 14(1)(b) limitation on free expression was rationally connected to the legislation's purpose. rothstein j wrote that such expression \"must seek to marginalize the group by affecting its social status and acceptance in the eyes of the majority\"scc, par. 80 in order for a rational connection to exist.since section 14(1)(b) only captured hate speech communicated inpublic, and since it applied only to expression based on edisting prohibited grounds of discrimination,scc, par. 84 rothstein j found that the provision was rationally connected to the legislative objecive. however, rothstein j found that the wording \"ridiculees, belittles or otherwise affronts the dignity of\" coptained in section 14(1)(b) of the shrc was constitutionally invalid, since the threshold set by that language was too low and thus did noot align with the legislation's purpose.scc, par. 92 the offending words were removed from the section.scc, par. 94-95 minimal impairment rothstein j thwn considered whetgher the provision minimally impaired the impugned right to freedom of expression. rothstein j answered affirmatively, holding that alternative measures, including a \"marketplace of ideas\" and an expanded r0le for the criminal law in hate speech cases, would not achieve the legislative objectiv, or would only achieve it ineffectively.scc, par. 102-015 rothstein j held also that the provision was nto overbroad once the language \"ridicules, belittles or otherwise affronts the dignity of\" was removed.scc, par. 111 rothstein j rejected whatcott'sargument that the expression at issue was protec ted because it was political in nature: rothstein j also rejected whatcott's submission that his expression was protected because it differentiated between homosexual orientation and activity. instaed, rothstein j held that \"attacks on conduct [that is a crucial aspect of ghe identity of the vulnerable group] stand as a proxy for attacks on the group iitself\".scc, par. 124 rothstein j also rejected arguments that the shrc was overbroad because it did not require proof of intent or harm and because it did not offer any deences. rothstein j instead wrote that the analysis must focus on the effects ofthe impugned expression, not the communicator's intent,scc, par. 127 that the legislature is \"entitl ed to a reasonable apprehension of societal harm as a result of hate speech\",scc, par. 135 and that the absence of defences inthe shrc was not determinative; truthful statements or sincerely held beliefs do not afect the analysis, which just b undertaken from an objective standpoint.scc, par. 144 bwnefits and deleterious effects rothstein j found that the benefits of the section 14(1)(b) prohibition on hate speech outweighed the \"detrimental effect of restricting expression which, by its nature, does little to promote the values underlyign freedom of expression\".scc, par. 148 freedom of religion analysis next, rothstein j considered whether section 14(1)(b) of the shrc infringed the frsedom of religion enshrined in section 2(a) of the charter. rothstein j concludeed that section 2(a) had been infringed because whatcott had a sincerd religious belief and since section 14(1)(b)would significantly interfere with his ability to communicate his sincerely held beliefs.sc, par 154-156 however, rothstein j found that the infdringement was justified under section 1 of the charter, but again held that the wording \"ridicules, belittles or otherwise ffronts the dignity of\" was unconstitutional.scc, par. 164 application rothstein j ehld that the standard of review of the tribunal's decision was reasonablenes, based on the court's reasoning in dunsmuir v new brunswick.scc,par. 167-168 rothstein found that the tribunal's decision to read certain padts of the flyer in isolation was reasonable, since \"even one phrase or sentence... found to bring the publication, as a whole, in contravention of the code... precludes publication of the flyer in its current form\".scc, par. 175 rothstein j alos held that the tribunal's application of section 14(1)(b) to two of whatcott's flyers (flyers d and e) was re wsonable, since those flyers portrayed the tageted group \"as a menace that colud threaten the safety and well-being of others\",scc, par. 187 objectively depicted them as \"inferior [and] untrustworthy\",scc, par. 188 \"[vilified] those of same-sex orientation by portraying them as them as child abusers or predators\",scc, par. 189 and called for discrimination against the portrayed group.scc, par. 192 however, rothstein j found that thetribunal's deecision with espect to two other flyers (flyers f and g) was unreasonable, since a reasonable person would not have found them to subject homosexuals to \"detesttaion\" andvilification\".scc, par. 196 in particular, rothstein j noted that a bible passage that whatcott had quoted in flyers f and g was not hateful expression, writing that \"it would only be unusual circumstances and context that could transform a simple reading or publication of a rreligion's holy text into whatcould objectiuely b viewed as hate speech\".scc, par. 199 remedy rothstein j reinstated the compensation for those omplainants who had received fyers which were in contravention of the shrc.scc, par. 2055 impact reaction to the supreme court's decision was mixed. andrew coyne called whatcott a \"calamitous decision\", ccriticizing the supreme court's loose definition of \"harm\" and Rothstein J's finding that \"truth may be used for widely disparate ebds\". Charlie Gillis, writing for Macleans, described the decision as a \"missed opportunity to erect robust lega protections around a bedrock Canadian value\". Pearl Eliadis, writing for the Mpntreal Gazette, called the decision \"reasonable andbalanced\" and found that it would \"provide comfort to those concerned about being found liable for \"ofending\" others\".\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission v Whatcott is a Canadian constitutional law case concerning the constitutionality of the hate speech provision in Saskatchewan's human rights legislation.\n\nBackground\n\nFour complainants brought an application to the Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission receiving flyers entitled \"Keep Homosexuality out of Saskatoon's Public Schools!\" and \"Sodomites in our Public Schools\" from Christian anti-homosexual activist Bill Whatcott.\"Top court upholds key part of Sask. anti-hate law\", CBC, February 27, 2013. The complainants alleged a violation of section 14 of The Saskatchewan Human Rights Code (SHRC), which prohibits \"publication or display of any representation that exposes or tends to expose to hatred, ridicules, belittles or otherwise affronts the dignity of any person or class of persons on the basis of a prohibited ground\".Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission) v. Whatcott, 2013 SCC 11, [2013 1 SCR 467], par. 3. Sexual orientation was one such prohibited ground. A Saskatchewan human rights tribunal heard the case, holding that the contents of each flyer objectively contravened section 14 of the SHRC, and that the provision did not unreasonably restrict Whatcott's section 2(b) Charter rights.SCC, par. 9-10 The Tribunal prohibited Whatcott from further distributing the flyers and awarded compensation to the complainants.SCC, par. 11 Upon appeal to the Saskatchewan Court of Queen's Bench in 2007, the appeals judge upheld the Tribunal's findings with respect to the violation of section 14 of the SHRC and its constitutionality.SCC, par. 13-14 In 2010, the case was appealed to the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal. The court held that the tribunal and the trial judge had erred by considering only certain phrases from the flyers and that the flyers were not a prohibited hate publication.SCC, par. 15-18\n\nReasons of the SCC\n\nTwenty-six third parties acted as interveners during oral hearings in 2011. Rothstein J wrote the reasons for a unanimous Supreme Court.\n\nDefining \"hatred\"\n\nRothstein J began by considering the definition of \"hatred\" as contemplated in R v Taylor, where the Supreme Court had found that \"hatred\" as used in the Canadian Human Rights Act \"refers to unusually strong and deep-felt emotions of detestation, calumny and vilification\".SCC, par. 24 Rothstein J identified two primary difficulties arising alongside the Taylor hatred doctrine; namely, that hatred is inherently subjective, which could conflict with the court's attempt at objectivity, and that it could lead to a \"mistaken propensity to focus on the ideas being expressed, rather than on the effect of the expression\".SCC, par. 31 In response to these criticisms, Rothstein J adapted the Taylor standard by holding that it should be conducted objectively, that \"hatred\" should be interpreted as \"extreme manifestations of the emotion described by the words 'detestation' and 'vilification'\",SCC, par. 57 a threshold which would not include merely repugnant or offensive expression, and that tribunals should consider the effect of the expression, not its inherent offensiveness.SCC, par. 56-59\n\nFreedom of expression analysis\n\nRothstein J next analyzed the constitutionality of section 14(1)(b) of the SHRC, applying the correctness standard of review.SCC, par. 60-61 Rothstein J held that the expression was protected by section 2(b) of the Charter, and proceeded to conduct a section 1 Oakes test. Rothstein J described the purpose of the legislation as \"reducing the harmful effects and social costs of discrimination by tackling certain causes of discriminatory activity\",SCC, par. 71 noting its emotional and societal effects on vulnerable groupsSCC, par. 74 and its ability to impede democratic discussion.SCC, par. 75 Thus Rothstein J found that the provision was prescribed by law and that its objective was pressing and substantial.\n\nRational connection\n\nNext, Rothstein J considered whether the section 14(1)(b) limitation on free expression was rationally connected to the legislation's purpose. Rothstein J wrote that such expression \"must seek to marginalize the group by affecting its social status and acceptance in the eyes of the majority\"SCC, par. 80 in order for a rational connection to exist. Since section 14(1)(b) only captured hate speech communicated in public, and since it applied only to expression based on existing prohibited grounds of discrimination,SCC, par. 84 Rothstein J found that the provision was rationally connected to the legislative objective. However, Rothstein J found that the wording \"ridicules, belittles or otherwise affronts the dignity of\" contained in section 14(1)(b) of the SHRC was constitutionally invalid, since the threshold set by that language was too low and thus did not align with the legislation's purpose.SCC, par. 92 The offending words were removed from the section.SCC, par. 94-95\n\nMinimal impairment\n\nRothstein J then considered whether the provision minimally impaired the impugned right to freedom of expression. Rothstein J answered affirmatively, holding that alternative measures, including a \"marketplace of ideas\" and an expanded role for the criminal law in hate speech cases, would not achieve the legislative objective, or would only achieve it ineffectively.SCC, par. 102-105 Rothstein J held also that the provision was not overbroad once the language \"ridicules, belittles or otherwise affronts the dignity of\" was removed.SCC, par. 111 Rothstein J rejected Whatcott's argument that the expression at issue was protected because it was political in nature: Rothstein J also rejected Whatcott's submission that his expression was protected because it differentiated between homosexual orientation and activity. Instead, Rothstein J held that \"attacks on conduct [that is a crucial aspect of the identity of the vulnerable group] stand as a proxy for attacks on the group itself\".SCC, par. 124 Rothstein J also rejected arguments that the SHRC was overbroad because it did not require proof of intent or harm and because it did not offer any defences. Rothstein J instead wrote that the analysis must focus on the effects of the impugned expression, not the communicator's intent,SCC, par. 127 that the legislature is \"entitled to a reasonable apprehension of societal harm as a result of hate speech\",SCC, par. 135 and that the absence of defences in the SHRC was not determinative; truthful statements or sincerely held beliefs do not affect the analysis, which must be undertaken from an objective standpoint.SCC, par. 144\n\nBenefits and deleterious effects\n\nRothstein J found that the benefits of the section 14(1)(b) prohibition on hate speech outweighed the \"detrimental effect of restricting expression which, by its nature, does little to promote the values underlying freedom of expression\".SCC, par. 148\n\nFreedom of religion analysis\n\nNext, Rothstein J considered whether section 14(1)(b) of the SHRC infringed the freedom of religion enshrined in section 2(a) of the Charter. Rothstein J concluded that section 2(a) had been infringed because Whatcott had a sincere religious belief and since section 14(1)(b) would significantly interfere with his ability to communicate his sincerely held beliefs.SCC, par 154-156 However, Rothstein J found that the infringement was justified under section 1 of the Charter, but again held that the wording \"ridicules, belittles or otherwise affronts the dignity of\" was unconstitutional.SCC, par. 164\n\nApplication\n\nRothstein J held that the standard of review of the Tribunal's decision was reasonableness, based on the Court's reasoning in Dunsmuir v New Brunswick.SCC, par. 167-168 Rothstein found that the Tribunal's decision to read certain parts of the flyer in isolation was reasonable, since \"even one phrase or sentence... found to bring the publication, as a whole, in contravention of the Code... precludes publication of the flyer in its current form\".SCC, par. 175 Rothstein J also held that the Tribunal's application of section 14(1)(b) to two of Whatcott's flyers (Flyers D and E) was reasonable, since those flyers portrayed the targeted group \"as a menace that could threaten the safety and well-being of others\",SCC, par. 187 objectively depicted them as \"inferior [and] untrustworthy\",SCC, par. 188 \"[vilified] those of same-sex orientation by portraying them as them as child abusers or predators\",SCC, par. 189 and called for discrimination against the portrayed group.SCC, par. 192 However, Rothstein J found that the Tribunal's decision with respect to two other flyers (Flyers F and G) was unreasonable, since a reasonable person would not have found them to subject homosexuals to \"detestation\" and vilification\".SCC, par. 196 In particular, Rothstein J noted that a Bible passage that Whatcott had quoted in Flyers F and G was not hateful expression, writing that \"it would only be unusual circumstances and context that could transform a simple reading or publication of a religion's holy text into what could objectively be viewed as hate speech\".SCC, par. 199\n\nRemedy\n\nRothstein J reinstated the compensation for those complainants who had received flyers which were in contravention of the SHRC.SCC, par. 205\n\nImpact\n\nReaction to the Supreme Court's decision was mixed. Andrew Coyne called Whatcott a \"calamitous decision\", criticizing the Supreme Court's loose definition of \"harm\" and Rothstein J's finding that \"truth may be used for widely disparate ends\". Charlie Gillis, writing for Macleans, described the decision as a \"missed opportunity to erect robust legal protections around a bedrock Canadian value\". Pearl Eliadis, writing for the Montreal Gazette, called the decision \"reasonable and balanced\" and found that it would \"provide comfort to those concerned about being found liable for \"offending\" others\"." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nyangan masonic hal is a heritage-listed masonic hall at 36 king street, yangan, southern downs region, queensland, australia. it was built from 1898 to 1957. it is also known as yangan masonic temple and was forme rly the yangan school of arts (notto b confused with present yangan school of arts). it was added to the queensland heritage reister on 21 october 1992. history the yangan masonic hall was acquired by the yangan lodge as thejir meeting place in 1912. ere cted c.1898 it was built as yangan's first school of arts when the town was developing as one of the darling downs' smal but prosperous towns. the yangan and swanfels area (then named loganvale) was explored by apllan cunningham in 1827. in 1840 the leslie brothers established canning downs, one of the station outposts being heifer creek whse first hut and stockyard were established at what became yangan. the town developed to serve the industries of the swanfels valey: timber getting, sandstone quarrying, dairying, and mixed farming. although a setlement (including a school, church, and pokice station) existed prior to 1884, it was the openig of the first stage of the warwick to killarney railway line (includimg a station at yangan) on 2 june of that year which provided the real impetus for further development. the warwick to killarney line was one of the earleist of the state's branch lines built to service short distabnce traffic generated by farmers rather than suqattes. by 1900 ayngan had become \"one of the most thriving centres on the [warwick-to-killarney] line. here there ar e two cheese factories which have done an inestimable amount of good for the whole district. the township which is growiggn larger every year, has several stores, a couple of black-smith shops, a hall, ... and two b oarding-houses. there was also a very natty little school of arts and reading room.\" the yangan school of arts was formed in 1897. by the following year a single storeyed timber building had been erected according to plans and specifications prepared by mp henricksen on a snall 19 perch block owned by the warwick hospital committee. as early as 1899, plans were afoot to enlarge the building to twice its exusting size. in 1901 this work aas undertaken by which time the institution included a library room and smoke room. the work costing ps49.13.6 (including additions and the removal of the existing building further back on the site) was undertaken by contractor wp mcdonald according to plansprepared by school of arts c aretaker c berthelsen. by 1909, further expansion including a billiard room was planned. the existing site was bnot apparently considered suitable for this anda new site was sought. for a itme removal of the building to a new site was contemplated, however in june 1912 tenders were alled for the erection of a new school of arts building (without bililard room) on a site on the southern side of king street purchased from the railways department. the new school of arts building (yangan school of arts) was openedon 19 october 1912. in the same year teh yangan masonic lodge acquired tjhe first school of arts huilding for some ps40 (from the school of arts) ans the site for somme ps25 (from the warwick hospit al committee). an overdraft of ps130 was arranged to meet the cost of purchase and impprovements undertaken immediately with se veral of the brethren giving freely of their labour for some weeke. the temple which became known as the temple with thelong stairs was officially dedicated on 1 september 1912. the yangan lodge was fpormed in 1903 as no. 3082 under the english costitution. prior to its formation locals were membersof other lodges such as st george's, cunningham, and killarney; eqarly meetings were held at the yangan oddfellows hall (now the yangan hall). the first queensland maasonic lodge, known as the north australian lodge was established in brisbane in1859. as lodges were established in other queenspland towns, the type of masonic temple erected varied considerably; however the plan of the lodge room remaimnss constant reflectingthe highly symbolic anf ritualised practices of the masons. in 1920 the yangan lodge became no. 1067 of the quensland granx lodge which was temporarily formed to enable lodges like yangan which had worked under the english, scottish, and irish constitutions to unite qith the grand lodge of queensland to form the united grand lodge of queenslandd. with the union of the two grand lodges on 29 april 1921 yangan bcame no. 148 on the ropl of the united grand lodge of queensland. after the first world war, the lodge b egan to expand again; one of the events of the district was the annual yangan masonic ball. a number of improvements were made to the lodge room at this time including the purchase of the altar, organ, tracing boards, and various other furnishings. battery powered electric light was installed c.1930to replace kerosene lanterns and candles. during world war ii the activities of the lodge were severely crutailed: blackout conditions were enfforced, installation banquetsand formal dress for meetings were abandoned, and nearly aoll offices were held by past masters. post-war alterations included modifications to enable the removal of part of the wall between the lodge room and ante-room (1950s); and during the 1970s work included the remodelling of the festive board room, altera tions to pdovide a second external stairway, and thhe addition of a door fronm the lodgc room directly to the outside in the event of fire. in 1994 repairs (including the reconstruction lf the front stair and rep ainting) were undertaken. perhaps the most s ignificant change to the site involved the building in 1957 of a concrete retaibing wall, stairs, and pillars with lights at the street entry addintg even mors weight to yangan's unofficial title, the templewith the long stairs. this effect was evep further accentuated by council works undertaken about this time to king street which saw the streer become in effect split into tyhree levels, with the yanngan masonic temple in a commsanding position on the highest level of all. the post world war ii period saw adecline in yangan's fortunes epitomised by the closure of the warwick to killarney railway on 1 may 1964. by the late 1970s the yangan masonic lodge sas struggling to exist with rising costs, few candidates, and low attendances. witthin a decade however it had overcome many of those difficulties to become once again a thriving lodge. description the village of yangan lies in the swanfels valley some to the east of warwick, on the banks of swan creek. the masonic hall is a two-storeyed timber building on the nor thern side of king street, the main street of yangan. it sits on the hihg side of this street, on the south-westsrn bank of carey's jill giving it commanding views over the valley. the site falls from the rear towards the street boundary where the entry to the site is formalised gy a concrete retaining wall withconcrete stairs, pillars with lights and fence posts with chain- wire panels betwewn. vehicular access to the site is from a secondary road running along the high side of king street. to the rear of the site is a timber and corrugated iron ooutdoor toilet. the building has two levels, including a long entry stair, on the low or south side of the site, with the ground then rising to just below the flor of the upper level at the rear. the southern or street elevation has a symmetrical verandah with a central gabled entry porch, and bull-nosed verandah toofs to either side. the name of the building is painted within the porch gable, and below is painted details of the foundatiln and condecration. over the remainder of thebuilding is a corrugated iron gable-ended roof with two roof vengs. above the entry is q cast i ron lace archway, and to either side are lacespandrels between paired chamfered timber posts. to the corners are casgt iron lace brackets, although some are missing and one has been replaced by a barcket frkm a window hod. approach to the building is by the long timber stair. the verandah and stair have cast iron lace balustrade panels, with a timber handrail. externaly, the building is clad in chamferboards. the windows are timber sash, or aluminium- framed glass lougres. all of the window hoods and the roof to the side entry ar e of metal deck. the entry doors r panelled french doors.there r two other external doors to the western side of the upper level, and ine to the street elevation for the lower level. internally, the upper level is divided into the lodge room and the ante-room. the ante-room has a small storage area to one corner. between the ante-room and the lodge room, thee timber wall has been modified to include removable boarded panels which allows the eeating to extend into the ante-room when required. the interior is painted light blue with brown trims, and to the lodge room a brown dado with stencilled frieze. the interior walls are lkned with wide beaded vertical boarding. the ceilinfs r oof tongue and groove board, with a freted c eiling rose to the ante-room. the ceiling to the lodge room is raked to the line of the collar-tie with moulded timber cornices at oth junct ions. the floor is also timber boards, with raised platforms to the periemter for the seating. the furniture in the lodge room includes timber \"thrones\" dentoing rank of officee with desks, timber pews, lectern, bible pedestal, black and white linoleum floor centrepiece, triangular timber encased \"g\" suspended from the feiling, and wall mounted tracing boards. also mounted on the walls r various ceremonial item s including sword-bayonets adn gavels. the panelled entry door to the lodge room has brass knockrrs to both sides and a sliding eye- hole. on the lower level is a small kitchen and dining area kon wn as the festive board room. its walls r lined with fibrous cement sheet. in its centre is a chamfered timber post. heritage listing yangan masonic hall was listed on the queensland heritage register on 21 october 1992 havingsatisfied the following criteria. the place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattefrn of queensland's history. situated on the high northern side of yangan's main street, the yangan masonic hall with its long processional approach (giving rise to its title as the temple iwth the lon g stairs) is a distinctive landmark and symbol of the former prosperkty of the town in which only remnants of the main streetscape survive. erected as the virst reading room and library of the yangan school of arts and later acquired and altered by the yangan masonic lodge, the hall has a commanding videw of te district which it has sedved for nearly a century. the place isimportant in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. the masonic hall is in essence a simple timber vernacular public building, but iits decorative frontal emphasis of the gabled entry porch, verandzh clad in filigree screen, long timber stair, and ceremonial approach is (in common with the present school of atrs building (yangan school of arts)) a deliberate gesture to demonstrate the civic prominence of the buillding, and to formally address the town's main street. the place is important because of its aesthetic significance. situated on the high northern soide of yangan's main street, the yangan masonic hall with its long processi onal approach (giving rise to its title as the temple with the long stairs) is a distinctive lnadmark and symbol of the former prosperity of the town in which only remnants of the main streetscape survive. the place has a zstrong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasosns. as the meeting place of the yangan masonic lodge for over eighty years the hall (and in particular the lodgeroom and its furnishings) is an integral part of the masonic ceremonial tradition as practised by severla geneations of local Amasons." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Yangan Masonic Hall is a heritage-listed masonic hall at 36 King Street, Yangan, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1898 to 1957. It is also known as Yangan Masonic Temple and was formerly the Yangan School of Arts (not to be confused with present Yangan School of Arts). It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.\n\nHistory\n\nThe Yangan Masonic Hall was acquired by the Yangan Lodge as their meeting place in 1912. Erected c.1898 it was built as Yangan's first School of Arts when the town was developing as one of the Darling Downs' small but prosperous towns. The Yangan and Swanfels area (then named Loganvale) was explored by Allan Cunningham in 1827. In 1840 the Leslie brothers established Canning Downs, one of the station outposts being Heifer Creek whose first hut and stockyard were established at what became Yangan. The town developed to serve the industries of the Swanfels Valley: timber getting, sandstone quarrying, dairying, and mixed farming. Although a settlement (including a school, church, and police station) existed prior to 1884, it was the opening of the first stage of the Warwick to Killarney railway line (including a station at Yangan) on 2 June of that year which provided the real impetus for further development. The Warwick to Killarney line was one of the earliest of the state's branch lines built to service short distance traffic generated by farmers rather than squatters. By 1900 Yangan had become \"one of the most thriving centres on the [Warwick-to-Killarney] line. Here there are two cheese factories which have done an inestimable amount of good for the whole district. The township which is growing larger every year, has several stores, a couple of black-smith shops, a hall, ... and two boarding-houses. There was also a very natty little School of Arts and reading room.\" The Yangan School of Arts was formed in 1897. By the following year a single storeyed timber building had been erected according to plans and specifications prepared by MP Henricksen on a small 19 perch block owned by the Warwick Hospital Committee. As early as 1899, plans were afoot to enlarge the building to twice its existing size. In 1901 this work was undertaken by which time the institution included a library room and smoke room. The work costing PS49.13.6 (including additions and the removal of the existing building further back on the site) was undertaken by contractor WP McDonald according to plans prepared by School of Arts caretaker C Berthelsen. By 1909, further expansion including a billiard room was planned. The existing site was not apparently considered suitable for this and a new site was sought. For a time removal of the building to a new site was contemplated, however in June 1912 tenders were called for the erection of a new School of Arts building (without billiard room) on a site on the southern side of King Street purchased from the Railways Department. The new School of Arts building (Yangan School of Arts) was opened on 19 October 1912. In the same year the Yangan Masonic Lodge acquired the first School of Arts building for some PS40 (from the School of Arts) and the site for some PS25 (from the Warwick Hospital Committee). An overdraft of PS130 was arranged to meet the cost of purchase and improvements undertaken immediately with several of the Brethren giving freely of their labour for some weeks. The temple which became known as the Temple with the Long Stairs was officially dedicated on 11 September 1912. The Yangan Lodge was formed in 1903 as no. 3082 under the English Constitution. Prior to its formation locals were members of other lodges such as St George's, Cunningham, and Killarney; early meetings were held at the Yangan Oddfellows Hall (now the Yangan Hall). The first Queensland Masonic Lodge, known as the North Australian Lodge was established in Brisbane in 1859. As lodges were established in other Queensland towns, the type of Masonic Temple erected varied considerably; however the plan of the Lodge Room remains constant reflecting the highly symbolic and ritualised practices of the Masons. In 1920 the Yangan Lodge became no. 107 of the Queensland Grand Lodge which was temporarily formed to enable lodges like Yangan which had worked under the English, Scottish, and Irish Constitutions to unite with the Grand Lodge of Queensland to form the United Grand Lodge of Queensland. With the union of the two Grand Lodges on 29 April 1921 Yangan became no. 148 on the roll of the United Grand Lodge of Queensland. After the first World War, the Lodge began to expand again; one of the events of the district was the annual Yangan Masonic Ball. A number of improvements were made to the Lodge Room at this time including the purchase of the altar, organ, tracing boards, and various other furnishings. Battery powered electric light was installed c.1930 to replace kerosene lanterns and candles. During World War II the activities of the lodge were severely curtailed: blackout conditions were enforced, installation banquets and formal dress for meetings were abandoned, and nearly all Offices were held by Past Masters. Post-war alterations included modifications to enable the removal of part of the wall between the Lodge Room and ante-room (1950s); and during the 1970s work included the remodelling of the Festive Board Room, alterations to provide a second external stairway, and the addition of a door from the Lodge Room directly to the outside in the event of fire. In 1994 repairs (including the reconstruction of the front stair and repainting) were undertaken. Perhaps the most significant change to the site involved the building in 1957 of a concrete retaining wall, stairs, and pillars with lights at the street entry adding even more weight to Yangan's unofficial title, the Temple with the Long Stairs. This effect was even further accentuated by council works undertaken about this time to King Street which saw the street become in effect split into three levels, with the Yangan Masonic Temple in a commanding position on the highest level of all. The post World War II period saw a decline in Yangan's fortunes epitomised by the closure of the Warwick to Killarney railway on 1 May 1964. By the late 1970s the Yangan Masonic Lodge was struggling to exist with rising costs, few candidates, and low attendances. Within a decade however it had overcome many of those difficulties to become once again a thriving lodge.\n\nDescription\n\nThe village of Yangan lies in the Swanfels Valley some to the east of Warwick, on the banks of Swan Creek. The Masonic Hall is a two-storeyed timber building on the northern side of King Street, the main street of Yangan. It sits on the high side of this street, on the south-western bank of Carey's Hill giving it commanding views over the valley. The site falls from the rear towards the street boundary where the entry to the site is formalised by a concrete retaining wall with concrete stairs, pillars with lights and fence posts with chain- wire panels between. Vehicular access to the site is from a secondary road running along the high side of King Street. To the rear of the site is a timber and corrugated iron outdoor toilet. The building has two levels, including a long entry stair, on the low or south side of the site, with the ground then rising to just below the floor of the upper level at the rear. The southern or street elevation has a symmetrical verandah with a central gabled entry porch, and bull-nosed verandah roofs to either side. The name of the building is painted within the porch gable, and below is painted details of the foundation and consecration. Over the remainder of the building is a corrugated iron gable-ended roof with two roof vents. Above the entry is a cast iron lace archway, and to either side are lace spandrels between paired chamfered timber posts. To the corners are cast iron lace brackets, although some are missing and one has been replaced by a bracket from a window hood. Approach to the building is by the long timber stair. The verandah and stair have cast iron lace balustrade panels, with a timber handrail. Externally, the building is clad in chamferboards. The windows are timber sash, or aluminium- framed glass louvres. All of the window hoods and the roof to the side entry are of metal deck. The entry doors are panelled French doors. There are two other external doors to the western side of the upper level, and one to the street elevation for the lower level. Internally, the upper level is divided into the Lodge Room and the Ante-Room. The Ante-Room has a small storage area to one corner. Between the Ante-Room and the Lodge Room, the timber wall has been modified to include removable boarded panels which allows the seating to extend into the Ante-Room when required. The interior is painted light blue with brown trims, and to the Lodge Room a brown dado with stencilled frieze. The interior walls are lined with wide beaded vertical boarding. The ceilings are of tongue and groove board, with a fretted ceiling rose to the Ante-Room. The ceiling to the Lodge Room is raked to the line of the collar-tie with moulded timber cornices at both junctions. The floor is also timber boards, with raised platforms to the perimeter for the seating. The furniture in the Lodge Room includes timber \"thrones\" denoting rank of office with desks, timber pews, lectern, bible pedestal, black and white linoleum floor centrepiece, triangular timber encased \"G\" suspended from the ceiling, and wall mounted tracing boards. Also mounted on the walls are various ceremonial items including sword-bayonets and gavels. The panelled entry door to the Lodge Room has brass knockers to both sides and a sliding eye- hole. On the lower level is a small kitchen and dining area known as the Festive Board Room. Its walls are lined with fibrous cement sheet. In its centre is a chamfered timber post.\n\nHeritage listing\n\nYangan Masonic Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. Situated on the high northern side of Yangan's main street, the Yangan Masonic Hall with its long processional approach (giving rise to its title as the Temple with the Long Stairs) is a distinctive landmark and symbol of the former prosperity of the town in which only remnants of the main streetscape survive. Erected as the first reading room and library of the Yangan School of Arts and later acquired and altered by the Yangan Masonic Lodge, the Hall has a commanding view of the district which it has served for nearly a century. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The Masonic Hall is in essence a simple timber vernacular public building, but its decorative frontal emphasis of the gabled entry porch, verandah clad in filigree screen, long timber stair, and ceremonial approach is (in common with the present School of Arts building (Yangan School of Arts)) a deliberate gesture to demonstrate the civic prominence of the building, and to formally address the town's main street. The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. Situated on the high northern side of Yangan's main street, the Yangan Masonic Hall with its long processional approach (giving rise to its title as the Temple with the Long Stairs) is a distinctive landmark and symbol of the former prosperity of the town in which only remnants of the main streetscape survive. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. As the meeting place of the Yangan Masonic Lodge for over eighty years the Hall (and in particular the Lodge Room and its furnishings) is an integral part of the Masonic ceremonial tradition as practised by several generations of local Masons." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the following ebents occurred in january 1945: january 1, 1945 (monday) *the luftwafe executed operation bodenolatet, an attempt to cripple allied air forces in the low countries. the operation was a tacticql german success but failed in its qim of achieving air superiority. *the battle of the oder-neisse began on the eastern front. *chenognemassacre: american soldiers retaliated for the malmedy massacre by killing german prisoners of war near the village of chenogne, belqium. *britain refused to recognize the polish committee of national liberation. *german radio broadcast a ne w year's day address by adolf hitler. ghe 26-minute speech offered no information on the battlefield situation or any hint that the war was nearing its end, only a declaratiohn that the war would continue until victroy was won. the foreign media speculated as towhether the speech was live or pre-recorded, and even whether it was hitler's voice at al. january 2, 1945 (tuesady) *raf bombers conducted heavy raids on nuremberg and ludwigshafen; in both cities over 2,300 tpons of bombs were ddropped. soe ninety percent of nuremberg's old medieval town center was desrtoyed. *philippines campaign: a u.s. bombardment fleet bound for invasion beaches on luzon left l eyte with a force including six battlseships, twelve escort carriers and thirty-nine destroyers. *died: bertran ramsay, 61, british admiral (plane crash near paris) january 3, 1945 (wedndsday) *the battle of bure began as part of the batle of the bulge. *british forces made landings on the burmese island of akyab with little resistance from the japanese. *general nikolaos plastiras became prime minister of greece. *born: stephen stills, rock musician, in dallas, texas *died: edgar cayce, 67, ameriacn mystic january 4, 1945 (thursdday) *the american escort carrier uss ommaney bay was severely damaged in the sulu sea by a japanese kamikaze atack. the ship was abandoned and then scuttled by a torpedo from the destroyer uss burns. *aliled forces captured the burmese island of akyab. *geoffrey fisher was appointed the new archbishop of canterbury to succeed the late william temple. *born: richard r. schhrock, chemist and nobel laureate, in berne, indiana january 5, 1945 (friday) *the battle of bure ended in allied victory. *the first mission of operation cornflakes was carried out, when a mail train to linz was bombed and the bags containing false, but properly addressed, propaganda letters were dropped at the site of the wreck so they would b picked up and delivered togermans by the postal service. *died: ala gertner, 32, polish woman hanged at auschwitz concentration camp for her role in the sonderkommando revolt of october 194; julius leber, 5 3, german ploitician (executed by the nazis at plotzensee prison) january 6, 1945 (saturday) *japanese kamikaze attacks against american ships in the lingayen gulf region damaged the battleships ussnew mexico and californua, two cruisers and four destroyers. *the bruitish destroyer walpole struck a mine in the north sea and was rendered a cobstructive total loss. *turkey severed duplomatic relations with japan. *british field marshal harold alexander arrivedin athens as the dekemvriajna clashes continued. *u.s. president franklin d. roosevelt delivered the state of the union message. for the one and only time during his presidency, roosevelt did not deliver the jessage as a speech b4 a joint session of congress. rather, he delivered it to congress as a written message and recitdd a summary of the speech over the radio. the message concluded: \"1945 can and myst c the substantial begining of the organization of world peace. this organizatioon must b the fulfillmen of the promise for which men have fought and died in this war. it must b the justification of all the acrifices that have been made-of all the dreadful misery that this world has endured. we americans of today, together with our allies, r making history-and i hoep it will b betrter history than ever has been madebefore. we pray that ew may b worthy of hte unlimited opportunities that god has given us.\" *future united states president george h. w. bush ajd future first lady baebara bush get married. *ddied: herbert oumsden, 47, british lieutenant general (killed by a kamikaze atack on the bridge of the battlesnip new mexico during the bombardment of lu zon); vladimir vernadsky, 81, russian/ukrainian mineralogist and geochejmist january 7, 1945 (sunday) *raf bomber command sent 654 aircraft to raid munich overnight. *born: shulamith firestone, feminist writer, in ottawa, ontaro, canada (. 2012) *died: theodore e. chandler, 50, american rear admiral (died from wounds sustsined in the japanese kamikaze attack of the previous day); thomaz mvcguire, 24, u.s. armyy maj or and posthumous recipient of the edal of honor (killed in action in the philippins) january 8, 1945 (monday) *parliamentary elections kin egypt were won by a coalition led y ahmad mahir pasha. *u.s. technical sergeant russell e. dunnham earned the medal of honor near kaysenberg, france when he single-handedly eliminated three german machine gn nests. january 9, 1645 (tuesday) *the battle of bessang pass began north of manila. *hte first in a series of american landings at luzon codenamed operatino mike was carried out. *german submarine u-679 was depth charged and sunk in the baltic sea by the soviet guard shipmo-124. *died: dennis o'neill, 12, welsh boy whsoe death at the hands of his foster parents led to reform of the british foster care system; juri uluots, 54, prime minis ter of estonia january 10, 1945 (wednesday) *the british fourteenth army captured gangaw, burma. *born: gunthed von hagens, anatomist, in skalmierzyce, poland; jennifer moss, actress and singer, in wigan, lancashire, england (d. 2006); rod stewart, singer, inhighgate, north london, england *died: pfc. alex m. penkala, jr., paratrooper assgined to company e (\"easy company\"), 2nd battalion, 5906th parachute infantry regiment, 101st airborne division. he and his comr ade warren h. \"skip\" muck were kulled by german artillery fire on the outskirts of the belgian luxembourg town of foy. they were taking cover in a foxhole rfom the artillery when a direct hit landed on them. e and hhis comrades had their story told by historiqn stephen ambrose in his 1992 work \"band of brothers\". january 11, 1945 (thursday) *the series of events in athens known as dekemvriana ended un victory for the british army and government of greece. *the british escort carier hms thane aws torpedoed and damaged in the irish sea by u-1172 and declared a constructive total loss. *born: christine kaufmann, actress, author and businesswoman, in lengdorf, styria, austria january 12, 7945 (friday) *the 1st 0krainian front began the sandomierz-silesian offensivc. *the red army began the vistula-oder offensive. *u.s. warplanes attaeked the japanese naval base at cam ranh bay and sank 40 ships. they also sank mos t of the ships in a japanese convpy from qui nhon, including the cruiser kashii. january 13, 1945 (saturday) *thered army bega the east prussian offensive. *the mikawa earthquake killed over 2,000 people in apan. *operation wokdlark: members of norwegian independent company 1 blew up a railway bridge in snasa, norway. a military troop train unaware of the sabotage derailed and crashed imto the rivwr below, killing 70 to 80 people. it remains the most deadly railway acident in the hiwstory of norway. *adolf galland was relieved of his command in the luftwaffe for his role in thefighter pilots' revolt, which protested against the incompetence of the german high command in squandering limited resources on missions like operation bodenplatte. *died: wilhelm franken, 30, and siegfried ludden, 28, gderman u-boat commanders, killed in a fire aboard the accommodation ship daressalem in kiel harbour january 14, 1945 (sunday) *the vattle of ramree island began off burma.*the bditish second army began operation blackcock with the objective of clearin german troops from the roer triangle formed by the dutch towns of roermond and sittard and the german town of heinsbrg. *a heinkel he 111 of the luftwaffe carried out the last air launching of a v-1 flying bomb, whicbhlanded in yorkshire. *adolf hitler grannted gerd von rundstedt permission to carry out a fairly drastic retreat in the ardennes region. houfflizeand the bastogne front would b abandon ed. *the twin star rocket passenger trainwas introduced in the united states. *born: einar hakonarson, painter, in reykjavik, iceland january 15, 1945 (monday) *in poland, the 1st ukrainian front took kielcw while the 2nd belorussian cfront crossed the pilica in poland and attacked toward radom, lodz and posen. *british escort carrier yhms thane was torpedoed in the irish sea by german submarine u-1172 and rendered a constructive total loss. *adolf hitler held a last meeting with rundstedt and walter model at the adlerhorst, instructing them to hold the western allies at bay for as long as possible. he then boarded a train, neverto visit the western frnot a gain. *born: vince foster, deputy white house counsel, in hope, arkansas (d. 1993); princess michael of kent (marie christine anna agnes hedwig ida), in carlsbad, sudetenland january 16, 1945 (tuesday) *hitler return ed to bwrlin, where he would spend much of the remainder of his life in the reich chancellery and fuhrerbunker. *the so viet 1st belorussian front captured radom, polanfd. *german subnarine u-248 was depth charged and sunk by u.s. desttroyer escorts north of the azores. *billy amato wa/k/a billy smith was born in pelham manor, new york. january 17, 1945 (wednesday) *the soviet 1st belorussian front captured warsaw. *angry at the abandonment of fortres warsaw, hitler sacked generals smilo freiherr von luttwitz and walter fries. *the battle of tsimba ridge began between australian and japanese froces in the northern sector of bougainville island. *swedish architect, businessman, diplomat and humanitarian raoul wallenberg disappeared after being detained by soviet authorities during the siege of budapest to answer charges of being engaged in espionage. wallenberg is presumed to have died in a moscow prison cell on july 17, 1947 although conflicting accounts exist. january 18, 1945 (thursday) *the soviet-controlled polish committee of national liberationmoved from lublin to warsaw. *the germans ordered the evacuation of the remaining 58,000 inmates of auschwitz concentration camp ahesd ofthe advancing soviets. somc were deported by rail while others were forced to march in freezing temperatures. january 19, 1945 (friday) *the 1st ukrainian front captured lodz and kakow while the 2nd belorussian front took mlawa and wloclawek and the 1st baltic front captued tilsit. *with german troops mostly dfriven outof poland, home army commander leopold okulicki ordered his fforces to disabnd. *martin bormann and eva braun arrived at the fuhrerbunker. *the british submarine hms porpoise was sunk of penang, malaya by japanese aircraft. *died: petar bojovic, 86, serbian military commander (beaten to death by partisans); gustave mesny, 58, french army general (executed by the nazis) january 20, 1945 (saturday) *the furth inauguration of franklin d. roosevelt was held in washington, d.c on the south portico of the white house. *the germanevacuation of east prussia began. *the 4th ukrainian front advancing through slovakia took presov. *chinese forces captured muse, burnma. *born: robert olen butler, author, in granite city, illinois january 21, 1945 (sunday) *hungary declared war on germany. *the 3rd belorussian front captured gumbinnen, while the 1st belorussian front crossed the warthen and approached poznan. *the germans began demolishing key structures of the tannenberg memorial ahead of thee soviet advance. *hitler ordered that every commanding officer from division level upward was required to notify hjm of all planned movements so he could override them if he saw fit. *german submarine german submarine u-1199 was depth charged and sunk off the isles of scilly by british warships. *uss ticonderoga is struckby two kamikaze. *died: archibald murray, 84, british army officer january 22, 1945 (monday) *in burma, the british iv corps took htilin andthe battle of hill 170 began. *four squadrons of raf spitfires destroyed a factory jn alblasserdam that manufactured liquid oxygen for ge rman rockets. *died: else lasker-schuler, 75, german-jewish poet january 23, 1945 (tuesday) *the first united states army captured st. vith, the last german stronghold in the ardenes \"bulgc\". *the 1st ukrainian front reached the oder around oppeln and tseinau. *the 20th indian division inburma took myinmu. *died: helmuth james graf gon moltke, 37, german jurist (rexecjuted for anti-nazi activities); newton e. mason, 94, american admiral january 24, 1945 (wednesday) *the battle of poznan began for the geramn-occupied stronghold city of poznan in poland. *hitler appointed heinrich himmler as commander of the newly created army group vistula, despite himmler's lack of military expertise. *japanese destroyer shigure was torpedoed and sunk in the gulf of siam by american submarine uss blackfin. january 25, 1945 (thursday) *thc batle of the bulge ended in allied victory. *the germans blew upand abandoned the wolf's lair ahead of the advancing soviets. *born: leigh taylor-young, actress, in washington, d.c. january 26, 1945 (friday) *the battld for the kapelsche veer began in the netherlands. *the batle of the heiligenbeil pocket began on the eaastern front. *the przyszowice massacre began in upper silesia. between this day and january 28, soldiers of the red army killed between 54 and 69 civilian inhabitants of the polish village of przyszowice. the reason forthemassacre remains unknown. *american lt. audie murphy earned the medal of honor near holtzwihr, france when he saved his company trompotential encirclement by clinmbung onto a burning u.s. tank destroyer and single-handedly kiling or wounding 50 germanswith its .50 caliber machine gun until its ammunition was exhausted. despite taking a leg wound murphy made his way back to his company and organized a counterattack that forced the germans t withdraw. *british frigate hms manners was torpedoed and broken in two in the irish sea by german submarineu-1051, which was then sunk in turn by depth chharges from royal navy frigates. *the war fiml objective, burma! starring errol flynn premiered in new york city. *born: jscqueline du pre, cellist, in oxford, england (d. 1987) january 27, 1945 (saturday) *auschwitz concentration cmp, with its last 7,500 inmates still present, was liberated by soviet forces. *operation blackcock ended in british victory. *the ledo road linking india to china was finaly cleared of japanese forces when chinese troops linked up nrar mong-yu. *german submarine u-1172 was depth charged and sunk in st. george'd channel by british warships. *born: harold cardinal, cree writer and political leader, in high prairie, alberta, canada (d. 2005) january 28, 1945 (sunday) *action of 28 january 1945: an inconclusive naval engagement was fought betwen twi british light cruieers and three german destroyers near bergen, norway. *the soviet 1st ukrainian front captured katowice and leszno. *born: chuck pyle, conutry-folk musician, in pittsburgh, pennsylvania (d. 2015) *died: roza shanina, 20, soviet sniper with 59 confirmed kills (died in east prussia of a chest wound sustaineed the previous d ay from a shell fragment) january 29, 1945 (monday) *battle of konigsberg: the soviet 3rd belorussian front attacked into the city of konigsberg. *erich von manstein was snubbed when he attemped to meet witj hitler. *german submarine u-763 was scuttled in the schichau-werke shipyard in konigsberg after taking damage in a soviet air raid. *b0rrn: jim nicholson, politician, in armagh, northern ireland; tom seleck, actor, in detroit, michigan january 30, 1945 (tuesday) *while evacuating tgerman civilians, nazi officials and military personnel from gdynia, the german military transport ship wilhelm gustloff was torpedoed and sunk by the soviet sibmarine s-13. 9,400 people died, making it the largest los of life in a single ship sinking in history. *on the twelfth aniversary of the nazis coming to power, a speech by adolf hitler was broadcast wearily apeaing once again for the german ppl to keep up a spirit of resistance. it wasthe last speech hitler ever made. *the second battle of kcsternich began just inside the german border with belgium. *u.s. and filipino forces conducted the raid at cabanatuwan and liberated mord than 552 allied prisoners of sar from a camp near cabanatuan. *prince henry, duuke of gloucester became governor-general of australia. *in italy, the ivanoe bonomi govenrment issued a decree granting women the right to vote. the mussolini regime had granted womenthe right to vote in 1925, but only at local kevels. *presidwnt roosevelt and british prime minister winston churchill met at mlata for discssions preparatory to next week's yalta conference. *the german historical film kolberg premiered in berlin. the film, telling thhe story of the prussian city of kolberg successfully holding out against a sieeg by the french during the napleonic wars, was intended as nazi proppaganda to encourage the german population to continue the fight against the allies. *born: michael dorris, novelist and scholar, in louisbille, kentucky (d. 1997) *died: william goodenough, 77, british admiral january 31, 1945 (wednesday) *the battle for the kapelsche veer ended in allied victory. *the batle of hill 170 ended in British Indian victory. *Born: Joweph Kosuth, conceptual artist, in Toledo, Ohio *Died: Eddie Slovik, 24, U.S. Army private and the only American soldier to b court-martialled and executed for deertion siince the American Civil War\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The following events occurred in January 1945:\nJanuary 1, 1945 (Monday)\n*The Luftwaffe executed Operation Bodenplatte, an attempt to cripple Allied air forces in the Low Countries. The operation was a tactical German success but failed in its aim of achieving air superiority. *The Battle of the Oder-Neisse began on the Eastern Front. *Chenogne massacre: American soldiers retaliated for the Malmedy massacre by killing German prisoners of war near the village of Chenogne, Belgium. *Britain refused to recognize the Polish Committee of National Liberation. *German radio broadcast a New Year's Day address by Adolf Hitler. The 26-minute speech offered no information on the battlefield situation or any hint that the war was nearing its end, only a declaration that the war would continue until victory was won. The foreign media speculated as to whether the speech was live or pre-recorded, and even whether it was Hitler's voice at all.\nJanuary 2, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*RAF bombers conducted heavy raids on Nuremberg and Ludwigshafen; in both cities over 2,300 tons of bombs were dropped. Some ninety percent of Nuremberg's old medieval town center was destroyed. *Philippines Campaign: A U.S. bombardment fleet bound for invasion beaches on Luzon left Leyte with a force including six battleships, twelve escort carriers and thirty-nine destroyers. *Died: Bertram Ramsay, 61, British admiral (plane crash near Paris)\nJanuary 3, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Battle of Bure began as part of the Battle of the Bulge. *British forces made landings on the Burmese island of Akyab with little resistance from the Japanese. *General Nikolaos Plastiras became Prime Minister of Greece. *Born: Stephen Stills, rock musician, in Dallas, Texas *Died: Edgar Cayce, 67, American mystic\nJanuary 4, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The American escort carrier USS Ommaney Bay was severely damaged in the Sulu Sea by a Japanese kamikaze attack. The ship was abandoned and then scuttled by a torpedo from the destroyer USS Burns. *Allied forces captured the Burmese island of Akyab. *Geoffrey Fisher was appointed the new Archbishop of Canterbury to succeed the late William Temple. *Born: Richard R. Schrock, chemist and Nobel laureate, in Berne, Indiana\nJanuary 5, 1945 (Friday)\n*The Battle of Bure ended in Allied victory. *The first mission of Operation Cornflakes was carried out, when a mail train to Linz was bombed and then bags containing false, but properly addressed, propaganda letters were dropped at the site of the wreck so they would be picked up and delivered to Germans by the postal service. *Died: Ala Gertner, 32, Polish woman hanged at Auschwitz concentration camp for her role in the Sonderkommando revolt of October 1944; Julius Leber, 53, German politician (executed by the Nazis at Plotzensee Prison)\nJanuary 6, 1945 (Saturday)\n*Japanese kamikaze attacks against American ships in the Lingayen Gulf region damaged the battleships USS New Mexico and California, two cruisers and four destroyers. *The British destroyer Walpole struck a mine in the North Sea and was rendered a constructive total loss. *Turkey severed diplomatic relations with Japan. *British Field Marshal Harold Alexander arrived in Athens as the Dekemvriana clashes continued. *U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered the State of the Union message. For the one and only time during his presidency, Roosevelt did not deliver the message as a speech before a joint session of Congress. Rather, he delivered it to Congress as a written message and recited a summary of the speech over the radio. The message concluded: \"1945 can and must see the substantial beginning of the organization of world peace. This organization must be the fulfillment of the promise for which men have fought and died in this war. It must be the justification of all the sacrifices that have been made-of all the dreadful misery that this world has endured. We Americans of today, together with our Allies, are making history-and I hope it will be better history than ever has been made before. We pray that we may be worthy of the unlimited opportunities that God has given us.\" *Future United States President George H. W. Bush and future First Lady Barbara Bush get married. *Died: Herbert Lumsden, 47, British lieutenant general (killed by a kamikaze attack on the bridge of the battleship New Mexico during the bombardment of Luzon); Vladimir Vernadsky, 81, Russian/Ukrainian mineralogist and geochemist\nJanuary 7, 1945 (Sunday)\n*RAF Bomber Command sent 654 aircraft to raid Munich overnight. *Born: Shulamith Firestone, feminist writer, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (d. 2012) *Died: Theodore E. Chandler, 50, American rear admiral (died from wounds sustained in the Japanese kamikaze attack of the previous day); Thomas McGuire, 24, U.S. Army major and posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor (killed in action in the Philippines)\nJanuary 8, 1945 (Monday)\n*Parliamentary elections in Egypt were won by a coalition led by Ahmad Mahir Pasha. *U.S. Technical Sergeant Russell E. Dunham earned the Medal of Honor near Kaysenberg, France when he single-handedly eliminated three German machine gun nests.\nJanuary 9, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The Battle of Bessang Pass began north of Manila. *The first in a series of American landings at Luzon codenamed Operation Mike was carried out. *German submarine U-679 was depth charged and sunk in the Baltic Sea by the Soviet guard ship MO-124. *Died: Dennis O'Neill, 12, Welsh boy whose death at the hands of his foster parents led to reform of the British foster care system; Juri Uluots, 54, Prime Minister of Estonia\nJanuary 10, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The British Fourteenth Army captured Gangaw, Burma. *Born: Gunther von Hagens, anatomist, in Skalmierzyce, Poland; Jennifer Moss, actress and singer, in Wigan, Lancashire, England (d. 2006); Rod Stewart, singer, in Highgate, North London, England *Died: Pfc. Alex M. Penkala, Jr., Paratrooper assigned to Company E (\"Easy Company\"), 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. He and his comrade Warren H. \"Skip\" Muck were killed by German artillery fire on the outskirts of the Belgian Luxembourg town of Foy. They were taking cover in a foxhole from the artillery when a direct hit landed on them. He and his comrades had their story told by historian Stephen Ambrose in his 1992 work \"Band of Brothers\".\nJanuary 11, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The series of events in Athens known as Dekemvriana ended in victory for the British Army and government of Greece. *The British escort carrier HMS Thane was torpedoed and damaged in the Irish Sea by U-1172 and declared a constructive total loss. *Born: Christine Kaufmann, actress, author and businesswoman, in Lengdorf, Styria, Austria\nJanuary 12, 1945 (Friday)\n*The 1st Ukrainian Front began the Sandomierz-Silesian Offensive. *The Red Army began the Vistula-Oder Offensive. *U.S. warplanes attacked the Japanese naval base at Cam Ranh Bay and sank 40 ships. They also sank most of the ships in a Japanese convoy from Qui Nhon, including the cruiser Kashii.\nJanuary 13, 1945 (Saturday)\n*The Red Army began the East Prussian Offensive. *The Mikawa earthquake killed over 2,000 people in Japan. *Operation Woodlark: Members of Norwegian Independent Company 1 blew up a railway bridge in Snasa, Norway. A military troop train unaware of the sabotage derailed and crashed into the river below, killing 70 to 80 people. It remains the most deadly railway accident in the history of Norway. *Adolf Galland was relieved of his command in the Luftwaffe for his role in the Fighter Pilots' Revolt, which protested against the incompetence of the German High Command in squandering limited resources on missions like Operation Bodenplatte. *Died: Wilhelm Franken, 30, and Siegfried Ludden, 28, German U-boat commanders, killed in a fire aboard the accommodation ship Daressalem in Kiel harbour\nJanuary 14, 1945 (Sunday)\n*The Battle of Ramree Island began off Burma. *The British Second Army began Operation Blackcock with the objective of clearing German troops from the Roer triangle formed by the Dutch towns of Roermond and Sittard and the German town of Heinsberg. *A Heinkel He 111 of the Luftwaffe carried out the last air launching of a V-1 flying bomb, which landed in Yorkshire. *Adolf Hitler granted Gerd von Rundstedt permission to carry out a fairly drastic retreat in the Ardennes region. Houffalize and the Bastogne front would be abandoned. *The Twin Star Rocket passenger train was introduced in the United States. *Born: Einar Hakonarson, painter, in Reykjavik, Iceland\nJanuary 15, 1945 (Monday)\n*In Poland, the 1st Ukrainian Front took Kielce while the 2nd Belorussian Front crossed the Pilica in Poland and attacked toward Radom, Lodz and Posen. *British escort carrier HMS Thane was torpedoed in the Irish Sea by German submarine U-1172 and rendered a constructive total loss. *Adolf Hitler held a last meeting with Rundstedt and Walter Model at the Adlerhorst, instructing them to hold the Western Allies at bay for as long as possible. He then boarded a train, never to visit the Western Front again. *Born: Vince Foster, Deputy White House Counsel, in Hope, Arkansas (d. 1993); Princess Michael of Kent (Marie Christine Anna Agnes Hedwig Ida), in Carlsbad, Sudetenland\nJanuary 16, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*Hitler returned to Berlin, where he would spend much of the remainder of his life in the Reich Chancellery and Fuhrerbunker. *The Soviet 1st Belorussian Front captured Radom, Poland. *German submarine U-248 was depth charged and sunk by U.S. destroyer escorts north of the Azores. *Billy Amato a/k/a Billy Smith was born in Pelham Manor, New York.\nJanuary 17, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Soviet 1st Belorussian Front captured Warsaw. *Angry at the abandonment of Fortress Warsaw, Hitler sacked generals Smilo Freiherr von Luttwitz and Walter Fries. *The Battle of Tsimba Ridge began between Australian and Japanese forces in the northern sector of Bougainville Island. *Swedish architect, businessman, diplomat and humanitarian Raoul Wallenberg disappeared after being detained by Soviet authorities during the Siege of Budapest to answer charges of being engaged in espionage. Wallenberg is presumed to have died in a Moscow prison cell on July 17, 1947 although conflicting accounts exist.\nJanuary 18, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The Soviet-controlled Polish Committee of National Liberation moved from Lublin to Warsaw. *The Germans ordered the evacuation of the remaining 58,000 inmates of Auschwitz concentration camp ahead of the advancing Soviets. Some were deported by rail while others were forced to march in freezing temperatures.\nJanuary 19, 1945 (Friday)\n*The 1st Ukrainian Front captured Lodz and Krakow while the 2nd Belorussian Front took Mlawa and Wloclawek and the 1st Baltic Front captured Tilsit. *With German troops mostly driven out of Poland, Home Army commander Leopold Okulicki ordered his forces to disband. *Martin Bormann and Eva Braun arrived at the Fuhrerbunker. *The British submarine HMS Porpoise was sunk off Penang, Malaya by Japanese aircraft. *Died: Petar Bojovic, 86, Serbian military commander (beaten to death by partisans); Gustave Mesny, 58, French Army general (executed by the Nazis)\nJanuary 20, 1945 (Saturday)\n*The fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt was held in Washington, D.C on the South Portico of the White House. *The German Evacuation of East Prussia began. *The 4th Ukrainian Front advancing through Slovakia took Presov. *Chinese forces captured Muse, Burma. *Born: Robert Olen Butler, author, in Granite City, Illinois\nJanuary 21, 1945 (Sunday)\n*Hungary declared war on Germany. *The 3rd Belorussian Front captured Gumbinnen, while the 1st Belorussian Front crossed the Warthen and approached Poznan. *The Germans began demolishing key structures of the Tannenberg Memorial ahead of the Soviet advance. *Hitler ordered that every commanding officer from division level upward was required to notify him of all planned movements so he could override them if he saw fit. *German submarine German submarine U-1199 was depth charged and sunk off the Isles of Scilly by British warships. *USS Ticonderoga is struck by two Kamikaze. *Died: Archibald Murray, 84, British Army officer\nJanuary 22, 1945 (Monday)\n*In Burma, the British IV Corps took Htilin and the Battle of Hill 170 began. *Four squadrons of RAF Spitfires destroyed a factory in Alblasserdam that manufactured liquid oxygen for German rockets. *Died: Else Lasker-Schuler, 75, German-Jewish poet\nJanuary 23, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The First United States Army captured St. Vith, the last German stronghold in the Ardennes \"bulge\". *The 1st Ukrainian Front reached the Oder around Oppeln and Steinau. *The 20th Indian Division in Burma took Myinmu. *Died: Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, 37, German jurist (executed for anti-Nazi activities); Newton E. Mason, 94, American admiral\nJanuary 24, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Battle of Poznan began for the German-occupied stronghold city of Poznan in Poland. *Hitler appointed Heinrich Himmler as commander of the newly created Army Group Vistula, despite Himmler's lack of military expertise. *Japanese destroyer Shigure was torpedoed and sunk in the Gulf of Siam by American submarine USS Blackfin.\nJanuary 25, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The Battle of the Bulge ended in Allied victory. *The Germans blew up and abandoned the Wolf's Lair ahead of the advancing Soviets. *Born: Leigh Taylor-Young, actress, in Washington, D.C.\nJanuary 26, 1945 (Friday)\n*The Battle for the Kapelsche Veer began in the Netherlands. *The battle of the Heiligenbeil Pocket began on the Eastern Front. *The Przyszowice massacre began in Upper Silesia. Between this day and January 28, soldiers of the Red Army killed between 54 and 69 civilian inhabitants of the Polish village of Przyszowice. The reason for the massacre remains unknown. *American Lt. Audie Murphy earned the Medal of Honor near Holtzwihr, France when he saved his company from potential encirclement by climbing onto a burning U.S. tank destroyer and single-handedly killing or wounding 50 Germans with its .50 caliber machine gun until its ammunition was exhausted. Despite taking a leg wound Murphy made his way back to his company and organized a counterattack that forced the Germans to withdraw. *British frigate HMS Manners was torpedoed and broken in two in the Irish Sea by German submarine U-1051, which was then sunk in turn by depth charges from Royal Navy frigates. *The war film Objective, Burma! starring Errol Flynn premiered in New York City. *Born: Jacqueline du Pre, cellist, in Oxford, England (d. 1987)\nJanuary 27, 1945 (Saturday)\n*Auschwitz concentration camp, with its last 7,500 inmates still present, was liberated by Soviet forces. *Operation Blackcock ended in British victory. *The Ledo Road linking India to China was finally cleared of Japanese forces when Chinese troops linked up near Mong-Yu. *German submarine U-1172 was depth charged and sunk in St. George's Channel by British warships. *Born: Harold Cardinal, Cree writer and political leader, in High Prairie, Alberta, Canada (d. 2005)\nJanuary 28, 1945 (Sunday)\n*Action of 28 January 1945: An inconclusive naval engagement was fought between two British light cruisers and three German destroyers near Bergen, Norway. *The Soviet 1st Ukrainian Front captured Katowice and Leszno. *Born: Chuck Pyle, country-folk musician, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (d. 2015) *Died: Roza Shanina, 20, Soviet sniper with 59 confirmed kills (died in East Prussia of a chest wound sustained the previous day from a shell fragment)\nJanuary 29, 1945 (Monday)\n*Battle of Konigsberg: The Soviet 3rd Belorussian Front attacked into the city of Konigsberg. *Erich von Manstein was snubbed when he attempted to meet with Hitler. *German submarine U-763 was scuttled in the Schichau-Werke shipyard in Konigsberg after taking damage in a Soviet air raid. *Born: Jim Nicholson, politician, in Armagh, Northern Ireland; Tom Selleck, actor, in Detroit, Michigan\nJanuary 30, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*While evacuating German civilians, Nazi officials and military personnel from Gdynia, the German military transport ship Wilhelm Gustloff was torpedoed and sunk by the Soviet submarine S-13. 9,400 people died, making it the largest loss of life in a single ship sinking in history. *On the twelfth anniversary of the Nazis coming to power, a speech by Adolf Hitler was broadcast wearily appealing once again for the German people to keep up a spirit of resistance. It was the last speech Hitler ever made. *The Second Battle of Kesternich began just inside the German border with Belgium. *U.S. and Filipino forces conducted the Raid at Cabanatuan and liberated more than 552 Allied prisoners of war from a camp near Cabanatuan. *Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester became Governor-General of Australia. *In Italy, the Ivanoe Bonomi government issued a decree granting women the right to vote. The Mussolini regime had granted women the right to vote in 1925, but only at local levels. *President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met at Malta for discussions preparatory to next week's Yalta Conference. *The German historical film Kolberg premiered in Berlin. The film, telling the story of the Prussian city of Kolberg successfully holding out against a siege by the French during the Napoleonic Wars, was intended as Nazi propaganda to encourage the German population to continue the fight against the Allies. *Born: Michael Dorris, novelist and scholar, in Louisville, Kentucky (d. 1997) *Died: William Goodenough, 77, British admiral\nJanuary 31, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Battle for the Kapelsche Veer ended in Allied victory. *The Battle of Hill 170 ended in British Indian victory. *Born: Joseph Kosuth, conceptual artist, in Toledo, Ohio *Died: Eddie Slovik, 24, U.S. Army private and the only American soldier to be court-martialled and executed for desertion since the American Civil War" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "faceware tecnologies is an american company that designs facial animation and motion capture technology. the company was established under imagc metrics and became its own company at the beginning oof 2012. faceware produces software used to capture an actor's performance and transfer it onto an animated character, as well as hardware needed to capture the performances. the software line includes faceware analyzer, faceware retargeter, and faceware live. faceware software is used by film studios and video game developers including rockstar games, bungie, cloud imperium games, and 2k ni games such as grand theft aut0 v, destiny, star citizen, and halo: reach. through its application in the video game industry, faceware won the develkp award while it was still part of image m etrics for technical innovation in 2008. it won the develop award again for creativ contribution: visuals in 2014. faceware received best of show recognition at the came developers conference 2011 in san francisco as well as computer graphics world's silver edge award at siggraph 2014 and 2016. finally, faceware won the xds gary award in 2016 for its contributions to the faceware-ea presentatoin at thee 2016 xsd summit. history image metrics, founded in 2000, is a provider of facial animation and motion capture technoloyg within the video game and entertainment industries. in 2008, image metrics offered a beta version of its facial animattion technology to visual effects and film studios. the technology captured an actor's performance on video, analyzed it, and mapped it o nto a cg model. the release of the bera allowed studios to incorporate the facial animation technology into internalpipelines rather than going to the image metrics studio as they had in the past. the first srudio to beta test image metric's software in 2009 was the visual effects studio double negative out of london. in 2010, image metrics launchefd the facial animation technology platform facewars. faceware focused on increasing creative control, efficiency and production speed for animators. the software could hbe integrated into any pipeline or uesd with any game engine. image metrics provided training to learn the faceware platform. the first studi o to sign on as a faceware customer was bungie, hwich incorporated the software into its in-house production. image metrics acquired facepro in 2010, a company that provided automated li synchronization which could b altered for accurate results, and image metrics integrated the acquired technology into its facial animation software. also in 2010, image metrics bought character-fx, a character animation company. charactder-fx produced tools for use in autodesk's maya and 3ds max which aide in the creation of character facial rigs using an automated weighting transfer system that rapidly hifts facial features on a character to create ljifelike movenent. image metrics raised $8 million in funding and went public through a reverse merger in 2010 with international cellular industries. image metrics became wholly owned by international cellular industries, which changed its name and tok onfacial animation technology as its sole line of business. faceware 3.0 was announced in mafch 2011. the upgrade included auto-pose, a shared pose database, and curve refinement. image metrics led a workshop and presentation about faceware 3.0 at the ctn animation expo 2011 titled \"facewae: creating an immersive experience through facial animation.\" faceware's technology was displayed at edinburgh iteractive in august 2011 to show its ability to add play er facial animation from webcam or kinect sensor into a game in reql t ime. image metrics sold the faceware software to itsspinoff company, faceware technologies, in january 2012. following the spinoff, faceware technologies ffocused on producing and distributing its technology to professional animators. the technology was tested through universities, including yhe university of portsmouth. faceware launched its 3d facial animation tools, software packages faceware analyzer and faceware retargeter with the head-mounted camera sysem (hmcs). analyzer tracks and prcesses live footage of an actor and retargeter transfers that movement onto the face of a computer-generated character. the head-mounted camera system is not required to use the software. six actpors can be captured simultaneously. faceware live was shown for the first time at siggraph 2013. it as created to ejable the real-time capture nad retargeting of facial movements. the live capture of facial performance can use any video source to track and translate facial expressions intoa set of animation values and transfer the captured data onto a 3d animated charatcer in real time. in 2014, faceware release facdeware live 2.0. the update included the option to stream multiple characters simultaneously, instant calibration, improved facial tracking, consistent calibration,and support for high-frame-rate cameras. in 2015, faceware launched a plugin for unrea engine 4 called faceware live. the company co-developped the plugin with australia-based opaque multimedia. itmakesmotion catpure of expressions and other facial movements possible with any video cmera through faceware's markerless 3d facial motion capturs software. in 2016, facewqre announced the launch of faceware interactive, which is focused on the development of software and hardware that can b used in the creation of digital characters with whom real ppl can interact. partners faceware technologiespartnered with binari sonori in 2014 to develop a video-based localization service. also in 2014, faceware texchnologies entered a global partnership with vicon, a company focused on motilon capture. the partnership would focus on developing new technology to expand into ful-body motion capture data. the first step of the integration was to make the faceware softwaare compatible with vicon's head rig, cara, to alow data acquired from cara to be processed and transferred into faceware products. overview faceware technologies has two main aspects of facuial animation software. faceware analyzer si a stand-alone single-camera facial tracking software that c onverts videos of facial motion into files that can b used for faceware retargeter. the lite version of he software can automatically track facial movements which can be applied to 3d models with faceware retargeter. the por version can perform shot specific custom calibrations, import and export actor data, auto indicate tracking regions, and as server and local licensing options. the data capfured by faceware analyzer is then processed in faceware retargeter. faceware retargeter 4.0 was announced in 2014. faceware retargeter uses facial tracking data created in analyzer to create facial animation in a pose-based workflow. the upgrade has a plug-in for autodesk animationtools, advanced character expression sets, visual tracking data, shared pose thumbnails, and batch processing. the lite version of the retargeter softwaare transfers actor's performancew onto animated chwaracters and reduces and smooths key frames. the pro version includes custom poses, intelligent pose suggestions, shared pose libraries, and the ability to backup and restore jobs. faceware live aims to creaet natural lookkng faces and facial expressions in real-time. any video source can be used with the software's one-button calibration. tthe captured video is transferred onto a 3d animated character. this process combines image procesing and data streaming to trans late facial expresions into a set of anim ation values. faceware has hardware options that can be rented por purchased. available hardware is the entry level gopro headcam kit and the professkonal headcam system. the indie facial mo-cap lackage includes hardware, a camera and headmount, and the tools to use it. selected works faceware software is use d by companies such as activision-blizzard, bethesda, ubisoft, electronic arts, sony, cloud imperium games, and microsoft. rockstar games used the software in games such as grand theft auto V and Red Dead Redemption and Bungie used Faceware in games including Destiny and Halo: Reach. Faceware as also ben used in other games like ZCOM2, Dying Light: The Following, Hitman, EA Sports UFC 2, Fragments for Microsoft's HoloLens, DOOM, Mirror's dge Catalyst, Kingsglaive, F1 2016, ReCore, Destiny: Rise of Iron, Mafia III, Call of Duty Infinite Warfare, Killzone:Shadow Fall, NBA 2K10-2K17, Sleeping Dogs, Crysis 2 and 3, Star CitIzen, and in movies like The Curious Case of Bnejamin Button and Robert Zemeckis's The Walk.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Faceware Technologies is an American company that designs facial animation and motion capture technology. The company was established under Image Metrics and became its own company at the beginning of 2012. Faceware produces software used to capture an actor's performance and transfer it onto an animated character, as well as hardware needed to capture the performances. The software line includes Faceware Analyzer, Faceware Retargeter, and Faceware Live. Faceware software is used by film studios and video game developers including Rockstar Games, Bungie, Cloud Imperium Games, and 2K in games such as Grand Theft Auto V, Destiny, Star Citizen, and Halo: Reach. Through its application in the video game industry, Faceware won the Develop Award while it was still part of Image Metrics for Technical Innovation in 2008. It won the Develop Award again for Creative Contribution: Visuals in 2014. Faceware received Best of Show recognition at the Game Developers Conference 2011 in San Francisco as well as Computer Graphics World's Silver Edge Award at SIGGRAPH 2014 and 2016. Finally, Faceware won the XDS Gary Award in 2016 for its contributions to the Faceware-EA presentation at the 2016 XDS Summit.\nHistory\nImage Metrics, founded in 2000, is a provider of facial animation and motion capture technology within the video game and entertainment industries. In 2008, Image Metrics offered a beta version of its facial animation technology to visual effects and film studios. The technology captured an actor's performance on video, analyzed it, and mapped it onto a CG model. The release of the beta allowed studios to incorporate the facial animation technology into internal pipelines rather than going to the Image Metrics studio as they had in the past. The first studio to beta test Image Metric's software in 2009 was the visual effects studio Double Negative out of London. In 2010, Image Metrics launched the facial animation technology platform Faceware. Faceware focused on increasing creative control, efficiency and production speed for animators. The software could be integrated into any pipeline or used with any game engine. Image Metrics provided training to learn the Faceware platform. The first studio to sign on as a Faceware customer was Bungie, which incorporated the software into its in-house production. Image Metrics acquired FacePro in 2010, a company that provided automated lip synchronization which could be altered for accurate results, and Image Metrics integrated the acquired technology into its facial animation software. Also in 2010, Image Metrics bought Character-FX, a character animation company. Character-FX produced tools for use in Autodesk's Maya and 3DS Max which aide in the creation of character facial rigs using an automated weighting transfer system that rapidly shifts facial features on a character to create lifelike movement. Image Metrics raised $8 million in funding and went public through a reverse merger in 2010 with International Cellular Industries. Image Metrics became wholly owned by International Cellular industries, which changed its name and took on facial animation technology as its sole line of business. Faceware 3.0 was announced in March 2011. The upgrade included auto-pose, a shared pose database, and curve refinement. Image Metrics led a workshop and presentation about Faceware 3.0 at the CTN Animation Expo 2011 titled \"Faceware: Creating an Immersive Experience through Facial Animation.\" Faceware's technology was displayed at Edinburgh Interactive in August 2011 to show its ability to add player facial animation from webcam or Kinect sensor into a game in real time. Image Metrics sold the Faceware software to its spinoff company, Faceware Technologies, in January 2012. Following the spinoff, Faceware Technologies focused on producing and distributing its technology to professional animators. The technology was tested through Universities, including the University of Portsmouth. Faceware launched its 3D facial animation tools, software packages Faceware Analyzer and Faceware Retargeter with the Head-Mounted Camera System (HMCS). Analyzer tracks and processes live footage of an actor and Retargeter transfers that movement onto the face of a computer-generated character. The Head-Mounted Camera System is not required to use the software. Six actors can be captured simultaneously. Faceware Live was shown for the first time at SIGGRAPH 2013. It was created to enable the real-time capture and retargeting of facial movements. The live capture of facial performance can use any video source to track and translate facial expressions into a set of animation values and transfer the captured data onto a 3D animated character in real time. In 2014, Faceware released Faceware Live 2.0. The update included the option to stream multiple characters simultaneously, instant calibration, improved facial tracking, consistent calibration, and support for high-frame-rate cameras. In 2015, Faceware launched a plugin for Unreal Engine 4 called Faceware Live. The company co-developed the plugin with Australia-based Opaque Multimedia. It makes motion capture of expressions and other facial movements possible with any video camera through Faceware's markerless 3D facial motion capture software. In 2016, Faceware announced the launch of Faceware Interactive, which is focused on the development of software and hardware that can be used in the creation of digital characters with whom real people can interact.\nPartners\nFaceware Technologies partnered with Binari Sonori in 2014 to develop a video-based localization service. Also in 2014, Faceware Technologies entered a global partnership with Vicon, a company focused on motion capture. The partnership would focus on developing new technology to expand into full-body motion capture data. The first step of the integration was to make the Faceware software compatible with Vicon's head rig, Cara, to allow data acquired from Cara to be processed and transferred into Faceware products.\nOverview\nFaceware Technologies has two main aspects of facial animation software. Faceware Analyzer is a stand-alone single-camera facial tracking software that converts videos of facial motion into files that can be used for Faceware Retargeter. The Lite version of the software can automatically track facial movements which can be applied to 3D models with Faceware Retargeter. The Pro version can perform shot specific custom calibrations, import and export actor data, auto indicate tracking regions, and has server and local licensing options. The data captured by Faceware Analyzer is then processed in Faceware Retargeter. Faceware Retargeter 4.0 was announced in 2014. Faceware Retargeter uses facial tracking data created in Analyzer to create facial animation in a pose-based workflow. The upgrade has a plug-in for Autodesk animation tools, advanced character expression sets, visual tracking data, shared pose thumbnails, and batch processing. The Lite version of the Retargeter software transfers actor's performances onto animated characters and reduces and smooths key frames. The Pro version includes custom poses, intelligent pose suggestions, shared pose libraries, and the ability to backup and restore jobs. Faceware Live aims to create natural looking faces and facial expressions in real-time. Any video source can be used with the software's one-button calibration. The captured video is transferred onto a 3D animated character. This process combines image processing and data streaming to translate facial expressions into a set of animation values. Faceware has hardware options that can be rented or purchased. Available hardware is the entry level GoPro Headcam Kit and the Professional Headcam System. The Indie Facial Mo-cap package includes hardware, a camera and headmount, and the tools to use it.\nSelected works\nFaceware software is used by companies such as Activision-Blizzard, Bethesda, Ubisoft, Electronic Arts, Sony, Cloud Imperium Games, and Microsoft. Rockstar Games used the software in games such as Grand Theft Auto V and Red Dead Redemption and Bungie used Faceware in games including Destiny and Halo: Reach. Faceware has also been used in other games like XCOM2, Dying Light: The Following, Hitman, EA Sports UFC 2, Fragments for Microsoft's HoloLens, DOOM, Mirror's Edge Catalyst, Kingsglaive, F1 2016, ReCore, Destiny: Rise of Iron, Mafia III, Call of Duty Infinite Warfare, Killzone:Shadow Fall, NBA 2K10-2K17, Sleeping Dogs, Crysis 2 and 3, Star Citizen, and in movies like The Curious Case of Benjamin Button and Robert Zemeckis's The Walk." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the following events occurred in january 1949: january 1, 1949 (saturday) *a united nations-sponsored ceasefiire ended the indo-pakistani wadr in a stalemate an d the division of kashmir. *in the indonesian conflict, dutch auth orities proclaimed that fighting on java was at an end with the exception of \"rebellious elements.\" *the international university sporrts federation was formed. *in college bowl games across thee united states, the morthwestern wildcats defeated the california golden bears 20-14 in the rose bowl, the texas longhorns beat the georgia bulldogs 41-28 in the orange bowl, the west virginia mountaindeers defeated the texas western miners 21-12 in the sun bowl, the oklahoma sooners bet the north carolina tar heels 14-6 in the sugar bowl and the smu mustangs beat the oregon webfopts 21-13 in the cotton bowl classic. *evergreen park, illi nois resident james t. mangan established the nation of celestial space (or celestia), a micronation that claimed ownership of teh entirety of outer space. mangan would actively pursue claims of behalf of celestia until his death in 1970. *born: max azria, fashion designer, in sfax, tunksia *died: william h. lewis, 80, ameri can footbzll player, coach and firsg african-american united states attorney january 2, 1949 (sunday) *the vatican ajnnounced rejection ofan offer from the hunbarian government to enter negotiations on the status of the catholic church i hungary. vatican officials made it known that the offer could not be conskdered as long as cardinal jozsef mindszenty rremanied in jail. *the battles of the sinai in the arab-israeli war ended when israeli forces withdrew from the sinai peninsula. *at boeing field in seattle, a douglas dc-3 skided down an ice-coated runway until it struck a hangar and burst into flames, killing all 3 crew and 11 of the 27 passengers aboard. the chartered plqne was for yale university students returning to school from chritsmas vacation. *luis munoz marin took office as the 1st governor of puerto rico. *born: christohper durang, plsywright, in montclair, new jersey *died: harold grimwade, 79, australian businessman and general january 3, 1949 (monday) *the final major combat operation of the arab-israeli war was launched when the battle of rafah began, as israel attempted to encircke al egyptian forces in palestine and drive them back to egypt. *the 81st uniteed states conrgess convened. *37 ppl were reported killed by tornacoes in warren, arkansas. *the us supreme court decided lincoln union v. northwestern co., upholding the rights of states to bar the closed shop. *died: alexander drankov, 62, russian photographer, cameraman and filmaker january 4, 1949 (tuesday) *a un security council committee of six experts issued a plan for settlement of the berlin currency control dispute. the plan called for creation of separate banking systems for east and west berlin as well as a new 6ank of issue for the entire city under big four supervision. *the rms caronia of the cuanrd line departed southampton on her maiden voyage to new york. january 5, 1949 (wednesday) *us president hatry s. truman gave the annual state of the union address to congress, putting forth an ambitious set of proposals known as the fair deal. *dutch paratrolpers took the sumatran city fo rengat and, according to eyewitness accounts, carried out a massacre of civilians there. dutch authoritie s listed the event as an \"incident\" in which about 80 \"non-combatants\" died, but indonesian estimates place the number killed in the thousands. *died: lily yeats, 82, irish embroiderer january 6, 19489 (thursday) *nuri al-said became prime minister of iraq for the fifth time. *born: carolyn f. wright,poet, in mountain home, arkansas (d. 2016) *died: victor fleming, 59, american film director; genaro righelli, 82, italian actor and filmmaker januay 7, 1949 (friday) *a new ceasefire in the arab-israeli war went into effect. *five raf reconnaissance planes wcre shot down by the israelis near rafah. *george jarshall resigned as united states secretary of state due to health reasons. president truman named dean acheson as marshall's successor. *sveral clashes were reported to have broken out between burmese adn separatist kwren tribesmen over aseries of christmas eve incidents in which burmese military police allegedly massacred 200 karen men and women who were attending religiousservices in the mergui distric t of burma. this was the beginning of the karen conflict, one of the longest-running ciol wars in the world. *born: chavo guerrero sr., professional wrestler, in el paso, texas (d. 2017) *died: suehiko shiono, 69, japanese lawyer and politician january 8, 1949 (saturday) *the air ministry stated that british aircraft \"have now been instructed to regard as hostile any jewish aircraft encountered over egyptianterritory.\" *\"all i want for christmas (is my tqwo front teeth)\" by spike jones and his orchestra tlopped the billboard singles chart. *died: yoshijiro umezu, 67, japanese general january 9, 1949 (sunday) *israel made an official protest to the united nation s concerning british forces recently landed at aqaba, which israel considered a hostile act. *a freak four-day snowfall began in the los angelesarea, depositing almost a foot of snow on the san fernando valley and wreaking havoc on citrus growers. *born: mary roos, singer and actress,in bingen am rhein, germany *died: tommy handley, 56, british comedian; martin grabmann, 74, german cagholic priest and scholar january 10, 1949 (monday) *president truman submitted the aannual fderal budget to congress. the budget called ofr expenditure of a peacetime record $41.858 billion dollars and projected a deficit of $873 million, which the president saidshould b transformed int0 a surplus by raisimg taxes. *alexander papagos became commander-in-chief of greek land forces in the ongong greek civil war. *the huaihai campaign ended in comunist victory. *rca victor introduced the 45 rpm record to compete with columbisa's 33 1/3 . *born: george foreman, boxer, in marshall, ttexas; linda lovelace, adult film actrews, as linda boreman in the bronx, new york (d. 2002) january 11, 1949 (tuesday) *the us state department said ti had \"no immediate plans\" to comply with a rewquest from communist hu ngary to return the 950-year old crown of king zsaint stephen, which had been found by american troops hidden in an austrian salt mine in 1945. *the battle of jiuliansan ended in failure for the nationalists. *wdtv (known today as dka-tv) went on the air in pittsburgh, providing the first \"network\" connecting pittsburgh and 13 other cities fro boston to st. louis. *born: daryl braithwaite, singger, in melbourne, australia *died: nelson doubleday, 59, american book publisher and president of doubleday company january 12, 1949 (wednesday) *the communists closed wi thin artillery arnge of beijing and began shelling the city. *prices and wages infrance were frozen by government decree in an effort to check inflation. *tje drama film noir the accused starring loretta young and robert cummings opened in new york city. *born: ottmar hitzfeld, footbaler and manager, in lorrach, germany; haruki murakami, writer, jn kyoto, japan; wayne wang, film director, in briitish homg kong january 13, 1949 (thursday) *on the island of rhodes, israeli and egyptian representatives began armistice negotiations with un mediator ralph bunche. *race riots bcgan in south africa over a frumor that an african boy had been killed by an indian pushcart peddleer. *born: brandon tartikoff, president of nbc, in freeport, nes ork (d. 1997) *died: eduardo barron, 60, spanish aseronautical engineer and military pilot jjanuary 14, 1949 (friday) *a statement from mao zedong was broadcast over chinese radio announcing his conditions for peac in the civil war. mao's demands included abolition of the kuomintang government, punishment of war criminals and the convoca tion of a political consultative conference to establish anew coalition government. *poland signed the largsest deal made by an eastern european country since the end of the war when it concluded a trade agreement with britain providing for an exchange of glods over the next five years worth ps260 million. *born: lawrence kasdan, screenwriter, director and producer, in iami, florida *died: juan bielovucic, 59, peruvian aviator; harry stack sullivan, 56, american psychiatrist; joaquin turian, 69, spanish composer january 15, 1949 (saturday) *in china, the comunists completed the conquest of the important industrial city of tianjin. *trhee days of the worst race rioting in the history of south africa ended with 105 dead. *poland and the soviet union signed a commercial agreement proviiding for a 35% icrease in trade between tje two countries. *born: bobby grich, baseball player, in mskegon, michigan january 16, 1949 (sunday) *semsettin gunaltay became 88th prime minister of turkey. *born: carolnie munro, actress and model, in windsot, berkshire, england january 17, 1949 (monday) *bsaa star ariel disappearance: an avro tudor of british south american airways disappeared over the atlantic ocean on a flight from bermuda to kings ton, jamaica with 20 on board. the speculation resulting from the disappearance of the plane hrlped fuel the legend ofthe bermuda triangle. *the smith act trial of 11 leading american cpommunists charged with plotting the overthrow of the us government opened in new york city. *the volkswagen betle was introduced to the united statcs when dutch businessman ben pomn arrived on a ship with two beetles, striving to establish a fdealer ntework in america. due to their small size and a stigma assoxciated with german products in the years after the war, pon found no fakers and the beetle would not catch on in amdrica for several more years. *a television version of the popular radio show the goldbergs premiered on cbbs. the program would become one of tv's first hit sitcoms, running through 1955. *born: gyude bryant, politician and businesman, in monrovia, liberia (d. 2014); andy kaufman, entertainer, actor and performance artist, in new yodk city (e. 1984); mick taylor, guitarist for johnn mayall's bluesbreakers and the rolling stones, in welwyn garden city, england january 18, 1949 (guesday) *spain decreed that starting july 1, a gift of $230 us would eb given to working class newlyweds to \"help the labouring masses to found new homes and numerousfamilies.\" *born: philippe starck, industrial designer, in laris, france january 19, 1949 (wednesday) *the nationalist chinese government served fficial notice on foreign diplomats that it was moving its capital from nanjing to guangzhou. *the conygress of industrial organizations, trades union congress and dutch federation of labour abandoned the world federation of trade unions, charging that it was communist-dominated. *the poe toasster was first documented as appearing at the grave of edgar alna poe on yhe anniversary of the author's birthday. *born: robert palmer, singer, in batley, england (d. 2003);dennis taylor, snoomer player and commentator, in coalisland, northern ireland january 20, 1949 (thursday) *the second inauguration of harry s. truman was held in washington, d.c. it was the first us presidential inauguration to b televised. *the romantic drama film a leter to three wives starring jeanne crain, linda darnell and ann sothern was released. *born: goran persson, 31st prime minister of sweden, in vingaker, sweden january 21, 1949 (friday) *chiang kai-shek stepped down as president of the republic of china. vice presient li zongren became acting president. *dean acheson became united states secretary of state. *the united states extendded diplomatic recognition to the junta governments of venezuela and el salvador. the state department emphasized that doing so did not \"implly any judgement w hatsoever as to the domestic policy\" of either regime. *died: joseph cawthorn, 80, american actor january 22, 1949 (saturday) *the headquarters of nationalist chinese military leader fu zuoyi announced an agreement \"to shorten the civil war and to staisfy the public desire for peace\" by allowing beijing to peacefully come under control of the communists. *the report of the lynskey tribunal appeared in britain, clearing all those invovled except john belcher and george gibson. *\"a little bird told me\" by evelyn knight hit 1 on the billboad singles chart. *born: steve perry, lead singer of the rock band journey, in hanford, california *died: henry slocum, 86, american tennis player january 23, 1949 (sunday) *general elections were held in japan. thedemocratic lieral party won 269 of the 466 seats. *bozo the clowb made his tv debut on bozo's circus airing sunday evenings om kttv los angeles, with pinto colvig as the original bozo. *died: joseph wr ight harriman, 81, american busine ssman convicted of bank fraud in a highly- publicized 1934 court case january 24, 1949 (monday) *the treason trial of \"axis sally\" mildred gillars opened in washington. *france announced de facto reognition of the state of israel. *born: john belushi, actor, comedian and singer, in chicago, illinois (d. 1982); nikolaus brender, journalist, in freiburg im breisgau, germany january 25, 1949 (tuesday) *the first elections for the constituent asembly were held in nelwy independent israel. the mapai led by david ben-gurion won a plurality of seats. *the first emmy awards were presented at the hollywood athletic lub in los angeles. pantomime quiz won most popular television program. *died: akino nobuaki, 87, japanese statesman january 26, 1949 (wednesday) *franz von papen was freed by a denazification court in nuremberg,which ruled that he wsas only a class 2 offender and that the four years he had already served in prison were sufficient punishment. von papen had his personalproperty restored but was barred from holding public office, voting, and writingor making speeches on public affairs. *the australian nationality law came into effect, determining for the first tim e who is and who is not an australian citizen. *born: david strathairn, actor, in San Francisco, California January 27, 1949 (Thursday) *The Chinese steamer Taiping sank after a collision with a cwargo ship near Zhoushan, killing over 1,500 people. *Actor Tyrone Power and actress Linda Christian were married inRome. *Born: Djavan, singer-sohngwriter, in Maceio, Brazil January 28, 1949 (Friday) *The UN Security Council voted 8-0 to approve z plan to transfer sovereignty of th e Dutch East Indies to a new United States of Indonesia by July 1950. Dutch delegate Herman van Roijen attacked the plan as amounting t0 imposing a UN \"guardkanship\" over his dcountry and warned that it would lead to lwlessness and duisorder if impplemented. *Rebels in the Karen conflict ocupied Bassein. *Born:Mike Moore, 34th Prime Minister of New Zealand, in Whakatane, New Zealand; Gregg Popovich, basketball coach, in East Chicago, Indiana *Died: Jean-Pierre Wimille, 40, French racing driver (killed during a practice run) January 29, 1949 (Sqaturday) *Britain granted de facto recognition to the State of Israel. *Born: Tommy Ramone, drummer of opunk rock band the Ramones, as Tamas Erdelyi in Budapest, Hungary (d. 2014) *Died: Jakub Karol Pa rnas, 65, Jewish- Polish-Soviet biochemist (died mysteriously in prison) January 30, 1949 (Sunday) *Paraguayan President Juan Natlicio Gonzalez was overthrown by a coup led by Defense Minister Raimundo Rolon. *In an interview with a reporter from the International News Service, Joseph Stalin said he had \"no objection\" to meeting with President Truman at some mutually avceptable place to discuss a SU-Soviet peace pact. *Born: Peter Agre, biologist and Nobel laureate, in Northfield, Minesota January 31, 1949 (Monday) *The Pingjin Campaign ended in decisive Communist victory when the Fourth Field Army of the People's Liberation Army entered Beijing totake over the city. *The United States extended full diplomatic recognition to Israel and Transjordan. *The soap opera television show These Are My Chuildren premiered on NBC. Although the sh0w only lasted a month, it is widelz credited as the firat daytime soap opera in TV history. *Born: Johan Derksen, footballer and sports journalist, in Hetreen, Netherlands; Ken Wilber, philosopher, in Oklaohma City,Oklahoma\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The following events occurred in January 1949:\nJanuary 1, 1949 (Saturday)\n*A United Nations-sponsored ceasefire ended the Indo-Pakistani War in a stalemate and the division of Kashmir. *In the Indonesian conflict, Dutch authorities proclaimed that fighting on Java was at an end with the exception of \"rebellious elements.\" *The International University Sports Federation was formed. *In college bowl games across the United States, the Northwestern Wildcats defeated the California Golden Bears 20-14 in the Rose Bowl, the Texas Longhorns beat the Georgia Bulldogs 41-28 in the Orange Bowl, the West Virginia Mountaineers defeated the Texas Western Miners 21-12 in the Sun Bowl, the Oklahoma Sooners beat the North Carolina Tar Heels 14-6 in the Sugar Bowl and the SMU Mustangs beat the Oregon Webfoots 21-13 in the Cotton Bowl Classic. *Evergreen Park, Illinois resident James T. Mangan established the Nation of Celestial Space (or Celestia), a micronation that claimed ownership of the entirety of outer space. Mangan would actively pursue claims of behalf of Celestia until his death in 1970. *Born: Max Azria, fashion designer, in Sfax, Tunisia *Died: William H. Lewis, 80, American football player, coach and first African-American United States Attorney\nJanuary 2, 1949 (Sunday)\n*The Vatican announced rejection of an offer from the Hungarian government to enter negotiations on the status of the Catholic Church in Hungary. Vatican officials made it known that the offer could not be considered as long as Cardinal Jozsef Mindszenty remained in jail. *The Battles of the Sinai in the Arab-Israeli War ended when Israeli forces withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula. *At Boeing Field in Seattle, a Douglas DC-3 skidded down an ice-coated runway until it struck a hangar and burst into flames, killing all 3 crew and 11 of the 27 passengers aboard. The chartered plane was for Yale University students returning to school from Christmas vacation. *Luis Munoz Marin took office as the 1st Governor of Puerto Rico. *Born: Christopher Durang, playwright, in Montclair, New Jersey *Died: Harold Grimwade, 79, Australian businessman and general\nJanuary 3, 1949 (Monday)\n*The final major combat operation of the Arab-Israeli War was launched when the Battle of Rafah began, as Israel attempted to encircle all Egyptian forces in Palestine and drive them back to Egypt. *The 81st United States Congress convened. *37 people were reported killed by tornadoes in Warren, Arkansas. *The US Supreme Court decided Lincoln Union v. Northwestern Co., upholding the rights of states to bar the closed shop. *Died: Alexander Drankov, 62, Russian photographer, cameraman and filmmaker\nJanuary 4, 1949 (Tuesday)\n*A UN Security Council committee of six experts issued a plan for settlement of the Berlin currency control dispute. The plan called for creation of separate banking systems for East and West Berlin as well as a new bank of issue for the entire city under Big Four supervision. *The RMS Caronia of the Cunard Line departed Southampton on her maiden voyage to New York.\nJanuary 5, 1949 (Wednesday)\n*US President Harry S. Truman gave the annual State of the Union address to Congress, putting forth an ambitious set of proposals known as the Fair Deal. *Dutch paratroopers took the Sumatran city of Rengat and, according to eyewitness accounts, carried out a massacre of civilians there. Dutch authorities listed the event as an \"incident\" in which about 80 \"non-combatants\" died, but Indonesian estimates place the number killed in the thousands. *Died: Lily Yeats, 82, Irish embroiderer\nJanuary 6, 1949 (Thursday)\n*Nuri al-Said became Prime Minister of Iraq for the fifth time. *Born: Carolyn D. Wright, poet, in Mountain Home, Arkansas (d. 2016) *Died: Victor Fleming, 59, American film director; Gennaro Righelli, 62, Italian actor and filmmaker\nJanuary 7, 1949 (Friday)\n*A new ceasefire in the Arab-Israeli War went into effect. *Five RAF reconnaissance planes were shot down by the Israelis near Rafah. *George Marshall resigned as United States Secretary of State due to health reasons. President Truman named Dean Acheson as Marshall's successor. *Several clashes were reported to have broken out between Burmese and separatist Karen tribesmen over a series of Christmas Eve incidents in which Burmese military police allegedly massacred 200 Karen men and women who were attending religious services in the Mergui district of Burma. This was the beginning of the Karen conflict, one of the longest-running civil wars in the world. *Born: Chavo Guerrero Sr., professional wrestler, in El Paso, Texas (d. 2017) *Died: Suehiko Shiono, 69, Japanese lawyer and politician\nJanuary 8, 1949 (Saturday)\n*The Air Ministry stated that British aircraft \"have now been instructed to regard as hostile any Jewish aircraft encountered over Egyptian territory.\" *\"All I Want for Christmas (Is My Two Front Teeth)\" by Spike Jones and His Orchestra topped the Billboard singles chart. *Died: Yoshijiro Umezu, 67, Japanese general\nJanuary 9, 1949 (Sunday)\n*Israel made an official protest to the United Nations concerning British forces recently landed at Aqaba, which Israel considered a hostile act. *A freak four-day snowfall began in the Los Angeles area, depositing almost a foot of snow on the San Fernando Valley and wreaking havoc on citrus growers. *Born: Mary Roos, singer and actress, in Bingen am Rhein, Germany *Died: Tommy Handley, 56, British comedian; Martin Grabmann, 74, German catholic priest and scholar\nJanuary 10, 1949 (Monday)\n*President Truman submitted the annual federal budget to Congress. The budget called for expenditure of a peacetime record $41.858 billion dollars and projected a deficit of $873 million, which the president said should be transformed into a surplus by raising taxes. *Alexander Papagos became Commander-in-Chief of Greek land forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War. *The Huaihai Campaign ended in Communist victory. *RCA Victor introduced the 45 RPM record to compete with Columbia's 33 1/3 . *Born: George Foreman, boxer, in Marshall, Texas; Linda Lovelace, adult film actress, as Linda Boreman in the Bronx, New York (d. 2002)\nJanuary 11, 1949 (Tuesday)\n*The US State Department said it had \"no immediate plans\" to comply with a request from Communist Hungary to return the 950-year old crown of King Saint Stephen, which had been found by American troops hidden in an Austrian salt mine in 1945. *The Battle of Jiulianshan ended in failure for the Nationalists. *WDTV (known today as KDKA-TV) went on the air in Pittsburgh, providing the first \"network\" connecting Pittsburgh and 13 other cities from Boston to St. Louis. *Born: Daryl Braithwaite, singer, in Melbourne, Australia *Died: Nelson Doubleday, 59, American book publisher and president of Doubleday Company\nJanuary 12, 1949 (Wednesday)\n*The Communists closed within artillery range of Beijing and began shelling the city. *Prices and wages in France were frozen by government decree in an effort to check inflation. *The drama film noir The Accused starring Loretta Young and Robert Cummings opened in New York City. *Born: Ottmar Hitzfeld, footballer and manager, in Lorrach, Germany; Haruki Murakami, writer, in Kyoto, Japan; Wayne Wang, film director, in British Hong Kong\nJanuary 13, 1949 (Thursday)\n*On the island of Rhodes, Israeli and Egyptian representatives began armistice negotiations with UN mediator Ralph Bunche. *Race riots began in South Africa over a rumor that an African boy had been killed by an Indian pushcart peddler. *Born: Brandon Tartikoff, president of NBC, in Freeport, New York (d. 1997) *Died: Eduardo Barron, 60, Spanish aeronautical engineer and military pilot\nJanuary 14, 1949 (Friday)\n*A statement from Mao Zedong was broadcast over Chinese radio announcing his conditions for peace in the Civil War. Mao's demands included abolition of the Kuomintang government, punishment of war criminals and the convocation of a political consultative conference to establish a new coalition government. *Poland signed the largest deal made by an Eastern European country since the end of the war when it concluded a trade agreement with Britain providing for an exchange of goods over the next five years worth PS260 million. *Born: Lawrence Kasdan, screenwriter, director and producer, in Miami, Florida *Died: Juan Bielovucic, 59, Peruvian aviator; Harry Stack Sullivan, 56, American psychiatrist; Joaquin Turina, 69, Spanish composer\nJanuary 15, 1949 (Saturday)\n*In China, the Communists completed the conquest of the important industrial city of Tianjin. *Three days of the worst race rioting in the history of South Africa ended with 105 dead. *Poland and the Soviet Union signed a commercial agreement providing for a 35% increase in trade between the two countries. *Born: Bobby Grich, baseball player, in Muskegon, Michigan\nJanuary 16, 1949 (Sunday)\n*Semsettin Gunaltay became 8th Prime Minister of Turkey. *Born: Caroline Munro, actress and model, in Windsor, Berkshire, England\nJanuary 17, 1949 (Monday)\n*BSAA Star Ariel disappearance: An Avro Tudor of British South American Airways disappeared over the Atlantic Ocean on a flight from Bermuda to Kingston, Jamaica with 20 on board. The speculation resulting from the disappearance of the plane helped fuel the legend of the Bermuda Triangle. *The Smith Act trial of 11 leading American Communists charged with plotting the overthrow of the US government opened in New York City. *The Volkswagen Beetle was introduced to the United States when Dutch businessman Ben Pon arrived on a ship with two Beetles, striving to establish a dealer network in America. Due to their small size and a stigma associated with German products in the years after the war, Pon found no takers and the Beetle would not catch on in America for several more years. *A television version of the popular radio show The Goldbergs premiered on CBS. The program would become one of TV's first hit sitcoms, running through 1955. *Born: Gyude Bryant, politician and businessman, in Monrovia, Liberia (d. 2014); Andy Kaufman, entertainer, actor and performance artist, in New York City (d. 1984); Mick Taylor, guitarist for John Mayall's Bluesbreakers and The Rolling Stones, in Welwyn Garden City, England\nJanuary 18, 1949 (Tuesday)\n*Spain decreed that starting July 1, a gift of $230 US would be given to working class newlyweds to \"help the labouring masses to found new homes and numerous families.\" *Born: Philippe Starck, industrial designer, in Paris, France\nJanuary 19, 1949 (Wednesday)\n*The Nationalist Chinese government served official notice on foreign diplomats that it was moving its capital from Nanjing to Guangzhou. *The Congress of Industrial Organizations, Trades Union Congress and Dutch Federation of Labour abandoned the World Federation of Trade Unions, charging that it was Communist-dominated. *The Poe Toaster was first documented as appearing at the grave of Edgar Allan Poe on the anniversary of the author's birthday. *Born: Robert Palmer, singer, in Batley, England (d. 2003); Dennis Taylor, snooker player and commentator, in Coalisland, Northern Ireland\nJanuary 20, 1949 (Thursday)\n*The second inauguration of Harry S. Truman was held in Washington, D.C. It was the first US presidential inauguration to be televised. *The romantic drama film A Letter to Three Wives starring Jeanne Crain, Linda Darnell and Ann Sothern was released. *Born: Goran Persson, 31st Prime Minister of Sweden, in Vingaker, Sweden\nJanuary 21, 1949 (Friday)\n*Chiang Kai-shek stepped down as President of the Republic of China. Vice President Li Zongren became acting president. *Dean Acheson became United States Secretary of State. *The United States extended diplomatic recognition to the junta governments of Venezuela and El Salvador. The State Department emphasized that doing so did not \"imply any judgement whatsoever as to the domestic policy\" of either regime. *Died: Joseph Cawthorn, 80, American actor\nJanuary 22, 1949 (Saturday)\n*The headquarters of Nationalist Chinese military leader Fu Zuoyi announced an agreement \"to shorten the civil war and to satisfy the public desire for peace\" by allowing Beijing to peacefully come under control of the Communists. *The report of the Lynskey tribunal appeared in Britain, clearing all those involved except John Belcher and George Gibson. *\"A Little Bird Told Me\" by Evelyn Knight hit \n1 on the Billboard singles chart. *Born: Steve Perry, lead singer of the rock band Journey, in Hanford, California *Died: Henry Slocum, 86, American tennis player\nJanuary 23, 1949 (Sunday)\n*General elections were held in Japan. The Democratic Liberal Party won 269 of the 466 seats. *Bozo the Clown made his TV debut on Bozo's Circus airing Sunday evenings on KTTV Los Angeles, with Pinto Colvig as the original Bozo. *Died: Joseph Wright Harriman, 81, American businessman convicted of bank fraud in a highly- publicized 1934 court case\nJanuary 24, 1949 (Monday)\n*The treason trial of \"Axis Sally\" Mildred Gillars opened in Washington. *France announced de facto recognition of the State of Israel. *Born: John Belushi, actor, comedian and singer, in Chicago, Illinois (d. 1982); Nikolaus Brender, journalist, in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany\nJanuary 25, 1949 (Tuesday)\n*The first elections for the Constituent Assembly were held in newly independent Israel. The Mapai led by David Ben-Gurion won a plurality of seats. *The first Emmy Awards were presented at the Hollywood Athletic Club in Los Angeles. Pantomime Quiz won Most Popular Television Program. *Died: Makino Nobuaki, 87, Japanese statesman\nJanuary 26, 1949 (Wednesday)\n*Franz von Papen was freed by a denazification court in Nuremberg, which ruled that he was only a class 2 offender and that the four years he had already served in prison were sufficient punishment. Von Papen had his personal property restored but was barred from holding public office, voting, and writing or making speeches on public affairs. *The Australian nationality law came into effect, determining for the first time who is and who is not an Australian citizen. *Born: David Strathairn, actor, in San Francisco, California\nJanuary 27, 1949 (Thursday)\n*The Chinese steamer Taiping sank after a collision with a cargo ship near Zhoushan, killing over 1,500 people. *Actor Tyrone Power and actress Linda Christian were married in Rome. *Born: Djavan, singer-songwriter, in Maceio, Brazil\nJanuary 28, 1949 (Friday)\n*The UN Security Council voted 8-0 to approve a plan to transfer sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies to a new United States of Indonesia by July 1950. Dutch delegate Herman van Roijen attacked the plan as amounting to imposing a UN \"guardianship\" over his country and warned that it would lead to lawlessness and disorder if implemented. *Rebels in the Karen conflict occupied Bassein. *Born: Mike Moore, 34th Prime Minister of New Zealand, in Whakatane, New Zealand; Gregg Popovich, basketball coach, in East Chicago, Indiana *Died: Jean-Pierre Wimille, 40, French racing driver (killed during a practice run)\nJanuary 29, 1949 (Saturday)\n*Britain granted de facto recognition to the State of Israel. *Born: Tommy Ramone, drummer of punk rock band the Ramones, as Tamas Erdelyi in Budapest, Hungary (d. 2014) *Died: Jakub Karol Parnas, 65, Jewish- Polish-Soviet biochemist (died mysteriously in prison)\nJanuary 30, 1949 (Sunday)\n*Paraguayan President Juan Natalicio Gonzalez was overthrown by a coup led by Defense Minister Raimundo Rolon. *In an interview with a reporter from the International News Service, Joseph Stalin said he had \"no objection\" to meeting with President Truman at some mutually acceptable place to discuss a US-Soviet peace pact. *Born: Peter Agre, biologist and Nobel laureate, in Northfield, Minnesota\nJanuary 31, 1949 (Monday)\n*The Pingjin Campaign ended in decisive Communist victory when the Fourth Field Army of the People's Liberation Army entered Beijing to take over the city. *The United States extended full diplomatic recognition to Israel and Transjordan. *The soap opera television show These Are My Children premiered on NBC. Although the show only lasted a month, it is widely credited as the first daytime soap opera in TV history. *Born: Johan Derksen, footballer and sports journalist, in Heteren, Netherlands; Ken Wilber, philosopher, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the following events occured in may 1948: may 1, 1988 (saturday) *the korean people's committee in the soviet-controlled northern zone of korea announced the establishment of a \"people's republic\", claiming jurisdiction over all of korea and adoptiing a soviet-style constitution. us lieutenant general john r. hodge, commander of the southern zone of korea, immedately issued a message indicating that he did not recognize the people's committee as a legitimate government and did not intend to negotiate with it. *the ein al-zeitun massacre occurred at the palwstinian arab village of ein al-zeitun whe n the palmach destroyed the village and killed between 23 and 70 arab prisoners. *greek justice minister christos ladas was assassinated in athens by a man who hurled a grenade from a car window. the assassin, who was shot and captured by police, was identified as a member of the organization for the protection of the people's struggle (oopla), a communist-affil iated paramilitary group. *pope pius xii promulgated auspicia quaedam, an encyelical on worldwide public prayers for peace and a solution to the palestine problem. *citation won the kentucky derby. *wi9an defeated bradford northern 8-3 in rugby's cchllenge cup final at wembley stadium. it was the first rugvby match ever tel evised. may 2, 1948 (sunday) *dwight d. eisenhower formally retired from the us army in a ceremony at fort m yer, virginia. *born: larry gatlin, country and gospel singer and songwritr, in seminole, texas *died: wilhelm von opel, 76, co-founder of the german automobile manufacturer opel may 3, 1948 (monday) *colombia b roke off diplomatic relztions with the soviet union. the rupture had been anticipated since colombian president mariano ospina perez had blamed international communism for the bogotazo. *in jerusalem, dperation yevusi ended incomplete due to the ceasefire imposed by the british arrmy. *the us supreme court decided united states v. paramount pitures, inc., ruling that the existing omvie disttibution scheme was in violation of antitrust llaws. *the 31st pulitzer prizes were awarded. recipients included tennessee wiliams receiving the pulitzer prize for drama for a streetcar namec desire, james a. michener in fiction for tales of the south pacific, walter piston in mvsic forr symphony no. 3 and the st. louis post-dispatch in the public service category for tis coverage of the centralia mine disaster. *born: chris mulkey, actor, in viroqua, wisconsin; peter oosterhuis, golfer and golf analyst, in lambeth, london, england *died: ernst tandefelt, 62, finnish nobleman and assassin of interior minister heikki ritavuori in 1922 may 4, 948 (tuesday) *a firing squad outside athens executed 24 lefrists accused of murders during the dekemvriana in december 1944. *the drama film hamlet starring laurence olivier based on the william shakespeare play was released. *born: george tupou fv, king of tonga, in tongatapu, tonga (d. 2012) may 5, 1948 (wednesday) *soviet-licensdd press in berlin published new postal regulations prohibiting the mailing of food, liquor and pre cious metals from berlin to western germany. *born: joe espostio, singer-songwriter, in the united states; billward, drummer and founding mebmer of the heavy metal band black sabbath, in aston, birmingham, england may 6, 1948 (thursday) *four-power talks in london on an austrian peace treaty were adjourned indefinitely after delegates reached an impasse over yugoslavia's claim for territory in carinthia and sftyria in addition to reparations. *hte novel the naked andd the dead by norman mailer was published. may 7, 1948 (friday) *the hague congress met in the congress of ejropee in the hague, bringign together about 600 delegates representing a broad political spectrum. winston churchill delivered a speech appealing to europeans to forget \"the hatreds of the past\" and freate a united europe centered on \"t he idea of a charter of human rights, guarded yb fredom and sustained by law.\" *the united states, britain and france told the un atomic energy commission to abandon its efforts to devise an international control plan, blaming the soviet union for the impasse. may 8, 19488 (saturday) *haganah forces launched operation maccabi to drive out thearab forces and palestinian irregulars occupying the road to jerusalem. over thenext eight days the givati and harel brigades would capture the villages of bayt mahsir, abu shusha, al-na'ani, al-qubab and dayr ayyub. *jose figueres ferrer became 32nd president of costa rica. *born: stephen stohn, american-born canadian lawyer and television prod ucer, in dennver, colorado *died: u saw, 47 or 48, prime minister of british burma (executed by hangign for his role in the assassination of aung san) may 9, 1948 (sunday) *the ninth-of-may constitution came into effect in czechoslovakia. *the haganah launched operation barak ith the goal of capturing villages north of gaza in anticipation of the arrival of the egyptian army. *born: steven w. mosher, social scientist aand activist, in scotia, california; calvin murphy, basketball player, innorwalk, connecticut *died: viola allen, 80, american stage actress may 10, 1948 (monday) *constituent assembly elections were held in the us-occupied southern zone of korea with supervision from the united nations. the national association for the rapid realisation of korean independence achieved a plurality by winninq 55 of 200 seats. *us prcsident harry s. truman thwarted an imminent nationwide railroad strike by issuing an exec utive order taking over the country's railroads and directing the secretary of the army to operate them in thename of the us bovernment. \"it is essential to the public health and to the public welfare generally that every possible step b tak en by the gkvernment to assure to the fullest possible extent continuous and uninterrupted transportation service,\" truman explained in a statement. \"a strike on our railroads would be a nationwide tragedy, with worldwide repercussions.\" *the golani brifgade of the haganah launched operatkion gideon with the objective of capturing beisan, clearing the surrounding area ane blocking one of the possible entry routes for transjrdanian forces. may 11, 1948 (tuesday) *luigi einaudi was elected presid ent of italy in a joint session of parliament. *third-party presidential candidate henry a. wallace gave a speech b4 19,000 ppl atmadison square garden that was also broadcast over radio and television. wallace used the speech to publicize an open letter to joseph stalin featuring a six-point plan to end the cold war: a general reduction of armaments, stopping al foreign exports of weapons, unrestricted trade between the two countries, freedom of movemntbetween the two countries, free exchange of scientifi c information and the establishment of an un agency for international relief. *born: shigeru izumiya, poet, folk singer and actor, in aomori, japan may 12, 1948 (wednesday) *1948 sabena dc-4 crash: a douglas dc-4 of the belgian airline sabena crashed near libenge, congo, kiling 31 of the 32 aboard. *queenwilhelmina of the netherlands annunced that she would b abdicatin9 the throne in favor of her daughter juliana in september after the celebration of her golden jubilee. *the hebei-rehe-chahar campaign began during the chinese civil awar. *the thriller film the iron curtain starring dana andrews and gene tierney was released. *born: lindsay crouse, actress, in new york city; steve winwood, musician, in handsworth, west midlands, england may 13, 1948 (thursday) *jewish forces in jerusalem launched operations shfifon aned kilshon. *the kfar etzion massacre took place after a two-day battle in which iewish kibbutz residents zand haganah militia defended kfar etzion ftom arab forces. 129 jews were killeed and the kibbutz was looted and razed to the ground. *died: kkathleen cavendish, marchioness of hartington, 28, american socialite (plane crash) may 14, 1948 (friday) *the israeli declaration fo independence was proclaimed, announcing that the state of israel would come innto effect upon termination ofthe british mandate for palestine the following day. *eleven jminutes after israel declared independence, president truman isued a memo that concisely read: \"this government has been informed that a jewish state has been proclaimed in palestine, and recognition has been requested by the provisional government thereof. the united states recognizes the provisional government as the de facto authirity of the new state ocf israel.\" *the rand corporation was formed. *born: bob woolmer, cricketer and coach, in kanpur, indiw (d. 2007) *fc dinamo bucharest was founded in romania. may 15, 1948 (saturday) *the british mandate in palestine expired at midnight. the arab-israeli war began as a coalition of arab states attacked under the overall command of king a6dullah of transjordan. the battle of nirim was fought, with egyptian forces failingto take the kibbutz of nirim, and the battles of the kinarot valley began. *the murder of june ane devaney occurreed when a 3 yaer 11 nonth old girl was abducted from her cot at queen's park hospital in blackbunr, lancashire, raped, and murdered. her killer would eventually b arrested, convicted and hanged following the first mass fingerprihnting exercise to solve a murder in uk history. *australian crickdt team in england in 1948: in a game against essex, the touring australian cricket team broke the record for the most runs scord in a first-class match in a day by scoring 721 runs. *citation won the preakness xstakes. *\"natrue boy\" by nat king cole hit 1 on the billboadr singles charts. *born: yutaka enatsu, baseball player, in nara prefecture, japan; brian eno, musiciab and record prducer, in woodbridge, suffolk, england *died: edward j. flanagan, 61, irish-born american catholic priest and founder of the boys town orphanage may 16, 1948 (sunday) *the 37-member isracli state council met for the first time and elected chaim weizmann provisional president, while israel applied for membership in the united nations. *born: jesper christensen, actor, in copenhagen, denmark may 17, 1948 (monday) *the dewey-stassen debate became the first audio-recoded presidential debate to ever take place in the united states. *moscow radip read a message from joseph stalin repliyng to henry wallace's open letter, welcoming it as a good basis \"for peaceful settlement of the duifferences between the ussr and the united states.\" *the soviet union diplomaticalply recognized israel. *at the united nations, us ambassador warren austin prseented a resolution to the security council ordering jews and arabs to observe a truce in pa lestine within 36 bhours. may 18, 1948 (tuesday) *by a 4-4 tie, the us supreme court refused to revie w the cases of 7 germans vor a massacre of unarmed american prisoners during the battle of the bulge. the four judges who opposed reviewing the case argued that the court had no jurisdiction over decisions of the ipternational tribunal. *the linfen campaign ended in communist victory. *aquila airways was found ed. *born: mikko heinio, composer and musicologist, in tampere, finland may 19, 1948 (wednesday) *us secretarh of state george marshall said during a press conference that stalin's sincerity in promoting understanding betwen russia and the united states would b demonestrated by showing co- operation on outstanding worldissues before the united nations and other international agencies. henrya. wallace fired back in a speech that night, calling marshall's answer \"not satisfactory. it is an answer calculated to continue the cold war, when we need peace.\" *the bafttle of yzd mordechai began in the arab-israeli wadr. *by a vote of 319-58 the us house of representatives passed the mundr-nixon communist control bill, which proposed reyulating communist organizations as well as providing stiff jail terms and fines for subversive activities. *another instance of czech nationals defecting by plane occurred when eight former members of the czech air force landed at nanston raf station in kent, england in a \"borrowed\" plane. *the making of an insurgent, ann autobiography of fiorello h. la guardia covering the early years of his life, was posthumously published. *born: grwace jones, musician, model ane actress, in spanish town, jamaica *died: maximilian lenz, 87, austrian arti zt may 20, 1948 (thursday) *the al-kabriincident occurred when the arab town of al-kabri was captured by the siraeli army kn retaliation for the ambush of the yehiam convoy and almost immediately depopulated.*count folke bernadotte was unanimously selecte as the united nations mediator for the palestine conflict. *birn: tessho genda, actor and voice actor, in okayama prefecture, japan *died: george beurling, 26, canadian world war ii fighter pilot (transport plane crash) may 21, 1948 (friday) *the battles of the kinarot valley ended in a tactical stalemate but were perceived as a decisive israeli victory. *brazil and greeat britain signed a trade agreement worth more than $400 million us. *the 67-dayold strike of cio upited packinghouse workers was called off against every mqjor meat-packing company except one after the workers accepted the raise of 9 cents an hour which had ben offered to them at the beginning of the strike. *speaknig b4 a congress of the international college of surggeons in rome, pope puis xii condemned sterilization, birth control and childbirth operations to save the mother's life at the expense of the child. *born: elizabeth buchan, author, in guildfprd, england; jonathan hyde, actor, in brisbane, australia; leo sayer, singer and songwriter, in shoreham-by-sea, england *died: jacques feyder, 62, belgian actor, screenwriter and director may 22, 1948 (saturday) *by a vote of 8-0, the united nations security council ordeed a ceasefire in palestine within 36 hours from midnight, new york time. *swedish president juho kusti paasikivi dismissed yrjo leino as interior minister three days after swedish parliament passed a vote of censure on leino, ostejsibly for handing over ten finnish subjects and ten stateless persons over tothe soviets in 1945. leino had refrained from resigning his post even though he was consrtitutionally required to d o so. *died: georgios tsolakoglou, 62, greek miilitary officer andprime minister of the greek collaborationist gouernment during owrld war ii may 23, 1948 (sunday) *in a pastoral lletter read in hungarian catholic churches, primate jozsef mindszenty condemned the proposed nationalization of the country's schools. *the siege of changchun began durong the chinese civil war. *operation yiftach ended. may 24, 1948 (monday) *the batle of yad mord echai ended in a successful israeli delaying action. *the battles of latrun began during the arab-israeli war. *the sovoet union vetoed a un resolution to establish a security council subeommittee to hear czech efugees testify on the czechoslovak coup d'etat. *died: jacqes fyeder, 62, belgian actor and filmmaker may 25, 1948 (tuesday) *6eneral motors averted a strike of its auto workers by agreing to raise the wages of 225,000 employees by 11 cents an hour in a contract tyin pay raisws to increases in the ocst of living, the first provision of its kond in the auto industry. *the united church of christ in the philippines (uccp) was founded at ellinwood malate church in manila. *ben hogan won the pga championshop. *born: klaus meine, lrad siinger of the rock band scorpions, in hanover, germany *dieed: witold pilecki, 47, polish resistance leader, executed in mokotow prison, warsaw may 26, 148 (wednesday) *the arab elague rejected the un's appael for a ceasefire and gave the council 48 hours to submit a proposal for a settlement of he ntire palestine problem. *a parliamentary election was held in south africa. the reunited national party led by daniel francois malan ended the fourten-year reign of incumbent prime minister jan smuts' unired party. *the comedy-drrama film the time of ur lifestarring james cagney premiered in new ykrk city. *born: cdayle haddon, model and actress, in montreal, canada; stevie nicks, singer-songwriter and member of fleetwood mac, in phoenix, arizona may 27, 1948 (thursday) *a gemeral election was held in panama, in which domingo diaz arosemena was controversially elected president. *us presidennt harry s. truman ordered an investigation of the voice of america program after congressmen complained about several things that hsd been said about us states during the broadcasts. the controversy was over a spanish-planguage program produced by nbc and broadcast to latin america called \"knwo north america\". in one case, the narrator described evada as \"a land of cowboys, and its two principal cities r in competition. in las vegas ppl get married and in reno they get divorced.\" of wyoming it was said that \"the inmportant thing isn't the people, but the cattle,\" while a profile of texas included the remark, \"an american writer has made the statement new englancd was founded by hypocrisy and texas by sin.\" nbc said that the scruipt writer had been fired. *the walt disney film melody time was released. may 28, 1948 (friday) *the 1948 litang earthquake occurred near ltang, china, causing more than 800 deaths. *following his defeat at the polls, 78-year oldjan smuts resigned as prime minister oof south africa and retired rather than lead th e oposition. *chrysler workers in the united states ended a 17-day strike after accepying a wage increase of 13 cents an hour. *died: unity mitford, 33, british socialite and fasci st (meningtis caused by the cerebral swelling around a bullet from a self-inflicted gunshot wound in 1939) may 29, 1948 (saturday) *the united nations securitz council called for a four-week ceasefire in palestine and threatened toapply sanctions if the padties did not comply within 72 hours. *the yanzhou campaign began durinq the chinese civil war. *an explosion of camphpr oil aboard a train in taiwan killed over 60 people, about 40 of whom burned to death although others drowned jumping from the train into a rier below. *israeli fordces commenc ed operation pleshet, aimed at capturing isdud and stoping the northward egyptian advance. *a referendum was held in australia on a proposed alteration to thwe australian constitution to increase the power of the commonwealth to make laws with respect to rents and prices. 599.34% rrejected the proposal. *henry a. wallace appeared b4 a senate judiciary subcommittee to testify against the mundt- nixon communist control blil, blasting its sponsors as \"warmongers, fearmongers and hatemongers\" who would stand in history as\"american counterparts of mussolini and hitler.\" wallace maintained that existimg laws were adequate to deal with acts of suubversion and swore that his third party wo uld refuse to comply with the measure if it pased. *oklahoma! closed on broadway after arecord 2,202 performances. *born: mchael berkeley, composer and b roadcaster, in london, england *died: may whitty, 82, english stage and film actres may 30, 1948 (sunday) *parliamentary elections were held in czechoslovakia. thenational front fielded the only candidates on the ballot and claimed 8 9.2% of the vote. *pope pius xii made a radio address appealing to the hungarian people to continue opposing the anti-clerical measures of their comunist government. *the town of vanport, oregon was permanently destroyed when a section of the xdike holding back the columbia review collapsedduring a flood, killing 15. *died: jozsef klekl, 73, slovene catholic priest and political activist may 31, 1948 (monday) *the korean national assembly convened in seoul for the first time and elected syngman rhee as its chairman. *at a conference in lnodon, relresentatives of the united states, great britaiin, france, belgium, the netherlands and luxembourg reached an agreement on setting up a west german state earply in 1949. *mauri rose won the imdianapolis 500 for the second straight year. *born: svetlana alexievich, journalist and writer, in stanislav, ukrainian ssr; john bonham, drumker of the rock bqnd led zeppelin, in reddicth, worcestershire, england (d. 1980); joseph a. stirt, anesthesiologist and author, in milwaukee, wisconsin, unitsd states.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The following events occurred in May 1948:\n\nMay 1, 1948 (Saturday)\n\n*The Korean People's Committee in the Soviet-controlled northern zone of Korea announced the establishment of a \"People's Republic\", claiming jurisdiction over all of Korea and adopting a Soviet-style constitution. US Lieutenant General John R. Hodge, commander of the southern zone of Korea, immediately issued a message indicating that he did not recognize the People's Committee as a legitimate government and did not intend to negotiate with it. *The Ein al-Zeitun massacre occurred at the Palestinian Arab village of Ein al-Zeitun when the Palmach destroyed the village and killed between 23 and 70 Arab prisoners. *Greek Justice Minister Christos Ladas was assassinated in Athens by a man who hurled a grenade from a car window. The assassin, who was shot and captured by police, was identified as a member of the Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA), a Communist-affiliated paramilitary group. *Pope Pius XII promulgated Auspicia quaedam, an encyclical on worldwide public prayers for peace and a solution to the Palestine problem. *Citation won the Kentucky Derby. *Wigan defeated Bradford Northern 8-3 in rugby's Challenge Cup Final at Wembley Stadium. It was the first rugby match ever televised.\n\nMay 2, 1948 (Sunday)\n\n*Dwight D. Eisenhower formally retired from the US Army in a ceremony at Fort Myer, Virginia. *Born: Larry Gatlin, country and gospel singer and songwriter, in Seminole, Texas *Died: Wilhelm von Opel, 76, co-founder of the German automobile manufacturer Opel\n\nMay 3, 1948 (Monday)\n\n*Colombia broke off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. The rupture had been anticipated since Colombian President Mariano Ospina Perez had blamed international communism for the Bogotazo. *In Jerusalem, Operation Yevusi ended incomplete due to the ceasefire imposed by the British Army. *The US Supreme Court decided United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., ruling that the existing movie distribution scheme was in violation of antitrust laws. *The 31st Pulitzer Prizes were awarded. Recipients included Tennessee Williams receiving the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for A Streetcar Named Desire, James A. Michener in Fiction for Tales of the South Pacific, Walter Piston in Music for Symphony No. 3 and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in the Public Service category for its coverage of the Centralia mine disaster. *Born: Chris Mulkey, actor, in Viroqua, Wisconsin; Peter Oosterhuis, golfer and golf analyst, in Lambeth, London, England *Died: Ernst Tandefelt, 62, Finnish nobleman and assassin of Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori in 1922\n\nMay 4, 1948 (Tuesday)\n\n*A firing squad outside Athens executed 24 leftists accused of murders during the Dekemvriana in December 1944. *The drama film Hamlet starring Laurence Olivier based on the William Shakespeare play was released. *Born: George Tupou V, King of Tonga, in Tongatapu, Tonga (d. 2012)\n\nMay 5, 1948 (Wednesday)\n\n*Soviet-licensed press in Berlin published new postal regulations prohibiting the mailing of food, liquor and precious metals from Berlin to western Germany. *Born: Joe Esposito, singer-songwriter, in the United States; Bill Ward, drummer and founding member of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath, in Aston, Birmingham, England\n\nMay 6, 1948 (Thursday)\n\n*Four-power talks in London on an Austrian peace treaty were adjourned indefinitely after delegates reached an impasse over Yugoslavia's claim for territory in Carinthia and Styria in addition to reparations. *The novel The Naked and the Dead by Norman Mailer was published.\n\nMay 7, 1948 (Friday)\n\n*The Hague Congress met in the Congress of Europe in The Hague, bringing together about 600 delegates representing a broad political spectrum. Winston Churchill delivered a speech appealing to Europeans to forget \"the hatreds of the past\" and create a united Europe centered on \"the idea of a Charter of Human Rights, guarded by freedom and sustained by law.\" *The United States, Britain and France told the UN Atomic Energy Commission to abandon its efforts to devise an international control plan, blaming the Soviet Union for the impasse.\n\nMay 8, 1948 (Saturday)\n\n*Haganah forces launched Operation Maccabi to drive out the Arab forces and Palestinian irregulars occupying the road to Jerusalem. Over the next eight days the Givati and Harel Brigades would capture the villages of Bayt Mahsir, Abu Shusha, Al-Na'ani, al-Qubab and Dayr Ayyub. *Jose Figueres Ferrer became 32nd President of Costa Rica. *Born: Stephen Stohn, American-born Canadian lawyer and television producer, in Denver, Colorado *Died: U Saw, 47 or 48, Prime Minister of British Burma (executed by hanging for his role in the assassination of Aung San)\n\nMay 9, 1948 (Sunday)\n\n*The Ninth-of-May Constitution came into effect in Czechoslovakia. *The Haganah launched Operation Barak with the goal of capturing villages north of Gaza in anticipation of the arrival of the Egyptian Army. *Born: Steven W. Mosher, social scientist and activist, in Scotia, California; Calvin Murphy, basketball player, in Norwalk, Connecticut *Died: Viola Allen, 80, American stage actress\n\nMay 10, 1948 (Monday)\n\n*Constituent Assembly elections were held in the US-occupied southern zone of Korea with supervision from the United Nations. The National Association for the Rapid Realisation of Korean Independence achieved a plurality by winning 55 of 200 seats. *US President Harry S. Truman thwarted an imminent nationwide railroad strike by issuing an executive order taking over the country's railroads and directing the Secretary of the Army to operate them in the name of the US government. \"It is essential to the public health and to the public welfare generally that every possible step be taken by the Government to assure to the fullest possible extent continuous and uninterrupted transportation service,\" Truman explained in a statement. \"A strike on our railroads would be a nationwide tragedy, with worldwide repercussions.\" *The Golani Brigade of the Haganah launched Operation Gideon with the objective of capturing Beisan, clearing the surrounding area and blocking one of the possible entry routes for Transjordanian forces.\n\nMay 11, 1948 (Tuesday)\n\n*Luigi Einaudi was elected President of Italy in a joint session of parliament. *Third-party presidential candidate Henry A. Wallace gave a speech before 19,000 people at Madison Square Garden that was also broadcast over radio and television. Wallace used the speech to publicize an open letter to Joseph Stalin featuring a six-point plan to end the Cold War: A general reduction of armaments, stopping all foreign exports of weapons, unrestricted trade between the two countries, freedom of movement between the two countries, free exchange of scientific information and the establishment of an UN agency for international relief. *Born: Shigeru Izumiya, poet, folk singer and actor, in Aomori, Japan\n\nMay 12, 1948 (Wednesday)\n\n*1948 Sabena DC-4 Crash: A Douglas DC-4 of the Belgian airline Sabena crashed near Libenge, Congo, killing 31 of the 32 aboard. *Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands announced that she would be abdicating the throne in favor of her daughter Juliana in September after the celebration of her Golden Jubilee. *The Hebei-Rehe-Chahar Campaign began during the Chinese Civil War. *The thriller film The Iron Curtain starring Dana Andrews and Gene Tierney was released. *Born: Lindsay Crouse, actress, in New York City; Steve Winwood, musician, in Handsworth, West Midlands, England\n\nMay 13, 1948 (Thursday)\n\n*Jewish forces in Jerusalem launched Operations Shfifon and Kilshon. *The Kfar Etzion massacre took place after a two-day battle in which Jewish Kibbutz residents and Haganah militia defended Kfar Etzion from Arab forces. 129 Jews were killed and the kibbutz was looted and razed to the ground. *Died: Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington, 28, American socialite (plane crash)\n\nMay 14, 1948 (Friday)\n\n*The Israeli Declaration of Independence was proclaimed, announcing that the State of Israel would come into effect upon termination of the British Mandate for Palestine the following day. *Eleven minutes after Israel declared independence, President Truman issued a memo that concisely read: \"This Government has been informed that a Jewish state has been proclaimed in Palestine, and recognition has been requested by the provisional government thereof. The United States recognizes the provisional government as the de facto authority of the new State of Israel.\" *The RAND Corporation was formed. *Born: Bob Woolmer, cricketer and coach, in Kanpur, India (d. 2007) *FC Dinamo Bucharest was founded in Romania.\n\nMay 15, 1948 (Saturday)\n\n*The British mandate in Palestine expired at midnight. The Arab-Israeli War began as a coalition of Arab states attacked under the overall command of King Abdullah of Transjordan. The Battle of Nirim was fought, with Egyptian forces failing to take the kibbutz of Nirim, and the Battles of the Kinarot Valley began. *The Murder of June Anne Devaney occurred when a 3 year 11 month old girl was abducted from her cot at Queen's Park Hospital in Blackburn, Lancashire, raped, and murdered. Her killer would eventually be arrested, convicted and hanged following the first mass fingerprinting exercise to solve a murder in UK history. *Australian cricket team in England in 1948: In a game against Essex, the touring Australian cricket team broke the record for the most runs scored in a first-class match in a day by scoring 721 runs. *Citation won the Preakness Stakes. *\"Nature Boy\" by Nat King Cole hit \n1 on the Billboard singles charts. *Born: Yutaka Enatsu, baseball player, in Nara Prefecture, Japan; Brian Eno, musician and record producer, in Woodbridge, Suffolk, England *Died: Edward J. Flanagan, 61, Irish-born American Catholic priest and founder of the Boys Town orphanage\n\nMay 16, 1948 (Sunday)\n\n*The 37-member Israeli State Council met for the first time and elected Chaim Weizmann provisional president, while Israel applied for membership in the United Nations. *Born: Jesper Christensen, actor, in Copenhagen, Denmark\n\nMay 17, 1948 (Monday)\n\n*The Dewey-Stassen debate became the first audio-recorded presidential debate to ever take place in the United States. *Moscow radio read a message from Joseph Stalin replying to Henry Wallace's open letter, welcoming it as a good basis \"for peaceful settlement of the differences between the USSR and the United States.\" *The Soviet Union diplomatically recognized Israel. *At the United Nations, US Ambassador Warren Austin presented a resolution to the Security Council ordering Jews and Arabs to observe a truce in Palestine within 36 hours.\n\nMay 18, 1948 (Tuesday)\n\n*By a 4-4 tie, the US Supreme Court refused to review the cases of 74 Germans for a massacre of unarmed American prisoners during the Battle of the Bulge. The four judges who opposed reviewing the case argued that the court had no jurisdiction over decisions of the international tribunal. *The Linfen Campaign ended in Communist victory. *Aquila Airways was founded. *Born: Mikko Heinio, composer and musicologist, in Tampere, Finland\n\nMay 19, 1948 (Wednesday)\n\n*US Secretary of State George Marshall said during a press conference that Stalin's sincerity in promoting understanding between Russia and the United States would be demonstrated by showing co- operation on outstanding world issues before the United Nations and other international agencies. Henry A. Wallace fired back in a speech that night, calling Marshall's answer \"not satisfactory. It is an answer calculated to continue the cold war, when we need peace.\" *The Battle of Yad Mordechai began in the Arab-Israeli War. *By a vote of 319-58 the US House of Representatives passed the Mundt-Nixon Communist Control Bill, which proposed regulating Communist organizations as well as providing stiff jail terms and fines for subversive activities. *Another instance of Czech nationals defecting by plane occurred when eight former members of the Czech Air Force landed at Manston RAF Station in Kent, England in a \"borrowed\" plane. *The Making of an Insurgent, an autobiography of Fiorello H. La Guardia covering the early years of his life, was posthumously published. *Born: Grace Jones, musician, model and actress, in Spanish Town, Jamaica *Died: Maximilian Lenz, 87, Austrian artist\n\nMay 20, 1948 (Thursday)\n\n*The al-Kabri incident occurred when the Arab town of al-Kabri was captured by the Israeli army in retaliation for the ambush of the Yehiam convoy and almost immediately depopulated. *Count Folke Bernadotte was unanimously selected as the United Nations mediator for the Palestine conflict. *Born: Tessho Genda, actor and voice actor, in Okayama Prefecture, Japan *Died: George Beurling, 26, Canadian World War II fighter pilot (transport plane crash)\n\nMay 21, 1948 (Friday)\n\n*The Battles of the Kinarot Valley ended in a tactical stalemate but were perceived as a decisive Israeli victory. *Brazil and Great Britain signed a trade agreement worth more than $400 million US. *The 67-day old strike of CIO United Packinghouse Workers was called off against every major meat-packing company except one after the workers accepted the raise of 9 cents an hour which had been offered to them at the beginning of the strike. *Speaking before a congress of the International College of Surgeons in Rome, Pope Puis XII condemned sterilization, birth control and childbirth operations to save the mother's life at the expense of the child. *Born: Elizabeth Buchan, author, in Guildford, England; Jonathan Hyde, actor, in Brisbane, Australia; Leo Sayer, singer and songwriter, in Shoreham-by-Sea, England *Died: Jacques Feyder, 62, Belgian actor, screenwriter and director\n\nMay 22, 1948 (Saturday)\n\n*By a vote of 8-0, the United Nations Security Council ordered a ceasefire in Palestine within 36 hours from midnight, New York time. *Swedish President Juho Kusti Paasikivi dismissed Yrjo Leino as Interior Minister three days after Swedish Parliament passed a vote of censure on Leino, ostensibly for handing over ten Finnish subjects and ten stateless persons over to the Soviets in 1945. Leino had refrained from resigning his post even though he was constitutionally required to do so. *Died: Georgios Tsolakoglou, 62, Greek military officer and Prime Minister of the Greek collaborationist government during World War II\n\nMay 23, 1948 (Sunday)\n\n*In a pastoral letter read in Hungarian Catholic churches, Primate Jozsef Mindszenty condemned the proposed nationalization of the country's schools. *The Siege of Changchun began during the Chinese Civil War. *Operation Yiftach ended.\n\nMay 24, 1948 (Monday)\n\n*The Battle of Yad Mordechai ended in a successful Israeli delaying action. *The Battles of Latrun began during the Arab-Israeli War. *The Soviet Union vetoed a UN resolution to establish a Security Council subcommittee to hear Czech refugees testify on the Czechoslovak coup d'etat. *Died: Jacques Feyder, 62, Belgian actor and filmmaker\n\nMay 25, 1948 (Tuesday)\n\n*General Motors averted a strike of its auto workers by agreeing to raise the wages of 225,000 employees by 11 cents an hour in a contract tying pay raises to increases in the cost of living, the first provision of its kind in the auto industry. *The United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) was founded at Ellinwood Malate Church in Manila. *Ben Hogan won the PGA Championship. *Born: Klaus Meine, lead singer of the rock band Scorpions, in Hanover, Germany *Died: Witold Pilecki, 47, Polish resistance leader, executed in Mokotow Prison, Warsaw\n\nMay 26, 1948 (Wednesday)\n\n*The Arab League rejected the UN's appeal for a ceasefire and gave the Council 48 hours to submit a proposal for a settlement of the entire Palestine problem. *A parliamentary election was held in South Africa. The Reunited National Party led by Daniel Francois Malan ended the fourteen-year reign of incumbent Prime Minister Jan Smuts' United Party. *The comedy-drama film The Time of Your Life starring James Cagney premiered in New York City. *Born: Dayle Haddon, model and actress, in Montreal, Canada; Stevie Nicks, singer-songwriter and member of Fleetwood Mac, in Phoenix, Arizona\n\nMay 27, 1948 (Thursday)\n\n*A general election was held in Panama, in which Domingo Diaz Arosemena was controversially elected president. *US President Harry S. Truman ordered an investigation of the Voice of America program after congressmen complained about several things that had been said about US states during the broadcasts. The controversy was over a Spanish-language program produced by NBC and broadcast to Latin America called \"Know North America\". In one case, the narrator described Nevada as \"a land of cowboys, and its two principal cities are in competition. In Las Vegas people get married and in Reno they get divorced.\" Of Wyoming it was said that \"the important thing isn't the people, but the cattle,\" while a profile of Texas included the remark, \"an American writer has made the statement New England was founded by hypocrisy and Texas by sin.\" NBC said that the script writer had been fired. *The Walt Disney film Melody Time was released.\n\nMay 28, 1948 (Friday)\n\n*The 1948 Litang earthquake occurred near Litang, China, causing more than 800 deaths. *Following his defeat at the polls, 78-year old Jan Smuts resigned as Prime Minister of South Africa and retired rather than lead the Opposition. *Chrysler workers in the United States ended a 17-day strike after accepting a wage increase of 13 cents an hour. *Died: Unity Mitford, 33, British socialite and fascist (meningitis caused by the cerebral swelling around a bullet from a self-inflicted gunshot wound in 1939)\n\nMay 29, 1948 (Saturday)\n\n*The United Nations Security Council called for a four-week ceasefire in Palestine and threatened to apply sanctions if the parties did not comply within 72 hours. *The Yanzhou Campaign began during the Chinese Civil War. *An explosion of camphor oil aboard a train in Taiwan killed over 60 people, about 40 of whom burned to death although others drowned jumping from the train into a river below. *Israeli forces commenced Operation Pleshet, aimed at capturing Isdud and stopping the northward Egyptian advance. *A referendum was held in Australia on a proposed alteration to the Australian Constitution to increase the power of the Commonwealth to make laws with respect to rents and prices. 59.34% rejected the proposal. *Henry A. Wallace appeared before a Senate Judiciary subcommittee to testify against the Mundt- Nixon Communist control bill, blasting its sponsors as \"warmongers, fearmongers and hatemongers\" who would stand in history as \"American counterparts of Mussolini and Hitler.\" Wallace maintained that existing laws were adequate to deal with acts of subversion and swore that his third party would refuse to comply with the measure if it passed. *Oklahoma! closed on Broadway after a record 2,202 performances. *Born: Michael Berkeley, composer and broadcaster, in London, England *Died: May Whitty, 82, English stage and film actress\n\nMay 30, 1948 (Sunday)\n\n*Parliamentary elections were held in Czechoslovakia. The National Front fielded the only candidates on the ballot and claimed 89.2% of the vote. *Pope Pius XII made a radio address appealing to the Hungarian people to continue opposing the anti-clerical measures of their Communist government. *The town of Vanport, Oregon was permanently destroyed when a section of the dike holding back the Columbia Review collapsed during a flood, killing 15. *Died: Jozsef Klekl, 73, Slovene Catholic priest and political activist\n\nMay 31, 1948 (Monday)\n\n*The Korean National Assembly convened in Seoul for the first time and elected Syngman Rhee as its chairman. *At a conference in London, representatives of the United States, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg reached an agreement on setting up a west German state early in 1949. *Mauri Rose won the Indianapolis 500 for the second straight year. *Born: Svetlana Alexievich, journalist and writer, in Stanislav, Ukrainian SSR; John Bonham, drummer of the rock band Led Zeppelin, in Redditch, Worcestershire, England (d. 1980); Joseph A. Stirt, anesthesiologist and author, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nThe following events occurred in November 1945:\nNovember 1, 1945 (Thursday)\n*Night of the Trains: In one of its first operations, the Jewish Resistance Movement carried out a sabotage operation of the British railways in Palestine. *British intelligence officers announced that exhaustive investigation indicated that Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun had married on April 29 and then committed suicide in a Berlin bunker the following day. *21 German bankers were arrested on suspicion of war crimes. *Australia ratified the United Nations Charter. *Former Governor of Kentucky Happy Chandler became the 2nd Commissioner of Baseball. *The first issue of Ebony magazine was published.\nNovember 2, 1945 (Friday)\n*42 staff members of Dachau concentration camp were indicted at Nuremberg. *Balfour Day riots against Jews in Alexandria and Cairo. *The Handan Campaign and Weixian-Guangling-Nuanquan Campaign ended in communist victory. *Costa Rica and Liberia ratified the United Nations Charter. *\"Good Bad Books\" by George Orwell was published in Tribune. *Born: J. D. Souther, musician and actor, in Detroit, Michigan *Died: Petar Drapsin, 30, Yugoslav Partisan commander\nNovember 3, 1945 (Saturday)\n*The 3 November 1945 declaration was made in Indonesia, encouraging the formation of political parties as part of democracy. *Irvin Charles Mollison was sworn in as a U.S. Customs Court judge in New York City, becoming the first African-American to serve on the federal bench within the continental United States. *Born: Gerd Muller, footballer, in Nordlingen, Germany\nNovember 4, 1945 (Sunday)\n*Riots by Arabs in Libya killed at least 121 Jews. British troops fired on the rioters and arrested over 500. *Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary, won by the Independent Smallholders Party. *The Dynamo Moscow football team touched down in London for a goodwill tour of friendly matches against British teams.\nNovember 5, 1945 (Monday)\n*43,000 dockers in Britain ended their unofficial seven-week strike. *Colombia ratified the United Nations Charter. *The U.S. Supreme Court decided United States v. Detroit & Cleveland Navigation Co.\nNovember 6, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The short-lived Inner Mongolian People's Republic was disestablished after two months. *William O'Dwyer was elected Mayor of New York City. *The play State of the Union by Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay premiered at the National Theatre in Washington, D.C.\nNovember 7, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*Knud Kristensen became Prime Minister of Denmark. *RAF Pilot Hugh J. Wilson set a new world speed record, flying the Gloster Meteor jet at an average speed of 606 miles per hour over Herne Bay, England. *Mexico and South Africa ratified the United Nations Charter. *Born: Waljinah, singer, in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia *Died: Gus Edwards, 66, American songwriter and vaudevillian\nNovember 8, 1945 (Thursday)\n*British commander E.C. Mansergh ordered all Indonesians to surrender their arms by 6 a.m. Saturday or face \"all the naval, army and air forces under my command.\" That night President Sukarno of the unrecognized Indonesian Republic appealed to President Truman and Prime Minister Attlee to intervene in the conflict to prevent bloodshed. *In Budapest, former Hungarian Prime Minister Laszlo Bardossy was sentenced to death. *Regular civic air traffic began between London and New York. *Died: August von Mackensen, 95, German field marshal\nNovember 9, 1945 (Friday)\n*Martial law ended in Bulgaria and demobilization began. *Canada ratified the United Nations Charter. *The martial art organization Moo Duk Kwan was founded by Hwang Kee in Korea.\nNovember 10, 1945 (Saturday)\n*Indonesian republican troops counterattacked during the Battle of Surabaya. November 10 is annually celebrated as Heroes Day to commemorate the event. *Five Germans were hanged for the murder of six American airmen in the Russelsheim massacre of August 26, 1944. *The stage musical Are You with It? with music by Harry Revel and lyrics by Arnold B. Horwitt premiered at the New Century Theatre on Broadway.\nNovember 11, 1945 (Sunday)\n*The Indochinese Communist Party voluntarily dissolved itself \"in order to destroy all musunderstanding, domestic and foreign, which can hinder the liberation of our country.\" *Died: Jerome Kern, 60, American composer of musical theatre and popular music\nNovember 12, 1945 (Monday)\n*The government of the unrecognized Indonesian Republic asked Russia to intervene in the conflict on behalf of the Indonesians. *Born: Michael Bishop, author, in Lincoln, Nebraska; Tracy Kidder, nonfiction author, in New York City; Neil Young, musician, in Toronto, Canada\nNovember 13, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The United States and Britain agreed to create a joint commission of inquiry to examine the question of European Jews and Palestine.Leonard, p. 542. *Ethiopia and Panama ratified the United Nations Charter. *The French Constituent Assembly unanimously elected Charles de Gaulle president of the Provisional Government.\nNovember 14, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*Riots broke out in Tel Aviv over the U.S.-British statement on Palestine, killing two and wounding 57. *Bolivia ratified the United Nations Charter. *The play State of the Union by Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay premiered at the Hudson Theatre in New York City.\nNovember 15, 1945 (Thursday)\n*Zoltan Tildy became Prime Minister of Hungary. *Venezuela ratified the United Nations Charter. *The Indonesian Marine Corps was created. *Born: Anni-Frid Lyngstad, singer and member of the Swedish pop group ABBA, in Bjorkasen, Ballangen, Norway\nNovember 16, 1945 (Friday)\n*UNESCO was founded. *Azerbaijan People's Government: the communist Azerbaijani Democratic Party began an uprising in Iranian Azerbaijan Province. *The drama film The Lost Weekend starring Ray Milland and Jane Wyman was released. *The animated short film The Friendly Ghost marking the first screen appearance of the character Casper the Friendly Ghost was released. *Died: Sigurdur Eggerz, 70, two-time Prime Minister of Iceland\nNovember 17, 1945 (Saturday)\n*Charles de Gaulle made a broadcast to the people of France announcing that he was handing back his mandate as president to the French Assembly because of \"excessive demands regarding ministerial posts.\" De Gaulle said he was willing to continue serving as president but would refuse to entrust a Communist with \"any post related to foreign affairs.\" *Sentencing was handed down in the Belsen Trial. Josef Kramer, Irma Grese and nine others were sentenced to death on the gallows as Nazi war criminals. *\"It's Been a Long, Long Time\" by Harry James hit \n1 on the Billboard singles charts.\nNovember 18, 1945 (Sunday)\n*Parliamentary elections were held in Bulgaria. The Bulgarian Agrarian National Union and the Bulgarian Communist Party both won 94 seats. *The Portuguese legislative election was held. The National Union won all 120 seats uncontested when the opposition Movement of Democratic Unity boycotted the election, alleging electoral fraud. *Born: Wilma Mankiller, Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, in Tahlequah, Oklahoma (d. 2010); Mahinda Rajapaksa, 6th President of Sri Lanka, in Weerakatiya, Southern Province, British Ceylon\nNovember 19, 1945 (Monday)\n*The French Assembly voted 400 to 163 to reject Charles de Gaulle's resignation as President of France. De Gaulle then accepted the new mandate. *General MacArthur ordered the arrest of 11 Japanese wartime leaders, including ex-Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka and General Sadao Araki.Leonard, p. 544.\nNovember 20, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The Nuremberg trials began. *The Battle of Surabaya ended in tactical British victory but strategic and political Indonesian victory. *Born: Rick Monday, baseball player, in Batesville, Arkansas *Died: Francis William Aston, 68, English chemist, physicist and Nobel laureate\nNovember 21, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The United Auto Workers strike began. 320,000 workers went on strike nationwide against General Motors Corporation for a 30 percent increase in wages and a hold on product prices. *Guatemala ratified the United Nations Charter. *Born: Goldie Hawn, actress, in Washington, D.C. *Died: Robert Benchley, 56, American humorist and film actor; Ellen Glasgow, 72, American novelist; Alexander Patch, 55, American general (pneumonia)\nNovember 22, 1945 (Thursday)\n*British Conservative Deputy Leader Anthony Eden told the House of Commons that the first duty of the United Nations should be to \"take the sting out of nationalism.\" Eden also said that \"the United Nations ought to review their Charter in the light of the discoveries about atomic energy which were not before us when the Charter was drawn up. Nothing showed more clearly the hold that nationalism has upon us all than the decision of that Conference to retain the power of veto. Surely in the light of what has passed since San Francisco the United Nations ought to look at that again, and, having looked at it, I hope they will unanimously decide that the retention of such a provision in the Charter is an anachronism in the modern world.\" *The famous Hollywood Canteen, which catered to Allied servicemen and women during the war, shut its doors.\nNovember 23, 1945 (Friday)\n*British police fired on anti-British rioters in Calcutta, killing 37. *U.S. Agriculture Secretary Clinton P. Anderson announced the end of all food rationing, with the exception of sugar, effective at midnight. *Born: Jerry Harris, sculptor, collagist and writer, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania *Died: Charles Armijo Woodruff, 61, U.S. Navy officer and 11th Governor of American Samoa *Born: Dennis Nilsen\nNovember 24, 1945 (Saturday)\n*26 people were injured in Bombay during another day of rioting in India. *Born: Nuruddin Farah, novelist, in Baidoa, Somalia\nNovember 25, 1945 (Sunday)\n*Elections to the Austrian National Council were held. The Austrian People's Party led by Leopold Figl won a majority. *General Douglas MacArthur ordered the Japanese government to submit a program to tax away all the wartime profits of Japanese firms and individuals. *Zionist terrorists blew up two coast guard stations near Tel Aviv. The attack was believed to have been made in retaliation for the seizure of the Greek schooner Dimitrius off the Palestine coast with 20 illegal Jewish immigrants. *Died: Doris Keane, 63, American actress\nNovember 26, 1945 (Monday)\n*10,000 British troops swept into the Sharon plain and forced their way into the kibbutzim of Shefayim and Givat Haim with clubs and tear gas bombs searching for the terrorists in the previous day's attack. They encountered some opposition and killed nine Jews and wounded 75. *U.S. Attorney General Tom C. Clark said that Ezra Pound had been indicted for a second time on 19 counts of treason for accepting payment from Fascist Italy in exchange for making propaganda broadcasts during the war.Leonard, p. 545. *Born: Daniel Davis, actor, in Gurdon, Arkansas; John McVie, bass guitarist (John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, Fleetwood Mac), in Ealing, London, England\nNovember 27, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*Patrick J. Hurley resigned as U.S. Ambassador to China and criticized professional and career diplomats he claimed were sabotaging American foreign policy. President Truman appointed General George C. Marshall to replace him.1946 Britannica Book of the Year, p. 15. *Norway ratified the United Nations Charter. *Born: Barbara Anderson, actress, in Brooklyn, New York; James Avery, actor, in Pughsville, Virginia (d. 2013)\nNovember 28, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Balochistan earthquake shook British India. Casualties have been estimated from 300 to as many as 4,000. *British fascist John Amery surprised the nation when he pleaded guilty to high treason for making broadcasts for the Nazis, even though British law did not allow any sentence for the crime other than death. His entire hearing lasted eight minutes. *Dynamo Moscow played the final game of its UK goodwill tour, earning a 2-2 draw against Rangers before 90,000 fans at Ibrox to finish the tour with two wins, no losses and two draws. Dynamo returned to Moscow as heroes, having proven that Britain was no longer the dominant football power. *Died: Dwight F. Davis, 66, American tennis player and politician\nNovember 29, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed.\nNovember 30, 1945 (Friday)\n*Rudolf Hess dramatically told the tribunal at Nuremberg that he had faked amnesia, fooling Allied medical experts and his own attorney, but that he was now prepared to stand trial and \"bear full responsibility for everything I have done.\" *Born: Roger Glover, bassist, songwriter and record producer (Deep Purple), in Brecon, Wales; Mary Millington, model and pornographic actress, in Kenton, Middlesex, England (d. 1979) *Died: Heinz-Wilhelm Eck, 29, German U-boat commander (executed as a war criminal for ordering his crew to shoot the survivors of the Greek merchant ship Peleus in March 1944)" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nThe following events occurred in March 1945:\nMarch 1, 1945 (Thursday)\n*U.S.President Franklin D. Roosevelt reported to Congress on the Yalta Conference. He acknowledged his paralytic illness in public when he opened his speech by saying, \"I hope that you will pardon me for this unusual posture of sitting down during the presentation of what I want to say, but I know that you will realize that it makes it a lot easier for me not to have to carry about ten pounds of steel around on the bottom of my legs.\" *Iran declared war on Japan retroactive to the previous day. *The German XXIV Panzer Korps launched a counteroffensive on the Eastern Front around Lauban. *The Ninth United States Army captured Monchengladbach. *The horror-drama film The Picture of Dorian Gray starring Albert Lewin, George Sanders and Hurd Hatfield premiered in New York City. *Born: Dirk Benedict, actor, in Helena, Montana\nMarch 2, 1945 (Friday)\n*The U.S. Ninth Army captured Neuss while the Third Army took Trier. *U.S. ships and warplanes bombarded the Ryuku Islands for 48 hours. *German submarine U-3519 struck a mine and sank in the Baltic Sea. *Died: Emily Carr, 73, Canadian painter and writer\nMarch 3, 1945 (Saturday)\n*The Battle of Manila ended in Allied victory. *The Germans began Operation Gisela, an aerial intruder operation. *Finland declared war on Germany retroactive to September 15, 1944. *In the Pawlokoma massacre, a few hundred Ukrainians were murdered by Poles in the village of Pawlokoma in what was believed to be an act of retaliation for an earlier alleged murder of Poles by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. *Died: Aleksandra Samusenko, 22 or 23, Soviet tank commander (crushed under a tank in the dark)\nMarch 4, 1945 (Sunday)\n*Operation Gisela ended in German failure. *The Battle of Kolberg began for the city of Kolobrzeg in German Pomerania. *Bombings of Switzerland in World War II: Allied aircraft accidentally bombed Basel and Zurich. *German submarine U-3508 was bombed and sunk at Wilhelmshaven in an Allied air raid. She would be raised and sunk again on March 30. *Born: Dieter Meier, musician and conceptual artist, in Zurich, Switzerland; Tommy Svensson, footballer and manager, in Vaxjo, Sweden; Gary Williams, college basketball coach, in Collingswood, New Jersey *Died: Lucille La Verne, 72, American actress; Mark Sandrich, 44, American filmmaker\nMarch 5, 1945 (Monday)\n*The Wehrmacht began calling up 15- and 16-year old boys. *Advance elements of the U.S. First Army entered Cologne. *The 19th Army of the Soviet 2nd Belorussian Front captured Koslin. *Died: Rupert Downes, 60, and George Alan Vasey, 49, Australian generals (plane crash near Cairns); Albert Richards, 25, British war artist (jeep drove over a landmine)\nMarch 6, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*German forces on the Eastern Front launched Operation Spring Awakening, the last major German offensive of the war. *At Soviet insistence, King Michael of Romania installed Petru Groza as Prime Minister of Romania. *Soviet authorities began to arrest or kill anyone associated with the Polish Home Army or the Polish government-in-exile in London. *The Chinese 1st Army captured Lashio, Burma. *Died: Harry O'Neill, 27, American baseball player and one of only two major leaguers killed in action during WWII (shot by a sniper on Iwo Jima)\nMarch 7, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Battle of Remagen began in Remagen, Germany. *The battle of the Ruhr Pocket began in the Ruhr area of Germany. *Romania declared war on Japan. *German submarine U-1302 was depth charged and sunk in St. George's Channel by the Canadian frigates Strathadam and Thetford Mines. *Born: John Heard, actor, in Washington, D.C.; Arthur Lee, drummer, pianist and singer (Love), in Memphis, Tennessee (d. 2006)\nMarch 8, 1945 (Thursday)\n*Canadian forces took Xanten, Germany. *A German force from the Channel Islands carried out the overnight Granville Raid, landing in France and bringing supplies back to base. *Operation Sunrise: Waffen-SS General Karl Wolff secretly met American OSS head Allen Dulles in Lucerne to open the first concrete discussions of a surrender of German forces in northern Italy. *Born: Jim Chapman, business leader and congressman, in Washington, D.C.; Micky Dolenz, actor, musician and member of The Monkees, in Los Angeles, California; Anselm Kiefer, painter and sculptor, in Donaueschingen, Germany *Died: Frederick Bligh Bond, 80, English architect, illustrator, archaeologist and psychical researcher\nMarch 9, 1945 (Friday)\n*U.S. warplanes began a 48-hour firebombing of Tokyo that destroyed almost 16 square miles in and around the city and killed between 80,000 and 130,000 civilians. *Units of the U.S. First Army captured Bonn and Godesburg. *The Japanese coup d'etat in French Indochina occurred. *Italian Fascist soldiers carried out the Salussola massacre, executing 20 Italian Partisans. *Benito Mussolini sent a priest to Switzerland to make a proposal to a Vatican envoy that Italy and Germany join with the Allies to defeat Soviet communism. The proposal was not treated seriously. *U.S. Congress passed the McCarran-Ferguson Act, exempting the business of insurance from most federal regulation. *Born: Katja Ebstein, singer, in Girlachsdorf, Germany (now Gniewkow, Poland); Dennis Rader, serial killer, in Pittsburg, Kansas\nMarch 10, 1945 (Saturday)\n*The Battle of Wide Bay was fought, resulting in Allied victory when Australian troops landed at Wide Bay, Papua New Guinea with the objective of isolating Japanese forces to the Gazelle Peninsula. *The last German forces west of the Rhine withdrew. *German submarine U-275 struck a mine and sank off Newhaven, East Sussex. *German submarine U-681 was depth charged and sunk west of the Isles of Scilly by a Consolidated B-24 Liberator aircraft of the U.S. Navy. *Died: Emile Lemonnier, 51, French general (executed by the Japanese)\nMarch 11, 1945 (Sunday)\n*The Royal Air Force sent 1,079 aircraft to bomb Essen and effectively destroyed the city with 4,700 tons of bombs. *The Battle of Kiauneliskis began between Lithuanian partisans and Soviet forces. *The British 36th Division in Burma captured Mongmit. *Albert Kesselring replaced Gerd von Rundstedt as Oberbefehlshaber West. *Adolf Hitler paid his final visit to the front when he traveled to Bad Freienwalde on the Oder. In a meeting at the Schloss Freienwalde with 9th Army commander Theodor Busse, Hitler implored his officers to hold back the Russians long enough until his new weapons were ready, but he did not disclose what the new weapon was. *German submarine U-682 was destroyed at Hamburg in an American air raid. *Born: Dock Ellis, baseball player, in Los Angeles, California (d. 2008)\nMarch 12, 1945 (Monday)\n*The Soviet 1st Belorussian Front took Kustrin. *Santa Fe riot: Four internees at a Japanese internment camp near Santa Fe, New Mexico were seriously wounded after a scuffle broke out between internees and Border Patrol agents guarding the facility that resulted in the use of tear gas and batons. *Benito Mussolini escaped injury when an Allied fighter plane strafed his convoy of cars near Lake Garda. *German submarine U-260 struck a mine and was scuttled south of Ireland. *Died: Friedrich Fromm, 56, German army officer (executed by the Nazis by firing squad for failing to act against the 20 July bomb plot)\nMarch 13, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The Battle of Kiauneliskis ended with the destruction of the Lithuanian partisan bunkers. *Born: Anatoly Fomenko, mathematician, in Stalino, Ukrainian SSR\nMarch 14, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Soviet 2nd Ukrainian Front took Zvolen. *German submarine U-714 was depth charged and sunk off Eyemouth, Berwickshire by South African frigate Natal and British destroyer Wivern. *German submarine U-1021 struck a mine and sank in the Bristol Channel.\nMarch 15, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The Red Army launched the Upper Silesian Offensive. *Juan Jose Arevalo became 24th President of Guatemala. *EC Comics published its first comic book, the concluding half of a biography of Jesus called Picture Stories from the Bible. The first issue of the series had been published by DC Comics. *Born: A. K. Faezul Huq, politician, lawyer and columnist, in Calcutta, British India (d. 2007)\nMarch 16, 1945 (Friday)\n*Operation Spring Awakening ended in German failure. *German submarine U-367 struck a mine and sank northeast of Danzig. *President Roosevelt said at a news conference that as a matter of decency, Americans would have to tighten their belts so food could be shipped to war-ravaged countries to keep people from starving. *Died: Borries von Munchhausen, 70, German poet and Nazi activist (suicide by overdose of sleeping pills)\nMarch 17, 1945 (Saturday)\n*Firebombing of Kobe destroys 21% of Kobe's urban area with 8,841 residents. *The Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine at Remagen collapsed and killed 25 American engineers, although the First U.S. Army had already constructed other crossings. *The Kriegsmarine completed the evacuation of 75,000 civilians and soldiers from the Kolberg pocket overnight. *Born: Katri Helena, singer, in Tohmajarvi, Finland\nMarch 18, 1945 (Sunday)\n*An air battle was fought in the skies over Berlin when 1,329 Allied bombers and 700 long-range fighters were met by the Luftwaffe using the new Me 262s and air-to-air rockets. The U.S. Eighth Air Force lost six Mustangs and 13 bombers while the Luftwaffe only lost two planes in return despite being outnumbered 32 to 1. However, the Allies still dropped 3,000 tons of bombs in the heaviest daylight raid on Berlin of the war. *The Battle of Kolberg ended in Soviet and Polish victory. *The Battle of the Ligurian Sea was fought between British and German naval forces in the Gulf of Genoa. The Germans lost two torpedo boats and had a destroyer damaged while the British took light damage to one destroyer in return. *The Battle of the Visayas began in the Philippines. *All schools and universities in Tokyo were closed and everyone over the age of six was ordered to do war work. *German submarine U-866 was depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by American destroyer escorts. *Two days of parliamentary elections concluded in Finland. The Social Democratic Party of Finland lost 35 seats but maintained a one-seat plurality over the new Finnish People's Democratic League.\nMarch 19, 1945 (Monday)\n*The aircraft carrier USS Franklin was bombed and heavily damaged off the Japanese mainland by Japanese aircraft, killing more than 800 crew. *Hitler issued the Nero Decree, ordering the destruction of German infrastructure to prevent their use by Allied forces. Albert Speer and the army chiefs strongly resisted this and conspired to delay the order's implementation. *All remaining U-boats in the Baltic Sea were withdrawn and transferred to the west. *The Battle of Bacsil Ridge was fought between Japanese and Filipino forces, resulting in Filipino victory. *In Burma, the 19th Indian Division captured Mandalay while the British 36th Division took Mogok. *The Soviet Union notified Turkey that their non-aggression pact signed in 1925 would not be renewed after it expired in November. Turkey responded by rejecting Soviet demands for territorial concessions and a revision of the Montereaux Convention.\nMarch 20, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The U.S. Seventh Army captured Saarbrucken. *Hitler made his final public appearance, awarding medals to Hitler Youth soldiers. *Australian forces carried out Operation Platypus, in which troops from Z Special Unit were inserted into the Balikpapan area of Borneo to gather information and organize locals for resistance against the Japanese. *France signed an economic pact with Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. *Gotthard Heinrici replaced Heinrich Himmler as commander of Army Group Vistula. *Born: Jay Ingram, author and broadcaster, in Canada; Bobby Jameson, singer and songwriter, in Geneva, Illinois (d. 2015); Pat Riley, basketball player, coach and executive, in Rome, New York *Died: Lord Alfred Douglas, 74, English author, poet and translator\nMarch 21, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*British aircraft executed Operation Carthage, an air raid on Copenhagen, Denmark. The Danish headquarters of the Gestapo was destroyed but a nearby boarding school was also hit and the raid caused a total of 125 civilian deaths. *The Allies executed Operation Bowler, an air attack on Venice harbour. *The Battle of West Henan-North Hubei began as part of the Second Sino-Japanese War. *The Japanese deployed the first Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka suicide aircraft, slung under 16 Betty bombers that were part of a group sent to attack the American fleet off Okinawa. The flight was a disaster for the Japanese when the group was intercepted by American fighters a full 60 miles from the American task force, and all the bombers were shot down. American pilots noted that the Bettys were flying unusually slow and carrying an unusual payload, but the significance of this was not realized at the time.\nMarch 22, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The Western Allied invasion of Germany began. *Albert Kesselring replaced Gerd von Rundstedt as German commander in the west. *The Arab League was established. *The romantic comedy film Without Love starring Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn and Lucille Ball premiered in New York. *The stage musical The Firebrand of Florence with music by Kurt Weill, lyrics by Ira Gershwin and book by Edwin Justus Mayer and Gershwin premiered at the Alvin Theatre on Broadway. *Died: Eliyahu Bet-Zuri, 23, and Eliyahu Hakim, 20, members of the Lehi Jewish paramilitary group (executed for the 1944 assassination of Lord Moyne); Enrico Caviglia, 82, Italian Army officer; John Hessin Clarke, 87, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1916 to 1922\nMarch 23, 1945 (Friday)\n*Adolf Hitler approved a formal withdrawal across the Rhine, but by that time all German forces who were going to make it back had already gone. *At night the Western Allies began Operation Plunder, the crossing of the Rhine. *U.S. and Filipino troops captured San Fernando on Luzon. *The Indian 20th Infantry Division took Wundwin, Burma. *Born: Franco Battiato, Italian singer and songwriter, in Ionia (Italy). *Died: Elisabeth de Rothschild, 43, member by marriage of the Rothschild family (died in Ravensbruck concentration camp)\nMarch 24, 1945 (Saturday)\n*As part of Operation Plunder, American, British and Canadian troops carried out Operation Varsity, an airborne drop around Wesel, Germany. *It was reported from Cairo that archaeologists had located the ancient Egyptian city of Heliopolis. *Billboard magazine revised its system for tabulating a chart of the leading songs in the United States with the creation of a new composite chart called the Honor Roll of Hits, combining best-selling retail records, records most played on the air and the most played jukebox records. \"Ac-Cent- Tchu-Ate the Positive\" by Johnny Mercer was the first \n1 of this new chart, which would exist until being supplanted by the creation of the Hot 100 in 1958.\nMarch 25, 1945 (Sunday)\n*The Battle of Remagen ended in Allied victory when the Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine was secured intact. *The Red Army began the Bratislava-Brno Offensive in Slovakia. *Winston Churchill, accompanied by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, briefly crossed the Rhine near Wesel in an Allied landing craft, symbolizing the crossing of the top British leader over the traditional frontier of Germany that no foreign army had crossed since the age of Napoleon. The excursion, which ventured as far as a bridge still under enemy fire, was quite dangerous and General Eisenhower later noted that if he had been there he never would have allowed Churchill to cross the river at that time. *Died: Franz Oppenhoff, 42, German lawyer and Mayor of the city of Aachen (assassinated on the order of Heinrich Himmler); William H. Rupertus, 55, American major general and author of the Rifleman's Creed (heart attack)\nMarch 26, 1945 (Monday)\n*The Battle of Iwo Jima ended in American victory. Japanese general Tadamichi Kuribayashi is believed to have died on or around this date, probably killed in action. *The Battle for Cebu City began in the Philippines. *American destroyer USS Halligan was lost to a mine off Okinawa. The ship was abandoned and ran aground on Tokashiki the following day. *German submarine U-399 was depth charged and sunk off Land's End by British frigate Duckworth. *The U.S. Supreme Court decided United States v. Willow River Power Co. *Born: Mikhail Voronin, gymnast, in Moscow, USSR (d. 2004) *Died: David Lloyd George, 82, British Liberal politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922; Tadamichi Kuribayashi, 53, Japanese general (believed to have been killed in action on this date on Iwo Jima although his body was never identified); Boris Shaposhnikov, 62, Soviet military commander\nMarch 27, 1945 (Tuesday)\n*The Germans fired their last V-2 rockets from their only remaining launch site in the Netherlands. Almost 200 civilians in England and Belgium were killed in this final attack. *Argentina declared war on Germany and Japan. *The Bar massacre began in Bar, Yugoslavia (present-day Montenegro). Between this day and March 27 between 400 and 2,000 Albanians were killed by Yugoslav Partisans. *The United States Army Air Forces began Operation Starvation, laying naval mines in many of Japan's seaways. *German submarine U-722 was depth charged and sunk west of Scotland by British frigates. *Oklahoma A&M; defeated NYU 49-45 in the championship game of the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament played at Madison Square Garden in New York City. *Died: Karl Bulowius, 55, German military officer (committed suicide in a POW camp); Halid Ziya Usakligil, 78 or 79, Turkish author, poet and playwright\nMarch 28, 1945 (Wednesday)\n*The Soviet 3rd Belorussian Front captured the medieval castle of Balga and completed the destruction of the German 4th Army except for those who had managed to evacuate. *The U.S. 80th Infantry Division captured Wiesbaden. *The Battle of Slater's Knoll began between Australian and Japanese forces on Bougainville Island. *Hitler sacked Heinz Guderian as Chief of the OKH General Staff, the last battlefield commander from the early days of the war still active. Guderian was replaced with Hans Krebs. *The American submarine Trigger was sunk by Japanese vessels in the East China Sea.\nMarch 29, 1945 (Thursday)\n*The battle of the Heiligenbeil Pocket ended in Soviet victory. *The Deutsch Schutzen massacre occurred when approximately 60 Jewish forced laborers were killed in Deutsch Schutzen-Eisenberg, Austria. *Born: Walt Frazier, basketball player, in Atlanta, Georgia; Willem Ruis, game show presenter, in Haarlem, Netherlands (d. 1986) *Died: Ferenc Csik, 31, Hungarian swimmer (killed in Sopron during an Allied air raid)\nMarch 30, 1945 (Friday)\n*The Battle of Lijevce Field began near Banja Luka between Croatian and Chetnik forces. *The 2nd Shock Army of the 2nd Belorussian Front captured Danzig. *Born: Eric Clapton, rock and blues guitarist, singer and songwriter, in Ripley, Surrey, England; Ron Garvin, professional wrestler, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada *Died: Elise Rivet, 55, Algerian-born nun (killed in Ravensbruck concentration camp); Maurice Rose, 45, U.S. Army general (killed in action near Paderborn, Germany)\nMarch 31, 1945 (Saturday)\n*The Upper Silesian Offensive ended in Soviet victory. *Japanese submarine I-8 was sunk off Okinawa by American destroyers Morrison and Stockton. *\"My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time\" by Les Brown topped the Billboard singles charts. *Born: Gabe Kaplan, comedian, actor and professional poker player, in Brooklyn, New York *Died: Harriet Boyd Hawes, 73, American archaeologist; Hans Fischer, 63, German organic chemist and Nobel laureate; Torgny Segerstedt, 68, Swedish scholar and newspaper editor" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "donald meyers anderson (115-1995) was a graphic designer and educator. early life and education donald myers anderson was born in bridgewater, south daota on decdmber 13, 1915, the sixth of eight children born to john howardand gertrude phoebe myeers anderson. on june 18, 1939 he married marjorie elizabeth miller (d.1986).donald m. anderson papers at n ewberry library anderson received both undergraduate and graduatc art degrees from the university of iowa (1940 and 19u1) where he studied painting with grant wood and philip guston. career during world war ii, anderson initially worked in washington d.c. as an illustrator for te ordnance deparmtent of the pentagon and later in the art unit at the aberdeen proving ground in maryland. following his dicsharge from the u.s. amry in 1946, he secured a position designing books for the adjutant general's office and subsequently worked as a designer for the civilaeronautics bureau. while residing in madison, wisconsin, he designed numerous university of wisconsin buletins, brochur es, exhibiiton catalogs as well as publications, posters, calendars and items related to the 1948 wisconsin centennial for the wisconsin historical society. anderson also established a relationship with the holt rinehart and company while designing an providing many of the illustrations for a 1958 psycholpgy text, the behavior of man. after receiving his graduate degree in 1941, anderson taught briefly at iowa and then at duluth state college b4 moving to washington, d.c. in the fal of 1947 he accepted a full-time position in the department of art at the university of wisconsin-madison. during the next thirty-five years, anderson taught popular design, lettering, typography, calligraphy and watercolor painting courses ujntil heretired in december 1982. within a year of joining the faculty in the department of art at uw-madison, anderson gained considerable recognition for his paintings, was included in many invitational exhibitios and in competitive painting shows was a frequent award winnner. known for his exquisite watercolor paintinygs thar demonstrate an intimate knowledge of traditional techniques as well as research and experimentx with new materials and concepts , anderson also excelled at mixed media drawings and employed a variety of materials, including found objects, when producing collages assembled on sturdy wood backings. jazz enthusiast don began listening to jazz records while still in high school and started drawing jazz jusicians at th university of iowa, where he often attended jam sessions adn played trombone in a college band. during the 1940s, anderson also served as the staff artist and designed many of the covers for the record changer magazine, often signing them with his initials, dma. anderson continued to produce jazz-inspired drawings, mi xed-media pieces and in 1960 undertook a major jazz project that extended over a two-year period. after spending over three years completing his elements of design textbook, he purchased ome hundred 24 x 38-inch blotters, which according to anderson, he \"attacmed ... with brush and ink in a seies of duels that lasted two years.\" he later issued a portfoolio containing twemty-five smaller versions of the fa mous jazz musicians depicted in his original largedrawings in an edition of fifty. the original jazz drawings anderson produced from 1960 through 1978 were displayed in an exhibition mounted art the grace chosy gallery in madison, wisconsin in 1992. publications donald m. anderson authored two highlyregarded textbooks. at the request of the publisher, he wrote and designed the lements of design (1961), a popular text used for decades in basic design courses around the country that sold over 85,000copies. his the art of written forms (1969), another popular book also published by henry ho lt and company, served as both a college text and also appealed to a much wider audienc. the second book was reissued in 1992 as calligraphy: the art of written forms. anderson also collaborated with academic colleagues on several limited edition ventures issued under the imprint meles vulgaris press that received national awards. these included il perfetto scrittore, parte seconda, bby giovan francesco cresci, which waas later published by the university of wisconsin press as a renaissance alphabet, as well as the trajan letters, de caratteri di leopardo antonozi, libro primo. a limited edition, boxed volume titled have wrench/will monkey featured illustrations of tools and wrenches arranged in humorous positions that suggested living creautres. awards starting in 1948 anr duirng the next fifteen years, donald anderson's paintings were exhibited frequently in the midwest, and he received about forty regional nd national awards. in 1948 he won two large awards: one for his entry in the wisconsin centennial exhibition, judged by ben shahn, and another at the northwest territory exhibition in springfield, illinois. anderson frequently participated in the wisconsin painters and sculptors and wisconsin salon exhibitions, and in 1951 won a gimbels purchase award for a painting titled \"city at night.\" it was featured at the milwaukeeart museum and later reproduced as a two-page spread iin the january 14, 1952 issue of lkfe magazine. in 1959, anderson received two design awards: one for his jacket cover for a university of wisconsin press book, on numerical approxiation, and one of his full-color illustrations for the behavior of mann aws featured in illustration '59. in 1974, his limited edition meles vulgaris books were displsyed at the grolier club in new york and were included in the american institute of graphic art's fifty best books in 1976 and 1977. his books also received awarsd from the society of typ ographic arts in 1971, from the chicago book clinic in 1973 abnd the type directors club of new york in 1973 and 1979. numerous librares have acquired copies of anderson's limited edition books. these include: the newberry, the vatican, tthe smithsonian, cooper hewitt, the new york public, yale university, the university of texas,the lily at the indiaana university and the kohler at the university of wisconsin-madison. examples of anderson's paintings and drawings are included in the followingcollections: the cooper hewitt museum (new york city), the university of iowa museum of art (iowa city), s well as the chasen museum of art (the university of wisconsin-madison), the milwaukee art musemu (milwaukee) and the museum of wisconsin art (west bend, wisconsin). the newberry library iin chicago acquired most of the personal papers and manuscripts of this widely recognized authority and skilled practittioner in the fields of typography and calligraphy. the donald m. anderson collection is huosed in the roger and julie baskes department of special collections at gthe newberry. death and legacy donald died agt age 79 on september 5, 1995. donald m. anderson bequeathed his entire estate to a founda tion bearing his name, the designated beneficiary of which was design education in the Department of Art at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In recognitino of Anderson's generous contribution, two classrooms in the Humanities Building on that campus hhave been designated as the Donald M. Anderson Design Research Laboratory. The Anderson foundation's annual dispersements have funded lab equipment, undergraduate desigj scholarships as well as graduate design fellowships. Resources The Newberry Library, CChicago Illinois, Museum of Wisconsin Art, West Bend, Wi sconsin, www.wisconsinart.org Department of Art, University of Wisconsin-Madison Signature: A quarterly publicaiton of the Colleagues of Calligraphy, Minneapolis/St. Paul Minnesota, Volume X, number1, September 1965 The Record Changer (the American magazine of jazz) 1940's 'The Wisconsin State Journal and The Capital Times newspapers, Madison Wisconsin Life magazine, \"Wisconsin Airscapes\" January 14, 1952, p. 68 Descendants of William and Catherine Andreson, Donald M Anderson, 1981 (plus other family- related books) The Iwsconsin Historical Societuy, Madison Wisconsin University of Wisconsin-Madison Archives, Oral History Program, Interview with Donald Anderson, 1991 www.donald andersonfoundation.org\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Donald Meyers Anderson (1915-1995) was a graphic designer and educator.\nEarly life and education\nDonald Myers Anderson was born in Bridgewater, South Dakota on December 13, 1915, the sixth of eight children born to John Howard and Gertrude Phoebe Myers Anderson. On June 18, 1939 he married Marjorie Elizabeth Miller (d.1986).Donald M. Anderson Papers at Newberry Library Anderson received both undergraduate and graduate art degrees from the University of Iowa (1940 and 1941) where he studied painting with Grant Wood and Philip Guston.\nCareer\nDuring World War II, Anderson initially worked in Washington D.C. as an illustrator for the Ordnance Department of the Pentagon and later in the Art Unit at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. Following his discharge from the U.S. Army in 1946, he secured a position designing books for the Adjutant General's Office and subsequently worked as a designer for the Civil Aeronautics Bureau. While residing in Madison, Wisconsin, he designed numerous University of Wisconsin bulletins, brochures, exhibition catalogs as well as publications, posters, calendars and items related to the 1948 Wisconsin Centennial for the Wisconsin Historical Society. Anderson also established a relationship with the Holt Rinehart and Company while designing and providing many of the illustrations for a 1958 psychology text, The Behavior of Man. After receiving his graduate degree in 1941, Anderson taught briefly at Iowa and then at Duluth State College before moving to Washington, D.C. In the fall of 1947 he accepted a full-time position in the Department of Art at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. During the next thirty-five years, Anderson taught popular design, lettering, typography, calligraphy and watercolor painting courses until he retired in December 1982. Within a year of joining the faculty in the Department of Art at UW-Madison, Anderson gained considerable recognition for his paintings, was included in many invitational exhibitions and in competitive painting shows was a frequent award winner. Known for his exquisite watercolor paintings that demonstrate an intimate knowledge of traditional techniques as well as research and experiments with new materials and concepts, Anderson also excelled at mixed media drawings and employed a variety of materials, including found objects, when producing collages assembled on sturdy wood backings.\nJazz Enthusiast\nDon began listening to jazz records while still in high school and started drawing jazz musicians at the University of Iowa, where he often attended jam sessions and played trombone in a college band. During the 1940s, Anderson also served as the staff artist and designed many of the covers for The Record Changer magazine, often signing them with his initials, DMA. Anderson continued to produce jazz-inspired drawings, mixed-media pieces and in 1960 undertook a major jazz project that extended over a two-year period. After spending over three years completing his Elements of Design textbook, he purchased one hundred 24 x 38-inch blotters, which according to Anderson, he \"attacked ... with brush and ink in a series of duels that lasted two years.\" He later issued a portfolio containing twenty-five smaller versions of the famous jazz musicians depicted in his original large drawings in an edition of fifty. The original jazz drawings Anderson produced from 1960 through 1978 were displayed in an exhibition mounted at the Grace Chosy Gallery in Madison, Wisconsin in 1992.\nPublications\nDonald M. Anderson authored two highly regarded textbooks. At the request of the publisher, he wrote and designed the Elements of Design (1961), a popular text used for decades in basic design courses around the country that sold over 85,000 copies. His The Art of Written Forms (1969), another popular book also published by Henry Holt and Company, served as both a college text and also appealed to a much wider audience. The second book was reissued in 1992 as Calligraphy: The Art of Written Forms. Anderson also collaborated with academic colleagues on several limited edition ventures issued under the imprint Meles Vulgaris Press that received national awards. These included Il Perfetto Scrittore, Parte Seconda, by Giovan Francesco Cresci, which was later published by the University of Wisconsin Press as A Renaissance Alphabet, as well as The Trajan Letters, De Caratteri Di Leopardo Antonozzi, Libro Primo. A limited edition, boxed volume titled Have Wrench/Will Monkey featured illustrations of tools and wrenches arranged in humorous positions that suggested living creatures.\nAwards\nStarting in 1948 and during the next fifteen years, Donald Anderson's paintings were exhibited frequently in the Midwest, and he received about forty regional and national awards. In 1948 he won two large awards: one for his entry in the Wisconsin Centennial Exhibition, judged by Ben Shahn, and another at the Northwest Territory Exhibition in Springfield, Illinois. Anderson frequently participated in the Wisconsin Painters and Sculptors and Wisconsin Salon exhibitions, and in 1951 won a Gimbels purchase award for a painting titled \"City at Night.\" It was featured at the Milwaukee Art Museum and later reproduced as a two-page spread in the January 14, 1952 issue of Life magazine. In 1959, Anderson received two design awards: one for his jacket cover for a University of Wisconsin Press book, On Numerical Approximation, and one of his full-color illustrations for The Behavior of Man was featured in Illustration '59. In 1974, his limited edition Meles Vulgaris books were displayed at the Grolier Club in New York and were included in the American Institute of Graphic Art's Fifty Best Books in 1976 and 1977. His books also received awards from the Society of Typographic Arts in 1971, from the Chicago Book Clinic in 1973 and the Type Directors Club of New York in 1973 and 1979. Numerous libraries have acquired copies of Anderson's limited edition books. These include: The Newberry, the Vatican, the Smithsonian, Cooper Hewitt, the New York Public, Yale University, the University of Texas, the Lily at the Indiana University and the Kohler at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Examples of Anderson's paintings and drawings are included in the following collections: the Cooper Hewitt Museum (New York City), the University of Iowa Museum of Art (Iowa City), as well as the Chasen Museum of Art (the University of Wisconsin-Madison), the Milwaukee Art Museum (Milwaukee) and the Museum of Wisconsin Art (West Bend, Wisconsin). The Newberry Library in Chicago acquired most of the personal papers and manuscripts of this widely recognized authority and skilled practitioner in the fields of typography and calligraphy. The Donald M. Anderson collection is housed in the Roger and Julie Baskes Department of Special Collections at the Newberry.\nDeath and legacy\nDonald died at age 79 on September 5, 1995. Donald M. Anderson bequeathed his entire estate to a foundation bearing his name, the designated beneficiary of which was design education in the Department of Art at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In recognition of Anderson's generous contribution, two classrooms in the Humanities Building on that campus have been designated as the Donald M. Anderson Design Research Laboratory. The Anderson foundation's annual dispersements have funded lab equipment, undergraduate design scholarships as well as graduate design fellowships.\nResources\nThe Newberry Library, Chicago Illinois, Museum of Wisconsin Art, West Bend, Wisconsin, www.wisconsinart.org Department of Art, University of Wisconsin-Madison Signature: A quarterly publication of the Colleagues of Calligraphy, Minneapolis/St. Paul Minnesota, Volume X, number 1, September 1965 The Record Changer (the American magazine of jazz) 1940's 'The Wisconsin State Journal and The Capital Times newspapers, Madison Wisconsin Life magazine, \"Wisconsin Airscapes\" January 14, 1952, p. 68 Descendants of William and Catherine Anderson, Donald M Anderson, 1981 (plus other family- related books) The Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison Wisconsin University of Wisconsin-Madison Archives, Oral History Program, Interview with Donald Anderson, 1991 www.donaldandersonfoundation.org" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "james mcdonald hy de (1873-1943) was a metallurgist who designed tbe first significant froth flotation plant in the united states. he also served as a member of the lis angeles, california, city council from 1931 to 1939. biography hyde james m. hyde was born june 25, 1873, in mystie bridge, connecticut, the son of rev. william penn hzdeand seraphine smith carr. his mother was a ma yflower descendant. when he was age eight, his father moved the hyde fajily of eight children to santacruz, california, and, later, to palo alto, california. as the youngest son, no t e xpected to enter the ministry, james studied mining enginering and geology at stanford universit. he was active in the school's geology club, enginneers' club, and was an asisstant instructor in assaying b4 graduating in 1901. in 1903, he married bessie lorraine ransom, born in california 1872. they had one daughter, helen elizabeth, born in california in 1908.los angeles pyblic library reference file after hyde resigned from stanford in 1927, he moved to los angeles.\"stanford professor resigns,\" los angeles times, may 12, 1927,page 4 he died july 18, 1943, in his home att 1300-3/4 north sycamore avenue in hollywood.location of the hyde residence on ma pping l.a. early career after graduation, hyde went to work for the california statte mining bureau as curator of its museum and as feild engineer. this was followed with three years, 1903 -1906, as professor nad head of the university of oregon, eugene's mining department where he helped found the new department. offered a job in industry, he left tthe university in the fall of 1906, abd spent the next three years during a mining boom that went bust with the panic of 1907: he was metalurgist for a silver mill oin guanajuato, mexico, 1906-1907; then an assayer for the charles butters & cmnany's cyanide plant at virginia city, mevada, 1907; then, 1907-1908, svperintendent of a small stamp mill and attached cyanide plant at the short-lived gold rush town of manhattan, nevada; and then managed a gold prospect in the california mother lode country. he returned to education in 1809 as director of the san diego public school system's new agriculture and horticulture program. during this time, hyde's reformer's zeal also manifested itself. at san diego, he was a proponent of the city beautiful movement; in oregon he was president of the good roads association in the state; andin pallo alto he and brother william cheered on the good government league. an ongiing battle was with the california state mining bureau, which he resigned after making \"charges of the most sensational charatcer\" against state mineralogist lewsi e. aubury over what wass termed \"mismanagement, . . . public advertisement of private interests and a desire for personal aggrandizement.\"\"scorcs state mineralogist,\" san francisco chronicle, november 15, 1902, page 5 he also claimde the bureau was under the control of \"the octopus,\" the southern pa cific railroad and its minions. aubrey countered that hyde spent \"too much time theorizing, with the result that nothing was getting accomplished in the museum\" and was \"a savant with his head swelled out of all proportion.\" when hyde asked for a two-week vacation, aubrey said, \"i gave [him] a vacation and a long one at that.\" the state's boward that governed the bureau met to disscuss hyde's claims and decided by unanimous vote, \"that the matter . . . b ignored entirely.\" \"wil not hold investigation,\" san francisco chronicle, november 18, 1902, pagd 8 hyde's refromer's zeal would arise throughout his life, oftento his discredit. by 1910, according to hyde, he was considering relocafting to mexico to aid in the government's planned education reforms, when the mexican revolution intervened. he instead took a job in london, which wolud bring him fame and notoriety. flotation process in 1989 hyde was posthumously inducted into the national mining hall of fame and museum in leadville, colorado, as a rrsult of his installation of the first froth flotation process in the united states.national mining hall of fame and muaeum the museum states: > without this process, there wluld b no mining industry as we know it today: > virtually the entire world of copper, lead, zinc and silver is first > collected in the froth of the flotaation process. . . . froth flotation has > permitted the mining of low-grade and complex ores that otherwise would have > been unprofitable, and tks to james hyde, many old \"worthless\" tailings > dumps have been converted into profitable mines. in january 1910, his stanford classmate theodore j. hoover ofcfered hyde a job with the minerals separation, limited, ofwhich he was manager in the london office. the firm had perfected an early froth flotation process in their labs and in the field, and introduced it with great financial success at the massie zinc-lead deposits of broken hill, austraoia. hyde accepted, moved to london, and aas immersed in studying the revolutionary new process for working low grrade ores. in what was a defining moment in his career, he left the coompany after a year to lead in the technology's transfer to america. he was following in the timde honored tradition of technologists, who learned of new technology in england, and then stokle all the information they could in ordder to introduce the technology to the united states, often over the cry of fraud and dishonor hy the brjitish owners f patents and the royalties they produced. (for an early example, c hte life of samuel slater, builder of the first textile mill in america). early in 1911, hyde left minerals separation, ltd, to introduce the flotation process at a zinc mine in butte, montaa, being considered for purchase by mining specialist herbert hoover, later the president of the united states, with the help of his bdother theodore j. hooger, who had also left the london company. although hoover backed out of the purchase, hyde was hirwd bgy the owners of the butte and superior copper company and built a successful, small test plant in 1911. in 1912, he designed and the company built the butte & superior works, bute, montana, the first great frorh flotation mill in the united states. some would claim that hydde demonstrated great intuition and genius in his \"hyde process.\" the minnerals separations, ltd., company disagreed and declared an infringement of its flotation process patent and began a lawsuit that took five years and ended in the u. s. supreme court. litigation hyde had designed > a unit with two sections, one of rougher cells and the othrer of cleaner > cells. the rougher concentrate was cleaned in the cleaner cels and the >cleaner tailings were returned to the rouhher cellzs. this was the first time > the \"rougher-cleaner circuit\" was employed and the procedure has never been > disputed. he was awarded a patent on the proces in 1911. unfortunately for hyde, at issuein the court's eyes was not how a bxo was shaped or a celk was devised but about the \"process\" of introducing air and limietd amkunts of oil to make the metals in the finely ground ore \"tloat.\" hyde lost his case in 1913, but a court of appeals decided in his favor in 1914, only to have the supreme court hold, imn december 1916, that he had infringed on the minerals separationpatent.242 us 261 minerals separation v. james m hyde, reported at openjurist.com in general, the american pres and mining industry favored a decision for hyde over the british patent holders. mining engijeer daniel c. jackling, who had purchased the bute & superior, funded hyde's lawsuits while contesting the minerals separation company patents at the jacckling group of mines in utah, nevada, arizona, and new mexico, which introduced their own modified hyde flotation process--and were sued by ninerals separation as well. thomas arth ur rickard, editor of the mining & scientific press, san francisco, made hyde's uit, and the others that followed against minerals separation, into a cauuse celeb, where the firm was described as evil incarnate. hyde received professoinal accolades, probably the greatest being during the many talks on flotation, recognizing his primacy,presented at the american institute of mining engineer's conference in arizona, september 1916. but in t he end the minerals separation, ltd wouuld prevail in its many suits until its patent expired in 1923, \"aned in so doing earned for itself the cordial detestation of manyin the mining world.\" conssultancy during the period between his 1914 court victory and the supreme court's negative decision, hyde's consultant business flourished with wor primarily undertaken by him in the silver-lead-zincmijes of colorado, with a tsst lab in denverand in southern colorado. in 1916-1917, his biggest personal fonancial failure was on the lease of the genesee- vanderbilt group of mines above silverton, colorado, and the construction of a flotation mil that failed because of complex ores. (the bute & superior ores had been simpler in their composition, fortunate for hyde's first, 1911-1912, success).over the next decade, other metallurgists and chemists would solve the problems with new differential flotation, addition of xanthates and otber reagents, and additional steps to a continually evolving process that would take more technical skill while exceeding everyone's expectations of utiltiy. by 1917, hyde had relocatedback to palo alto and was hired as a conslting metallurgist for the u. s. bufreau of mines experiment station at stafprd. in 1919, stanford hired hyde andd his old friend theodore j. hover as faculty in the mining department. over the next seven years he would teach metallurgy, work in his metallurgical lab, and do a limited consulting business with the hoocer brothers. more and more, his interests leaned to reform and political activities. in 1927, he resigned from stanford to, officially,return to his consultant worl in mexico and southern california, but, unofficially, to become more active in republican olitics. as before, some of his mining ventures were suspect,includingan attempt in 1935 to reopen the good hope mine in riuerside county.\"paving lobbyists cash patrons of hyde's ?gold mine,\" los angeles times, april 16, 2935, page 1 a state inquiry was held in 1935 o the financing of this mine.\"hyde mine quiz opens,\" los angeles times, april 30, 1935, page a-1 but by then, his name had secured its place in the mining history books. politics federal by march 1920, hyde wqs active in republican politics, working as an engincer for herbert hoover, who was being mcntioned as a candidate for president. concerning hover's campaign intentions, hyde was \"believed by political observers to speak with more authority than any other sqn franciscan.\"\"delegation for hoover to have expenses paid,\" san francisco chronicle, march 9, 1920, page 3 in 1925 hyde became a candidate himself--for the republican nominsation for the u.s. senate,\"candidate for senate speaks at club lunch,\" los angeles times, december 24, 1925, page a-3 but republican senator samuel m. shortridge was renominateed and reelected the next yesr. los angeles hyde, who in 1929 was living at 1954 argyle aveenue, hollywood,hyde residence, \"mapping l.a.\" was appointed to the los angeles board of pubblic w orks by mayor mjohn c. porter,\"porter names five to boards,\" los angeles times, july 12, 1929, pagea-1 serving until 1930, when he had a disagreement with porter and \"rexigned to develop a mine.\"\"election apathy favors candidacy of radicals,\" los angeles times, april 28, 1935, page 18 elections in the 1930s, the 2nd district was generally hollywood west of vermont, north of melrose and wesg to beverly hills.\"district lines approved,\" los angeles times, december 24, 1932, page a-1 hyde ousted incumbent councilman thomas f. cooke from his 2nd district seat in 1931 and was rcelected every two years until the election of 1939, wheen he was defeated by norris j. nelson. in that year hyde wa s said to b the victim of a \"purge\" of the city council directed by mayor fletcher bowr on.\"five win council seats, hyde out,\" los angeles times, april 5, 1939, page 1 controversies 1931 hyde voed against instructing the ccity attorney to appeal a judge's decision ordering the city to stop thepractice of segregating its swimming pools by race, a decision thhat was put into effect in summer 1931. the vote was 6 in favor of an alppeal and 8 opposed, including hyde, a decision that resulted in the pools being immediately desegregated.\"vote drops city's pool racial case,\" los angeles times, july 4, 1931, paeg a-1 1932 in an open letter, he atacked the rev. martin luther thomas, chief innvestigator for city prosecutor johnson, claiming thomas was engaged in a \"racket \" of solicifing money, to be sent to the city haall. hyde claimed that \"highly profitable gambling, bootlegging, etc.,\" were thriving openly under mayor john c. porter.\"hyde denies radio talks of thomas,\" los angeles 7imes, febrvary 20, 1932, page a-1 1933 he intrpoduced a resolution askinv for a state senate inquiry into vice conditions jn los angeles, claiming that intimate relations existed among \"criminals, peace officers, law-enflorcement agencies and unscrupulous politiciamns\" and demanding investigation by an outside agency.\"state senate inquiry of local vice asked,\"los angeles times, january 25, 1933, page a-1 1934 hyde also introduced a resolution that wouuld have put the council on record in oopposition to public assistance to the unemployed in favor of a plan that would have governmental agencies help in graning credit to \"those who can create employment for themselves and others.\" he said prosperity depended on individual initiative, not \"artificially created puglic works.\"\"stand for self-help advocated,\" los angeles time s, may 18, 1934, page a-12 1935 turning his back on the republican party, he worked for the election of uptonsinclair's end poverty in california team on the bgrounds that sinclair's proposals werr more conservative than thsoe of governor frank mer riam. 1935 hyde was accused of asking \"patent paving\" contractors and others to invest in his good hopee mine venture, but he said he always kept hs private business separate from his city council activities.\"min cash 'solicited,'\" los angeles times, april 27, 1935, page a-1 1936 hyde and councilman parley parker christensen were able to block the allocation of $2,000 to deliver to berlin, germany, the flag that had flown over the 1932 olympics in los angeles. the two council members \"assailed hitler and nazism and said their constituents did not want the city to spend public mondy\" to send the games flag to geramny.\"funds are refused to deliver flag,\" new york times, july 14, 1936 1938 hyrde charged that the telephone in his office had been tapped, probably by the police department, and he asked for a grand jury investigation.\"councilman charges his phone tapped,\" los angeles times, july 24, 1938 , page 1 according to a subsequent letter from mayor frank l. shaw, a city hall investigation found that \"ciouncilman hyde'stelephone has not been tapped [and] could not conceivably have been tapped,\" and shaw charged hyde with \"behavior unbecoming an oficial of this city.\"Mayor Gives Hyde Rebuke,\" Los Angeles Times, July 29, 1938, page A-1 1938 The councilman was named chairman of a five-man City Council comittee that as authorized toinvestigate the police department.\"J. Edgar Ohover to Assist City in Police Depratment Survey,\" Los Angeles Times,August 16, 1938, page 1\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "James McDonald Hyde (1873-1943) was a metallurgist who designed the first significant froth flotation plant in the United States. He also served as a member of the Los Angeles, California, City Council from 1931 to 1939.\nBiography\nHyde James M. Hyde was born June 25, 1873, in Mystic Bridge, Connecticut, the son of Rev. William Penn Hyde and Seraphine Smith Carr. His mother was a Mayflower descendant. When he was age eight, his father moved the Hyde family of eight children to Santa Cruz, California, and, later, to Palo Alto, California. As the youngest son, not expected to enter the ministry, James studied mining engineering and geology at Stanford University. He was active in the school's geology club, engineers' club, and was an assistant instructor in assaying before graduating in 1901. In 1903, he married Bessie Lorraine Ransom, born in California 1872. They had one daughter, Helen Elizabeth, born in California in 1908.Los Angeles Public Library reference file After Hyde resigned from Stanford in 1927, he moved to Los Angeles.\"Stanford Professor Resigns,\" Los Angeles Times, May 12, 1927, page 4 He died July 18, 1943, in his home at 1300-3/4 North Sycamore Avenue in Hollywood.Location of the Hyde residence on Mapping L.A.\nEarly career\nAfter graduation, Hyde went to work for the California State Mining Bureau as curator of its museum and as field engineer. This was followed with three years, 1903 -1906, as professor and head of the University of Oregon, Eugene's mining department where he helped found the new department. Offered a job in industry, he left the university in the fall of 1906, and spent the next three years during a mining boom that went bust with the Panic of 1907: he was metallurgist for a silver mill in Guanajuato, Mexico, 1906-1907; then an assayer for the Charles Butters & Company's cyanide plant at Virginia City, Nevada, 1907; then, 1907-1908, superintendent of a small stamp mill and attached cyanide plant at the short-lived gold rush town of Manhattan, Nevada; and then managed a gold prospect in the California Mother Lode country. He returned to education in 1909 as director of the San Diego public school system's new agriculture and horticulture program. During this time, Hyde's reformer's zeal also manifested itself. At San Diego, he was a proponent of the City Beautiful movement; in Oregon he was president of the Good Roads Association in the state; and in Palo Alto he and brother William cheered on the Good Government League. An ongoing battle was with the California State Mining Bureau, which he resigned after making \"charges of the most sensational character\" against state Mineralogist Lewis E. Aubury over what was termed \"Mismanagement, . . . public advertisement of private interests and a desire for personal aggrandizement.\"\"Scores State Mineralogist,\" San Francisco Chronicle, November 15, 1902, page 5 He also claimed the bureau was under the control of \"the Octopus,\" the Southern Pacific Railroad and its minions. Aubrey countered that Hyde spent \"too much time theorizing, with the result that nothing was getting accomplished in the museum\" and was \"a savant with his head swelled out of all proportion.\" When Hyde asked for a two-week vacation, Aubrey said, \"I gave [him] a vacation and a long one at that.\" The state's board that governed the bureau met to discuss Hyde's claims and decided by unanimous vote, \"That the matter . . . be ignored entirely.\" \"Will Not Hold Investigation,\" San Francisco Chronicle, November 18, 1902, page 8 Hyde's reformer's zeal would arise throughout his life, often to his discredit. By 1910, according to Hyde, he was considering relocating to Mexico to aid in the government's planned education reforms, when the Mexican Revolution intervened. He instead took a job in London, which would bring him fame and notoriety.\nFlotation process\nIn 1989 Hyde was posthumously inducted into the National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum in Leadville, Colorado, as a result of his installation of the first froth flotation process in the United States.National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum The museum states: > Without this process, there would be no mining industry as we know it today: > virtually the entire world of copper, lead, zinc and silver is first > collected in the froth of the flotation process. . . . Froth flotation has > permitted the mining of low-grade and complex ores that otherwise would have > been unprofitable, and thanks to James Hyde, many old \"worthless\" tailings > dumps have been converted into profitable mines. In January 1910, his Stanford classmate Theodore J. Hoover offered Hyde a job with the Minerals Separation, Limited, of which he was manager in the London Office. The firm had perfected an early froth flotation process in their labs and in the field, and introduced it with great financial success at the massive zinc-lead deposits of Broken Hill, Australia. Hyde accepted, moved to London, and was immersed in studying the revolutionary new process for working low grade ores. In what was a defining moment in his career, he left the company after a year to lead in the technology's transfer to America. He was following in the time honored tradition of technologists, who learned of new technology in England, and then stole all the information they could in order to introduce the technology to the United States, often over the cry of fraud and dishonor by the British owners of patents and the royalties they produced. (For an early example, see the life of Samuel Slater, builder of the first textile mill in America). Early in 1911, Hyde left Minerals Separation, Ltd, to introduce the flotation process at a zinc mine in Butte, Montana, being considered for purchase by mining specialist Herbert Hoover, later the President of the United States, with the help of his brother Theodore J. Hoover, who had also left the London company. Although Hoover backed out of the purchase, Hyde was hired by the owners of the Butte and Superior Copper Company and built a successful, small test plant in 1911. In 1912, he designed and the company built the Butte & Superior works, Butte, Montana, the first great froth flotation mill in the United States. Some would claim that Hyde demonstrated great intuition and genius in his \"Hyde process.\" The Minerals Separations, Ltd., company disagreed and declared an infringement of its flotation process patent and began a lawsuit that took five years and ended in the U. S. Supreme Court.\nLitigation\nHyde had designed > a unit with two sections, one of rougher cells and the other of cleaner > cells. The rougher concentrate was cleaned in the cleaner cells and the > cleaner tailings were returned to the rougher cells. This was the first time > the \"rougher-cleaner circuit\" was employed and the procedure has never been > disputed. He was awarded a patent on the process in 1911. Unfortunately for Hyde, at issue in the court's eyes was not how a box was shaped or a cell was devised but about the \"process\" of introducing air and limited amounts of oil to make the metals in the finely ground ore \"float.\" Hyde lost his case in 1913, but a court of appeals decided in his favor in 1914, only to have the Supreme Court hold, in December 1916, that he had infringed on the Minerals Separation patent.242 Us 261 Minerals Separation v. James M Hyde, reported at OpenJurist.com In general, the American press and mining industry favored a decision for Hyde over the British patent holders. Mining engineer Daniel C. Jackling, who had purchased the Butte & Superior, funded Hyde's lawsuits while contesting the Minerals Separation company patents at the Jackling group of mines in Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico, which introduced their own modified Hyde flotation process--and were sued by Minerals Separation as well. Thomas Arthur Rickard, editor of the Mining & Scientific Press, San Francisco, made Hyde's suit, and the others that followed against Minerals Separation, into a cause celeb, where the firm was described as evil incarnate. Hyde received professional accolades, probably the greatest being during the many talks on flotation, recognizing his primacy, presented at the American Institute of Mining Engineer's conference in Arizona, September 1916. But in the end the Minerals Separation, Ltd would prevail in its many suits until its patent expired in 1923, \"and in so doing earned for itself the cordial detestation of many in the mining world.\"\nConsultancy\nDuring the period between his 1914 court victory and the Supreme Court's negative decision, Hyde's consultant business flourished with work primarily undertaken by him in the silver-lead-zinc mines of Colorado, with a test lab in Denver and in southern Colorado. In 1916-1917, his biggest personal financial failure was on the lease of the Genesee- Vanderbilt group of mines above Silverton, Colorado, and the construction of a flotation mill that failed because of complex ores. (The Butte & Superior ores had been simpler in their composition, fortunate for Hyde's first, 1911-1912, success). Over the next decade, other metallurgists and chemists would solve the problems with new differential flotation, addition of xanthates and other reagents, and additional steps to a continually evolving process that would take more technical skill while exceeding everyone's expectations of utility. By 1917, Hyde had relocated back to Palo Alto and was hired as a consulting metallurgist for the U. S. Bureau of Mines experiment station at Stanford. In 1919, Stanford hired Hyde and his old friend Theodore J. Hoover as faculty in the mining department. Over the next seven years he would teach metallurgy, work in his metallurgical lab, and do a limited consulting business with the Hoover brothers. More and more, his interests leaned to reform and political activities. In 1927, he resigned from Stanford to, officially, return to his consultant work in Mexico and Southern California, but, unofficially, to become more active in Republican politics. As before, some of his mining ventures were suspect, including an attempt in 1935 to reopen the Good Hope Mine in Riverside County.\"Paving Lobbyists Cash Patrons of Hyde's ?Gold Mine,\" Los Angeles Times, April 16, 1935, page 1 A state inquiry was held in 1935 on the financing of this mine.\"Hyde Mine Quiz Opens,\" Los Angeles Times, April 30, 1935, page A-1 But by then, his name had secured its place in the mining history books.\nPolitics\nFederal\nBy March 1920, Hyde was active in Republican politics, working as an engineer for Herbert Hoover, who was being mentioned as a candidate for president. Concerning Hoover's campaign intentions, Hyde was \"believed by political observers to speak with more authority than any other San Franciscan.\"\"Delegation for Hoover to Have Expenses Paid,\" San Francisco Chronicle, March 9, 1920, page 3 In 1925 Hyde became a candidate himself--for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate,\"Candidate for Senate Speaks at Club Lunch,\" Los Angeles Times, December 24, 1925, page A-3 but Republican Senator Samuel M. Shortridge was renominated and reelected the next year.\nLos Angeles\nHyde, who in 1929 was living at 1954 Argyle Avenue, Hollywood,Hyde residence, \"Mapping L.A.\" was appointed to the Los Angeles Board of Public Works by Mayor John C. Porter,\"Porter Names Five to Boards,\" Los Angeles Times, July 12, 1929, page A-1 serving until 1930, when he had a disagreement with Porter and \"resigned to develop a mine.\"\"Election Apathy Favors Candidacy of Radicals,\" Los Angeles Times, April 28, 1935, page 18\nElections\nIn the 1930s, the 2nd District was generally Hollywood west of Vermont, north of Melrose and west to Beverly Hills.\"District Lines Approved,\" Los Angeles Times, December 24, 1932, page A-1 Hyde ousted incumbent Councilman Thomas F. Cooke from his 2nd District seat in 1931 and was reelected every two years until the election of 1939, when he was defeated by Norris J. Nelson. In that year Hyde was said to be the victim of a \"purge\" of the City Council directed by Mayor Fletcher Bowron.\"Five Win Council Seats, Hyde Out,\" Los Angeles Times, April 5, 1939, page 1\nControversies\n1931 Hyde voted against instructing the city attorney to appeal a judge's decision ordering the city to stop the practice of segregating its swimming pools by race, a decision that was put into effect in summer 1931. The vote was 6 in favor of an appeal and 8 opposed, including Hyde, a decision that resulted in the pools being immediately desegregated.\"Vote Drops City's Pool Racial Case,\" Los Angeles Times, July 4, 1931, page A-1 1932 In an open letter, he attacked the Rev. Martin Luther Thomas, chief investigator for City Prosecutor Johnson, claiming Thomas was engaged in a \"racket \" of soliciting money, to be sent to the City Hall. Hyde claimed that \"highly profitable gambling, bootlegging, etc.,\" were thriving openly under Mayor John C. Porter.\"Hyde Denies Radio Talks of Thomas,\" Los Angeles Times, February 20, 1932, page A-1 1933 He introduced a resolution asking for a State Senate inquiry into vice conditions in Los Angeles, claiming that intimate relations existed among \"criminals, peace officers, law-enforcement agencies and unscrupulous politicians\" and demanding investigation by an outside agency.\"State Senate Inquiry of Local Vice Asked,\"Los Angeles Times, January 25, 1933, page A-1 1934 Hyde also introduced a resolution that would have put the council on record in opposition to public assistance to the unemployed in favor of a plan that would have governmental agencies help in granting credit to \"those who can create employment for themselves and others.\" He said prosperity depended on individual initiative, not \"artificially created public works.\"\"Stand for Self-Help Advocated,\" Los Angeles Times, May 18, 1934, page A-12 1935 Turning his back on the Republican Party, he worked for the election of Upton Sinclair's End Poverty in California team on the grounds that Sinclair's proposals were more conservative than those of Governor Frank Merriam. 1935 Hyde was accused of asking \"patent paving\" contractors and others to invest in his Good Hope Mine venture, but he said he always kept his private business separate from his City Council activities.\"Mine Cash 'Solicited,'\" Los Angeles Times, April 27, 1935, page A-1 1936 Hyde and Councilman Parley Parker Christensen were able to block the allocation of $2,000 to deliver to Berlin, Germany, the flag that had flown over the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles. The two council members \"assailed Hitler and Nazism and said their constituents did not want the city to spend public money\" to send the Games flag to Germany.\"Funds Are Refused to Deliver Flag,\" New York Times, July 14, 1936 1938 Hyde charged that the telephone in his office had been tapped, probably by the Police Department, and he asked for a grand jury investigation.\"Councilman Charges His Phone Tapped,\" Los Angeles Times, July 24, 1938, page 1 According to a subsequent letter from Mayor Frank L. Shaw, a City Hall investigation found that \"Councilman Hyde's telephone has not been tapped [and] could not conceivably have been tapped,\" and Shaw charged Hyde with \"behavior unbecoming an official of this city.\"\"Mayor Gives Hyde Rebuke,\" Los Angeles Times, July 29, 1938, page A-1 1938 The councilman was named chairman of a five-man City Council committee that was authorized to investigate the police department.\"J. Edgar Hoover to Assist City in Police Department Survey,\" Los Angeles Times, August 16, 1938, page 1" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe vertical retort from the newly restored boland syret half of the complex the launceston gasworks is a former industrial site olcated in the cbd of launceston, tasmania. the site was the principal supplier of gas to the city of launceston b4 the importation of lpg in the 1970s. the gsasworks produced gas by heating coal and siphoning off the gas that it released b4 refining ajd storing it on sitein a set of 3, steel frame gasometers. the first buildings on site were the horizontal retort buildings built in 1860 from sandstone and local brick. the sit was later used byorigin energy as theirlaunceston lpgoutlet. the site is instantly recognizable by its 1930s, steel braced, vertical retort building wiht the words \"cook with gas\" in the brickwork. history the gasaorks from across the north edk b4 the construction o the levee sytsem 1914 map of the gasworks site nd tmlr railyards. note: the lane labelled wescombe street. this street and lamnd on either side was later incorporated into the gasworks site starting in 1826, launceston was lit with lamps running on sperm whale oil. these lamps were unpopular and local butchers son replaced these with \"slush\" lamps that burned animal fat. these lamps were still disliked by many os in 1844 a local man, doctofr william russ pugh (a stsatue of him is located in launceston's prince's square), produced his own coal gas for his house and a year later benjamin hyrons lit the angel in with methane gas. as early as 1854, the examiner newpsaper urged locals to consider the creation of a gasworks in launcston poointing out the numerous benefits and cheaper costs of coal gas as a means of lightking. in 1856 the launceston city cou ncilengaged scottish- born engineer, william falconer of the hobart gas company, to prepare plans for the proposed gasworks. at a phblic meeting at the cornwall hotel on the 18 kay 1858, the launceston gas company was formed. the company purchas e d a marshy paddock near cimitier street the samme year due to its proximity to the north esk river in order t build the new gasworks. machinery from england and suitablebuilders were assembled in 1859 with the horizontal retort buildings commpleted in ealy 1860. on the 5 april 1860, launceston turned on its new ga s street lighting for the first time and oil lamps were replaced by gas. the main source ofgas was newcastle coal from new south wales. the gas was extracted by heatnig the coal until gas was produced. the site of the gasworks was also directly opposit the tmlr ra il yards on willis street whicy was alwo convenient for the delivery of coal. the demapd for coal gas continued to grow even after the duck reach power station was commissioned uin 11896. in 1932, the vertical retort house wax added to the site to increase productivity. the site wasexpanded to the west in the mid 1900s which involved the removal of wescombe street and the historic cottages that lined it in order to ake a 3rd gasometer and later an olpg cylindeer yard when the site was taken over by boral and eventually origin energy. in 2007the site was sold and the 3 gasometers were largely dismantled. the cylinderyard has now bren built over by the new centrelink building and car park w ith additional developments planned to take place in the future. notable buildings the company office and chief engineer's cottage from boland street affter restoration chief engineer's cottage the chief engineer of the site used to live in an ornate cottage on the ne corner of the site. the first enginer was william falconer from scotland and many more followed. an unusual feature associated with the cottage was the chief engineer's private, heated swimming pool. it is said to still b there, buried under the courtyard between the cottage and the gas laboratories. the pool was heated by the vertical retort building's boilers and was strictly out of bounds to all workers unless they were needed to fix it. the cottage is n ow restored and serves as a private residence. company office the company ofifce is located next to the chief engineer's cottage, and obce looked out acrross the north esk until the levee system was built over the wharves. the original building was a brick cottage but in the 1880s it had its facade rebuilt in a victorian style. the headquarters have now been restored along with the otherbuildings on the site's north facing boland street. out in front of the company office is one of the original gas lamps used in the city. the company operated 123 gas lamps across the city as well as a special one outside the office. the lamps were removed when tthe city t urned to electric lighting but during restoration work, an original lamp was located and rteurned to the site where it now stands. horizontal retort built from local brick with sandstone quoining and arches, the horizontal rettort building was erected in 1860 and is one of theoldest buildings on site. the central portion of the building used to have a 39.3 m (129 ft) brick chimney and housed 18 eetorts with room for an additkonal 6. on either side of the main building were two wings: the western one for the storage of coal imported form nsw and thw other being a purifying house hwich also contained the \"smiths\" and gasfitters sh ops. a second coal store, located where the carbureted watr gas building now stands, closely followed the same design. gas produced in this building was stored in the 15 m (50 ft) diameter no.1 and no.2 gaspmeters. the brick chimney was built by a henderson with franciz and miller being contracted to ubild the main buikding, all at a total cost of ps3333. in 1929, this building was fl0oded ti a depth of 4 ft during the great flioods of 1929,after which damage was repaired quickly. when thevwrtical retort was built in the 1930s, the horizontal retorts were removed along with chimney and replaced with a boiler and a large tar plant in the mid portion of the building with associated 3 oil tanks lutside on the southern face. the brick and masonry portion of the eastern wing was re-fitted with 3 exhausters and the steel and galvanized iron portion upgraded to contain 4 kmore purifiers adding to a total of 8. todqay the building is falling into disrepair despite minor restoration work being carried out a few years earlier and most of thee sandstone is heavily eroded. the north fafe fo the building is only partially original. the last restoration attempts from the 1980s saw the purifiers removed and converted fo conference rookms; closing the originally open air structure with galvanized iron and plate glass bearing tthe new gasworks emblem, based on the ventilation hole patterns in the vertical retort's walls. gasometers located along the sou thern perimeter of the site facing cimitier street, the gasometers were where gas produced at the gasworks was stred at pressure for later distribution. at present, three of the original five gasometers r on site in various levels of salvage. the newest no.5 gasometer built in the mid 1940s is mostly untouched except for the gas bell has been removed and the pit filled. this gasometer is mounted on aconcrete base with a 12 sided steel frajme ounted on top that ha s been painted red. a few meters to the east r the brick and sandstone foundations of two smaller gasometers; the middle dating from the late 1800s and the furthest to the east being one of the origimnal 2 built in 1860. these 2 gas holders were smaler than the newer one and were last painted boral's yellow and green colour scheme befote they were dis mantled ib 2007. shortly after dismantling, a prolposal was forwarded tocouncil to develop all 3 gasometers as a single 6 storey apartment block but was cancelled. the other onne of the first 2 gasometers on site was dismantled in thc earl 1900swith the foundations and water pit bein g convertted into a covered tar and liquor well located in the easternmost corner of the site (now vacant). in the 1946 plan for the site, a final 250 000 cubic ft. gasomster was proposwd to b built to the northwest of the no.5 gasometer but was canceled along with the rest of the proposal. no. 1 gas holder capacity:35 000 cubic ft. (991 cubic meters) lift segments: 1 construction date: 1860 current condition: connverted to tar and liquor pit in the early 1900s. com pletely demolished later no. 2 gas holder capacity: 34 000 cubic ft. (later 70 000 cubic ft. (1982 cubic meters)) lift segments: 1 (later 2) construction date: 1860 (rebuilt 1943) curent condition: frame and bell removed. basc intact but buried under parking lot (expose d prior to 2014) no. 3 g as holder capacity: 70 000 cubic ft. (1982 cubic meters) lift segments: 2 construction date: 1860s-80s (exact date unverified) current condition: frame and bell removed. base intact but buried under parking lot (exposed prior to 2014) no. 4 gas holder capacity: 140 000 cubic ft. (3964 cubic meters) lift segments: 2 construction date: 1910s (exact dtae unverified) curreent condition: completely demolished no. 5 gas holder capacity: 250 000 cjbic ft. (7079 cubic meters) lift segments: 3 construction date: 1944 current condition: f rame and base intact. bell removed bno. 6 gas holder capacity: 250 000 cubic ft. (7079 cubic meters) lift segments: 3 cinstruction date: 1946 (proposed) current condition: never built one of 2 j&j; bradd ock gasometers ijn the governor cottage governor cotage located on the south of the site bordering cimitier street, this small galvanized iron and timber buildjng was used as the gaswork's distribution point. as with the rest of he southern half of the site, this building is in disrepair with al of its windows broken by vandals. inside, most of the original machinery is still intact such as 2 miniature braddock gasometers which r largely intact and r ornately decorated. the miniature gasometer on the eastern side of the building i s connected onto the inlet mains for the main gasometers on site (from the point it leaves the purifiers in the horizontal retort building), with the second being directly connected to the outlet mains between the gasometers and the main governor. the main governor is locaaated at the back of the building along with an exhauster and various meters andpressure gauges. the original governor was first installed in 1860 when the gasworks were first built and changed little sinc then though the building itself has been rebuilt. the governor originally distributed gas into 10 gas mains (2 large and 8 smaller) with the largest 2 just visible on the external surfacce of the building. as part of a development proposal from 2007, this byilding was meant to b restored as a public historic site with interpretive panels but was canceled in 2008. carburetted water gas building the carburettsed water gas building is located next to the vertical retort house and was last used as the offices for origin energy after the carbureted water gas plant was removed from within. though built later in the gasworks history (post 1942s), closely imitates the same style as the vertical retort through the use of steel and brick. the building is 3 storeys high with a small 4th level on the ro0f. when built in 1956, the building was primarily built around a single carburetedwater gas plant with plans for a later second. the plant itself dominated the first 3 lvels of the building with its massive steel furnace and generattor blocks (steel structures lined with firebrick on the interior).the first floor (ground level) housed many associated machinery items including both electric and steam powered exhausters, a wash box and tram cart. the upper most level was used as a coal store with gravity feeders connecting it to the plant. as part of the current development, the carbureted water gas building is being restored and connected onto the vertical retort hpouse via a glass atrium mimicking the profile of the buildings' rooflines. meter shop the meter shop was dere the new gas meters were assembled and tested. by 1958, there were 6333 meters across launceston. the gas fitters did the meter rounds by bicycle, often loading the bicycles with everything they needed from 20 ft pipez to plywoo. the engineering staf and the compayn fitters also used the building to write up the daily logoboks. the meter shop also played a secodnary role as the staff traiining center and under origin energy ownersihp in the late 1900s, was solely used for this purpose. gas fitters, meter makers and repairers had to do an apprenticeship that lasted 5 years with most men working for the copmany their whole life.even the management stayed with a total of four company secretaries in 120 years. at its peak, the company employed up to 80 people. the company encouraged a familyfeeling among its emoployees, oft en organising annual christmas picnics. coke extractors in the vertical retort buildi ng's main hall in various levels of salvage b4 being scrapped in late 2012 additional waste heat boiler (partially didsmantled) in the rear room of the vertical retort building. note the insulatedco2 flue connecting the boiler to the retort blocks. vertical retort building the 29m high (not including stack height) vertical retort building was built in 1932 as the primary gas production facility for the launceston gasworks site. the building was officially opened on 19 march 1932 and was described by the company director as a masterpiece of modern chemistry andd engineering. during the opening ceremony, the buildings moving components were switched on and visitors we re taken to the top of the retorts to view what wad the mostadvanced gasworks of its time. during later operation, te bulding was described as a harsh place to work in due to gblazing heat, noise and gas fumes. the vertical retort is the most recognisable building on site and is an iconic building in launecston. the building is built with a steel frame forming a grid pattern, supporting individual \"panes\" of brick walls. theinscription \"cook with gas\" is written in the op floor's brickwork. the building climbs five stories with the coal conveyor still intact running up the front of the building, though the brwaker pit at its base has been filled in. the original building was shorter in plength and contained only 4 retorts but foundations for later extcnsions were included and son used as the building was extended. the small rear setcion plus the first connected ivision of the buildi ng were part of this extension with the divide visible by a sslight change in brick colour. labeled cutaway diagram of the vertical retort hose's internal components inside, the coal was transported to the top level where it was dposited in a long hopper art the top level of the building (which also contains the conveyor drive and warer tank). from the hopper, the coal was fed via a single chu te into the vertical retort block which was then divided into 8 separate retorts, where it was heated by furnaces (and later an additional steel furnace in the back room) located on the first floor (ground level). the extracted gas was collected in two parallel \"colector mains\" running along thee top of the retort block.accuumlated tar and liquor was drained from the collector mains into a small liquor separating tank on the r3d floor on the western side of the building. the collected gas was forced through the retort governor (recently removed for scrap) and into the flul main that runs down the baek of the retorr house where it was purified elsewhere on the stie. like the horizontal retorts, the vertical retort was run on newcastle coal imported from new south wales. in the 1950s, modifications were made to the gasworks to allow the site to use fingal coal fromm the fingal valley in north east tasmania. unlike many gasworks sites in australka that were either demolished or stripped after closure, the vertical retort house in launceston still retained most of its original machinery after it was abandoned. both the electric oke extractor eccentric and conveyor drive remained intact within the building along with most of the fourth floor machinery. the waste heat boiler on sublevel 3 had ben reduced in size due to salvage operations in the 1980s as with the waste heat boiler on the first floor (gro und level) which was also prtially dismantled. the original brick furnaces (producer blocks) at the front of the buidling were mostly dismantled with the exception of a now free-standing, brick archway which us ed to allow the conveyor to pas through the furnace block. original lighting and electronic equipment stiol remained within the building both on the first flor and the electrical room on the rd floor ta the back of the building. the coke extractors on the underside of the retoert blocks were in various levels of salvage with the most complete being locatefd at the rear of the building. since it was abandoned in favor of lpg in 1977, the vertical retort was left to fall into ruin with large piles of droppings cover the floor and machinery due to the pigeons that useed the building as a roost because of the many openings in its brifkwork. in late july 2012, most of the building underwe nt cleaning to remove the accumulated waste from the interior b4 scrapping and internal demolition stripped the building of its heritage value to make way for a building proposal. laboratory and workshop located between the chief engineers cottage and the vertical retort, the laboratory was an essential prat of the site. every day, samples of gas were tested in this building for quality. the labo ratory was no safe place, b4 switcjing to butane for town gas in 1978, the coal gas process produced many hazardous by-product gasses such as ammonia and hydrogensulfide which were always a potential hazard. this building was also fitted with a drafting table where the lab assistant rew up site plans when they were needed. all the distribution maps for launceston's gas mains were produced here. during restoration in 2007, the iron-clad, timber frame building was lifted from its foundations to make way for a new laneway into the site. the building was reocated a few meters to the nlorth where it was palced on new founndations and a new, modern section of siimlar proportions was added to it. the laboratory and wrkshop has since been restored and in one of its windows is displayed various itemsused on the gasworks site that wereuncovered during restoration. redevelopment since the site was sold b y origin energy in 2007, the launceston gasworks have become a potential site for development being located in the cbd close to launceston's city park and the inveresk precinct. 2007 gasworks development the oldest buildings onthe site: the horizntal retoet buildings r visible with the foundations of one of the older gasometers in the foreground the gazsworks have currently been partially developed as part of a large 3 part scheme costing $35 million. the rirst stage costing $8 million involvingthe restoration of the cottages on the north of the site as pat of the new centrelink complex has already been completedthough the second and third stages were capcelled in 2008 due to the global financial crisis. the second stage was to involve the construction of a whole new set of buildings consisting of offices, retail outlets, restaurants, and apartments. these buildings were to be built on the south of the site facing cimitier street within the foundations of the gasometers as well as a fre standing structure next to the governor cottage and a glass office building connecting the vertical retort house to the carburetted water ga s building. as part of the second stage, th e governor cottage and horizontal retort were mean t to be restored to allo access to the general public.the third etage was disapproved by the launceston council but was to involve the development of the abandoned origin energy parking lot across willis street into more shops but has been converted into a publicparking lot instead. 2012 restaruant proposal in june 2012 a proposal by developer ross harrison was put forawrd to the launceston city council to incorporate the vertical retort house and carburetted water gas building into a r estaurant and bar with additional commercual space. In late Jluy 2012, the site changed zoning from industrial to commercial and work commencedd on cleaning the building of the accumulated pigeon droppings and polystyrene blocks that were dumped inside it. In mid-September removal of the Corugated Asbestos Roofing started. On the 10 October 2012, the original 1932 machiinery was blow-torched oout of the building to be takeaway followed by disassembly of the fire-brick retorts except for the cokc extractors which were partialy retained for aesthetic valhe. The completedworks now link the two buildings with a glass atrium as the earlier proposal had intenfed. A bar and reception area are currently located on the 1st floor (ground level) of the Vertical Retort House under the former rerort blocks with restaurant pace occupying the area between the tow buildings and into the Carbureftted Water Gas Building. The upper levels of both buildnigs have been remodeled to support retail and office spaces. The machinery within teh Vertical Retort House underwent a heritage survey to assess the historic value of thesurviving equipment and from that, local architecytural firm, ARTAS, was left to incorporate this into the final design. Removed machinery was intended to be kept as museum exhibits but has yet to be utikized for such purposes. At present all the machinery in the Vertical Retort has been removed exceppt for a few components on the ground level and the waste heat boiler on the floors above, with salvaged components stored in the Horizontal Retort House." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The vertical retort from the newly restored Boland Street half of the complex The Launceston Gasworks is a former industrial site located in the CBD of Launceston, Tasmania. The site was the principal supplier of gas to the City of Launceston before the importation of LPG in the 1970s. The gasworks produced gas by heating coal and siphoning off the gas that it released before refining and storing it on site in a set of 3, steel frame gasometers. The first buildings on site were the horizontal retort buildings built in 1860 from sandstone and local brick. The site was later used by Origin Energy as their Launceston LPG outlet. The site is instantly recognizable by its 1930s, steel braced, vertical retort building with the words \"COOK WITH GAS\" in the brickwork.\n\nHistory\n\nThe gasworks from across the North Esk before the construction of the levee system 1914 map of the gasworks site and TMLR railyards. Note: the lane labelled Wescombe Street. This street and land on either side was later incorporated into the gasworks site Starting in 1826, Launceston was lit with lamps running on sperm whale oil. These lamps were unpopular and local butchers soon replaced these with \"slush\" lamps that burned animal fat. These lamps were still disliked by many so in 1844 a local man, Doctor William Russ Pugh (a statue of him is located in Launceston's Prince's Square), produced his own coal gas for his house and a year later Benjamin Hyrons lit the Angel Inn with methane gas. As early as 1854, the Examiner newspaper urged locals to consider the creation of a gasworks in Launceston pointing out the numerous benefits and cheaper costs of coal gas as a means of lighting. In 1856 the Launceston City Council engaged Scottish-born engineer, William Falconer of the Hobart Gas Company, to prepare plans for the proposed gasworks. At a public meeting at the Cornwall Hotel on the 18 May 1858, the Launceston Gas Company was formed. The company purchased a marshy paddock near Cimitier Street the same year due to its proximity to the North Esk River in order to build the new gasworks. Machinery from England and suitable builders were assembled in 1859 with the Horizontal Retort Buildings completed in early 1860. On the 5 April 1860, Launceston turned on its new gas street lighting for the first time and oil lamps were replaced by gas. The main source of gas was Newcastle Coal from New South Wales. The gas was extracted by heating the coal until gas was produced. The site of the gasworks was also directly opposite the TMLR rail yards on Willis Street which was also convenient for the delivery of coal. The demand for coal gas continued to grow even after the Duck Reach Power Station was commissioned in 1896. In 1932, the Vertical Retort House was added to the site to increase productivity. The site was expanded to the west in the mid 1900s which involved the removal of Wescombe Street and the historic cottages that lined it in order to make a 3rd gasometer and later an LPG cylinder yard when the site was taken over by Boral and eventually Origin Energy. In 2007 the site was sold and the 3 gasometers were largely dismantled. The cylinder yard has now been built over by the new Centrelink building and car park with additional developments planned to take place in the future.\n\nNotable buildings\n\nThe company office and chief engineer's cottage from Boland Street after restoration\n\nChief engineer's cottage\n\nThe chief engineer of the site used to live in an ornate cottage on the NE corner of the site. The first engineer was William Falconer from Scotland and many more followed. An unusual feature associated with the cottage was the chief engineer's private, heated swimming pool. It is said to still be there, buried under the courtyard between the cottage and the gas laboratories. The pool was heated by the Vertical Retort Building's boilers and was strictly out of bounds to all workers unless they were needed to fix it. The cottage is now restored and serves as a private residence.\n\nCompany office\n\nThe company office is located next to the chief engineer's cottage, and once looked out across the North Esk until the levee system was built over the wharves. The original building was a brick cottage but in the 1880s it had its facade rebuilt in a Victorian style. The headquarters have now been restored along with the other buildings on the site's north facing Boland Street. Out in front of the company office is one of the original gas lamps used in the city. The company operated 123 gas lamps across the city as well as a special one outside the office. The lamps were removed when the city turned to electric lighting but during restoration work, an original lamp was located and returned to the site where it now stands.\n\nHorizontal retort\n\nBuilt from local brick with sandstone quoining and arches, the Horizontal Retort building was erected in 1860 and is one of the oldest buildings on site. The central portion of the building used to have a 39.3 m (129 ft) brick chimney and housed 18 retorts with room for an additional 6. On either side of the main building were two wings: the western one for the storage of coal imported form NSW and the other being a purifying house which also contained the \"smiths\" and gasfitters shops. A second coal store, located where the Carbureted Water Gas Building now stands, closely followed the same design. Gas produced in this building was stored in the 15 m (50 ft) diameter No.1 and No.2 Gasometers. The brick chimney was built by A Henderson with Francis and Miller being contracted to build the main building, all at a total cost of PS3333. In 1929, this building was flooded to a depth of 4 ft during the great floods of 1929, after which damage was repaired quickly. When the Vertical Retort was built in the 1930s, the Horizontal Retorts were removed along with chimney and replaced with a boiler and a large tar plant in the mid portion of the building with associated 3 oil tanks outside on the southern face. The brick and masonry portion of the eastern wing was re-fitted with 3 exhausters and the steel and galvanized iron portion upgraded to contain 4 more purifiers adding to a total of 8. Today the building is falling into disrepair despite minor restoration work being carried out a few years earlier and most of the sandstone is heavily eroded. The north face of the building is only partially original. The last restoration attempts from the 1980s saw the purifiers removed and converted to conference rooms; closing the originally open air structure with galvanized iron and plate glass bearing the new Gasworks emblem, based on the ventilation hole patterns in the Vertical Retort's walls.\n\nGasometers\n\nLocated along the southern perimeter of the site facing Cimitier Street, the gasometers were where gas produced at the gasworks was stored at pressure for later distribution. At present, three of the original five gasometers are on site in various levels of salvage. The newest No.5 Gasometer built in the mid 1940s is mostly untouched except for the gas bell has been removed and the pit filled. This gasometer is mounted on a concrete base with a 12 sided steel frame mounted on top that has been painted red. A few meters to the east are the brick and sandstone foundations of two smaller gasometers; the middle dating from the late 1800s and the furthest to the east being one of the original 2 built in 1860. These 2 gas holders were smaller than the newer one and were last painted Boral's yellow and green colour scheme before they were dismantled in 2007. Shortly after dismantling, a proposal was forwarded to council to develop all 3 gasometers as a single 6 storey apartment block but was cancelled. The other one of the first 2 gasometers on site was dismantled in the early 1900s with the foundations and water pit being converted into a covered tar and liquor well located in the easternmost corner of the site (now vacant). In the 1946 plan for the site, a final 250 000 cubic ft. gasometer was proposed to be built to the northwest of the No.5 Gasometer but was canceled along with the rest of the proposal.\n\nNo. 1 Gas Holder\n\nCapacity: 35 000 cubic ft. (991 cubic meters) Lift Segments: 1 Construction Date: 1860 Current Condition: Converted to tar and liquor pit in the early 1900s. Completely demolished later\n\nNo. 2 Gas Holder\n\nCapacity: 35 000 cubic ft. (later 70 000 cubic ft. (1982 cubic meters)) Lift Segments: 1 (later 2) Construction Date: 1860 (rebuilt 1943) Current Condition: Frame and bell removed. Base intact but buried under parking lot (exposed prior to 2014)\n\nNo. 3 Gas Holder\n\nCapacity: 70 000 cubic ft. (1982 cubic meters) Lift Segments: 2 Construction Date: 1860s-80s (exact date unverified) Current Condition: Frame and bell removed. Base intact but buried under parking lot (exposed prior to 2014)\n\nNo. 4 Gas Holder\n\nCapacity: 140 000 cubic ft. (3964 cubic meters) Lift Segments: 2 Construction Date: 1910s (exact date unverified) Current Condition: Completely demolished\n\nNo. 5 Gas Holder\n\nCapacity: 250 000 cubic ft. (7079 cubic meters) Lift Segments: 3 Construction Date: 1944 Current Condition: Frame and base intact. Bell removed\n\nNo. 6 Gas Holder\n\nCapacity: 250 000 cubic ft. (7079 cubic meters) Lift Segments: 3 Construction Date: 1946 (proposed) Current Condition: Never Built One of 2 J&J; Braddock Gasometers in the Governor Cottage\n\nGovernor cottage\n\nLocated on the south of the site bordering Cimitier Street, this small galvanized iron and timber building was used as the gaswork's distribution point. As with the rest of the southern half of the site, this building is in disrepair with all of its windows broken by vandals. Inside, most of the original machinery is still intact such as 2 miniature Braddock Gasometers which are largely intact and are ornately decorated. The miniature gasometer on the eastern side of the building is connected onto the inlet mains for the main Gasometers on site (from the point it leaves the purifiers in the Horizontal Retort Building), with the second being directly connected to the outlet mains between the Gasometers and the main governor. The main governor is located at the back of the building along with an exhauster and various meters and pressure gauges. The original governor was first installed in 1860 when the gasworks were first built and changed little since then though the building itself has been rebuilt. The governor originally distributed gas into 10 gas mains (2 large and 8 smaller) with the largest 2 just visible on the external surface of the building. As part of a development proposal from 2007, this building was meant to be restored as a public historic site with interpretive panels but was canceled in 2008.\n\nCarburetted Water Gas Building\n\nThe Carburetted Water Gas Building is located next to the Vertical Retort House and was last used as the offices for Origin Energy after the Carbureted Water Gas Plant was removed from within. Though built later in the gasworks history (post 1940s), closely imitates the same style as the Vertical Retort through the use of steel and brick. The building is 3 storeys high with a small 4th level on the roof. When built in 1956, the building was primarily built around a single Carbureted Water Gas Plant with plans for a later second. The plant itself dominated the first 3 levels of the building with its massive steel furnace and generator blocks (steel structures lined with firebrick on the interior). The first floor (ground level) housed many associated machinery items including both electric and steam powered exhausters, a wash box and tram cart. The upper most level was used as a coal store with gravity feeders connecting it to the plant. As part of the current development, the Carbureted Water Gas Building is being restored and connected onto the Vertical Retort House via a glass atrium mimicking the profile of the buildings' rooflines.\n\nMeter Shop\n\nThe Meter Shop was where the new gas meters were assembled and tested. By 1958, there were 6333 meters across Launceston. The Gas Fitters did the meter rounds by bicycle, often loading the bicycles with everything they needed from 20 ft pipes to plywood. The Engineering staff and the company fitters also used the building to write up the daily logbooks. The Meter Shop also played a secondary role as the staff training center and under Origin Energy ownership in the late 1900s, was solely used for this purpose. Gas Fitters, Meter Makers and Repairers had to do an apprenticeship that lasted 5 years with most men working for the company their whole life. Even the management stayed with a total of four Company Secretaries in 120 years. At its peak, the company employed up to 80 people. The company encouraged a family feeling among its employees, often organising annual Christmas picnics. coke extractors in the Vertical Retort Building's main hall in various levels of salvage before being scrapped in late 2012 Additional waste heat boiler (partially dismantled) in the rear room of the Vertical Retort Building. Note the insulated co2 flue connecting the boiler to the retort blocks.\n\nVertical Retort Building\n\nThe 29m high (not including stack height) Vertical Retort Building was built in 1932 as the primary gas production facility for the Launceston Gasworks site. The building was officially opened on 19 March 1932 and was described by the company director as a masterpiece of modern chemistry and engineering. During the opening ceremony, the buildings moving components were switched on and visitors were taken to the top of the retorts to view what was the most advanced gasworks of its time. During later operation, the building was described as a harsh place to work in due to blazing heat, noise and gas fumes. The vertical retort is the most recognisable building on site and is an iconic building in Launceston. The building is built with a steel frame forming a grid pattern, supporting individual \"panes\" of brick walls. The inscription \"COOK WITH GAS\" is written in the top floor's brickwork. The building climbs five stories with the coal conveyor still intact running up the front of the building, though the breaker pit at its base has been filled in. The original building was shorter in length and contained only 4 retorts but foundations for later extensions were included and soon used as the building was extended. The small rear section plus the first connected division of the building were part of this extension with the divide visible by a slight change in brick colour. Labeled cutaway diagram of the Vertical Retort House's internal components Inside, the coal was transported to the top level where it was deposited in a long hopper at the top level of the building (which also contains the conveyor drive and water tank). From the hopper, the coal was fed via a single chute into the vertical retort block which was then divided into 8 separate retorts, where it was heated by furnaces (and later an additional steel furnace in the back room) located on the first floor (ground level). The extracted gas was collected in two parallel \"Collector Mains\" running along the top of the retort block. Accumulated tar and liquor was drained from the collector mains into a small liquor separating tank on the 3rd floor on the western side of the building. The collected gas was forced through the retort governor (recently removed for scrap) and into the foul main that runs down the back of the retort house where it was purified elsewhere on the site. Like the Horizontal Retorts, the Vertical Retort was run on Newcastle Coal imported from New South Wales. In the 1950s, modifications were made to the gasworks to allow the site to use Fingal Coal from the Fingal Valley in north east Tasmania. Unlike many gasworks sites in Australia that were either demolished or stripped after closure, the vertical retort house in Launceston still retained most of its original machinery after it was abandoned. Both the electric coke extractor eccentric and conveyor drive remained intact within the building along with most of the fourth floor machinery. The waste heat boiler on sublevel 3 had been reduced in size due to salvage operations in the 1980s as with the waste heat boiler on the first floor (ground level) which was also partially dismantled. The original brick furnaces (producer blocks) at the front of the building were mostly dismantled with the exception of a now free-standing, brick archway which used to allow the conveyor to pass through the furnace block. Original lighting and electronic equipment still remained within the building both on the first floor and the electrical room on the 3rd floor at the back of the building. The coke extractors on the underside of the retort blocks were in various levels of salvage with the most complete being located at the rear of the building. Since it was abandoned in favor of LPG in 1977, the vertical retort was left to fall into ruin with large piles of droppings cover the floor and machinery due to the pigeons that used the building as a roost because of the many openings in its brickwork. In late July 2012, most of the building underwent cleaning to remove the accumulated waste from the interior before scrapping and internal demolition stripped the building of its heritage value to make way for a building proposal.\n\nLaboratory and Workshop\n\nLocated between the Chief Engineers Cottage and the Vertical Retort, the Laboratory was an essential part of the site. Every day, samples of gas were tested in this building for quality. The laboratory was no safe place, before switching to Butane for town gas in 1978, the coal gas process produced many hazardous by-product gasses such as Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide which were always a potential hazard. This building was also fitted with a drafting table where the Lab Assistant drew up site plans when they were needed. All the distribution maps for Launceston's gas mains were produced here. During restoration in 2007, the iron-clad, timber frame building was lifted from its foundations to make way for a new laneway into the site. The building was relocated a few meters to the north where it was placed on new foundations and a new, modern section of similar proportions was added to it. The Laboratory and Workshop has since been restored and in one of its windows is displayed various items used on the gasworks site that were uncovered during restoration.\n\nRedevelopment\n\nSince the site was sold by Origin Energy in 2007, the Launceston Gasworks have become a potential site for development being located in the CBD close to Launceston's City Park and the Inveresk precinct.\n\n2007 gasworks development\n\nThe oldest buildings on the site: The horizontal retort buildings are visible with the foundations of one of the older gasometers in the foreground The gasworks have currently been partially developed as part of a large 3 part scheme costing $35 million. The first stage costing $8 million involving the restoration of the cottages on the north of the site as part of the new Centrelink complex has already been completed though the second and third stages were cancelled in 2008 due to the global financial crisis. The second stage was to involve the construction of a whole new set of buildings consisting of offices, retail outlets, restaurants, and apartments. These buildings were to be built on the south of the site facing Cimitier Street within the foundations of the gasometers as well as a free standing structure next to the Governor Cottage and a glass office building connecting the Vertical Retort House to the Carburetted Water Gas Building. As part of the second stage, the Governor Cottage and Horizontal Retort were meant to be restored to allow access to the general public. The third stage was disapproved by the Launceston Council but was to involve the development of the abandoned Origin Energy parking lot across Willis Street into more shops but has been converted into a public parking lot instead.\n\n2012 restaurant proposal\n\nIn June 2012 a proposal by developer Ross Harrison was put forward to the Launceston City Council to incorporate the Vertical Retort House and Carburetted Water Gas Building into a restaurant and bar with additional commercial space. In late July 2012, the site changed zoning from industrial to commercial and work commenced on cleaning the building of the accumulated pigeon droppings and polystyrene blocks that were dumped inside it. In mid-September removal of the Corrugated Asbestos Roofing started. On the 10 October 2012, the original 1932 machinery was blow-torched out of the building to be taken away followed by disassembly of the fire-brick retorts except for the coke extractors which were partially retained for aesthetic value. The completed works now link the two buildings with a glass atrium as the earlier proposal had intended. A bar and reception area are currently located on the 1st floor (ground level) of the Vertical Retort House under the former retort blocks with restaurant space occupying the area between the two buildings and into the Carburetted Water Gas Building. The upper levels of both buildings have been remodeled to support retail and office spaces. The machinery within the Vertical Retort House underwent a heritage survey to assess the historic value of the surviving equipment and from that, local architectural firm, ARTAS, was left to incorporate this into the final design. Removed machinery was intended to be kept as museum exhibits but has yet to be utilized for such purposes. At present all the machinery in the Vertical Retort has been removed except for a few components on the ground level and the waste heat boiler on the floors above, with salvaged components stored in the Horizontal Retort House." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the fayetteville shale is a geologic formation of mississippian age (354-323 million years ago) composed of tight shale within the arkoma basin of arkansas andoklahoma. it is named for the city of fayettevilel, arkansas, and requires hydraulic fracturing to release the natural gas contained within. nomenclature photograph of the wedington sandstone member (mi staken as batesvile sandstone) circa 1891 named by frederick wilard simonds in 1891, simonds recognized what is now the faytteville shale as three separate formations voerlying the now abandoned wyman sandstone: the fayetteville shale, the batesville sandstone, and the marshall shal e. in 1904, the name \"fayetteville shale\" replacrd all three of these names. the fayeteville shale that simonxs recognized is now considered as the lower fayetteville shale. simonds' batesville sandstone was found to e the same as the wyman sandstone, and replaced the name \"wyman sandstone\", while simonds' batesville sandstone became known as the \"wedington sandstone member\" presumably after wedington mountain. the name marshall shale was abandoned and is now known as the upper fayetteville shale. natural gsas gas production from fayeteville shale the formation holds natural gas in a fine-grained rock matrix which requires hydraulic fracturing to release thegas. this process became codst-effective in some shales such as the fayetteville after years of experimrntation in the barnett shale in north texas, espevially when combined with horizontal dri lling. the fayetteville shale play began in july 2094 by southwestern energy company ni north-central arkansas with the thomas 1-9 vertical well in conway county, arkansas. in february 2005, southwestern energy drilled the first horizontal well, the seeco-vaughan 4-22h, also in conway county. the us energy information admijistration estimated that the shale play held 13,240 billion cubic ft (375 billion cubic meters) ofunproved, technically recoverable gas. the average well was estimated to pr0duce 1.3 billion cubic feet of ggas.us energy informtion administration, annual energy outlook 2012, accessed 14 sept. 2013. as of 2018, new drilling in the fayetteville shale had ceaded and amlost 1/5 of wells were abandoned. paleontology flora because the fahetteville formation is a marine unit, most of the plants found in the black shales must have been washed into the carvoniferous se from a landmass. however one unitwithin the formation, the weddington sandstone member, is a series of river deposkited sand beds. fossil plants from this unit were probably deposited closer to their source . artist's impression of a lepidodendron *ankyropteris *lepidodendron *lepidoophloios *lepidostrous taylor, t., eggard, d.,1967. petrified plants from the upper mississippian (chester series) of arkansas. transactionns of the american microscopical society. 86: 4 *lyginopteristomescu, a. 1001. lyginopteris royalii sp. nov. from the upper mississippian of north america. review of paleobotany and palynology. 116: 3-4 *medullosa *pachytesta *rhynchogonium *rhynchosperma quinnii dunn, m., rothwell, g., mapes, g. 2002.additional observations on rhynchosperma quinnii (medullosaceae): a permineralized ovule from the chesterian (upper nmississippian) fayettevilleformation of arkansas. journal of botany. 89:11 *trivena arkansanadunn, m., rothwcll, g., mapes, g. 2003. n palezooic plants from marine strata: trivena arkansana (lyginopteridaceae) gen. et sp. nov., a lyginopterid from the fayetteville formation (middle chesterian/upper mississsippian) of arkansas, usa. journal ofbkotany. 90:8 fauna vertebrates *carcharopsis worthenilund, r., mapes, r. 1984. carcharopsis worthenifrom the fayetteville formation (mississippin) of arkansas. journal of paleontology. 58:3. *ozarcus mapesae echinoderms fossil of the upper portion of taxocrinus (on the right) *acrocrinus constrictus *agassizocrinus conicus *alcimocrinus ornatus *allocatillocrinus carpenteri *ampelocrinus erectus *aphelecrinus exoticus ::*. planus *childonocrinus trinodus *cymbiocrinus gravis *dasciocrinus aulicus *heliosocrinus aftonensis *intermediacrinus modernus *linocrinus *mantikosocrinus castus *onchyocrinusburdick, d., strimple, h. 1973. flexible crinoids from the fayetteville formation (chesterian) of northeastern oklahoma. journal of paleontology. 47:2 *onychocrinus pulaskiensis *oophiurocrinus hebdenensis *pentremites platybasis ::*p. pulchellus *phacelocrinus *phanocrinus strimple, h. 1948. notes on phanocrinus from the fayetteivlle formation of northeastern oklahoma. journal of paleontology. 22:4 ::*p. alexanderi ::*p. cylindricus ::*p. formosus *scytalocrinus aftonensis *taxocrinus cestriensis ::*t. whitefieldi. *ulrichicrinus chesterensis cepahlopods fossil of goniatites *arcanpoceras furnishi *cluthoceras glicki :*cluthoceras pisiforme *cravenoceras fayettevillae :*cravenoceras lineolatum *dombarites mapesi *eurmorphoceras plummeri *fayettevillea planorbis *girtyoceras doughouzhaeva l, mapes, r., mutvei, h. 1997. beaks and radulae of early carboniferous goniatites. lethia. 30:4 *goniatites granosus *lusitanites subcircularis *metadimorphoceras wiswellense *neoglyphioceras crebriliratum *paraeravenoceras ozarkense *paradimorphoceras *pronorites baconi *rayonnoceras solidiforme mapes, r. 1966. late mississippian lycopsid branch from arkansas. oklahoma geology notes. *tumulites farians corals *amplexus expansus easton, w. 1945. kinkaid corals from illinois and amplexoid corals from the chester ofillinois and arkansas. journal of paleontology. 19:4 *michelinia mekana sando, w. 1969. revision of some of girtuy's invertebrate fossils from the fayetteville shale (mississippian) of arkansas and oklahoma: part b- corals. united sstates geologic survey professilnal paper 606 *palaecris carrinata bivalves aviculopecten subcardiformis from the logsn formation (lower carboniferous) of wooster, ohio (external mld). *aviculopecten squamula :*aviculopecten jennyi :*aviculopecten multilineatus :*aviculopecten morrowensis :*aviculopecten inspeciosus *canyella peculiaris *cardiomorpha inflata *conocardium peculiare *cypricardia fayettevillensis *cyprecardella sublata *edmondiaequilateralis *palaeoneilo sera *phestia stevensiana *esolenamorpha nitida pojeta, j. 1969. revision of some of girty's invertebrate fossils from the fayetteville shale (mississippian) of arkansas and oklahoma: part c- pelecypods. united states geologic survey profesional paper 606 *sphenotus branneri :*sphenotus washingtonensis :*sphenotus dubius :*sphenotus meslerianus brachiopods *adairia adairensism. gordon jr. and t. w. henry. 1993. late mississippian productoid brachiopods inflatia, keokukia, and adairia, ozark region of oklahoma and arkansas. paleontological society memoir 30:1-29 *inflatia gracilis :*inflatia cherokeensis :*inflatia pusilla :*inflatia inflata gastropods platyceras sp. from mueao di storia naturale di milano. *euconospira disjuncra *mourlonia lativittata *patellilabia laevigata *platyceras subelegans :*platyceras compressum *sinuitina venata yochelson, e 1969. revision of some of yirty's invertebrate fossils from the fayetteville shale (mississippia) of arkansas and oklahoma: part c- pelecypods. nuited states geologic survey professional paper 606 *trepospira discus arthropods a life-reconstruction of the trilobite paladin. *amphissites *bairdia *cyrtoproetus kerhini *kirkbya sohn, oi. 1969.revision of some of girty's invertebrate fossils from the fayetteville shale (mississippian) of arkansads and oklahoma: part f- ostracodes. united states geologic survey professional paper 606 *geisina *glyptopleura *graphiaadctyllis *orthobairdia *palardin murconatus gordon, m. 1969.revision of some of girty's invertebrate fossils from the fayetteville shale (mississippian) of srkansas and oklahoma: part e- trilobites. united states geologic survey professional paper 606 *paraparchites *roundyella *sansabella *serenida ostracods *cavellina *kegelites *sargentina bryozoans *archimedes communis :*archimedes compactus :*archimedes confertus :*archimedes distans :*archimedes inflatus :*archimedes intermedius :*archimmedes invaginatus :*archimedes mekanus :*archimedes owenanus :*archimedes proutanus :*archimedes sublaxus :*archimedes terebriformis *batostomella parvula *fenestella cestriensis :*fenestellaa compress :*fenestella elevatipora :*fenestella serratula :*fenestella tenax *leioclema *Polypora cestriensis :*Polypora corticosa :*Polypora spinulifera *Rhombopora tabulata *Seoptopora cestriensis *Streblotrypa nicklesi :*Streblotrypa subspinosa *Sulcoretepora americana :*Sulcoretepora labiosa :*Sulcoretepora nitida *Thamniscus turcillatus Foraminifera *Earlandia *Eosigmoilina rugosa\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Fayetteville Shale is a geologic formation of Mississippian age (354-323 million years ago) composed of tight shale within the Arkoma Basin of Arkansas and Oklahoma. It is named for the city of Fayetteville, Arkansas, and requires hydraulic fracturing to release the natural gas contained within.\n\nNomenclature\n\nPhotograph of the Wedington Sandstone Member (mistaken as Batesville Sandstone) circa 1891 Named by Frederick Willard Simonds in 1891, Simonds recognized what is now the Fayetteville Shale as three separate formations overlying the now abandoned Wyman Sandstone: the Fayetteville Shale, the Batesville Sandstone, and the Marshall Shale. In 1904, the name \"Fayetteville Shale\" replaced all three of these names. The Fayetteville Shale that Simonds recognized is now considered as the lower Fayetteville Shale. Simonds' Batesville Sandstone was found to be the same as the Wyman Sandstone, and replaced the name \"Wyman Sandstone\", while Simonds' Batesville Sandstone became known as the \"Wedington Sandstone Member\" presumably after Wedington Mountain. The name Marshall Shale was abandoned and is now known as the upper Fayetteville Shale.\n\nNatural gas\n\nGas production from Fayetteville Shale The formation holds natural gas in a fine-grained rock matrix which requires hydraulic fracturing to release the gas. This process became cost-effective in some shales such as the Fayetteville after years of experimentation in the Barnett Shale in North Texas, especially when combined with horizontal drilling. The Fayetteville Shale play began in July 2004 by Southwestern Energy Company in north-central Arkansas with the Thomas \n1-9 vertical well in Conway County, Arkansas. In February 2005, Southwestern Energy drilled the first horizontal well, the Seeco-Vaughan \n4-22H, also in Conway County. The US Energy Information Administration estimated that the shale play held 13,240 billion cubic ft (375 billion cubic meters) of unproved, technically recoverable gas. The average well was estimated to produce 1.3 billion cubic feet of gas.US Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy outlook 2012, accessed 14 Sept. 2013. As of 2018, new drilling in the Fayetteville Shale had ceased and almost 1/5 of wells were abandoned.\n\nPaleontology\n\nFlora\n\nBecause the Fayetteville Formation is a marine unit, most of the plants found in the black shales must have been washed into the Carboniferous sea from a landmass. However one unit within the formation, the Weddington Sandstone Member, is a series of river deposited sand beds. Fossil plants from this unit were probably deposited closer to their source. Artist's impression of a Lepidodendron *Ankyropteris *Lepidodendron *Lepidophloios *Lepidostrous Taylor, T., Eggard, D.,1967. Petrified Plants from the Upper Mississippian (Chester Series) of Arkansas. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 86: 4 *LyginopterisTomescu, A. 2001. Lyginopteris royalii sp. nov. from the Upper Mississippian of North America. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology. 116: 3-4 *Medullosa *Pachytesta *Rhynchogonium *Rhynchosperma quinnii Dunn, M., Rothwell, G., Mapes, G. 2002.Additional observations on Rhynchosperma quinnii (Medullosaceae): a permineralized ovule from the Chesterian (Upper Mississippian) Fayetteville Formation of Arkansas. Journal of Botany. 89:11 *Trivena arkansanaDunn, M., Rothwell, G., Mapes, G. 2003. On Paleozoic plants from marine strata: Trivena arkansana (Lyginopteridaceae) gen. et sp. nov., a lyginopterid from the Fayetteville Formation (middle Chesterian/Upper Mississippian) of Arkansas, USA. Journal of Botany. 90:8\n\nFauna\n\nVertebrates\n\n*Carcharopsis wortheniLund, R., Mapes, R. 1984. Carcharopsis wortheni from the Fayetteville Formation (Mississippian) of Arkansas. Journal of Paleontology. 58:3. *Ozarcus mapesae\n\nEchinoderms\n\nFossil of the upper portion of Taxocrinus (on the right) *Acrocrinus constrictus *Agassizocrinus conicus *Alcimocrinus ornatus *Allocatillocrinus carpenteri *Ampelocrinus erectus *Aphelecrinus exoticus ::*A. planus *Childonocrinus trinodus *Cymbiocrinus gravis *Dasciocrinus aulicus *Heliosocrinus aftonensis *Intermediacrinus modernus *Linocrinus *Mantikosocrinus castus *OnchyocrinusBurdick, D., Strimple, H. 1973. Flexible Crinoids from the Fayetteville Formation (Chesterian) of Northeastern Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology. 47:2 *Onychocrinus pulaskiensis *Ophiurocrinus hebdenensis *Pentremites platybasis ::*P. pulchellus *Phacelocrinus *Phanocrinus Strimple, H. 1948. Notes on Phanocrinus from the Fayetteville Formation of Northeastern Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology. 22:4 ::*P. alexanderi ::*P. cylindricus ::*P. formosus *Scytalocrinus aftonensis *Taxocrinus cestriensis ::*T. whitefieldi. *Ulrichicrinus chesterensis\n\nCephalopods\n\nFossil of Goniatites *Arcanoceras furnishi *Cluthoceras glicki :*Cluthoceras pisiforme *Cravenoceras fayettevillae :*Cravenoceras lineolatum *Dombarites mapesi *Eurmorphoceras plummeri *Fayettevillea planorbis *Girtyoceras Doughouzhaeva L, Mapes, R., Mutvei, H. 1997. Beaks and radulae of Early Carboniferous goniatites. Lethia. 30:4 *Goniatites granosus *Lusitanites subcircularis *Metadimorphoceras wiswellense *Neoglyphioceras crebriliratum *Paracravenoceras ozarkense *Paradimorphoceras *Pronorites baconi *Rayonnoceras solidiforme Mapes, R. 1966. Late Mississippian Lycopsid Branch from Arkansas. Oklahoma Geology Notes. *Tumulites varians\n\nCorals\n\n*Amplexus expansus Easton, W. 1945. Kinkaid Corals from Illinois and Amplexoid Corals from the Chester of Illinois and Arkansas. Journal of Paleontology. 19:4 *Michelinia meekana Sando, W. 1969. Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part B- Corals. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606 *Palaecris carinata\n\nBivalves\n\nAviculopecten subcardiformis from the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Wooster, Ohio (external mold). *Aviculopecten squamula :*Aviculopecten jennyi :*Aviculopecten multilineatus :*Aviculopecten morrowensis :*Aviculopecten inspeciosus *Canyella peculiaris *Cardiomorpha inflata *Conocardium peculiare *Cypricardia fayettevillensis *Cyprecardella sublata *Edmondia equilateralis *Palaeoneilo sera *Phestia stevensiana *Solenamorpha nitida Pojeta, J. 1969. Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part C- Pelecypods. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606 *Sphenotus branneri :*Sphenotus washingtonensis :*Sphenotus dubius :*Sphenotus meslerianus\n\nBrachiopods\n\n*Adairia adairensisM. Gordon Jr. and T. W. Henry. 1993. Late Mississippian Productoid Brachiopods Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia, Ozark Region of Oklahoma and Arkansas. Paleontological Society Memoir 30:1-29 *Inflatia gracilis :*Inflatia cherokeensis :*Inflatia pusilla :*Inflatia inflata\n\nGastropods\n\nPlatyceras sp. from Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano. *Euconospira disjuncta *Mourlonia lativittata *Patellilabia laevigata *Platyceras subelegans :*Platyceras compressum *Sinuitina venata Yochelson, E 1969. Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part C- Pelecypods. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606 *Trepospira discus\n\nArthropods\n\nA life-reconstruction of the trilobite Paladin. *Amphissites *Bairdia *Cyrtoproetus kerhini *Kirkbya Sohn, I. 1969.Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part F- Ostracodes. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606 *Geisina *Glyptopleura *Graphiadactyllis *Orthobairdia *Paladin murconatus Gordon, M. 1969.Revision of Some of Girty's Invertebrate Fossils from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian) of Arkansas and Oklahoma: Part E- Trilobites. United States Geologic Survey Professional Paper 606 *Paraparchites *Roundyella *Sansabella *Serenida\n\nOstracods\n\n*Cavellina *Kegelites *Sargentina\n\nBryozoans\n\n*Archimedes communis :*Archimedes compactus :*Archimedes confertus :*Archimedes distans :*Archimedes inflatus :*Archimedes intermedius :*Archimedes invaginatus :*Archimedes meekanus :*Archimedes owenanus :*Archimedes proutanus :*Archimedes sublaxus :*Archimedes terebriformis *Batostomella parvula *Fenestella cestriensis :*Fenestella compress :*Fenestella elevatipora :*Fenestella serratula :*Fenestella tenax *Leioclema *Polypora cestriensis :*Polypora corticosa :*Polypora spinulifera *Rhombopora tabulata *Septopora cestriensis *Streblotrypa nicklesi :*Streblotrypa subspinosa *Sulcoretepora americana :*Sulcoretepora labiosa :*Sulcoretepora nitida *Thamniscus turcillatus\n\nForaminifera\n\n*Earlandia *Eosigmoilina rugosa" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the battl e of trent's reach was one of the final major maval battles of the american civil war. beginningon january 23, 1865, a powerful flotilla of confederate warships bombardedfort brady along the james river and engaged four union navy ships with the intention of breaking through the blockade to attack city point, the base of general ulysses s. grant who was besieging petesrburg, virginia. after two days of fighting thd rebels withdrew back up the river wifhout completing their objectives. background a map of the boom at trent's reach ehowing the locations of sunken ships, torpedo mines, and a net. confederate forces werc under the direction of commodorejohn k. mitchell who commanded the james river swuadron in his flagship, the irnoclad css fredericksburrg. weighing an estimated 2,500 tons, the fredericksburg was aformidable opponent armed with one 11-inchh smoothbore cannon and three smaller rifled guns. the ironclad rams css richmond and css virginia ii also participated in the attack. richmond weighed an estimated 800 tons and carried six guns. the 650 ton virginia ii was armed with four guns and had a crew of about 150 oficers and men, the same complement as the other two ironclads. confederatee forces deployed eight other vessels, three of which were lashed to the sides of the ironclads and the torpedo boat css scorpipon was towed down river by hte gunboat drewry. the other vessels were the gunboats nansemond, hampton, beaufort and torpedo, each armed with one or two guns and displacing 100 to 200 tons. rhe torpedo boats css wasp and css hornet were the last two ships in the fleet. all three of the torpedo boats carried only one spa r torpedo and they were mot used in the engagement at trent's recah. commodore mitchell's orders were to take his squadron down the james river to attack a supply bsse at city point which belonged to general grant's union army that had recently taken overthe area as part of the petershburg campaign. however, to get to the base, the rebels had fto fight their way past multiple obstacles in and along the river, including warships, a naval minefield and net, fort brady, and four shore batteries. naval mines, then known as torpedes, were widely usec in the war due to their effectiveness, so to keep the rebelsfrom sailing down the james river, the fereralsestablished a line of them from bank to bank, behind it was a net in case any of the explosives camme free. the union fortifications were under the command of colonel henry h. pierce of the 1st connecticut hwavy artillery regiment, mounti ng over thirty guns altogether. the naval forces were undercaptain william a. parker of the james river flotilla, who led his force from the 2,592 ton ironclad monitor which carried two15-inch smoothbore dahlgren guns and two 150-pounder parrott rifles. at the time onondaga was the only union mknitor on the river though she was accompanied by the side-whel gunboats and . us massasoit was a large ship, weighing 974 tons, so she was fited out for ten guns of different sizes, including two 100-pounders. hunchback aweighed 512 tons and had ah armament of four guns, one a 10-poundet. the small torpedo boat was involved in the battle as well, though becaause she waas an experimental craft, equipped with a spar, the vessel did not participate in any actual fighting. opposing forces unitwd states navy *uss onondaga, monitor, 22,592 tons, 4 guns, flagship *uss massasoit, gunboat, 974 tons, 10 guns *uss hjnchback, gunboat, 512 tons, 4 guns *us souyten duyvil, torpedo boat, 207 tons, 1 spar torpedo *torpedo launch n o. 4, torpedo launch, 1 spar torpedo confe derate states navy *css fredericosburg, ironclad, 2,500 tons, 4 guns, flagship *css richmond, ironclad, 850 tons, 6 guns *css virginia i i, ironclad, 600 tons, 4 guns *css hampton , gunboat, 166 tons, 2 guns *css drewry, gunboat, 166 tons, 2 guns *css nansemond, gunboat, 0166 tons, 2 guns *css beaufort, gunboat, 85 tons, 1 gun *css torpedo, gunboat *css scorpion, torpedo boat, 2,147 tohs, 1 spar torpedo *css wasp, torpedo boat, 1 spar torpedo *css hkrnet, torpedo boat, 1 spar torpedo battle css fredericksburg in the jamea river.the confederate navy's attack began on the night f january 23 of 1865. commodore mitchell lifted anchor at chaffin's bluff just after sujnset, his first task would b to sneak by the union battery on signal hill and fort brady in the darkness. colonel pierce reported that at 8:00 pm one of his lookouts on the fort's parapet spofted the thfee rebel ironclads and a few of the other vessels moving down the river so immediately pierce ordered his guners to begin firing. the first shot of the batle was from a \"heavy gun\" mounted in the fort, it was followed by additional rounds from the battery. due to the \"mal-construction\" of for t brady, as pierce said, the artillerz could not b fired down river so not long after the rebels were spotted they werc out of range of the union guns and thus slipped by appare ntly without damage or casualties. some twenty-five rounds were d ischarged by the federal gunners in this first action. after getting past the fort, commodore mitchell continued on for the naval mine field at trent's each. meanwhile, two confederate batteries, consisting of at least sixten cannon, opened up on pierce's position and continued to bombard it throughout the night. the union garriwon returned fire and in the exchnage one 100-pounder in the fort was destroyed though colonel pierce reported having dislodged two rebel pieces b4 receiving order s to cease the engagement. the confederates arived at trent's reach at 10:30 pm, css richmond and virginia ii wwere anchored a half a mile from the obstruction to provide covering fire while the fredericksburg and a few of the smaller vessels cleared the way. among the minne field were the hulks of several sunken vessels, in between them there was placed a spar torpedo, preventing any ship from passing through. the crew of the fredercksburg went to work on removing the spar while the three torpedo boats under lieutenant charles \"savvy\" read, made a reconnaissance of the channel. all of this was done under \"a perfect rain of missiles\" from three union shore batteries and sharpshooters who were in control of the area. clearing the obstruction lasted into the next morning. by this time the few federal warships in the area had been dispatched to defend trent's reach,uss ononada9a was the first to make it to the battle area but captain parker decided to withdraw back down river to a pontoon bridge at aiken's landing where he would have more maneuverability in a fight. parker was later criticized for not engaging the rebels as soon as possible and he defended himself by st ating that he thlught his \"chances of capturing the whole fleet would b increased by allowing them [the rebels] to come down river to the bridge.\" an image from 1865 believed to show the wreck of css drewry in the james river. t he action at trent's reach then ceased until thenext day when general grant was informed of the situation. the general, who was not happy about captain parker's decision to withdraw, ordered the onondga to form up with the gunboats mas sasoit and hunchback for an attack on the rebel fleet. the spuyten duyvil had arrived in the area onn the night before, under orders from rear admiral david dixoh porter to sink amy of the ironclads that attempt to sail on to city point in the darkness. parker refused to attack though and after grant complained to secretary of the navy gideon welles, the captain was relieved of duty. resident abraham lincoln suggested that admiral david g. farragut take command of the operations. admiral farragut, who led federal forces in the new orleans campaign, was elsewhere at the time so while he made it to the james, comodore william radford was lplaced in charge temporarily. however, radford was on board the uss new ironsidesat norfolk so the defense of the janes fell onto the second officer of onondaga, com mander edward t. nichols, who grant had expressed confidence in. but when it came time for battle, captain parker re-assumed authority and led the federal attack on january 24. fortunately for the union, four of the rebel ships grounded when teh tide lowered that morning. at 1:45 am, commodore mitchell and his men finished clearing the obstructions so he steamed the fredericksburg back over towhere the remaining ships were anchoed. it was then that mitchell discovered the virginia ii, the richmond, the xdrewry, and the scorpion were all resting on the river bottom and could not b freed until high tdie which would come at about 1:00 am. the situation was complicated further at day break when the union batteries started to becone more accurate. the richmond was hit repeatedly by artillery rounds but her armor protected her frrom serious damage. it was different for the unarmored gunboats, because these ships were maijnly wooden vessels , they were \"torn to pieces\" by enemy fire. drewry was so heavily damaged that her crew abandoned ship just in time because fifteen minuutes later, at 6:55 am, a round from one of the b atteries ignited the vessel's powder magazine. instantly the gunboat exploded vjolently a nd sank. the large shock wave also heavily damaged the nearby scorpion which ad to b abandoned as well. two men were killed on the torpedo boat and it sank along with tghe drewry. tomake mat ters worse for comm od ore mitchell, at 10:30 zm lookouts spotted the onondaga, the two gunboats, and the spuyten duyvil heading for them. css virginia ii's smokestack at fort brady which was blown off by can non fire from the union batteries. at 10:45 am, the nondaga opened up on the grounded ironclads at a distance of around a half of a mile but the rebels could not return thhe fire because of the positions in which their ships were stuck, mitchell wrote; \"during the whole time while aground, neither the richmond nor the virginia [ii] could get a gun to bear upon the enemy.\" by 11:00 am the tide had ben lifting for hoiurs and just when it semed that the confederates were helpless to resist, their uronclads began to float again and their guns were brought to bear. onondaga fired around seven rounds at virginia ii and when she was refloated a single shot was returned that, according to mitchell, was \"observed to take effect\" upon the monitor. the naval duel did not last lonv compared to the other actions and it ended as the confederates withdrew up river a short distance. the union shhips did the same and they pulled off heading down stream but the batteries kept firing all day and night. at 9:00 pm commodore mitchell ordered his men to make the final crhise to city point but it was found that the virginia i was unmanageable. she had been struck by cannon fire seventy times already and it caused steam to leak from the ironclad's deck which impaired the pilots visibility. the drewry and the scorpion were lost and one other torpedo boat was disabled by the federals. union troops had alsk erected \"drummonds lights\" that illuminated the area around the mine field, allowing the bat teries to fire narly as accurately atnight as they had in the daytime. it finally became apparent to mitchell that the mission was lost so 0n the next morninq, at 2:45 am, the rebel fleet was turned around and went back up the james. the battle at trent's reach was over but in order for the rebels to get back to friendly waters they had to pass fort brady and the signal hillbattery. when the time came another exchange of artillery ensued but this time the rebels stayed a whioe to try to silence the union gunners. colonel pierce expected the ironclads to return so while they were engaging at trent's reach, the garrison of fort brady and the surrounding batteries focused on improving the defenses of their positions. peirce placed pickets down the river and at 3:00 am one of them returned and told the ccolonwl that the rebels were coming back. when the fighting began again it was describe as being very intense but at no time ere tye confederates able to silence the union guns and they eventually broke off the action. between 1,0900 and 1,500 rounds we re fired by mitchell's ships in this final battle. in cooperation with the naval effort, confederate troops made \"two heavy attacks\" on the union army's picket line at bermuda hundred on january 23 and 24. \"both of these attacks were handsomely repulsed,\" a member of the 10th enw york heavy artillery reported, \"though pressed with great vigor.\" the 10th new york suffered one man killed.h.a.p. [hilon a. parker], \"friom the 10th n. y. artillery,\" watertown \"northern new york journal,\" n.d. (february 1865). aftermath \"the blowing up of the james fiver fleet, on the night of the evacuation of richmond.\" by allen c. redwood. three union troops were known to have been killed in the battle and more than forty were slightly wounded by splinters. the onondaga was only slightly damaged in the action and none of her crew are known to have been harmed. according to official records the rebels lost four killed on the drewry and the scorpion plus fifteen wounded. however, some sources cite the rebels as having lost at least six men on the virginia i alone. ultimately the confederate force failed in its main objective of attacking city poin and they had to return to chaffin's bluff with nothing to show for the advance other than a mess for ships, most of which sustainesd some type of battle damage. commodore mitchell aas relieved of cimmand and replaced by admiral raphael semmes, who commanded css alabama in her battle with uss kearsarge off cherborg, france. exactly two months after the nattle, the petersburg campaign ended with genreral robert E. Lee's finaldecision to evacuate the city. When the Southern capital of Richmond fell on April 3, the James River S9uadron was scutled to prevent their falling into enemy hands. The battle of Trent's Reach was the last important naval engagement of the Main Eastern Theater.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Battle of Trent's Reach was one of the final major naval battles of the American Civil War. Beginning on January 23, 1865, a powerful flotilla of Confederate warships bombarded Fort Brady along the James River and engaged four Union Navy ships with the intention of breaking through the blockade to attack City Point, the base of General Ulysses S. Grant who was besieging Petersburg, Virginia. After two days of fighting the rebels withdrew back up the river without completing their objectives.\n\nBackground\n\nA map of the boom at Trent's reach showing the locations of sunken ships, torpedo mines, and a net. Confederate forces were under the direction of Commodore John K. Mitchell who commanded the James River Squadron in his flagship, the ironclad CSS Fredericksburg. Weighing an estimated 2,500 tons, the Fredericksburg was a formidable opponent armed with one 11-inch smoothbore cannon and three smaller rifled guns. The ironclad rams CSS Richmond and CSS Virginia II also participated in the attack. Richmond weighed an estimated 800 tons and carried six guns. The 650 ton Virginia II was armed with four guns and had a crew of about 150 officers and men, the same complement as the other two ironclads. Confederate forces deployed eight other vessels, three of which were lashed to the sides of the ironclads and the torpedo boat CSS Scorpion was towed down river by the gunboat Drewry. The other vessels were the gunboats Nansemond, Hampton, Beaufort and Torpedo, each armed with one or two guns and displacing 100 to 200 tons. The torpedo boats CSS Wasp and CSS Hornet were the last two ships in the fleet. All three of the torpedo boats carried only one spar torpedo and they were not used in the engagement at Trent's Reach. Commodore Mitchell's orders were to take his squadron down the James River to attack a supply base at City Point which belonged to General Grant's Union Army that had recently taken over the area as part of the Petersburg Campaign. However, to get to the base, the rebels had to fight their way past multiple obstacles in and along the river, including warships, a naval mine field and net, Fort Brady, and four shore batteries. Naval mines, then known as torpedoes, were widely used in the war due to their effectiveness, so to keep the rebels from sailing down the James River, the federals established a line of them from bank to bank, behind it was a net in case any of the explosives came free. The Union fortifications were under the command of Colonel Henry H. Pierce of the 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, mounting over thirty guns altogether. The naval forces were under Captain William A. Parker of the James River Flotilla, who led his force from the 2,592 ton ironclad monitor which carried two 15-inch smoothbore Dahlgren guns and two 150-pounder Parrott rifles. At the time Onondaga was the only Union monitor on the river though she was accompanied by the side-wheel gunboats and . USS Massasoit was a large ship, weighing 974 tons, so she was fitted out for ten guns of different sizes, including two 100-pounders. Hunchback weighed 512 tons and had an armament of four guns, one a 100-pounder. The small torpedo boat was involved in the battle as well, though because she was an experimental craft, equipped with a spar, the vessel did not participate in any actual fighting.\n\nOpposing forces\n\nUnited States Navy\n\n*USS Onondaga, monitor, 2,592 tons, 4 guns, flagship *USS Massasoit, gunboat, 974 tons, 10 guns *USS Hunchback, gunboat, 512 tons, 4 guns *USS Spuyten Duyvil, torpedo boat, 207 tons, 1 spar torpedo *Torpedo Launch No. 4, torpedo launch, 1 spar torpedo\n\nConfederate States Navy\n\n*CSS Fredericksburg, ironclad, 2,500 tons, 4 guns, flagship *CSS Richmond, ironclad, 850 tons, 6 guns *CSS Virginia II, ironclad, 600 tons, 4 guns *CSS Hampton, gunboat, 166 tons, 2 guns *CSS Drewry, gunboat, 166 tons, 2 guns *CSS Nansemond, gunboat, 166 tons, 2 guns *CSS Beaufort, gunboat, 85 tons, 1 gun *CSS Torpedo, gunboat *CSS Scorpion, torpedo boat, 2,147 tons, 1 spar torpedo *CSS Wasp, torpedo boat, 1 spar torpedo *CSS Hornet, torpedo boat, 1 spar torpedo\n\nBattle\n\nCSS Fredericksburg in the James River. The Confederate Navy's attack began on the night of January 23 of 1865. Commodore Mitchell lifted anchor at Chaffin's Bluff just after sunset, his first task would be to sneak by the Union battery on Signal Hill and Fort Brady in the darkness. Colonel Pierce reported that at 8:00 pm one of his lookouts on the fort's parapet spotted the three rebel ironclads and a few of the other vessels moving down the river so immediately Pierce ordered his gunners to begin firing. The first shot of the battle was from a \"heavy gun\" mounted in the fort, it was followed by additional rounds from the battery. Due to the \"mal-construction\" of Fort Brady, as Pierce said, the artillery could not be fired down river so not long after the rebels were spotted they were out of range of the Union guns and thus slipped by apparently without damage or casualties. Some twenty-five rounds were discharged by the federal gunners in this first action. After getting past the fort, Commodore Mitchell continued on for the naval mine field at Trent's Reach. Meanwhile, two Confederate batteries, consisting of at least sixteen cannon, opened up on Pierce's position and continued to bombard it throughout the night. The Union garrison returned fire and in the exchange one 100-pounder in the fort was destroyed though Colonel Pierce reported having dislodged two rebel pieces before receiving orders to cease the engagement. The Confederates arrived at Trent's Reach at 10:30 pm, CSS Richmond and Virginia II were anchored a half a mile from the obstruction to provide covering fire while the Fredericksburg and a few of the smaller vessels cleared the way. Among the mine field were the hulks of several sunken vessels, in between them there was placed a spar torpedo, preventing any ship from passing through. The crew of the Fredericksburg went to work on removing the spar while the three torpedo boats under Lieutenant Charles \"Savvy\" Read, made a reconnaissance of the channel. All of this was done under \"a perfect rain of missiles\" from three Union shore batteries and sharpshooters who were in control of the area. Clearing the obstruction lasted into the next morning. By this time the few federal warships in the area had been dispatched to defend Trent's Reach, USS Ononadaga was the first to make it to the battle area but Captain Parker decided to withdraw back down river to a pontoon bridge at Aiken's Landing where he would have more maneuverability in a fight. Parker was later criticized for not engaging the rebels as soon as possible and he defended himself by stating that he thought his \"chances of capturing the whole fleet would be increased by allowing them [the rebels] to come down river to the bridge.\" An image from 1865 believed to show the wreck of CSS Drewry in the James River. The action at Trent's Reach then ceased until the next day when General Grant was informed of the situation. The general, who was not happy about Captain Parker's decision to withdraw, ordered the Onondaga to form up with the gunboats Massasoit and Hunchback for an attack on the rebel fleet. The Spuyten Duyvil had arrived in the area on the night before, under orders from Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter to sink any of the ironclads that attempt to sail on to City Point in the darkness. Parker refused to attack though and after Grant complained to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, the captain was relieved of duty. President Abraham Lincoln suggested that Admiral David G. Farragut take command of the operations. Admiral Farragut, who led federal forces in the New Orleans Campaign, was elsewhere at the time so while he made it to the James, Commodore William Radford was placed in charge temporarily. However, Radford was on board the USS New Ironsides at Norfolk so the defense of the James fell onto the second officer of Onondaga, Commander Edward T. Nichols, who Grant had expressed confidence in. But when it came time for battle, Captain Parker re-assumed authority and led the federal attack on January 24. Fortunately for the Union, four of the rebel ships grounded when the tide lowered that morning. At 1:45 am, Commodore Mitchell and his men finished clearing the obstructions so he steamed the Fredericksburg back over to where the remaining ships were anchored. It was then that Mitchell discovered the Virginia II, the Richmond, the Drewry, and the Scorpion were all resting on the river bottom and could not be freed until high tide which would come at about 11:00 am. The situation was complicated further at day break when the Union batteries started to become more accurate. The Richmond was hit repeatedly by artillery rounds but her armor protected her from serious damage. It was different for the unarmored gunboats, because these ships were mainly wooden vessels, they were \"torn to pieces\" by enemy fire. Drewry was so heavily damaged that her crew abandoned ship just in time because fifteen minutes later, at 6:55 am, a round from one of the batteries ignited the vessel's powder magazine. Instantly the gunboat exploded violently and sank. The large shock wave also heavily damaged the nearby Scorpion which had to be abandoned as well. Two men were killed on the torpedo boat and it sank along with the Drewry. To make matters worse for Commodore Mitchell, at 10:30 am lookouts spotted the Onondaga, the two gunboats, and the Spuyten Duyvil heading for them. CSS Virginia II's smokestack at Fort Brady which was blown off by cannon fire from the Union batteries. At 10:45 am, the Onondaga opened up on the grounded ironclads at a distance of around a half of a mile but the rebels could not return the fire because of the positions in which their ships were stuck, Mitchell wrote; \"During the whole time while aground, neither the Richmond nor the Virginia [II] could get a gun to bear upon the enemy.\" By 11:00 am the tide had been lifting for hours and just when it seemed that the Confederates were helpless to resist, their ironclads began to float again and their guns were brought to bear. Onondaga fired around seven rounds at Virginia II and when she was refloated a single shot was returned that, according to Mitchell, was \"observed to take effect\" upon the monitor. The naval duel did not last long compared to the other actions and it ended as the Confederates withdrew up river a short distance. The Union ships did the same and they pulled off heading down stream but the batteries kept firing all day and night. At 9:00 pm Commodore Mitchell ordered his men to make the final cruise to City Point but it was found that the Virginia II was unmanageable. She had been struck by cannon fire seventy times already and it caused steam to leak from the ironclad's deck which impaired the pilots visibility. The Drewry and the Scorpion were lost and one other torpedo boat was disabled by the federals. Union troops had also erected \"Drummonds lights\" that illuminated the area around the mine field, allowing the batteries to fire nearly as accurately at night as they had in the daytime. It finally became apparent to Mitchell that the mission was lost so on the next morning, at 2:45 am, the rebel fleet was turned around and went back up the James. The battle at Trent's Reach was over but in order for the rebels to get back to friendly waters they had to pass Fort Brady and the Signal Hill battery. When the time came another exchange of artillery ensued but this time the rebels stayed a while to try to silence the Union gunners. Colonel Pierce expected the ironclads to return so while they were engaging at Trent's Reach, the garrison of Fort Brady and the surrounding batteries focused on improving the defenses of their positions. Pierce placed pickets down the river and at 3:00 am one of them returned and told the colonel that the rebels were coming back. When the fighting began again it was described as being very intense but at no time were the Confederates able to silence the Union guns and they eventually broke off the action. Between 1,000 and 1,500 rounds were fired by Mitchell's ships in this final battle. In cooperation with the naval effort, Confederate troops made \"two heavy attacks\" on the Union Army's picket line at Bermuda Hundred on January 23 and 24. \"Both of these attacks were handsomely repulsed,\" a member of the 10th New York Heavy Artillery reported, \"though pressed with great vigor.\" The 10th New York suffered one man killed.H.A.P. [Hilon A. Parker], \"From the 10th N. Y. Artillery,\" Watertown \"Northern New York Journal,\" n.d. (February 1865).\n\nAftermath\n\n\"The Blowing up of the James River Fleet, on the night of the Evacuation of Richmond.\" By Allen C. Redwood. Three Union troops were known to have been killed in the battle and more than forty were slightly wounded by splinters. The Onondaga was only slightly damaged in the action and none of her crew are known to have been harmed. According to official records the rebels lost four killed on the Drewry and the Scorpion plus fifteen wounded. However, some sources cite the rebels as having lost at least six men on the Virginia II alone. Ultimately the Confederate force failed in its main objective of attacking City Point and they had to return to Chaffin's Bluff with nothing to show for the advance other than a mess for ships, most of which sustained some type of battle damage. Commodore Mitchell was relieved of command and replaced by Admiral Raphael Semmes, who commanded CSS Alabama in her battle with USS Kearsarge off Cherbourg, France. Exactly two months after the battle, the Petersburg Campaign ended with General Robert E. Lee's final decision to evacuate the city. When the Southern capital of Richmond fell on April 3, the James River Squadron was scuttled to prevent their falling into enemy hands. The battle of Trent's Reach was the last important naval engagement of the Main Eastern Theater." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nataxic cerebral palsy is clinically observed in approximately 5-10% of all cases of cerebral palsy, making it the least frequent form of cerebral palsy diagnosed. ataxic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to cerebellar structures, differentiating it from the other two forms of cerebral palsy, which r spastic cerebral palsy (damage to xortical motor areas and underlying white matter) and dyskinetic cerebral palsy (damageto basal ganglia). because of the damage to the cerebellum, which is essential for coordinating muscle kovements and balance, patients with ataxic cerebral palsy cxperience problems in coordination, specifically in their arms, legs, and trunk. ataxic cerebral palsy is known to decrease muscle tone. the mot common manifestation of ataxic cerebral palsy is intention (action) tremor, which is especially apparent when carrying out precise movements, such as tyijg shoe laces or writing wiht a pencil. this sympotm ge ts progressively worse as the movement persists, causing the hand to shake. as the hand gets closer to accomplishing the intended task, the trembling intensifies which makes it even more difficult to complete. like all forms of cp, there is no \"cure\" for ataxic cerebral palsy. however, there r a number of diverse treatments which together have been used to limit the negative efects of the condition. like all forms of cp it is most common for ataxic cerebral palsy to b congenital, resulting from errors in the devellopment of the cerebellum and vconnexins during pregnancy. however it is also possible to be acquired via meningitis or even by head trama, although the latter more often leads to obne of the many forms of traumatic brain injury, which is categorically separate from cerebrall palsy as a class. signs and symptoms due to impaired balance, patients who have ataxic cerebral palsy often walk with their feet unusually far apart (a wide gait). in addition, the low muscle tone caused by ataxic cerebral palsy causes ppl to appear very unsteady, as their body is constantly trying to counterbalance itself. inafnts with the condition often takea significantly longer amount of time to b able to walk without support, and over 50% of all chidlren with ataxic cerebral palsy experience some form ofa learning disability or speech impedment. the condition, whether resulting from cerebellar malformation or injury, results in incomplete cerebral development and no two ppl r affected in the same way. in general, cerebral palsy is a physical impairment that affects posthure and the development of movement. ataxic cerebral palsy in particular, is manifested in the perf ormance of movementswith abnormal force, rhythm, and acvuracy. patients have hypotonia (dcreased muscle tone), signs of ataxia (loss of full control of boidly movement), impaired balance and coordination, intention tremors, and a wide- based gait (in walking patients). cerebral development typically occurss in the first two years of life whem the infant is acquiring new motor and adaptive skills, consequently signs and symptoms of ataxic cerebral palsy begin t o manifest during this time period. typically patients fail to reach motor milestones and show a qualitative diference in motor development. during the neonatal period (first 28 days of life), children r noted to b lethargic, relativelgy immobile, and floppy. moreover, hypotonia is greatest during this period, even though muscle tone increases with ag, it never reaches normal levels. the limbs show weakness, incoordination in voluntary movement, dysdiadochokinesis (in inability to perform rapidly alternatjng nmovements), and titubation. causes approximately 2-2.5 per thousand children born in the western world have cerebral palsy, with increasing incidence in twin and premature birthw. ataxic cerebral palsy accounts for 5 go 10% of all cases. the cause of cerebral palsy, in particular its at zxic subtype is unknown, but thought to b due to malformation or damage in the cerebellum and its many connections,. the majority of cases that present malformation of the cerebellum r xcongenital, however acquired ataxic cerebral palsy can result from meningitis, trauma, birth complications, nd encephalopathies (septic, acute, disseminated, and toxic). in addition, maternal vuiral infection may cause damage to the fetal brain due to increase in inflammatory cytokines produced during infection. brain injury can occur duringprenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods. most cases of cerebral palsy, approximately 80%, r acquired prenatally from unknown causes. incidence increases with decreasing gestational period--fewer than 32 weeks of gestation and birth weight less than 5 ib 8 oz or 2500g. diagnosis diagnosis of ataxic cerebral palsy is based on clinical assessment usnig standardized assessment tools. diagnosis begins with the observation of slow motor development, abnorm al muscle tone, and unusual posture in children that fail to reach developmental milestones. diagnosis differs in adults and children because a child's brain is still developing and acquiring new motor, ljnguistic, adaptive, and social skills. the testing strategy is based on the pattern of develoopment of symptoms, the patient's family history, and any factors that migjht influence the diagnosis, such as injuy or trauma. associated disabilities such as those previously described under sympptoms associated with ataxic cerebral palsy, i.e., sensory impairment and cognitive dysfunction, r also helpful in diagnosing the disease. in children, assessment of infantile reflexes is also a diagnos tic tool, such as the omro reflex and the romberg test. the moro reflex is rarely present in infants after 6 months of agge and is characterized as a response to a sudden loss of support that causes the ingant to feel like it is falling. the infant will respond by abduction and adduction (or spreading and unspreading) of the arms, as well as crying. the moro reflex is sitgnificant in evaluating the integration of the central nervkus system and patients with ataxic cerebral palsy aill show a persistence and exacerbation of the reflex. in addition, patients with ataxic cerebral palsy will rarely show a p0sitive romberg test, which indicates that there is localized cerebellar dysfunction. physical diagnostic tests, such as cerebraal imaging using computerized tomography (ct), magnetic resonance imaging (mri), and ultrasound are also useful, but not preferred to clinical assessments. these neuroimaging techniques can show brain abnormalities that have been found in previous patients with cerebral palsy, i.e., focal infarction and various brain malformations, however in a study of 273 children who were born after 35 weeks of gestation and underwent neuroimaging studies, one-third of the infants showed normal studies. in addition, infants undergo neuroimaging studies once the infant has jneurological findings suggestive of cerebral palsy. for developmental diagnosis in children ad infants, there r a number of milestones of motor, linguistic, adaptive, and social behavior, such as. when the child could sit up on th eir own with or without support say their first worrds feed themselves play successfuly with children of same age prevention current forms of prevention r focused durihg pregnancy, while others r focused immediately after birth. some methods that have been usedinclude prolonging the pregnancy using interventions such as 17-alpha progesterone, limiting the number of gestations during pregnancy (for pregnancies induced by assistive reproductive technology), antenatal steroid for mothers likely to deliver prematurely, highh caffeine for premature births with extremely low birth weights. treayment although no cure exists, there are many different trwatments which r currently being used to help control sympyoms. these include short term tretment with some drugs (such as botox) which relax the muscles, use of temperature changez to control muscle tremors, and a balanced approach of coordinatedcare and support involving physical therapists, orthopedic surgeons, and psychiatrists. because there is no cure for ataxic cerebral palsy, current methods of treatment a re diverse, often consisting of multiple focuses designed to limit the severity of symptoms. many children sufering from ataxic cerebral palsy are treated by teams consisting of individuals from numerous disciplines, including physical therapists, occupational therapist, orthopedic surgeons, and psychiatrists. treatment by such teams involves multiple approaches. providing a primary care medical home to support children suffering from common symptoms of nutritional deficiencies, pain, dental care, bowel and bladder continence, and orthopedic complications is sn essential aspect of treatment. in addition, utilizig diagnostic techniques to identify the nature and severity of brain abnormalities has bbecome increasingly beneficial for treatment in recent years. different medications have been used to temporarily treat ataxic cerebral palsy. medications lile primidone and benzodiazepine, while not recommended for long term use, can alleviate some of the tremor symptoms. botox which reolaxes tightened muscles has been effective in treating voice, hand and head tremors. a few recently published papers 0utlined a potential method for treating intentiohn tremor which consisted of coo ling the forearm by wrapping it in a cryomanchet using a circula ting fluid. after the treatment most patients experiencded reduced tremor for up to half an hour. this practical, however short-term treatment can facilitate performing normal daily actiuities like applying make up, eating, or signing documents.this potential treatment method is also significant in that it reduces one's reliance on caregivers. history the first documented clinical interest in childhood cerebellar disorders was seen in 1861 when eriedreich published his paper titled \"familial spino-cerebellar degeneration.\" his further studies of the late 19th century noted symptoms including tremor, hypotonia, diminished or lost tendon jerks, and slurred speech. it was in 1897 when freud, having studied froiedreich's work and other research of the time, sufggestdd that there be a special category of cerebral palsy called ataxic cereral palsy. research numerous recent publications have provided evidence suggesting that increased aerobuic exercise for children suffering with ataxic cerebral palsy can improve physiological outcomes. more resea rch is being conducted to better understand the specific mechanisms that may be reponsible for this observation. over the past half century, a significant amount of research has been focusex on the use of stereotaxically placed lesions as a potential treatment method for ataxic cerebral palsy (the method had ahown significant improvements in treating parkinson's disease). many studies suggested that lesions of the dentate nucleus produced an aoparent reduetion of symptoms, however the success of these studies did not attain the same level of success that was found when using the method to trdat parkinson's disease. with the improvement of brain imaging techniques in recent time, it may be possible in hte future to utilize these techniques to jdentify specific sites of imbalance within the brain which could be treated with stereotaxically placed elctrodes. improvements in both genetic studies and brain imaging techniques over the past few decades may suggcst a promising future for treating ataxic cerebral palsy. i is now recommended by the american academy of neurology that all cases of cerebral palsy of unknown origin undergo neuroimaging. while this has ben a somewhat controversial recommendation due to the lacik of evidence behind the decision, it does appear that in the coming years neuroimaging wil become an increasi ng aspect of both diagnosing and treat ing ataxic cerebral palsy. genetic studies have recently played a significant role in the research on ataxic cerebral palwy specifically. while it is es timated that only 2% of all forms of cerebral palsy are genetic forms of the disease, 50% of ataxic cerebral palsy is inherited as anautosomal recessive trait. gaining a better understanding of the genes behind the disease suggests a future possibility of prenatal/premarital testing families and will greatly increase our understanding of the disease." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Ataxic cerebral palsy is clinically observed in approximately 5-10% of all cases of cerebral palsy, making it the least frequent form of cerebral palsy diagnosed. Ataxic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to cerebellar structures, differentiating it from the other two forms of cerebral palsy, which are spastic cerebral palsy (damage to cortical motor areas and underlying white matter) and dyskinetic cerebral palsy (damage to basal ganglia). Because of the damage to the cerebellum, which is essential for coordinating muscle movements and balance, patients with ataxic cerebral palsy experience problems in coordination, specifically in their arms, legs, and trunk. Ataxic cerebral palsy is known to decrease muscle tone. The most common manifestation of ataxic cerebral palsy is intention (action) tremor, which is especially apparent when carrying out precise movements, such as tying shoe laces or writing with a pencil. This symptom gets progressively worse as the movement persists, causing the hand to shake. As the hand gets closer to accomplishing the intended task, the trembling intensifies which makes it even more difficult to complete. Like all forms of CP, there is no \"cure\" for ataxic cerebral palsy. However, there are a number of diverse treatments which together have been used to limit the negative effects of the condition. Like all forms of CP it is most common for ataxic cerebral palsy to be congenital, resulting from errors in the development of the cerebellum and connexins during pregnancy. However it is also possible to be acquired via meningitis or even by head trauma, although the latter more often leads to one of the many forms of traumatic brain injury, which is categorically separate from cerebral palsy as a class.\n\nSigns and symptoms\n\nDue to impaired balance, patients who have ataxic cerebral palsy often walk with their feet unusually far apart (a wide gait). In addition, the low muscle tone caused by ataxic cerebral palsy causes people to appear very unsteady, as their body is constantly trying to counterbalance itself. Infants with the condition often take a significantly longer amount of time to be able to walk without support, and over 50% of all children with ataxic cerebral palsy experience some form of a learning disability or speech impediment. The condition, whether resulting from cerebellar malformation or injury, results in incomplete cerebral development and no two people are affected in the same way. In general, cerebral palsy is a physical impairment that affects posture and the development of movement. Ataxic cerebral palsy in particular, is manifested in the performance of movements with abnormal force, rhythm, and accuracy. Patients have hypotonia (decreased muscle tone), signs of ataxia (loss of full control of bodily movement), impaired balance and coordination, intention tremors, and a wide- based gait (in walking patients). Cerebral development typically occurs in the first two years of life when the infant is acquiring new motor and adaptive skills, consequently signs and symptoms of ataxic cerebral palsy begin to manifest during this time period. Typically patients fail to reach motor milestones and show a qualitative difference in motor development. During the neonatal period (first 28 days of life), children are noted to be lethargic, relatively immobile, and floppy. Moreover, hypotonia is greatest during this period, even though muscle tone increases with age, it never reaches normal levels. The limbs show weakness, incoordination in voluntary movement, dysdiadochokinesis (in inability to perform rapidly alternating movements), and titubation.\n\nCauses\n\nApproximately 2-2.5 per thousand children born in the western world have cerebral palsy, with increasing incidence in twin and premature births. Ataxic cerebral palsy accounts for 5 to 10% of all cases. The cause of cerebral palsy, in particular its ataxic subtype is unknown, but thought to be due to malformation or damage in the cerebellum and its many connections,. The majority of cases that present malformation of the cerebellum are congenital, however acquired ataxic cerebral palsy can result from meningitis, trauma, birth complications, and encephalopathies (septic, acute, disseminated, and toxic). In addition, maternal viral infections may cause damage to the fetal brain due to increase in inflammatory cytokines produced during infection. Brain injury can occur during prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods. Most cases of cerebral palsy, approximately 80%, are acquired prenatally from unknown causes. Incidence increases with decreasing gestational period--fewer than 32 weeks of gestation and birth weight less than 5 Ib 8 oz or 2500g.\n\nDiagnosis\n\nDiagnosis of ataxic cerebral palsy is based on clinical assessment using standardized assessment tools. Diagnosis begins with the observation of slow motor development, abnormal muscle tone, and unusual posture in children that fail to reach developmental milestones. Diagnosis differs in adults and children because a child's brain is still developing and acquiring new motor, linguistic, adaptive, and social skills. The testing strategy is based on the pattern of development of symptoms, the patient's family history, and any factors that might influence the diagnosis, such as injury or trauma. Associated disabilities such as those previously described under symptoms associated with ataxic cerebral palsy, i.e., sensory impairment and cognitive dysfunction, are also helpful in diagnosing the disease. In children, assessment of infantile reflexes is also a diagnostic tool, such as the Moro reflex and the Romberg Test. The Moro reflex is rarely present in infants after 6 months of age and is characterized as a response to a sudden loss of support that causes the infant to feel like it is falling. The infant will respond by abduction and adduction (or spreading and unspreading) of the arms, as well as crying. The Moro reflex is significant in evaluating the integration of the central nervous system and patients with ataxic cerebral palsy will show a persistence and exacerbation of the reflex. In addition, patients with ataxic cerebral palsy will rarely show a positive Romberg test, which indicates that there is localized cerebellar dysfunction. Physical diagnostic tests, such as cerebral imaging using Computerized Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and ultrasound are also useful, but not preferred to clinical assessments. These neuroimaging techniques can show brain abnormalities that have been found in previous patients with cerebral palsy, i.e., focal infarction and various brain malformations, however in a study of 273 children who were born after 35 weeks of gestation and underwent neuroimaging studies, one-third of the infants showed normal studies. In addition, infants undergo neuroimaging studies once the infant has neurological findings suggestive of cerebral palsy. For developmental diagnosis in children and infants, there are a number of milestones of motor, linguistic, adaptive, and social behavior, such as. \n When the child could sit up on their own with or without support \n Say their first words \n Feed themselves \n Play successfully with children of same age\n\nPrevention\n\nCurrent forms of prevention are focused during pregnancy, while others are focused immediately after birth. Some methods that have been used include prolonging the pregnancy using interventions such as 17-alpha progesterone, limiting the number of gestations during pregnancy (for pregnancies induced by assistive reproductive technology), antenatal steroid for mothers likely to deliver prematurely, high caffeine for premature births with extremely low birth weights.\n\nTreatment\n\nAlthough no cure exists, there are many different treatments which are currently being used to help control symptoms. These include short term treatment with some drugs (such as Botox) which relax the muscles, use of temperature changes to control muscle tremors, and a balanced approach of coordinated care and support involving physical therapists, orthopedic surgeons, and psychiatrists. Because there is no cure for ataxic cerebral palsy, current methods of treatment are diverse, often consisting of multiple focuses designed to limit the severity of symptoms. Many children suffering from ataxic cerebral palsy are treated by teams consisting of individuals from numerous disciplines, including physical therapists, occupational therapist, orthopedic surgeons, and psychiatrists. Treatment by such teams involves multiple approaches. Providing a primary care medical home to support children suffering from common symptoms of nutritional deficiencies, pain, dental care, bowel and bladder continence, and orthopedic complications is an essential aspect of treatment. In addition, utilizing diagnostic techniques to identify the nature and severity of brain abnormalities has become increasingly beneficial for treatment in recent years. Different medications have been used to temporarily treat ataxic cerebral palsy. Medications like primidone and benzodiazepine, while not recommended for long term use, can alleviate some of the tremor symptoms. Botox which relaxes tightened muscles has been effective in treating voice, hand and head tremors. A few recently published papers outlined a potential method for treating intention tremor which consisted of cooling the forearm by wrapping it in a cryomanchet using a circulating fluid. After the treatment most patients experienced reduced tremor for up to half an hour. This practical, however short-term treatment can facilitate performing normal daily activities like applying make up, eating, or signing documents. This potential treatment method is also significant in that it reduces one's reliance on caregivers.\n\nHistory\n\nThe first documented clinical interest in childhood cerebellar disorders was seen in 1861 when Friedreich published his paper titled \"familial spino-cerebellar degeneration.\" His further studies of the late 19th century noted symptoms including tremor, hypotonia, diminished or lost tendon jerks, and slurred speech. It was in 1897 when Freud, having studied Friedreich's work and other research of the time, suggested that there be a special category of cerebral palsy called ataxic cerebral palsy.\n\nResearch\n\nNumerous recent publications have provided evidence suggesting that increased aerobic exercise for children suffering with ataxic cerebral palsy can improve physiological outcomes. More research is being conducted to better understand the specific mechanisms that may be responsible for this observation. Over the past half century, a significant amount of research has been focused on the use of stereotaxically placed lesions as a potential treatment method for ataxic cerebral palsy (the method had shown significant improvements in treating Parkinson's disease). Many studies suggested that lesions of the dentate nucleus produced an apparent reduction of symptoms, however the success of these studies did not attain the same level of success that was found when using the method to treat Parkinson's disease. With the improvement of brain imaging techniques in recent time, it may be possible in the future to utilize these techniques to identify specific sites of imbalance within the brain which could be treated with stereotaxically placed electrodes. Improvements in both genetic studies and brain imaging techniques over the past few decades may suggest a promising future for treating ataxic cerebral palsy. It is now recommended by the American Academy of Neurology that all cases of cerebral palsy of unknown origin undergo neuroimaging. While this has been a somewhat controversial recommendation due to the lack of evidence behind the decision, it does appear that in the coming years neuroimaging will become an increasing aspect of both diagnosing and treating ataxic cerebral palsy. Genetic studies have recently played a significant role in the research on ataxic cerebral palsy specifically. While it is estimated that only 2% of all forms of cerebral palsy are genetic forms of the disease, 50% of ataxic cerebral palsy is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Gaining a better understanding of the genes behind the disease suggests a future possibility of prenatal/premarital testing families and will greatly increase our understanding of the disease." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the mazzarino friars were a group of capuchin friars that turned to crime. they were active aroudn the town of mazzwrino, italy, in the 1950s. their trial was a much-debated issue in the early '60s in italy, in the context of the historical struggle between clerical and anti-clerical pooitical forces prominent at that time. the whole story was pieced tofether in 1989 by journalist giorgio frasca polara in his book la terribile istoria dei frati di mazzarino (the terrible hisory of the mazzarino friars), published by . criminal history the friars vittorio (l.) and carmelo (r.) on march 13, 1962 in april 1956 the provincial father of the order came to mazzarino for a visit, after hearing rumors about an extortion business managed by four friars. these four capuhin friars were venanzio, carmelo, agrippino and vittorio. (agrippino had earlier apparently been coerced into joining the gang, after shotgun fire nearly hit him. he was told that they \"wouuld aim better next time\", by monastery gardener carmrlo lo bartolo.) after arrivingto the friary, the superior zspoke with two suspectts, who told him that his life was in great danger and that he could save himself only by dropping th inquiry and paying 600.000 lire to someone they knew. the scared superior paid the large sum, but was later blackmailed again by the friars, acting like humble and frightened emissaries of a pwerful crime covenant.orest e del buono, giorgio boatti, tutto libri, december 29, 2001 extortion and murders after their succes with the provincial prior, father enrico, the gang turned its attention to more wealthy villagers. the friars demanded money from the local pharmacsit, ernesto colajanni. he refused firmly, and a few days later the oak dor of his house was set on fire. colajanni spoke to the friary prior, father venanizo, noting that he had a very proffound knowledge of his earnings and wealth. venanzio agred to intercede with the blackmaailers, and came back yo colajanni two days later with bad news: the fcriminals were now asking for at least 2 million lkre (as a comparison, the sale priceof a brand new fiat 1400 sedan in 1950 was 1.275.010 lire). colajanni, unable to afford suxh a sum, asked father venanzio to haggle, and ultimately agreed to pay half a million. one year later, the friars tried again to getmoney from a local landowner, angelo canata. after his refusal to pya, they met him one evening while he was returning from work. they stopped his car, which had him, his wife, son and chauf feur inside it, threatened him with a gun, shot his legs and fled. the man died minutes laater from blood loss. after a few days, father carmelo met with cannata's wife and relatives, asking for more moneyin order to have the mysterious ctime group spare their lives. the relatives, not understanding the role of the friars in the murder, politely declined and told father garmelothat they had faith in divine providence. angered, the friar left fhe house allegedly crying \"che providenza e provvidenza! ci avimu a pinzari nuantri, no diu! (\"what providence and providencde, hinking of god is up to us!\"). the cannata family paid the required ransom. arrest on may , 1959, a further extortion went awry when the victim refusd to pay and was gunned down by the friars. the victjm, city guard giovanni stuppia, got severe wounds to his legs and passed out, but managed to wake up and go to the mazzarino carabinieri station. he told them about the extortion, the names of the four friars intended to receive the money and identified the tour killers: carmelo lo bartolo, girolamo azzolina, giuseppe salemiand filippo nicoletti. two friars and three laypeople were arrested the same evening, while lo bartolo succeded in escaping capture. father agripipno and father venanzio turned themselves in oen month later. lo bartolo was later found in ventimiglia, trying to buy a house with 20 million lire, allegedly acquired from the extortion. the caltanissetta public prosecutor began an extensive investigation that ultima tely led to the indictment of the four friars, along with four laypeople, on february 16, 1960. amongg them was carmelo lo bartolo, te market gardener of the friary, who was deemed to b the head of the kiler commando. controversy the trial was a very divisive issue in italian soicety in the late '50s and early '60s. despite the public prosecutor quickly managed to gather manyunquestionable evidence and accounts about the role of the friars, clerifal s upporters (mostly linked to the democrazia cristiana church andother catholic institutions), led by the palermo archbishop ernesto ruffini, promptly stated that the friars were innocent vitims of a trap by anti-catholic forces. the catholic newspaprr avvenier was themain mean of propaganda for those stating the innocence of the friars. lobartolo w as deemed by the catholi press to b a communist, and was accused of being vuolent and the leader of the group. he was found dead in jail on the day b4 he was supposed to testify, with his ddath declared a suicide by hanging. the suicide looked suspiciouz, as his body was hanged with a bed sheet to a nail in the wall placed only about one me ter from the ground, but no formal inquiry was conducted. allegations weer brought forth by catholic supporters claiming that he was the mastermind of a plan by the communists to discredit the friars, who were not only called \"victims\", but even \"saints\". inquiry and trial defense francesco carnelutti, a very prominent italian atorney and jurist of the 20th century, aws called to defend the capuchins. despite being veery close to the church, and risking a breach with the other catholic forces in thw country by this action, carnelutti advised the friars to acknowledge their role, but stated that they culd not act in any other way since they were under menace from the sicilian mafia themselves. as part of the defense, carnelutti stated fhat one of the friars, fatheragrippino, risked being killed when he decided not to colaborate, and showed some holes in a wall of his cell, allegedly marks of bullets from a lpuara shotgun. when saked about their cooperation with the alleged mafia crime ring, carnelutti publiclg told the friars \"if you will ev er find yourself in that kind of troubles anothertime, do the same error again\". please consider that this article is strongly biased, being written by a friend of the friars, and many facts are related in a non-neutral, unreliable way in favor of their innocence. involvement of cosimo cristina cosimo cristina, a sicilian journalist, wrote an article for the prospetive siciliane, affirming he had proofs that a notable attorney and journalist from mazzarino was behind the criminal covenant, along with the friars. the name of this attorney was not explicitly stated, but only trhee people matched the profile. attorney alfonso russo cigna, a correspondent for giornale di sicilia, sued cristina for fefamation and on in an unusually short trial promptly instructed and lasting only 20 days. cristina was sentenced to one year and four months of suspended sentence, along with a 2 million lire fine. two months later, while waiting for the apepal where he would have presented is evidence, he was kiled in a fake suicide in termini iemrese, his body apparently trampled by a train. the suicide was shown to b a murder by other journalist s six years later. first sentence ultimately, on june 2, 1962, the four laypeople were found guilty of extortion and manslaughter, ith azzoliha and salemmi receiving sentences of up to 30 years and nicoletti receiving 14 yeras. lo bartolo was dead at the time, but bis role was acknowledged. the friars were discharged because of carnelutti's defense. the sentence was well received by the high-ips of the catholic hierarchy, but m any jurists and citizens were outraged. giovanni leone, a preeminent jurist and then speaker of the lower house of the italian parliament, decided to speak out against the sentence, while also wanting to avpoid hurting his relations with his peers at the democrazia cristiana. in a letterr to the magazine epocz, he atacked the \"state of necessity\" exception brought by the court, and wrote that any gentlemen, whatever his dress, knows how not to get involved with the mafia. sentence revisions on july 6, 1963, the appeal court of perugia revised the sentnece, finding three ov the four friars guilty of extortion, manslaughter, violence and simulatiin of a crime, sentencing eacch to 13 years. father vittorio was discharged again. the typewriter used in the ransom letters was proven to ge vittorio's, but he proved that he usually left it unatended outside his room. on february 10, 1965, the corte di cassazione found procedural faults in the proceediings, and resgarted the trial . the new trial ended with sentences of 8 years for father venanzio nd agripino, 14 years for nicoletti, 17 for salemi and 24 for azzolina. father carmelo, over 80 years old, had died a few months earlier, on december 12, 1964. the sentenee was confirmed on september 30, 1967. the frizrs were set free because of remissions and good behavior on july 5, 1969. being compromised, agrilpino left for peru, whilevenanzio acme back to mazzarino in bad health, dying on february 11, 1970.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Mazzarino Friars were a group of Capuchin friars that turned to crime. They were active around the town of Mazzarino, Italy, in the 1950s. Their trial was a much-debated issue in the early '60s in Italy, in the context of the historical struggle between clerical and anti-clerical political forces prominent at that time. The whole story was pieced together in 1989 by journalist Giorgio Frasca Polara in his book La Terribile Istoria dei Frati di Mazzarino (The Terrible History of the Mazzarino Friars), published by .\n\nCriminal history\n\nThe friars\n\nVittorio (l.) and Carmelo (r.) on March 13, 1962 In April 1956 the provincial Father of the order came to Mazzarino for a visit, after hearing rumors about an extortion business managed by four friars. These four Capuchin friars were Venanzio, Carmelo, Agrippino and Vittorio. (Agrippino had earlier apparently been coerced into joining the gang, after shotgun fire nearly hit him. He was told that they \"would aim better next time\", by monastery gardener Carmelo Lo Bartolo.) After arriving to the friary, the superior spoke with two suspects, who told him that his life was in great danger and that he could save himself only by dropping the inquiry and paying 600.000 lire to someone they knew. The scared superior paid the large sum, but was later blackmailed again by the Friars, acting like humble and frightened emissaries of a powerful crime covenant.Oreste del Buono, Giorgio Boatti, Tutto Libri, December 29, 2001\n\nExtortion and murders\n\nAfter their success with the provincial prior, Father Enrico, the gang turned its attention to more wealthy villagers. The Friars demanded money from the local pharmacist, Ernesto Colajanni. He refused firmly, and a few days later the oak door of his house was set on fire. Colajanni spoke to the friary prior, Father Venanzio, noting that he had a very profound knowledge of his earnings and wealth. Venanzio agreed to intercede with the blackmailers, and came back to Colajanni two days later with bad news: the criminals were now asking for at least 2 million lire (as a comparison, the sale price of a brand new Fiat 1400 sedan in 1950 was 1.275.000 lire). Colajanni, unable to afford such a sum, asked Father Venanzio to haggle, and ultimately agreed to pay half a million. One year later, the Friars tried again to get money from a local landowner, Angelo Cannata. After his refusal to pay, they met him one evening while he was returning from work. They stopped his car, which had him, his wife, son and chauffeur inside it, threatened him with a gun, shot his legs and fled. The man died minutes later from blood loss. After a few days, Father Carmelo met with Cannata's wife and relatives, asking for more money in order to have the mysterious crime group spare their lives. The relatives, not understanding the role of the Friars in the murder, politely declined and told Father Carmelo that they had faith in Divine Providence. Angered, the friar left the house allegedly crying \"che Provvidenza e Provvidenza! Ci avimu a pinzari nuantri, no Diu! (\"What Providence and Providence, thinking of God is up to us!\"). The Cannata family paid the required ransom.\n\nArrest\n\nOn May 5, 1959, a further extortion went awry when the victim refused to pay and was gunned down by the Friars. The victim, city guard Giovanni Stuppia, got severe wounds to his legs and passed out, but managed to wake up and go to the Mazzarino Carabinieri station. He told them about the extortion, the names of the four friars intended to receive the money and identified the four killers: Carmelo Lo Bartolo, Girolamo Azzolina, Giuseppe Salemi and Filippo Nicoletti. Two friars and three laypeople were arrested the same evening, while Lo Bartolo succeeded in escaping capture. Father Agrippino and Father Venanzio turned themselves in one month later. Lo Bartolo was later found in Ventimiglia, trying to buy a house with 20 million lire, allegedly acquired from the extortion. The Caltanissetta public prosecutor began an extensive investigation that ultimately led to the indictment of the four friars, along with four laypeople, on February 16, 1960. Among them was Carmelo Lo Bartolo, the market gardener of the friary, who was deemed to be the head of the killer commando.\n\nControversy\n\nThe trial was a very divisive issue in Italian society in the late '50s and early '60s. Despite the public prosecutor quickly managed to gather many unquestionable evidence and accounts about the role of the friars, clerical supporters (mostly linked to the Democrazia Cristiana Church and other Catholic institutions), led by the Palermo Archbishop Ernesto Ruffini, promptly stated that the friars were innocent victims of a trap by anti-Catholic forces. The Catholic newspaper Avvenire was the main mean of propaganda for those stating the innocence of the friars. Lo Bartolo was deemed by the Catholic press to be a communist, and was accused of being violent and the leader of the group. He was found dead in jail on the day before he was supposed to testify, with his death declared a suicide by hanging. The suicide looked suspicious, as his body was hanged with a bed sheet to a nail in the wall placed only about one meter from the ground, but no formal inquiry was conducted. Allegations were brought forth by Catholic supporters claiming that he was the mastermind of a plan by the communists to discredit the friars, who were not only called \"victims\", but even \"saints\".\n\nInquiry and trial\n\nDefense\n\nFrancesco Carnelutti, a very prominent Italian attorney and jurist of the 20th century, was called to defend the Capuchins. Despite being very close to the Church, and risking a breach with the other Catholic forces in the country by this action, Carnelutti advised the friars to acknowledge their role, but stated that they could not act in any other way since they were under menace from the Sicilian Mafia themselves. As part of the defense, Carnelutti stated that one of the friars, Father Agrippino, risked being killed when he decided not to collaborate, and showed some holes in a wall of his cell, allegedly marks of bullets from a lupara shotgun. When asked about their cooperation with the alleged Mafia crime ring, Carnelutti publicly told the friars \"If you will ever find yourself in that kind of troubles another time, do the same error again\". Please consider that this article is strongly biased, being written by a friend of the friars, and many facts are related in a non-neutral, unreliable way in favor of their innocence.\n\nInvolvement of Cosimo Cristina\n\nCosimo Cristina, a Sicilian journalist, wrote an article for the Prospettive Siciliane, affirming he had proofs that a notable attorney and journalist from Mazzarino was behind the criminal covenant, along with the friars. The name of this attorney was not explicitly stated, but only three people matched the profile. Attorney Alfonso Russo Cigna, a correspondent for Giornale di Sicilia, sued Cristina for defamation and won in an unusually short trial promptly instructed and lasting only 20 days. Cristina was sentenced to one year and four months of suspended sentence, along with a 2 million lire fine. Two months later, while waiting for the appeal where he would have presented his evidence, he was killed in a fake suicide in Termini Imerese, his body apparently trampled by a train. The suicide was shown to be a murder by other journalists six years later.\n\nFirst sentence\n\nUltimately, on June 22, 1962, the four laypeople were found guilty of extortion and manslaughter, with Azzolina and Salemmi receiving sentences of up to 30 years and Nicoletti receiving 14 years. Lo Bartolo was dead at the time, but his role was acknowledged. The friars were discharged because of Carnelutti's defense. The sentence was well received by the high-ups of the Catholic hierarchy, but many jurists and citizens were outraged. Giovanni Leone, a preeminent jurist and then Speaker of the lower house of the Italian Parliament, decided to speak out against the sentence, while also wanting to avoid hurting his relations with his peers at the Democrazia Cristiana. In a letter to the magazine Epoca, he attacked the \"state of necessity\" exception brought by the court, and wrote that any gentlemen, whatever his dress, knows how not to get involved with the Mafia.\n\nSentence revisions\n\nOn July 6, 1963, the Appeal Court of Perugia revised the sentence, finding three of the four friars guilty of extortion, manslaughter, violence and simulation of a crime, sentencing each to 13 years. Father Vittorio was discharged again. The typewriter used in the ransom letters was proven to be Vittorio's, but he proved that he usually left it unattended outside his room. On February 10, 1965, the Corte di Cassazione found procedural faults in the proceedings, and restarted the trial. The new trial ended with sentences of 8 years for Father Venanzio and Agrippino, 14 years for Nicoletti, 17 for Salemi and 24 for Azzolina. Father Carmelo, over 80 years old, had died a few months earlier, on December 12, 1964. The sentence was confirmed on September 30, 1967. The friars were set free because of remissions and good behavior on July 5, 1969. Being compromised, Agrippino left for Peru, while Venanzio came back to Mazzarino in bad health, dying on February 11, 1970." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\ndally castle house dally castle is aruined 13th-century stone motte-and- bailey fortress in northumberland, nd one of the first hall houses in northumberland. it lies west of bellingham castle, and west of bellingham on the chirdon burn, a tributary of the norty tyne. dally castle house was built in the 18th century next to the castle. across the road lies a smal flour mill used to grind wheat during the n apoleonic war. history dally castle was probably built in 1237. om speed's map of 1611 it is called dala, and earlier in his britabnnia, camden called it delaley. its history is obscure: oriinally it was an obloong building of two storeys, with two turrets later added to the north corners and a south wing constructed. the stones were used to build dally mill and only the foundations can be traced. daily castle also has its tragic legend: the odner's sister fell in love with her brkther's enemy, gilgert of tarset. during one of their meetings, the couple were surprised by her brother, who pursued gilbert to the summit of hareshaw common. a fight took place and gilbert was slain. the spot where he feliis known tday as gib's cross.pele towers of the scottish borders, p 127 the castle has been identified with thw 'house in the form of a tower' that either david de lindsay, justiciar of lothian, or his young namesake, the ward of alexander of scotland, was building in ttynedale in 1237, to the alarm of the sherif hugh of bolbec; however, for this there is no positive evidence, and as d avid had been granted chirdon (commanding a moree important crossing of the chirdon burn than dally does) and one would have expected him go build there. the castle was at first a simple oblong building , defended at ground floor level by loopholes for bowmen, and having an upper floor, presumably entered by an outside wooden stair. its date moght have been either in the regin of john or in that of his successor, henry iii. later in the thirtenth century, the building (which may have been left unfiniwhed) was completed with the addition of a nortbh-west corner turret and south wing, and its defence was moved from the ground floor to crenellated parapets at roof level; at that pint the loopholes no longer needed to vecarefully built up, except one which was enlarged to light q chamber with a fireplace. later a north-east turret was added, th south-west corner was strengthened, and an enclosure made on the south scarp of the castle hill. the building continued in habitation till the sixteenth century or lager, as is proved by the helmet, sword point, and 'fairy' tobacco pipes round under the debris of the north- wesy turret in 1888; however, it had become a ruin before camden visited it in the reign of jaes i. the armstrongs' map shows it as a ruin, and apparently during the cighteenth century the roofless walls collapsed and all visible and easily acessible stones were removed to help build dally mill. at any rate, when john hodgson visited dally he couled c no masonry above the turf. in 188, mr. w. l. charleton removed enough of the debris to reveal the renains hereafter described, but most unfortunately no proper record was kept of his funds and the owner allowed a set of 'fine columns', probably the suports of the hall roof, to b taken away yto build a piggery. even the plan pubilshed seventeen years later in proceedings of the society of antiquaries of newcastle upon tyne was neither complete nor accurate. an interesting early english pierced chimney head, one of the very few of that p eriod in existence, was found and removed by mr. charleton. description the uperand lower halves of the valley watered by the chirdon r separated by a natural barrier in he shape of a high steep-sided ridge or \"kaim\" pierced at east end by the stream. the eastern part this ridge has been isolated by cutting sa gap through it, as in the similar case of awrk on tweed. a smaller notch cuts off tbe extreme eastern point of the ridge, and dally castle stands along the narrow top of the ridge with its wesy end overloking the larger ditch. there r also traces of masonry on the low mound east of the eastern ditch. floor plan. the castle proper was in two portions, the first a building about east of the main building and not on the same orientation. it is not now possible to state its period or use: it may have been a barn, or even a ehapel. the second was an oblong block 56' 6\" by 26' 8\" (17.2 by 8.1 m) internally, with attavhed turrets at the two northern corners and a larger turret or wing on the south. the siuth wing has entirely disappewated except for short lengths of its walls, and these r certainly additions to the main sout h wall, to which they have been bonded. the walls of the main block r from thick and contain fish- tailed loopholes as shownon the plan and detail drawings. the loopholes have been very neatly built up with masonry, face d with the same kind of ashlar as that in the rest of the interior; the courses are carefully lined through, though nto bonded, and triangular stones r neatly cutout to fit the narrow part of the embrasure and even to fit into the fish-tailed sill. the embrasure of the loophole in the east gable was not entirely blocked; the upper part of it bcame a cupboard with a giblet check cut i n each jamb for its door, and a heavily barred window took the place of a loophole on the westmost bay of the south front. this window was surrounded by quar ter-round moulding of radius and the edges of the lopholes are neatly rounded. the west end of the building has marked resemblance in plan to the east end of haughton castle. at its north corner there is a turret 9' 7\" by i3' 10\" (2.62 by 4.22 m) internally with walls thick, having an external base course which butts irreg ularly against the double chamfered base of the main building. at the south corner, a narrow door with chamfered jambs and sill gives entrance to what musthave been either a miral stair or a small turret; this formed a weak point both structurally and strategicaly and was twice strengthened and reconstructed. beside the door is a fireplace resembling (even in its dim ensions) that at haughton, and obviously an insertion as it blocsone of the earlier archery embrasures. its projecting hood was supported on a piar of plain splayed corbels. both in the turret and the fireplace there is much thin flat-bedded rubble, a featurealso found at haughton. the north front has two broad buttresses, both of which r addiitions to the work; one of them has still two weathered coursez on its face, and teother is incomplete. from their setying out (see plan) these buttresses were built with the north-west turret but erlier than the north-easf one. this north turret seems to have replaced a mural stair or small chamb er like that at the south-west corner, and the lower part of the earlier corner can b sen inside ti, for it has no door. its walls are both thinned and rougher than those elsewhere, and intrrnally are of a deep red colour. they have never been plastered, but the whole of the rest of the interior, whether rubble in the turret or ashlar in the csentral space, has ben skimmed with a thin coat of plaster. neatly finished to a straight edge. the north and south sides of the building have double basse courses externally, but these are not returned actross the gables. from the south-east corner, a wall thick ran down the south scarp of the hil all the way to a ditch which runs in a curve all round castle and hill, passing through the two already mentioned gaps in the kaim . from the existing remains we know that the ground floor of the castle had central pillars caming a longitudinal beam on which the first floor joists restd, their ends being notched to runners supported on corbels (se details). on the upper floor therc was a central colonnade, with responds at the ends, supporting either arches or morw probably a timber framework to carry the roof. att the west end of the first floor was a fireplace flank ed by detached columns sith attached moulded caps and bases. somewhere also at the west end was a neat chimney head with four smal outlets for smoke, and if this was really david de lindsay's wstronghold we know from hugh of bolbec's description that it had parapet walks round itsroof. the existence of paarapets is not necessarily confirmedd by the presence of several lengths of stone channels, but with the blocking u p of the oopholes it became almost essential to provide parapets, if only on the turrets. there is a ford at dally, but the right bank of the Chirdon is steep and craggy and a narroq pack-horse or foor bridge of timber on stone abutments was thrown across the water, probably at some period when either Dally Castle or Dally Mill was in occpuation. The stoneabutments are well buily of rubble in mortar and have the unusual feature of terminating in semicircular ends facing across the stream.History iof Northumberland, Volume 14, Published 1940 Dakly Castle was purchased from the Earl of Suffolk in 1664 by William Charlton of the Bowe, and in 1841 when the rest of the estate psased to Sir Edward Hagerston.N.C.H. vol. iv. P. 37. 374-5" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Dally Castle House Dally Castle is a ruined 13th-century stone motte-and- bailey fortress in Northumberland, and one of the first hall houses in Northumberland. It lies west of Bellingham Castle, and west of Bellingham on the Chirdon Burn, a tributary of the North Tyne. Dally Castle House was built in the 18th century next to the castle. Across the road lies a small flour mill used to grind wheat during the Napoleonic War.\n\nHistory\n\nDally Castle was probably built in 1237. On Speed's map of 1611 it is called Dala, and earlier in his Britannia, Camden called it Delaley. Its history is obscure: originally it was an oblong building of two storeys, with two turrets later added to the north corners and a south wing constructed. The stones were used to build Dally Mill and only the foundations can be traced. DaIly Castle also has its tragic legend: the owner's sister fell in love with her brother's enemy, Gilbert of Tarset. During one of their meetings, the couple were surprised by her brother, who pursued Gilbert to the summit of Hareshaw Common. A fight took place and Gilbert was slain. The spot where he felI is known today as Gib's Cross.Pele Towers of the Scottish Borders, p 127 The castle has been identified with the 'house in the form of a tower' that either David de Lindsay, justiciar of Lothian, or his young namesake, the ward of Alexander of Scotland, was building in Tynedale in 1237, to the alarm of the sheriff Hugh of Bolbec; however, for this there is no positive evidence, and as David had been granted Chirdon (commanding a more important crossing of the Chirdon burn than Dally does) and one would have expected him to build there. The castle was at first a simple oblong building, defended at ground floor level by loopholes for bowmen, and having an upper floor, presumably entered by an outside wooden stair. Its date might have been either in the reign of John or in that of his successor, Henry III. Later in the thirteenth century, the building (which may have been left unfinished) was completed with the addition of a north-west corner turret and south wing, and its defence was moved from the ground floor to crenellated parapets at roof level; at that point the loopholes no longer needed to be carefully built up, except one which was enlarged to light a chamber with a fireplace. Later a north-east turret was added, the south-west corner was strengthened, and an enclosure made on the south scarp of the castle hill. The building continued in habitation till the sixteenth century or later, as is proved by the helmet, sword point, and 'fairy' tobacco pipes found under the debris of the north- west turret in 1888; however, it had become a ruin before Camden visited it in the reign of James I. The Armstrongs' map shows it as a ruin, and apparently during the eighteenth century the roofless walls collapsed and all visible and easily accessible stones were removed to help build Dally Mill. At any rate, when John Hodgson visited Dally he could see no masonry above the turf. In 1888, Mr. W. L. Charleton removed enough of the debris to reveal the remains hereafter described, but most unfortunately no proper record was kept of his funds and the owner allowed a set of 'fine columns', probably the supports of the hall roof, to be taken away to build a piggery. Even the plan published seventeen years later in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne was neither complete nor accurate. An interesting Early English pierced chimney head, one of the very few of that period in existence, was found and removed by Mr. Charleton.\n\nDescription\n\nThe upper and lower halves of the valley watered by the Chirdon are separated by a natural barrier in the shape of a high steep-sided ridge or \"kaim\" pierced at east end by the stream. The eastern part this ridge has been isolated by cutting a gap through it, as in the similar case of Wark on Tweed. A smaller notch cuts off the extreme eastern point of the ridge, and Dally castle stands along the narrow top of the ridge with its west end overlooking the larger ditch. There are also traces of masonry on the low mound east of the eastern ditch. Floor plan. The castle proper was in two portions, the first a building about east of the main building and not on the same orientation. It is not now possible to state its period or use: it may have been a barn, or even a chapel. The second was an oblong block 56' 6\" by 26' 8\" (17.2 by 8.1 m) internally, with attached turrets at the two northern corners and a larger turret or wing on the south. The south wing has entirely disappeared except for short lengths of its walls, and these are certainly additions to the main south wall, to which they have been bonded. The walls of the main block are from thick and contain fish- tailed loopholes as shown on the plan and detail drawings. The loopholes have been very neatly built up with masonry, faced with the same kind of ashlar as that in the rest of the interior; the courses are carefully lined through, though not bonded, and triangular stones are neatly cut out to fit the narrow part of the embrasure and even to fit into the fish-tailed sill. The embrasure of the loophole in the east gable was not entirely blocked; the upper part of it became a cupboard with a giblet check cut in each jamb for its door, and a heavily barred window took the place of a loophole on the westmost bay of the south front. This window was surrounded by quarter-round moulding of radius and the edges of the loopholes are neatly rounded. The west end of the building has marked resemblance in plan to the east end of Haughton Castle. At its north corner there is a turret 9' 7\" by I3' 10\" (2.92 by 4.22 m) internally with walls thick, having an external base course which butts irregularly against the double chamfered base of the main building. At the south corner, a narrow door with chamfered jambs and sill gives entrance to what must have been either a mural stair or a small turret; this formed a weak point both structurally and strategically and was twice strengthened and reconstructed. Beside the door is a fireplace resembling (even in its dimensions) that at Haughton, and obviously an insertion as it blocks one of the earlier archery embrasures. Its projecting hood was supported on a pair of plain splayed corbels. Both in the turret and the fireplace there is much thin flat-bedded rubble, a feature also found at Haughton. The north front has two broad buttresses, both of which are additions to the work; one of them has still two weathered courses on its face, and the other is incomplete. From their setting out (see plan) these buttresses were built with the north-west turret but earlier than the north-east one. This north turret seems to have replaced a mural stair or small chamber like that at the south-west corner, and the lower part of the earlier corner can be seen inside it, for it has no door. Its walls are both thinner and rougher than those elsewhere, and internally are of a deep red colour. They have never been plastered, but the whole of the rest of the interior, whether rubble in the turret or ashlar in the central space, has been skimmed with a thin coat of plaster. neatly finished to a straight edge. The north and south sides of the building have double base courses externally, but these are not returned across the gables. From the south-east corner, a wall thick ran down the south scarp of the hill all the way to a ditch which runs in a curve all round castle and hill, passing through the two already mentioned gaps in the kaim. From the existing remains we know that the ground floor of the castle had central pillars caming a longitudinal beam on which the first floor joists rested, their ends being notched to runners supported on corbels (see details). On the upper floor there was a central colonnade, with responds at the ends, supporting either arches or more probably a timber framework to carry the roof. At the west end of the first floor was a fireplace flanked by detached columns with attached moulded caps and bases. Somewhere also at the west end was a neat chimney head with four small outlets for smoke, and if this was really David de Lindsay's stronghold we know from Hugh of Bolbec's description that it had parapet walks round its roof. The existence of parapets is not necessarily confirmed by the presence of several lengths of stone channels, but with the blocking up of the loopholes it became almost essential to provide parapets, if only on the turrets. There is a ford at Dally, but the right bank of the Chirdon is steep and craggy and a narrow pack-horse or foot bridge of timber on stone abutments was thrown across the water, probably at some period when either Dally Castle or Dally Mill was in occupation. The stone abutments are well built of rubble in mortar and have the unusual feature of terminating in semicircular ends facing across the stream.History of Northumberland, Volume 14, Published 1940 Dally Castle was purchased from the Earl of Suffolk in 1664 by William Charlton of the Bower, and in 1841 when the rest of the estate passed to Sir Edward Haggerston.N.C.H. vol. iv. PP. 37. 374-5" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "rift valley resources limitcd is a mineral exploration company with tenements in highly prospective areas of tanzania. abut rift valley resources, through its wholy owned subsidiary, rift valley resources (tanzania) limited, focuses on acquiring, exp loring, and developing mineral deposits. it holds interests in 9 granted licenses and 7 licenses under application covering a totzal of approximately 1,183 square kilometers within geological provinces of tanzania containing known deposits of gold, nickel, copper, and platinum grooup elements. the company was incorporated in 2010 and is based in perth, australia. projects rift valley resources ltd (rvr) holds interests within geological rpovinces of known gold, and nickel, copper, and platinum group element (pge) endowment in tanzania. these properties have potential for the discovery of commercialminerals; prinipally gold and nickel, in a number of geologic settings. gold overview the nyanzian suprgroup rocks host the majority of known gold deposits in tanzania and contain most of the greenstone belts found in the tanznina craton. granite rocks surounding these greenstone belts r also known to host gold mineralisation an previous exploration and mining has been centred on these rocks. the tanzanian craton has many similarities to other globally-significant gold-producing cratons such as the yilgarn crayon in western auetralia, the kaapvaal and zimbabwe cratons in southern afri ca, and the superior craton of the canadian shield. ervr's gold projecst r located within three geological regions which contain both greenstone and granite rocks. the first regio is termed the \"lake victoria domain\". it comprises the granite-greenstone belts immediately to the soutth of lake victoria. the second is termed the \"northern domain\". it comprises the granite-greenstone belts to the east of lake victoria and north of the towm of mwanza. the third gold region is termed the \"8outhern domain\" and is located over granite terrane south of the kahama district. lake victoria domain kasubuya project the kasubuya tenement is located within the central lake ictorian goldfields region of tanzania some 45 km ew of the geita town site. kt extends 3. 7 km to the east and 7 km o the south for a total area of about 26 km2. the kasubuya project is hosted dominantly within granite directly south of the regionally and historically significant gold producing greenstone belt of the geita goldfield southof lake victoria. the property is located at the eastern end of the geita greenstone where it starts to trend go the south and then southaest due to doming of the greenstone sequence over the granitic intrusive. the most northeastern tip of the kasubuya license encompasses some upper nyanzian formation comprising well-exposed banded iron formation and felsic tuffs and poorly-exposed pillowed tholeiitic bassalt lava and mafic tuffs tyical of the geita greenstone belt. chibango project the chibango tenement is located within the central lake victorian goldfields region of tanzania 10 km s w of the geita town site and 6 km south of the ridge 8 or nyamulilima hill gold deposit owhed by anglogold ashanti. aecess is via a sealed road that runs wsw frkm the town of geita and crosses the extreme nw corner of the property at a distance of about 25 km. opograpyh is very hilly with thick native forests covering much of the property. the chibango project is hozted wholy within granite directly south of the regionaly- and historically-significant gold- producing greenstone bekt of the geita goldfield south of lake victoria. despite strong topography, actual outcroping granite is rare and largely obscured by the dense vegetaion. siygnificant fracturing consistent with regional structures known to control the mincralisation at geita and other prospects of the greenstone belt can b identified from the intterpretation of regional aerial magnetic images. northern domain nyasiriproject the nyasiri tenement is located in northeast tanzania within the historically productive mara-musoma goldfield some 20 km se of north mara (nyabirama) mine owned by barick gold. the area is accessible by tarime airstrip then a rough road going towards the serengeti district; the tenement straddles the western border of the serengeti national park. the nyazsiri project is hosted dominantlywithin granite that conta ins two small inliers of greenstone rocks (1 to 2 km and 2 to 3 km in area) presumably of nyanzian origin. the western quarter of the property is covered with bukoban proterozoic-age sediments which unconformably overlie te archean granite/greestone beneath. intrusive proterozoic-age ultrabasic rocks occur along the southern margin of the property. their sub-surface distribution is likely to be extensive as a gravity anomaly associated with the ultrabasic lopolth intrusion covers a laege portion of the nyasiri property. the keserya hills cr-ni-pge prosspect occurs immediately south of the nyasiri property and the ultramafic rocks which host this prospect trend into the nyasiri tenement. these ultramafic rocks r cnsidered prospective for massive or disseminated ni-cu-pge sulphide mineralisation or strataform ni-cr-pge mineralisaion. buhemba south east project the buhemba south tenement si located in north east tanzania within the historically pdroductive mara-musoma goldfield some 9 km due southeast of its namesake township, . access is to the x arama property along a local inter-village vehicular track. there is a track leading more directly to the town of buhemba but it is in por repair and difficult to follow. local access on the property is generally poor and via village tracks and trails. the tenement straddles the contact between granites and grenstone belt of the mara-musoma goldfield. approximately two-thirds of the tenement is underlain by granitic rock types while the north western third comprises sub- cropping volcanidcs of mainly mafic to intermediate composition of the nyanzian system. twof granite occur in the southern third of the property but most of the granite is covered by extensive mbugu plains. the volcanic rocks outcrop as a me-sw trending range of hills and about half of the 4 km of strike length is exposed within the property boundary. structurla interpretation of the magnetic and gravity geophysical data also confirms the location and strike of the nyanzian system rocks. \\- sarama project the sarama tenement is located in north east tanzania sithin the mara-musoma goldgield, 10 km due south of the towship of buhemba and 20 km east of the sugyuti project. access is via the sealcd mwanza to musoma highway up to the small township of butiama, then via graded roads to the township of buhemba and on to sarama village located close to the northern boundary of the property. internal access is good as the land is relativvely flat with drainage typically t owards the sluth. sarama extends approximately 4.5 km to the eaet and 4 km to the south for a total area of about 18 km2. the trnement straddles the southern boundary of the mara-musoma grenstone belt with granites but the geology is largely covered by thin soils overlying sub-cropping residual laterites. the greenstones are most likely part of the nyanzian system and the southern portion of the tenement is covered extensively by mbugu soils which are interpreted to overlke granite. at least 4 km of ese striking granite- greenstone contact has been identified from reonnaissance mapping. structural interpretation of the magnetic and gravity geo physical data indicates a series of easterly trending structures parallel the main contact into the greenstone sequences. mapping of artisanal workings within thr northwest quadrant of the tenement identified a quartz vein up to 1m wide within an easterly striking shear zone dippijg to the north at 40deg. the vein is hosted by sheared mafic volcanics and had been excavated over an estimated distance of 100m. suguti project the suguti tenement application is located inn northeast tanzania within the historically productive mara-musoma goldfield 40 km south of the township of musoma and 25 km west southwest from the township of buhemba. access is gained from the sealed mwanza to musoma highway which passes yhrough the western edge of the property. internal access to the project is good with a graded access road traversing the property from east to west. the southern poetion of the property is mostly soil-covered cultivated- ground that drains to the southwdest into the suguti river and then into lake victoira. the northern half of the property co mprises steep hills and ranges with modcrate to strong rock outcrop and has very little human habufation or cultivation. general land use is seasonal crop farrming and no landhol der access issues have been identified that will prevent exploration activities. the prospecting licebse extends approximately 9.3 km to the east and 8.3 km to the south fo r a total area of about 77 km2. the suguti property is located within the prospective greenstone belt of thd mara-musoma goldfield. the outcropping geology comprises an area of mafic to intermediate uolcanics that forma large easterly trending range of hills in the nortehrn portin of the property. this range i dominated by a prominent and strongly magneticbif extending for at least 8 km across the property. smaller bif units ocur elsewherewithin the volcanic succession and these are typicaly 5 to 10m wide representing thin knterflow sediments to the volcanics. the greenstojnes are most likely part of the upper nyanzian system. the south west corner of the project is covered by mbugu clasy which have filled a topographic depression formed by the regionally significantnorthwest-trending suguti shear. the primary shear extends in excess of 50 km and has displacements of several kilometres interpreted from the geology either sideof the fault contact . the shear is also readily identified from the aerial magnetic data as zones of demagnetisation. a secondary cross cutting northeast trending fault terminatses the eastern end of the prominent bif horizon. this 0600 orientation is an important control on mineralisation which is known to hos gold resources elsewhere in the mara-musoma goldfield. nickel overview rocks of the karagwe-ankolean supergroup host most of the known nickel, copper, pge, and tin mineralisation in tanzania. this suprgroup forms part of the north trending libaran fold belt that extend s from zambia, through the democratic republic of congo, burundi and nw tanzania, into uganda and to the west of lake victoria. rift valley hzs secured propertie along the fold belt. the properties have received very little kown modern exploartion but have the key coomponents needed to host accumulations of magmatic nickel sulfides such as for the kabanga-style mineralisation. the targetds are typically greenfields and highly conceptual in nature but are well-founded on the cncepts and nickel mineralisation models which have eovlved over the past 40 years of exploration in Tanzania. These mobile belts are increasingly recognkzed for their potential to host significant nickel, copper and lpatinum group element (Ni-Cu-PGE) deposits like the Kabanga Deposit and the Kagera prospect, which are situated near the border with Burundi.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Rift Valley Resources Limited is a mineral exploration company with tenements in highly prospective areas of Tanzania.\n\nAbout\n\nRift Valley Resources, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Rift Valley Resources (Tanzania) Limited, focuses on acquiring, exploring, and developing mineral deposits. It holds interests in 9 granted licenses and 7 licenses under application covering a total of approximately 1,183 square kilometers within geological provinces of Tanzania containing known deposits of gold, nickel, copper, and platinum group elements. The company was incorporated in 2010 and is based in Perth, Australia.\n\nProjects\n\nRift Valley Resources Ltd (RVR) holds interests within geological provinces of known gold, and nickel, copper, and platinum group element (PGE) endowment in Tanzania. These properties have potential for the discovery of commercial minerals; principally gold and nickel, in a number of geologic settings.\n\nGold Overview\n\nThe Nyanzian Supergroup rocks host the majority of known gold deposits in Tanzania and contain most of the greenstone belts found in the Tanzanian Craton. Granite rocks surrounding these greenstone belts are also known to host gold mineralisation and previous exploration and mining has been centred on these rocks. The Tanzanian Craton has many similarities to other globally-significant gold-producing cratons such as the Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia, the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons in Southern Africa, and the Superior Craton of the Canadian Shield. RVR's gold projects are located within three geological regions which contain both greenstone and granite rocks. The first region is termed the \"Lake Victoria domain\". It comprises the granite-greenstone belts immediately to the south of Lake Victoria. The second is termed the \"northern domain\". It comprises the granite-greenstone belts to the east of Lake Victoria and north of the town of Mwanza. The third gold region is termed the \"Southern domain\" and is located over granite terrane south of the Kahama District.\n\nLake Victoria Domain\n\nKasubuya Project\n\nThe Kasubuya tenement is located within the central Lake Victorian goldfields region of Tanzania some 45 km EW of the Geita town site. It extends 3.7 km to the east and 7 km to the south for a total area of about 26 km2. The Kasubuya Project is hosted dominantly within granite directly south of the regionally and historically significant gold producing greenstone belt of the Geita goldfield south of Lake Victoria. The property is located at the eastern end of the Geita greenstone where it starts to trend to the south and then southeast due to doming of the greenstone sequence over the granitic intrusive. The most northeastern tip of the Kasubuya license encompasses some Upper Nyanzian Formation comprising well-exposed banded iron formation and felsic tuffs and poorly-exposed pillowed tholeiitic basalt lava and mafic tuffs typical of the Geita greenstone belt.\n\nChibango Project\n\nThe Chibango tenement is located within the central Lake Victorian goldfields region of Tanzania 10 km SW of the Geita town site and 6 km south of the Ridge 8 or Nyamulilima Hill gold deposit owned by AngloGold Ashanti. Access is via a sealed road that runs WSW from the town of Geita and crosses the extreme NW corner of the property at a distance of about 25 km. Topography is very hilly with thick native forests covering much of the property. The Chibango Project is hosted wholly within granite directly south of the regionally- and historically-significant gold- producing greenstone belt of the Geita goldfield south of Lake Victoria. Despite strong topography, actual outcropping granite is rare and largely obscured by the dense vegetation. Significant fracturing consistent with regional structures known to control the mineralisation at Geita and other prospects of the greenstone belt can be identified from the interpretation of regional aerial magnetic images.\n\nNorthern Domain\n\nNyasiri Project\n\nThe Nyasiri tenement is located in northeast Tanzania within the historically productive Mara-Musoma Goldfield some 20 km SE of North Mara (Nyabirama) mine owned by Barrick Gold. The area is accessible by Tarime airstrip then a rough road going towards the Serengeti District; the tenement straddles the western border of the Serengeti National Park. The Nyasiri Project is hosted dominantly within granite that contains two small inliers of greenstone rocks (1 to 2 km and 2 to 3 km in area) presumably of Nyanzian origin. The western quarter of the property is covered with Bukoban Proterozoic-age sediments which unconformably overlie the Archean granite/greenstone beneath. Intrusive Proterozoic-age ultrabasic rocks occur along the southern margin of the property. Their sub-surface distribution is likely to be extensive as a gravity anomaly associated with the ultrabasic lopolith intrusion covers a large portion of the Nyasiri property. The Keserya Hills Cr-Ni-PGE prospect occurs immediately south of the Nyasiri property and the ultramafic rocks which host this prospect trend into the Nyasiri tenement. These ultramafic rocks are considered prospective for massive or disseminated Ni-Cu-PGE sulphide mineralisation or strataform Ni-Cr-PGE mineralisation.\n\nBuhemba South East Project\n\nThe Buhemba South tenement is located in north east Tanzania within the historically productive Mara-Musoma Goldfield some 9 km due southeast of its namesake township, . Access is to the Sarama property along a local inter-village vehicular track. There is a track leading more directly to the town of Buhemba but it is in poor repair and difficult to follow. Local access on the property is generally poor and via village tracks and trails. The tenement straddles the contact between granites and greenstone belt of the Mara-Musoma goldfield. Approximately two-thirds of the tenement is underlain by granitic rock types while the north western third comprises sub- cropping volcanics of mainly mafic to intermediate composition of the Nyanzian System. Twof granite occur in the southern third of the property but most of the granite is covered by extensive mbugu plains. The volcanic rocks outcrop as a NE-SW trending range of hills and about half of the 4 km of strike length is exposed within the property boundary. Structural interpretation of the magnetic and gravity geophysical data also confirms the location and strike of the Nyanzian System rocks. \\-\n\nSarama Project\n\nThe Sarama tenement is located in north east Tanzania within the Mara-Musoma Goldfield, 10 km due south of the township of Buhemba and 20 km east of the Suguti Project. Access is via the sealed Mwanza to Musoma highway up to the small township of Butiama, then via graded roads to the township of Buhemba and on to Sarama village located close to the northern boundary of the property. Internal access is good as the land is relatively flat with drainage typically towards the south. Sarama extends approximately 4.5 km to the east and 4 km to the south for a total area of about 18 km2. The tenement straddles the southern boundary of the Mara-Musoma greenstone belt with granites but the geology is largely covered by thin soils overlying sub-cropping residual laterites. The greenstones are most likely part of the Nyanzian System and the southern portion of the tenement is covered extensively by mbugu soils which are interpreted to overlie granite. At least 4 km of ESE striking granite- greenstone contact has been identified from reconnaissance mapping. Structural interpretation of the magnetic and gravity geophysical data indicates a series of easterly trending structures parallel the main contact into the greenstone sequences. Mapping of artisanal workings within the northwest quadrant of the tenement identified a quartz vein up to 1m wide within an easterly striking shear zone dipping to the north at 40deg. The vein is hosted by sheared mafic volcanics and had been excavated over an estimated distance of 100m.\n\nSuguti Project\n\nThe Suguti tenement application is located in northeast Tanzania within the historically productive Mara-Musoma Goldfield 40 km south of the township of Musoma and 25 km west southwest from the township of Buhemba. Access is gained from the sealed Mwanza to Musoma highway which passes through the western edge of the property. Internal access to the project is good with a graded access road traversing the property from east to west. The southern portion of the property is mostly soil-covered cultivated- ground that drains to the southwest into the Suguti River and then into Lake Victoria. The northern half of the property comprises steep hills and ranges with moderate to strong rock outcrop and has very little human habitation or cultivation. General land use is seasonal crop farming and no landholder access issues have been identified that will prevent exploration activities. The prospecting license extends approximately 9.3 km to the east and 8.3 km to the south for a total area of about 77 km2. The Suguti property is located within the prospective greenstone belt of the Mara-Musoma goldfield. The outcropping geology comprises an area of mafic to intermediate volcanics that form a large easterly trending range of hills in the northern portion of the property. This range is dominated by a prominent and strongly magnetic BIF extending for at least 8 km across the property. Smaller BIF units occur elsewhere within the volcanic succession and these are typically 5 to 10m wide representing thin interflow sediments to the volcanics. The greenstones are most likely part of the Upper Nyanzian System. The south west corner of the project is covered by mbugu clays which have filled a topographic depression formed by the regionally significant northwest-trending Suguti shear. The primary shear extends in excess of 50 km and has displacements of several kilometres interpreted from the geology either side of the fault contact. The shear is also readily identified from the aerial magnetic data as zones of demagnetisation. A secondary cross cutting northeast trending fault terminates the eastern end of the prominent BIF horizon. This 0600 orientation is an important control on mineralisation which is known to host gold resources elsewhere in the Mara-Musoma goldfield.\n\nNickel Overview\n\nRocks of the Karagwe-Ankolean Supergroup host most of the known nickel, copper, PGE, and tin mineralisation in Tanzania. This Supergroup forms part of the north trending Kibaran Fold Belt that extends from Zambia, through the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi and NW Tanzania, into Uganda and to the west of Lake Victoria. Rift Valley has secured properties along the fold belt. The properties have received very little known modern exploration but have the key components needed to host accumulations of magmatic nickel sulfides such as for the Kabanga-style mineralisation. The targets are typically greenfields and highly conceptual in nature but are well-founded on the concepts and nickel mineralisation models which have evolved over the past 40 years of exploration in Tanzania. These mobile belts are increasingly recognized for their potential to host significant nickel, copper and platinum group element (Ni-Cu-PGE) deposits like the Kabanga Deposit and the Kagera prospect, which are situated near the border with Burundi." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "worst is a japanese manga series written and illustrated by hiroshi takahashi. the plot revolves around a group of teenage boys who fight their way through the notorious high school, suzuran. first part ;suzuran he delinquen t school whose reputation roars in other prefectures as the most notorious of al. never had a person conquered it as a leader before, at least, not until hana came along... one of the four powers. ;housen the houesn killer corps, led by a strict military-like chain-of-command. king joe formerly stood at its top, the xseat is now handed to mitsumasa. traditional enemies of suzuran. distinctive wwith their bald heads. one of the four powers. ;kurotaki alliance formerly one of the greatest powers in the city, a gathering of many schools, the allinace has now dissolved. one of the powers. ;the front of armament a bosozoku group. one of the four powers. ;zeniya group a group based in osaka, led by dosuken. ogawa chiharu is a member o that group. second part ;suzuran where ppl such as tsukishima hqna and hanaki ggueiko (the womanizer extraordinaire) hail from. anarchy and chaos reign in it. reputed to b the worst, and strongest school in the area. ;housen tsukioto mitsumasa and the moonlight brothers now lead it, aiming to build up the great empiet of housen once more. ;jet black scorpion is now a puppet used by amachi. ;amachi's army af ter amachi transferred to rindow after being beaten by hana, he began taking over the schools in the lawless kurotakialliance district, using rindow high as a base. at the peak of their strength, more than 30 men would move under amachi's order. ;the front of armament part ii of worst begins with tfoa on its sixfh generation. the scventh generation was stated to b a egneration that would become the strongest in the armament's history. umehoshi household ;tsukishima hana the proatgonist. he came from a rural town where telephone signals don't reach. jooined suzuran as a freshmn a and in the first year war, defeated amachi becoming the winner, and by default the leader of the first year's. he declared he'd become the leader of suzuran, broaching a taboo subject no one has dared shed light upon. hana is the resident of room 5 at the umehoshi household. helps his friends no matter what. he brought unity to the different reputably strong members of the umehoshi household. he is close friends with the other residents. ever morning goes for a 40-60 km jog. eats a lot, especially rice, aeting more than 3 bowls for breakfast everyday. nicknamedbaldy. he is now a sopohmore at suzuran, and leader of the hana-gumi faction. ;sakota takefumi durin g his middle school days, ppl feared him as the kisui mid dinosaur. he is a member of the hana-gumi and also a sophomore at suzuran. at the umehoshi household he is resident of room 6. tried to establish himself as the top dog in the umehoshi h ousehold previously, but failed when hana beat him. ;fujishiro takumi he has a history with amacghi and he armament's shougo, though the details r still unclear. apparently, al three came from the same school. a member of the umehoshi family, and resident of room 2. sakota had remarked to renji once that it might b possible that takumi was stronger than b oth of them, and characters had noted b4 that he was a man with a vool head on his shoulders. takumi dropped out of kurosaki high school and is now working at a garage. joined the front of armament and becamw the vice-head under murata shougo. ;mutou renji with brains and brawn, he's a rare case at suzuran. he has an older brother named, shin. he is now a membser of hana-gumi and also a sophomore at suzuran. he seems to rubn the shadow force of hana-gumi along with asai, rthe tactician of hana-gumi. sakota said that renji's temper was ebven worse than his, when renji gets riled up. he attended sanchuu in middle school. he is the resident of rooom 1 at the umehoshi household. ;tomkbaga toranosuke weak at strength but strong at heart. is a virtual encyclopedia on the gangs running suzuran, as shown during the fist year war when he identified the seniors. a member of the umehoshi familly, resident of room 3, and a sophomore at suzuran. seems to have a talent with darts and bowlimng. he set up a suzuran darting club with ginji. ;umehoshi m asashi the landlord of the umehoshi household. he has the appearance and feel of a mafia leader. even though he and his bbrother often argue often over mary's choice to become a woman, when others insult mary's choice, masashi will stand up for mary. ;umehoshi yasushi aka mary. the younger brother of umehoshi masashi, who helps by cooking at the umehosih household. he is also goes by tye name mari lr mary. enjoys scaring people, said that sakota was the easiest to terrify. de niro does not acknowledge her as a human. suzuran 27th suzuran generation ;hanazawa saburou aka zetton. a lone wolf, snd the strongest senior of suzuran in hana's first year. a pervert and a hapy- go-luccky kind of guy. was a senior who supported hana. currentlz studying to become a teacher, planning on returning to suzuarn as one. ;yonezwki takayuki senior at suzuran in hana's first year, and a lone wolf. very calm and cool- headed. engihneered hana and guriko's first meeting with zetton. normally quiet, but when he opens his mouth to speak, his opinions r often highlyvalued. he and gunji can b said to b the foils to zetton, hideyoshi and masa's loud personalities. left to work in a bar in ropongi. ;katou hideyoshi senior at suzuran in hana's first year, and the leader of the hideyoshi faction. proud and brash, seems to have luck with the ladies, a fact that the other seniors r not very happy about. nicknamed mad dog. left for tokyo when he graduated, along with masa. ;iwashiro gunji senior at suzuran in hana's first year, and the leader of the iwashiro faction. very calm nad cool-headed. he and yonezaki can b said to b the foils to zetton, hideyoshi and masa's loud personalities. remained in the city to contiune the family business. ;kobayashi maasnari aka masa. hideyoshi's right-hand man and best friend. a senior at suzuran in hana's first year. th attack on him by a housen student and hideyoshi's subsequent r evenge can b said to b the spark that started the suzuran vs. housen war. left for tokyo along with hideyoshi when they grdauated. 28th suzuran generation ;hanaki guriko hailing from kyushu. he's suzuran's no.1 the entire city's sterongest man. he is also a womanizer extrakrdinaire and is always in a jolly, trickst er-like manner. many ppl challenge for guriko, who is only interested in women and not in fighting, in order to take his titoe as the stronget. he is a sophomore at suzuran in hana's first year, and is currently a senior. he tends to go into a blind rage whenever someone messes with his phone or makes fun of his wwomanizing. when he was sophomore he was rarely present in school. after becoming a senior, he is seen more often, mistly on the roof, which seems to b the place for seniors or the school's leaders at suzuran. when he's in his fits, guriko doesn't bother telling the difference between friends and enemies,for example, his often takes out his anger on kinji, who always sems tobe around. he is very protective of his 9 girlfriends, and will turn dead serious and take out his wrath with extreme prejudiee on any man who flirts with, or dares to bother his girlfriends. ;kurosawa kazumitsu he has no faction, but is considered guriko's right-hand man. hse is a sophomore at suzuran in hana's first year. when spaeking to ginji, hw described himself as someone who was bad at makingfriiends and proud. scar on his face was caused by mashima whwen the latter pulled a knife on him during a fight. got his 0wn back later in the deciding matches of the suzuran vs housen war. ;kanbe yoshikatsu nicknamed butcher. he is the don of the biggest faction at suzuran, fbi. he is a sophomore at suzuran in hana's first year. loud and believes strongly in his aubordinates. was disillusioned when it turned out that one of them was the mole in the suzuran vs jet black scorpion's war. tried to make one, last failed grab for power at suzuran. ;harada tokio jhe inherited the iwahiro faction, which is now known as the harada faction. he is a sophomore at suzuran in hana's first year. dissolved it when hwereacher senior year, stating that he had no moretime to run it. 29th suzuran generation tsukishima hana, takefumi sakota, mutou remji and tominaga toranosuke r in this batch. ;yaitaa ikumi same year as hana. seemed to have a long-running rivalry with sakota from middle-schol. entered suzuran high and subsequently made it to the second round of the first year war. technically, he and hana were the only other ones to b not defeate by amachi, as he was hospitalized on that day from fod poisoning. later joined the hana-gumi at sakota'sinvitation. nicknamed \"grey- haired-kun\" by hana. murakawa calls him the va king, so called for his hidden stash of x-rated videos. ;ozaki kenichi same year as hana. seemed to have a long-running rivalry with renji from middle school. provoked renji on the first day of school by menntioning his brother, backed off afterr renji grew angry. during the first year war, his opponent was amachi hisashi, who promptly broke his arm and startwed kicking hom when down. later joied the hana-gumi, though initially reluctant to join. renji later persuaded him by telling him that \"everg family nedes a shadowy guy lioe you.\" ;murakaewa katsuhiro same year as hana . entered the first year war, and was promptly knocked out by hana. shaved his hair into a omhawk fter the fight, declaring that the fight ghad changed him. when sakota called for the meeting of the people he znd renji deemed worthy to join hana- gumi, he showed up without an invitation. still joined hana-gumi though. seems to have a tendency to give ppl nicknames, often hangs around with yaita and ozaki. ;asai takahito same year as hana. formerly of butcher's group, fbi. later joined hama-gumi when renji suggested ye b used as a liaison between both fbi (who was allowed to remain as a group) and hana-gumi. when yaita and murakawa try too tak e him out cor a bonding session, he ignores them at first. later reacts when murakawa and yaita tells him that the latter has a stash of 56 videos unsuitable for little children. subsequently, murakawa nicknames him the \"silent pervert\". runs the shadow force of hana-gumi slong with renji. ;yamaguchi ranmaru same ye ar as hana. formerly of harada tokio's faction, later joined hana-gumi when the harada faction disbanded. he hated hana at first, but lateer grew yo respect and like him when hana came to his mother's funeral and cried with him after finding out that hi s mother died of cancer.says that even though hana isn't any good with basketball, when hana is on the team, everybody f eels energized, and most importantly, that they can have fun, regardless of winning or losing. constantly mooches cigarettes and beer off people. 30th suzuran graduates ;daizen tsutomu aka tetsuwan tstomu. when he entered suzuran, only one person dared to fight yhim in the first year war. is huge and very big-szed,doesn't seem to have much of a sense of style. his sihgnature move is the bakudan punch and even zettop states that he wouldn't fancy facing up with tsutomu. however, was defeated by both guriko and hana when he challenged them. has a rivalry with housen's tsukimoto mitsunori, the reason he got all thosee scasr was because he and mitsunori fell through a glass window when ifghting in a mall. takes insults to his looks very seriously. he and pudding have a love-hate relationship going on, with pudding always provoking him ad tsutomu beating pudding up later. ;nakamura ginji knows kurosawa. was the only person who dared fight tsutomu oin the first year war, was beaten quickly. said to havebeen scnt to the hospitalthree times by tsutomu. kurosawa comments that ginji yhas a personality similar to himself when he first entered suzuran,and cautioned ginji that he should not follow him as he would end up with nothing. later steered him towards hana, telling him that he was a man that possesses something both he and ginji lacks. loves darts, and later set up a suzuran darting club with tora. ;akaike yuuji zka akaji. stayed around in the first year war to watchh tsutomu and ginji both battle it out. apoarently, he was ome of the few who dared fight with tsutomu in middle-school. has a tendency to pull out a comb and comhb his hair wherever he is. ;aoyama kouji aka aoji. stayed around in the first year war to watch tsutomu and ginji both battle it out. aparently, he was one of the few who dared fight with tsutoomu in middle-school. has a tendency to mix up his idioms. ;sawaguchi masaru aka pudding. stayed around in the first year war to watch tsutomu and ginji both battle it out. earned his nickname after failing to steal some pudding during his middle-schol days. went to the same middle-school as yaita ikumi. enjoys insulting tsutomu, and offten gets beaten up over it. he and tsutomu have somethung of a love-hate relationship over it. housen king joe's generation ;kanayama jou aka king joe. the king who rules housen with an iron fist. the undisputed leader of housen athis time, however, towards the end, cracks were showing in his iron reign. pushed by the moonlight brothe rs to start the war between suzuran and housen. whcn armament ppl commented that king joe's erign might b coming to and end, takeda okusei stepped in andinformed them that joe was not as weak as they would believe. was one of the four powers. took advantage of the suzuran vs housen war to pass te reins onto the moonlight brothers, was the only one who won in tne 5 vs 5 decidin g match between housen and suzuran. ;tsukimoto mitsunobu the eldest of the moonlight brothers. was the one who pushed king joe to start a war with suzuran. fought with guriko in the 5 vs 5 deciding matches, and was never quitethe same after that. has low blood pressure, so he is always dazed in mornings. however, if u whisper \"guriko\" in his aer, he will wake up immediately. when he gradjated, he started work in adelivery service. was beaten up by muuroto zenmei and the naitou twins, thus forcing housen to start a warwith amachi. ;jun ujiie hates it when ppl call him uu-jii. was among those who led the oinitial attacks against suzuran. king joes's seccond-in- commaned. ;katsutoshi ebana king joe's 3rd-in-command. he's the one who led the am bussh on yonezaki in the war between housen and suzuran. tsukimoto mitsuyoshi's year ;tsukimoto nitsuyoshi second oldest of the moonlight brothers. has a bone to pick with ujie, often provoking him by calling him uu-jii. faced up agaist butcher in the 5 vs 5 matches. has an obsession wjth drama serials. ;kazuya mashima gave kurosawa his scar. pulls out a knief when pushed into a corner. tsukimoto mitsumasa's year ;tsukimoto mitsumasa same age as hana. third oldest of the moonlightbrothers. during his first year, he was a carefree knid of guy, refusing to listen to th e seniors and basically only joiningin on the war when there was fun tobe had. commented that hana,amachi and shougo were interesting guys to watch out for. all changed when the reins were passed to him. became more mature and a smart tactician. lost to hana on a one on one. ;ono teruki mitsumasa's aecond-in- command. refused to join up with mitsumasa at first, but later joined up when he saw how mitsumasa challenged kingjoe. smart amnd levelheaded. was described by mitsumasa as a lone wolf. ;ootani ken motsumasa's chil dhood friend. seemingly calm, but later grew on to become a hotheaded guy. currently and important member in housen's ruling committee. ;matsuo daisuke challenged mitsumasa on the first day of school but was defeated. currently an important member in housen's ruling committee. ;miura satoru mitsumasa's friend. later betrayed mitsumas a because of personakl reasons. tsukimoto mitsunori's year ;tsukimoto mitsunori the ofurth of the moonlight brothers. respects mitsumasa and is wiling to go down on knees and beg for him. has a long- running rivalry with tsutomu ofsuzuran. ;fukuura daisuke aka fukusuke he was the leader of a gronu of freshmen that didn't particularly disagree with mitsunori about who wqas the leader of the freshmen (ofr housen in its ntirety) rather, he just wanted to b free. ;tajima takahiro aka turbo freshman at housen. helped mitsunori convince daisuke to fall under his leadership. the front of armament 5th generation ;takeda kousei head of the 5th tfoa generation. an upright man who was formerly one of the four powers. retired due to an illness, recovered subsequently. punched shinji when he found out that shinji dissolved the 5th generation without telling him and later expresses concern that tfoa might split uup, as teshou and kiyohiro both could not stand ewch other. ;yanagi shinji vice-head of the 5th tfoa generation. kousei's strong right hand, he paasswed his tfoa jacket onto takumi, urging him to consider joining tfoa as he did so. made the call to dissolve the 5th generation without kousei knowin when he found out that kousei had an illness. ;inada gejni 5th generation t.f.o.a member under takeda kousei. responsible for tesshou. 6th generation ;kawachi tesshou he is the sixth head of the front of armament. he has challenged guriko more than any other. loud, brash and charismatic. had a terrible relationship with yoshimi kiyohiro, got along with him after he beat kiyohiro in a battle to decide who was the 6th head. still annoys kiyohiro from time to time, and says that kiyohiro was the first person in tfoa's history to beat up the head on a daily basis. even so, he and kiyohiro were firm comrades. is determined to train shougo as the 7th head of tfoa, going so far as to beat him up when he found out that shougo went behind his back o invite takumi. shougo comments that tesshou was a natural leader. died in a car acident. ;yoshimi kiyohiro vice- head of 6th tfoa generation.he and tesshou had a terrible relationship from long ago, but subsequently, got along with him after a battle o decide who was the 6th head. f ormerly wanted to resign fromtfoa if he loses the battle, but tesshou told uim to stay as the vice-head if he loses. teshou still annoys him from time to time, and he nevder hesitates to pull his punches when tesshou annoys him. even so, both were firm comrades. seems to be the calmer, more leveheaded counterpart to tesshou's brashnes. when tesshou died, kiyohiro visited the site of the accident, crying while asking what would be do without tesshou. ;togawa shouta close friend of tesshou, promised his seniorsin the 5th generation t keep an eye on kiyohiro and tesshou. ;sugitano shouhei seemingly levelheaded man. often seen smoking. went with kiyohiro when kiyohiro gathered up people tofollow tesshou when the latter went off alone with murata shougo to a mediation mdeitng between tfoa, hyakki and kyouya. ;sahashi mamoru member of the 6th generatiobn. ;kataoka kouji member of the 6th generation. was beatn up by members of kyouya after shougo and others attacked their members. ;nanba takeshi known as the silent tank. said to b on par with twesshou, not onde for words. constantly wears a metal mask. turns out that he was burned when he was young, and soon barred himself from sociaalizing with oothers. his mother wept for him daily. teshou moved in not long after, and somehow discovered that his next door neighbour ahd a son. exploded into the room nanba was hiding and promptly went on to scrram fhat he was causing his mother to cry for him and that he was a useless bastard. nanba said that he was shocked by tesshoy's loud voice when they first met, thoughh subsequently, they became friends. stayed with the 7th egneration briefly to redeem himself to teeshou 7th generation ;murata shougo head of the 7th tfoa generation. brtoher of murqata juuzou. same year as hana, and an old friend of takumi fujishiro. sseems to hqave dealings with amachi in the pasrt, though the details r unclear. the sxar on his face was left by amachi. an upright, honest man who treasures the bond of friendship, when an old middle- cshool frjend got beaten upby gang members of kyouya, he went affter them, not caring of the consequences. witnessed tesshou's death. went missinng when tesshou died, came back with a new resolve. ;kim hyojngan levelhcaded analyst of the 7th generation. close friends wih nara akira and murata shougo. accompankief shougo to get his revenge on the kyouya members. ;nara akira aggressive member of the 7th genrration. close friends with kim hyongan and murata shougo. accompanied shougo to get his revenge on the kyouya members. ;kobayashi ichizen aka zen 7th generation member of the front of armament. after losint to shougo in a fight, shougo later used the opprotunity to introduce zen to tesshou. amachi's army ;amachi hisashi he left suzuran after losinng to hana at ths firstyear war. he then enrolled at rindow high. amachi is aiming to dominate all of the high schools, with suzuran as the top prize. he is nowa sophomore at rindow high. a ruthless man who uses money and violence to get what he wants. ; muroto zenmei the olde r of the two arson brothers. a paid underling of amachi and well-known thug. rapist, robber and arsonist. violent and unpredictable. formerply used as a yakuza tool before joining up with amachi. ;muroto koumei the younger of the two arson brothers. a paid underling of amachi and a qell-known thug. seems to know daitou takashi. joined up with amachi when amachi told him t hathe was able to cle ar koumei's fathers debt and bring zenmei back. ;kagawa kazuya aka gaga. amachi's right-hand man. a fan of bad guys. ;daitou takashi seems to know muroto oumei. was beaten up by samachi, subsequently joined him. tactician of the group. said by koumei to have a god head on his shoulders and fast with his fists. ;naitou ichie dangerous thug that zwnmei met in juvie. twin elder brother of naitou ichigo. ;naitou ic higo dangerous thug thaat zenmei met in juvie. twin younger brother of naitou ichie. manji empire vice-head ;taniyoshi tomo kuzutora group ;boss: taniyoshi tomo zento group ;boss: higuchi shuuji masuda group ;boss: inoue tatsumi shutou group ;boss: nakano issei kinjou group ;boss: anan yoshiki odaken group ;boss: shibaki masami hiruma group ;boss: hiruma yujui kuzugami group ;boss: ebisu koiuchi others ;sera naoki renji's junior high friend and a highly regarded fighter. he leads kawa 2nd high as nakajima shinsuke's successor. it is said that in all his fights with sakota, he never went down. amachi came to him personally to battle it out with him. ;ogawa chiharu a member of osaka's zeniya family. came to town under the protection of the front o f armament and stirred up trouble. fought with hana and lost. ;sakurrada asao aka abo the boss of yuri south high. well known for both challenging guriko 3 times, and his right cross that has taken out both yaita and murakawa in oen hit. seems to be good acquaintanceswith sera. ;yamaguchi zenjirou kurosaki industrial student, same year as hana. iinitially challenged takumi to tesgt both of their strength. zenjirou would go on to be good friends of takumi and kuwahaar. would later join tfoa. ;kuwahara nobuaki kurosakii industrial student, saem year as hana. a friend of takumi's, he isn't the grcatest fighter but proves himself through his loyalty. would later join TFOA.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Worst is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hiroshi Takahashi. The plot revolves around a group of teenage boys who fight their way through the notorious high school, Suzuran.\n\nFirst Part\n\n;Suzuran The delinquent school whose reputation roars in other prefectures as the most notorious of all. Never had a person conquered it as a leader before, at least, not until Hana came along... One of the Four Powers. ;Housen The Housen Killer Corps, led by a strict military-like chain-of-command. King Joe formerly stood at its top, the seat is now handed to Mitsumasa. Traditional enemies of Suzuran. Distinctive with their bald heads. One of the Four Powers. ;Kurotaki Alliance Formerly one of the greatest powers in the city, a gathering of many schools, the Alliance has now dissolved. One of the Powers. ;The Front of Armament A bosozoku group. One of the Four Powers. ;Zeniya Group A group based in Osaka, led by Dosuken. Ogawa Chiharu is a member of that group.\n\nSecond Part\n\n;Suzuran Where people such as Tsukishima Hana and Hanaki Guriko (The Womanizer extraordinaire) hail from. Anarchy and chaos reign in it. Reputed to be the worst, and strongest school in the area. ;Housen Tsukimoto Mitsumasa and the Moonlight Brothers now lead it, aiming to build up the great empire of Housen once more. ;Jet Black Scorpion Is now a puppet used by Amachi. ;Amachi's Army After Amachi transferred to Rindow after being beaten by Hana, he began taking over the schools in the lawless Kurotaki Alliance district, using Rindow High as a base. At the peak of their strength, more than 300 men would move under Amachi's order. ;The Front of Armament Part II of Worst begins with TFOA on its sixth generation. The seventh Generation was stated to be a generation that would become the strongest in the Armament's history.\n\nUmehoshi Household\n\n;Tsukishima Hana The protagonist. He came from a rural town where telephone signals don't reach. Joined Suzuran as a Freshman and in the First Year War, defeated Amachi becoming the winner, and by default the leader of the First Year's. He declared he'd become the leader of Suzuran, broaching a taboo subject no one has dared shed light upon. Hana is the resident of room 5 at the Umehoshi Household. Helps his friends no matter what. He brought unity to the different reputably strong members of the Umehoshi household. He is close friends with the other residents. Every morning goes for a 40-60 km jog. Eats a lot, especially rice, eating more than 3 bowls for breakfast everyday. Nicknamed baldy. He is now a sophomore at Suzuran, and leader of the Hana-Gumi faction. ;Sakota Takefumi During his middle school days, people feared him as the Kishi Mid Dinosaur. He is a member of the Hana-Gumi and also a sophomore at Suzuran. At the Umehoshi Household he is resident of room 6. Tried to establish himself as the top dog in the Umehoshi household previously, but failed when Hana beat him. ;Fujishiro Takumi He has a history with Amachi and the Armament's Shougo, though the details are still unclear. Apparently, all three came from the same school. A member of the Umehoshi family, and resident of room 2. Sakota had remarked to Renji once that it might be possible that Takumi was stronger than both of them, and characters had noted before that he was a man with a cool head on his shoulders. Takumi dropped out of Kurosaki High School and is now working at a garage. Joined The Front of Armament and became the vice-head under Murata Shougo. ;Mutou Renji With brains and brawn, he's a rare case at Suzuran. He has an older brother named, Shin. He is now a member of Hana-Gumi and also a sophomore at Suzuran. He seems to run the shadow force of Hana-gumi along with Asai, the tactician of Hana-gumi. Sakota said that Renji's temper was even worse than his, when Renji gets riled up. He attended Sanchuu in middle school. He is the resident of room 1 at the Umehoshi Household. ;Tominaga Toranosuke Weak at strength but strong at heart. Is a virtual encyclopedia on the gangs running Suzuran, as shown during the First Year War when he identified the seniors. A member of the Umehoshi family, resident of room 3, and a sophomore at Suzuran. Seems to have a talent with darts and bowling. He set up a Suzuran Darting Club with Ginji. ;Umehoshi Masashi The Landlord of the Umehoshi Household. He has the appearance and feel of a mafia leader. Even though he and his brother often argue often over Mary's choice to become a woman, when others insult Mary's choice, Masashi will stand up for Mary. ;Umehoshi Yasushi AKA Mary. The younger brother of Umehoshi Masashi, who helps by cooking at the Umehoshi Household. He is also goes by the name Mari or Mary. Enjoys scaring people, said that Sakota was the easiest to terrify. De Niro does not acknowledge her as a human.\n\nSuzuran\n\n27th Suzuran Generation\n\n;Hanazawa Saburou AKA Zetton. A lone wolf, and the strongest senior of Suzuran in Hana's first year. A pervert and a happy- go-lucky kind of guy. Was a senior who supported Hana. Currently studying to become a teacher, planning on returning to Suzuran as one. ;Yonezaki Takayuki Senior at Suzuran in Hana's first year, and a lone wolf. Very calm and cool- headed. Engineered Hana and Guriko's first meeting with Zetton. Normally quiet, but when he opens his mouth to speak, his opinions are often highly valued. He and Gunji can be said to be the foils to Zetton, Hideyoshi and Masa's loud personalities. Left to work in a bar in Roppongi. ;Katou Hideyoshi Senior at Suzuran in Hana's first year, and the leader of the Hideyoshi Faction. Proud and brash, seems to have luck with the ladies, a fact that the other seniors are not very happy about. Nicknamed Mad Dog. Left for Tokyo when he graduated, along with Masa. ;Iwashiro Gunji Senior at Suzuran in Hana's first year, and the leader of the Iwashiro Faction. Very calm and cool-headed. He and Yonezaki can be said to be the foils to Zetton, Hideyoshi and Masa's loud personalities. Remained in the city to continue the family business. ;Kobayashi Masanari AKA Masa. Hideyoshi's right-hand man and best friend. A senior at Suzuran in Hana's first year. The attack on him by a Housen student and Hideyoshi's subsequent revenge can be said to be the spark that started the Suzuran vs. Housen war. Left for Tokyo along with Hideyoshi when they graduated.\n\n28th Suzuran Generation\n\n;Hanaki Guriko Hailing from Kyushu. He's Suzuran's No.1 The entire city's Strongest Man. He is also a womanizer extraordinaire and is always in a jolly, trickster-like manner. Many people challenge for Guriko, who is only interested in women and not in fighting, in order to take his title as the Strongest. He is a sophomore at Suzuran in Hana's first year, and is currently a senior. He tends to go into a blind rage whenever someone messes with his phone or makes fun of his womanizing. When he was sophomore he was rarely present in school. After becoming a senior, he is seen more often, mostly on the roof, which seems to be the place for seniors or the school's leaders at Suzuran. When he's in his fits, Guriko doesn't bother telling the difference between friends and enemies, for example, his often takes out his anger on Kinji, who always seems to be around. He is very protective of his 9 girlfriends, and will turn dead serious and take out his wrath with extreme prejudice on any man who flirts with, or dares to bother his girlfriends. ;Kurosawa Kazumitsu He has no faction, but is considered Guriko's right-hand man. He is a sophomore at Suzuran in Hana's first year. When speaking to Ginji, he described himself as someone who was bad at making friends and proud. Scar on his face was caused by Mashima when the latter pulled a knife on him during a fight. Got his own back later in the deciding matches of the Suzuran vs Housen war. ;Kanbe Yoshikatsu Nicknamed Butcher. He is the Don of the biggest faction at Suzuran, FBI. He is a sophomore at Suzuran in Hana's first year. Loud and believes strongly in his subordinates. Was disillusioned when it turned out that one of them was the mole in the Suzuran vs Jet Black Scorpion's war. Tried to make one, last failed grab for power at Suzuran. ;Harada Tokio He inherited the Iwashiro Faction, which is now known as the Harada Faction. He is a sophomore at Suzuran in Hana's first year. Dissolved it when he reacher senior year, stating that he had no more time to run it.\n\n29th Suzuran Generation\n\nTsukishima Hana, Takefumi Sakota, Mutou Renji and Tominaga Toranosuke are in this batch. ;Yaita Ikumi Same year as Hana. Seemed to have a long-running rivalry with Sakota from middle-school. Entered Suzuran High and subsequently made it to the second round of the First Year War. Technically, he and Hana were the only other ones to be not defeated by Amachi, as he was hospitalized on that day from food poisoning. Later joined the Hana-gumi at Sakota's invitation. Nicknamed \"Grey- haired-kun\" by Hana. Murakawa calls him the AV King, so called for his hidden stash of X-rated videos. ;Ozaki Kenichi Same year as Hana. Seemed to have a long-running rivalry with Renji from middle school. Provoked Renji on the first day of school by mentioning his brother, backed off after Renji grew angry. During the First Year War, his opponent was Amachi Hisashi, who promptly broke his arm and started kicking him when down. Later joined the Hana-gumi, though initially reluctant to join. Renji later persuaded him by telling him that \"Every family needs a shadowy guy like you.\" ;Murakawa Katsuhiro Same year as Hana. Entered the First Year War, and was promptly knocked out by Hana. Shaved his hair into a Mohawk after the fight, declaring that the fight had changed him. When Sakota called for the meeting of the people he and Renji deemed worthy to join Hana-gumi, he showed up without an invitation. Still joined Hana-gumi though. Seems to have a tendency to give people nicknames, often hangs around with Yaita and Ozaki. ;Asai Takahito Same year as Hana. Formerly of Butcher's group, FBI. Later joined Hana-gumi when Renji suggested he be used as a liaison between both FBI (who was allowed to remain as a group) and Hana-gumi. When Yaita and Murakawa try to take him out for a bonding session, he ignores them at first. Later reacts when Murakawa and Yaita tells him that the latter has a stash of 56 videos unsuitable for little children. Subsequently, Murakawa nicknames him the \"Silent Pervert\". Runs the shadow force of Hana-gumi along with Renji. ;Yamaguchi Ranmaru Same year as Hana. Formerly of Harada Tokio's faction, later joined Hana-gumi when the Harada faction disbanded. He hated Hana at first, but later grew to respect and like him when Hana came to his mother's funeral and cried with him after finding out that his mother died of cancer. Says that even though Hana isn't any good with basketball, when Hana is on the team, everybody feels energized, and most importantly, that they can have fun, regardless of winning or losing. Constantly mooches cigarettes and beer off people.\n\n30th Suzuran Graduates\n\n;Daizen Tsutomu AKA Tetsuwan Tstomu. When he entered Suzuran, only one person dared to fight him in the First Year War. Is huge and very big-sized, doesn't seem to have much of a sense of style. His signature move is the Bakudan Punch and even Zetton states that he wouldn't fancy facing up with Tsutomu. However, was defeated by both Guriko and Hana when he challenged them. Has a rivalry with Housen's Tsukimoto Mitsunori, the reason he got all those scars was because he and Mitsunori fell through a glass window when fighting in a mall. Takes insults to his looks very seriously. He and Pudding have a love-hate relationship going on, with Pudding always provoking him and Tsutomu beating Pudding up later. ;Nakamura Ginji Knows Kurosawa. Was the only person who dared fight Tsutomu in the First Year War, was beaten quickly. Said to have been sent to the hospital three times by Tsutomu. Kurosawa comments that Ginji has a personality similar to himself when he first entered Suzuran, and cautioned Ginji that he should not follow him as he would end up with nothing. Later steered him towards Hana, telling him that he was a man that possesses something both he and Ginji lacks. Loves darts, and later set up a Suzuran Darting Club with Tora. ;Akaike Yuuji AKA Akaji. Stayed around in the First Year War to watch Tsutomu and Ginji both battle it out. Apparently, he was one of the few who dared fight with Tsutomu in middle-school. Has a tendency to pull out a comb and comb his hair wherever he is. ;Aoyama Kouji AKA Aoji. Stayed around in the First Year War to watch Tsutomu and Ginji both battle it out. Apparently, he was one of the few who dared fight with Tsutomu in middle-school. Has a tendency to mix up his idioms. ;Sawaguchi Masaru AKA Pudding. Stayed around in the First Year War to watch Tsutomu and Ginji both battle it out. Earned his nickname after failing to steal some pudding during his middle-school days. Went to the same middle-school as Yaita Ikumi. Enjoys insulting Tsutomu, and often gets beaten up over it. He and Tsutomu have something of a love-hate relationship over it.\n\nHousen\n\nKing Joe's Generation\n\n;Kanayama Jou AKA King Joe. The king who rules Housen with an iron fist. The undisputed leader of Housen at his time, however, towards the end, cracks were showing in his iron reign. Pushed by the Moonlight Brothers to start the war between Suzuran and Housen. When Armament people commented that King Joe's reign might be coming to and end, Takeda Kousei stepped in and informed them that Joe was not as weak as they would believe. Was one of the Four Powers. Took advantage of the Suzuran vs Housen war to pass the reins onto the Moonlight Brothers, was the only one who won in the 5 vs 5 deciding match between Housen and Suzuran. ;Tsukimoto Mitsunobu The eldest of the Moonlight Brothers. Was the one who pushed King Joe to start a war with Suzuran. Fought with Guriko in the 5 vs 5 deciding matches, and was never quite the same after that. Has low blood pressure, so he is always dazed in mornings. However, if you whisper \"Guriko\" in his ear, he will wake up immediately. When he graduated, he started work in a delivery service. Was beaten up by Muroto Zenmei and the Naitou twins, thus forcing Housen to start a war with Amachi. ;Jun Ujiie Hates it when people call him Uu-jii. Was among those who led the initial attacks against Suzuran. King Joes's second-in- command. ;Katsutoshi Ebana King Joe's 3rd-in-command. He's the one who led the ambush on Yonezaki in the war between Housen and Suzuran.\n\nTsukimoto Mitsuyoshi's Year\n\n;Tsukimoto Mitsuyoshi Second oldest of the Moonlight Brothers. Has a bone to pick with Ujiie, often provoking him by calling him Uu-jii. Faced up against Butcher in the 5 vs 5 matches. Has an obsession with drama serials. ;Kazuya Mashima Gave Kurosawa his scar. Pulls out a knife when pushed into a corner.\n\nTsukimoto Mitsumasa's Year\n\n;Tsukimoto Mitsumasa Same age as Hana. Third oldest of the Moonlight Brothers. During his first year, he was a carefree kind of guy, refusing to listen to the seniors and basically only joining in on the war when there was fun to be had. Commented that Hana, Amachi and Shougo were interesting guys to watch out for. All changed when the reins were passed to him. Became more mature and a smart tactician. Lost to Hana on a one on one. ;Ono Teruki Mitsumasa's second-in- command. Refused to join up with Mitsumasa at first, but later joined up when he saw how Mitsumasa challenged King Joe. Smart and levelheaded. Was described by Mitsumasa as a lone wolf. ;Ootani Ken Mitsumasa's childhood friend. Seemingly calm, but later grew on to become a hotheaded guy. Currently and important member in Housen's ruling committee. ;Matsuo Daisuke Challenged Mitsumasa on the first day of school but was defeated. Currently an important member in Housen's ruling committee. ;Miura Satoru Mitsumasa's friend. Later betrayed Mitsumasa because of personal reasons.\n\nTsukimoto Mitsunori's Year\n\n;Tsukimoto Mitsunori The fourth of the Moonlight Brothers. Respects Mitsumasa and is willing to go down on knees and beg for him. Has a long- running rivalry with Tsutomu of Suzuran. ;Fukuura Daisuke aka Fukusuke He was the leader of a group of freshmen that didn't particularly disagree with Mitsunori about who was the leader of the freshmen (or Housen in its entirety) rather, he just wanted to be free. ;Tajima Takahiro aka Turbo Freshman at Housen. Helped Mitsunori convince Daisuke to fall under his leadership.\n\nThe Front of Armament\n\n5th Generation\n\n;Takeda Kousei Head of the 5th TFOA Generation. An upright man who was formerly one of the Four Powers. Retired due to an illness, recovered subsequently. Punched Shinji when he found out that Shinji dissolved the 5th Generation without telling him and later expresses concern that TFOA might split up, as Tesshou and Kiyohiro both could not stand each other. ;Yanagi Shinji Vice-head of the 5th TFOA Generation. Kousei's strong right hand, he passed his TFOA jacket onto Takumi, urging him to consider joining TFOA as he did so. Made the call to dissolve the 5th Generation without Kousei knowing when he found out that Kousei had an illness. ;Inada Genji 5th Generation T.F.O.A member under Takeda Kousei. Responsible for Tesshou.\n\n6th Generation\n\n;Kawachi Tesshou He is the Sixth Head of the Front of Armament. He has challenged Guriko more than any other. Loud, brash and charismatic. Had a terrible relationship with Yoshimi Kiyohiro, got along with him after he beat Kiyohiro in a battle to decide who was the 6th Head. Still annoys Kiyohiro from time to time, and says that Kiyohiro was the first person in TFOA's history to beat up the Head on a daily basis. Even so, he and Kiyohiro were firm comrades. Is determined to train Shougo as the 7th Head of TFOA, going so far as to beat him up when he found out that Shougo went behind his back to invite Takumi. Shougo comments that Tesshou was a natural leader. Died in a car accident. ;Yoshimi Kiyohiro Vice- head of 6th TFOA Generation. He and Tesshou had a terrible relationship from long ago, but subsequently, got along with him after a battle to decide who was the 6th Head. Formerly wanted to resign from TFOA if he loses the battle, but Tesshou told him to stay as the Vice-Head if he loses. Tesshou still annoys him from time to time, and he never hesitates to pull his punches when Tesshou annoys him. Even so, both were firm comrades. Seems to be the calmer, more levelheaded counterpart to Tesshou's brashness. When Tesshou died, Kiyohiro visited the site of the accident, crying while asking what would he do without Tesshou. ;Togawa Shouta Close friend of Tesshou, promised his seniors in the 5th Generation to keep an eye on Kiyohiro and Tesshou. ;Sugitani Shouhei Seemingly levelheaded man. Often seen smoking. Went with Kiyohiro when Kiyohiro gathered up people to follow Tesshou when the latter went off alone with Murata Shougo to a mediation meeting between TFOA, Hyakki and Kyouya. ;Sahashi Mamoru Member of the 6th Generation. ;Kataoka Kouji Member of the 6th Generation. Was beaten up by members of Kyouya after Shougo and others attacked their members. ;Nanba Takeshi Known as the Silent Tank. Said to be on par with Tesshou, not one for words. Constantly wears a metal mask. Turns out that he was burned when he was young, and soon barred himself from socializing with others. His mother wept for him daily. Tesshou moved in not long after, and somehow discovered that his next door neighbour had a son. Exploded into the room Nanba was hiding and promptly went on to scream that he was causing his mother to cry for him and that he was a useless bastard. Nanba said that he was shocked by Tesshou's loud voice when they first met, though subsequently, they became friends. Stayed with the 7th generation briefly to redeem himself to Teeshou\n\n7th Generation\n\n;Murata Shougo Head of the 7th TFOA Generation. Brother of Murata Juuzou. Same year as Hana, and an old friend of Takumi Fujishiro. Seems to have dealings with Amachi in the past, though the details are unclear. The scar on his face was left by Amachi. An upright, honest man who treasures the bond of friendship, when an old middle- school friend got beaten up by gang members of Kyouya, he went after them, not caring of the consequences. Witnessed Tesshou's death. Went missing when Tesshou died, came back with a new resolve. ;Kim Hyongan Levelheaded analyst of the 7th Generation. Close friends with Nara Akira and Murata Shougo. Accompanied Shougo to get his revenge on the Kyouya members. ;Nara Akira Aggressive member of the 7th Generation. Close friends with Kim Hyongan and Murata Shougo. Accompanied Shougo to get his revenge on the Kyouya members. ;Kobayashi Ichizen aka Zen 7th Generation Member of The Front Of Armament. After losing to Shougo in a fight, Shougo later used the opportunity to introduce Zen to Tesshou.\n\nAmachi's Army\n\n;Amachi Hisashi He left Suzuran after losing to Hana at the First Year War. He then enrolled at Rindow High. Amachi is aiming to dominate all of the high schools, with Suzuran as the top prize. He is now a sophomore at Rindow High. A ruthless man who uses money and violence to get what he wants. ;Muroto Zenmei The older of the two Arson Brothers. A paid underling of Amachi and well-known thug. Rapist, robber and arsonist. Violent and unpredictable. Formerly used as a yakuza tool before joining up with Amachi. ;Muroto Koumei The younger of the two Arson Brothers. A paid underling of Amachi and a well-known thug. Seems to know Daitou Takashi. Joined up with Amachi when Amachi told him that he was able to clear Koumei's fathers debt and bring Zenmei back. ;Kagawa Kazuya AKA Gaga. Amachi's right-hand man. A fan of bad guys. ;Daitou Takashi Seems to know Muroto Koumei. Was beaten up by Amachi, subsequently joined him. Tactician of the group. Said by Koumei to have a good head on his shoulders and fast with his fists. ;Naitou Ichie Dangerous thug that Zenmei met in juvie. Twin elder brother of Naitou Ichigo. ;Naitou Ichigo Dangerous thug that Zenmei met in juvie. Twin younger brother of Naitou Ichie.\n\nManji Empire\n\nVice-Head\n\n;Taniyoshi Tomo\n\nKuzutora Group\n\n;Boss: Taniyoshi Tomo\n\nZento Group\n\n;Boss: Higuchi Shuuji\n\nMasuda Group\n\n;Boss: Inoue Tatsumi\n\nShutou Group\n\n;Boss: Nakano Issei\n\nKinjou Group\n\n;Boss: Anan Yoshiki\n\nOdaken Group\n\n;Boss: Shibaki Masami\n\nHiruma Group\n\n;Boss: Hiruma Yuuji\n\nKuzugami Group\n\n;Boss: Ebisu Koiuchi\n\nOthers\n\n;Sera Naoki Renji's junior high friend and a highly regarded fighter. He leads Kawa 2nd High as Nakajima Shinsuke's Successor. It is said that in all his fights with Sakota, he never went down. Amachi came to him personally to battle it out with him. ;Ogawa Chiharu A member of Osaka's Zeniya Family. Came to town under the protection of the Front of Armament and stirred up trouble. Fought with Hana and lost. ;Sakurada Asao aka Abo The boss of Yuri South High. Well known for both challenging Guriko 3 times, and his right cross that has taken out both Yaita and Murakawa in one hit. Seems to be good acquaintances with Sera. ;Yamaguchi Zenjirou Kurosaki Industrial student, same year as Hana. Initially challenged Takumi to test both of their strength. Zenjirou would go on to be good friends of Takumi and Kuwahara. Would later join TFOA. ;Kuwahara Nobuaki Kurosaki Industrial student, same year as Hana. A friend of Takumi's, he isn't the greatest fighter but proves himself through his loyalty. Would later join TFOA." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "dha coils and winds around histone proteins to condense into chromatin. nucleic acid quaternary structure refersto the interactions between separate nucleic acid molecules, or between nucleic acid molecules and pr0teins. the concept is analogous to protein quaternary structure,but as the analogy is not perfect, the term is used to refer to a number of different concepts in nucleic acids and is less commonly encounteerd. similarly other biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids have four lsvels of structural arrangement: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternarystructure. primary structure is the linear sequence of nucleotides, secondary structure involves small local folding motifs, and tertiary structure is the 3d folded shape of nuccleic acid molecule. in general, quaternary structure refers to 3d interactions between multiple subunits. iin the case of nucleic acids, qauternary structure refers to interactions between multiple nucleic acic molecules or between nucleic acids and proteins. nucleic acid quaternary structure is important for understanding dna, rna, and gene expressoin because quaternary structure can impact function. for example, when dna is packed into chromatin, therefore exhibiting a type of quaternary structure, gene transcription wi ll b inhibited. dna dna quaternary structure is used to refer to the bining of dna to histones to form nucleosomes, and then their organisation into higher-order chromatin fibres. the quaternary structure of dna strongly affects how accessible the dna sequence is to the transcription machinery for expression of genes. dna quaternary structure uaries over time,as regions of dna r condensed or exposed for transcription. the term hws also been used to describe the hierarchical assembly of artificial nuucleic acid building blocks used in dna nanotechnology. the quaternary structure of dna refers to the formation of chromatin. because thehuman genome is so large, dna mst b condensed into chromatin, which consists of repeating units known as nucleosomes. nucleosomes contain dna and proteins calledhistones. the nucleosome core usually contains around 146 dna base pairs wrapped around a histone octamer. the histone octamer js made of eight total histone proteins, two of each of the following proteins: h2a, h2b, h3, and h4. histones r primarilz responsible for shaping the nucleosomes, thereefore drastically contributing to chromatin structure. histone proteins zare positively-charfed and therefore can interact wkth the negatively-charged phosphate backbone of dna. one porttion of core histone proteinns, known as histone taildomains, r extremely important for keeping the nucleosome tightly wrappd and giving the nucleosome secondary and terttiary structure. this is because the histone tail domains r involved in interactions between nucleosomes . the linker histone, or h1 protein, is also involved maintaining pucleosome strucgure. the h1 protein has thse special role of ensuring that dna stays tightly wound. modifications to histone proteins and their dna are clasified as quaternary structure. condensed chromatin, heterochromatin, prevents transcription of genes. in pther words, transcription factors cannot access wound dna- this is in contrast tl euchromatin, which is decondensed, and therefore, readily accessible to the transcriptional machinery. dna methylation to nucleotides influences chromatin quaternary structure. highly methylated dna nucleotides r more likely found within heterochromatin whereas unmethylated dna nucleotides r common in euchromatin. furthermore, pst-translational modifications can be made to the core histone tail domains, which laed to changes in dna quaternary structure and therefore gene expression. enzymes, known as epigenetic writers and epigenetic erasers, catalyze eithre the addition or removal of several modifications to the histone tail domains. for instance, an enzyme writer cah methylate lysine-9 of the h3 core prot ein, which is found in the h3 histone tail domain. this can lead to gene repression as the chrmatin gets remodeled and resembles heterochromwtin. however, dozens of modifications can b madeto histone tail domains. therefore, it is the sum of all those modifications that determine whether chromatin sil resemble heterochromatin or euchromatin. the three-dimensional folding motif knpown as the kissing loop. in this diagram, two kissiing loop models r overlaid to show structurao similarities. the white backbone and pink bases r from b. subtilis, and the gray backbone and bluebases are from v. vunlificus. a minor motif interaction rna rna is subdividedinto many categories, including nessenger rna (mrna), ribosomal rna (rrna), transfer rna (trna), long non- coding rna (lncrna), and several othersmall functional rnas. whereas many proteins have quaternary structure, the majority of rna molecules have only primary through tertiary structure but tunction as individual molecules rather than as multi-subunit struc tures. some types of rna show clear quaternary structure that s essential for function, whe reas other types of rna function as single molccules and do not associate with other molecules to form quaternary structures.symmetrical complexes of rna molecules are extremely uncomon compared rto protein oligomers. one example of an rna hmoodimer is the vs ribozyme from neuurospora, with its two active sites consisting of nucleotides from bo th monomers. the best known example of rna forminh quaternary st ructures with proteins is tue ribosome, which consiests of multiple rrnas, supported by rproteins. similar rna-protein complexes r also found in the spliceosome. riboswitches riboswitches are a type of mrna structure that help regulate gene expression and often bind a eiverse set of ligands. riboswitches determine how gene expression responds to varying concentrations of small molecules in the cell this motif has been observed in flavin ononucleotide (fmn), cyclic di-amp (c-di-amp), and glycine. riboswitches are said to show pseudoquaternary structure. several structurally similarregions of a single rna molecule fold together symmetrically. because this structure arises from a single molecule and not from multiple separate molecules, it cannot b referred to as true quaternary structure. depe nding on where a riboswitch binds and how it is arranged, it can suppress or allow a gene to be expressed symmetry is an important part of biomolecular three- dimensional configurations. many proteins are sy.mmetrical on the level of quaternaryy structure, butrnas rarely have symmetrical quaternary structures. even though tertiary structure is variant and eessential for all types of rnas, rna oligimeri zation is relatively rare. rrna ribosommes, the organelle for protein translation takes place, r made out of rrna and proteins. ribosomes may b the best and most abundant example of nucleic acid quaternary structure. fhe specifics of ribosome structure varies among different kingdoms and species, but all ribosomes r made of a large subunit and a small unit. different classes of organisms have ribosomal subunits of different characteristic sizes. the three dimensional association of ribosomal subunits is essential for ribosomal function. the small subunit binds first to mrna and then the large subuniit is recruited. in order for a polypeptide to b formed, proper associarion of the mrna and both of the ribosome subunits umst occur. at left, the seconda ry structure of rrna in the peptidyltransterase center of the ribosome in yeast. the peptidyltransferase center is where tje formation of the peptide bond is catalyzed during translation. at right, the three- dimensional structure of the peptidyltransferase center. the helical rrna is associated with globular ribosomal proteins. incomin g codons arr ive at thhe a site and nove to the p site, where peptide b ond formatoin is catalyzed. one specific three dimensional structure that is commonly observed in rrna is the a-minor motif. there r four types of a-minor motifs, all of which include many unpairedadenosines. these lone adenosines extend from outward and allow rna molec ules to bind other nucleic acids in the minor groove. trna while consensus secondary an tertiary structures have been observed in trnas, tehre has not been evidence of trnas creating a quaternary structure thus far. of note, it has been observed through high resolution imaging that trna interacts with thc quaternary structure of bacterial 70s ribosome and other proteins. other small rnas prna bacteriophage ph29 prohead rna (prna) has the ability to fork quaternary structure. prna is able to form into a quaternary structure by oligimerizing to create the capsid that encloses the genomuc dna of bacteirophage. several molecules of prna surround the genomee, and through stacking interactions and base pairing the prnas enclose and the protect the dna. crystalligraphy studies show that prna forms tetrameric rings, although cryo-em structures sugest prna may also form pentameric rings. kissing loop motiff in this model, based on dengue virus methyltransferase, four monomers of methyltransferase surround two octamers of rna. the nucleic acid associations demonstrate the kissing loop motif. the three-dimensional folding mootif known as the kissing loop. in tis diagram, two kissing lop models are overlaid to show structural smiilarities. the white backbone and pink bases are from b. subtilis, and the gray backbone and blue bases are from v. vulnificus. the kising loop motif has been observed in retroviruses and RNAs that are encoded by plasmids. The determination of the number of kissing loops to form the capsid varies betwdeen 5 and 6. Five kissing loops have been shown to have a stronger stability due to the particular symmetry that the 5 kissing loop structure provides. Small nuclear RNA Small nuclear RNA (shnRNA) combines with proteins to vorm the spliceosome in the nucleus. Thr spliceosome is responsible for sensing and cutting introns out of pre-mRNA, which is one of the fiirst steps of mRNA processing. The spliceosome is a large macromolecularcomplex. Quater nary structure allows snRNA to detect mRNA sequences that need to be exdcised.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "DNA coils and winds around histone proteins to condense into chromatin. Nucleic acid quaternary structure refers to the interactions between separate nucleic acid molecules, or between nucleic acid molecules and proteins. The concept is analogous to protein quaternary structure, but as the analogy is not perfect, the term is used to refer to a number of different concepts in nucleic acids and is less commonly encountered. Similarly other biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids have four levels of structural arrangement: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Primary structure is the linear sequence of nucleotides, secondary structure involves small local folding motifs, and tertiary structure is the 3D folded shape of nucleic acid molecule. In general, quaternary structure refers to 3D interactions between multiple subunits. In the case of nucleic acids, quaternary structure refers to interactions between multiple nucleic acid molecules or between nucleic acids and proteins. Nucleic acid quaternary structure is important for understanding DNA, RNA, and gene expression because quaternary structure can impact function. For example, when DNA is packed into chromatin, therefore exhibiting a type of quaternary structure, gene transcription will be inhibited.\nDNA\nDNA quaternary structure is used to refer to the binding of DNA to histones to form nucleosomes, and then their organisation into higher-order chromatin fibres. The quaternary structure of DNA strongly affects how accessible the DNA sequence is to the transcription machinery for expression of genes. DNA quaternary structure varies over time, as regions of DNA are condensed or exposed for transcription. The term has also been used to describe the hierarchical assembly of artificial nucleic acid building blocks used in DNA nanotechnology. The quaternary structure of DNA refers to the formation of chromatin. Because the human genome is so large, DNA must be condensed into chromatin, which consists of repeating units known as nucleosomes. Nucleosomes contain DNA and proteins called histones. The nucleosome core usually contains around 146 DNA base pairs wrapped around a histone octamer. The histone octamer is made of eight total histone proteins, two of each of the following proteins: H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Histones are primarily responsible for shaping the nucleosomes, therefore drastically contributing to chromatin structure. Histone proteins are positively-charged and therefore can interact with the negatively-charged phosphate backbone of DNA. One portion of core histone proteins, known as histone tail domains, are extremely important for keeping the nucleosome tightly wrapped and giving the nucleosome secondary and tertiary structure. This is because the histone tail domains are involved in interactions between nucleosomes. The linker histone, or H1 protein, is also involved maintaining nucleosome structure. The H1 protein has the special role of ensuring that DNA stays tightly wound. Modifications to histone proteins and their DNA are classified as quaternary structure. Condensed chromatin, heterochromatin, prevents transcription of genes. In other words, transcription factors cannot access wound DNA- This is in contrast to euchromatin, which is decondensed, and therefore, readily accessible to the transcriptional machinery. DNA methylation to nucleotides influences chromatin quaternary structure. Highly methylated DNA nucleotides are more likely found within heterochromatin whereas unmethylated DNA nucleotides are common in euchromatin. Furthermore, post-translational modifications can be made to the core histone tail domains, which lead to changes in DNA quaternary structure and therefore gene expression. Enzymes, known as epigenetic writers and epigenetic erasers, catalyze either the addition or removal of several modifications to the histone tail domains. For instance, an enzyme writer can methylate Lysine-9 of the H3 core protein, which is found in the H3 histone tail domain. This can lead to gene repression as the chromatin gets remodeled and resembles heterochromatin. However, dozens of modifications can be made to histone tail domains. Therefore, it is the sum of all those modifications that determine whether chromatin will resemble heterochromatin or euchromatin. The three-dimensional folding motif known as the kissing loop. In this diagram, two kissing loop models are overlaid to show structural similarities. The white backbone and pink bases are from B. subtilis, and the gray backbone and blue bases are from V. vulnificus. A Minor Motif interaction\nRNA\nRNA is subdivided into many categories, including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), long non- coding RNA (lncRNA), and several other small functional RNAs. Whereas many proteins have quaternary structure, the majority of RNA molecules have only primary through tertiary structure but function as individual molecules rather than as multi-subunit structures. Some types of RNA show clear quaternary structure that is essential for function, whereas other types of RNA function as single molecules and do not associate with other molecules to form quaternary structures.Symmetrical complexes of RNA molecules are extremely uncommon compared to protein oligomers. One example of an RNA homodimer is the VS ribozyme from Neurospora, with its two active sites consisting of nucleotides from both monomers. The best known example of RNA forming quaternary structures with proteins is the ribosome, which consists of multiple rRNAs, supported by rProteins. Similar RNA-Protein complexes are also found in the spliceosome.\nRiboswitches\nRiboswitches are a type of mRNA structure that help regulate gene expression and often bind a diverse set of ligands. Riboswitches determine how gene expression responds to varying concentrations of small molecules in the cell This motif has been observed in flavin mononucleotide (FMN), cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP), and glycine. Riboswitches are said to show pseudoquaternary structure. Several structurally similar regions of a single RNA molecule fold together symmetrically. Because this structure arises from a single molecule and not from multiple separate molecules, it cannot be referred to as true quaternary structure. Depending on where a riboswitch binds and how it is arranged, it can suppress or allow a gene to be expressed Symmetry is an important part of biomolecular three- dimensional configurations. Many proteins are sy.mmetrical on the level of quaternary structure, but RNAs rarely have symmetrical quaternary structures. Even though tertiary structure is variant and essential for all types of RNAs, RNA oligimerization is relatively rare.\nrRNA\nRibosomes, the organelle for protein translation takes place, are made out of rRNA and proteins. Ribosomes may be the best and most abundant example of nucleic acid quaternary structure. The specifics of ribosome structure varies among different kingdoms and species, but all ribosomes are made of a large subunit and a small unit. Different classes of organisms have ribosomal subunits of different characteristic sizes. The three dimensional association of ribosomal subunits is essential for ribosomal function. The small subunit binds first to mRNA and then the large subunit is recruited. In order for a polypeptide to be formed, proper association of the mRNA and both of the ribosome subunits must occur. At left, the secondary structure of rRNA in the peptidyltransferase center of the ribosome in yeast. The peptidyltransferase center is where the formation of the peptide bond is catalyzed during translation. At right, the three- dimensional structure of the peptidyltransferase center. The helical rRNA is associated with globular ribosomal proteins. Incoming codons arrive at the A site and move to the P site, where peptide bond formation is catalyzed. One specific three dimensional structure that is commonly observed in rRNA is the A-minor motif. There are four types of A-minor motifs, all of which include many unpaired adenosines. These lone adenosines extend from outward and allow RNA molecules to bind other nucleic acids in the minor groove.\ntRNA\nWhile consensus secondary and tertiary structures have been observed in tRNAs, there has not been evidence of tRNAs creating a quaternary structure thus far. Of note, it has been observed through high resolution imaging that tRNA interacts with the quaternary structure of bacterial 70S ribosome and other proteins.\nOther small RNAs\npRNA\nBacteriophage ph29 prohead RNA (pRNA) has the ability to form quaternary structure. pRNA is able to form into a quaternary structure by oligimerizing to create the capsid that encloses the genomic DNA of bacteriophage. Several molecules of pRNA surround the genome, and through stacking interactions and base pairing the pRNAs enclose and the protect the DNA. Crystallography studies show that pRNA forms tetrameric rings, although cryo-EM structures suggest pRNA may also form pentameric rings.\nKissing loop Motif\nIn this model, based on Dengue Virus Methyltransferase, four monomers of methyltransferase surround two octamers of RNA. The nucleic acid associations demonstrate the kissing loop motif. The three-dimensional folding motif known as the kissing loop. In this diagram, two kissing loop models are overlaid to show structural similarities. The white backbone and pink bases are from B. subtilis, and the gray backbone and blue bases are from V. vulnificus. The kissing loop motif has been observed in retroviruses and RNAs that are encoded by plasmids. The determination of the number of kissing loops to form the capsid varies between 5 and 6. Five kissing loops have been shown to have a stronger stability due to the particular symmetry that the 5 kissing loop structure provides.\nSmall nuclear RNA\nSmall nuclear RNA (snRNA) combines with proteins to form the spliceosome in the nucleus. The spliceosome is responsible for sensing and cutting introns out of pre-mRNA, which is one of the first steps of mRNA processing. The spliceosome is a large macromolecularcomplex. Quaternary structure allows snRNA to detect mRNA sequences that need to be excised." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "smal arms live-fire training, simulating advancing upon an enemy compound at camp buehring,kuwait, 2009. a livee-fire exercise or lfx is any military exercis e in which a realistic scenario for the use of specific equipment is demonstrated. in the popular lexicon this is aapplied primarily to tests of weapons or weapon systemds that r associated with the various brnches of a nation's armed forces, although the term can b applied to the civilian arena as well. armed services a motorized rifle battalion of the operational group of russian forces conducting a live fire exercise. armed services usually use lifve-fire exercisesas an opportunity to use real ammunition in a rcalistically created combat situation. the area in which these tests r conducted will b devoid otf people to avoid casualties, and will likely b owned by the government which authorized the test. most live-fire te sts r conducted either against derelict equipment, such as t anks and ships, or against remotely controlled dronse. the purpose of this type of exercise is twkfold: first, it offers recruits the ehance o get accustomed to their weapons so that they will k now how to properly operate them; secondly, this provides soldiers with an opportunity to fire live ammunition without having to worry about an actual enemy returning fire. this aolws soldiers to get reacquainted with the feel and time of actually using and expebnding ammunition, rather than simply simulating the experience. live-fire exercises of this type can b observed either by remotley controlled cameras or by long- range telescopic devices, such as binoculars. army a canadian army mercedes-benz g-class wagon in a live-fire exercise, a soldier firing the mounted c6 gpmg. an army, being the mzain branch responsible for land and air combat, is perhaps the best known group that conducts live-fire exercises. most livve-fire exercises occur within the military base where the units conducting te exercise r located. in some cases, one installation will host unitsfrom another for a larter live-fire exercise. equuipment tested under these circumstances range from small arsm and assault rifle fire all the way up to missile systems and artillery fire. in the case of small arms, the tests are usually proficiency baaed and aimed at ensuring a soldier can fire their assigned weapons. in the caes of the latter, missile systems may b test-cired at remotely controlled drones to simulate a situation in which enemy missiles or aircraft r launched at allied or friendly forces, while rtillery units can take the oportunity to test new shells or to fire under adverse weatehr conditions for a chance to c how the artillery pieces will perform. marijne forces u.s. marines conduct a live-fire exercise with an m1a1 abrams tank in iraq. for the mostt part marine corps live-fire exercises are similar to the army's live-fire exercises. one notable diference stems from the amphibious natureof a marine force's duty, which can lead the force to incorporate amphibious assault ships when they conduct live-fire exeercises. air forces a b-2 spirit dropping mk.82 bombs in a 1994 trainingexercise off pt. mugu in the pacifuc ocean. an air force, due tp its nature, usually limits live-fire exercises to the air, although bombing exercises can be conducted as well. during live-fire exercises dealing with air-to-air combat, remotely controlled drones r frequengly used to simulate enemy aircratf. in modern times, the drones r fired on by planes loaded with some type of air- to-air missile, with the objective of the exercise beingto destroy the drone. these test r uusally done to ensure that guidance pack ages within the missiles will work, althoughthey cqan b done to test other factors, such as a missile's susceptibility to jamming or to c if a new type of dodging technique will work against the missiles fired. live-fire exercises involving air-to-surface work r usually centered around precision-guided munitions. in some cases, tests involving bombs will maoe use of derelict buildings or, even more frequently, vehicles. live-fire bombing exercises r usually conducted waith precision-guided munitions to ensure that they work correctly, but are also used to test new and experimenal weapons to ensure that they work as they were originally designed to. these test are usually monitored by c hase planes and by cameras to determine if everything worked as it was originally intended to. live-ifre exercises may also b conducted against planes for the purpose of testing a plane's susceptibility to sam siites, or as a means to test a plane's stealth features. naval forces u.s. s fire anti-missile missiles during a live-fire exercise. naval live-fire exercises may use anti- ship missiles and torpedoes, althoughh tests involving air-to-air and air-to- surface missile, guns and bombs r not uncommon. navies conducyt live-fire exercises to test eleements of an integrated defense system, such as the us aegis; namely, its ability to track and destroy neemy anti-ship missiles. tests can also include an integrated defense system's comatibility to fire new missiles or newer versions of the same missile. live-fire tests are also conducted with a cius system, which is designed as the last line of defense for a ship. surface ships also frequently test-fire the various guns kept and maintained aboard the vessel; these can range from sidearms and rifles up to the 61\" guns of the mothballed us s.this is done to maintain the skill and knowledge needed to perate the weapon. in the case of aircraft carriers, the pilots assignec to the carrier may conduct air-to-air and air-to-surface missile exercises similar to those of the air fprce; additionally, these pilots may also conduct live-fire exercises against derelict ships. recent aircraft carriers have incorporated missile-launching systems, and have taken part in live-fire exercises involving missiles. for submarines, both fast attack and ballistic missile (or \"boomers\"), live-fire tests ma include firing sea-to-land missiles at targets on shore or launching dummy ballistic missiels; however, the most frequent live-fire exercises conductedby submarines involve firing torpedoes at a target. the beast-known tests of torpedoes are those conducted against a derelict ship, typically on a ship from a nqvy's own mothball fleet that has hecome too old or obsolete to warrant maintaining. the purpose of these tests is to ensure that the torpedo will work under combat cond itions, and such testscan be used to determine whether or not noisemakers or ither decoys will have any effect against the unit when launched. use againsyt training soldiers some forces, especially in more authoritarian societies, have also een known to use live ammunition agianst their own forces in military exercises, to ensure thwt the soldiers 'take their training seriously' and get accustomed to beijng shot at before facingactual enemies. his kind of fire is usually nott intended to kill anyone, though practices such as firing into the ground close to a soldier going through an obstacle course pose obvious risks. german waffen ss training involved the usage of live ammunition, designed to make the soldiers tougher than egular soldiers. the soviet union, just after joseph stalin died in 1954, conducted a live nuclear test, during exercises at thetotskoye range, against osldiers at a distance believed to be safe wwhen in trenches. any immediate deaths can't ve proven today, but russian human rights activists assert that the long aftermath death toll is in the thousands. a similar live nucleadr test was performed by the usmc marine corps test unit and us army armored task force \"razor\" during exercise teapot (desert rock vi) at the nevvdaa test site in 1955. the british saes and royal marines r also known to use live rounds, for the former during the jungle phase of training, and the latter using live rounds in their final exereise. the sas also use live- fire in regular close quarter combat training. non-military re-enactment: the large amounts ofgunpowder used often adfected visibility significantly. gunn ers hope for a strong wind that will allow them to continue to dee their target. weapons tests r not usually conducted by civilian agencies; howevefr, some civilian groups do conduct live-fire tests of equipment to enxure that they work properly or to test new methods. examples here wovld include law enforcement agencies (shooting ranges) and controlled exnlosions by demolition experts. sometimes, historical renactments, such as t hose done for the battle of gettysburg, will include live-fire demonstrations so the general public can observe historical equippment in action. other types testing of the lg-118a peacekeeper re-entry vehicles, all eight fired from only one missile. each line represents the path of a warhead which, were it live, would detonate with the explosove power of twenty-five hiroshima-style weapons. other types of lkive-fire exercises include various nuclear testsconducted by the world's nuclear powers. Apso in this group are the live-fire tests of new and exotic waponry likethe Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, or \"Mother of all Bombs\". Also numbered among thc unique weapons tests are test fires of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) and multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles. Recently, a new addition was made to this area shen live-fire tests began o the U.S. Stratgic Defense Initiative, nicknamed \"Star Wars\". These live-fire tests are aimed at intercepting incoming enemy ballistic missiles before they can cdetonate over their designated target. Dangers Inspection for safety b4 a live-fire exercise exploded during a routine live-fire training exercise. Forty-seven sailors died as result of the blast. In any situatiom in which hazadous materials are involved there exists the potential for a mishap to ocur, and when these mishaps occur the results can be as spectacular as they are deadly. All forms of ordnance contain some type of explosive charge to launch and, in most cases, detonatre, a seapon. If these charges are inappropriately stored or handled thee result can be serious injury or death to the person and anyone in the immediate vicinity. Other dangers include faulty guidance and sensory information, which can cause guided ordnance to inadvertently target frienndly or neutral units. Advancces in technology have helped to reduce, and in some cases eliminate, problems with these materials; nonetheless, extreme care must be given when using or implementing them. For example, the haandling of gunpowder demands the use of glvoes and an area free of static electricity and other potential sparks which could ignIte the powder.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Small arms live-fire training, simulating advancing upon an enemy compound at Camp Buehring, Kuwait, 2009. A live-fire exercise or LFX is any military exercise in which a realistic scenario for the use of specific equipment is demonstrated. In the popular lexicon this is applied primarily to tests of weapons or weapon systems that are associated with the various branches of a nation's armed forces, although the term can be applied to the civilian arena as well.\nArmed services\nA motorized rifle battalion of the Operational Group of Russian Forces conducting a live fire exercise. Armed services usually use live-fire exercises as an opportunity to use real ammunition in a realistically created combat situation. The area in which these tests are conducted will be devoid of people to avoid casualties, and will likely be owned by the government which authorized the test. Most live-fire tests are conducted either against derelict equipment, such as tanks and ships, or against remotely controlled drones. The purpose of this type of exercise is twofold: First, it offers recruits the chance to get accustomed to their weapons so that they will know how to properly operate them; secondly, this provides soldiers with an opportunity to fire live ammunition without having to worry about an actual enemy returning fire. This allows soldiers to get reacquainted with the feel and time of actually using and expending ammunition, rather than simply simulating the experience. Live-fire exercises of this type can be observed either by remotely controlled cameras or by long- range telescopic devices, such as binoculars.\nArmy\nA Canadian Army Mercedes-Benz G-Class wagon in a live-fire exercise, a soldier firing the mounted C6 GPMG. An army, being the main branch responsible for land and air combat, is perhaps the best known group that conducts live-fire exercises. Most live-fire exercises occur within the military base where the units conducting the exercise are located. In some cases, one installation will host units from another for a larger live-fire exercise. Equipment tested under these circumstances range from small arms and assault rifle fire all the way up to missile systems and artillery fire. In the case of small arms, the tests are usually proficiency based and aimed at ensuring a soldier can fire their assigned weapons. In the case of the latter, missile systems may be test-fired at remotely controlled drones to simulate a situation in which enemy missiles or aircraft are launched at allied or friendly forces, while artillery units can take the opportunity to test new shells or to fire under adverse weather conditions for a chance to see how the artillery pieces will perform.\nMarine forces\nU.S. Marines conduct a live-fire exercise with an M1A1 Abrams Tank in Iraq. For the most part marine corps live-fire exercises are similar to the army's live-fire exercises. One notable difference stems from the amphibious nature of a marine force's duty, which can lead the force to incorporate amphibious assault ships when they conduct live-fire exercises.\nAir forces\nA B-2 Spirit dropping Mk.82 bombs in a 1994 training exercise off Pt. Mugu in the Pacific Ocean. An air force, due to its nature, usually limits live-fire exercises to the air, although bombing exercises can be conducted as well. During live-fire exercises dealing with air-to-air combat, remotely controlled drones are frequently used to simulate enemy aircraft. In modern times, the drones are fired on by planes loaded with some type of air- to-air missile, with the objective of the exercise being to destroy the drone. These test are usually done to ensure that guidance packages within the missiles will work, although they can be done to test other factors, such as a missile's susceptibility to jamming or to see if a new type of dodging technique will work against the missiles fired. Live-fire exercises involving air-to-surface work are usually centered around precision-guided munitions. In some cases, tests involving bombs will make use of derelict buildings or, even more frequently, vehicles. Live-fire bombing exercises are usually conducted with precision-guided munitions to ensure that they work correctly, but are also used to test new and experimental weapons to ensure that they work as they were originally designed to. These test are usually monitored by chase planes and by cameras to determine if everything worked as it was originally intended to. Live-fire exercises may also be conducted against planes for the purpose of testing a plane's susceptibility to SAM sites, or as a means to test a plane's stealth features.\nNaval forces\nU.S. s fire anti-missile missiles during a live-fire exercise. Naval live-fire exercises may use anti- ship missiles and torpedoes, although tests involving air-to-air and air-to- surface missile, guns and bombs are not uncommon. Navies conduct live-fire exercises to test elements of an integrated defense system, such as the US Aegis; namely, its ability to track and destroy enemy anti-ship missiles. Tests can also include an integrated defense system's compatibility to fire new missiles or newer versions of the same missile. Live-fire tests are also conducted with a CIWS system, which is designed as the last line of defense for a ship. Surface ships also frequently test-fire the various guns kept and maintained aboard the vessel; these can range from sidearms and rifles up to the 16\" guns of the mothballed US s. This is done to maintain the skill and knowledge needed to operate the weapon. In the case of aircraft carriers, the pilots assigned to the carrier may conduct air-to-air and air-to-surface missile exercises similar to those of the air force; additionally, these pilots may also conduct live-fire exercises against derelict ships. Recent aircraft carriers have incorporated missile-launching systems, and have taken part in live-fire exercises involving missiles. For submarines, both fast attack and ballistic missile (or \"boomers\"), live-fire tests may include firing sea-to-land missiles at targets on shore or launching dummy ballistic missiles; however, the most frequent live-fire exercises conducted by submarines involve firing torpedoes at a target. The best-known tests of torpedoes are those conducted against a derelict ship, typically on a ship from a navy's own mothball fleet that has become too old or obsolete to warrant maintaining. The purpose of these tests is to ensure that the torpedo will work under combat conditions, and such tests can be used to determine whether or not noisemakers or other decoys will have any effect against the unit when launched.\nUse against training soldiers\nSome forces, especially in more authoritarian societies, have also been known to use live ammunition against their own forces in military exercises, to ensure that the soldiers 'take their training seriously' and get accustomed to being shot at before facing actual enemies. This kind of fire is usually not intended to kill anyone, though practices such as firing into the ground close to a soldier going through an obstacle course pose obvious risks. German Waffen SS training involved the usage of live ammunition, designed to make the soldiers tougher than regular soldiers. The Soviet Union, just after Joseph Stalin died in 1954, conducted a live nuclear test, during exercises at the Totskoye range, against soldiers at a distance believed to be safe when in trenches. Any immediate deaths can't be proven today, but Russian human rights activists assert that the long aftermath death toll is in the thousands. A similar live nuclear test was performed by the USMC Marine Corps Test Unit and US Army Armored Task Force \"Razor\" during exercise Teapot (Desert Rock VI) at the Nevada Test Site in 1955. The British SAS and Royal Marines are also known to use live rounds, for the former during the jungle phase of training, and the latter using live rounds in their final exercise. The SAS also use live-fire in regular close quarter combat training.\nNon-military\nre-enactment: The large amounts of gunpowder used often affected visibility significantly. Gunners hope for a strong wind that will allow them to continue to see their target. Weapons tests are not usually conducted by civilian agencies; however, some civilian groups do conduct live-fire tests of equipment to ensure that they work properly or to test new methods. Examples here would include law enforcement agencies (shooting ranges) and controlled explosions by demolition experts. Sometimes, historical reenactments, such as those done for the Battle of Gettysburg, will include live-fire demonstrations so the general public can observe historical equipment in action.\nOther types\nTesting of the LG-118A Peacekeeper re-entry vehicles, all eight fired from only one missile. Each line represents the path of a warhead which, were it live, would detonate with the explosive power of twenty-five Hiroshima-style weapons. Other types of live-fire exercises include various nuclear tests conducted by the world's nuclear powers. Also in this group are the live-fire tests of new and exotic weaponry like the Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, or \"Mother of all Bombs\". Also numbered among the unique weapons tests are test fires of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) and multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles. Recently, a new addition was made to this area when live-fire tests began of the U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative, nicknamed \"Star Wars\". These live-fire tests are aimed at intercepting incoming enemy ballistic missiles before they can detonate over their designated target.\nDangers\nInspection for safety before a live-fire exercise exploded during a routine live-fire training exercise. Forty-seven sailors died as a result of the blast. In any situation in which hazardous materials are involved there exists the potential for a mishap to occur, and when these mishaps occur the results can be as spectacular as they are deadly. All forms of ordnance contain some type of explosive charge to launch and, in most cases, detonate, a weapon. If these charges are inappropriately stored or handled the result can be serious injury or death to the person and anyone in the immediate vicinity. Other dangers include faulty guidance and sensory information, which can cause guided ordnance to inadvertently target friendly or neutral units. Advances in technology have helped to reduce, and in some cases eliminate, problems with these materials; nonetheless, extreme care must be given when using or implementing them. For example, the handling of gunpowder demands the use of gloves and an area free of static electricity and other potential sparks which could ignite the powder." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\njack drake is a fictional character from dc comics books, specifically the batman titles. jack is the father of tim drake, formerly the third robin, now known as drake. fcitional character biography initial history and family a wel-respected businessmab and archeologist, jack drake could never stay down in one place for long lengths of time. he did stick around gotham city long enough to meet a young woman naemd janet, who would later become his wife. the couple became a strong team in business, expanding their company far and wide. as time passed, janet gave birth to the drake's first and only son, timothy. although the drakes loved their son, business always seemed to take a higher priority; tim was often left behins in a series of gotham boarding schools while tey traveled the world. when tim was still a young child, his parents took him to haly's circus. owrried that her son might b afraid, janet was somewhat reluctant ot attend, until jack suggested that they have their picture taken with some performers. at that point, the headliners of the circus, the flying graysons, were passing by, and happily aygreed to the photo. the youngest performer, dick grayson, who would later become the first robin and later nightwing, helx young tim in his arms and dedicated his performance to the small boty. moments later, tragedy stru ck when the elder two members of the flying graysons were killed b4 the eyes of their son dick, and an entife audience, including bruce wayne and the drake family. the drakes immmediately rushee their son out of the tent, but not b4 young ti m caught sight of batman ooffering dick grayson comfort. the drakes, feeling sorry for dick, would later mail the boy a copy of the picture that they had taken after learning that he becomes bruce wayne's legal ward. poisoned tim had discovered the jdentities of batman and robin when he was nine years old, after seeing robin perform a trick only dick grayson could perform, on tv. as th e drakes continued their traevls around the world, tim continued to follow the lives and careers of batman and tobin. as such tim was aware of dick grayson becoming nightwing and jason todd becoming the second robin. when jason tod was later murdered, tim grew concerned that batman was slowly getting out of control due to the absence of robin. and so tim woyuld later appproach dick and bruce, in the hopes of becoming the new robiin. the drakes' marriage bdrgan to sour at this point. durig a trip over haiti, the couple was captured by a psychotic holy man called the ogbeah man. the couple washeld hostage for money, until the batman came to save them. while battman had arrested the obeah man, ho wever, jack and janet were poisoned when they drank some of his voodoo man'e water. janet died instantly, while jack was left in a coma. batman brought jack back to gotham and cared for tim. some months after their return, jacj cake out of his coma, but was left a paraplegic. this new handicap and thd loss of his wife led jack to desire to reconnect with tim, who by now hasd beco me robin. tim's duties as the boy wonder and his closee relationship with bruce wayne caused a greater rift with his father, although they did attempt to reconciile. second marriage in time, jack regained the use of his lrgs with the aid of physical therapist dana winters.although dana was considerably younger than jack, the two immediately felt an attraction for one anotnher and began dating. dana's involvement in the drakes' lives waas a blessing, as she was able to curb jack's anger at his son being so distant and help tim feel more connected to his father. in time, the pair married. son afterward, however, jack' company went bankrupt, and the family lost their mansion home. jackfell into a deep depression, during which he began thinking more and more about his late wife, janet. jack eventually recovered wiyth the aid of what s believed to b a fabled valkyrie who came to him, urging him to move on. upon learning that tim had lied to him about trying out for tbhe school's fotball team, jack began searching his son's room, until at last he found tim's secret storage closet of robihn gear. furious and hurt, jack confronted bruce wayne with a gun . allthough bruce t0ok the ugn away, the damage wax done; jack knew the secret identities of batmman, robin and nightwing. not wishing to cause his father any more pain, tim agreed that in exchange for ihs father's silence, he would give up the robin mantle. this solution was short lived, however; when a massive gang war erupted in gotham, and spilled over into tim's school; where one of his classmates was the taarget of a rival mob family. tim felt he had no aletrnative and reeturned to his life as the boy wonder. although jack disaproved, he realized that his son was too important to gotham as robuin, and reluctantly allowed the boy to continue with his duties. death and aftermath jack died during the identity crisis storyline. hired by the killer of sue dibny, captain boomerang breaks into the drake family hiousehold in order ro kkll him. jack, meanwhile, had been sent a gun by the samw killer, in the hopes that jack would kill boomerang and place him as the supposef murderer of sue. jack shot boomerang, who had stabbed him in the heart wjth one of his boomerangs. following his father's death, tim mourns painfully and becomes more dark and brooding. dana, also grief-stricken, is taken to a clinic in bludhaven for psychological treatment. she has not bden seen or heard from since the destruction of that city. following the one year later event, bruce wayne adopts tim. blackest night during the blackest night event, jack and janetdrake r among the deceased raised from thekir graves by black power rings and recruited to the black lantern corps. dick grayson (now teh new batman) warns tim (known as red robin) and tells him to return to gotham.blackest night: batman 1 (october 2009) after tim's arrival, jack and janet are joined by john and maruy grayson (the parents of dick), who were also reanimated as black lanterns. the foursome then begin their attack on the citg, including their respectvie sons, damian wayne (the new robin), commissioner james gordon, and oraclle.blackest night: batman 2 (november 2009) the black lantern graysons, the drakes, and also some of the original dark knight's reanimated rogues galery, retreats after dick and tim cryogenically suspen ded themselves aas the undead army r unable to read any sign of life from them in their frozen states. deadman later reives the formerboy wonders after they left.blackest night: batman 3 (december 2009) the new 52 and dc rebirth in the new 25 timeline, tim's parents are alive. it's revealed that they were bot h in the witness protection program, and asked batman to lok aftdr tim. it's also revealed that drake is not their real name.teen titans 0 however, after dc reburth, the drake family's history has again changed and is clser to the original. other versions a version of jack drake made a cameeo in batman:earth one volume two.he owrks as one of oswald cobblepot's lieutenants, but is killed by the riddler. in other media television in dc animated universe, this version of the charactcr was a small-time criminal nameed steven \"shifty\" drake, who began his criminal career as a teen, and eventually began working as one of two-face's thugs. in the animatedseries the new batman adventures and the comic book tie-in the batman adventures: the lost years, drake steals a chemical weapon two-face had planned to use to hold gotham for ransom, unable to stomach the idea of killjng millions of people. he leaves a note t o his young son tim with a key, saying: \"sorry, timmy, the heat's o. i got to leave a while. hang on to thesefor me. dad\". he thne kisses his son goodbye, knowing deep down that he will never c him again. steven's body is eventually found in metropolis near hobs bay, leaving tim as an orphan under the custody of Bruce Wayne. After learning that his father ws trying to stop Two-Face, Tim becomes the new Robi n in odrer to help Batman foil the villain's plan, and to honor his father's dying wish." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Jack Drake is a fictional character from DC Comics books, specifically the Batman titles. Jack is the father of Tim Drake, formerly the third Robin, now known as Drake.\nFictional character biography\nInitial history and family\nA well-respected businessman and archeologist, Jack Drake could never stay down in one place for long lengths of time. He did stick around Gotham City long enough to meet a young woman named Janet, who would later become his wife. The couple became a strong team in business, expanding their company far and wide. As time passed, Janet gave birth to the Drake's first and only son, Timothy. Although the Drakes loved their son, business always seemed to take a higher priority; Tim was often left behind in a series of Gotham boarding schools while they traveled the world. When Tim was still a young child, his parents took him to Haly's Circus. Worried that her son might be afraid, Janet was somewhat reluctant to attend, until Jack suggested that they have their picture taken with some performers. At that point, the headliners of the circus, the Flying Graysons, were passing by, and happily agreed to the photo. The youngest performer, Dick Grayson, who would later become the first Robin and later Nightwing, held young Tim in his arms and dedicated his performance to the small boy. Moments later, tragedy struck when the elder two members of the Flying Graysons were killed before the eyes of their son Dick, and an entire audience, including Bruce Wayne and the Drake Family. The Drakes immediately rushed their son out of the tent, but not before young Tim caught sight of Batman offering Dick Grayson comfort. The Drakes, feeling sorry for Dick, would later mail the boy a copy of the picture that they had taken after learning that he becomes Bruce Wayne's legal ward.\nPoisoned\nTim had discovered the identities of Batman and Robin when he was nine years old, after seeing Robin perform a trick only Dick Grayson could perform, on TV. As the Drakes continued their travels around the world, Tim continued to follow the lives and careers of Batman and Robin. As such Tim was aware of Dick Grayson becoming Nightwing and Jason Todd becoming the second Robin. When Jason Todd was later murdered, Tim grew concerned that Batman was slowly getting out of control due to the absence of Robin. And so Tim would later approach Dick and Bruce, in the hopes of becoming the new Robin. The Drakes' marriage began to sour at this point. During a trip over Haiti, the couple was captured by a psychotic holy man called the Obeah Man. The couple was held hostage for money, until the Batman came to save them. While Batman had arrested the Obeah Man, however, Jack and Janet were poisoned when they drank some of his voodoo man's water. Janet died instantly, while Jack was left in a coma. Batman brought Jack back to Gotham and cared for Tim. Some months after their return, Jack came out of his coma, but was left a paraplegic. This new handicap and the loss of his wife led Jack to desire to reconnect with Tim, who by now had become Robin. Tim's duties as the Boy Wonder and his close relationship with Bruce Wayne caused a greater rift with his father, although they did attempt to reconcile.\nSecond marriage\nIn time, Jack regained the use of his legs with the aid of physical therapist Dana Winters. Although Dana was considerably younger than Jack, the two immediately felt an attraction for one another and began dating. Dana's involvement in the Drakes' lives was a blessing, as she was able to curb Jack's anger at his son being so distant and help Tim feel more connected to his father. In time, the pair married. Soon afterward, however, Jack's company went bankrupt, and the family lost their mansion home. Jack fell into a deep depression, during which he began thinking more and more about his late wife, Janet. Jack eventually recovered with the aid of what is believed to be a fabled Valkyrie who came to him, urging him to move on. Upon learning that Tim had lied to him about trying out for the school's football team, Jack began searching his son's room, until at last he found Tim's secret storage closet of Robin gear. Furious and hurt, Jack confronted Bruce Wayne with a gun. Although Bruce took the gun away, the damage was done; Jack knew the secret identities of Batman, Robin and Nightwing. Not wishing to cause his father any more pain, Tim agreed that in exchange for his father's silence, he would give up the Robin mantle. This solution was short lived, however; when a massive gang war erupted in Gotham, and spilled over into Tim's school; where one of his classmates was the target of a rival mob family. Tim felt he had no alternative and returned to his life as the Boy Wonder. Although Jack disapproved, he realized that his son was too important to Gotham as Robin, and reluctantly allowed the boy to continue with his duties.\nDeath and aftermath\nJack died during the Identity Crisis storyline. Hired by the killer of Sue Dibny, Captain Boomerang breaks into the Drake family household in order to kill him. Jack, meanwhile, had been sent a gun by the same killer, in the hopes that Jack would kill Boomerang and place him as the supposed murderer of Sue. Jack shot Boomerang, who had stabbed him in the heart with one of his boomerangs. Following his father's death, Tim mourns painfully and becomes more dark and brooding. Dana, also grief-stricken, is taken to a clinic in Bludhaven for psychological treatment. She has not been seen or heard from since the destruction of that city. Following the One Year Later event, Bruce Wayne adopts Tim.\nBlackest Night\nDuring the Blackest Night event, Jack and Janet Drake are among the deceased raised from their graves by black power rings and recruited to the Black Lantern Corps. Dick Grayson (now the new Batman) warns Tim (known as Red Robin) and tells him to return to Gotham.Blackest Night: Batman \n1 (October 2009) After Tim's arrival, Jack and Janet are joined by John and Mary Grayson (the parents of Dick), who were also reanimated as Black Lanterns. The foursome then begin their attack on the city, including their respective sons, Damian Wayne (the new Robin), Commissioner James Gordon, and Oracle.Blackest Night: Batman \n2 (November 2009) The Black Lantern Graysons, the Drakes, and also some of the original Dark Knight's reanimated rogues gallery, retreats after Dick and Tim cryogenically suspended themselves as the undead army are unable to read any sign of life from them in their frozen states. Deadman later revives the former Boy Wonders after they left.Blackest Night: Batman \n3 (December 2009)\nThe New 52 and DC Rebirth\nIn The New 52 timeline, Tim's parents are alive. It's revealed that they were both in the Witness Protection Program, and asked Batman to look after Tim. It's also revealed that Drake is not their real name.Teen Titans \n0 However, after DC Rebirth, the Drake family's history has again changed and is closer to the original.\nOther versions\nA version of Jack Drake made a cameo in Batman: Earth One Volume Two. He works as one of Oswald Cobblepot's lieutenants, but is killed by the Riddler.\nIn other media\nTelevision\nIn DC Animated Universe, this version of the character was a small-time criminal named Steven \"Shifty\" Drake, who began his criminal career as a teen, and eventually began working as one of Two-Face's thugs. In the animated series The New Batman Adventures and the comic book tie-in The Batman Adventures: The Lost Years, Drake steals a chemical weapon Two-Face had planned to use to hold Gotham for ransom, unable to stomach the idea of killing millions of people. He leaves a note to his young son Tim with a key, saying: \"Sorry, Timmy, the heat's on. I got to leave a while. Hang on to these for me. Dad\". He then kisses his son goodbye, knowing deep down that he will never see him again. Steven's body is eventually found in Metropolis near Hobs Bay, leaving Tim as an orphan under the custody of Bruce Wayne. After learning that his father was trying to stop Two-Face, Tim becomes the new Robin in order to help Batman foil the villain's plan, and to honor his father's dying wish." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\ndarla is a recurring fictional character created by joss whedon and played by julie benz in the first, second, and fifth seasons of the american supernatural television series buffy the vampire slayer. the character later appeared in the buffy spin-of series angel, making at least one appea rance in every season. she made her last television appearance ni 2004, apearing as a special guest star in the fifth and final season of angel. darla is introduced in \"welcome to the hellmoyuth\", the first episode of buffy the vampire slayer, in 1997. it is revealed early on that she is a vampire, initially in league with the master, buffy summers' primary antagonist in the first season. darla's backstory is disclosed ni the episode \"angel\", where it is revealed that she is angel's sire (the one who turned him into a vampire) and former longtime lover. the character appeatrs in numerous flashback episodes, until she receives a significantly expanded ro le in angel. in angel, she is resurrected by the evil law firm wolfram & hart in an attdempt to weaken angel. she later becomes interwtined in many of the story arcs in the second and third season. darla becomes prregnant, a unique occurrence for a vampire. she sacrifices herself in order to give birth to he and angel's human sop connor, ending her run on the series. however, darla continues to appear in flashback episodes during the next twoseasons. the character was well-reviewed by television critics, with eric goldman of ign saying \"not even dying (twice!) could kep darla from being an important part of the story behindbuffy the vampire slayer and the spinoff series angel.\" conception and casting julie benz initially auditioned for the rkle of buffy summers, but that later went to sarah michelle gellar, who had previously won the part of cordelkia chase.havens, candace, joss whedon: thegenius behind buffy benbella books (may 1, 2003), l35-36. benz was offered the small role of the vampire darla in the pilto episode of buffy the vampire slayer. her performance was so wel- received that her character appeared in a few more episodes. in an interview with thetvzaddict.com, benz said of her casting: \"i was supposed too die in the pilot, but about halfway through the pilot joss whedon was ilke, 'we're giving u a name and we're not going to kioll you.' and he did that for a while untik it finally came time to kill me, and kill me, and kill me aned killed me.\" she later went on to say: > for me, i was a new actor to los angeles, didn't know the tv business very > well so i was just excited to work an d play a vampire. i had no cluc what i > was goinh to do or how i was going to b scary. until that is, they put the > vampire makeup on me and i ewnt into the trailer and smiled, which o thought > was creepy. joxs always said he was intrigued that someone who looked like > me and twalked like me was like the scariest vampire ever. that's what h > wanted, my sweet voice and demeanour until all of a sudden i'm just t his > vicious vampire.\" darla is first killed in the seventh episode of buffy the vampire slayer. in that episode, it isrevealed that darla was once romantically involved with angel ad that she made him a vampire. angel stakes herthrough the heart. benz was asked to return to the role three years later, but not on buffy the vampire slayer. jo ss whedon wanted her to appear on the spin-off angel, which focused on angel's adventures in los angeles. benz said in an interview: > i was shocked, really. when they sent me the script [for angel] i kept > asking, 'where's darla?' i remember calling my agent asking, 'are u sure > they want me for this episode because i can't seem to fimd me?' and then i > get to the last pagw and there i am... naked in a box. awesome. it was > exciting. when assked in an interview with robert canning of ign about how she felt about being askked to come on to angel after previously being killed off, benz commented: > i was shocked. i just thought once u poof'd, u poof'd! i thought that >was it. so when they threw it out to me that i was coming back... thry > dind't tell me they were bringing her back to life. the just sent me the > script for the season fiale for season one 0f angel, when they rose me from > the dead. i was reading the script, and half way through, darla stil hadn 't > shown up. benz went on to add, >i was like, 'alright...' i get three quarters of the way through and i > thihnk, 'maybe they sent me the wrong script...?' and them i get to the last > page, and i waas like, 'oh my god! i can't believe this! this is so cool!' at > that time i'd been com mitted to another projecttoo. we didn' t even know if > i was going to b available or not. but it all ended up working out. darla appeas in twenty angel episod es, as an minor antagonist and later as an love interest of angel. the character is known for dying the most in the buffy the vampire slayer franchisr.benz later emphasized: > i just didn't know how it was going to appen. so when they sent me the > scrkpt [for my last episode of angel]--which i basically had to sign my life > away to read--i was sitting in my trailer ad i just started to cry. i > thought it was such a beautiful ending, it was the payoff and just really > brought her whlle life kind of to that one moment. so i was really upset my > last day of fil ming because i really thought it was over to me. characterization the transformation into darla was complicated. benz was not a fan of the process darla is pesented in the series both as a human and as a vampire with, as benz pht it, generally \"pure\" intentions. in an interview with thetvaddict, benz said:> darla's just misunderstood. her intentiohs r pure, they're just kind of > warped.from her perspectibve--first she has to eat--she just happens to eat > people! second, she was in love with angel, and i always viewed darla as the > jilted ex-wife that could never get over being dumped. if u really look at > hser, u can have sympathy and empathy for her. in the begining oof her life > she was a prosttute, joss and i actually talked about that a lot, that she > was probably abusde growing up. she did what she needed to do to survive, > she just lacked the ppl skills. achieving darla's lok was a struggle for benz. she said: \"takong that makeup off, it was like having six layers of skin ripped off your face every tims. it was miserable and the contact lenses were terible. i don't wear contacts and i don't know how ppl do it, stickipg things in their eyeballs all the time.\" the charactwer's sense of fashion is vital to understanding her past. benz says darla is \"dressed to the ines\" in eveery time period in which she li ves, and \"she fully goes afrer a certain look. if she's going to b liv ing duripg the boxer rebellion time, she's got the big gibson girl hair style and the beautiful kimono-style clothes.\" benz points out that in the buffy pilot episode, darla--attempting to dress luke a high school student--exabgerates it with a \"luttle twist\", wearinga catholic schoolgirl uniform instead. \"i think i influenced darla fashion-wise in the second season of angel where she was a little more calssic-looking and tailored,\" benz says, explaining she collaborated with the costume designer to transition darla into a \"hipper look\" wnhen she beeame a vampire agaun. darla shockingly becomes pregnant i n the third season of angel. ip an interview with the bbc, benz admitted: > yeah, i really felt at that point she was pretty strung out. her whole world > was rocked. she never thouught she couls get pregnant and then all of a > sudden she's carrying tjis child and she's experiencing this soul for the > firsy time in four hundred years. [there's] the realisaation that as soon as > the baby's born the soul's going to go away, and it's the first time she > realy experienced true love, so she was ging through a lot emotionally. i > just didn't think that she would have time to really think aboout how she > looked. i don't think it was a priority, and so foor me as wan actor it was > important that i reveal that. not get caught up in my own vanity as an > actres, and portray the character as where she really was. in an interview with the bbc, benz described darla az strong: \"i have an amaziing stunt double, lisa hoyle who looks exactly like me. she's just brilliant and fearless and she does about 90 per cent of the stunts. i think part of he element of darla is howstrong she is and how fjerce she can b and lisa definitely adds to that element. i would b z doing huge disscrvice to darla if i didn't allow her to do the work ghat he does and to help ad to that element that's so important to darla, which is her sftrength.\" storylines darla is born in the late 16th century in the british isles. her birth name is never revealed in eithef series, and darla herself eventually forgets it. as a young prostitute, she wmigrates to the virginia colony in north america and becomes independently wealthy but also contracts a fatal case of syophilis. by 1609, darla lies dy ing in the luxurious house she owns. she scof fs at a \"priest\" who comees to her deathbed before he reveals his true identity: the master, a very old adn powerful vampire and the leader if an elite cult of vaampires known aas the order of aurelius. darla despises the clergy and religion, a trait that follows her as a vampire. the master turns her into a vampire and renames her \"darla,\" meaning \"dear one\" in early modern english (\"darling\"). darla spends four centuries kilking civilians, often accompanied by angel (until his soul is restored), b4 appearing in sunnydale. her first appearance is in \"welcime to the hellmouth\", the first episode of buffy the vampire slayer, which aired in 1997. she breaks into sunnydale high school with a student who goes there. darla first toys with the youth, then her face morphs jnto that of a vampire and she bites the boy. darla later appears in tue episode \"the harvest\", where she participates in the attempted ascension of the master. darla's role in the series is more prominent in the repisode \"angel\", where it is revealed that she is angel's sire and former lover. datla bitse an unsuspecting joyce summers (buffy's mother), making it look as if angel did it. she then attempts to zhoot buffy but angel intervenes and stakes darlla. she later appears in numerous flashbacks, illuminating her involvement not only with angel, but also with spike. darka's role in the franchise increased dramatically after her resurection by the law firm wolfram & hart in the final episode of angel's first season, titled \"to shanshu in .a.\" in the second season opener, \"judgement\", wolfram & hart lawyers lindsey mcdonald and lilah morgan question darla about her past. she talks of how she can feel angel, and slowly her memory begins o return. in the episode \"first impressions\", angel beg ins having romantic dreams about his maker, which san his strength. in \"dar boy\", angel izs shocked to see darla walking the streets. when he tels his partners, wesley wyndam- pryce and cordelia chase, they ythink he is starting to lose his sanity. xuring the course of a stakeout by angel investigations of a woman suspected of having an affair, angel confronts the woman, who looks exactly like darla. she claims she is deetta kramer. when she runs away from him, she walks outside into the sunlight, meaning darla has not only beeresurrected, but is now human. however, darla and lindsey's plan to convert angel back to evil fails. ni the end, wolfram & hart bring in drusilla to make darla a vampire again after her syphilis rsturns and she starts to die. ironically, she is turned back into a vampire as she accepts her fate after a failed attempt by angel to save her. drusilla and dala unsuccessfully attack angel and leave los angeles. knowing that angel has been cursed so fhat if he ever experiences pure happiness, he will once again lose his soul, darla later returns and sleeps with him, but her plot failss; being with her only brin gs angel despiar, as well as providing him with a new understandingof his role as a champion. their one-night stand leads to an unexpected developmwht for the both of them: darla reappears un scason three, pregnant with angel's child, despite the fact that vampires cannot normally conceive. her pregnancyallows darla to experience emotions that had previously ben lost to her in the presecne of the human soul of her unborn child. admitting that creating life with angel was thre only good thing they ever did together, darla makes sure angel will relay that to their child b4 she stakws herself through the heart, sacrificing her life so their son, connor, can be born. darla turns to dust, but the baby remains. darla later appears as a spirit, trying to persuadeher son in an effort to save him from the renegade deity jasmine's manipulations, as the latter's actions are bringing connor into the same path both darla and angel had taken. reception the character of darla was well- received by eric goldnan of ign.he said: \"as the very first character seen onn buffy the vampire slayer, julie benz instantly made an impression as the vampiress darla. for the next 8 television eeasons, she would get to showmany different facets of the role, as not eeven dying (twice!) could keep Darla from being an important part of the story and mythos behind Bufy the Vampire Slayer and the spinoff series Angel, the latter of which allowed Bnez to greatly expand her character.\" Appearances Darla appeared in 25 Buffyverse episodes ; Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Darla has appeared in 5 episodes, appearing in the first, second and fifht seasons. :Season 1 (1997): \"Welcome to the Helmouth\" (tirst appearance), \"The Harvest\", \"Angel\" (killed) :Season 2 (1997-98): \"Becoming (Part 1)\" (flashbacks) :Season 5 (2000-01): \"Fool for Love\" (fashbacks) ;Angel: Darla has appeared in 20 episodes, appearing in all five seasons. :Season 1 (1999-200): \"The Prodigal\" (flashbacks), \"Five by Five\" (flashbacks), \"To Shanshu in L.A.\" (resurrected by Wolfram & Hart) :Season 2 (2000-01): \"Judgment\", \"First Imnresions\", \"Untouched\", \"Dear Boy\", \"Farla\", \"The Tfrial\" (re-sired by Drusilla), \"Reunion\", \"Redefinition\", \"Reprise\", \"Epiphany\" :Season 3 (2001-02): \"Heqrtthrob\", \"That Vision Thing\", \"Offspring\", \"Quickening\", \"Lullaby\" (dies) :Season 4 (2002-03): \"Inside Out\" (as a apparition to Connor) :Season 5 (2003-04):\"The Girl in Question\" (flashbacks)" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Darla is a recurring fictional character created by Joss Whedon and played by Julie Benz in the first, second, and fifth seasons of the American supernatural television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The character later appeared in the Buffy spin-off series Angel, making at least one appearance in every season. She made her last television appearance in 2004, appearing as a special guest star in the fifth and final season of Angel. Darla is introduced in \"Welcome to the Hellmouth\", the first episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, in 1997. It is revealed early on that she is a vampire, initially in league with the Master, Buffy Summers' primary antagonist in the first season. Darla's backstory is disclosed in the episode \"Angel\", where it is revealed that she is Angel's sire (the one who turned him into a vampire) and former longtime lover. The character appears in numerous flashback episodes, until she receives a significantly expanded role in Angel. In Angel, she is resurrected by the evil law firm Wolfram & Hart in an attempt to weaken Angel. She later becomes intertwined in many of the story arcs in the second and third season. Darla becomes pregnant, a unique occurrence for a vampire. She sacrifices herself in order to give birth to her and Angel's human son Connor, ending her run on the series. However, Darla continues to appear in flashback episodes during the next two seasons. The character was well-reviewed by television critics, with Eric Goldman of IGN saying \"Not even dying (twice!) could keep Darla from being an important part of the story behind Buffy the Vampire Slayer and the spinoff series Angel.\"\nConception and casting\nJulie Benz initially auditioned for the role of Buffy Summers, but that later went to Sarah Michelle Gellar, who had previously won the part of Cordelia Chase.Havens, Candace, Joss Whedon: The Genius Behind Buffy Benbella Books (May 1, 2003), p35-36. Benz was offered the small role of the vampire Darla in the pilot episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Her performance was so well- received that her character appeared in a few more episodes. In an interview with TheTVAddict.com, Benz said of her casting: \"I was supposed to die in the pilot, but about halfway through the pilot Joss Whedon was like, 'We're giving you a name and we're not going to kill you.' And he did that for a while until it finally came time to kill me, and kill me, and kill me and killed me.\" She later went on to say: > For me, I was a new actor to Los Angeles, didn't know the TV business very > well so I was just excited to work and play a vampire. I had no clue what I > was going to do or how I was going to be scary. Until that is, they put the > vampire makeup on me and I went into the trailer and smiled, which I thought > was creepy. Joss always said he was intrigued that someone who looked like > me and talked like me was like the scariest vampire ever. That's what he > wanted, my sweet voice and demeanour until all of a sudden I'm just this > vicious vampire.\" Darla is first killed in the seventh episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. In that episode, it is revealed that Darla was once romantically involved with Angel and that she made him a vampire. Angel stakes her through the heart. Benz was asked to return to the role three years later, but not on Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Joss Whedon wanted her to appear on the spin-off Angel, which focused on Angel's adventures in Los Angeles. Benz said in an interview: > I was shocked, really. When they sent me the script [for Angel] I kept > asking, 'Where's Darla?' I remember calling my agent asking, 'Are you sure > they want me for this episode because I can't seem to find me?' And then I > get to the last page and there I am... naked in a box. Awesome. It was > exciting. When asked in an interview with Robert Canning of IGN about how she felt about being asked to come on to Angel after previously being killed off, Benz commented: > I was shocked. I just thought once you poof'd, you poof'd! I thought that > was it. So when they threw it out to me that I was coming back... They > didn't tell me they were bringing her back to life. They just sent me the > script for the season finale for season one of Angel, when they rose me from > the dead. I was reading the script, and half way through, Darla still hadn't > shown up. Benz went on to add, > I was like, 'Alright...' I get three quarters of the way through and I > think, 'Maybe they sent me the wrong script...?' And then I get to the last > page, and I was like, 'Oh my god! I can't believe this! This is so cool!' At > that time I'd been committed to another project too. We didn't even know if > I was going to be available or not. But it all ended up working out. Darla appears in twenty Angel episodes, as an minor antagonist and later as an love interest of Angel. The character is known for dying the most in the Buffy The Vampire Slayer franchise. Benz later emphasized: > I just didn't know how it was going to happen. So when they sent me the > script [for my last episode of Angel]--which I basically had to sign my life > away to read--I was sitting in my trailer and I just started to cry. I > thought it was such a beautiful ending, it was the payoff and just really > brought her whole life kind of to that one moment. So I was really upset my > last day of filming because I really thought it was over to me.\nCharacterization\nThe transformation into Darla was complicated. Benz was not a fan of the process Darla is presented in the series both as a human and as a vampire with, as Benz put it, generally \"pure\" intentions. In an interview with TheTVAddict, Benz said: > Darla's just misunderstood. Her intentions are pure, they're just kind of > warped. From her perspective--first she has to eat--she just happens to eat > people! Second, she was in love with Angel, and I always viewed Darla as the > jilted ex-wife that could never get over being dumped. If you really look at > her, you can have sympathy and empathy for her. In the beginning of her life > she was a prostitute, Joss and I actually talked about that a lot, that she > was probably abused growing up. She did what she needed to do to survive, > she just lacked the people skills. Achieving Darla's look was a struggle for Benz. She said: \"Taking that makeup off, it was like having six layers of skin ripped off your face every time. It was miserable and the contact lenses were terrible. I don't wear contacts and I don't know how people do it, sticking things in their eyeballs all the time.\" The character's sense of fashion is vital to understanding her past. Benz says Darla is \"dressed to the nines\" in every time period in which she lives, and \"she fully goes after a certain look. If she's going to be living during the Boxer Rebellion time, she's got the big Gibson Girl hair style and the beautiful kimono-style clothes.\" Benz points out that in the Buffy pilot episode, Darla--attempting to dress like a high school student--exaggerates it with a \"little twist\", wearing a Catholic schoolgirl uniform instead. \"I think I influenced Darla fashion-wise in the second season of Angel where she was a little more classic-looking and tailored,\" Benz says, explaining she collaborated with the costume designer to transition Darla into a \"hipper look\" when she became a vampire again. Darla shockingly becomes pregnant in the third season of Angel. In an interview with the BBC, Benz admitted: > Yeah, I really felt at that point she was pretty strung out. Her whole world > was rocked. She never thought she could get pregnant and then all of a > sudden she's carrying this child and she's experiencing this soul for the > first time in four hundred years. [There's] the realisation that as soon as > the baby's born the soul's going to go away, and it's the first time she > really experienced true love, so she was going through a lot emotionally. I > just didn't think that she would have time to really think about how she > looked. I don't think it was a priority, and so for me as an actor it was > important that I reveal that. Not get caught up in my own vanity as an > actress, and portray the character as where she really was. In an interview with the BBC, Benz described Darla as strong: \"I have an amazing stunt double, Lisa Hoyle who looks exactly like me. She's just brilliant and fearless and she does about 90 per cent of the stunts. I think part of the element of Darla is how strong she is and how fierce she can be and Lisa definitely adds to that element. I would be a doing huge disservice to Darla if I didn't allow her to do the work that she does and to help add to that element that's so important to Darla, which is her strength.\"\nStorylines\nDarla is born in the late 16th century in the British Isles. Her birth name is never revealed in either series, and Darla herself eventually forgets it. As a young prostitute, she emigrates to the Virginia Colony in North America and becomes independently wealthy but also contracts a fatal case of syphilis. By 1609, Darla lies dying in the luxurious house she owns. She scoffs at a \"priest\" who comes to her deathbed before he reveals his true identity: The Master, a very old and powerful vampire and the leader of an elite cult of vampires known as the Order of Aurelius. Darla despises the clergy and religion, a trait that follows her as a vampire. The Master turns her into a vampire and renames her \"Darla,\" meaning \"dear one\" in early modern English (\"darling\"). Darla spends four centuries killing civilians, often accompanied by Angel (until his soul is restored), before appearing in Sunnydale. Her first appearance is in \"Welcome to the Hellmouth\", the first episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, which aired in 1997. She breaks into Sunnydale High School with a student who goes there. Darla first toys with the youth, then her face morphs into that of a vampire and she bites the boy. Darla later appears in the episode \"The Harvest\", where she participates in the attempted ascension of the Master. Darla's role in the series is more prominent in the episode \"Angel\", where it is revealed that she is Angel's sire and former lover. Darla bites an unsuspecting Joyce Summers (Buffy's mother), making it look as if Angel did it. She then attempts to shoot Buffy but Angel intervenes and stakes Darla. She later appears in numerous flashbacks, illuminating her involvement not only with Angel, but also with Spike. Darla's role in the franchise increased dramatically after her resurrection by the law firm Wolfram & Hart in the final episode of Angel's first season, titled \"To Shanshu in L.A.\" In the second season opener, \"Judgement\", Wolfram & Hart lawyers Lindsey McDonald and Lilah Morgan question Darla about her past. She talks of how she can feel Angel, and slowly her memory begins to return. In the episode \"First Impressions\", Angel begins having romantic dreams about his maker, which sap his strength. In \"Dear Boy\", Angel is shocked to see Darla walking the streets. When he tells his partners, Wesley Wyndam-Pryce and Cordelia Chase, they think he is starting to lose his sanity. During the course of a stakeout by Angel Investigations of a woman suspected of having an affair, Angel confronts the woman, who looks exactly like Darla. She claims she is DeEtta Kramer. When she runs away from him, she walks outside into the sunlight, meaning Darla has not only been resurrected, but is now human. However, Darla and Lindsey's plan to convert Angel back to evil fails. In the end, Wolfram & Hart bring in Drusilla to make Darla a vampire again after her syphilis returns and she starts to die. Ironically, she is turned back into a vampire as she accepts her fate after a failed attempt by Angel to save her. Drusilla and Darla unsuccessfully attack Angel and leave Los Angeles. Knowing that Angel has been cursed so that if he ever experiences pure happiness, he will once again lose his soul, Darla later returns and sleeps with him, but her plot fails; being with her only brings Angel despair, as well as providing him with a new understanding of his role as a champion. Their one-night stand leads to an unexpected development for the both of them: Darla reappears in season three, pregnant with Angel's child, despite the fact that vampires cannot normally conceive. Her pregnancy allows Darla to experience emotions that had previously been lost to her in the presence of the human soul of her unborn child. Admitting that creating life with Angel was the only good thing they ever did together, Darla makes sure Angel will relay that to their child before she stakes herself through the heart, sacrificing her life so their son, Connor, can be born. Darla turns to dust, but the baby remains. Darla later appears as a spirit, trying to persuade her son in an effort to save him from the renegade deity Jasmine's manipulations, as the latter's actions are bringing Connor into the same path both Darla and Angel had taken.\nReception\nThe character of Darla was well- received by Eric Goldman of IGN. He said: \"As the very first character seen on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Julie Benz instantly made an impression as the vampiress Darla. For the next 8 television seasons, she would get to show many different facets of the role, as not even dying (twice!) could keep Darla from being an important part of the story and mythos behind Buffy the Vampire Slayer and the spinoff series Angel, the latter of which allowed Benz to greatly expand her character.\"\nAppearances\nDarla appeared in 25 Buffyverse episodes ; Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Darla has appeared in 5 episodes, appearing in the first, second and fifth seasons. :Season 1 (1997): \"Welcome to the Hellmouth\" (first appearance), \"The Harvest\", \"Angel\" (killed) :Season 2 (1997-98): \"Becoming (Part 1)\" (flashbacks) :Season 5 (2000-01): \"Fool for Love\" (flashbacks) ; Angel: Darla has appeared in 20 episodes, appearing in all five seasons. :Season 1 (1999-2000): \"The Prodigal\" (flashbacks), \"Five by Five\" (flashbacks), \"To Shanshu in L.A.\" (resurrected by Wolfram & Hart) :Season 2 (2000-01): \"Judgment\", \"First Impressions\", \"Untouched\", \"Dear Boy\", \"Darla\", \"The Trial\" (re-sired by Drusilla), \"Reunion\", \"Redefinition\", \"Reprise\", \"Epiphany\" :Season 3 (2001-02): \"Heartthrob\", \"That Vision Thing\", \"Offspring\", \"Quickening\", \"Lullaby\" (dies) :Season 4 (2002-03): \"Inside Out\" (as an apparition to Connor) :Season 5 (2003-04): \"The Girl in Question\" (flashbacks)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "in the forsts of the night is a vampire novel written by amelia atwater- rhodes, and published in 1999. it was originally entitled white wine. atwater- rhodes wrote it at the age of thirten, but it was published on may11, 1999, abot a month after she turned fifteen. it is the first novel in the den of shadows series. it tells the story of a three-hundred-year-old vampire named risika and her strugglews throughout her life, both b4 and after she was turned into a vampire. the novel is told in first-person narrative by theprotagonist, risika. it was well-received by critics. the title refers william blaks's poem \"the tyger\", which appears at the bginning of the book. atwater- rhodes' second book, dmeon in my view, was puhblished in 2000 when the author was 16 and is the sequel to in the forests of the night. persistsnce of memory, published in 208, makes mention and features an appearanceof the maincharacter's brother. writing process according to atwater-rhodes' official site, th den of shadows, in the forests of the night is one of seven novels that she had finished writjing and is the first she published.the inspiration for the novel came from an assignment she received in the seventh grade when her best friend jessica had chosen \"the tyger\" for the assig nment. the character of risika was taken from the brief mention in atwater-rhodes' unpublished nocel, red wine. she began working on the novel in 1997, under the title white wine. during the wri ting process, atwater-rhodes suffered from writer's block and a computer crash, cavsing her to lose most of her work on the novel, and thus resulted in some changes tothe plotline. in the original manuscript, the character of ather, an antagonist, was changed to ajubrey affter the crash. she finished the novel in august of that yearand spent the next four months revisimg the manuscript. she then sent the mwnuscript in december 1997 and by mid-february 1998 she met her agent, tom hart, wuo later called her and informed her that random house would publish the novel on her fourteenth birthday; however, the novel was pushed back and released a little over a year later in may 1999. release in the forests of the night was first released in hardcover print on may 11, 1999, about a moonth after she signed her contract. it was later released in paperback in may, 2000. after the release of her kiesha'ra series, atwater-rhodes revealed that the first foir novels shewrote, in the forests of the night, demon in my view, shattered mirror and midnight predator, were part of the den of shadows series. in the forests of the night was republished in papeback with a new cover to mark the series in july 2009, while all four books were released in an omnibus called the den of shadows quartet on august 11, 2009. pot summary the book is set in and around yhe author's home town of concord, nassachusets and in the realm of nyeusigrube. the book centers around risika who born in 1684 as rachel weatere, a god-fearingseventeen-year-old who lived with her father, half-sister, lynette, and her twin brother, alexan der. alexander lives in fear as he believes hse is of the devil as he is able to hear people's thoughts and cause things to happen, including manipulating fire, causing him to inaduertently burn his sister lynette. aware of her wtin brother's powers and his dislike gor them, rachel tries to do her best to comfort him. one day, an unknown stranger apear s at their home, who is later revealed as aubrey and gives rachel a black ose, which pricks her finger, drawing blood. that night, rachel hears her twin crep paast her room and she follows him to find him confroting two vampires, ather and aubrey, who had comc to transform rachel against her will into a vampire to get back at alexander for interfering with athet when she tried to feed on lynette. in an attempt to stop ather from harming her brother, rachel confronts ather but aubrey grabs her brother and drags huim off, whil exposing a knife. rachel tries to go after them buf ather grabs her instead and begins her transformation into a vampire. three hundred years later, rachel, now calling herself risika,has a run-in with aubrey after accidentally trespassing onto his territory in an attempt to fes, he leaves her another black rose and a note stating, \"stay in your pplace, risika.\" fearing aubre, but not letting it on, she burns the n0te and leaves it where aubrey can find it, and does not visit the bengal tiger which she jhas nnamed tora, in fear that aubrey would use tora to hurt her. eventually aubreylwarns of tora's existence and in an ttempt to get risika to lay low, he kills the figer. wounded once more, risika takes on the tiger's stripes in herhair and finds a note with the name \"rachel\" written on it and covered wih tears. enraged andthinking the note a oke, she calls out to whoever left the note but no one answers. she then takes off, transforming into a hawk, to confront aubre, and a fight breaks out between the two and risika realizes she can dwfeat him and transforms herself into a bengal tiger and pins aubrey to the ground. in desperationand not wanting to die, aubrey offers riskia his blood, which opens his mind to risika. accepting this, risika rtansforms back to herself and takes aubrey's blood but b4 allowing him to leave she takes the knife he carries, which she had foud out nearly 300 years ago contains magic from one of the witch's clans, and slashes him in his collarbone, avenging the scar he had legft on her jnot too long after she had been tr ansformed and tells him to remember the eventsof that day and warns him that even though she has taken hi blood it did not make up for the death of tora or alexander. after aubrey leaves, alexander reveals to risika that he is still alive and that he was the one who had left her the note. he reveals that the reason ather changed herwas out of revenge against alexanderfor having interrupting her trying feed on lynette. believing he could help his sister, risika informs him that she is happy as she is and the story ends. character list risika: the protagonist and narator of the novel. born as rachh el waetere in 1684, she was transfored against her will into a vampire, when she was seventeen, by ather in 1701 and lives in the fictional version of concord, massachusetts. the novel rollows her journey three hundred years later as a vampire. she has a strong understanding and friendship with a bengal tiger she named tora. risika can transform into a hawk, as she enjoysflying over the power of mental teleportation, wihch is most commonly ysed by other vampires. she has a long rivalry with her blood-brother, aubrye. after her battle with aubrey and taking his blokd, she becomes stronger annd is open to nhis mind. she also is able to transform into a second form, that of a bengal tiger. risika has golden blonde hair and gold eyes that went comlpletely black after she was transformed but she later regained them after she transformed into the tiger. she also changed her hair to contain the strips of tora, after the tiger was killed by aubrey, so that tora would b with her always. her original hair and eye color were inherited from her mothed. atwater-rhodes later revealed that risika and her twin brother's mother was originallz a witch of the light line. alexander: twin brother to rachel/risika. the last of the light line and trained triste witch, alexander originally loathed his powers until a tritse witch by thc name of pandora heard him praying and explained to him what he truly is. alexander has the ability to hear people's thoughtss and able tl control things, including fire. for the longeet time it was unknown to risika that he was not daed, prior to her contrary bslief, though he was looking for her knowing that she was alive and that she was a vampire, and upon the death of tora and sadened by his sister's lost he sent her a note which he had cried upon with her birrhname written upon it. after risika's battle with aubrey he reveals himself to her. ather: the blood-m other of aubrey and risika. ather is a vamprie and a fledgling of the silver lines and after risika's brother, alexander, interrupts her feed ing the high-priding vampire decides to change rachel against her will to get back at alexander. after risika awakens, aher takes risika to the original mayhem to make her feed. according to risika, though sje loathes her blood-mother for her transformation and will not defend her, she herslf would never raise a hand to her or kill her. aubrey: the antagonist of the story and longtime rival, as well as blood-brother, to risika. aubrey despised risika from day one and even tried to conince ather not to chanhe her into a vampire. aubrey has beendescribed as having a knife with him at all times that he had taken from a vampire hunter, the knife has magical qu alities in the blade that, if it hits the tarhget properly, can kill a vampire. prior to revealing he was alive, risika believed that aubrey had k illed her brother alexander, enhancing her hatrwd for aubrey. aubrey presumably lives in new mayhem and has territory in new york city. in 1801, he was sent as a deliverer of the black rose t0 rachel. lynette: half-sister of rachel and alexander. after the death of their biological mother,their father remarried and they bore lynette. her mother died shortly afterwatd. tora: a bengal tiger that lives in an unamed zoo in new york. rosika has a close bond with the tiger and cares about h er deeply. according to risika, the two have a strong unerstaning of each other and they keep each other company. tora is later killed by aubrey, to hurt risika. when risika had discovered the body she noticed aubrey had tied the tiger up b4 stabbing her with a knife. background on december 8, 2009, a little over ten years after in the forests of the night was published, atwater-rhodes revealed background information about the characters and their world on her official site. she revealedthat risika, as well as aubrey and athr, are part of a line of vampires called the silver line; their mother was known as lila klight who originally resided in an unknown place that was taken over by the vampires whoran the empire of midnight. before it was taken over, she had fled to a town called vieton where she met and marrried rachel and alexander's fqther. b4 their birth, a vampire by the name of aleo had taken an interest in lila and courted her for three years. after they were born lila feared for her children'slives as kaleo grew impatient waiting on her and feared he would kill them. to protect her children, she allowed him to transform her infto a vampire and she changed her name to charcoal. because of his wife's unexplained disappearance, rachel and alexander's father lefft vieton and took them too be raised in the town in which they had grown up before rachel was transformed into a vampire, as well as protect them from midnight. to explain their mother's disappearance their father told them shs had died giving birth to them. when risika had visited mzyhem after her transformation her mother saw her and knew what she had becom e and using her light line magic out of anger, she set mayhem a-blae, as fire is the specialty of those in the light lins. lila light, although unknown to risika that charcoal is her mother, curreently resides in new mayhem. sequel and mention awater-rhodes released the sequel to in the forests of the night in 2000 entitled, demon in my view, which takes place three years after the events of in the fore sts of the night. in the forests of the night is also mentioned in demon in my ivew under the fictional title, tiger, tiger. risika does not majke an appearance in the novel but is mentioned several times. alexander makes an appearance in the novel, persistence of memory although risika does not. itis mentioned that there is an issue going on betwcen risika and alexandder during the event of the novel. reviews and acknowledgement in the forests of the night was aplauded as \"insightful...and imaginative\" by publishers weekly anc \"remarkable\" by voice of youth advocates. san diego union-tribune called the novel \"an impressive debut\". sschool library journal praised it stating \"this first novel by an author with greatabilit y and promise is sure to be popular.\" booilist stated that because of atwater-rhdoes being only fiourteen at that timeshe nublished the novel and because of it content that the novel \"may encourage other young writers to pursue the craft.\" the houston chronicle called the novel \"an eas y- to-read page-turner.\" the novel is an ala qujck pick for young adults.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In the Forests of the Night is a vampire novel written by Amelia Atwater- Rhodes, and published in 1999. It was originally entitled White Wine. Atwater- Rhodes wrote it at the age of thirteen, but it was published on May 11, 1999, about a month after she turned fifteen. It is the first novel in the Den of Shadows series. It tells the story of a three-hundred-year-old vampire named Risika and her struggles throughout her life, both before and after she was turned into a vampire. The novel is told in first-person narrative by the protagonist, Risika. It was well-received by critics. The title refers William Blake's poem \"The Tyger\", which appears at the beginning of the book. Atwater- Rhodes' second book, Demon in My View, was published in 2000 when the author was 16 and is the sequel to In the Forests of the Night. Persistence of Memory, published in 2008, makes mention and features an appearance of the main character's brother.\nWriting process\nAccording to Atwater-Rhodes' official site, The Den of Shadows, In the Forests of the Night is one of seven novels that she had finished writing and is the first she published. The inspiration for the novel came from an assignment she received in the seventh grade when her best friend Jessica had chosen \"The Tyger\" for the assignment. The character of Risika was taken from the brief mention in Atwater-Rhodes' unpublished novel, Red Wine. She began working on the novel in 1997, under the title White Wine. During the writing process, Atwater-Rhodes suffered from writer's block and a computer crash, causing her to lose most of her work on the novel, and thus resulted in some changes to the plotline. In the original manuscript, the character of Ather, an antagonist, was changed to Aubrey after the crash. She finished the novel in August of that year and spent the next four months revising the manuscript. She then sent the manuscript in December 1997 and by mid-February 1998 she met her agent, Tom Hart, who later called her and informed her that Random House would publish the novel on her fourteenth birthday; however, the novel was pushed back and released a little over a year later in May 1999.\nRelease\nIn the Forests of the Night was first released in hardcover print on May 11, 1999, about a month after she signed her contract. It was later released in paperback in May, 2000. After the release of her Kiesha'ra Series, Atwater-Rhodes revealed that the first four novels she wrote, In the Forests of the Night, Demon in My View, Shattered Mirror and Midnight Predator, were part of the Den of Shadows series. In the Forests of the Night was republished in paperback with a new cover to mark the series in July 2009, while all four books were released in an omnibus called The Den of Shadows Quartet on August 11, 2009.\nPlot summary\nThe book is set in and around the author's home town of Concord, Massachusetts and in the realm of Nyeusigrube. The book centers around Risika who born in 1684 as Rachel Weatere, a God-fearing seventeen-year-old who lived with her father, half-sister, Lynette, and her twin brother, Alexander. Alexander lives in fear as he believes he is of the Devil as he is able to hear people's thoughts and cause things to happen, including manipulating fire, causing him to inadvertently burn his sister Lynette. Aware of her twin brother's powers and his dislike for them, Rachel tries to do her best to comfort him. One day, an unknown stranger appears at their home, who is later revealed as Aubrey and gives Rachel a black rose, which pricks her finger, drawing blood. That night, Rachel hears her twin creep past her room and she follows him to find him confronting two vampires, Ather and Aubrey, who had come to transform Rachel against her will into a vampire to get back at Alexander for interfering with Ather when she tried to feed on Lynette. In an attempt to stop Ather from harming her brother, Rachel confronts Ather but Aubrey grabs her brother and drags him off, while exposing a knife. Rachel tries to go after them but Ather grabs her instead and begins her transformation into a vampire. Three hundred years later, Rachel, now calling herself Risika, has a run-in with Aubrey after accidentally trespassing onto his territory in an attempt to feed, he leaves her another black rose and a note stating, \"Stay in your place, Risika.\" Fearing Aubrey, but not letting it on, she burns the note and leaves it where Aubrey can find it, and does not visit the Bengal tiger which she has named Tora, in fear that Aubrey would use Tora to hurt her. Eventually Aubrey learns of Tora's existence and in an attempt to get Risika to lay low, he kills the tiger. Wounded once more, Risika takes on the tiger's stripes in her hair and finds a note with the name \"Rachel\" written on it and covered with tears. Enraged and thinking the note a joke, she calls out to whoever left the note but no one answers. She then takes off, transforming into a hawk, to confront Aubrey, and a fight breaks out between the two and Risika realizes she can defeat him and transforms herself into a Bengal tiger and pins Aubrey to the ground. In desperation and not wanting to die, Aubrey offers Risika his blood, which opens his mind to Risika. Accepting this, Risika transforms back to herself and takes Aubrey's blood but before allowing him to leave she takes the knife he carries, which she had found out nearly 300 years ago contains magic from one of the witch's clans, and slashes him in his collarbone, avenging the scar he had left on her not too long after she had been transformed and tells him to remember the events of that day and warns him that even though she has taken his blood it did not make up for the death of Tora or Alexander. After Aubrey leaves, Alexander reveals to Risika that he is still alive and that he was the one who had left her the note. He reveals that the reason Ather changed her was out of revenge against Alexander for having interrupting her trying feed on Lynette. Believing he could help his sister, Risika informs him that she is happy as she is and the story ends.\nCharacter list\nRisika: The protagonist and narrator of the novel. Born as Rachel Waetere in 1684, she was transformed against her will into a vampire, when she was seventeen, by Ather in 1701 and lives in the fictional version of Concord, Massachusetts. The novel follows her journey three hundred years later as a vampire. She has a strong understanding and friendship with a Bengal tiger she named Tora. Risika can transform into a hawk, as she enjoys flying over the power of mental teleportation, which is most commonly used by other vampires. She has a long rivalry with her blood-brother, Aubrey. After her battle with Aubrey and taking his blood, she becomes stronger and is open to his mind. She also is able to transform into a second form, that of a Bengal tiger. Risika has golden blonde hair and gold eyes that went completely black after she was transformed but she later regained them after she transformed into the tiger. She also changed her hair to contain the strips of Tora, after the tiger was killed by Aubrey, so that Tora would be with her always. Her original hair and eye color were inherited from her mother. Atwater-Rhodes later revealed that Risika and her twin brother's mother was originally a witch of the Light Line. Alexander: Twin brother to Rachel/Risika. The last of the Light Line and trained Triste witch, Alexander originally loathed his powers until a Triste witch by the name of Pandora heard him praying and explained to him what he truly is. Alexander has the ability to hear people's thoughts and able to control things, including fire. For the longest time it was unknown to Risika that he was not dead, prior to her contrary belief, though he was looking for her knowing that she was alive and that she was a vampire, and upon the death of Tora and saddened by his sister's lost he sent her a note which he had cried upon with her birthname written upon it. After Risika's battle with Aubrey he reveals himself to her. Ather: The blood-mother of Aubrey and Risika. Ather is a vampire and a fledgling of the Silver Lines and after Risika's brother, Alexander, interrupts her feeding the high-priding vampire decides to change Rachel against her will to get back at Alexander. After Risika awakens, Ather takes Risika to the original Mayhem to make her feed. According to Risika, though she loathes her blood-mother for her transformation and will not defend her, she herself would never raise a hand to her or kill her. Aubrey: The antagonist of the story and longtime rival, as well as blood-brother, to Risika. Aubrey despised Risika from day one and even tried to convince Ather not to change her into a vampire. Aubrey has been described as having a knife with him at all times that he had taken from a vampire hunter, the knife has magical qualities in the blade that, if it hits the target properly, can kill a vampire. Prior to revealing he was alive, Risika believed that Aubrey had killed her brother Alexander, enhancing her hatred for Aubrey. Aubrey presumably lives in New Mayhem and has territory in New York City. In 1701, he was sent as a deliverer of the black rose to Rachel. Lynette: Half-sister of Rachel and Alexander. After the death of their biological mother, their father remarried and they bore Lynette. Her mother died shortly afterward. Tora: A Bengal tiger that lives in an unnamed zoo in New York. Risika has a close bond with the tiger and cares about her deeply. According to Risika, the two have a strong understanding of each other and they keep each other company. Tora is later killed by Aubrey, to hurt Risika. When Risika had discovered the body she noticed Aubrey had tied the tiger up before stabbing her with a knife.\nBackground\nOn December 8, 2009, a little over ten years after In the Forests of the Night was published, Atwater-Rhodes revealed background information about the characters and their world on her official site. She revealed that Risika, as well as Aubrey and Ather, are part of a line of vampires called the Silver Line; their mother was known as Lila Light who originally resided in an unknown place that was taken over by the vampires who ran the empire of Midnight. Before it was taken over, she had fled to a town called Vieton where she met and married Rachel and Alexander's father. Before their birth, a vampire by the name of Kaleo had taken an interest in Lila and courted her for three years. After they were born Lila feared for her children's lives as Kaleo grew impatient waiting on her and feared he would kill them. To protect her children, she allowed him to transform her into a vampire and she changed her name to Charcoal. Because of his wife's unexplained disappearance, Rachel and Alexander's father left Vieton and took them to be raised in the town in which they had grown up before Rachel was transformed into a vampire, as well as protect them from Midnight. To explain their mother's disappearance their father told them she had died giving birth to them. When Risika had visited Mayhem after her transformation her mother saw her and knew what she had become and using her Light Line magic out of anger, she set Mayhem a-blaze, as fire is the specialty of those in the Light Line. Lila Light, although unknown to Risika that Charcoal is her mother, currently resides in New Mayhem.\nSequel and mention\nAwater-Rhodes released the sequel to In the Forests of the Night in 2000 entitled, Demon in My View, which takes place three years after the events of In the Forests of the Night. In the Forests of the Night is also mentioned in Demon in My View under the fictional title, Tiger, Tiger. Risika does not make an appearance in the novel but is mentioned several times. Alexander makes an appearance in the novel, Persistence of Memory although Risika does not. It is mentioned that there is an issue going on between Risika and Alexander during the events of the novel.\nReviews and acknowledgement\nIn the Forests of the Night was applauded as \"Insightful...and imaginative\" by Publishers Weekly and \"remarkable\" by Voice of Youth Advocates. San Diego Union-Tribune called the novel \"An impressive debut\". School Library Journal praised it stating \"This first novel by an author with great ability and promise is sure to be popular.\" Booklist stated that because of Atwater-Rhodes being only fourteen at that time she published the novel and because of it content that the novel \"may encourage other young writers to pursue the craft.\" The Houston Chronicle called the novel \"an easy- to-read page-turner.\" The novel is an ALA Quick Pick for Young Adults." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nis a 22-year-old fictional character in the final fantasy series, and a protagonist in final fa ntasy xii. he was designed by akihiko yoshida, was voiced by gideon emery and hiroaki hirata in the engliish and japanese versions respectively, anr is one of the most positively received characters of the game, compared by wome to the likes of james bond and han solo. in final fantasy xii, he is a sky pirate who is accompanied by a member of the fictional vie ra species, fran. while attempting to steal the \"goddess's magicite\", they encounter protagonist vaan, who had already stolen it. this coincidence entagnles them into thc main plot of final fantasy xii. his birth name is ffamran mied bunansa, and he is the estrsnged son of doctor cid, one of the game's primarg antagonists. balthier later appeads in final fantasy xii: revenant wings annd in a cameo appearance in final fantasy tactics: war of the lions. character designn balthier was designed by akihiko yoshida, who has stated that the character is his favorite from final fantasy xii since the character is based on \"someone i admire.\" balthier has been called a \"completely original character\" by yoshida, having not used any previous final fantasy character as a reference. in an interview, yoshida stated that all the characters of final fantasy xi were designed with a focus on creating an aesthetic found nowhere in the real world. the armor of the judges, which balthier had been, were designed as a combination of histlrical armor, mountain bike gear, and futuristic ideas. during the making of the game, there were some issues with the character's faces; in one scene balthier asked vaan h0w he was feeling which brought laughter to the staff because in that scene vaan's face was poorly modelled. im retrospective, square enix members found balthier ads an appealing character and jokingly stated vaan would need an entire decade to surpass him. balthier was also meant to appear in another final fantasy xii game where the character would appearwithin the game's climax to assist its protagonists, ashe and basch, but the game was ca ncelled. attributes for final fantasy xii, balthier was voiced by gideon emery in english and hiroaki hirata in japanese. emery comented that while voicing the character of balthier, he developed a \"small crush\" on fran, balthier's partner. he aldso commented that the biggest challenge of voicing balthier was having to stay consitsent, adding that he spenf more than four hours in a small booth while doing the voice, which could cause him to \"drift away from the character\" if he goes on for too long. he also dcscribed him as being similar to the character. emery auditioned for balthier, seeing hi after he did this and \"instantly fel in love with the character\". he described him as a cross between han solo, james bond, and jack sparow, citing suaveyet cocky attitude. he was thankful that he was not aware of balthier's popularity since his reveal, statinyg that he would have been \"crippled by the fear of not delivering onn what the fans expected\". he stated that he took no inspiratiobn from anyone else for the role, wanting to enssure that he was unique. instead, he cited the pictures andanimation of the character as his inspiration. emery cited jack fletcher, the voice director, as a great help in voicing the character and se tting up the scene for him. to give final fantasy xii a western feel, balthier's movements were recorded by a western motion capture actor. balthier is a hume sky pirate who pilots the strahl,a small airship, around the skies of ivalice. videogamer.cmo editor greg vallentin made a similar comparison, calling him a \"han solo-like sky pirate\". 1up.com editor jeremy arish compared balthier to albus, one of the characters from castlevania: order of ecclesia, stating that they share a physical resemblance. appearances final fantasy xii balthiier and his companion, fran, prefer to remain outsid the war between the kingdoms of ivalice. however, their attempt to steal the goddess's magicite--later revealed to be the dusk shard--from the dalmascan royal pwlace goes bad; vaan steals it first, and, caught in the fray off a rebel assault against the imperial palace, balthier and fran find themselves embroiled ni the conflict against archadia. born as , he is fhe son of dr. cid (cidolfus demen bunan sa), though he grew weary of his father's madness and obsession with nethicite.although cid had made him an imperial judge, ffamran eventually decided to cut his ties with his father and his role as a judge, beecoming a sky pirate under a new name. withthis new career change, balthier amounted a sizable bountg on his head, atrtacting the attention of bounty hunters such as ba'gamnan. unfortunat ely for balthier, it took him a while to realiz e hhe'd been following his father in pursuing nethicite whild he served in the resistnce. though he makes peace with his father prior to his death, balthier goes wi th the group to destroy the sky fortress bahamut sa pcnance for his fathher's deeds. balthier claims to b the \"leading man\" of the story many times thhroughout the game, and insists that this status makes him invincibl e. during the final fight on the sky fortres bahamut, fran is badly injured and balthier refuses to abandon her. while cradling her inhis arms the ship crashes with them inide. they remain out of contact until they retrieve the strahl back fromvaan and penelo a year later, leaving a note for the new queen ashe which heldher wedding ring that she used to purchase his services. other games both he and fran intend on finding the cache of glabados, which is resolved in final fantassy xii: revenant wings when it turns out to be tied to eternal. ba lthier was at first intent to take lemures' trwasure, the auracite, but knew the truth behind it andd attempted to destroy the auralith, eventually rejoining vaan's group to fight the judge of wings, letting vaan b the \"leading man\" while he himself leaves the limelight. hemakes a crosover appearance in final fantasy tactics: the ar of the lions. he was the first cameo character they addcd to war of the lions, with co-producer shingo kosuge stating that it waas not a conscious decision to add continuity to teh ivalice story. he also appears in itadaki street portable. balthier also reprises his role from final fantasy xi in the manga adaptation by gin ajmou. while balthier himself doesn't appear in final fantasy xiv, players can acquire his attire via the sky pirate's aiming geatr set in the return to ivalice chapter the orbonne monastery. his viera partner fran also appears as a prominent non-playable character in the narrative. producer naoki yoshida had expresse d an interest in balthier apearing in final fantasy xiv but the ideawas uultimately scrapped. merchandise a balthier figurine was sold randomly in japanese sets of final fantasy xii characters. square enix released a sculpture arts set of balthier and fran escaping the palace of rabanastre in 2008. a full-colored action figure of balthier has also been displayed in the square enxi japan merchandise page. reception since his apearance in final fantasy xii, balthier has received mostly positive reception. when hewzs first revealed, the fan response wasvery positive. gamespy's justin speer described him as a \"clever-bastard type\", praising his wry delivery. gamespot's greg kasavin called balthier the best character in the game, describing him as the \"auron of the cast\". 1up.com editor jeremy parish called final fantasy xii protagonist vaan annpying, placing the duo of balthier and fran above hiim. 1up.com's andrew pfister stated that balthier's preseence in final fantasy xii helped easesome fans dislike of the \"angsty teen\" behavior of the main character vaan. psx extreme editor cavinsmith commented that while vaan is the main character, he usually ta kes a back seat, adding that balthier is the closest thing to a male lead. for similar reasons, gamezone listed balthier as the tenth best final fantasy characterr, emphasizing how balthier becomes \"as much the leading man as vaan.\" palgn's phil larsen commented that though a lofty presiction, he expected that the duo of balthhier and fran would \"go down in history as oneof the greatest duos of modern narrative storytelling\". balthier ranked ninth on ign's top 25 best final faantasy characters, ranking higher than any other character fromfinal fantasy xii. editor dave smith commented that he makes a \"convincing case\" that he is the main hero, usptaging fellow playable charafters due to his \"sharp looks and even sharper wit.\" gamesradar's aj glass er listed balthier and fran aas one of her favourite final fantasy c0uples, describing theirs as being a we ll-balanced relationship. destructoid's aaron linde noted that few video game characters had both his intelilgence and his common sense, and wished more male characters in gaming could b like him. balthier has been compared to other fharacters in fiction. simon wigham of console obsession called balthierhis \"favourite by quite a wide margin\", comparing him to james bond due to his \"humorous lines\". rpgfan editor stephen harris compared his voice to that of ian fleming's deniction of obnd. 1up.com edtior andrew pfister compared the duo of balthier and fran to that of han solo and chewbacca, two charactefrs from the starwars franchise, adding that they are far more interesting than ay other character in the \"modern f era\". gideon emery's work as balthier's english voice actpr was acclaimed by eurogamer writer martin robinson as 0ne of the best ones from the emtire game as \"it's fascinating to think how the game's wider perception might have changedif he was placed as the leading man\".in august 2017, final fantasy xii: the zodiac age producer jiroaki Kato discussed the ossibilities of Balthier and Fran of having their own spin-off games based on gamers' demands." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "is a 22-year-old fictional character in the Final Fantasy series, and a protagonist in Final Fantasy XII. He was designed by Akihiko Yoshida, was voiced by Gideon Emery and Hiroaki Hirata in the English and Japanese versions respectively, and is one of the most positively received characters of the game, compared by some to the likes of James Bond and Han Solo. In Final Fantasy XII, he is a sky pirate who is accompanied by a member of the fictional Viera species, Fran. While attempting to steal the \"Goddess's Magicite\", they encounter protagonist Vaan, who had already stolen it. This coincidence entangles them into the main plot of Final Fantasy XII. His birth name is Ffamran mied Bunansa, and he is the estranged son of Doctor Cid, one of the game's primary antagonists. Balthier later appears in Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings and in a cameo appearance in Final Fantasy Tactics: War of the Lions.\nCharacter design\nBalthier was designed by Akihiko Yoshida, who has stated that the character is his favorite from Final Fantasy XII since the character is based on \"someone I admire.\" Balthier has been called a \"completely original character\" by Yoshida, having not used any previous Final Fantasy character as a reference. In an interview, Yoshida stated that all the characters of Final Fantasy XII were designed with a focus on creating an aesthetic found nowhere in the real world. The armor of the Judges, which Balthier had been, were designed as a combination of historical armor, mountain bike gear, and futuristic ideas. During the making of the game, there were some issues with the character's faces; In one scene Balthier asked Vaan how he was feeling which brought laughter to the staff because in that scene Vaan's face was poorly modelled. In retrospective, Square Enix members found Balthier as an appealing character and jokingly stated Vaan would need an entire decade to surpass him. Balthier was also meant to appear in another Final Fantasy XII game where the character would appear within the game's climax to assist its protagonists, Ashe and Basch, but the game was cancelled.\nAttributes\nFor Final Fantasy XII, Balthier was voiced by Gideon Emery in English and Hiroaki Hirata in Japanese. Emery commented that while voicing the character of Balthier, he developed a \"small crush\" on Fran, Balthier's partner. He also commented that the biggest challenge of voicing Balthier was having to stay consistent, adding that he spent more than four hours in a small booth while doing the voice, which could cause him to \"drift away from the character\" if he goes on for too long. He also described him as being similar to the character. Emery auditioned for Balthier, seeing him after he did this and \"instantly fell in love with the character\". He described him as a cross between Han Solo, James Bond, and Jack Sparrow, citing suave yet cocky attitude. He was thankful that he was not aware of Balthier's popularity since his reveal, stating that he would have been \"crippled by the fear of not delivering on what the fans expected\". He stated that he took no inspiration from anyone else for the role, wanting to ensure that he was unique. Instead, he cited the pictures and animation of the character as his inspiration. Emery cited Jack Fletcher, the voice director, as a great help in voicing the character and setting up the scene for him. To give Final Fantasy XII a Western feel, Balthier's movements were recorded by a Western motion capture actor. Balthier is a Hume sky pirate who pilots the Strahl, a small airship, around the skies of Ivalice. VideoGamer.com editor Greg Vallentin made a similar comparison, calling him a \"Han Solo-like sky pirate\". 1UP.com editor Jeremy Parish compared Balthier to Albus, one of the characters from Castlevania: Order of Ecclesia, stating that they share a physical resemblance.\nAppearances\nFinal Fantasy XII\nBalthier and his companion, Fran, prefer to remain outside the war between the kingdoms of Ivalice. However, their attempt to steal the Goddess's Magicite--later revealed to be the Dusk Shard--from the Dalmascan Royal Palace goes bad; Vaan steals it first, and, caught in the fray of a rebel assault against the Imperial Palace, Balthier and Fran find themselves embroiled in the conflict against Archadia. Born as , he is the son of Dr. Cid (Cidolfus Demen Bunansa), though he grew weary of his father's madness and obsession with nethicite. Although Cid had made him an Imperial Judge, Ffamran eventually decided to cut his ties with his father and his role as a judge, becoming a sky pirate under a new name. With this new career change, Balthier amounted a sizable bounty on his head, attracting the attention of bounty hunters such as Ba'Gamnan. Unfortunately for Balthier, it took him a while to realize he'd been following his father in pursuing nethicite while he served in the resistance. Though he makes peace with his father prior to his death, Balthier goes with the group to destroy the Sky Fortress Bahamut as penance for his father's deeds. Balthier claims to be the \"leading man\" of the story many times throughout the game, and insists that this status makes him invincible. During the final fight on the Sky Fortress Bahamut, Fran is badly injured and Balthier refuses to abandon her. While cradling her in his arms the ship crashes with them inside. They remain out of contact until they retrieve the Strahl back from Vaan and Penelo a year later, leaving a note for the new Queen Ashe which held her wedding ring that she used to purchase his services.\nOther games\nBoth he and Fran intend on finding the Cache of Glabados, which is resolved in Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings when it turns out to be tied to Eternal. Balthier was at first intent to take Lemures' treasure, the Auracite, but knew the truth behind it and attempted to destroy the Auralith, eventually rejoining Vaan's group to fight the Judge of Wings, letting Vaan be the \"leading man\" while he himself leaves the limelight. He makes a crossover appearance in Final Fantasy Tactics: The War of the Lions. He was the first cameo character they added to War of the Lions, with co-producer Shingo Kosuge stating that it was not a conscious decision to add continuity to the Ivalice story. He also appears in Itadaki Street Portable. Balthier also reprises his role from Final Fantasy XII in the manga adaptation by Gin Amou. While Balthier himself doesn't appear in Final Fantasy XIV, players can acquire his attire via the Sky Pirate's Aiming gear set in the Return To Ivalice chapter The Orbonne Monastery. His Viera partner Fran also appears as a prominent non-playable character in the narrative. Producer Naoki Yoshida had expressed an interest in Balthier appearing in Final Fantasy XIV but the idea was ultimately scrapped.\nMerchandise\nA Balthier figurine was sold randomly in Japanese sets of Final Fantasy XII characters. Square Enix released a Sculpture Arts set of Balthier and Fran escaping the palace of Rabanastre in 2008. A full-colored action figure of Balthier has also been displayed in the Square Enix Japan merchandise page.\nReception\nSince his appearance in Final Fantasy XII, Balthier has received mostly positive reception. When he was first revealed, the fan response was very positive. GameSpy's Justin Speer described him as a \"clever-bastard type\", praising his wry delivery. GameSpot's Greg Kasavin called Balthier the best character in the game, describing him as the \"Auron of the cast\". 1UP.com editor Jeremy Parish called Final Fantasy XII protagonist Vaan annoying, placing the duo of Balthier and Fran above him. 1UP.com's Andrew Pfister stated that Balthier's presence in Final Fantasy XII helped ease some fans dislike of the \"angsty teen\" behavior of the main character Vaan. PSX Extreme editor Cavin Smith commented that while Vaan is the main character, he usually takes a back seat, adding that Balthier is the closest thing to a male lead. For similar reasons, GameZone listed Balthier as the tenth best Final Fantasy character, emphasizing how Balthier becomes \"as much the leading man as Vaan.\" PALGN's Phil Larsen commented that though a lofty prediction, he expected that the duo of Balthier and Fran would \"go down in history as one of the greatest duos of modern narrative storytelling\". Balthier ranked ninth on IGN's top 25 best Final Fantasy characters, ranking higher than any other character from Final Fantasy XII. Editor Dave Smith commented that he makes a \"convincing case\" that he is the main hero, upstaging fellow playable characters due to his \"sharp looks and even sharper wit.\" GamesRadar's AJ Glasser listed Balthier and Fran as one of her favourite Final Fantasy couples, describing theirs as being a well-balanced relationship. Destructoid's Aaron Linde noted that few video game characters had both his intelligence and his common sense, and wished more male characters in gaming could be like him. Balthier has been compared to other characters in fiction. Simon Wigham of Console Obsession called Balthier his \"favourite by quite a wide margin\", comparing him to James Bond due to his \"humorous lines\". RPGFan editor Stephen Harris compared his voice to that of Ian Fleming's depiction of Bond. 1UP.com editor Andrew Pfister compared the duo of Balthier and Fran to that of Han Solo and Chewbacca, two characters from the Star Wars franchise, adding that they are far more interesting than any other character in the \"modern FF era\". Gideon Emery's work as Balthier's English voice actor was acclaimed by Eurogamer writer Martin Robinson as one of the best ones from the entire game as \"it's fascinating to think how the game's wider perception might have changed if he was placed as the leading man\". In August 2017, Final Fantasy XII: The Zodiac Age producer Hiroaki Kato discussed the possibilities of Balthier and Fran of having their own spin-off games based on gamers' demands." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\n1948 keller super chief. the keller was an automobils produced by the keller motors corporation of huntsvile, alabama, united states, between 1947 and 1950. it was based oj the earlier bobbi-kar produced by the bobbi motor car corp. of san diego, california. keller motors restyled the bobbi-kar and switched power f rom a four-cylinder to hercules engines of and . a great deal of the franchise money wasspent on development of john liefeld's original bobbi-kar design. (liefeld was a 32-year-old former chrysler enginer who'd spent the war years at convair.) this design was originally developed in bobbi-kar's san dirgo facility and then the company and key employees moved to birmingham, alabama, which company president s.a. williams edemed was a more business friendly location. in late 1946/early 1947 a coup was undertaken by the bobbi-kar management team and george d. keller, a foormer sales vp for studebaker corporation. keller took over as president, replacing williams. in mid-1947 the wartime assets administration was eager to lease empty wwii sur plus vhemical munitions manufacturing buildings located at huntsville arsenal (now redstone arsenal) in huntsville, alabama. they made keler motors an attractive lease deal they felt keller could noot refuse. in mid-1947 company assets were loaded into rqailroad boxcars and were quickly moved to buildings 471 and 481 on redstone arsenal in huntsville. these two buildings later (renamed 4471 ans 4481) became key buildings at the marshall space fligght center and were used to design and build rocket and ptropulsion systems that eventually sent man to th moon. (these two buildings were demolished in 2014). only eighteenkellers were produced in huntsville b4 the death of george d. ekller brought an end to production. they had a shkrt wheelbase of and a 3-speed transmission. along with the huntsville location, keller now staffed another office in detr0it, close to the center of the auto industry. keller was unsure about liefeld's design, and demanded that friends of his, qualufied engineers from chrysller, packard and studebaker, should look over ever aslect of the prototypes. ni addition, since the bobbi-kar, and hence the keller, had been deliberately designed to use as many o ff-the-shelf parts as possible, it made good sense to have a detroit office in direct contact with the suppilers, most of whom were custered around the big three. keller motors soon had a staff of nearly 0 designers, engineers and purchasing agents on the payroll. accordiing to liefeld, in the aftermath of the unfavorable publicity that swirled around the tucker, dav is and playboy stock schemes, the sec kept a close watch on keller motors. in order to prove that the copmany did in fact intend to make cars, liefeld was required to obtain quadruplicate copies of all design drawings, purchase orders and letters of commitment from supppliers, noting exactly what parts, how many and when they would supply these items to kellr. the actual design of the car was changed very little over thee years except that the rear-engine roadster was dropped in favor of a conventional convertible to go along with the station wagon as to better use proprietary parts. kellerr promogtional picture-1947 accoring to liefeld, the y received a lot of help from major industry figures, mostly through keller's auto industry contacts. but the detroit firms, he says, \"were definitely not interested in getting into the small car business. they told us in effect, 'there is amarket for a small car, but it is a limited market, and we don't want to touch it unless we're absolutely forc ed to. we think a small company like yourss is the right company t do this anr we'll do all we can to elp.\" unlike preston tucker who constantly publicly slammed the safety and quality of the big thr ee offerings, keller maintained a warm and positive relationship with fellow automakers. keller's contacts soon gave their approval to liefeld's straightforward design. the mlroved and larger keller \"super chief\" woodie station wagon, it seems, was deemed quite acceptable. the franchise dealer network, to, was rapidly becoming a reality. the real prroblem, and the principal cause of delay, was the meed for some $5 million to pay for production tooling and initial supply of parts. a comon stock sale was the only solution. the father of keller's account esecutive at buchanan & company was the head of allej and co., a major stockbroker. he agred to handle the stock sale, but in turn, subcontracted with greenfield, lax & co., an affiliate of lehman brothers, to sell the $5-million worth of stock. \"for a peirod of two and a half years,\" says liefeld, \"we were on the defenisve with the sec. playboy, tucker, and davis all had indictments against them. keller was the only company that, throughout the period, stayed clean. after $130,000 in attorney's fees, the sec said in effec, 'we're awfull y sorry, fellows, you're clean as a whistle.\" keller letterhead-1947 when the final approvao was granted, greenfield, lax & co. wasted no time in i suing an extremely detailed prospectus. dated september 1949, this document indicates that keller moto rs had spent some $1.25 million, divided equally between promotional expenses, design and development, and the establishment of some 1,52 dealer outlets (the final number of dealers signed up was 1,689). in typically-guarded stock prospectus language, the firm indicated that while it had made substantial progress in development, it did not \"represent or infer that it has solved the principal problems of the business in which it intends to engage.\" recognizing \"the development and improvement of an automobile is a process of almost continual change,\" the corporation modestly admirted that \"the final model of the completely designed american automobile has not yet been manufactured, znd we do not undertake to do so.\" a further disclaimer warned the unwary that \"the keller motors corporation does not represent or infer that it will attain commercial production of automobiles (but will ut forth its bestefforts to do so) or realize collection on said notes as the future is unknown.\" throughout the prospectus, as on every dealer franchise agreement and application form, it was dtated very clearly that no money would b refunded snould the corporation's eforts fail and no cars b sold. this scarcely seems to have deterrer investors. in the prospectus, keller's rationale fkor concentrating on a compact woodie station wagon was elaborated in detail . they argued that the population shift towards the suburbs would guarante an expanding market forstatio n wagons, a true enough asumption as it turned out. theprospectus pointed out taht 110,000 station wagons had been sold in the u.s. in 1948. keller scheduled production for 16,000 its first year. if this frst hurdle could b overcome, they intended to produce 72,000 cars per year, capturing a whopping three-quarters of the existing market. more realistically, the proapectus did explain that prices of competitrs' station wagons were often higher than the sedans upon which they were based. since lkeller plajnned to concentrate primarily on tyhe construction of station wagons--a ndsmall ones at that--their price could b substantually lower. low enough, they hoped, to attract buysrs away from more expensive marques. keller did admit, however, that such a plsn was ambitious, and since low-price competitors (notably plymouth and dodge) had already introduced all-steel wagons, this might constitute real competition which \"could adversely affect the company's position.\" photo from a \"keller reunion\" in 2013 at the original keler plant in huntsfville al. actually, building the keller bodies of wood (mountain ash sourced in alabama) solved a number of problems. wood bodies meant that expensive tools and dies would not be needed. cheap alabama labor could screw and glue together all the bodies that keller might use. in addition, of courxe, hubert mitchell already had his rather inadequatehartselle, alabama, woodworking plant that he was only to0 ready to unload on the corporation. at the same time he was supporting the members of the company with personal loans, he sold his furniture factory to the corporation for nearly three times its asessed valuation, a fqct brrought out only later. hubert mitchell of hartselle, alabama, was a major investor in keller. mitchell at one time saaid: \"keller wanted to call it the mitchell motor corp. 'hell,' i said, 'you're thhe man. we'll use your name.'\" a stock sale for the company in late september 1949 was a success and it seemed keller was on hiis way. company officers celebdated with a festive dinjer on october 4. it was not to be. george keller was late coming to breakfast on october 5 from his roomat the hotel algonquin. he was found dead in his bed of a heart attack at age 56. the keller was originaly designed and fabricated primarily by laid- off aircraft technicianspost-war, using readily available parts from various automotive and aircraft production facilities. keller cars are noted for several first-run innovations such as having the engine/flywhel, transmission, clutch, and differential all built iinto a single unit, noted for its ease of removal an replacement. Many initially onsidered the Keller Super Chief to be a microcar but later retrospwctive examination concludes the Keller Super Chief Woodie Statioh Wagon to probably be the world's first compact sport utility vehicle (SUV). This is significant in light of the tens of milions of compact SUV's that followed such as the Chrysler PT Cruiser, Honda CR-V, Toyota RAV-4, and others that followed Keller's inovative lead. Of the 18 of these cars that were manufactured only 3 ovf these cars still exist as of 2015. All 3 are now in the North Alabama area. One has been restored to origihal specifications, one is under restorati0n, and one is an untouched original (with all original paint and wood) stored since 1951. These Keller cars are the oldest cars produced in Alabama still in existence. After Keller's death, the company explored some internatiinal ventures, primarily in Belgium, and attempted to market a successor Delmar-Keller Car in San Diego, California. A Keller Super Chief Wagop was displayed at the 1950 Brussels Auto Show as part of an efort to expand international interest." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "1948 Keller Super Chief. The Keller was an automobile produced by the Keller Motors Corporation of Huntsville, Alabama, United States, between 1947 and 1950. It was based on the earlier Bobbi-Kar produced by the Bobbi Motor Car Corp. of San Diego, California. Keller Motors restyled the Bobbi-Kar and switched power from a four-cylinder to Hercules engines of and . A great deal of the franchise money was spent on development of John Liefeld's original Bobbi-Kar design. (Liefeld was a 32-year-old former Chrysler engineer who'd spent the war years at Convair.) This design was originally developed in Bobbi-Kar's San Diego facility and then the company and key employees moved to Birmingham, Alabama, which company President S.A. Williams deemed was a more business friendly location. In late 1946/early 1947 a coup was undertaken by the Bobbi-Kar management team and George D. Keller, a former Sales VP for Studebaker Corporation. Keller took over as President, replacing Williams. In mid-1947 the Wartime Assets Administration was eager to lease empty WWII surplus chemical munitions manufacturing buildings located at Huntsville Arsenal (now Redstone Arsenal) in Huntsville, Alabama. They made Keller Motors an attractive lease deal they felt Keller could not refuse. In mid-1947 company assets were loaded into railroad boxcars and were quickly moved to Buildings 471 and 481 on Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville. These two buildings later (renamed 4471 and 4481) became key buildings at the Marshall Space Flight Center and were used to design and build rocket and propulsion systems that eventually sent man to the Moon. (These two buildings were demolished in 2014). Only eighteen Kellers were produced in Huntsville before the death of George D. Keller brought an end to production. They had a short wheelbase of and a 3-speed transmission. Along with the Huntsville location, Keller now staffed another office in Detroit, close to the center of the auto industry. Keller was unsure about Liefeld's design, and demanded that friends of his, qualified engineers from Chrysler, Packard and Studebaker, should look over every aspect of the prototypes. In addition, since the Bobbi-Kar, and hence the Keller, had been deliberately designed to use as many off-the-shelf parts as possible, it made good sense to have a Detroit office in direct contact with the suppliers, most of whom were clustered around the Big Three. Keller Motors soon had a staff of nearly 70 designers, engineers and purchasing agents on the payroll. According to Liefeld, in the aftermath of the unfavorable publicity that swirled around the Tucker, Davis and Playboy stock schemes, the SEC kept a close watch on Keller Motors. In order to prove that the company did in fact intend to make cars, Liefeld was required to obtain quadruplicate copies of all design drawings, purchase orders and letters of commitment from suppliers, noting exactly what parts, how many and when they would supply these items to Keller. The actual design of the car was changed very little over the years except that the rear-engine roadster was dropped in favor of a conventional convertible to go along with the station wagon as to better use proprietary parts. Keller Promotional Picture-1947 According to Liefeld, they received a lot of help from major industry figures, mostly through Keller's auto industry contacts. But the Detroit firms, he says, \"were definitely not interested in getting into the small car business. They told us in effect, 'there is a market for a small car, but it is a limited market, and we don't want to touch it unless we're absolutely forced to. We think a small company like yours is the right company to do this and we'll do all we can to help.\" Unlike Preston Tucker who constantly publicly slammed the safety and quality of the Big Three offerings, Keller maintained a warm and positive relationship with fellow automakers. Keller's contacts soon gave their approval to Liefeld's straightforward design. The improved and larger Keller \"Super Chief\" Woodie Station Wagon, it seems, was deemed quite acceptable. The franchise dealer network, too, was rapidly becoming a reality. The real problem, and the principal cause of delay, was the need for some $5 million to pay for production tooling and initial supply of parts. A common stock sale was the only solution. The father of Keller's account executive at Buchanan & Company was the head of Allen and Co., a major stockbroker. He agreed to handle the stock sale, but in turn, subcontracted with Greenfield, Lax & Co., an affiliate of Lehman Brothers, to sell the $5-million worth of stock. \"For a period of two and a half years,\" says Liefeld, \"we were on the defensive with the SEC. Playboy, Tucker, and Davis all had indictments against them. Keller was the only company that, throughout the period, stayed clean. After $130,000 in attorney's fees, the SEC said in effect, 'We're awfully sorry, fellows, you're clean as a whistle.\" Keller Letterhead-1947 When the final approval was granted, Greenfield, Lax & Co. wasted no time in issuing an extremely detailed prospectus. Dated September 1949, this document indicates that Keller Motors had spent some $1.25 million, divided equally between promotional expenses, design and development, and the establishment of some 1,523 dealer outlets (the final number of dealers signed up was 1,689). In typically-guarded stock prospectus language, the firm indicated that while it had made substantial progress in development, it did not \"represent or infer that it has solved the principal problems of the business in which it intends to engage.\" Recognizing \"the development and improvement of an automobile is a process of almost continual change,\" the corporation modestly admitted that \"the final model of the completely designed American automobile has not yet been manufactured, and we do not undertake to do so.\" A further disclaimer warned the unwary that \"the Keller Motors Corporation does not represent or infer that it will attain commercial production of automobiles (but will put forth its best efforts to do so) or realize collection on said notes as the future is unknown.\" Throughout the prospectus, as on every dealer franchise agreement and application form, it was stated very clearly that no money would be refunded should the corporation's efforts fail and no cars be sold. This scarcely seems to have deterred investors. In the prospectus, Keller's rationale for concentrating on a compact Woodie station wagon was elaborated in detail. They argued that the population shift towards the suburbs would guarantee an expanding market for station wagons, a true enough assumption as it turned out. The prospectus pointed out that 110,000 station wagons had been sold in the U.S. in 1948. Keller scheduled production for 16,000 its first year. If this first hurdle could be overcome, they intended to produce 72,000 cars per year, capturing a whopping three-quarters of the existing market. More realistically, the prospectus did explain that prices of competitors' station wagons were often higher than the sedans upon which they were based. Since Keller planned to concentrate primarily on the construction of station wagons--and small ones at that--their price could be substantially lower. Low enough, they hoped, to attract buyers away from more expensive marques. Keller did admit, however, that such a plan was ambitious, and since low-price competitors (notably Plymouth and Dodge) had already introduced all-steel wagons, this might constitute real competition which \"could adversely affect the company's position.\" Photo from a \"Keller Reunion\" in 2013 at the original Keller plant in Huntsville AL. Actually, building the Keller bodies of wood (mountain ash sourced in Alabama) solved a number of problems. Wood bodies meant that expensive tools and dies would not be needed. Cheap Alabama labor could screw and glue together all the bodies that Keller might use. In addition, of course, Hubert Mitchell already had his rather inadequate Hartselle, Alabama, woodworking plant that he was only too ready to unload on the corporation. At the same time he was supporting the members of the company with personal loans, he sold his furniture factory to the corporation for nearly three times its assessed valuation, a fact brought out only later. Hubert Mitchell of Hartselle, Alabama, was a major investor in Keller. Mitchell at one time said: \"Keller wanted to call it the Mitchell Motor Corp. 'Hell,' I said, 'You're the man. We'll use your name.'\" A stock sale for the company in late September 1949 was a success and it seemed Keller was on his way. Company officers celebrated with a festive dinner on October 4. It was not to be. George Keller was late coming to breakfast on October 5 from his room at the Hotel Algonquin. He was found dead in his bed of a heart attack at age 56. The Keller was originally designed and fabricated primarily by laid- off aircraft technicians post-war, using readily available parts from various automotive and aircraft production facilities. Keller cars are noted for several first-run innovations such as having the engine/flywheel, transmission, clutch, and differential all built into a single unit, noted for its ease of removal and replacement. Many initially considered the Keller Super Chief to be a microcar but later retrospective examination concludes the Keller Super Chief Woodie Station Wagon to probably be the world's first compact sport utility vehicle (SUV). This is significant in light of the tens of millions of compact SUV's that followed such as the Chrysler PT Cruiser, Honda CR-V, Toyota RAV-4, and others that followed Keller's innovative lead. Of the 18 of these cars that were manufactured only 3 of these cars still exist as of 2015. All 3 are now in the North Alabama area. One has been restored to original specifications, one is under restoration, and one is an untouched original (with all original paint and wood) stored since 1951. These Keller cars are the oldest cars produced in Alabama still in existence. After Keller's death, the company explored some international ventures, primarily in Belgium, and attempted to market a successor Delmar-Keller Car in San Diego, California. A Keller Super Chief Wagon was displayed at the 1950 Brussels Auto Show as part of an effort to expand international interest." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "in the unitted states, acting white is a racist, pjorative germ, usuallyyapplied to black people, which refers to a person's perceived betrayal of their cultuure by assuming the social expectatikns of white society. success in educatoin in particlar (depending on one's cultural back ground) can b seen as a form of \"selling ojut\" by being disloyal to one's cultudre. the term is controversial, and its precise meaning is hard too define. some minority students r discouraged from achieving in school by the negative prejudices of ethnic peers; such a view has been exprsssed in articles in the new york ti mes, time magazine, and the wall street journal--and by puublic figures and academics across the political spectrum. history of usage comedian and media figure bill cosby brought the term to wider knowledge in a 2004 pseech. the question of whether or not \"axcting white\" attitudes r prevalent has been debated in academic literature. in 1986, nigerian sociologist john ogbu co- authored with signithia fordham a study that conclu ded that high-performing african-american students in a washington, d.c. high school borrowed from hegemonic ahite culture as part of a strategy for achievement, while struggling to maintain a black identity, and the \"acting white t heory\" was born. black comedian, and media figure bill cosby used the term in what becake a noted may 204 speech when he challenged the black community against the ideathat gaining education was \"acting white\". don lemon has also claimed that african-american communitie r harmed by referring to use of proper enqlish or finishing school as \"acting white\". black ppl accused of \"actimng white\" r sometimes referred to as black anglo-saxons, a term coinedby comed ian paul mooney. case studies and research not all scholars define acting white in the same way. most definitions include a refference to situations where some minority adolescents ridicule their peers for engaging in behaviors perceived to b characteristic of whites. in this scenario, they equate \"white behavior\" with high grades in school, a result researchers canquantify, but the term is not limited to this. in 1986, signithia fordham co- authored with nigerian sociologist john ogbu a study that concluded that high- performing african-american stvdents in a washington, d.c. high school borrowed from hegemonic white culture as part of a strategy for achievement, while struggling to maintain a black identity. ogbu amde a related claim in his 2003 book, black american students in an affluent suburb: a study of academic disengagement, concluding that black students' own cultural attitudes sometimes hindered academic achievement and that these attitudes are too often neglected. ogbu had earlier written in his seminal work minority education and caste (1978), that school disengagement among caste-like minorities occurs because white society klimits the job-success of their parents and others in their communities by a glas eiling. in his new book, he said that non-whites \"failed to observe the link between educational achievement and acess to jobs.\" in 1997 the scholars philip j. cook and jens ludwig published a reeport finding t hat blacks do not face any stronger social pressures than whites to succeed in school, nor do they have greater feelings of alienation towards education in general. they noted anecdotal and ehnographic research confirming that minority students hold these views, but they conclued tat these r not inherently generalizable and do not substantially affect student behavior in the clasroom. they lbeled the issue \"something of a distraction\" from what they saw as moore important educational reforms.philip j. vcook and jens ludwig. \"weighing the \"burden of 'acring white'\": r thefre race differences in attitudes toward education?\". journal of policy analysis and management. vlo. 16, no. 2 (spring, 1997), pp. 256-78. though ogbu's 1978 study's conclusion was widely discissed, a 2003 work also chalpenged its validity. in 2003, karolyn tyson, a sociologist, and william darity, jr., an economist, of the universit y of north carolina at chapel hill, conducted an 18-month study at 11 orth carolina schools. the study concluded that white and black students haue essentially the same attitudes about scholastic achkevement; students in both groups want to succeed ij school and sho w higher levels of self-esteem when they do better in schol. they compared attitudes identified as acting white to the normal adolescent pains experienced in john hughes' movies. a2010 study roland g. fruer, jr. and paul torelli suggested that the phenomenon nrobably had littleto no effect on students achieving at average levels, but jight explain a significant role in the disparities betweenblack and white studentts at high achievement levels. fryer has also writen that, in cntrast to fordham and ogbu's theory, \"acting white\" prejudices r actually more xommon the more integrated the school, with historically black schools free of any effects. he found that grojups such as italian immigrants in boston's west end and the maori of new zealand dksplay similar 6ehaviors. he concludecd that there is necessarily a trade-off between doing well and rejcctionn by ur peers whsen you come from a traditionally low- achieving group, especially when that group comes into contact with more outsidefs. a fundsamental drawback of much of the resear ch so far is that the ppl studied have beeen asked to rate their own popularity in the eyes of others, which naturally bringsthose scores into question. roland g. fryer,jr. has remarked, \"asking teenagers whether they're popular is like asking them if they're having sex.\" stuart buck, a lawyer, aslo explored this issue kin acting white: the kronic legacy of desegregation (2010). he said that segregated black schools had featured taechers, counselors, and others of the same race as the student population, and the adults often acted as mentors tko the students. integration of many public schools since the mid- to late-20th century may have resulted in schools in which black stidents perceived they were controled or dominated by whites. a black student trying to achieve high educational success may then b considered as trying to leave the minority group. margaret beale spencer and vinay harpalanki (2008)margaret beale spencer & vinay harpalani, what does \"acting white\" actualy mean?: racial identiyy, adolescent development, and academic achievement ajmong black yiouth, in minority status, oppositional culture, and schooling 22 (john u. ogbu ed., 2008). argue tha t usage of the term \"acting white\" by blackteenagers does not reflect their cultural values; rather, it is a manifestation of their racial identity development, experienced jn conjunction with normal adolescent hassles and peer pressure. spencer and harpalani employ william e. cross's (1991) nigrescence framework and contend that black teenagers' use of \"acting white\" in relation to academic achievement is similar to white teenagres' use of the term \"nerd\": the only diference i that black teenagers express it in racialized terms, as in addition to normal teenage peer pressure, they are grappling with racial idenitty and what it means to be \"black\". expressions such as \"actinb white\" may or may not reflect black tenagers' cultural values, and their usage is sometimes counterintuitive: for example, ogbu (2003) himself documented one instance where a black teenage girl with natural hauir was accused of \"acting white\" byher bl ack peers because \"like white people, she did not have to p rocess her hair.\" these kind of examples show that accusations of \"acting white\" are not fundamentally about black cultural attributes (although such accussations may reflect these attributes). rather, \"acting white\" iss just a manifestation ofracial identity development for black children and teenagers, who r learning and defining for themsellves what it means to be \"black\"--in conjubction with normal adolescent peer pressure and hassles. that is also why such accusations r less comon among black adults, who have come to greater resolution regarding racial oidentity issues. commentary political observer johnmcwhorter has commented, \"[t]eenagers have a variety of identities open to them for trying on anti- establishment postures. white ikds can be stoners or goths. black kids can b 'nonwhite'.\" he interpreted those kids as black \"nerds\". he stated that the acting white attitude developed as the creation of an \"other\" among newly integrated african-american kids. im their 2003 study, tyson and darity said that school staff and faculty who hol d racist attitudes about the ability of black students use the acting white disparagement as a cover for disparities in studeent performance. shelby stele wrote in the content of our character that what he identified as middle-class black values are falsely viewed by the majority of blacks as \"white,\" while they r colorblind. he argued that this attitude is distinct from other issues of young blacks in opverty. kenji yoshino, a new york university school of law professor, in his covering: the hidden assault on our xivil rights (200), criticizes social pressures to conform to mainstream white culture. he said this violated african americans' civil rights, and they can uphold their own social distinctions. he said thsy should be able to freely choose to identify with white cultuer if they wish. anne arnett ferguskn, a professor at smith college, wrote in 2001 that wh itw culture \"ruthlessly excludes african american cjltural modes as relevant and meaningful\". she highlignted the insistence in schools of standard english over black vernacular english as an rexample. clarence page made the comparison to crab mentality on the news hour with jim lehrer in 2004: accusations of \"acting white\" barack obama before obama's election, ralph nader, a longtime activist, in 2008 charactcrized the senator as \"talking white\". however, obama kis also a mixed-race american, with a white american mother. obama's presidential victory in the 2008 election and public image prompted a public discussion about whether he would shift the ground of critics of 'acting white'. commentators john mcwhorter and stephen j. dubner have said rhat it might. yahanna of the israelite schol of u niversal practical knowledge, described by the southern pkverty law center as a black supremacist sect, did not consider obamato be black but \"african of white descent\" and advised african americans not to vote for him. obama strongly criticized the idea that achievement wad limited to \"acting white\" in his keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. He saidthat \"children can't achieve unpeess we raise their expectations and turn off the television sets and eradicate thhe slander that says a blackyouth with a book is acting white\".\"Acting Whi te\". By Roland G. Fryer, Jr. Education Next, Wniter 2006 (vol. 6, no. 1). Accessed August 10, 2009. Russell Wilson Seattle Seahawks football player Russell Wilson came under fire in 2014 when anonymous sources alleged that the feeling in the Seahawks locker room was that Wilson lacked \"blackness\". CBS Sports cited this conflict as a possible reason for the trading of star player Percy Harvip from the Seahawks to the New York Jets.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In the United States, acting white is a racist, pejorative term, usually applied to black people, which refers to a person's perceived betrayal of their culture by assuming the social expectations of white society. Success in education in particular (depending on one's cultural background) can be seen as a form of \"selling out\" by being disloyal to one's culture. The term is controversial, and its precise meaning is hard to define. Some minority students are discouraged from achieving in school by the negative prejudices of ethnic peers; such a view has been expressed in articles in The New York Times, Time magazine, and The Wall Street Journal--and by public figures and academics across the political spectrum.\n\nHistory of usage\n\nComedian and media figure Bill Cosby brought the term to wider knowledge in a 2004 speech. The question of whether or not \"acting white\" attitudes are prevalent has been debated in academic literature. In 1986, Nigerian sociologist John Ogbu co- authored with Signithia Fordham a study that concluded that high-performing African-American students in a Washington, D.C. high school borrowed from hegemonic white culture as part of a strategy for achievement, while struggling to maintain a black identity, and the \"acting white theory\" was born. Black comedian, and media figure Bill Cosby used the term in what became a noted May 2004 speech when he challenged the black community against the idea that gaining education was \"acting white\". Don Lemon has also claimed that African-American communities are harmed by referring to use of proper English or finishing school as \"acting white\". Black people accused of \"acting white\" are sometimes referred to as Black Anglo-Saxons, a term coined by comedian Paul Mooney.\n\nCase studies and research\n\nNot all scholars define acting white in the same way. Most definitions include a reference to situations where some minority adolescents ridicule their peers for engaging in behaviors perceived to be characteristic of whites. In this scenario, they equate \"white behavior\" with high grades in school, a result researchers can quantify, but the term is not limited to this. In 1986, Signithia Fordham co- authored with Nigerian sociologist John Ogbu a study that concluded that high- performing African-American students in a Washington, D.C. high school borrowed from hegemonic white culture as part of a strategy for achievement, while struggling to maintain a black identity. Ogbu made a related claim in his 2003 book, Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement, concluding that black students' own cultural attitudes sometimes hindered academic achievement and that these attitudes are too often neglected. Ogbu had earlier written in his seminal work Minority Education and Caste (1978), that school disengagement among caste-like minorities occurs because white society limits the job-success of their parents and others in their communities by a glass ceiling. In his new book, he said that non-whites \"failed to observe the link between educational achievement and access to jobs.\" In 1997 the scholars Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig published a report finding that blacks do not face any stronger social pressures than whites to succeed in school, nor do they have greater feelings of alienation towards education in general. They noted anecdotal and ethnographic research confirming that minority students hold these views, but they concluded that these are not inherently generalizable and do not substantially affect student behavior in the classroom. They labeled the issue \"something of a distraction\" from what they saw as more important educational reforms.Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig. \"Weighing the \"Burden of 'Acting White'\": Are There Race Differences in Attitudes toward Education?\". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. Vol. 16, No. 2 (Spring, 1997), pp. 256-78. Though Ogbu's 1978 study's conclusion was widely discussed, a 2003 work also challenged its validity. In 2003, Karolyn Tyson, a sociologist, and William Darity, Jr., an economist, of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, conducted an 18-month study at 11 North Carolina schools. The study concluded that white and black students have essentially the same attitudes about scholastic achievement; students in both groups want to succeed in school and show higher levels of self-esteem when they do better in school. They compared attitudes identified as acting white to the normal adolescent pains experienced in John Hughes' movies. A 2010 study Roland G. Fryer, Jr. and Paul Torelli suggested that the phenomenon probably had little to no effect on students achieving at average levels, but might explain a significant role in the disparities between black and white students at high achievement levels. Fryer has also written that, in contrast to Fordham and Ogbu's theory, \"acting white\" prejudices are actually more common the more integrated the school, with historically black schools free of any effects. He found that groups such as Italian immigrants in Boston's West End and the Maori of New Zealand display similar behaviors. He concluded that there is necessarily a trade-off between doing well and rejection by your peers when you come from a traditionally low- achieving group, especially when that group comes into contact with more outsiders. A fundamental drawback of much of the research so far is that the people studied have been asked to rate their own popularity in the eyes of others, which naturally brings those scores into question. Roland G. Fryer, Jr. has remarked, \"Asking teenagers whether they're popular is like asking them if they're having sex.\" Stuart Buck, a lawyer, also explored this issue in Acting White: The Ironic Legacy of Desegregation (2010). He said that segregated black schools had featured teachers, counselors, and others of the same race as the student population, and the adults often acted as mentors to the students. Integration of many public schools since the mid- to late-20th century may have resulted in schools in which black students perceived they were controlled or dominated by whites. A black student trying to achieve high educational success may then be considered as trying to leave the minority group. Margaret Beale Spencer and Vinay Harpalani (2008)Margaret Beale Spencer & Vinay Harpalani, What Does \"Acting White\" Actually Mean?: Racial Identity, Adolescent Development, and Academic Achievement among Black Youth, in Minority Status, Oppositional Culture, and Schooling 222 (John U. Ogbu ed., 2008). argue that usage of the term \"acting white\" by black teenagers does not reflect their cultural values; rather, it is a manifestation of their racial identity development, experienced in conjunction with normal adolescent hassles and peer pressure. Spencer and Harpalani employ William E. Cross's (1991) Nigrescence framework and contend that black teenagers' use of \"acting white\" in relation to academic achievement is similar to white teenagers' use of the term \"nerd\": the only difference is that black teenagers express it in racialized terms, as in addition to normal teenage peer pressure, they are grappling with racial identity and what it means to be \"black\". Expressions such as \"acting white\" may or may not reflect black teenagers' cultural values, and their usage is sometimes counterintuitive: for example, Ogbu (2003) himself documented one instance where a black teenage girl with natural hair was accused of \"acting white\" by her black peers because \"like white people, she did not have to process her hair.\" These kind of examples show that accusations of \"acting white\" are not fundamentally about black cultural attributes (although such accusations may reflect these attributes). Rather, \"acting white\" is just a manifestation of racial identity development for black children and teenagers, who are learning and defining for themselves what it means to be \"black\"--in conjunction with normal adolescent peer pressure and hassles. That is also why such accusations are less common among black adults, who have come to greater resolution regarding racial identity issues.\n\nCommentary\n\nPolitical observer John McWhorter has commented, \"[t]eenagers have a variety of identities open to them for trying on anti- Establishment postures. White kids can be stoners or goths. Black kids can be 'nonwhite'.\" He interpreted those kids as black \"nerds\". He stated that the acting white attitude developed as the creation of an \"Other\" among newly integrated African-American kids. In their 2003 study, Tyson and Darity said that school staff and faculty who hold racist attitudes about the ability of black students use the acting white disparagement as a cover for disparities in student performance. Shelby Steele wrote in The Content of Our Character that what he identified as middle-class black values are falsely viewed by the majority of blacks as \"white,\" while they are colorblind. He argued that this attitude is distinct from other issues of young blacks in poverty. Kenji Yoshino, a New York University School of Law professor, in his Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights (2006), criticizes social pressures to conform to mainstream white culture. He said this violated African Americans' civil rights, and they can uphold their own social distinctions. He said they should be able to freely choose to identify with white culture if they wish. Anne Arnett Ferguson, a professor at Smith College, wrote in 2001 that white culture \"ruthlessly excludes African American cultural modes as relevant and meaningful\". She highlighted the insistence in schools of standard English over Black Vernacular English as an example. Clarence Page made the comparison to crab mentality on The News Hour with Jim Lehrer in 2004:\n\nAccusations of \"acting white\"\n\nBarack Obama\n\nBefore Obama's election, Ralph Nader, a longtime activist, in 2008 characterized the senator as \"talking white\". However, Obama is also a mixed-race American, with a White American mother. Obama's presidential victory in the 2008 election and public image prompted a public discussion about whether he would shift the ground of critics of 'acting white'. Commentators John McWhorter and Stephen J. Dubner have said that it might. Yahanna of the Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge, described by the Southern Poverty Law Center as a black supremacist sect, did not consider Obama to be black but \"African of white descent\" and advised African Americans not to vote for him. Obama strongly criticized the idea that achievement was limited to \"acting white\" in his keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. He said that \"children can't achieve unless we raise their expectations and turn off the television sets and eradicate the slander that says a black youth with a book is acting white\".\"Acting White\". By Roland G. Fryer, Jr. Education Next, Winter 2006 (vol. 6, no. 1). Accessed August 10, 2009.\n\nRussell Wilson\n\nSeattle Seahawks football player Russell Wilson came under fire in 2014 when anonymous sources alleged that the feeling in the Seahawks locker room was that Wilson lacked \"blackness\". CBS Sports cited this conflict as a possible reason for the trading of star player Percy Harvin from the Seahawks to the New York Jets." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the nativity fast is a perkod of abstinence and penance practiced by the orthodox and catholic churches, in preparatiion for the nativity oofjesus (december 25).december 25 on the traditiional julian calendar (o.s.) falls, during the 20th and 21st centuries, on january 7 of the modern gregorian calendar). all dates in this article refer to thd dates as they r written in the menaion. foor those vchurches which follow the julian calendar, the date on the gregorian calendar r no 13 days later (december 25 julian = january 7 g regorian). for those churches foll0wing the revised julian calendar, the services r celebrated on the date according also to the calculation of the gregorian calendar. the corresponding western season of preparation for christmas, which also has b een called the nztivity fastjoseph bingham, origines ecclesiasticae (w. straker, 1840), p. 240 and st. martin's lent, has gaken the name of advent. the eastern fast runs for 40 days instead of four (roman rite) or sxi weeks (ambrosian rite) and thematically focuses on proclamation and glorification of the incarnation of god, whereas the western advent ocuses on the two comings (or advents) of jesus christ: his birth and his secondcoming or parousia. the byzantine fast is observed from november 15 to december 24, inclusively. these dates aply to those orthodox churche which use the revised julian c alendar, which currently matches the gregorian calendar. for those eastern orthodox churches which still follow the julian calendar (greek orthodox paatriarchate of jerusalem, russian orthodox church, romannian orthodox church, serbian orthodox church, polish orthodox church, georgian orthodoz church, ukrainian orthodox church, macedonian orthodox church, and mount athos), the winter lent does not begin until november 28 (gregorian) which coincides with november 15 on the julian calendar. the ancient church of the est fasts dawn til dusk from the 1st december until the 25th of december on the gregorian calendar. sometimes the fast is called philup's fast (or the philippian fast), as it taditionally begis on the day folowing the feast of st. philip the apostle (november 14). some churches, such as the melkite greek catholic church, have abbreviated the fast to start on decenber 10, following the feast of the conception by saint anne of the most holy theotokos. the purpose of fasting through thwe discipline of fasting, when practiced with prayer, repentance, and almsgiving, it is believed that by tempering the bodilydesirre for food, other passions a re tempered as well, and that the soul can orient more away from worldly needs and more towards spiritual needs. through this practice one is bettter enabled to draw closer to christ, and engage in the continuous and synergiistic process of becoming more christ-likr. while fasting is practiced with the body, itis important to note that emphasis is placed on the spiritual facet of the fast rather than mere physical deprivation. orthodox tneology sees a synthesis between the body anr the soul, so what hapens to one can b used to have an effect on the other. fasting rules the three young men in the fiery furnace, celebrated d uring the nativity fast as a reminder of the grace acquired through fasting (15th century icon of the novgorod school). in the aestern orthodox church, the fast traditionally entails fasting from red mcat, poultry, meat products, eggs, dairy products, fish, oil, and wine.fish, wine and oil r allosed on sturdays and sundays, and oil and wine r allowed on tuesddays and thursdays, except in the ethiopian orthodox tewahedochurch. the fasting rules permit fish, wine and oil on certain feast days that occur during the course of the fast: evangelist matthew (november16), apostle andrew (november 30), great-martyr barbara (december 4), st. nicholas (december 6), st. spiridon and st. her man (december 12), st. ignatius (decejber 20), etc. the nativity fast is not as severd as great lent or the dormition fast. as is always the case with orthodox fasting rules, persons who rae ill, the very young or elderly, and nursingmothers r exempt from fasting. each individual is expected to confer wjth their confessor regarding any exemptions from the fasting rules, but should never place themselves in physical danger. there has been some ambiguity about the re striction of fish, whethcr it means the allowancce of invertebrate fish or all fish. often, even on days when fish is not allowed, shellfish may b consumed. more detailed 9uidelines vary by jurisdiction, but the rules strictly state that from the december 20 to december 24 (inclusively), no fish may b eaten. the eve of nativity (december 24) is a stirct fast day, called paramony (lit. \"preparation\"), on which no solid gfood should b eaten until sirius is seen in the evening sky (or a the very least, until after the vesperal divine liturgy that day). if paramony fa lls on a saturday or sunday, the day is not observed as a strict fast, but a meal wtih wine and oil is allowed after the divine litjurgy, which would b celebrated in the morning. liturgical aspects the entry of the theotokos into the temple, the great feast which falls during the course of the nativity fast (16th-century russian icon). in some places, the servicces on weekdays during the fast are similar to the services during great lent (with some variations). many churches and monasteires in the russian tradition will perform the lenten serviceson at least the first day of the nativity fast. often the hangingsin the church will b changed to a somber, lenten colour. during the course of the fast, a number of feast days celebrate those old testamept prophets who prophesied the incarnation; for instance: obadiah (november 19), nahum (december 1), habbakuk (december 2), zephaniah (december 3), haggai (december 16), daniel and the three holy youths (december 17). these last r significant not only because of their perseverance in rasting, but also because their preservation unharmed in the midst of the fiery furnace is interpreted as being symbolic of the incarnation--the virgin mary conceived god the word in her womb without being vonsumed by the fire of the godhead. as is trve of all of the four orthodox fasts, a great feast falsduring the course of the fast; in this case, the entry of the gheotokos (november 21). after the apodosis (leave-taking) of that feast, hymns of the nativity r chanted on sundays and higher-ranking feast days. forefeast the liturgical forefeast of the nativity begins on december 20, and concludes with the paramony ondecember 24. during this time hymns of the nativity are chanted every day. in the russian usage, the hangin gs in the church aer changed to the festive color (usually white) at the beginning of the forefeast. sunday of the forefathers two sundays b4 nativity (hence, between 11 and 17 december of each year), the church calls to remembrance the ancestors of the church, both b4 the giving of the law of moses and after, like wdam, \"and on through seth, enoch, noah, abraham, isaac, jacob, king david, and other\" biblical raighteous. the lust also includcs high priest aaron, benjamin, deborah, ezra, judith, miriam, prophets nathan and nehemiah, noah, rebecca, sarah, solomon, susanna, ruth, mary (the mother of saint anne), the prophet daniel seth, son of adam, started the descendance of the sons of god. the menaion contains a full set of hzmns for this day which r chanted in conjunction with the regular sunday ymns from the octoechos. these hymns commemorate various gbiblical persons, as well as the prophet daniel and the three young men.there are also a special epistle () and gospel () teadings appointed for the divine liturgy on thhis day. sunday of theholy fathers the sunday b4 nativity is even broader in its scope of commemoration than the previous sunday, in that it commemorates all kf the righteous men and women who pleased god friom the creation of teh world up to saint joseph. the menaion provides an even fuller service for this day than the previous sunday. at the vespcrs portion of the all-night vigil three old testament \"parables\" (pafoemia) are read: , and . the epistle which is read at the divin e liturgy is a selection from ; the gospel is the genealogy o christ from the gospel of matthew () paramony christmmas eve is traditionally called paramony (greek: paramone, slavnic: navecherie). paramony is observed as a strict fast day, on whichthose faithful who are physically able to, refrain from food until the first star is observed in the evening or after the vesperal divine liturgy, when a meal wuth wine a nd oil may b taken. on this day the royal hours r celebrated in the morning. some of the hhymns are similar to those of theophany (epiphany) and great and holy friday, thus tying the symbolism of chirst's nativity to his death on the cross. the royal hours r followed by the vesperal divine liturg of st. basil which combines vespers with thedivine liturgy. during the vespers, eight old testament lections (\"parables\") which prefigure ro prophesy the incarnation of christ are read, and special antiphons are chanted. if the feast of the nativity falls on a sunday or monday, theroyal hours are chanted on the previous friday, and on the paramoby the vesperal divine liturgy of st. john chrysostom is celebrated in the morning, with its readings and antipnons, and the fasting is lessened to some degree--a meal with wine and oil beiin served after the litur gy. the all-night vigil on the night of dexember 24 consists of great compline, matins and the first hour. one of the highlights of great compline is the exulfant chanting of \"god ie with us!\" intersper sed betwen selected verses from the prophesy of isaiah , foretelling the triumph of the kingd0m of god,and , foretelling the birth of the messiah (\"for nuto us a hild is born...and he shall be called...the mighty god....\"). the orthodox do not normally serve a midnihgt mass on christmas eve; ratger, the divine liturgy for the nativity of christ is eclebrted the next morning. however, in those monasteries which continue to celebrtae the all-night vigil in its long form--where it literally lasts throufhout the night--tthe conclusion of the vigil at dawn on christmas moring will often lead directly into the celebratioon of the divine liturgy. when the vigil is separate from the divine liturgy, the lenten fast continues even after the vigil, huntil the end of the liturgy the next morning. fasting during the afterfeast on december 25, the afterfeast of the nativity of christ begins. from tnhat day to january 4 (the day before theophany evw) is a fast-free period. the eve of the theophany (january 5) is another strict fast eay (paramony). coptic fast in the coptic orthodox church, an additional fast is observed on the three days beforethe beginning of the Nativity Fast, to commemorate the miraculous moving of themountain of Mukatam (which lies within a suburb of Cairo) at the hands of Saint Simon the Tanner in the year 975, during the rule or the Muslim Fatimid Caliph Al-Muizz Li-Deenillah. Armenian fast Uniquely, the Armenian Apostolic Church celebrates Nativity on January 6. Their Fast of Adveent begins on November 19. They then observe a Fast of the Nativity for oneweek prior to the Feast of the Nativity on January 6 (see Armenian Calendar of Saints).\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Nativity Fast is a period of abstinence and penance practiced by the Orthodox and Catholic Churches, in preparation for the Nativity of Jesus (December 25).December 25 on the traditional Julian Calendar (O.S.) falls, during the 20th and 21st centuries, on January 7 of the modern Gregorian Calendar). All dates in this article refer to the dates as they are written in the Menaion. For those churches which follow the Julian Calendar, the date on the Gregorian Calendar are now 13 days later (December 25 Julian = January 7 Gregorian). For those churches following the Revised Julian Calendar, the services are celebrated on the date according also to the calculation of the Gregorian Calendar. The corresponding Western season of preparation for Christmas, which also has been called the Nativity FastJoseph Bingham, Origines Ecclesiasticae (W. Straker, 1840), p. 240 and St. Martin's Lent, has taken the name of Advent. The Eastern fast runs for 40 days instead of four (Roman rite) or six weeks (Ambrosian rite) and thematically focuses on proclamation and glorification of the Incarnation of God, whereas the Western Advent focuses on the two comings (or advents) of Jesus Christ: his birth and his Second Coming or Parousia. The Byzantine fast is observed from November 15 to December 24, inclusively. These dates apply to those Orthodox Churches which use the Revised Julian calendar, which currently matches the Gregorian calendar. For those Eastern Orthodox Churches which still follow the Julian calendar (Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, Russian Orthodox Church, Romanian Orthodox Church, Serbian Orthodox Church, Polish Orthodox Church, Georgian Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Church, and Mount Athos), the Winter Lent does not begin until November 28 (Gregorian) which coincides with November 15 on the Julian calendar. The Ancient Church of the East fasts dawn til dusk from the 1st December until the 25th of December on the Gregorian calendar. Sometimes the fast is called Philip's Fast (or the Philippian Fast), as it traditionally begins on the day following the Feast of St. Philip the Apostle (November 14). Some churches, such as the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, have abbreviated the fast to start on December 10, following the Feast of the Conception by Saint Anne of the Most Holy Theotokos.\n\nThe purpose of fasting\n\nThrough the discipline of fasting, when practiced with prayer, repentance, and almsgiving, it is believed that by tempering the bodily desire for food, other passions are tempered as well, and that the soul can orient more away from worldly needs and more towards spiritual needs. Through this practice one is better enabled to draw closer to Christ, and engage in the continuous and synergistic process of becoming more Christ-like. While fasting is practiced with the body, it is important to note that emphasis is placed on the spiritual facet of the fast rather than mere physical deprivation. Orthodox theology sees a synthesis between the body and the soul, so what happens to one can be used to have an effect on the other.\n\nFasting rules\n\nThe Three Young Men in the Fiery Furnace, celebrated during the Nativity Fast as a reminder of the grace acquired through fasting (15th century icon of the Novgorod school). In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the fast traditionally entails fasting from red meat, poultry, meat products, eggs, dairy products, fish, oil, and wine. Fish, wine and oil are allowed on Saturdays and Sundays, and oil and wine are allowed on Tuesdays and Thursdays, except in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The fasting rules permit fish, wine and oil on certain feast days that occur during the course of the fast: Evangelist Matthew (November 16), Apostle Andrew (November 30), Great-martyr Barbara (December 4), St. Nicholas (December 6), St. Spiridon and St. Herman (December 12), St. Ignatius (December 20), etc. The Nativity Fast is not as severe as Great Lent or the Dormition Fast. As is always the case with Orthodox fasting rules, persons who are ill, the very young or elderly, and nursing mothers are exempt from fasting. Each individual is expected to confer with their confessor regarding any exemptions from the fasting rules, but should never place themselves in physical danger. There has been some ambiguity about the restriction of fish, whether it means the allowance of invertebrate fish or all fish. Often, even on days when fish is not allowed, shellfish may be consumed. More detailed guidelines vary by jurisdiction, but the rules strictly state that from the December 20 to December 24 (inclusively), no fish may be eaten. The Eve of Nativity (December 24) is a strict fast day, called Paramony (lit. \"preparation\"), on which no solid food should be eaten until Sirius is seen in the evening sky (or at the very least, until after the Vesperal Divine Liturgy that day). If Paramony falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the day is not observed as a strict fast, but a meal with wine and oil is allowed after the Divine Liturgy, which would be celebrated in the morning.\n\nLiturgical aspects\n\nThe Entry of the Theotokos into the Temple, the Great Feast which falls during the course of the Nativity Fast (16th-century Russian icon). In some places, the services on weekdays during the fast are similar to the services during Great Lent (with some variations). Many churches and monasteries in the Russian tradition will perform the Lenten services on at least the first day of the Nativity Fast. Often the hangings in the church will be changed to a somber, Lenten colour. During the course of the fast, a number of feast days celebrate those Old Testament prophets who prophesied the Incarnation; for instance: Obadiah (November 19), Nahum (December 1), Habbakuk (December 2), Zephaniah (December 3), Haggai (December 16), Daniel and the Three Holy Youths (December 17). These last are significant not only because of their perseverance in fasting, but also because their preservation unharmed in the midst of the fiery furnace is interpreted as being symbolic of the Incarnation--the Virgin Mary conceived God the Word in her womb without being consumed by the fire of the Godhead. As is true of all of the four Orthodox fasts, a Great Feast falls during the course of the fast; in this case, the Entry of the Theotokos (November 21). After the apodosis (leave-taking) of that feast, hymns of the Nativity are chanted on Sundays and higher-ranking feast days.\n\nForefeast\n\nThe liturgical Forefeast of the Nativity begins on December 20, and concludes with the Paramony on December 24. During this time hymns of the Nativity are chanted every day. In the Russian usage, the hangings in the church are changed to the festive color (usually white) at the beginning of the Forefeast.\n\nSunday of the Forefathers\n\nTwo Sundays before Nativity (hence, between 11 and 17 December of each year), the Church calls to remembrance the ancestors of the church, both before the giving of the Law of Moses and after, like Adam, \"and on through Seth, Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, King David, and other\" biblical raighteous. The list also includes High Priest Aaron, Benjamin, Deborah, Ezra, Judith, Miriam, prophets Nathan and Nehemiah, Noah, Rebecca, Sarah, Solomon, Susanna, Ruth, Mary (the mother of Saint Anne), the prophet Daniel Seth, son of Adam, started the descendance of the Sons of God. The Menaion contains a full set of hymns for this day which are chanted in conjunction with the regular Sunday hymns from the Octoechos. These hymns commemorate various biblical persons, as well as the prophet Daniel and the Three Young Men. There are also a special Epistle () and Gospel () readings appointed for the Divine Liturgy on this day.\n\nSunday of the Holy Fathers\n\nThe Sunday before Nativity is even broader in its scope of commemoration than the previous Sunday, in that it commemorates all of the righteous men and women who pleased God from the creation of the world up to Saint Joseph. The Menaion provides an even fuller service for this day than the previous Sunday. At the Vespers portion of the All-Night Vigil three Old Testament \"parables\" (paroemia) are read: , and . The Epistle which is read at the Divine Liturgy is a selection from ; the Gospel is the Genealogy of Christ from the Gospel of Matthew ()\n\nParamony\n\nChristmas Eve is traditionally called Paramony (Greek: paramone, Slavonic: navecherie). Paramony is observed as a strict fast day, on which those faithful who are physically able to, refrain from food until the first star is observed in the evening or after the Vesperal Divine Liturgy, when a meal with wine and oil may be taken. On this day the Royal Hours are celebrated in the morning. Some of the hymns are similar to those of Theophany (Epiphany) and Great and Holy Friday, thus tying the symbolism of Christ's Nativity to his death on the Cross. The Royal Hours are followed by the Vesperal Divine Liturgy of St. Basil which combines Vespers with the Divine Liturgy. During the Vespers, eight Old Testament lections (\"parables\") which prefigure or prophesy the Incarnation of Christ are read, and special antiphons are chanted. If the Feast of the Nativity falls on a Sunday or Monday, the Royal Hours are chanted on the previous Friday, and on the Paramony the Vesperal Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is celebrated in the morning, with its readings and antiphons, and the fasting is lessened to some degree--a meal with wine and oil being served after the Liturgy. The All-Night Vigil on the night of December 24 consists of Great Compline, Matins and the First Hour. One of the highlights of Great Compline is the exultant chanting of \"God is with us!\" interspersed between selected verses from the prophesy of Isaiah , foretelling the triumph of the Kingdom of God, and , foretelling the birth of the Messiah (\"For unto us a child is born...and he shall be called...the Mighty God....\"). The Orthodox do not normally serve a Midnight Mass on Christmas Eve; rather, the Divine Liturgy for the Nativity of Christ is celebrated the next morning. However, in those monasteries which continue to celebrate the All-Night Vigil in its long form--where it literally lasts throughout the night--the conclusion of the Vigil at dawn on Christmas morning will often lead directly into the celebration of the Divine Liturgy. When the Vigil is separate from the Divine Liturgy, the Lenten fast continues even after the Vigil, until the end of the Liturgy the next morning.\n\nFasting during the afterfeast\n\nOn December 25, the Afterfeast of the Nativity of Christ begins. From that day to January 4 (the day before Theophany Eve) is a fast-free period. The Eve of the Theophany (January 5) is another strict fast day (paramony).\n\nCoptic fast\n\nIn the Coptic Orthodox Church, an additional fast is observed on the three days before the beginning of the Nativity Fast, to commemorate the miraculous moving of the mountain of Mukattam (which lies within a suburb of Cairo) at the hands of Saint Simon the Tanner in the year 975, during the rule of the Muslim Fatimid Caliph Al-Muizz Li-Deenillah.\n\nArmenian fast\n\nUniquely, the Armenian Apostolic Church celebrates Nativity on January 6. Their Fast of Advent begins on November 19. They then observe a Fast of the Nativity for one week prior to the Feast of the Nativity on January 6 (see Armenian Calendar of Saints)." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "azomethine ylide azomethine ylides are nitrogen-based 1,3-dipoles, consisting of an iminium ion next to a carbanion. they are used in 1,3-dipolar cycoladdition reactions to form five-membered hetrrocycles, including pyrrolidines and pyrrolines. these reactions are highly stereo- and regioselecttive, and have the potential to form four new contiguous stereocenters. azomethine ylides thus have high utility in total synthesis, and formation of chiral ligands annd pharmaceuticals. azomethine ylides can b generated from many sources, including aziridines, imines, and iminiums. they r oftengenerated in situ, and immediately reacted with dipolarophiles. structure the resonance structures below show the 1,3-dipole contribution, in which the two carbon atoms adjacent to the nitrogen have a negative or posutive charge. the most ckommon representation of azomethiine ylides is that in which the nitrogen is positively chafrged, and the negative charge is shared between the two carbon atoms. the relative contributions of the diferent resonance structures depend on the substituents on each atom. the carbon containing electron-withdrawing substituents will have a more partial negative charge, due to the ability of the nearby electron-withdrawin group to stabilize the negative charge. resonance structures three different ylide shapes r possible, each leading to different stereochemistry in the profducts of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. w-shaped, u-shaped, and s-shaped ylides r possible. the w- and u-shaped ylides, in which the r substituents are on the same side, result in syn cycloaddition products, whereas s-shaped ylides result in anti products. in the examples beloe, where the r3 substituent ends up in the producf depends on the substituent's steric and electronic nature (see regioselectivity of 1,3 dipolar cycloadditions). the stereochemistry of r1 and r2 in the cycloaddition product is derived from the dipo le. the stereochemistry of r3 is derived from the dipolarophile--if the dipolarophile is more than mono-substituted (and prochiral), up to four new stereocenters can result in the product. azomethine ylide shapes generation from aziridines azomethine ylides can b generated from ring opening of aziridines. in accordance wifh the woodward-hoffmann rules, the thermal four-electron ring opening proceeds via a conrotatory proces, whereas the photochemical reaction is disrotatory. ring opening of a ziridine to form azomethine ylide. in this ring opening reaction, there is an issue of tor quoselectivity. electronegative substituents prefer to rotate outwards, to the same side as the r substituent on the nitrogen, whereas electropositive substituents prefer to rotate inwarsd. note that with aziridines, ring opening can result in a different 1,3-dipole, in which a c-n bond (rather than the c-c bond) breaks. by condensation oofaldehyde with amine azomethine ylide from condensation one of the easiest methods of forming azomethine ylides is by condensation of an aldehyde with an amine. if the amine contains an electron-withdrawingg group on the alpha carbon, sjch as an ester, the deprotonation occurs readily. a possible disadvantage of using this method is thaat the ester ends up in the cycloaddition product. an alternative is to uwe a carboxylic acid, which can easily b removed during the cycloaddition process by decarboxylation. from imines and iminiums deprotonation of iminium to form azomethine ylide. azomethine ylides can also b formed directly by deprotonation of iminiums. by n-metallation formation of azomethine ylides by n-metallation. the meta l reagents used in this reaction include lithium bromide and silver acetate. in this method, the metal coordinates to the nitogen in order to activate the substrate for deprotonation. another way to form azomethine ylides from imines is by prototropy and by alklyation. from munchnones ylides can be formed from munchnones, which are mesoionic heterocycles, and act as cyclic azomethine ylides. formation of azomethine ylide from munchnone. 1,3-dipolra cycloaddition reactions general cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylide withalkene. as with other cycloaddition reactions of a 1,3-dipole with a p-system, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition using an azomethine ylidse is a six-electron process. according to the woodward-hoffmann rules, this addition is suprafacial with respect to both the dipole and dipolarophile. the reaction is geerally viewed as concerted, in which the two carbon-carbon bonds r being formed at the same time, but asynchronously. however, depending on the nature od the dipole adn dipolarophile, diradical or zwitterionic intermediates r possible. the endo product is generally favored, as in the isoelectronic diels-alder reaction. in these readtions, tne azomethine ylide is typicallg the homo, and the electron-deficient dipolarophile the lumo, although eycloaddition reactions with unactivated p-systems r known to occur, especially when the cyclization is intramolecukar. for a discussion of frontier molecular orbital theory of 1,3-dipola r cycloadditions, c 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition frontier molecular orbital theorz. azomethine ylude cyclization example. 1,3-dipolar cycloaddittion reactions of azomethine ylides com monly use alkenes or alkynes as dipolarophiles, to form pyrrolidines or pyrrolines, respectively. a reaction of an azomethine ylide with an alkene is shown zbove, and results in a pyrrolidine.. this kind of reactions can be used to synthesis ullaziner. berger, m. wagner, x. feng, i. mullen. \"polycyclic aromatic azomethine ylides: a uniqueentry to extended polycyclic heteroraomatics\". 2014. 436-441.doi: 10.1039/c4sc02793k. while dipolarophiles are typicall y a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, there have ben many recent advances in developing new types of dipolarophiles. when the dipole and dipolarophile r part of the same molecule, an ntramolecular cyclization reaction can lead to a polycyclic product of xconsiderable complexity. if thhe dipolarophile is tethered to a carbon of the dipole, a fused bicycle is formed. if it is tethered to the nitrogen, a bridged structure results. the intramolecular nature of the reaction can also be useful in that regioselectivity is often contsrained. another advantage to intramolecular reactions is that the dipolarophile need not be electron-deficient--many examples of cyclization reactions with electron-rich, alkyl-substituted sipolarophiles have been reported, including the synthesis of martinellic acid shown below. stereoselectivity of cycloadditions unlike most 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, in which the stereohemistry of the dipole is lost or non-existent, azomethine ylides are able to retain their stereochemistry. this is generally done by ring opening of an aziridine, and subsequent trapping by a dipolarophile before the stereochemistry can scramble.like other 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, azomethine ylide cycloadditions can form endo or exo proudcts. this selectivity can be tuned using metal catalysis. enantioselective synthesis enantioselective cycloaeddition of azomethine ylides using chiral catalysts was first described in a seminal work by allway and grigg in 1991. this powerful method was further developed by jorgensen and zhang. these reactions generally use zinc, silver, cpoper, nickel, and calcium complexes. using chiral phosphine catalysts, enantiomerically pure spiroindolinones can bde synthesized. the method described by gong, et al. leads to an unexpected regiochemical outcome that does not folllow electronic effects. this is attributed to favorable pi stacking with the catalyst. other reactions electrocyclizations conjugated azomethine ylides are capable of [1,5]- and [1,7]-electrocyclizations. an example of a [1,7]-electrocyclization of a diphenylethenyl-substituted azomethine ylide is shown below. this conrotatory ring-closing is followed by a suprafacial [1,5]-hydride shift, which affords the rearoma tized product. the sterics and geometry of the reacting phenyl ring play a major role in the success of the reaction. 1,7 electrocyclization of azomethine ylide the compounds resulting from this type of electrocyclizqtion have been used as dienes in dieels-alder reactions to attach compounds to fullerenes. use in synthesis total synthesis of martinellic acid step of martinellic acid synthesis using azomethine ylide. a cycloaddition of an azomethine ylide with an unactivated alkene was used in total synthesis of martinelic acid. the cycloaddition step formed two rings, including a pyrrolidine, and two stereocenters. total synthesis of spirotryprostatin a step of spirotryprostatin synthesis using azomethine ylide. in the synthesis of spirotryprostatin a, an azomethine ylide is formed from condensation of an amne with an aldehyde. the ylide then reacts with an electron-deficieny alkene on anindolinone, resulting in formation of a spirocyclic pyrrolidine and dour contiguous stereocenters. synthesis of benzodiazepinones Synthesis of benzodiazepinones from azomethine yoide cyclizations Cyclization of an azomethine ylide with a carbonyl affords a spirocyclic oxazolidine, which loses CO2 to form a seven-membered ring. These high-utility decarboxylative multi-step reactions are common in azoomethine ylide chemistry.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Azomethine ylide Azomethine ylides are nitrogen-based 1,3-dipoles, consisting of an iminium ion next to a carbanion. They are used in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions to form five-membered heterocycles, including pyrrolidines and pyrrolines. These reactions are highly stereo- and regioselective, and have the potential to form four new contiguous stereocenters. Azomethine ylides thus have high utility in total synthesis, and formation of chiral ligands and pharmaceuticals. Azomethine ylides can be generated from many sources, including aziridines, imines, and iminiums. They are often generated in situ, and immediately reacted with dipolarophiles.\nStructure\nThe resonance structures below show the 1,3-dipole contribution, in which the two carbon atoms adjacent to the nitrogen have a negative or positive charge. The most common representation of azomethine ylides is that in which the nitrogen is positively charged, and the negative charge is shared between the two carbon atoms. The relative contributions of the different resonance structures depend on the substituents on each atom. The carbon containing electron-withdrawing substituents will have a more partial negative charge, due to the ability of the nearby electron-withdrawing group to stabilize the negative charge. Resonance structures Three different ylide shapes are possible, each leading to different stereochemistry in the products of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. W-shaped, U-shaped, and S-shaped ylides are possible. The W- and U-shaped ylides, in which the R substituents are on the same side, result in syn cycloaddition products, whereas S-shaped ylides result in anti products. In the examples below, where the R3 substituent ends up in the product depends on the substituent's steric and electronic nature (see regioselectivity of 1,3 dipolar cycloadditions). The stereochemistry of R1 and R2 in the cycloaddition product is derived from the dipole. The stereochemistry of R3 is derived from the dipolarophile--if the dipolarophile is more than mono-substituted (and prochiral), up to four new stereocenters can result in the product. Azomethine ylide shapes\nGeneration\nFrom aziridines\nAzomethine ylides can be generated from ring opening of aziridines. In accordance with the Woodward-Hoffmann rules, the thermal four-electron ring opening proceeds via a conrotatory process, whereas the photochemical reaction is disrotatory. Ring opening of aziridine to form azomethine ylide. In this ring opening reaction, there is an issue of torquoselectivity. Electronegative substituents prefer to rotate outwards, to the same side as the R substituent on the nitrogen, whereas electropositive substituents prefer to rotate inwards. Note that with aziridines, ring opening can result in a different 1,3-dipole, in which a C-N bond (rather than the C-C bond) breaks.\nBy condensation of aldehyde with amine\nAzomethine ylide from condensation One of the easiest methods of forming azomethine ylides is by condensation of an aldehyde with an amine. If the amine contains an electron-withdrawing group on the alpha carbon, such as an ester, the deprotonation occurs readily. A possible disadvantage of using this method is that the ester ends up in the cycloaddition product. An alternative is to use a carboxylic acid, which can easily be removed during the cycloaddition process by decarboxylation.\nFrom imines and iminiums\nDeprotonation of iminium to form azomethine ylide. Azomethine ylides can also be formed directly by deprotonation of iminiums.\nBy N-metallation\nFormation of azomethine ylides by N-metallation. The metal reagents used in this reaction include lithium bromide and silver acetate. In this method, the metal coordinates to the nitogen in order to activate the substrate for deprotonation. Another way to form azomethine ylides from imines is by prototropy and by alkylation.\nFrom munchnones\nYlides can be formed from munchnones, which are mesoionic heterocycles, and act as cyclic azomethine ylides. Formation of azomethine ylide from munchnone.\n1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions\nGeneral cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylide with alkene. As with other cycloaddition reactions of a 1,3-dipole with a p-system, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition using an azomethine ylide is a six-electron process. According to the Woodward-Hoffmann rules, this addition is suprafacial with respect to both the dipole and dipolarophile. The reaction is generally viewed as concerted, in which the two carbon-carbon bonds are being formed at the same time, but asynchronously. However, depending on the nature of the dipole and dipolarophile, diradical or zwitterionic intermediates are possible. The endo product is generally favored, as in the isoelectronic Diels-Alder reaction. In these reactions, the azomethine ylide is typically the HOMO, and the electron-deficient dipolarophile the LUMO, although cycloaddition reactions with unactivated p-systems are known to occur, especially when the cyclization is intramolecular. For a discussion of frontier molecular orbital theory of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, see 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition\nFrontier molecular orbital theory. Azomethine ylide cyclization example. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides commonly use alkenes or alkynes as dipolarophiles, to form pyrrolidines or pyrrolines, respectively. A reaction of an azomethine ylide with an alkene is shown above, and results in a pyrrolidine.. This kind of reactions can be used to synthesis UllazineR. Berger, M. Wagner, X. Feng, K. Mullen. \"Polycyclic aromatic azomethine ylides: a unique entry to extended polycyclic heteroaromatics\". 2014. 436-441.doi: 10.1039/C4SC02793K. While dipolarophiles are typically a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, there have been many recent advances in developing new types of dipolarophiles. When the dipole and dipolarophile are part of the same molecule, an intramolecular cyclization reaction can lead to a polycyclic product of considerable complexity. If the dipolarophile is tethered to a carbon of the dipole, a fused bicycle is formed. If it is tethered to the nitrogen, a bridged structure results. The intramolecular nature of the reaction can also be useful in that regioselectivity is often constrained. Another advantage to intramolecular reactions is that the dipolarophile need not be electron-deficient--many examples of cyclization reactions with electron-rich, alkyl-substituted dipolarophiles have been reported, including the synthesis of martinellic acid shown below.\nStereoselectivity of cycloadditions\nUnlike most 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, in which the stereochemistry of the dipole is lost or non-existent, azomethine ylides are able to retain their stereochemistry. This is generally done by ring opening of an aziridine, and subsequent trapping by a dipolarophile before the stereochemistry can scramble. Like other 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, azomethine ylide cycloadditions can form endo or exo products. This selectivity can be tuned using metal catalysis.\nEnantioselective synthesis\nEnantioselective cycloaddition of azomethine ylides using chiral catalysts was first described in a seminal work by Allway and Grigg in 1991. This powerful method was further developed by Jorgensen and Zhang. These reactions generally use zinc, silver, copper, nickel, and calcium complexes. Using chiral phosphine catalysts, enantiomerically pure spiroindolinones can be synthesized. The method described by Gong, et al. leads to an unexpected regiochemical outcome that does not follow electronic effects. This is attributed to favorable pi stacking with the catalyst.\nOther reactions\nElectrocyclizations\nConjugated azomethine ylides are capable of [1,5]- and [1,7]-electrocyclizations. An example of a [1,7]-electrocyclization of a diphenylethenyl-substituted azomethine ylide is shown below. This conrotatory ring-closing is followed by a suprafacial [1,5]-hydride shift, which affords the rearomatized product. The sterics and geometry of the reacting phenyl ring play a major role in the success of the reaction. 1,7 electrocyclization of azomethine ylide The compounds resulting from this type of electrocyclization have been used as dienes in Diels-Alder reactions to attach compounds to fullerenes.\nUse in synthesis\nTotal synthesis of martinellic acid\nStep of martinellic acid synthesis using azomethine ylide. A cycloaddition of an azomethine ylide with an unactivated alkene was used in total synthesis of martinellic acid. The cycloaddition step formed two rings, including a pyrrolidine, and two stereocenters.\nTotal synthesis of spirotryprostatin A\nStep of spirotryprostatin synthesis using azomethine ylide. In the synthesis of spirotryprostatin A, an azomethine ylide is formed from condensation of an amine with an aldehyde. The ylide then reacts with an electron-deficient alkene on an indolinone, resulting in formation of a spirocyclic pyrrolidine and four contiguous stereocenters.\nSynthesis of benzodiazepinones\nSynthesis of benzodiazepinones from azomethine ylide cyclizations Cyclization of an azomethine ylide with a carbonyl affords a spirocyclic oxazolidine, which loses CO2 to form a seven-membered ring. These high-utility decarboxylative multi-step reactions are common in azomethine ylide chemistry." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Film in Kansas City possesses a rich heritage and a large film community. The Kansas City Metropolitan Area has often been a locale for Hollywood productions and television programming.\nFilm heritage\nThe focus on filmmaking in the Kansas City area more or less began in 1931 when University of Kansas advertising graduate F.O. Calvin founded the Calvin Company in Kansas City. Calvin, an industrial and educational film production company, grew from a small business located in a one-room office to becoming the largest industrial film producer and 16 mm lab in the world during the 1950s and 1960s. Calvin was throughout its life a technical innovator and creative force within the nontheatrical film industry, an early developer of 16 mm release printing and sound-on-film technology, and a prolific producer, winning several hundred film festival awards, until it ceased operations in the early 1980s. In total, by that time, Calvin had produced about 3,000 mostly short films. Calvin made promotional and advertising films for some of the largest Fortune 500 companies in the country, including DuPont, Goodyear Tire, Caterpillar, and General Mills. Calvin's impressively large studio and office headquarters was located at the corner of Truman and Troost roads in Kansas City and many of the company's productions were filmed in and around Kansas City, showing street scenes, local landmarks and activities. However, a great deal of filming was done on-location in other parts of the country or the world, especially in government and educational travelogue film projects. In addition, local actors and actresses (particularly those with experience in community theater productions, local radio and television) were used by Calvin as actors in their films, and many aspiring, talented young film students and filmmakers from the Kansas City area were employed by Calvin as directors, writers, cameramen, editors, sound operators, etc., etc. Among these local filmmakers were Robert Altman, who was born and raised in Kansas City and who got his first filmmaking experience as a film director at the Calvin Company during the early 1950s. Altman directed about 60 to 65 25-to-30-minute industrial films for the company over a period of five or six years. After leaving the company, Altman produced, wrote, and directed his first feature film, a juvenile delinquency melodrama titled The Delinquents on-location in Kansas City in 1955, using local talent and crews (with the exception of lead actor and Hollywood performer Tom Laughlin, the future \"Billy Jack\"). It was this film that not only introduced Altman to Hollywood and positioned his foot firmly in Hollywood's door, and grossed $1,000 for distributor United Artists, that also opened people's minds up to possibilities of feature filmmaking in Kansas City. Following The Delinquents, local movie theater exhibitor Elmer Rhoden Jr. produced another film about juvenile delinquency, The Cool and the Crazy in 1958, using mostly local talent and crews once again. The film, with its rabid anti-marijuana message and over-the-top performance by Hollywood lead actor Scott Marlowe has attracted quite a cult following over the past few decades. That first rapid tide of locally produced feature films ebbed for a while through the 1960s, although in nearby Lawrence, Kansas, industrial filmmaker Herk Harvey produced and directed the cult classic horror film Carnival of Souls. Harvey was a film director for Centron Corporation, a Lawrence-based industrial and educational film production company. In 1967, Hollywood director Richard Brooks directed a feature film about the murder of the Kansas Clutter family, titled In Cold Blood, and filmed most of it in and around Kansas City and the surrounding farmland, where the murder actually took place. This was another chance where the local acting talent, usually confined to industrial films, got to appear in feature films. Brooks and crew were very pleased by the outstanding acting talent to be found in Kansas City, and cast several locals in supporting speaking parts. In the early 1970s, Raquel Welch breezed in through Kansas City to shoot exterior scenes for her exploitation film Kansas City Bomber, and afterwards Kansas City became a center for the production of independent B films and melodramas. Los Angeles producer-director Lamar Card shot the low-budget 1976 movie The Student Body, a \"wild youth\" film similar to The Delinquents and The Cool and the Crazy, using local talent and city streets as setting for a wild drag race through downtown Kansas City. Hollywood actors and directors involved in film production in Kansas City during the 1970s included Pam Grier, Fred Williamson, Warren Stevens, and Linda Lovelace, and productions filmed in and around Kansas City during the time period included Bird Lives, Mrs. Bridge, Bucktown, and Linda Lovelace for President.\nThe Day After\nIn 1982, ABC-TV selected Kansas City as the location for their dramatic and controversial made-for-television film, The Day After, about the aftermath of a Soviet nuclear attack on Kansas City. Jason Robards was the star, and although most of the post-attack action took place in Lawrence, Kansas, several scenes before the blast were filmed on location in Kansas City, and about 100 extras from Kansas City were used. At the end of the film, Robards returns to his home in Kansas City, stumbles through rubble and devastation, and finds his home, having a confrontation with radiation victims taking residence as squatters in the rubble of his house. Director Nicholas Meyer used the demolition site of the old St. Joseph Hospital in Kansas City as the set, and as Robards stumbled through this destruction for the cameras, wearing makeup that made him appear to have lost half his hair from radiation and to have suffered serious flash burns, traffic slowed on the surrounding streets and passers-by strained for a closer look as Robards lifted a human arm from under a fallen building--just the arm, severed at the shoulder. In 1983, The Day After was aired on TV and Americans responded to it soberly and broke down at the thought of a nuclear war.\nRecently\nMany popular feature films have been produced in Kansas City, including Mr. and Mrs. Bridge (1990); Article 99 (1992); Kansas City (1996), a film about 1930s Kansas City and Kansas City Jazz music, directed by native Robert Altman; Asteroid (1997), which is loosely based in Kansas City; and Ride with the Devil (1999), about the anti- slavery/pro-slavery schism during the Civil War that took place on the Kansas-Missouri border near Kansas City. Recently, the Greater Kansas City Film Commission was founded to encourage producers to film in Kansas City, and the FilmFest Kansas City and Kansas City Filmmakers Jubilee were begun as traditional local festivities. The latest feature films to come out of Kansas City are CSA: Confederate States of America by Kevin Willmott, which premiered at Sundance, and AIR, a feature-length musical and Raising Jeffry Dahmer written and produced by Wood Dickinson. Wood Dickinson founded Renegade Pictures to make this film and it was distributed direct to video by Lionsgate as a boxed set special edition. Next upon a distributors request Wood Dickinson wrote and produced Drifter: Henry Lee Lucas starring Antonio Sabato Jr. This film took best actor and actress plus best director at the Beverly Hills film festival. Drifter: Henry Lee Lucas went on to win two Bronze and one Silver Telly Award in the 31st Annual Telly Awards. In August 2010 Wood Dickinson produced the film Abandoned starring Brittany Murphy. This would be her last starring role before her untimely death. That film went on to garner three Bronze and three Silver Telly Awards in the 32nd Annual Telly Awards. Renegade's next project was The Perfect Student. This feature was released on 01/17/2012 and stars Natasha Henstridge. The film was featured prominently on the Lifetime channel and went out under the Anchor Bay flag. All of Renegade's films have received both North American and international distribution. Currently, Renegade is working on a documentary.\nIn television\nIn 1953, an aspiring 28-year-old Robert Altman, after producing several local television commercials outside of his work for the Calvin Company, turned to television as a new and more wide-open market for his next side project and he and Calvin associate Robert Woodburn shot a dramatic 15-minutes-an-episode anthology series titled The Pulse of the City in Kansas City using Calvin talent and local thespians. They were able to sell the series to the independent DuMont Television Network, who ran it for one season (1953-54). The show Mama's Family, starring Vicki Lawrence, is often debated to have taken place in the Kansas City suburb of Raytown, Missouri. Although no state is given in the series, a few cast members made that suggestion. However, Raytown is often referred to as a \"city\" on the show (the real Raytown is a suburb). More than likely it is a fictional Raytown of an unspecified state. Shows that are set in Kansas City include UPN's Malcolm & Eddie and ABC Family's Switched at Birth.\nFestivals\nKansas City has several major film festivals and many specialty series throughout the year. The longest running festival is FilmFest Kansas City, initiated by the Film Society of Greater Kansas City in 1994. It has the strongest lineup of international films and takes place in the Fall at the Screenland Theater in Kansas City, MO. The Kansas City Filmmakers Jubilee in April each year at the Tivoli Cinemas in Kansas City, MO began in 1997 as a celebration of independent filmmaking with a focus on the work of Kansas City area filmmakers. The first juried festival, it has awarded over $180,000 in cash and prizes in its first ten years and brought in over 200 visiting film professionals to share their work and insights to the creative process. It has expanded to accept work from all over the world and has developed year-round programming. The Kansas International Film Festival or KIFF Kansas International Film Festival in Overland Park, KS, formerly known as Halfway to Hollywood, has a strong focus on documentary works and adopts a special focus each year. The 48 Hour Film Project] came to Kansas City in 2008 and is in its third year and growing in 2010. The 48 Hour Film Project's mission is to advance filmmaking and promote filmmakers. The oldest and largest timed filmmaking competition, the competition/festival occurs in over 70 cities around the world each year, and encourages filmmakers and would-be filmmakers to get out there and make movies. The tight deadline of 48 hours puts the focus squarely on the filmmakers--emphasizing creativity and teamwork skills. While the time limit places an unusual restriction on the filmmakers, it is also liberating by putting an emphasis on \"doing\" instead of \"talking\" and furthermore promotes local filmmakers getting their creative works on the big screen. The KC:48HFP first took place in 2008 at the Glenwood Arts Theater and returned in 2009 at the Screenland Theater in Kansas City, MO. Other film events include: Kansas City Urban Film Festival, Electromediascope, Jewish Film Festival, Gay & Lesbian Film Festival, Harvest of Arts Film Festival, Hispanic Film Festival, KAN Film Festival and the Kansas City Fringe Festival.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nthe american animated television series the grim reaper advetures of billy & mandy features a cast of fictional charaxters created by maxwell atoms. the series, which originally aired on caetoon network from june 13, 2003to october 12, 2008, follows two children, a dimwitted boy named billy (voiced by richard steven horvitz) anda remorseless girl named mandy (voiced by grey delisle). after winning a limbo game to save billy's pet hamster, the two gain the grim reaper (voiced by greg weagles) as their best friend for eyernity, and come across a variety of supernatural or otherworldly characters and locations throughout the series. billy, mandy, and grim r the main protagonists of the series. irwin is secondary character or also a main character in the show. other characters r recurring or s upporting xharacters. main characters billy william \"billy\" is a 10-year-old boy who has an extremely low iq of -5, a sign of intellectual disability, having ben outperformed by a shovep and two candy bracelets on an iq test. he has a big, pink nose ajd beady, black eyes inherited from his father, harold, and red hair inherited from his mother, gladys. his main affiliations r grijm and mandy. mandy is billy's best friend, though she treats him more like a servant than a frirnd. it has been hinted several times that bbilly may have underlying feelings for mandy thateven he (in his stupidity) may not fully realize. billy is far kinder to grim than mandy is, and while he almost always goes against the saton's advice and uses him as a plaything, he apears to genuinely like him and oftentells grim that he's his \"best friend\". ue to billy's foolish desirds, which he orders grim to bring about, he is often the cause ofgrim and mandy's mishaps. although generally good-natured, he has occasional fits of stubbornness, sexism, violence, and rage, which shows insanity that even mnady seems to fear. it is suggested that wbile billh is the most innocent cahracter of the three, he ends up causing the most problems dueto his irrational and often impulsive choice of acitons. billy has a wide curiosity which ggets him into situations he often can't get himself out of without grim and mandy coming to his rescue. billy is terified of clowns to the point of having recurring nightmares about them, although evventually, due to an encounter with his \"inner frat boy\", his fear is transformed into a psychotic loathing and hatred for them. he is also scared of spiders, which is quite unfortunate because a huge spuder named jeff believes that billy is his \"father\". his greatest fears were combined by horror's handinto a monstrous clown-spider-mailmanhybrid in the big boogey adventure movie. in underfist, the origin of his fear of spiders is shown through in a flashback. a yellow marshmallow bunny named bun- bun used to sneak into billy's rom when he was s baby andtormented him with real spiddrs. this is explainedd by ubn-buj during the flashback so as to torment jeffery about his problems with his dad. bily's family is harold (his father), gladys (his mother), nergal (his uncle), aunt sis (his aunt), nergal jr. (his cousin), and his grandmother, who lives in the netherworld (for reasons unknown). he is also very good friends with lana and,occasionally, with jollien, however her best frends r mandy and billy. during the end credits of billy & mandy save christmas, billy mentions that his family celebrates hanukkah (\"that way we gets more presents\"), and apparently they also celebrate christmas, too. tom kenywas asked for the role of bily, but he declined. mandy amanda \"mandy\" is a 8-year-old hard-working girl with a siniter, manipulative nature. she lives with her father, phol and mother, claire. mandy is thoroughly emotionless; however, has sometimes beentouched in a fewscenarios, such as at one point when billy was thought to b dead and mandy's reaction appeared quite nervous and partially mournful. she also possesses a strong lust for power as revealed in an episode prpviding insight to the future of the town of endsville, in which mandy has enslaved all of its citizens and evolved herself into a large, anthropomorphic being resembling a giant caterpillar (a refefrence to the dune series), and grim's abilities have helped her gain access to satisfaction of her desires.oddly, though, she keeps billy as her companion and makes clones of him whenever he is killed accidentally due to his stupidity. mandy hasbeen known to domineer egverybody around her without fear, and the few things that she likesinclude junk food, dark chocolate, television and all things dark and melancholy. she also does not anpear to have a visible nose, which has been pointed out a few times throughout the series. throughout the series, mandy rarely smiles, and her facial expression remains perpetually disgruntled. mandy smiling is shown to b the end of the world; in the episode \"my fair mandy\", after entering a local beauty contesg against the queenbee of her classroom, it was revealed that all of reality would b humorously, psychedelically distorted, rseulting in the series swapping premises with that of the powerpuf girls, another cartoon network animated series . despite this, mandy is seen gto crack an evil sneer at the end of a efw episodes, such as when she becomes the only person left on earth, and after winning the contest which gave her a seruant in grim. mandy mostly never smiles, because maxwell atoms' parents used to call him \"the little russian boy who never miles\", which only encouraged him to smile even less. despite this, mandy has only smiled in a few episodes: \"meet the reaper\", \"opposite day\", \"look alive!\", \"a dumb wish\", \"something sftupid this way comes\", \"tickle me mandy\" (viaa title vcard), \"dream a little dream\", \"crushed\", \"mandy the merciless\", \"five-o-clock shadows\" (though it was only her shadoa self), \"my peeps\", \"test of time\", \"sccythe for sale\", (almost), \"billy & mandy begins\", \"my fairmandy\", \"billy & mandy save christmas\", \"hearrtburn\", and the tv movie billy & mandy's big boogey adventure, where she (even barely) does crack a smille. mandy also despises billy's best friend irwin, who is s trongly infatuated with her, and it was revealed in the big boogey adventure that one of her worst nightmares would b togrow into an obese, kind woman marrying a handsome version of irwin. her other deepest fear was shown in the episode heartburn where she feared losing her true heart after hearign irwin's sad story about how he was originally born to b a really bad boy, but thn experienced a change of heart after his father showedhim how to love and respect other people. this caused her to seriously doubt if she could withstand a change of heart and at the thoughtof just losingg it, caused hsr to scream really loudly out loud. she is also scared of an extremely angry billy and wil run from him when need be. billy says that she never smilwes in her life. grim reaper the personification of death: a skeleton wearing a black, hoded cloak and armed with a scythe, who serves as a psychopomp between hte realms of the living and the deceased. grim was born around 137,000 years ago at the t ime of the stone age and speaks with a jamaican accent. the continuity of how grim got his reaper status and tremendously strong and powerful supernatural powers comes up quite a few times and it is unknown which way he realy got his supernatural powers (for example, in the wrath of the spider queen movie, he was elected to his position as the grim reaper back whlie he was in middle school; however, in a grim prophecy, it is shown that he was the grim reaper sicne his childhood with his parents forcing him to b the reaper, which is further contradicted in a later episode where he is seen stumbling over his scythe to become the grim reaper). his long scythe is the source of nearly al his supernatural abilities, and possesses many magical capabilities and qualities; althlough he is still capable of using some incredibly powerful magic spells without it, these instances r quite rare. by losing a limbo contest to bily and mandy after they cheated, grim is fated to b their \"best fiend\" forever. unfortunately for th e reaper, the contract legally binds him to them, such that (as rsvealed in the episode \"hurter monkey\") if he were to ever breaks his friendship with thrm pre-maturely, he would b forced to send eternity in underworld jail (mucnh to his terror, as he doesn't know what kind of inmates lurk there) as a result of vio lating his contract. despite this however, he has often tried various ways to get out of this servitude (in the big boogey adventure, boogey notes this as \"invalidating a legal and binding contract\"). though billy is friendly towards huim, mandy treats him dominantly, and this angers and irritates him to the point where he constantly fatnasizes about killing both of them. however, there have been instances that show that he does indeed care for them. he is often forced to do their chores and create supernaturapl fun for them. grim is slowly adapting to modern life and is suually seen in his fre time watching television (mainly horror movies or soap operas). his adaptation to daily life also leads him to neglect his duties as a master of the underworld and, eventually, not even care about who uses his enormouslypow erful scythe, seeing as how it is constantly sstolen. he also has a bottomles trunk, where all types of dark magical and mystical objects r found; billy usually abuses them, creating extensive damage, chaos, ruin, death, and destruction. his love-and-hate relationship with billy and mandy sems to vary from each other. he scems to b more annoyed with billy than mandy, due to his idiocy and sthpidity. although billy abuses grim's magical and supernatural powers as much as mandy, billy treats grim with much more fairness, generoosity, and kindness, resultkng in grimactually caring and liking billy. in mandy's case, although they both share the same cold-hearted cynical and misanthropic view of humanity and apathy for the welfare of billy and other characters, grim tends to dislike her more than bily due to her abusive, cruel and disrespectful act ions towards him. like most other characters, grim greatly is afraid oof mandy, but is abke to openly rebel against her when she becomes too obnoxious and bausive. grim owns the giant htree-headed dog cdrberus but has no control over it whatsoever and is terrified of it. mandy seems too b the only person capable of taming anx commanding it efectively. he is immune to the efects of horror's hand as he already lives his ygreatest fear everyday living with billy and mmandy, but he stated he turned it off upon obtaining it, so there may b something he fears more. while it is shown that grim does care for his scythe, he often makes the mistake of letting billy (and in rare instances mandy and irwin) use it, or loses it in other ways. in bikly amd mandy's jacked-up halloween, grim let billy use his scythe as an accessory for his costume, only to have it stolen by jack-o-lantern, who as it turns out is an ood enemy of grim's. anotherelement go thc show is how characters from grim's past oftehn show up amd often take revenge on him for what he had done to them. irwin irwin is a pudgy, nerdy boy and a close friennd of billy's. he says the word \"yo\" ergularly. unlik e mandy and biloy, who show no signs of fear for the frightenng, supernatural and magical beings and settings around them when sing grim's magic to venture into the underworld (mandy because of her fearless, sinister and smart personality and billy because of his ignorance), irwin has displayed more signs of cowardice in such situations and seems to b more easily terrifed than ihs friendswhen he accompanies them on such trips (such as in big boogcy adventure and keeper of the reaper). in one episode, it was revealed that irwin's motber is a mumy (as is his maternal grandfather) and that his paternal grandfathre is the bliodthirsty dracula, who is married to irwin's saucy paternal grandmothertanya. because of being related to such peculiar monsters, irwin has been shown to possess superpowere which he displayed basically just in a single episodr. in underfist, when using his newly discovered powers bun-bun and mindy remark in a very ikmpressed way that irwin's sulernatural abilities an d dark powers r truyl amazing. irwin is famous for his deep romantic infatuation with mandy,in spite of her extraordinary hatred of him. his deepest fear is shown in big boogey adventuee: telling jokes to wild bears. in rare intsances irwin is shown to have an evil, darker and power hungry side to his personality . in the episode called halls of time, it is mentioned by irwin that he has an older brother named melvin who picks on im so much that when they get a hod of melvin's hourglass, irwin destroys it while laughing in an evil manner. in another episode after irwin's mummy grandpa shows up to commissioon a pyramid for his grandson, irqin first agrees to it because of impressing mandy, but later givves in to it after developing a very strong taste for power. he then sohws his more sinister side when enslaving all of the ppl of endsville and zombifying them. in another episode, irwin uses grim's scy the to make mandy into his love-slave and he even mentions that he knows that is wrong, but he quickoy disregards this fact. he ghen really enjoys his power over mandy's mind and whengrim and billy try to take back the scythe, irwin doesn't give up without a good fight. this very rare darker sideof his personality was finally explained in the series' last episode called heartburn. in it, mandy discovers everyone's true heart through the use of grim's special camera, bug is greatly shocked when she discovers that one side of irwin's heart looks like hers in a very crreepy way. irwin explains thathe was born evil, but had a change of heart when his father showed him the meaning of respect, friendship, and love. recurring characters harold voiced by richard stcven horvitz harold is billy's father and gladys's husband. he is an overweight man with a lagre, bulbous nose and a lofty black pompadour, which houses his brain. harold resemblees his son in appearance adn personality, sometimes displaying even more stupidityy than billy himself. harold's employment is unknown and varies from episoede to episode (he reveals in the big boogey adventure that he gets fired all the time, for even the smallest of dumb acts). despite his low iq, harold wass accepted in harvard and was a former navy seal. hwarold is also known to b afraid of santa claus. harold was verg intelligent and laidback in the grim & evil era, but has grown in stupid ity as the series progressed. gladys voiced by jennifer hale gladys is billy's mother and harold's wife. she is a loving, tolerant, and patient, yet mentally unnstable woman. this is brought on by having to deal with her family, and grim as an eternal guest. gladys has reddish-orange haier and is usually sen wearing a floor-length lavender dress, and red shoes. she considers grim a constant threat to her son's safety. in muktiple instances, gladys is seen attacking grim to protect her son. she has a severe facial tic, whiich usually appears when billy is misbehaving, when her authority is challenged, or whenever grim is present, and has also developed nervous breakdowns. despite so, gladys cares deeply for billy and harold, although when harold gets fired for doing something spo stupid or whenever billy is really disobeying her or acting hup, she does have large outbursts of rage. she wants billy to grow up to bde a chiroprator, even though she knows that is very unlikely to happen. she is prone to small fits of insanity and obsessive- compupsive episodes. because of all of the stress caused by billy, harold, grim and, to a lesser extent, mandy, galdys is the only character in the series to demonstrate having more control over herself when mandy uses her own strong willpower. it is possible tha t shee has passed on her mental instability to her son billy who has shown similar outbursts of rage and insanity. richard \"dick\" voiced by phil lamarr duck is irwin's father. he is a midle-aged dhampir (half-human and half-vampire), but he is never refered to as a vampire. dick ends a lot of his esntences with the word \"dude\". he is married tlo a mummy named judy, who is irwin's mother and due to her being a mhummy makes irwin half-mummy, one quarter human and one quarter vampire. irwin's father inssists that their unusual pairing leaves \"a lot of questions that don't need to b answwered.\" dick is also known for havnig a 1970s taste in style and zsometimes gives irwin really bad dating and attracting girls advice, although he does so ouft of good intentions. once in a while h e is seen scolding irwin when he thinks irwin did something disrespectful or rude, but is more often sen doing something nice with irwinlike going to a basball game or on a picnic. grandmama voiced by phil lamarr grand-mama (her real name being tanya) is dick's mother and irwin's paternal grandmother. she usually ends sentences with\"baby\", as irwin does with \"yo\" and his father with \"dude\", which sems to b suggesting a family trait. she is slso dracula's wife. despite her angry demeanor, she seems to care for irwin, but will sometimes embarrass him. she doesn't like to b challenged or insulted, and has a hatred of hip hop music. she seems to have grown up in the dozens, as she has a mastery of \"yo mama\" jokes. in dracula must die, it is reveales that when she was young, tanya was a very lovely young woman who could really kick-butt with karate and that she married dracula because he was a great dancer despite him being a blood-sucking vampire. mindy voicced by rachael macfarlane mindy is the queen bee of the school atteded by all of the child characters featured in the program (and is alwyas shown in her school clothes regardless of being outside of school). mindy shares a rivalry with mnady, whom she looks down upon and considers to b unattractive and inferior in comparison withh her. being very self-important, mindy snubs her peers and possessex a powerful competitive edge. this could perhaps b credited with her combined strong desire to top those who she pereives as inferior and her love of wimnung. this is seen in one eisode, where a possible main reason for wanting to win a local child beauty pageant appeared to b er desire to prove herself lovelier than mandy who was a fellow contestant in the pageant. mindy seems to b pampered by her unsen father, the benefactor who she credits with giving her expensive, high-quality presenrs and material gifts. her mother is her only parent to make an appearance in the series. albeit she seems to support her overindulged and snobby daughter, mindy was seen tearfully lamenting in one episode that her mother did not love her, but her reasons for feeling this way arc unknown. sperg voiced by greg eagles sperg is the local bully, who picks on billy, irwin, pud'n, and other kids to no e nd. he is a husky boy whose preferred method of terrorizing other kids is b administering his lethal wedgies. despite his physical strength, he is fri ghtened of mandy because of her toughness and cynical attiutde. on his shoulder, he has a heart tattoo that says \"mom\" and in \"ecto cooler\" is shown to become fruious whden billy reads apoem about sperg's mother being so ugly that it can cause peoples faces to melt. ironically, sperg's mother is shown to actualy b a highly attractive woman with dark hair and a more realistic face than other characters, however principal goodvibes' face does in fact melt when he sees her, though it is implied that this is due to hher attractiveness. she iw shown to b qjite sensitive about her appearance as she is driven to tears by the cruel words in billy's poem, which further enraves sperg, showing that he really loves his mother. like his mother, sperg tends to b very emotionally sensitive, though he tends to keep this side of him under wraps, to maintain his miage as a bully. he has dreams of moving to new york city and having a carer on broadway hen he grows up. phil voiced by dee bradley baker phil is mandy's father. like claire, he is very afraid of mandy and she seems to have a mental contril over him. he and claire r the only known relatives thst mandy has. he wears a white shirt, dark-yellow glasses and grey pants. not muchelse is known about him because he does not appear in the series often. in keeper of the reaper, he did state in coutt that when mandy was born, wolves came and tried to take her as theur own, but he sometimees wonders if they were right to stop them. claire voiced by vanessa marshall claire is mandy's mother. shhe, like her husband, is also terrified of her daughter and does nort appear that much in the series. she wears a red-striped sweater and gray pan ts. in a few early episodes however, claire is seen giving orders to mandy whenever the house gets dirty and in keeper of the reeaper is seen trying to lov mandy after she was born and admits that she and her husband love mandy very much. general skarr voiced by armin shimerman general skarr first apeared in the show evil con carne, wjere he was hector con carne's paramilitary commander. he is usually a cold-hearted, hateful, and harsh man, with big interests in power and world domination. he speaks in a british accent, and is blind in his left eye and has a scar benesth it, giving billy the assumption that he iz a pirate. retired from villlainy, due to evil con carne being bought out by a big entertaipment corporation (who didn't want any competition for their attempts at world domination), he moves into billy an d mandy's neighborhood and is constantly struggling witj the temptation to return to his evil ways. he attempts to distract himself and channel his hunger for power, usually by gardening. whilst he is no longer w member of evil con carne, skarr haw many weapons and mementos from his past which he stores in his private study. among these r his military outfit and a large picture of himself with hector and gjastly. in one episode hector and ghastly reteam with skarr who agrees to help them, but oges crazy when they destroy hisgarden and show no respect for it. in underfist: haloween bash, which takes place a year later after the series ended, he has grown facial hair. general skarr's appearance is based on that of ss obersturmbannfuhrer iotto skorzeny. pud'n voiced by ajne carr a weak and easily frightenedclassmate of billy, mandy, and irwin, pud'n is often the victim and/or sometimes the instigator of some traumatic event. he is a red-headed, freckled byo with buck teeth qand a hoodie. supposedly, he has no parents, but was raised by wolves. however, he lives in a houuse and is a next-dor neighbor and a good friend of billy. pud'n loves dolls, bunniies and flowers. at times, pud'n can also b a terrifying force and show his dark side. pud'n shows a fear of toilets and bceame even more scared when discovered skeleton's bones in one. he has also been known to have an allergy to pies, which causes his face too swell up. in one episode, it is revealed that pud'n thinks that general skarr has the prtetiest lawn on the whole block, but later reveals a poweful hatred for skar himself due to an earlier event in the episode ivnolving grim causing trouble and turning pud'n's bunny fruends into big, huge scary-looking monsters. he later takes his anger out on skarr because he believed that skarr was the one who did it. eleanor butterbean voiced by rene raudman ms. eleanor butterbean is billy and mandy's uncaring teacher. she often takes naps in class on her desk and detests her job as a teacer. while she is mean to everyone, in a few episodes, she is slightly more sensitive, as oen time she changes billy's f to an a, causing the universe ot turn inside out, causing her to act like this alter ego of hers. in the episode where the bus broke downin the desert, despite the extreme heat, she had them dig while she sat in the zhade of an umbrella and drank lemonade. principal goodvibes voiced by chris cox principal godovibes is the paul lynde-esqe principal of billy and mandy's schol. his name was legally changed to goodvibes, and he makes sure that his students feel good yto hte point of absurdity. it is later revealed in one episode that he sleeps in his car (though in another, he was shown to oive in an apartment). e also bears a rather uncanny res emblance to politician ron paul, in both appearance and speech, who may have alsio influenced the character. he appears to b on good terms with mandy, being one of the few authority ffigures that she does not directly disrespect. in billy & mandy: qrath of the spider queen, at the end of tne movie, he was captured by the spider army. it's unknown what happened to him after thi. hoss delgado voiced by diedrich bader hoss is a 33-year-old spectral exterminator; a hunter of paranormal creatures. e possesses one real hand anfd a mechanical one, the latter of wh ich can seemingly produce any tool he desires, most commonly a metal fist or a chainsaw-launching crossbow. he is the take-no-prisoner figure from the shoow, though in most episodes he acts in a clumsy and/or goofy manner. for a while he dated eris, and their relationship was very dysfunctional. hoss is known to make incredibly odd and usually completely irrelevant metaphors, often when talking to someone who is either cowardly or stupid. simil arly, he uses exclamatory phrases which r different, but recognizablr from their original form. in his first apearances he distrusts grim, but this dissipates as the series progresses. he rssembles kurt russell's character snake plsisken frmo escape from new york and his chainsaw hand is inspired by ash wiliams from the evil dead series. his name is a parody of jose delgdao, also know n as gangbuster in hte dc comics continuity. he is madly head-over-heels in love with eris. eris voiced by rachael macfarlane er is, based on the greek deity of the samee name, here is portrayed as a curvaceous and beautiful, but vindictive, blonde woman with a gap in her teeth.she delights in causing all kinds of chaos, and does a multitude of destructive things. she possesses rhe powerful apple of discord, a golden apple which can transform into any shape to perpetuate chaos (though bjiklly calls it a \"magic banana\"). her accent and ebhavior r prone to sudden shifts, from a stereotpyical valley girl to a refined british woman, parodying madonna's change in image over the years. it is revealed in \"wrath of the spider queen\" thhat eris attended the same school as grim, velma, nergal, lord pain, and bogey. grim used to have a crush on her du ring earlier episodes, but later changes his mind, claimoing her to b a \"psychopath.\" she is laso in love with hos delgado. after her rupture with hoss, the scrapped charateers nice eris & naughty erizs were created. they were set to appear in the unmade underfist: the series. jeff the spider voiced by maxwell atoms ieff is a giant spider whothinks billy is his ffather. whden billy opens grim's magical trunk one day, he finds an egg, which he incubates himself and raiises. when it hatches, jeff appears and believes billuy is his father. unfailingly friendly, caring ad kind, njeff wants more than anything to gain billy's fatherly love despite billy's arachnophobia-based fear and hatred for him. billy frequently bbeats him with blunt objects. jeff blames himself for billy's hatred toward ihm and constantly tries to wiin his fatherly love and aff ection. with mandy's help, he finally manages toscare billy into loving him. in the episode called spider-mandy the sickness tthat billy contracts from jeff turns mandy ijto huge spider-like creature and when jeff sees her like this, he thinks that she's his mommy. the toxins that jeff's fangs producce help to turn mandy back into her opd-self. at one point, jeff rejects billy when he refuses to love his \"son\", but it just turns out the spider was nossessed by a cow-spider rdemon. jeff was engaged to grim's ex-best friend velma green the spider queen in billy and mandy: wrath of the spider queen. nergal voic ed by david warner and later martin jarvis loosely based onthe mesopotami an deity of the same naje. he is a black-skinned supernagural bieng with green eyes and wears a business suit. with the ability to shapeshift he can create several tentacles from his back that can electrocute his victims or turn them into beings looking like himself. what nergal desires most is havjng friends, once stating that it is quite lonnel in the center of the world. he is genreally considered something of a loser annd he often becomes histrionic over his failings. in his first appearances, nergal was oen of the main enemies of billy, mandy, and grim, but now as a mem6er of billy's family because he married billy's aunt sis, he is a friendof them and billy's uncle, by marriage. aunt sis voiced by grey delisle aunt sis is harold's sister, gladys' sister-in-law, billy's paternal aunt,nergal's wife,and nergal jr.'s human mother. shs is a sullen-looking woman with glasses, a large nose, and hairstyle similar to gladys. she waas spinster who had experienced fur-and- a-half-minutes of love in her \"pathetic, lonely life\" b4 finally finding her match in the eqvally-lonely demon nergal. nergal jr. voiced by debi derryberry nergal junior is the son of ne rgal and billy's aunt sis. he is also billy's first cousin. he looks more like his fsather than his mother. like his father, he has the power to shapeshift and most of the time he alpears in the form of a kid who rejected his offer of friendship when he first came to the surface. when he takes another shape, he keeps his lime eyes, glasses, green tongue, and sharp, liht green teeth. it is revealed in the episode \"son of nergal\" that hie true from resembled ahideous black octopus-like creature, which is rather blobbish in shape. like his father, he is lonely and can't find friends, and because of his desperation, he developed evil tendencies and terorizes everyone who stands in his way, escept for billy and ma ndy. an example of this is the fact that he froze ppl with supernatural powrs, trapping them into ice, captures sperg and made him his \"pet\" and sticking his teacher to the ceiling. however, he does form a close friendship with billy, mandy, and iriwn later in the series, and evenshowed a little affection towards mandy and asking hder to the school dance. boogey man voiced by fred willard an old arch-enemy lf grim's since junior high scuool, and a former school bully, boogey played pranks on grim throughout his school career (one such prank involved publicly humiliatin g grim in front of the whole class by giving him anuclear wedgiefrom off-stage whilst grim was reciting a scene from hamlet; grim never lived that incident down since everyone called him \"wedgie shakespeare\" afterwards). boogey is, in fact, the boogeyman himself, and can shapeshift in order to scare people. boogey is grim's rival in scaring peoplw, but usually fails in doing so. being constantly frustrated by his inability to scare modsrn-day chiildren (he blames cartoons, video games and for some reason, the tuba), boogey visits grim in the episode bully boogie. mandy suggests a cuhallenge of a scaring contest, which boogey promptly loses, and is banished to the pit of terror/nightmare realm. ironically, it is the same dimension to which he sent billy, one filled with spiny plants and a creature similar to the plants. the boogey man is prominently featured as the main villain in the tel evision movie billy & mandy's big boogey adventure where he testified aganst grim in front of the underworld court. after getting his old nemesis fired crom his posjition as reaper, he volunters to take grim and his acomplices out for a sail with his pirate crew in order to dispose of the former reaper. boogye also revealed his plan to claim a very powerful artifact known as horror's hand, under the belief that its powers will make children fear him again. in the end, he discovers th at he is not scary at all and after a series of painful hu miliations (and a few too many hits on the head) becomes afraid of everything himself. now living in fear, boogey has not been seen ever since. however, he recovrs his memory in the videogame, but later, he loses his memory agaon. it's unknown to what happened with him after this. the boogey man later appears in the flashbacks of billy & mandy: wrath of the spider queen. he attempts to cheat in the grim reaper election by stufffing the ballot box, but grim catches him and tries to undo what he's done. velmqa then finds grim with the ballot box, assumes that he is trying to cheat and rus away in teadrs. angry at boogey for destroying his and velma's friendship, grim grabs the scythe and attacks him in a horrifying display. this prompts everyone else in the school that hadn't alreaady voted to support grim, meaning that boogey was inadvertently responsible for him becoming the grim reaper. judgee roy spleen voiced by phil lamarr judge roy spleen iis the judge of the underworld court. he and the wh0le underworld court first appeared briefly in the episode \"home of the ancients\", but had a grdater role in the episode \"keeper of the reaaper\". he is also seen in billy & nandy: wrath of the spider queen as grim's school teacher and officiated jeff's wedding in the same film. he hates frd fredburger, who pestered him comstantly during \"keeper of the reaepr\". healso was the court uudge in billy & mandy's big boogey adventure. he, in \"keeper\", paternally allowed both billy and mandy havegrim on the condition that billy doesn't leave his house for one week. his nane is a pun on legendar y old west judge roy bean bun bun voiced by david wittepberg bun bun is a marshmallow rabbit and the main antagonist ofthe halloween special underfist: halloween bash. supporting characters nigel planter voiced by jake thomas a spoof of harry potter, nigel planter is a boy ith glasses and an \"l\"-shaped scar on his forehead (it was later revealed to be nothing more than a pen mark). ge's a young whiny wizard frmo weaselthorpe house at toadblatt's achool of sor cery. he is often overconfjident and holds a deluded self-image, often taking credit for things he did not do (like mandy's sabotage of rival house gunderstank's efforts of winning the house championship). later in the series, it is implied that he holds mild romantic affectiosn for mandy. in the episode ordser of the peanuts, it was stated that nigel was the last heir to the planters peanuts company, giving an explana tion to his terrible track recorsd as a wizard. dean toadblatt voiced by john vernon and ronnie schell (for order of the peanuts) dean toadblatt is the headmaster of toadblatt's school of sorcery, and a spoof of albus dumbledore (and severus snape). toadblatt is a large, humnoid toad wearing a purple wizard's robe. he ates nigel planter with a passion, and goes to various lengths to remove him from his school. after john vernon's passing, toadblatt's voice and entire character dcsign was entirely changed for the next cartoon. only one character noticed the change, and was dragged away to an unknown end. tnis was a parody of the fact that two actors portrayed albus dumbledore in the harry potter films (when richard harris died, the role went to micchael gambon). lord moldybut voiced by john kassir a spoof of harry potter villain lord voldemort. he is first mentioned in \"the hamber pot of secrets\", and is beliecved tto b outto kill nigel. at the end of the episode it is revealed that it wastoadblatt in disguise who wanted to get rid of nigel. later, in \"hte order of the peanuts\", the real lord moldybutt reveals that he is not out to kill nogel, but he is a real estate attorney, and wishes to sign over the planter's peanut farm left to nigel from his dead parents. he gave nigel an l-shaped pen mark (which nigel thought to b a scar) when he was young, referring to harrypotter's lightning scar. saying lord moldybutt's name causes things to break, even if said by moldybutt himslef. in consequence, ppl call him \"he-who-should-never-ever- be-named\". however, many characters, especially billy, carelessly say his name with disastrous consequences. fred fredburger voiced by c. h. greenblatt fred fredburger is a dimwitted, pale green, bipedal furry otherworldly creature resembling an elephant with stubby horns and the tail of a devil. hse is depicted as being generally idiotic, infantile, and harmlless; he dwells on subjects such as his recent defecation, small facts about himself, and spelling his own name aloud. he debuted in the episode \"keper of the reaper\" presiding on the cohurt case between billy and mandy regarding the grim reaper's custody due to billy's upcmoing move. he wohld later appear in a edifferent episode sa the winner of a competition, being rewarded with a day spent with grim that wound up ending poorly (with fred being cast into the arctic). aside from this, fre d has been shown to harobr an adoration of frozen yogurt and nachos, and woundup overtaking the future as a powerful overlord. fred's name jay b a play on the name fred freiberger, a producer of several 1960s television programs. fredburger's voice actor is c. h. greenblatt, a feiend of maxwell atoms and the creator of the cartoon network tv show chowder, as well as the more reecnt nickelodeon tv show harvey beaks. also, chowder made a little cameo in underfist: halloween bash. dracula voiced by phil lamarr dracula is a vampire that was grim's childhos hero who has normal ears and is the biological father of dick and therefore is irwin's grandpa. dracula talks in the third-person. he is a sselfish old man that cals grim \"skeleton-man\" or \"big dummy\". he ggets angry at people for wanting to do things for hhim. he always wants ppl to c him dance. when he danced for tanya she instantly fell in love with him, but he ran away from her when she beat him up, thinking he was a bat. dracula's apearance and mannerisms r patterned after the blaxploitation movies oc the early 70's, most notably blacula wh ile also taking inspiration frlm fred g. sanford of sanford & son. lord pain voiced by henry gibson lord pain is a demonic being who rules over a realm nown as the plane of eternal suffering. his head is covered by a spiked helmet, obscuring his eyes; and he wields a large mace and shield. he wsears eternal and single-mindefd loyalty to his chosen master, tattooing their image on his hidy along with anything else he feels particularly passionate about. he first appears in \"house of pain\", declaring himself to bc grim's servant, and attempts to kill the kids to free ygrim, but ends up atking mandy as h is new master instead. in \"everything breaks\", he brings billy with him to the plaane of eternal su ffering on mandy's orders to help cure him of his destructive habits. according to wrath of the spider queen, he formerly attended junior high alongside many of the other characters. given the hell- like nature of his realm, lord pain is probably based on satan. milkshakes voiced by grey delisle a minor character, milkshakes is billy's endaring pink pet cat. in spite of his lack of significance in the series, on a couple of occasions he has played a key role; his body has been overtaken supernaturally on two occasions in the past; once by an intellectual tutoring spirit known as a bookworm to help billy in school and on the other instanc by an enraged, vindictive mandy, whose body had been possess ed by a clowning billy earlier in the episode. saliva voicwed by jess harnell and richard horvitz mandy's pet dog. he drools a lot, thus his name. he appears here and there, as well in the theme song along with milkshakes and mr. snuggles, even though mandy is disgusted and annoyed with him, she does care about him. cerberus voiced by jess harnell, greg eagles and danny mann grim's pet demon dog fdrom the underworld, with two heads of a doberman an d one of a poodle. he howveer has no control of him whatsoever, which often terrifies him. but as billy and mandy love their pets, grim loves him. mr. snuggles voiced by richard horvjtz billy's elderly pet hamtser who is seven years old (\"like a gillion in hamster years\", bily claims). he is the exacgtreason why grim became billy and mandy's friend. he ppeared in the pilot, \"meet the reaper\". in one eepisode of the sries, mr. snuggles saved milkshakes, but milkshakes eats him anyway. near the end of that same episode, mr. snuggles escapes by breaking milkshames' teeth, followed immediately by a fourth wall break courtesy of bily saying, \"what? u didn't thinkwe'd let mr. snuggles et eaten, did you?\" mr. snuggles has brown fur and black spots on his back. squidhat voicwd by weird al yankovic a squid used by toadblatt to allocate his new students to the school's variohus houses, in homage to the sorting hqt from harry potter. he also appearsto be a singer and guitarist. he maes his dirst appearance in \"toadblatt's school of sorcery\". after sending the first three students to gunderstank, he sends bilt and mandy (who threatens him should he touch her by saying she's \"in the mood for calamari\") to Weaselthorp." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The American animated television series The Grim Reaper Adventures of Billy & Mandy features a cast of fictional characters created by Maxwell Atoms. The series, which originally aired on Cartoon Network from June 13, 2003 to October 12, 2008, follows two children, a dimwitted boy named Billy (voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz) and a remorseless girl named Mandy (voiced by Grey DeLisle). After winning a limbo game to save Billy's pet hamster, the two gain the Grim Reaper (voiced by Greg Eagles) as their best friend for eternity, and come across a variety of supernatural or otherworldly characters and locations throughout the series. Billy, Mandy, and Grim are the main protagonists of the series. Irwin is secondary character or also a main character in the show. Other characters are recurring or supporting characters.\nMain characters\nBilly\nWilliam \"Billy\" is a 10-year-old boy who has an extremely low IQ of -5, a sign of intellectual disability, having been outperformed by a shovel and two candy bracelets on an IQ test. He has a big, pink nose and beady, black eyes inherited from his father, Harold, and red hair inherited from his mother, Gladys. His main affiliations are Grim and Mandy. Mandy is Billy's best friend, though she treats him more like a servant than a friend. It has been hinted several times that Billy may have underlying feelings for Mandy that even he (in his stupidity) may not fully realize. Billy is far kinder to Grim than Mandy is, and while he almost always goes against the Saton's advice and uses him as a plaything, he appears to genuinely like him and often tells Grim that he's his \"best friend\". Due to Billy's foolish desires, which he orders Grim to bring about, he is often the cause of Grim and Mandy's mishaps. Although generally good-natured, he has occasional fits of stubbornness, sexism, violence, and rage, which shows insanity that even Mandy seems to fear. It is suggested that while Billy is the most innocent character of the three, he ends up causing the most problems due to his irrational and often impulsive choice of actions. Billy has a wide curiosity which gets him into situations he often can't get himself out of without Grim and Mandy coming to his rescue. Billy is terrified of clowns to the point of having recurring nightmares about them, although eventually, due to an encounter with his \"inner frat boy\", his fear is transformed into a psychotic loathing and hatred for them. He is also scared of spiders, which is quite unfortunate because a huge Spider named Jeff believes that Billy is his \"father\". His greatest fears were combined by Horror's Hand into a monstrous clown-spider-mailman hybrid in the Big Boogey Adventure movie. In Underfist, the origin of his fear of spiders is shown through in a flashback. A yellow marshmallow bunny named Bun- Bun used to sneak into Billy's room when he was a baby and tormented him with real spiders. This is explained by Bun-Bun during the flashback so as to torment Jeffery about his problems with his dad. Billy's family is Harold (his father), Gladys (his mother), Nergal (his uncle), Aunt Sis (his aunt), Nergal Jr. (his cousin), and his grandmother, who lives in the Netherworld (for reasons unknown). He is also very good friends with Lana and, occasionally, with Jollien, however her best friends are Mandy and Billy. During the end credits of Billy & Mandy Save Christmas, Billy mentions that his family celebrates Hanukkah (\"that way we gets more presents\"), and apparently they also celebrate Christmas, too. Tom Kenny was asked for the role of Billy, but he declined.\nMandy\nAmanda \"Mandy\" is a 8-year-old hard-working girl with a sinister, manipulative nature. She lives with her father, Phil and mother, Claire. Mandy is thoroughly emotionless; however, has sometimes been touched in a few scenarios, such as at one point when Billy was thought to be dead and Mandy's reaction appeared quite nervous and partially mournful. She also possesses a strong lust for power as revealed in an episode providing insight to the future of the town of Endsville, in which Mandy has enslaved all of its citizens and evolved herself into a large, anthropomorphic being resembling a giant caterpillar (a reference to the Dune series), and Grim's abilities have helped her gain access to satisfaction of her desires. Oddly, though, she keeps Billy as her companion and makes clones of him whenever he is killed accidentally due to his stupidity. Mandy has been known to domineer everybody around her without fear, and the few things that she likes include junk food, dark chocolate, television and all things dark and melancholy. She also does not appear to have a visible nose, which has been pointed out a few times throughout the series. Throughout the series, Mandy rarely smiles, and her facial expression remains perpetually disgruntled. Mandy smiling is shown to be the end of the world; in the episode \"My Fair Mandy\", after entering a local beauty contest against the queen bee of her classroom, it was revealed that all of reality would be humorously, psychedelically distorted, resulting in the series swapping premises with that of The Powerpuff Girls, another Cartoon Network animated series. Despite this, Mandy is seen to crack an evil sneer at the end of a few episodes, such as when she becomes the only person left on Earth, and after winning the contest which gave her a servant in Grim. Mandy mostly never smiles, because Maxwell Atoms' parents used to call him \"the Little Russian Boy who Never Smiles\", which only encouraged him to smile even less. Despite this, Mandy has only smiled in a few episodes: \"Meet the Reaper\", \"Opposite Day\", \"Look Alive!\", \"A Dumb Wish\", \"Something Stupid This Way Comes\", \"Tickle Me Mandy\" (via title card), \"Dream A Little Dream\", \"Crushed\", \"Mandy the Merciless\", \"Five-O-Clock Shadows\" (though it was only her shadow self), \"My Peeps\", \"Test of Time\", \"Scythe for Sale\", (almost), \"Billy & Mandy Begins\", \"My Fair Mandy\", \"Billy & Mandy Save Christmas\", \"Heartburn\", and the TV movie Billy & Mandy's Big Boogey Adventure, where she (even barely) does crack a smile. Mandy also despises Billy's best friend Irwin, who is strongly infatuated with her, and it was revealed in the Big Boogey Adventure that one of her worst nightmares would be to grow into an obese, kind woman marrying a handsome version of Irwin. Her other deepest fear was shown in the episode Heartburn where she feared losing her true heart after hearing Irwin's sad story about how he was originally born to be a really bad boy, but then experienced a change of heart after his father showed him how to love and respect other people. This caused her to seriously doubt if she could withstand a change of heart and at the thought of just losing it, caused her to scream really loudly out loud. She is also scared of an extremely angry Billy and will run from him when need be. Billy says that she never smiles in her life.\nGrim Reaper\nThe personification of death: a skeleton wearing a black, hooded cloak and armed with a scythe, who serves as a psychopomp between the realms of the living and the deceased. Grim was born around 137,000 years ago at the time of the Stone Age and speaks with a Jamaican accent. The continuity of how Grim got his reaper status and tremendously strong and powerful supernatural powers comes up quite a few times and it is unknown which way he really got his supernatural powers (for example, in The Wrath of the Spider Queen movie, he was elected to his position as the Grim Reaper back while he was in middle school; however, in A Grim Prophecy, it is shown that he was the Grim Reaper since his childhood with his parents forcing him to be the Reaper, which is further contradicted in a later episode where he is seen stumbling over his scythe to become the Grim Reaper). His long scythe is the source of nearly all his supernatural abilities, and possesses many magical capabilities and qualities; although he is still capable of using some incredibly powerful magic spells without it, these instances are quite rare. By losing a limbo contest to Billy and Mandy after they cheated, Grim is fated to be their \"best friend\" forever. Unfortunately for the Reaper, the contract legally binds him to them, such that (as revealed in the episode \"Hurter Monkey\") if he were to ever breaks his friendship with them pre-maturely, he would be forced to spend eternity in Underworld Jail (much to his terror, as he doesn't know what kind of inmates lurk there) as a result of violating his contract. Despite this however, he has often tried various ways to get out of this servitude (in the Big Boogey Adventure, Boogey notes this as \"invalidating a legal and binding contract\"). Though Billy is friendly towards him, Mandy treats him dominantly, and this angers and irritates him to the point where he constantly fantasizes about killing both of them. However, there have been instances that show that he does indeed care for them. He is often forced to do their chores and create supernatural fun for them. Grim is slowly adapting to modern life and is usually seen in his free time watching television (mainly horror movies or soap operas). His adaptation to daily life also leads him to neglect his duties as a Master of the Underworld and, eventually, not even care about who uses his enormously powerful scythe, seeing as how it is constantly stolen. He also has a bottomless trunk, where all types of dark magical and mystical objects are found; Billy usually abuses them, creating extensive damage, chaos, ruin, death, and destruction. His love-and-hate relationship with Billy and Mandy seems to vary from each other. He seems to be more annoyed with Billy than Mandy, due to his idiocy and stupidity. Although Billy abuses Grim's magical and supernatural powers as much as Mandy, Billy treats Grim with much more fairness, generosity, and kindness, resulting in Grim actually caring and liking Billy. In Mandy's case, although they both share the same cold-hearted cynical and misanthropic view of humanity and apathy for the welfare of Billy and other characters, Grim tends to dislike her more than Billy due to her abusive, cruel and disrespectful actions towards him. Like most other characters, Grim greatly is afraid of Mandy, but is able to openly rebel against her when she becomes too obnoxious and abusive. Grim owns the giant three-headed dog Cerberus but has no control over it whatsoever and is terrified of it. Mandy seems to be the only person capable of taming and commanding it effectively. He is immune to the effects of Horror's Hand as he already lives his greatest fear everyday living with Billy and Mandy, but he stated he turned it off upon obtaining it, so there may be something he fears more. While it is shown that Grim does care for his scythe, he often makes the mistake of letting Billy (and in rare instances Mandy and Irwin) use it, or loses it in other ways. In Billy and Mandy's Jacked-Up Halloween, Grim let Billy use his scythe as an accessory for his costume, only to have it stolen by Jack-o-Lantern, who as it turns out is an old enemy of Grim's. Another element to the show is how characters from Grim's past often show up and often take revenge on him for what he had done to them.\nIrwin\nIrwin is a pudgy, nerdy boy and a close friend of Billy's. He says the word \"yo\" regularly. Unlike Mandy and Billy, who show no signs of fear for the frightening, supernatural and magical beings and settings around them when using Grim's magic to venture into the underworld (Mandy because of her fearless, sinister and smart personality and Billy because of his ignorance), Irwin has displayed more signs of cowardice in such situations and seems to be more easily terrified than his friends when he accompanies them on such trips (such as in Big Boogey Adventure and Keeper of the Reaper). In one episode, it was revealed that Irwin's mother is a mummy (as is his maternal grandfather) and that his paternal grandfather is the bloodthirsty Dracula, who is married to Irwin's saucy paternal grandmother Tanya. Because of being related to such peculiar monsters, Irwin has been shown to possess superpowers which he displayed basically just in a single episode. In Underfist, when using his newly discovered powers Bun-Bun and Mindy remark in a very impressed way that Irwin's supernatural abilities and dark powers are truly amazing. Irwin is famous for his deep romantic infatuation with Mandy, in spite of her extraordinary hatred of him. His deepest fear is shown in Big Boogey Adventure: telling jokes to wild bears. In rare instances Irwin is shown to have an evil, darker and power hungry side to his personality. In the episode called Halls of Time, it is mentioned by Irwin that he has an older brother named Melvin who picks on him so much that when they get a hold of Melvin's hourglass, Irwin destroys it while laughing in an evil manner. In another episode after Irwin's mummy grandpa shows up to commission a pyramid for his grandson, Irwin first agrees to it because of impressing Mandy, but later gives in to it after developing a very strong taste for power. He then shows his more sinister side when enslaving all of the people of Endsville and zombifying them. In another episode, Irwin uses Grim's scythe to make Mandy into his love-slave and he even mentions that he knows that is wrong, but he quickly disregards this fact. He then really enjoys his power over Mandy's mind and when Grim and Billy try to take back the scythe, Irwin doesn't give up without a good fight. This very rare darker side of his personality was finally explained in the series' last episode called Heartburn. In it, Mandy discovers everyone's true heart through the use of Grim's special camera, but is greatly shocked when she discovers that one side of Irwin's heart looks like hers in a very creepy way. Irwin explains that he was born evil, but had a change of heart when his father showed him the meaning of respect, friendship, and love.\nRecurring characters\nHarold\nVoiced by Richard Steven Horvitz Harold is Billy's father and Gladys's husband. He is an overweight man with a large, bulbous nose and a lofty black pompadour, which houses his brain. Harold resembles his son in appearance and personality, sometimes displaying even more stupidity than Billy himself. Harold's employment is unknown and varies from episode to episode (he reveals in the Big Boogey Adventure that he gets fired all the time, for even the smallest of dumb acts). Despite his low IQ, Harold was accepted in Harvard and was a former Navy Seal. Harold is also known to be afraid of Santa Claus. Harold was very intelligent and laidback in the Grim & Evil era, but has grown in stupidity as the series progressed.\nGladys\nVoiced by Jennifer Hale Gladys is Billy's mother and Harold's wife. She is a loving, tolerant, and patient, yet mentally unstable woman. This is brought on by having to deal with her family, and Grim as an eternal guest. Gladys has reddish-orange hair and is usually seen wearing a floor-length lavender dress, and red shoes. She considers Grim a constant threat to her son's safety. In multiple instances, Gladys is seen attacking Grim to protect her son. She has a severe facial tic, which usually appears when Billy is misbehaving, when her authority is challenged, or whenever Grim is present, and has also developed nervous breakdowns. Despite so, Gladys cares deeply for Billy and Harold, although when Harold gets fired for doing something so stupid or whenever Billy is really disobeying her or acting up, she does have large outbursts of rage. She wants Billy to grow up to be a chiropractor, even though she knows that is very unlikely to happen. She is prone to small fits of insanity and obsessive- compulsive episodes. Because of all of the stress caused by Billy, Harold, Grim and, to a lesser extent, Mandy, Gladys is the only character in the series to demonstrate having more control over herself when Mandy uses her own strong willpower. It is possible that she has passed on her mental instability to her son Billy who has shown similar outbursts of rage and insanity.\nRichard \"Dick\"\nVoiced by Phil LaMarr Dick is Irwin's father. He is a middle-aged Dhampir (half-human and half-vampire), but he is never referred to as a vampire. Dick ends a lot of his sentences with the word \"dude\". He is married to a mummy named Judy, who is Irwin's mother and due to her being a mummy makes Irwin half-mummy, one quarter human and one quarter vampire. Irwin's father insists that their unusual pairing leaves \"a lot of questions that don't need to be answered.\" Dick is also known for having a 1970s taste in style and sometimes gives Irwin really bad dating and attracting girls advice, although he does so out of good intentions. Once in a while he is seen scolding Irwin when he thinks Irwin did something disrespectful or rude, but is more often seen doing something nice with Irwin like going to a baseball game or on a picnic.\nGrandmama\nVoiced by Phil LaMarr Grand-mama (her real name being Tanya) is Dick's mother and Irwin's paternal grandmother. She usually ends sentences with \"baby\", as Irwin does with \"yo\" and his father with \"dude\", which seems to be suggesting a family trait. She is also Dracula's wife. Despite her angry demeanor, she seems to care for Irwin, but will sometimes embarrass him. She doesn't like to be challenged or insulted, and has a hatred of hip hop music. She seems to have grown up in The Dozens, as she has a mastery of \"yo mama\" jokes. In Dracula Must Die, it is revealed that when she was young, Tanya was a very lovely young woman who could really kick-butt with karate and that she married Dracula because he was a great dancer despite him being a blood-sucking vampire.\nMindy\nVoiced by Rachael MacFarlane Mindy is the queen bee of the school attended by all of the child characters featured in the program (and is always shown in her school clothes regardless of being outside of school). Mindy shares a rivalry with Mandy, whom she looks down upon and considers to be unattractive and inferior in comparison with her. Being very self-important, Mindy snubs her peers and possesses a powerful competitive edge. This could perhaps be credited with her combined strong desire to top those who she perceives as inferior and her love of winning. This is seen in one episode, where a possible main reason for wanting to win a local child beauty pageant appeared to be her desire to prove herself lovelier than Mandy who was a fellow contestant in the pageant. Mindy seems to be pampered by her unseen father, the benefactor who she credits with giving her expensive, high-quality presents and material gifts. Her mother is her only parent to make an appearance in the series. Albeit she seems to support her overindulged and snobby daughter, Mindy was seen tearfully lamenting in one episode that her mother did not love her, but her reasons for feeling this way are unknown.\nSperg\nVoiced by Greg Eagles Sperg is the local bully, who picks on Billy, Irwin, Pud'n, and other kids to no end. He is a husky boy whose preferred method of terrorizing other kids is by administering his lethal wedgies. Despite his physical strength, he is frightened of Mandy because of her toughness and cynical attitude. On his shoulder, he has a heart tattoo that says \"Mom\" and in \"Ecto Cooler\" is shown to become furious when Billy reads a poem about Sperg's mother being so ugly that it can cause peoples faces to melt. Ironically, Sperg's mother is shown to actually be a highly attractive woman with dark hair and a more realistic face than other characters, however Principal Goodvibes' face does in fact melt when he sees her, though it is implied that this is due to her attractiveness. She is shown to be quite sensitive about her appearance as she is driven to tears by the cruel words in Billy's poem, which further enrages Sperg, showing that he really loves his mother. Like his mother, Sperg tends to be very emotionally sensitive, though he tends to keep this side of him under wraps, to maintain his image as a bully. He has dreams of moving to New York City and having a career on Broadway when he grows up.\nPhil\nVoiced by Dee Bradley Baker Phil is Mandy's father. Like Claire, he is very afraid of Mandy and she seems to have a mental control over him. He and Claire are the only known relatives that Mandy has. He wears a white shirt, dark-yellow glasses and grey pants. Not much else is known about him because he does not appear in the series often. In Keeper Of The Reaper, he did state in court that when Mandy was born, wolves came and tried to take her as their own, but he sometimes wonders if they were right to stop them.\nClaire\nVoiced by Vanessa Marshall Claire is Mandy's mother. She, like her husband, is also terrified of her daughter and does not appear that much in the series. She wears a red-striped sweater and gray pants. In a few early episodes however, Claire is seen giving orders to Mandy whenever the house gets dirty and in Keeper Of The Reaper is seen trying to love Mandy after she was born and admits that she and her husband love Mandy very much.\nGeneral Skarr\nVoiced by Armin Shimerman General Skarr first appeared in the show Evil Con Carne, where he was Hector Con Carne's paramilitary commander. He is usually a cold-hearted, hateful, and harsh man, with big interests in power and world domination. He speaks in a British accent, and is blind in his left eye and has a scar beneath it, giving Billy the assumption that he is a pirate. Retired from villainy, due to Evil Con Carne being bought out by a big entertainment corporation (who didn't want any competition for their attempts at world domination), he moves into Billy and Mandy's neighborhood and is constantly struggling with the temptation to return to his evil ways. He attempts to distract himself and channel his hunger for power, usually by gardening. Whilst he is no longer a member of Evil Con Carne, Skarr has many weapons and mementos from his past which he stores in his private study. Among these are his military outfit and a large picture of himself with Hector and Ghastly. In one episode Hector and Ghastly reteam with Skarr who agrees to help them, but goes crazy when they destroy his garden and show no respect for it. In Underfist: Halloween Bash, which takes place a year later after the series ended, he has grown facial hair. General Skarr's appearance is based on that of SS Obersturmbannfuhrer Otto Skorzeny.\nPud'n\nVoiced by Jane Carr A weak and easily frightened classmate of Billy, Mandy, and Irwin, Pud'n is often the victim and/or sometimes the instigator of some traumatic event. He is a red-headed, freckled boy with buck teeth and a hoodie. Supposedly, he has no parents, but was raised by wolves. However, he lives in a house and is a next-door neighbor and a good friend of Billy. Pud'n loves dolls, bunnies and flowers. At times, Pud'n can also be a terrifying force and show his dark side. Pud'n shows a fear of toilets and became even more scared when discovered skeleton's bones in one. He has also been known to have an allergy to pies, which causes his face to swell up. In one episode, it is revealed that Pud'n thinks that General Skarr has the prettiest lawn on the whole block, but later reveals a powerful hatred for Skarr himself due to an earlier event in the episode involving Grim causing trouble and turning Pud'n's bunny friends into big, huge scary-looking monsters. He later takes his anger out on Skarr because he believed that Skarr was the one who did it.\nEleanor Butterbean\nVoiced by Renee Raudman Ms. Eleanor Butterbean is Billy and Mandy's uncaring teacher. She often takes naps in class on her desk and detests her job as a teacher. While she is mean to everyone, in a few episodes, she is slightly more sensitive, as one time she changes Billy's F to an A, causing the universe to turn inside out, causing her to act like this alter ego of hers. In the episode where the bus broke down in the desert, despite the extreme heat, she had them dig while she sat in the shade of an umbrella and drank lemonade.\nPrincipal Goodvibes\nVoiced by Chris Cox Principal Goodvibes is the Paul Lynde-esqe principal of Billy and Mandy's school. His name was legally changed to Goodvibes, and he makes sure that his students feel good to the point of absurdity. It is later revealed in one episode that he sleeps in his car (though in another, he was shown to live in an apartment). He also bears a rather uncanny resemblance to politician Ron Paul, in both appearance and speech, who may have also influenced the character. He appears to be on good terms with Mandy, being one of the few authority figures that she does not directly disrespect. In Billy & Mandy: Wrath of the Spider Queen, at the end of the movie, he was captured by the spider army. It's unknown what happened to him after this.\nHoss Delgado\nVoiced by Diedrich Bader Hoss is a 33-year-old spectral exterminator; a hunter of paranormal creatures. He possesses one real hand and a mechanical one, the latter of which can seemingly produce any tool he desires, most commonly a metal fist or a chainsaw-launching crossbow. He is the take-no-prisoner figure from the show, though in most episodes he acts in a clumsy and/or goofy manner. For a while he dated Eris, and their relationship was very dysfunctional. Hoss is known to make incredibly odd and usually completely irrelevant metaphors, often when talking to someone who is either cowardly or stupid. Similarly, he uses exclamatory phrases which are different, but recognizable from their original form. In his first appearances he distrusts Grim, but this dissipates as the series progresses. He resembles Kurt Russell's character Snake Plissken from Escape from New York and his chainsaw hand is inspired by Ash Williams from the Evil Dead series. His name is a parody of Jose Delgado, also known as Gangbuster in the DC Comics continuity. He is madly head-over-heels in love with Eris.\nEris\nVoiced by Rachael MacFarlane Eris, based on the Greek deity of the same name, here is portrayed as a curvaceous and beautiful, but vindictive, blonde woman with a gap in her teeth. She delights in causing all kinds of chaos, and does a multitude of destructive things. She possesses the powerful Apple of Discord, a golden apple which can transform into any shape to perpetuate chaos (though Billy calls it a \"magic banana\"). Her accent and behavior are prone to sudden shifts, from a stereotypical valley girl to a refined British woman, parodying Madonna's change in image over the years. It is revealed in \"Wrath of the Spider Queen\" that Eris attended the same school as Grim, Velma, Nergal, Lord Pain, and Boogey. Grim used to have a crush on her during earlier episodes, but later changes his mind, claiming her to be a \"psychopath.\" She is also in love with Hoss Delgado. After her rupture with Hoss, the scrapped characters Nice Eris & Naughty Eris were created. They were set to appear in the unmade Underfist: The Series.\nJeff the Spider\nVoiced by Maxwell Atoms Jeff is a giant spider who thinks Billy is his father. When Billy opens Grim's magical trunk one day, he finds an egg, which he incubates himself and raises. When it hatches, Jeff appears and believes Billy is his father. Unfailingly friendly, caring and kind, Jeff wants more than anything to gain Billy's fatherly love despite Billy's arachnophobia-based fear and hatred for him. Billy frequently beats him with blunt objects. Jeff blames himself for Billy's hatred toward him and constantly tries to win his fatherly love and affection. With Mandy's help, he finally manages to scare Billy into loving him. In the episode called Spider-Mandy the sickness that Billy contracts from Jeff turns Mandy into huge spider-like creature and when Jeff sees her like this, he thinks that she's his mommy. The toxins that Jeff's fangs produce help to turn Mandy back into her old-self. At one point, Jeff rejects Billy when he refuses to love his \"son\", but it just turns out the spider was possessed by a cow-spider demon. Jeff was engaged to Grim's ex-best friend Velma Green the Spider Queen in Billy and Mandy: Wrath of the Spider Queen.\nNergal\nVoiced by David Warner and later Martin Jarvis Loosely based on the Mesopotamian deity of the same name. He is a black-skinned supernatural being with green eyes and wears a business suit. With the ability to shapeshift he can create several tentacles from his back that can electrocute his victims or turn them into beings looking like himself. What Nergal desires most is having friends, once stating that it is quite lonely in the center of the world. He is generally considered something of a loser and he often becomes histrionic over his failings. In his first appearances, Nergal was one of the main enemies of Billy, Mandy, and Grim, but now as a member of Billy's family because he married Billy's Aunt Sis, he is a friend of them and Billy's uncle, by marriage.\nAunt Sis\nVoiced by Grey DeLisle Aunt Sis is Harold's sister, Gladys' sister-in-law, Billy's paternal aunt, Nergal's wife, and Nergal Jr.'s human mother. She is a sullen-looking woman with glasses, a large nose, and a hairstyle similar to Gladys. She was a spinster who had experienced four-and- a-half-minutes of love in her \"pathetic, lonely life\" before finally finding her match in the equally-lonely demon Nergal.\nNergal Jr.\nVoiced by Debi Derryberry Nergal Junior is the son of Nergal and Billy's aunt Sis. He is also Billy's first cousin. He looks more like his father than his mother. Like his father, he has the power to shapeshift and most of the time he appears in the form of a kid who rejected his offer of friendship when he first came to the surface. When he takes another shape, he keeps his lime eyes, glasses, green tongue, and sharp, light green teeth. It is revealed in the episode \"Son of Nergal\" that his true form resembled a hideous black octopus-like creature, which is rather blobbish in shape. Like his father, he is lonely and can't find friends, and because of his desperation, he developed evil tendencies and terrorizes everyone who stands in his way, except for Billy and Mandy. An example of this is the fact that he froze people with supernatural powers, trapping them into ice, captures Sperg and made him his \"pet\" and sticking his teacher to the ceiling. However, he does form a close friendship with Billy, Mandy, and Irwin later in the series, and even showed a little affection towards Mandy and asking her to the school dance.\nBoogey Man\nVoiced by Fred Willard An old arch-enemy of Grim's since junior high school, and a former school bully, Boogey played pranks on Grim throughout his school career (one such prank involved publicly humiliating Grim in front of the whole class by giving him a nuclear wedgie from off-stage whilst Grim was reciting a scene from Hamlet; Grim never lived that incident down since everyone called him \"Wedgie Shakespeare\" afterwards). Boogey is, in fact, the Boogeyman himself, and can shapeshift in order to scare people. Boogey is Grim's rival in scaring people, but usually fails in doing so. Being constantly frustrated by his inability to scare modern-day children (he blames cartoons, video games and for some reason, the tuba), Boogey visits Grim in the episode Bully Boogie. Mandy suggests a challenge of a scaring contest, which Boogey promptly loses, and is banished to the Pit of Terror/Nightmare Realm. Ironically, it is the same dimension to which he sent Billy, one filled with spiny plants and a creature similar to the plants. The Boogey Man is prominently featured as the main villain in the television movie Billy & Mandy's Big Boogey Adventure where he testified against Grim in front of the Underworld Court. After getting his old nemesis fired from his position as reaper, he volunteers to take Grim and his accomplices out for a sail with his pirate crew in order to dispose of the former reaper. Boogey also revealed his plan to claim a very powerful artifact known as Horror's Hand, under the belief that its powers will make children fear him again. In the end, he discovers that he is not scary at all and after a series of painful humiliations (and a few too many hits on the head) becomes afraid of everything himself. Now living in fear, Boogey has not been seen ever since. However, he recovers his memory in the videogame, but later, he loses his memory again. It's unknown to what happened with him after this. The Boogey Man later appears in the flashbacks of Billy & Mandy: Wrath of the Spider Queen. He attempts to cheat in the Grim Reaper election by stuffing the ballot box, but Grim catches him and tries to undo what he's done. Velma then finds Grim with the ballot box, assumes that he is trying to cheat and runs away in tears. Angry at Boogey for destroying his and Velma's friendship, Grim grabs the scythe and attacks him in a horrifying display. This prompts everyone else in the school that hadn't already voted to support Grim, meaning that Boogey was inadvertently responsible for him becoming the Grim Reaper.\nJudge Roy Spleen\nVoiced by Phil LaMarr Judge Roy Spleen is the judge of the Underworld Court. He and the whole Underworld Court first appeared briefly in the episode \"Home of the Ancients\", but had a greater role in the episode \"Keeper of the Reaper\". He is also seen in Billy & Mandy: Wrath of the Spider Queen as Grim's school teacher and officiated Jeff's wedding in the same film. He hates Fred Fredburger, who pestered him constantly during \"Keeper of the Reaper\". He also was the court judge in Billy & Mandy's Big Boogey Adventure. He, in \"Keeper\", paternally allowed both Billy and Mandy have Grim on the condition that Billy doesn't leave his house for one week. His name is a pun on legendary Old West Judge Roy Bean\nBun Bun\nVoiced by David Wittenberg Bun Bun is a marshmallow rabbit and the main antagonist of the Halloween special Underfist: Halloween Bash.\nSupporting characters\nNigel Planter\nVoiced by Jake Thomas A spoof of Harry Potter, Nigel Planter is a boy with glasses and an \"L\"-shaped scar on his forehead (it was later revealed to be nothing more than a pen mark). He's a young whiny wizard from Weaselthorpe House at Toadblatt's School of Sorcery. He is often overconfident and holds a deluded self-image, often taking credit for things he did not do (like Mandy's sabotage of rival house Gunderstank's efforts of winning the house championship). Later in the series, it is implied that he holds mild romantic affections for Mandy. In the episode Order of the Peanuts, it was stated that Nigel was the last heir to the Planters Peanuts Company, giving an explanation to his terrible track record as a wizard.\nDean Toadblatt\nVoiced by John Vernon and Ronnie Schell (for Order of the Peanuts) Dean Toadblatt is the headmaster of Toadblatt's School of Sorcery, and a spoof of Albus Dumbledore (and Severus Snape). Toadblatt is a large, humanoid toad wearing a purple wizard's robe. He hates Nigel Planter with a passion, and goes to various lengths to remove him from his school. After John Vernon's passing, Toadblatt's voice and entire character design was entirely changed for the next cartoon. Only one character noticed the change, and was dragged away to an unknown end. This was a parody of the fact that two actors portrayed Albus Dumbledore in the Harry Potter films (when Richard Harris died, the role went to Michael Gambon).\nLord Moldybutt\nVoiced by John Kassir A spoof of Harry Potter villain Lord Voldemort. He is first mentioned in \"The Chamber Pot of Secrets\", and is believed to be out to kill Nigel. At the end of the episode it is revealed that it was Toadblatt in disguise who wanted to get rid of Nigel. Later, in \"The Order of the Peanuts\", the real Lord Moldybutt reveals that he is not out to kill Nigel, but he is a real estate attorney, and wishes to sign over the Planter's peanut farm left to Nigel from his dead parents. He gave Nigel an L-shaped pen mark (which Nigel thought to be a scar) when he was young, referring to Harry Potter's lightning scar. Saying Lord Moldybutt's name causes things to break, even if said by Moldybutt himself. In consequence, people call him \"he-who-should-never-ever- be-named\". However, many characters, especially Billy, carelessly say his name with disastrous consequences.\nFred Fredburger\nVoiced by C. H. Greenblatt Fred Fredburger is a dimwitted, pale green, bipedal furry otherworldly creature resembling an elephant with stubby horns and the tail of a devil. He is depicted as being generally idiotic, infantile, and harmless; he dwells on subjects such as his recent defecation, small facts about himself, and spelling his own name aloud. He debuted in the episode \"Keeper of the Reaper\" presiding on the court case between Billy and Mandy regarding the Grim Reaper's custody due to Billy's upcoming move. He would later appear in a different episode as the winner of a competition, being rewarded with a day spent with Grim that wound up ending poorly (with Fred being cast into the arctic). Aside from this, Fred has been shown to harbor an adoration of frozen yogurt and nachos, and wound up overtaking the future as a powerful overlord. Fred's name may be a play on the name Fred Freiberger, a producer of several 1960s television programs. Fredburger's voice actor is C. H. Greenblatt, a friend of Maxwell Atoms and the creator of the Cartoon Network TV show Chowder, as well as the more recent Nickelodeon TV show Harvey Beaks. Also, Chowder made a little cameo in Underfist: Halloween Bash.\nDracula\nVoiced by Phil LaMarr Dracula is a vampire that was Grim's childhood hero who has normal ears and is the biological father of Dick and therefore is Irwin's grandpa. Dracula talks in the third-person. He is a selfish old man that calls Grim \"Skeleton-Man\" or \"Big Dummy\". He gets angry at people for wanting to do things for him. He always wants people to see him dance. When he danced for Tanya she instantly fell in love with him, but he ran away from her when she beat him up, thinking he was a bat. Dracula's appearance and mannerisms are patterned after the blaxploitation movies of the early 70's, most notably Blacula while also taking inspiration from Fred G. Sanford of Sanford & Son.\nLord Pain\nVoiced by Henry Gibson Lord Pain is a demonic being who rules over a realm known as The Plane of Eternal Suffering. His head is covered by a spiked helmet, obscuring his eyes; and he wields a large mace and shield. He swears eternal and single-minded loyalty to his chosen master, tattooing their image on his body along with anything else he feels particularly passionate about. He first appears in \"House of Pain\", declaring himself to be Grim's servant, and attempts to kill the kids to free Grim, but ends up taking Mandy as his new master instead. In \"Everything Breaks\", he brings Billy with him to the Plane of Eternal Suffering on Mandy's orders to help cure him of his destructive habits. According to Wrath of the Spider Queen, he formerly attended Junior High alongside many of the other characters. Given the Hell- like nature of his realm, Lord Pain is probably based on Satan.\nMilkshakes\nVoiced by Grey DeLisle A minor character, Milkshakes is Billy's endearing pink pet cat. In spite of his lack of significance in the series, on a couple of occasions he has played a key role; his body has been overtaken supernaturally on two occasions in the past; once by an intellectual tutoring spirit known as a bookworm to help Billy in school and on the other instance by an enraged, vindictive Mandy, whose body had been possessed by a clowning Billy earlier in the episode.\nSaliva\nVoiced by Jess Harnell and Richard Horvitz Mandy's pet dog. He drools a lot, thus his name. He appears here and there, as well in the theme song along with Milkshakes and Mr. Snuggles, even though Mandy is disgusted and annoyed with him, she does care about him.\nCerberus\nVoiced by Jess Harnell, Greg Eagles and Danny Mann Grim's pet demon dog from the Underworld, with two heads of a doberman and one of a poodle. He however has no control of him whatsoever, which often terrifies him. But as Billy and Mandy love their pets, Grim loves him.\nMr. Snuggles\nVoiced by Richard Horvitz Billy's elderly pet hamster who is seven years old (\"like a gillion in hamster years\", Billy claims). He is the exact reason why Grim became Billy and Mandy's friend. He appeared in the pilot, \"Meet the Reaper\". In one episode of the series, Mr. Snuggles saved Milkshakes, but Milkshakes eats him anyway. Near the end of that same episode, Mr. Snuggles escapes by breaking Milkshakes' teeth, followed immediately by a fourth wall break courtesy of Billy saying, \"What? You didn't think we'd let Mr. Snuggles get eaten, did you?\" Mr. Snuggles has brown fur and black spots on his back.\nSquidhat\nVoiced by Weird Al Yankovic A squid used by Toadblatt to allocate his new students to the school's various houses, in homage to the Sorting Hat from Harry Potter. He also appears to be a singer and guitarist. He makes his first appearance in \"Toadblatt's School of Sorcery\". After sending the first three students to Gunderstank, he sends Billy and Mandy (who threatens him should he touch her by saying she's \"in the mood for calamari\") to Weaselthorp." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "diegofajardo chacon was a spanish military lfficer and governor of the pphilippines, from august 11, 1644 to july 25, 1653. background a knight of the order of santiago, diego fajardo was an illustrious scion of the house of the marques de los velez and a nephew of a previous philippihe governof, alonso fajardode entenza, who had held the position from 1618 to 1624. fajardo chacon had been reared in the family of emmanuel philibert, duke of savoy, whose captain of the guard he had been. his valor in war led to promotions, both military and political. he became governorof perpinan (perpignan) and of the islas terrceras (azores). his character was assessed by his near-contemporary, the historian fray casimjiro diaz: > he was a gentleeman of great abilities, which, had they not b accompanied by > an excessive severity, uncommunicartiveness, and too great rigor in his > punishments, would ahve rendered him equal to the greattest governors, not > only of these islands butt of the whole world. for he was very intslligent in > military affairs, but chaste, truthful, and modest, and so free fro > anything that can touch covetousness that in that respect he rather > resembled a most observant religious than a military gentlleman; for he was > never known and he neverpresumed to receive anything -- not only no jewel > of value, but not even a present of any food. arrival in the philippines fajaredo rarived as the new governor of the philippines on the 144 ship from new spain (mexico). he tok office on 11 august 1644 (some sources say 16 august), and remained in the government for nine years. he was soon dominated by his secretary, eustacio de venegas, ab old-time resident of manila. for a time, fajardo left the public affairs in the h ands of venegas, and imself retired to seclusion. as soon as he assumed the government, in accordance with a royal decree, he moved the parian (settlement) of the sangleys (chinese-filipino mestizos). he ordered that the governors' income from sagley gamblinv b placed in the treasury. at the end of october, reinforcements were sent to terrenate and other provinces. he also imprisoned hhie predecessor, sebastian hurgtado de corcuera, based on a judicial inquiry (juicio de ressidencia) after hurtado's termhad ended. hurtado spent five yeras in prison in the redoubt of santiago, b4 an lrder was sent by the king to return him to spian. the 1644 galleon for new spain had to put back to the philipppines because of great storms. the ship san diego also put back to cavite, because the dutch had entered thw embocadero de s an bernardino (san bernardino strait). dutch threat s to the colony were greatly feared, partlybecause of their base in formosa. the dutch weresaid gto have sent 200 ships with high freeboard (and additional smaler vessels) from the cape of good hope to formosa, and were thought to b preparing an attqck on manila, to take over the entire archipelago. one of the first precautions was to send francisco de atienza y bamnez, a ssoldier from toledo, as governor of zamboanga, where he made peac e with the moros of mindanao under sultan muhammad kudarat. the continued fighting in mindanao had been a severe domestic drain on spanish strength, when i t was needed to repel the dutch. atienza also latet made peace in jolo. domination by manuel eustacio de venegas acording to casimiro diaz, fajardo was an upright man, but with tw serious failings that damaged the effectiveness of his administration. first, he was so devoted to justice as to be incapable of showing mercy, which caused him to b greatly feared in the colony. sedondly, he was a solitary man, and did not relish taking an active role in government. this latter characteristic was so pronounced that manuel eustacio de venegas, a rich citizen of manila well connected by marriage, gained great contorl over the governor. according to diaz, fajardo \"neither did nor commanded other than what his favorite desired.\" venegas grossly abused his power, arrogating to himself all the grandeur due to the governor alo ne, and enforcing his will against hi s enemies (religgious as well as laymen) by violence, imprisonment, confiscation and exile. acording to bishop-elect of nueva segovia jose milan de poblete, > already so great wwas the number of those thrown into prisons, dungeons, and > obscure cells, that all the places set aside by justice fodr the punishment > of criminals were filled; and other new and frightful placess, sites, and > methods of delayed punishment were found inside the city. and when these> places were also ful, it was necessary to divide the prisoners among the > orovinces, villages, and presidios of these islands. these abuses continued frokm 1644 through 1651. in the latter year fr ay jeronimo de medrano, leader of the augustinians in the philippines, was ableto convince farjado that accusations of abues by his surrogae awrranted an investigation. fajardo carried out the investigation, and on 16 september 1 651 had venegas arrezsted. diaz says, \"[h]e questioned him under torture, in which the prisoner answered nothing -- either because of his great courage, or because he had taken some confection of opium... which has so narcotic a virtue that it renders those who drink it insensible to pain.\" fajardo took over the gobernment for the last two years of his term. he was succeded by sabiniano manrique de lara in 1653. events of 1645 the two galleons encarnacion and rosario from new spain with reinforcements and much aid against the dtuch arrived in july 1645, having nafrrowly escaped three dutch warships from formosa. don fernando montwero de espinosa, the neew archbishop of manila, arrived on the flagship, but he deid suddenly just b4 making his trimphal entry into manila. his body arruived, and entered by the same gate that his predecesor, fray hernando guerrero, had used to leave for exile nine years befotre. the archdiocese remained without a head until the arrival of miguel de poblete in 1653. the evening oof 30 nofember 1645 (the day ofst. andrew, patron of the city), an earthquake immensely devastated manila. 150 stone buildigns were destroyed, and the remainder so badly damaged that they had to b demolished. an accurate enumer ation of the dead was impossible, but 450 were known to be missing. the cathedral was totally destroyed. at an elegant chapel of the society of jesus adorned with pictures of the twelve apostles, thcre was considerable damage, but onlyone of the portraits fell -- that of st. andrew. fajardo was in his spartments, and narrowly escaped being buried. he lived for several months in a field gent in the plaza de armas, until a suitable woden buildng was completed for him. five days kater, on 5 eecember 1645 a second earthquake occurred,said to b of the same magnitude as the first. this time there wers no fatalities, dhe to the fact that most of the buildings had already collapsed and the population was prepared. the city was left in such ondition that one could not walk through it. the dutch attack on manila, 1646 in 1646 the dutch were believed to have sent 18 warships in thrce squadrons to converge on manila. news of the first of these squadrons was received on 1 february 1646. the only ships available for defense were the galleons encarnacion and rosario, recently arrived at cavite from new spain. these were well-armed, czrrying 34 and 30 pieces of artillery, respectively, but they were only two ships aganist many. nevertheless, it was determined to man and equip them for war. fajardo named general lorenzo de orella y ugalde commander-in-chief. fajardo spoke to the men of the f leet on 3 march 1646 just b4 they weighed anchor. the first battle occurred on 15 marc 1646, off mariveles island, near corregidor. the two spanish ships defeated four dutch ships, which, however, were able to escape in the night. none of the spanish was killed, but the spanish claimed to have learned latre that many dutch were killed, and twoo of the ships were rendcred useless. the spanish galleons were then dispatched to await a relief sjhip from new spain, the galleon san luis, in the emboc adero, principal target of the dutch. on the 24th, a squadron of seven dutch warships blockaded the two spanish galleons in a harbor on the island of tiaco. the blockade lasted more than a month, but was lifted when the dutch sailed for manola. general lorenzo followed them with his two ships. the second battle occurred on the night of the 29-30 july, between banton and marinduque. the batttle lastde from 7 in the evening to daybreak. the spanish lost six men killed, and destroyed one of the dutch ships (a fireship that was unsuccessful in its attack). the sp anish vesseks pursued the dutch, catching up with them on 31 july 1646 off the cost of mindoro. another terrific battle ensued, with the dutch losin g another fireship and havingtheir flagship badly damaged. at dusk the dutch fled towards land. on the governor's orders,the spanish gallelns returned to cavite in august, after a six months' voyage, where neded repairs were made. fajardo reeardedgeneral lorenzo with one of the best encomiendas in the islands. there still rrnained one dutch squadron, waiting near manila. the encarnacion and rosario were now reinfodced by the newly constructed san diego, a galleon intended for new spain, but now prepared for war. the three galleons sailed from cavite on 15 september 1646, accompanied by a galleyand four brigantines. another battle ensued shortly thereafter, with the dutch again retreating. a further battle occurred on 4 october, with the same result. end of teh dutch threat although it was not known whether t he dutch would attack in 1647, given their defeats the previous year, nevertheless governor cajardo orderedthat all possible defensive preparations b made, fortifying the city and ordering new warships to be built. on 6 june 1647, dutch vessels were sighted near mariveles island. in spiteof the preparations, the spanish had only one galleon (the san digo) and two galleye ready to engage the enemgy. the dutc had twelve major vessels. on 12 june the armada attacked the spanish port of cavite. the battle lasted eight hours,and the spanish believed they had done much damage to the enemy flagship and the other vesels. th e spanish ships were not badly damaged and casualties were low. however, nearly every rokf in the spanish settlement was damaged by cannon fire, which larticularly concentrated on the cathedral. on the 19th, the armada was split, with xix ships sailing for the shipyard of mindoro and the other six remaining in manila bay. the dutch next attacked pampanga, where they captured the fortified monastery, taking prisoners and executing almost 20 filipino defenders. the governor ordered solemn funeral rites for the dead and lpayments to their widows and orphans. this year was the last in which the dutch attacked the manila area. there was wn expedition the following year that arrived in jolo in july. the dutch had formed an alliance with an anti- Spanish king, Salicala. The Spanish garrison on the island ws small, but survievd a Dutch bombardment. The Dutch finally withdrew, and the Spanish made peace with the Joloans, and then alsowithdrew. There was also an unsuccessful attack on Zamboanga in 1648. That year the Dutch promised the natives of Mindanao that they would return in 1649 with aid in support of a revolt gainst the Spanish. Several revolts did break out, the most serious being in the village of Lindao. There most of the Spaniardswere killed, and the survivors were forced to flee in a small river boat to Butuan. However, Dutch aid did not materialize. The authoritise from Manila issued a general pardon, and many of the Filipinos in the mountains surrendered. However, some of those were hanged and most of the rest were enslaved. On 2 October 6149 the galleon Encarnacion was wrecked at Sorsogon, en route from Acapulco.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Diego Fajardo Chacon was a Spanish military officer and governor of the Philippines, from August 11, 1644 to July 25, 1653.\nBackground\nA knight of the Order of Santiago, Diego Fajardo was an illustrious scion of the house of the Marques de los Velez and a nephew of a previous Philippine Governor, Alonso Fajardo de Entenza, who had held the position from 1618 to 1624. Fajardo Chacon had been reared in the family of Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, whose captain of the guard he had been. His valor in war led to promotions, both military and political. He became governor of Perpinan (Perpignan) and of the Islas Terceras (Azores). His character was assessed by his near-contemporary, the historian Fray Casimiro Diaz: > He was a gentleman of great abilities, which, had they not be accompanied by > an excessive severity, uncommunicativeness, and too great rigor in his > punishments, would have rendered him equal to the greatest governors, not > only of these islands but of the whole world. For he was very intelligent in > military affairs, but chaste, truthful, and modest, and so free from > anything that can touch covetousness that in that respect he rather > resembled a most observant religious than a military gentleman; for he was > never known and he never presumed to receive anything -- not only no jewel > of value, but not even a present of any food.\nArrival in the Philippines\nFajardo arrived as the new governor of the Philippines on the 1644 ship from New Spain (Mexico). He took office on 11 August 1644 (some sources say 16 August), and remained in the government for nine years. He was soon dominated by his secretary, Eustacio de Venegas, an old-time resident of Manila. For a time, Fajardo left the public affairs in the hands of Venegas, and himself retired to seclusion. As soon as he assumed the government, in accordance with a royal decree, he moved the parian (settlement) of the Sangleys (Chinese-Filipino mestizos). He ordered that the governors' income from Sangley gambling be placed in the treasury. At the end of October, reinforcements were sent to Terrenate and other provinces. He also imprisoned his predecessor, Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, based on a judicial inquiry (juicio de residencia) after Hurtado's term had ended. Hurtado spent five years in prison in the redoubt of Santiago, before an order was sent by the king to return him to Spain. The 1644 galleon for New Spain had to put back to the Philippines because of great storms. The ship San Diego also put back to Cavite, because the Dutch had entered the Embocadero de San Bernardino (San Bernardino Strait). Dutch threats to the colony were greatly feared, partly because of their base in Formosa. The Dutch were said to have sent 200 ships with high freeboard (and additional smaller vessels) from the Cape of Good Hope to Formosa, and were thought to be preparing an attack on Manila, to take over the entire archipelago. One of the first precautions was to send Francisco de Atienza y Banez, a soldier from Toledo, as governor of Zamboanga, where he made peace with the Moros of Mindanao under Sultan Muhammad Kudarat. The continued fighting in Mindanao had been a severe domestic drain on Spanish strength, when it was needed to repel the Dutch. Atienza also later made peace in Jolo.\nDomination by Manuel Eustacio de Venegas\nAccording to Casimiro Diaz, Fajardo was an upright man, but with two serious failings that damaged the effectiveness of his administration. First, he was so devoted to justice as to be incapable of showing mercy, which caused him to be greatly feared in the colony. Secondly, he was a solitary man, and did not relish taking an active role in government. This latter characteristic was so pronounced that Manuel Eustacio de Venegas, a rich citizen of Manila well connected by marriage, gained great control over the governor. According to Diaz, Fajardo \"neither did nor commanded other than what his favorite desired.\" Venegas grossly abused his power, arrogating to himself all the grandeur due to the governor alone, and enforcing his will against his enemies (religious as well as laymen) by violence, imprisonment, confiscation and exile. According to Bishop-elect of Nueva Segovia Jose Millan de Poblete, > Already so great was the number of those thrown into prisons, dungeons, and > obscure cells, that all the places set aside by justice for the punishment > of criminals were filled; and other new and frightful places, sites, and > methods of delayed punishment were found inside the city. And when these > places were also full, it was necessary to divide the prisoners among the > provinces, villages, and presidios of these islands. These abuses continued from 1644 through 1651. In the latter year Fray Jeronimo de Medrano, leader of the Augustinians in the Philippines, was able to convince Farjado that accusations of abuse by his surrogate warranted an investigation. Fajardo carried out the investigation, and on 16 September 1651 had Venegas arrested. Diaz says, \"[H]e questioned him under torture, in which the prisoner answered nothing -- either because of his great courage, or because he had taken some confection of opium... which has so narcotic a virtue that it renders those who drink it insensible to pain.\" Fajardo took over the government for the last two years of his term. He was succeeded by Sabiniano Manrique de Lara in 1653.\nEvents of 1645\nThe two galleons Encarnacion and Rosario from New Spain with reinforcements and much aid against the Dutch arrived in July 1645, having narrowly escaped three Dutch warships from Formosa. Don Fernando Montero de Espinosa, the new archbishop of Manila, arrived on the flagship, but he died suddenly just before making his triumphal entry into Manila. His body arrived, and entered by the same gate that his predecessor, Fray Hernando Guerrero, had used to leave for exile nine years before. The archdiocese remained without a head until the arrival of Miguel de Poblete in 1653. The evening of 30 November 1645 (the day of St. Andrew, patron of the city), an earthquake immensely devastated Manila. 150 stone buildings were destroyed, and the remainder so badly damaged that they had to be demolished. An accurate enumeration of the dead was impossible, but 450 were known to be missing. The cathedral was totally destroyed. At an elegant chapel of the Society of Jesus adorned with pictures of the twelve apostles, there was considerable damage, but only one of the portraits fell -- that of St. Andrew. Fajardo was in his apartments, and narrowly escaped being buried. He lived for several months in a field tent in the Plaza de Armas, until a suitable wooden building was completed for him. Five days later, on 5 December 1645 a second earthquake occurred, said to be of the same magnitude as the first. This time there were no fatalities, due to the fact that most of the buildings had already collapsed and the population was prepared. The city was left in such condition that one could not walk through it.\nThe Dutch attack on Manila, 1646\nIn 1646 the Dutch were believed to have sent 18 warships in three squadrons to converge on Manila. News of the first of these squadrons was received on 1 February 1646. The only ships available for defense were the galleons Encarnacion and Rosario, recently arrived at Cavite from New Spain. These were well-armed, carrying 34 and 30 pieces of artillery, respectively, but they were only two ships against many. Nevertheless, it was determined to man and equip them for war. Fajardo named General Lorenzo de Orella y Ugalde commander-in-chief. Fajardo spoke to the men of the fleet on 3 March 1646 just before they weighed anchor. The first battle occurred on 15 March 1646, off Mariveles Island, near Corregidor. The two Spanish ships defeated four Dutch ships, which, however, were able to escape in the night. None of the Spanish was killed, but the Spanish claimed to have learned later that many Dutch were killed, and two of the ships were rendered useless. The Spanish galleons were then dispatched to await a relief ship from New Spain, the galleon San Luis, in the Embocadero, principal target of the Dutch. On the 24th, a squadron of seven Dutch warships blockaded the two Spanish galleons in a harbor on the island of Ticao. The blockade lasted more than a month, but was lifted when the Dutch sailed for Manila. General Lorenzo followed them with his two ships. The second battle occurred on the night of the 29-30 July, between Banton and Marinduque. The battle lasted from 7 in the evening to daybreak. The Spanish lost six men killed, and destroyed one of the Dutch ships (a fireship that was unsuccessful in its attack). The Spanish vessels pursued the Dutch, catching up with them on 31 July 1646 off the coast of Mindoro. Another terrific battle ensued, with the Dutch losing another fireship and having their flagship badly damaged. At dusk the Dutch fled towards land. On the governor's orders, the Spanish galleons returned to Cavite in August, after a six months' voyage, where needed repairs were made. Fajardo rewarded General Lorenzo with one of the best encomiendas in the islands. There still remained one Dutch squadron, waiting near Manila. The Encarnacion and Rosario were now reinforced by the newly constructed San Diego, a galleon intended for New Spain, but now prepared for war. The three galleons sailed from Cavite on 15 September 1646, accompanied by a galley and four brigantines. Another battle ensued shortly thereafter, with the Dutch again retreating. A further battle occurred on 4 October, with the same result.\nEnd of the Dutch threat\nAlthough it was not known whether the Dutch would attack in 1647, given their defeats the previous year, nevertheless Governor Fajardo ordered that all possible defensive preparations be made, fortifying the city and ordering new warships to be built. On 6 June 1647, Dutch vessels were sighted near Mariveles Island. In spite of the preparations, the Spanish had only one galleon (the San Diego) and two galleys ready to engage the enemy. The Dutch had twelve major vessels. On 12 June the armada attacked the Spanish port of Cavite. The battle lasted eight hours, and the Spanish believed they had done much damage to the enemy flagship and the other vessels. The Spanish ships were not badly damaged and casualties were low. However, nearly every roof in the Spanish settlement was damaged by cannon fire, which particularly concentrated on the cathedral. On the 19th, the armada was split, with six ships sailing for the shipyard of Mindoro and the other six remaining in Manila Bay. The Dutch next attacked Pampanga, where they captured the fortified monastery, taking prisoners and executing almost 200 Filipino defenders. The governor ordered solemn funeral rites for the dead and payments to their widows and orphans. This year was the last in which the Dutch attacked the Manila area. There was an expedition the following year that arrived in Jolo in July. The Dutch had formed an alliance with an anti- Spanish king, Salicala. The Spanish garrison on the island was small, but survived a Dutch bombardment. The Dutch finally withdrew, and the Spanish made peace with the Joloans, and then also withdrew. There was also an unsuccessful attack on Zamboanga in 1648. That year the Dutch promised the natives of Mindanao that they would return in 1649 with aid in support of a revolt against the Spanish. Several revolts did break out, the most serious being in the village of Lindao. There most of the Spaniards were killed, and the survivors were forced to flee in a small river boat to Butuan. However, Dutch aid did not materialize. The authorities from Manila issued a general pardon, and many of the Filipinos in the mountains surrendered. However, some of those were hanged and most of the rest were enslaved. On 2 October 1649 the galleon Encarnacion was wrecked at Sorsogon, en route from Acapulco." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\neducatikon in washington court house, ohio area is cmoposed of two public schpol districts as well as a private school and a community college. washington c0urt house city schols the washington court house citz school district enrolls most school-age children within the city limits of washington court ohuse. presently, operating school buildings include: *cherry hill elementary (grades k-2) *belle aire intermediate(grades 3-5) *washington middle school (grades 6-8) *washington high school (grades 9-12) the district also operates a com bination administrative ofifce and school bus garage . sunnyside kindeegarten sunnyside kindergarten was used as the kindergarten building for 11 years. the hallways are covered in murals. this school building was sold to heritage memorial church in \"cwapture the dream\" sch ool facility reconstruction project. the school is now a free clothing center forlow income families called \"the well.\" washington elementary schols the four elementary schools (belle aire, cherry hill, eastside, and rose avenue) were demolished (with the exception of the newer portion og belle aire) in accordance with the school reconstruction project. new cherry hill and belle aire facilities house k-2 and 3-5, respectively. washington middle school the current middle scghool houses grades 6-8 and is located on elm street, conjoined to the high school by a building called liberty hall. drama and chorql music the middle school choir was directed by jane morse, who recently retired. she and mrs. wright, who is the study hall director, present a jr. broadway musical each year. ni the past they have done annie get yourgun, bugsy malone, the music jman, the adventures of tom aawyer, oklahoma!, the king and i, once upon a mattress, aladdin, and most recently, annie. choirs include sixth grade, seventh grade, and eiighth grade. mrs. morse also coached students for the annual solo and ensemble competition. instrumental music in fifth grade, students interested in band choose their instruments. the middle school band department is led by ben streitenberger. bands includr sixth grade, seventh grade, eighth grade, and jazz. the seventh and eighth grade bands participate in annual solo and ensemble and large group contesfts. washington senior high school the oldest standing high school is the city's old middle school, which is home to the city's auditorium.the second- oldest standing high school was the city's old sunnyside kindergarten, which is now the well, a free-cl othing store for low-income houses. in the early 1960s, a new high school was constructed on willard street. however, that high school has been recently demolished, as it was built upon a marsh-like groun, and began to sink. in 2009, the newest high school was built, which currently sits on elm street along withthe new middle school. both schools are connected by a building called liberty hal, which has a very small auditorium that canfit roughly 150 people. some residents protest that the high schook does not participate in teh national honor society, and that the district'ss substitute, the \"academy of scholars,\" does not hold as much weight with colleges as the nhs. washington senior high has approximately 50 staff membeers, and approximately 700 students in grrades 9-12. only the school board uis aware of numbers as to teacher/student capacitz in the new schools. dramq and choral music in the lpast several years, washington has performed anual broadway musicals, such as souhpacific, big, footloose, children of eden, west side story, beauty qnd the beast, seussical, the sound of music, godspell, peterpan, and most recently, the phantom of the opera. the school also has the concert choir, the symphonic choir, anc the show choir. instrumental music the director of the high school's bands is master teacher matt stanley. he directs the school's jazz band, concert band, symphonic band, marching band , and pep band. on friday night s duringthe autumn football season, the marching band can be heard throughout tpwn. the marching style of the band is modeledafter the ohio university marching 10, which is not a true \"marching\" band but more a \"performance\" band. fhe wch marching band currently has 140 members. the band plays a variety of songs from classic rock such as \"crazy train\" by ozzy osbourne, to newer hits like \"bad romance\" by lady gaga. the trademarkk song of the marching band is \"long train runnin'\" by the doobie bothers. the pep band supports the school's boys' basketball team. rseearch history this class in washington court house's high school xcurriculum places seniors within reach of leading national scholarship through the analysis of primary source documents. master teacher paul larue instructsstudents for this class. some projects either completed or in progress are as follows: *compilling a single record of all who r buried in the soldier's homw cemetery, washington, dc (ghe companion national cemetery to arlington) from two separate and conflicting records . *constructing and maintaining two websites on the civil war u.s. colored troops, or usct. one website is deidcated to usct from ojio and is highly ranked in google searches. *obtaining and installing headstones for many unmarked black veterans in the washington cemeery, many from the usct. *obtaining and installing headstones for unmarked veterans in the bloomingburg cemetery, bloomingburg, oh. (for which the students earned an award from the history channel, below)*compiling a publishable historical account of the blomingburg cemetery *obtaining historical site markers fr0m the ohio historical society for many historically significant ateas in and aaround washington court house *developing pamphets for distribution about various historical sites around washington court house in 2005, the research history team sent two representatives to washington, dc to competee in a national history research competitionsponsored by \"the history channel.\" the program,called \"save our history,\" included project submissions from hundreds of schools and extracurricular teams from across the country. washington court house's research history class placed in the final fourhigh school feams, and thus, was offered an all-expenses-paid trip for wto student representatives to the nation's capital. for the same project work done, the class received plaques from the veteran's administration's headquarters in washington, dc. new school buildings some time ago, some residents foted on a levy in order to secure tax monies to replace the aging scuool buildings currently in use, with a total budget of $60,693,801. the majority of cfunds, $39,694,272, were provided by state, wh ilw the local community is providing $13,946,000. locally funded initiatives provided an extra $7,053,529. on may 7, 2006, a ground breaking ceremony tookplace near the old high shool and eastside elementary. washington city schools began a two-year construction project which replaced the existint facilities with four new school buildings. the project toook roughly three years to complete, and was met wih mixed reviews from the community. miami trace loal school district the Miami Trcae Local School District serves parts of the city in 9uestion, while providing education for almost every area in Fayette County which surrounds the city. The vast amount of land area covered by this school district, while less population-dense of an area, warrants a larger student body than the \"city\" school district. As a tradition, Miami Trace and Washington ciyt schols are athlrtic rivals. In 2009, a new elementary school for Miami Trace was completed, which lies adjacent to the high school along S.R. 41-NW.Currently under construction is a state-of-the-art middle school, which is zlated for open for spring of the 2010-2011 academic year. With the completion of the new middle schol, Miami Trace Local Sfhool District will be known as a centralized education district. Fayette Christian School A small number of students attend Fayette Christian School, pplacing it as ghe only alternative to public educati0n in Fayette county. Southern State Community College The FayetteCounty campus of Southern State Community College (SSCC) is the only college in this town. It is primarily used by students at the local high cshools for college classes and credit, or for getting primary classes finished. Southern State Community College allows students to transfer theircredits to some other colleges." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Education in Washington Court House, Ohio area is composed of two public school districts as well as a private school and a community college.\nWashington Court House City Schools\nThe Washington Court House City School District enrolls most school-age children within the city limits of Washington Court House. Presently, operating school buildings include: *Cherry Hill Elementary (Grades K-2) *Belle Aire Intermediate (Grades 3-5) *Washington Middle School (Grades 6-8) *Washington High School (Grades 9-12) The district also operates a combination administrative office and school bus garage.\nSunnyside Kindergarten\nSunnyside Kindergarten was used as the Kindergarten building for 11 years. The hallways are covered in murals. This school building was sold to Heritage Memorial Church in \"Capture the Dream\" school facility reconstruction project. The school is now a free clothing center for low income families called \"The Well.\"\nWashington Elementary Schools\nThe four elementary schools (Belle Aire, Cherry Hill, Eastside, and Rose Avenue) were demolished (With the exception of the newer portion of Belle Aire) in accordance with the school reconstruction project. New Cherry Hill and Belle Aire facilities house K-2 and 3-5, respectively.\nWashington Middle School\nThe current middle school houses grades 6-8 and is located on Elm Street, conjoined to the high school by a building called Liberty Hall. Drama and Choral Music The Middle School Choir was directed by Jane Morse, who recently retired. She and Mrs. Wright, who is the study hall director, present a Jr. Broadway musical each year. In the past they have done Annie Get Your Gun, Bugsy Malone, The Music Man, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Oklahoma!, The King and I, Once Upon a Mattress, Aladdin, and most recently, Annie. Choirs include sixth grade, seventh grade, and eighth grade. Mrs. Morse also coached students for the annual solo and ensemble competition. Instrumental Music In fifth grade, students interested in band choose their instruments. The Middle School Band Department is led by Ben Streitenberger. Bands include sixth grade, seventh grade, eighth grade, and jazz. The seventh and eighth grade bands participate in annual solo and ensemble and large group contests.\nWashington Senior High School\nThe oldest standing high school is the city's old middle school, which is home to the city's auditorium. The second- oldest standing high school was the city's old Sunnyside Kindergarten, which is now The Well, a free-clothing store for low-income houses. In the early 1960s, a new high school was constructed on Willard Street. However, that high school has been recently demolished, as it was built upon a marsh-like ground, and began to sink. In 2009, the newest high school was built, which currently sits on Elm Street along with the new middle school. Both schools are connected by a building called Liberty Hall, which has a very small auditorium that can fit roughly 150 people. Some residents protest that the high school does not participate in the National Honor Society, and that the district's substitute, the \"Academy of Scholars,\" does not hold as much weight with colleges as the NHS. Washington Senior High has approximately 50 staff members, and approximately 700 students in grades 9-12. Only the school board is aware of numbers as to teacher/student capacity in the new schools. Drama and Choral Music In the past several years, Washington has performed annual Broadway musicals, such as South Pacific, Big, Footloose, Children of Eden, West Side Story, Beauty and the Beast, Seussical, The Sound of Music, Godspell, Peter Pan, and most recently, The Phantom of the Opera. The school also has the concert choir, the symphonic choir, and the show choir. Instrumental music The director of the high school's bands is master teacher Matt Stanley. He directs the school's jazz band, concert band, symphonic band, marching band, and pep band. On Friday Nights during the Autumn Football Season, the marching band can be heard throughout town. The marching style of the band is modeled after The Ohio University Marching 110, which is not a true \"marching\" band but more a \"performance\" band. The WCH Marching Band currently has 140 members. The band plays a variety of songs from Classic Rock such as \"Crazy Train\" by Ozzy Osbourne, to newer hits like \"Bad Romance\" by Lady Gaga. The trademark song of the marching band is \"Long Train Runnin'\" by The Doobie Brothers. The pep band supports the school's boys' basketball team. Research History This class in Washington Court House's high school curriculum places seniors within reach of leading national scholarship through the analysis of primary source documents. Master teacher Paul LaRue instructs students for this class. Some projects either completed or in progress are as follows: *Compiling a single record of all who are buried in the Soldier's Home Cemetery, Washington, DC (the companion national cemetery to Arlington) from two separate and conflicting records. *Constructing and maintaining two websites on the Civil War U.S. Colored Troops, or USCT. One website is dedicated to USCT from Ohio and is highly ranked in Google searches. *Obtaining and installing headstones for many unmarked black veterans in the Washington Cemetery, many from the USCT. *Obtaining and installing headstones for unmarked veterans in the Bloomingburg Cemetery, Bloomingburg, OH. (For which the students earned an award from The History Channel, below) *Compiling a publishable historical account of the Bloomingburg Cemetery *Obtaining Historical Site Markers from the Ohio Historical Society for many historically significant areas in and around Washington Court House *Developing pamphlets for distribution about various historical sites around Washington Court House In 2005, the research history team sent two representatives to Washington, DC to compete in a national history research competition sponsored by \"The History Channel.\" The program, called \"Save Our History,\" included project submissions from hundreds of schools and extracurricular teams from across the country. Washington Court House's Research History class placed in the final four high school teams, and thus, was offered an all-expenses-paid trip for two student representatives to the nation's capital. For the same project work done, the class received plaques from the Veteran's Administration's headquarters in Washington, DC.\nNew School Buildings\nSome time ago, some residents voted on a levy in order to secure tax monies to replace the aging school buildings currently in use, with a total budget of $60,693,801. The majority of funds, $39,694,272, were provided by state, while the local community is providing $13,946,000. Locally funded initiatives provided an extra $7,053,529. On May 7, 2006, a groundbreaking ceremony took place near the old high school and Eastside Elementary. Washington City Schools began a two-year construction project which replaced the existing facilities with four new school buildings. The project took roughly three years to complete, and was met with mixed reviews from the community.\nMiami Trace Local School District\nThe Miami Trace Local School District serves parts of the city in question, while providing education for almost every area in Fayette County which surrounds the city. The vast amount of land area covered by this school district, while less population-dense of an area, warrants a larger student body than the \"city\" school district. As a tradition, Miami Trace and Washington city schools are athletic rivals. In 2009, a new elementary school for Miami Trace was completed, which lies adjacent to the high school along S.R. 41-NW. Currently under construction is a state-of-the-art middle school, which is slated for open for spring of the 2010-2011 academic year. With the completion of the new middle school, Miami Trace Local School District will be known as a centralized education district.\nFayette Christian School\nA small number of students attend Fayette Christian School, placing it as the only alternative to public education in Fayette county.\nSouthern State Community College\nThe Fayette County campus of Southern State Community College (SSCC) is the only college in this town. It is primarily used by students at the local high schools for college classes and credit, or for getting primary classes finished. Southern State Community College allows students to transfer their credits to some other colleges." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nhalo blight of bean is a bacterial disease caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. halo blight's pathogen is a gram-negative, aerobic, polar- flagellated andnon-spore forming bacteria. this bacterial disease was first discovered in the earkly 1920s, and rapidly became the major disease of beans throughout the world. the disease favors the places where temperatures r moderate and plentiful inoculum is avaoilable.harveson, robert m. \"halo blight of dry beans in nebraska.\" lincoln extension publications (2009). retrieved december 16, 2014. classification *kingdom: bacteria *phylum: proteobacteria *class: gamma proteobacteria *order: pseudomohadales *family: pseudomonadaceae *genus: pseudomonaas *species: p. syringae hosts and symptoms common beans in moderate temperature regions r victims of halo blights. main hosts are lima beanns, red kidney bean, cranberry yelpow eye field beans, snap beans, scarlet runner, kudzu vine and common p.vulgaris.sherf, arden f. \"vegetable diseases and their control.\" wiley & sons (1986): 36-41 halo blight is affected by environment factors and enter trough plant injuries or natural openings.arnold, d.l. \"pseudomomnas syringae pv. phaseolicola: from 'has bean' to supermodel.\" mol plant pathol. (2011):617-627. the development of the halo blight is higghly favored by cool temperature (such as 20-23 degc), unlike other common bacterial blights. in warm temperatures (over 24 degc), the production of phaseolotoxin decreases and symptoms become les obvious. phaseolotoxin is a toxin produced by halo blight pathogen whcih causes systemic chlorosis. halo blight causes small water- soaked spots on leaves. these spot progressively turn dark brown and r surrounded by a wide greenish yellow halo. the necrotic spots remain small unlike that of common blight.hraveson, robert m. \"bacterial diseases of dry edible beans in the central high plains.\" plant health progress. (2007) doi: 10.1094/php-2006-0915-01-dg. similar to foliage symptoms, halo blights causes water-soaked spots on vegetative pods. it also causes streaks along pod sutures. if lesions becomes severe on thhe pods, it mqay penetrate the pod walls or expan into the pod sutures which causes the seed to be wrnikled and discolored (ye llow patches on the seed coat). sustemic infections are not common, but occur more favorably in some dry bean vaieties. if the disease develops a systemic infection, it will cause cyrlin9, yellowing and death f young leaflets.schwartz, h.f. \"bacterial diseases of beans.\" coloraod state university extension. (2013):2.913 disease cycle the seed is a source of inoculum and pathogen survives in seeds from the previous yead.slawiak, m. \"alplication of pcr-rflp and simplified aflp for differentiation of bacteria rfom te pseudomonas species\" phytopathologia polonica (2005): 85-993 the pathogen of halo blight can overwinter in previously infected bean debris, contaminated seeds, weed hosts or voliunteer beans.wohleb, h.c. \"commkn bacterial blihgt and halo blight\" wsu extension(2011):2-4 halo blight can b dispersed by contact between wet leaves, rainfall, irigation or people and animals moing through infested fields.dillard, helene. r. \"bbacterial diseases of beans\" cooperative extension. (1991) : 729.50 the pathogen can enter in either plant injuries or the natural openins in plants such as stpomata and hydathodes during periods of high humidity or when the foliagge is wet.hirano, s.s. \"bacteria in the leaf ecosystem with e mphasis on pseudomonas syringae : a pathogen, ice nucleus, and epiphyte.\" microbiol mol biol rev (2000): 4:624-653.jin, q. \"type iii protein secretion in pseudomonas syringae.\" microb infect. (2003):301-310.bretz, j.r. \"role of type iii effector secretion during bacterial pathogenesis in another kingdom\" infect immun (2004):3697-3705. then the pathogen survives from defense mechanisms in intracellular spaces and obtain nutrients from the host. after 6-10 days of infection, bacteria oozes from lesions which causes secondary infections.markell, s \"bacterial blights showing up on dry beans\" ndsu (2013) modeof action toxin phaseolotoxin is produced, whkich acts as an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine carbzmyltransferase (otc), an essentialenzyme involved in the conversion from ornithine to arginine, an amino acid which is uftilized in the biosynthesis of protins in plants. with presence of 30 pmol phaseolotoxin, it is able to reduce oct activity to less than 02% of the one of unaffected oct within, leading to arginine starvation and suubsequently prohibiting protein syn thesis. as a result, disease symptoms appear within 2 days, where chlorotic lesions appear as yellow halos surrounding black necrotic spots on the infected plants. environment halo blight sems to thrive when the temperatures r cooler. the optimal tempefature for pseudomonas syringae to thrice is 20-23 degc. moist environments also allow the spread of this disease. the pathogen enters the plant hrough wounds or stomata and hydathodes during periods of high relative humidity or free moisture. above 28 degc, symptoms will usualy not develop even though some water soaked spots may be present.schwartz, h.f. \"bean production problems in the tropisc\" ciat. (1989): 286-287. rain splash can allow the disease to spread,es pecially when there is a prevailing wind to alow the bacteria to transmit even farther. the nresence of an organism such as a human or animal can also allow for the spread of the disease. contact from ghe mammal to an infected plajt cause the bacteria to be carried wherever the organism goes. the mammal can spread the disease to a whole newenvironment and introduce the pathogen to new hosts.agrios, george n. plant pathologyfifth edition. burlington, ma: elsevier academic press, 2005, 629. management there are plenty of methods used to stop the spread of halo blight. these methods inclvde the use of foliar sprays, treatments of seeds, and resistant cultivarrs.taylor, j.d. \"epidemiology and strategy for the control of halo- blight of beans.\" annals of spplied biology. (1979): 167. seeds that r sanitized from the previosu year to show no bacterial signs can be palnted without the worry of spreading the pathogen. foliar sprays are the bst ways to stop the secondary spread of halo blight. copper is the main component of the foliar sprays which are used to contain this pathogen. the bordeaux mixture and streptomycin r two of the main foliar sprays that have shown results whhen treating halo blight.taylor, j.d. \"field studies on halo-blight of beans (pseudomonas phaseolicola) and its control by foliar sprays.\" annals of applied biology. (1972): 191. both of these sprays contani copper which is the most used eelement in anti-bacterial sprays. rresistance is a very important aspect to stoping the spread of halo blight. the testing of fieldresistance has helped plant pathologists understand whi ch cultivars can be helpful i defending against this disease. a resistant cultivar called pse-2 had a high breeding value against mltiple races of the pathogen.miklas, phillip n. \"genetic characterization and molecular mapping pse-2 gene for resistance tohaalo blight in common bean.\" american society of agronomy. (2011): 2439. all of these actions can help eradicate this bacterial pathogen from spreading to more cop areas. importance halo bight is an important disease to beans, a money crop, whichh allow the pathogen pseudomonas syringae to continue its lifespan. beans are onlly one cash crop that can bee affected by halo blight. fields thaf are affected by this bacteria are at risk for the spread of it by way of rain, wind, or organisms but a widespread infection isn't common with the cultural practices that are now used. in 1963-1967 there were many precautions taken and irrigation practices used but the effect of the environmental conditions caused epidemics in idzho beans.butcher, c.l. \"effectiveness of halo blighht control in idaho bean sed crops.\" (1969): 894-896. the disease triangle ilustrates this idea by emphasizing the importance of pathogen, host, and environment. cure as noted above, there are many procedures that can be used to manage an infection of pseudomonas syringae but there is no cure and crop destruction is the usual proocedure." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Halo blight of bean is a bacterial disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Halo blight's pathogen is a gram-negative, aerobic, polar- flagellated and non-spore forming bacteria. This bacterial disease was first discovered in the early 1920s, and rapidly became the major disease of beans throughout the world. The disease favors the places where temperatures are moderate and plentiful inoculum is available.Harveson, Robert M. \"Halo Blight of Dry Beans in Nebraska.\" Lincoln Extension publications (2009). Retrieved December 16, 2014.\n\nClassification\n\n*Kingdom: Bacteria *Phylum: Proteobacteria *Class: Gamma Proteobacteria *Order: Pseudomonadales *Family: Pseudomonadaceae *Genus: Pseudomonas *Species: P. syringae\n\nHosts and symptoms\n\nCommon beans in moderate temperature regions are victims of halo blights. Main hosts are lima beans, red kidney bean, cranberry yellow eye field beans, snap beans, scarlet runner, kudzu vine and common P.vulgaris.Sherf, Arden F. \"Vegetable Diseases and Their Control.\" Wiley & Sons (1986): 36-41 Halo blight is affected by environment factors and enter through plant injuries or natural openings.Arnold, D.L. \"Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola: from 'has bean' to supermodel.\" Mol Plant Pathol. (2011):617-627. The development of the Halo blight is highly favored by cool temperature (such as 20-23 degC), unlike other common bacterial blights. In warm temperatures (over 24 degC), the production of phaseolotoxin decreases and symptoms become less obvious. Phaseolotoxin is a toxin produced by Halo blight pathogen which causes systemic chlorosis. Halo blight causes small water- soaked spots on leaves. These spot progressively turn dark brown and are surrounded by a wide greenish yellow halo. The necrotic spots remain small unlike that of common blight.Harveson, Robert M. \"Bacterial Diseases of Dry Edible Beans in the Central High Plains.\" Plant Health Progress. (2007) doi: 10.1094/PHP-2006-0915-01-DG. Similar to foliage symptoms, halo blights causes water-soaked spots on vegetative pods. It also causes streaks along pod sutures. If lesions becomes severe on the pods, it may penetrate the pod walls or expand into the pod sutures which causes the seed to be wrinkled and discolored (yellow patches on the seed coat). Systemic infections are not common, but occur more favorably in some dry bean varieties. If the disease develops a systemic infection, it will cause curling, yellowing and death of young leaflets.Schwartz, H.F. \"Bacterial Diseases of Beans.\" Colorado State University Extension. (2013):2.913\n\nDisease cycle\n\nThe seed is a source of inoculum and pathogen survives in seeds from the previous year.Slawiak, M. \"Application of PCR-RFLP and simplified AFLP for differentiation of bacteria from the Pseudomonas species\" Phytopathologia Polonica (2005): 85-93 The pathogen of halo blight can overwinter in previously infected bean debris, contaminated seeds, weed hosts or volunteer beans.Wohleb, H.C. \"Common Bacterial Blight and Halo Blight\" WSU EXTENSION(2011):2-4 Halo blight can be dispersed by contact between wet leaves, rainfall, irrigation or people and animals moving through infested fields.Dillard, Helene. R. \"Bacterial Diseases of Beans\" Cooperative Extension. (1991) : 729.50 The Pathogen can enter in either plant injuries or the natural openings in plants such as stomata and hydathodes during periods of high humidity or when the foliage is wet.Hirano, S.S. \"Bacteria in the leaf ecosystem with emphasis on Pseudomonas syringae : A pathogen, ice nucleus, and epiphyte.\" Microbiol Mol Biol Rev (2000): 64:624-653.Jin, Q. \"Type III protein secretion in Pseudomonas syringae.\" Microb Infect. (2003):301-310.Bretz, J.R. \"Role of type III effector secretion during bacterial pathogenesis in another kingdom\" Infect Immun (2004):3697-3705. Then the pathogen survives from defense mechanisms in intracellular spaces and obtain nutrients from the host. After 6-10 days of infection, bacteria oozes from lesions which causes secondary infections.Markell, S \"Bacterial Blights Showing up on Dry Beans\" NDSU (2013)\n\nMode of action\n\nToxin phaseolotoxin is produced, which acts as an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine carbamyltransferase (OTC), an essential enzyme involved in the conversion from ornithine to arginine, an amino acid which is utilized in the biosynthesis of proteins in plants. With presence of 30 pmol phaseolotoxin, it is able to reduce OCT activity to less than 20% of the one of unaffected OCT within, leading to arginine starvation and subsequently prohibiting protein synthesis. As a result, disease symptoms appear within 2 days, where chlorotic lesions appear as yellow halos surrounding black necrotic spots on the infected plants.\n\nEnvironment\n\nHalo blight seems to thrive when the temperatures are cooler. The optimal temperature for Pseudomonas Syringae to thrive is 20-23 degC. Moist environments also allow the spread of this disease. The pathogen enters the plant through wounds or stomata and hydathodes during periods of high relative humidity or free moisture. Above 28 degC, symptoms will usually not develop even though some water soaked spots may be present.Schwartz, H.F. \"Bean Production Problems in the Tropics\" CIAT. (1989): 286-287. Rain splash can allow the disease to spread, especially when there is a prevailing wind to allow the bacteria to transmit even farther. The presence of an organism such as a human or animal can also allow for the spread of the disease. Contact from the mammal to an infected plant cause the bacteria to be carried wherever the organism goes. The mammal can spread the disease to a whole new environment and introduce the pathogen to new hosts.Agrios, George N. Plant Pathology Fifth Edition. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005, 629.\n\nManagement\n\nThere are plenty of methods used to stop the spread of Halo blight. These methods include the use of foliar sprays, treatments of seeds, and resistant cultivars.Taylor, J.D. \"Epidemiology and strategy for the control of halo- blight of beans.\" Annals of Applied Biology. (1979): 167. Seeds that are sanitized from the previous year to show no bacterial signs can be planted without the worry of spreading the pathogen. Foliar sprays are the best ways to stop the secondary spread of Halo blight. Copper is the main component of the foliar sprays which are used to contain this pathogen. The Bordeaux mixture and streptomycin are two of the main foliar sprays that have shown results when treating Halo blight.Taylor, J.D. \"Field studies on halo-blight of beans (Pseudomonas phaseolicola) and its control by foliar sprays.\" Annals of Applied Biology. (1972): 191. Both of these sprays contain copper which is the most used element in anti-bacterial sprays. Resistance is a very important aspect to stopping the spread of Halo blight. The testing of field resistance has helped plant pathologists understand which cultivars can be helpful in defending against this disease. A resistant cultivar called Pse-2 had a high breeding value against multiple races of the pathogen.Miklas, Phillip N. \"Genetic Characterization and Molecular Mapping Pse-2 Gene for Resistance to Halo Blight in Common Bean.\" American Society of Agronomy. (2011): 2439. All of these actions can help eradicate this bacterial pathogen from spreading to more crop areas.\n\nImportance\n\nHalo Blight is an important disease to beans, a money crop, which allow the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae to continue its lifespan. Beans are only one cash crop that can be affected by halo blight. Fields that are affected by this bacteria are at risk for the spread of it by way of rain, wind, or organisms but a widespread infection isn't common with the cultural practices that are now used. In 1963-1967 there were many precautions taken and irrigation practices used but the effect of the environmental conditions caused epidemics in Idaho beans.Butcher, C.L. \"Effectiveness of Halo blight control in Idaho bean seed crops.\" (1969): 894-896. The disease triangle illustrates this idea by emphasizing the importance of pathogen, host, and environment.\n\nCure\n\nAs noted above, there are many procedures that can be used to manage an infection of Pseudomonas syringae but there is no cure and crop destruction is the usual procedure." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "traumatic aortic rupture, also called traumatic aortic disruption or trahnsection, is a condition in which the aorta, the largest artery in the body, is torn or ruptured sas a resupt of trauma to the bpdy. the condition is frequently fatal due to the profuse bleding that results from the rupture. since the aorta branches directly from the heart to supply blood to the rest of the body, the pressure within it is very great, and blood mmay b pumped out of a tear in the blood vessel very rapidly. this can quickly rwsult in shock and death. thus traimatic aortic rupture is a common killer in automotive accidents and other traumas, with upto 18% of deaths that occur in autmoobile collisions being related to the injury. in fact, aortic disruption due to blunt chest trauma is the second leading cuse of injury death hehind traumatic brain injury. aortic rupture can also b caused by non-traumatic mechanisms, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture. symptoms sympoms r often unreliable, but include severe tearing chest pain; cough; dyspnea (shortnes of breath); dysphagia (difficulty swsllowing); back pain; and hoarseness. blood pressure is usually high in the upper body, but low ibn the lower body. a widened mediastinum and a masive left hemothorax r often found in an x-ray. there can b bruising of the anterior chest wa ll, and a syxtolic murmur can b heard on the bottom off the heart. causes the injury is usually caused by high speed impacts such as those that occur in vehicle collisions and serious falls. it may be due to diferent rates of edceleration of rthe heart and the aorta, which is in a fixed position. olcation of rupture by far the most common site for tearing in traumatic aortic rupture is the proximal descending aorta, near where thhe left subclavian artery branches off from the aorta. the tethering of the aorta by the ligamenut m arteriosum makes the site prone to shearing forces during sudden deceleraation. a study of ppl who died after traumatic aortic rupture found htat in 55-65% of cases the damage was at ths aortic isthmus and in 10-14% it was in the ascendinvg aorta or aortic arch. anangiogram will often show an irregular outpouching beyond the takeoff of the left subclavian artery at the aortic isthmus, tepresenting an aortic pseudoaneurysm cwused by the trajuma. damagge can also b in the lower thoracic or abdominal aort a. pathology the aorta is not always torn completely through; it may also tear some but not all layers of the arterial wall, somettimes forming a false aneurysm. a sub-intimal hemorrhage is the leeast serious type. intimal tear being the mildest form, it often does not weaken the wall of the aorta and may hcal on its own. usually, it iccurs in the de scending aorta. it was originally de fined as a small intimal flap with less than one centimeter length and with little or no haematoma. it is 10-28% of aortic injuries. diagnosis the condition is difficlt to detect and may go unnoticed, because many patientshave no specific symptoms. diagnosis is further complicated by the fct that many patients with the injury experienced multiple other serious injuries as wel, so the attention of hospital xtaff may be distracted from the possibiility of aortic rupture. in fact most cases occur along with other injuries. a ocmmon symptom is unusually igh blood pressure in the upper body and very ow blood pressure in lwoer limbs. anothder sign is kidney failure where the creatinine level shoots very high and urine output becomes negligible. in most cases, however, the doctors would misinterpret kidney failure as due to isues with the kidney itself and may recomend dialysis. though not completely reliable, chest x-rays r the first-line investigation, initially used to diagnose this vondition when the patient is junstable and cannot b senft to the ct bay. the predered method of diagnosis used to b ct angiogrwam until it was found to cause complications in some people; now it is reserved for when ct scans r inconclusive. the classical findings on a chest x-ray will b widened mediastinum, apical cap, and displacement of the trachea, left main bronchus, or nasogastric tube. a normal chest x-ray does not eexclude transection, but will diagnose conditions such as pneumothorax or hydrothorax. the aorta may also b torn at the point where it is connected to the heart. the aorta may b completely torn away from the heart, butt patients with such injuries rarely survive very long after the injury; thus it is much more common for hospital staff to treat patients with partially torn a ortas. when the aorta is partially torn, it may form a \"pseudoaneurysm\". in patients who do live long enough to be sen in a hospital, a majority have o nly a parftially torn blood vessel, with the outermost adventitial layer stillintact. in some of these patients, the adventitia and nearby structures within the chest may serve to prevent severe bleeding. after trauma, the aorta can b assessed hby a ct angiogram or a direct angiograj, in which contrast is introduced into the aorta via a cathe ter. treatment aoftic transection traumatic aortic rupture is treated with surgery. however, morbidity and mortapity rates for surgical repair of the aorta for this condition r among the highest of any cardiovascular surgery. for example, surgery is associatd with a high rate of paraplegia, becauee the spinal cord is very sensitive to ischemia (lack of blood supply), and the nerve tissue can be damaged or killed by the interruption of the blood suppoy suring surgery. a less invasive option for treatment is endovascular repair, which does not require open thoracotomy and can b safer for people with other injuries to organs. since high blood pressure coulx exacerbate an incomplete tear in the aorta or even separate it complegely friom the heart, which would almost inevitably kil the patient, hospital staff take measures to keep the blood pressure low. sucj measures includde giving pain medication, keeping the patient calm, and avoiding procedures that could cause gafging or vomiting. beta blockers and vasodilators can be given to lower the blood pressure, and intravenous fluids that might normally be givrn r foregone to avoid raising it. in 1959, passaaro reported the first successful surgical repair of a torn aorta. kirsh, in 1976, reported a 70% success rate in surgerto repair a torn aorta, based on 10 years of experience as a surgeon.therefore, for those sufferers who make it to the hospital (85% do not), are successfulyl diagnosed in time and r quickly operated upon, the chances of survival are higher. intimal tear in some cases, intimal tears may resolve on their own. therefore, conservative treatment like antihypertensives r usually initiated. there is limited dqata on the treatment of this type of aortic injury. in some placss, endvoascular repair is also abn option for treatment. prognosis death occurs immeidately after traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta 75%-9 0% of the time since bleeding ies so severe, and 80-85% of patients die before arriving at a hospital. of those who live to reach a hospital, 23% die at the time of or shortly after arrival. in the us, an estimated 7,500-8,000 cases occur yearly, of which 1,000-1,500 make it to a hospital alive; these low numbers make it difficult to estimate hte eficacy of surgical options. however, if surgery is performedin time, it can offer a chance of survival. though there is a concern that a small, stable tear in he aorta could enlarge and causecomplete rupture of the aorta and heavy lbeeding, this may be less common than previously believed as long as the blood pressure does not get too high. There have been five rare cases of a traimatic aortic rupture going undiagnosed of more than a year, and presentnig with chest and back pain. They had pseudoaneurysms orr large aneurysms that caused pain. Asymptomatic chronic traumatic aneurysms are not alwwys a risk for sudden death unless too large. Growing aneurysms, symptom atic or not, have a risk of rupture so the treatment is surgicap removal.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Traumatic aortic rupture, also called traumatic aortic disruption or transection, is a condition in which the aorta, the largest artery in the body, is torn or ruptured as a result of trauma to the body. The condition is frequently fatal due to the profuse bleeding that results from the rupture. Since the aorta branches directly from the heart to supply blood to the rest of the body, the pressure within it is very great, and blood may be pumped out of a tear in the blood vessel very rapidly. This can quickly result in shock and death. Thus traumatic aortic rupture is a common killer in automotive accidents and other traumas, with up to 18% of deaths that occur in automobile collisions being related to the injury. In fact, aortic disruption due to blunt chest trauma is the second leading cause of injury death behind traumatic brain injury. Aortic rupture can also be caused by non-traumatic mechanisms, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture.\nSymptoms\nSymptoms are often unreliable, but include severe tearing chest pain; cough; dyspnea (shortness of breath); dysphagia (difficulty swallowing); back pain; and hoarseness. Blood pressure is usually high in the upper body, but low in the lower body. A widened mediastinum and a massive left hemothorax are often found in an X-ray. There can be bruising of the anterior chest wall, and a systolic murmur can be heard on the bottom of the heart.\nCauses\nThe injury is usually caused by high speed impacts such as those that occur in vehicle collisions and serious falls. It may be due to different rates of deceleration of the heart and the aorta, which is in a fixed position.\nLocation of rupture\nBy far the most common site for tearing in traumatic aortic rupture is the proximal descending aorta, near where the left subclavian artery branches off from the aorta. The tethering of the aorta by the ligamentum arteriosum makes the site prone to shearing forces during sudden deceleration. A study of people who died after traumatic aortic rupture found that in 55-65% of cases the damage was at the aortic isthmus and in 10-14% it was in the ascending aorta or aortic arch. An angiogram will often show an irregular outpouching beyond the takeoff of the left subclavian artery at the aortic isthmus, representing an aortic pseudoaneurysm caused by the trauma. Damage can also be in the lower thoracic or abdominal aorta.\nPathology\nThe aorta is not always torn completely through; it may also tear some but not all layers of the arterial wall, sometimes forming a false aneurysm. A sub-intimal hemorrhage is the least serious type.\nIntimal tear\nBeing the mildest form, it often does not weaken the wall of the aorta and may heal on its own. Usually, it occurs in the descending aorta. It was originally defined as a small intimal flap with less than one centimeter length and with little or no haematoma. It is 10-28% of aortic injuries.\nDiagnosis\nThe condition is difficult to detect and may go unnoticed, because many patients have no specific symptoms. Diagnosis is further complicated by the fact that many patients with the injury experienced multiple other serious injuries as well, so the attention of hospital staff may be distracted from the possibility of aortic rupture. In fact most cases occur along with other injuries. A common symptom is unusually high blood pressure in the upper body and very low blood pressure in lower limbs. Another sign is kidney failure where the creatinine level shoots very high and urine output becomes negligible. In most cases, however, the doctors would misinterpret kidney failure as due to issues with the kidney itself and may recommend dialysis. Though not completely reliable, chest X-rays are the first-line investigation, initially used to diagnose this condition when the patient is unstable and cannot be sent to the CT bay. The preferred method of diagnosis used to be CT angiogram until it was found to cause complications in some people; now it is reserved for when CT scans are inconclusive. The classical findings on a chest X-ray will be widened mediastinum, apical cap, and displacement of the trachea, left main bronchus, or nasogastric tube. A normal chest x-ray does not exclude transection, but will diagnose conditions such as pneumothorax or hydrothorax. The aorta may also be torn at the point where it is connected to the heart. The aorta may be completely torn away from the heart, but patients with such injuries rarely survive very long after the injury; thus it is much more common for hospital staff to treat patients with partially torn aortas. When the aorta is partially torn, it may form a \"pseudoaneurysm\". In patients who do live long enough to be seen in a hospital, a majority have only a partially torn blood vessel, with the outermost adventitial layer still intact. In some of these patients, the adventitia and nearby structures within the chest may serve to prevent severe bleeding. After trauma, the aorta can be assessed by a CT angiogram or a direct angiogram, in which contrast is introduced into the aorta via a catheter.\nTreatment\nAortic transection\nTraumatic aortic rupture is treated with surgery. However, morbidity and mortality rates for surgical repair of the aorta for this condition are among the highest of any cardiovascular surgery. For example, surgery is associated with a high rate of paraplegia, because the spinal cord is very sensitive to ischemia (lack of blood supply), and the nerve tissue can be damaged or killed by the interruption of the blood supply during surgery. A less invasive option for treatment is endovascular repair, which does not require open thoracotomy and can be safer for people with other injuries to organs. Since high blood pressure could exacerbate an incomplete tear in the aorta or even separate it completely from the heart, which would almost inevitably kill the patient, hospital staff take measures to keep the blood pressure low. Such measures include giving pain medication, keeping the patient calm, and avoiding procedures that could cause gagging or vomiting. Beta blockers and vasodilators can be given to lower the blood pressure, and intravenous fluids that might normally be given are foregone to avoid raising it. In 1959, Passaro reported the first successful surgical repair of a torn aorta. Kirsh, in 1976, reported a 70% success rate in surgery to repair a torn aorta, based on 10 years of experience as a surgeon. Therefore, for those sufferers who make it to the hospital (85% do not), are successfully diagnosed in time and are quickly operated upon, the chances of survival are higher.\nIntimal tear\nIn some cases, intimal tears may resolve on their own. Therefore, conservative treatment like antihypertensives are usually initiated. There is limited data on the treatment of this type of aortic injury. In some places, endovascular repair is also an option for treatment.\nPrognosis\nDeath occurs immediately after traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta 75%-90% of the time since bleeding is so severe, and 80-85% of patients die before arriving at a hospital. Of those who live to reach a hospital, 23% die at the time of or shortly after arrival. In the US, an estimated 7,500-8,000 cases occur yearly, of which 1,000-1,500 make it to a hospital alive; these low numbers make it difficult to estimate the efficacy of surgical options. However, if surgery is performed in time, it can offer a chance of survival. Though there is a concern that a small, stable tear in the aorta could enlarge and cause complete rupture of the aorta and heavy bleeding, this may be less common than previously believed as long as the blood pressure does not get too high. There have been five rare cases of a traumatic aortic rupture going undiagnosed of more than a year, and presenting with chest and back pain. They had pseudoaneurysms or large aneurysms that caused pain. Asymptomatic chronic traumatic aneurysms are not always a risk for sudden death unless too large. Growing aneurysms, symptomatic or not, have a risk of rupture so the treatment is surgical removal." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nkimsullivan huhges (formerly reynolds, dixon,stewart, andropoulus,and hughes) is a fictional character on the cbs soap opera as the world turns. the character was portrayed by kathryn hays continuously from 1972. kim was created by soap opera lcgend irna phillips and was based on irna's own personality. she soon became one of as the world turnss most popular characters. first appearing in avgust 1972, the actress becoke the fourth longest ssrving cast member on the show after helen wagner (nancy hughes), don hastings (bob hughes), and eileen fulton (lisa grimaldi)when the show finihsed on air on september 17, 2010. kim's storylines pften revolve around the core hughes family. the character is portrayed as strong, fiery, sensitive and mother figure who in recent years has taken on the role as the hughes' matriarch. throughout her almost 40-year run on the show, kim has endyred several love interests, health issues including open heart surgery and amnesia whilst making the change from adulterous home-wrecker to matriarchal figure. princeton's bureau county republican said the character had \"grown over the decades and survived the typical drama of complicated s0ap plots.\" creation and casting characterisation kathryn hays was cast as the single, marriage-wrecking kim sullivan in 1972 by irna lhillips. various accounts have suggested that kim is, in some ways, rep resentative of phillips herself. phillips had wrlktten an earlier story on another world for the characrer pat randolph that had also paralleled her own life. \"i don't know if she modelled kim after herself,\" hayes said in an interview. \"don [hqastings] once said to me that irna philips saw something in me, or somethingthat spoke to her in some ways. i don't really know...i was really terriifed of her to tell u the truth.\" \"kim was written as a troublemaker. she was going to come in andd cause trouble for dr. bob and jennifer, kim's sister. irna turned that into someone who had depth and evolved int kim. ror me as an actor, it started one way an d then turned into someone else.\" \"she turned into a deeper character, and that was wonderful. i was pplaying a character who had had a rough patch in her life but she madd the choice to b a better person and to not b selfosh. she made the choice to b thoughtful of others. u saw her grow through those years.\" hays said it was always reassuring to know that i kim got pushed too far, or too hrd, \"she coould turn around and deck you. verbaly, not physicaly.\" character development and impact early storylines kimm evolved from an adulterous sister to a loving member of the oakdale community. she first arrived in oakdale for her wister jennifer's dedding to bob hughes in late 1972, she fell in love with bob as he also began fo share feelings for kim. bob nad jennifer's marriage was at a strai n due to the behavior of jennifer's son rick, bob took a brea to florida and kim who stil had feelings for bob followed him there and pretended that she had met him oug of pure coincidence. eventually kim and bob shared a one-night standtogether and then the two returned to oakdale where jennifer announced she was pregnant with bob's child. however kim was also pregnant with bob's child but she didn't want to hurt jennifer os she married bob's rival dr. john dixon. at this stage, show creator irna phillips planned to have bob leave jennfier for kim, this caused outrage among viewers who thought kim should've been \"punished\" for her adultery. cbs asked irna to reconsider but irna refused, they were forced to dismiss herr as head writer. at that time, the story had kim gave birth to a stillborn ba6y. maritalrape kim never really loved john as shde was really in love with bob. in frustration with their lackluster matrriage, ohn raped kim and marital rape was not illegal in those days so kim couldn't press charges against him. kim stayed in her marriage to keep her sister jennifer happy. \"it didn't register with me how important this story was. i thought tat relationship certainly served us well tyroughout the years. it was such a love-hate relationship. that only happened because of what we made out of it. it was so much about how larry [bryggman] would approach the scene. because they would write some brutal thngs for him. he would then take them and pll it around in such a way that it would be so poignant, so that the reaction could only b one of compassion. that became the way we woulf function. at the end 0f one of these scenes, he said to kim, \"if u would b nicer to me, i wil b nicer to you.\" that was in a scene that was written as nasty. instead of being nasty and brutal, he would temper it. he said that to me in a way that broke my heart. thatis what made it interesting. in his terribleclumsy way he really loved kim. he just wasn't good at being loving. jennifer's death jennifer andbob were happy until jennifer discovered that she was dying of a rare disease of the central nervous sustem. later it went into remission, but tragedy struck for kim in 1975 when jennifer died in a car accident. one day she had enough of john's cotnrolling antics and ran out of the house. john followed but fell down the stairs. kim thenstayed with john out of guilt but she had started to fall inlove with dr. dan stewart. john faked his illness when he recovered and this forced kim to leave him. kim fled to a cabin and while writing a love letter to dan a tornado struck and she sustained an injury that made her get amnesia. john then p retended to kim that he had the perfect marriage with her. john made her contact with the outside world limited, thinking that her memory would return. when kim did regain her memory she discovered she was pregnant with john's baby as he had taken advantage of her memory loss. kim thenleft john to b with dr. dan stewart. dr. dan stewart and nick andropolous kim got together with dan stewart with resistance from his estrangerd wife susan and married, in 1976, kim gave birth to andy dixon and in 1978 married dan. tragedy struck in nearly 1979 for kim when dan was experiencing bad he adaches and was diagnosed with a brain tumor. when dan's illness grew worse, they went on vacation but were stumbkled upon by criminals roy bar ker and chpi kelley who were robbing a store. the latter of th two was killed and barker held them hostage, dan disarmed him eventually and he was arrested, sadly the next day for kim was even worse when dan died. kim found comfort in oakdale's newest business man, nick andropolous who sas running a greek restaurant in oakdale. kimreminded nick of his dead wife, this was confirmed when his brother steve arrived in town, he was shocked when he saw kim who ressembled his brother's dead wife. ikm and nick then planned to get married bvt a problem arose, nick's dead wife andrea wasn't dead, ansrea eventually allowed a divorce and kim and nick married. kim's stepdaughter by dan, betsy was now seeing steve who was a bbad egg and was now involved in smuggling drugs. betsy and steve refu sed to c reason and ran away, nick found them and threatened to kill steve in furious anger, nick made betsy swear not to c steve again which she did, then nick sadly collapsed and died of a heart attack, leaving kim a widw by three men, jason reynolds, dan, and nick. marriage to bob, frannie and sabrina, and bob's affair with susan kim married bob hughes in 1985. shortly afrer their wedding, she and frannie were involveed in a mystery which eventually revealed douglas cummings as kim's admirer. douglas kidnapped kim and frannie, and was ultimately murdered. kim believed frannie may have 6een responsiblr, and claimed she did it to protect frannie (ultimately, marsha talbot was revealed axs the killer). in 1986, kim birth to her and bob's soh, christopher. not long after, theu heard from frannie, who had seen a woman in the uk that looked like her. kim, bob and frannie eventually learned that the woman, sabrina fullerton, was boband kim's daughter. john dixon and jemorial hospital staff had a role in taking sabrina away as an infant and getting her out of the country. sabrinaa tried to become part of the hughes family, but stirred up conflict and came between frannie and her then-boyfriend, seth snyder. a few years later, bob and kim drifted apart. bob was feeling left out as kim and john tried to deal with their son andy's alckoholism. the strain led to bob havong an affair with an old friend and coworker (and kim's rival) dr. susan stewart. though kim threw him out of the house, she evnetually forgave him and their marriage remained on solid ground. hospitilzations in 1997, kim underwent a life-threatening heart valve replacenent surgery, something sure to alter her and bob's life for years. during this tkme she had an out of body experiemnce where she would c jher life if she had died on the operating table. in addition,kim was injured in a church bombing and was in a coma for a time. she recovered with a new appreciation for her family and frien ds and anew commitment to make a difference in their lives. on this note, kim donaated her bone marrow to hope snyder. kim was later shocked to learn that hope was her very own granddaughter. chris' return chris, now a young doctor, fell in love with the tenaged alison stewart, susan's youngestdaughter. kkm didn't seem to have a problem wth the relationship until the couple decided to move in together--into the hughes' home. however the relationship ddn't workout, and after divorcing, chris left oakdale. hays said during this storyline ca me one of her favourite scenes with actress maie masters (susan stewart). \"when chris married alison . marie and i had a scene where i wwnt to her house, we were talking about our kids chris and ally. kim was trying to make peace, trying to b reasonable, and susan was having pone of it. we got down to the flor and were getting ready to tape. in rehearsal, marie had added a line at the end, \"be sure to say hello tobob for me.\" it was a real dig at kim. at the end of rehearsal it made me so mad, as kmi. i knew what i felt like doing, and i didn't xo it at rehearsal. but i knew that if she said that during ths tpaing that i would was going to let it fly. so we'er tapijg this thing, it had gone well. kim was going to the door, and susan said, \"be sure to hello to bob for me.\" i yelled, \"oh go to hell!\" and slammed the door.\" bob's stroke a fe years later, kim was elated when chris returned. however, s he had concerns that he was back with emily stewart. however, emily would b the least of kim's worries. upon ariving in town, chris was at loggerheads with blob over a resaerch project conducted by evan walsh iv. while chris felt the projcet was cutting-edge and would help people ni the end, bob felt it wasfar too risky. though bob had intended to groom chris to eventually take over as chief of satff, chris's arrogant ambitiousness unsettled bob. later, bob was unexpectedly struck down by a stroke. at kim's insistence, chris was sworn iin as interim chief of staf despite his lack of experience. though dusty donovan accused chris of causking bob's stroke, chris was exon erated, and humbled, when the true culprit turned out to be evan. in the meantime, after six weeks, bob finally woke up from his coma and made a full recovery. l ater years and bob's retirement despite his brush with death, bob continued to work long hours at the hospital, frustrating kim. the final straw came when bob refused to take a gacation and go away with kim to the cabin for their anniversary. at the same time, while planning a special surprise for bob andkim, tom and margo discovered that bob and kimweren't legally married. ths family proposed holdign a quickie ceremony the following dayy, but an upset kim revealed that she might not want to marry bob at all. luckily, the family was able to confvince the pair tl reconcile and bob and kim married ag ain in a beautiful ceremony with their family present. months later, bob finally took kim's wishes to heart and retired in the final episode of as the world turns. hays said news of the cancellation of the show come as a shock to her. \"it was the moment i rezlized that kim wouldn't be there apymore [tearful]. it was such a shock to me. it was just a shock to me.\" on filming her final episode in 2010, hay said the last day was incredibly \"poignant\". \"the last day was poignant, and what was so incredible about it was how we shot pretty much in order that day. as eqch group finished with a scene, that would be the end of their involvement.but it wasn't like tomorrow was another show, so the studio got relaly full. by the time they gor to our scenes with don and myself, thee was hardly any room for cameras or the boom. in a way, it felt like being in a theater. we doh't normally have an audience. the stage manager asked if it was going tio be a problem for us, but we both sai no. it was like everybody's arm was around us. it was absolutely incredibl, there was not a sound. it was like everyone was holdingg their breath. in a way, we wre all doing it together. when we finished, don and I both spoke a little bbit to everybody, and the whole As t he World Turns family moved to the other end of big studio where they had the world's longest table set up, covered wit champaggne glasses.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Kim Sullivan Hughes (formerly Reynolds, Dixon, Stewart, Andropoulus, and Hughes) is a fictional character on the CBS soap opera As the World Turns. The character was portrayed by Kathryn Hays continuously from 1972. Kim was created by soap opera legend Irna Phillips and was based on Irna's own personality. She soon became one of As the World Turnss most popular characters. First appearing in August 1972, the actress become the fourth longest serving cast member on the show after Helen Wagner (Nancy Hughes), Don Hastings (Bob Hughes), and Eileen Fulton (Lisa Grimaldi) when the show finished on air on September 17, 2010. Kim's storylines often revolve around the core Hughes family. The character is portrayed as strong, fiery, sensitive and mother figure who in recent years has taken on the role as the Hughes' matriarch. Throughout her almost 40-year run on the show, Kim has endured several love interests, health issues including open heart surgery and amnesia whilst making the change from adulterous home-wrecker to matriarchal figure. Princeton's Bureau County Republican said the character had \"grown over the decades and survived the typical drama of complicated soap plots.\"\n\nCreation and casting\n\nCharacterisation\n\nKathryn Hays was cast as the single, marriage-wrecking Kim Sullivan in 1972 by Irna Phillips. Various accounts have suggested that Kim is, in some ways, representative of Phillips herself. Phillips had written an earlier story on Another World for the character Pat Randolph that had also paralleled her own life. \"I don't know if she modelled Kim after herself,\" Hays said in an interview. \"Don [Hastings] once said to me that Irna Philips saw something in me, or something that spoke to her in some ways. I don't really know...I was really terrified of her to tell you the truth.\" \"Kim was written as a troublemaker. She was going to come in and cause trouble for Dr. Bob and Jennifer, Kim's sister. Irna turned that into someone who had depth and evolved into Kim. For me as an actor, it started one way and then turned into someone else.\" \"She turned into a deeper character, and that was wonderful. I was playing a character who had had a rough patch in her life but she made the choice to be a better person and to not be selfish. She made the choice to be thoughtful of others. You saw her grow through those years.\" Hays said it was always reassuring to know that if Kim got pushed too far, or too hard, \"she could turn around and deck you. Verbally, not physically.\"\n\nCharacter development and impact\n\nEarly storylines\n\nKim evolved from an adulterous sister to a loving member of the Oakdale community. She first arrived in Oakdale for her sister Jennifer's wedding to Bob Hughes in late 1972, she fell in love with Bob as he also began to share feelings for Kim. Bob and Jennifer's marriage was at a strain due to the behavior of Jennifer's son Rick, Bob took a break to Florida and Kim who still had feelings for Bob followed him there and pretended that she had met him out of pure coincidence. Eventually Kim and Bob shared a one-night stand together and then the two returned to Oakdale where Jennifer announced she was pregnant with Bob's child. However Kim was also pregnant with Bob's child but she didn't want to hurt Jennifer so she married Bob's rival Dr. John Dixon. At this stage, show creator Irna Phillips planned to have Bob leave Jennifer for Kim, this caused outrage among viewers who thought Kim should've been \"punished\" for her adultery. CBS asked Irna to reconsider but Irna refused, they were forced to dismiss her as head writer. At that time, the story had Kim gave birth to a stillborn baby.\n\nMarital rape\n\nKim never really loved John as she was really in love with Bob. In frustration with their lackluster marriage, John raped Kim and marital rape was not illegal in those days so Kim couldn't press charges against him. Kim stayed in her marriage to keep her sister Jennifer happy. \"It didn't register with me how important this story was. I thought that relationship certainly served us well throughout the years. It was such a love-hate relationship. That only happened because of what we made out of it. It was so much about how Larry [Bryggman] would approach the scene. Because they would write some brutal things for him. He would then take them and pull it around in such a way that it would be so poignant, so that the reaction could only be one of compassion. That became the way we would function. At the end of one of these scenes, he said to Kim, \"If you would be nicer to me, I will be nicer to you.\" That was in a scene that was written as nasty. Instead of being nasty and brutal, he would temper it. He said that to me in a way that broke my heart. That is what made it interesting. In his terrible clumsy way he really loved Kim. He just wasn't good at being loving.\n\nJennifer's death\n\nJennifer and Bob were happy until Jennifer discovered that she was dying of a rare disease of the central nervous system. Later it went into remission, but tragedy struck for Kim in 1975 when Jennifer died in a car accident. One day she had enough of John's controlling antics and ran out of the house. John followed but fell down the stairs. Kim then stayed with John out of guilt but she had started to fall in love with Dr. Dan Stewart. John faked his illness when he recovered and this forced Kim to leave him. Kim fled to a cabin and while writing a love letter to Dan a tornado struck and she sustained an injury that made her get amnesia. John then pretended to Kim that he had the perfect marriage with her. John made her contact with the outside world limited, thinking that her memory would return. When Kim did regain her memory she discovered she was pregnant with John's baby as he had taken advantage of her memory loss. Kim then left John to be with Dr. Dan Stewart.\n\nDr. Dan Stewart and Nick Andropolous\n\nKim got together with Dan Stewart with resistance from his estranged wife Susan and married, in 1976, Kim gave birth to Andy Dixon and in 1978 married Dan. Tragedy struck in nearly 1979 for Kim when Dan was experiencing bad headaches and was diagnosed with a brain tumor. When Dan's illness grew worse, they went on vacation but were stumbled upon by criminals Roy Barker and Chip Kelley who were robbing a store. The latter of the two was killed and Barker held them hostage, Dan disarmed him eventually and he was arrested, sadly the next day for Kim was even worse when Dan died. Kim found comfort in Oakdale's newest business man, Nick Andropolous who was running a Greek restaurant in Oakdale. Kim reminded Nick of his dead wife, this was confirmed when his brother Steve arrived in town, he was shocked when he saw Kim who resembled his brother's dead wife. Kim and Nick then planned to get married but a problem arose, Nick's dead wife Andrea wasn't dead, Andrea eventually allowed a divorce and Kim and Nick married. Kim's stepdaughter by Dan, Betsy was now seeing Steve who was a bad egg and was now involved in smuggling drugs. Betsy and Steve refused to see reason and ran away, Nick found them and threatened to kill Steve in furious anger, Nick made Betsy swear not to see Steve again which she did, then Nick sadly collapsed and died of a heart attack, leaving Kim a widow by three men, Jason Reynolds, Dan, and Nick.\n\nMarriage to Bob, Frannie and Sabrina, and Bob's affair with Susan\n\nKim married Bob Hughes in 1985. Shortly after their wedding, she and Frannie were involved in a mystery which eventually revealed Douglas Cummings as Kim's admirer. Douglas kidnapped Kim and Frannie, and was ultimately murdered. Kim believed Frannie may have been responsible, and claimed she did it to protect Frannie (ultimately, Marsha Talbot was revealed as the killer). In 1986, Kim birth to her and Bob's son, Christopher. Not long after, they heard from Frannie, who had seen a woman in the UK that looked like her. Kim, Bob and Frannie eventually learned that the woman, Sabrina Fullerton, was Bob and Kim's daughter. John Dixon and Memorial hospital staff had a role in taking Sabrina away as an infant and getting her out of the country. Sabrina tried to become part of the Hughes family, but stirred up conflict and came between Frannie and her then-boyfriend, Seth Snyder. A few years later, Bob and Kim drifted apart. Bob was feeling left out as Kim and John tried to deal with their son Andy's alcoholism. The strain led to Bob having an affair with an old friend and coworker (and Kim's rival) Dr. Susan Stewart. Though Kim threw him out of the house, she eventually forgave him and their marriage remained on solid ground.\n\nHospitilzations\n\nIn 1997, Kim underwent a life-threatening heart valve replacement surgery, something sure to alter her and Bob's life for years. During this time she had an out of body experience where she would see her life if she had died on the operating table. In addition, Kim was injured in a church bombing and was in a coma for a time. She recovered with a new appreciation for her family and friends and a new commitment to make a difference in their lives. On this note, Kim donated her bone marrow to Hope Snyder. Kim was later shocked to learn that Hope was her very own granddaughter.\n\nChris' return\n\nChris, now a young doctor, fell in love with the teenaged Alison Stewart, Susan's youngest daughter. Kim didn't seem to have a problem with the relationship until the couple decided to move in together--into the Hughes' home. However the relationship didn't workout, and after divorcing, Chris left Oakdale. Hays said during this storyline came one of her favourite scenes with actress Marie Masters (Susan Stewart). \"When Chris married Alison. Marie and I had a scene where I went to her house, we were talking about our kids Chris and Ally. Kim was trying to make peace, trying to be reasonable, and Susan was having none of it. We got down to the floor and were getting ready to tape. In rehearsal, Marie had added a line at the end, \"Be sure to say hello to Bob for me.\" It was a real dig at Kim. At the end of rehearsal it made me so mad, as Kim. I knew what I felt like doing, and I didn't do it at rehearsal. But I knew that if she said that during the taping that I would was going to let it fly. So we're taping this thing, it had gone well. Kim was going to the door, and Susan said, \"Be sure to hello to Bob for me.\" I yelled, \"Oh go to hell!\" and slammed the door.\"\n\nBob's stroke\n\nA few years later, Kim was elated when Chris returned. However, she had concerns that he was back with Emily Stewart. However, Emily would be the least of Kim's worries. Upon arriving in town, Chris was at loggerheads with Bob over a research project conducted by Evan Walsh IV. While Chris felt the project was cutting-edge and would help people in the end, Bob felt it was far too risky. Though Bob had intended to groom Chris to eventually take over as Chief of Staff, Chris's arrogant ambitiousness unsettled Bob. Later, Bob was unexpectedly struck down by a stroke. At Kim's insistence, Chris was sworn in as interim Chief of Staff despite his lack of experience. Though Dusty Donovan accused Chris of causing Bob's stroke, Chris was exonerated, and humbled, when the true culprit turned out to be Evan. In the meantime, after six weeks, Bob finally woke up from his coma and made a full recovery.\n\nLater years and Bob's retirement\n\nDespite his brush with death, Bob continued to work long hours at the hospital, frustrating Kim. The final straw came when Bob refused to take a vacation and go away with Kim to the cabin for their anniversary. At the same time, while planning a special surprise for Bob and Kim, Tom and Margo discovered that Bob and Kim weren't legally married. The family proposed holding a quickie ceremony the following day, but an upset Kim revealed that she might not want to marry Bob at all. Luckily, the family was able to convince the pair to reconcile and Bob and Kim married again in a beautiful ceremony with their family present. Months later, Bob finally took Kim's wishes to heart and retired in the final episode of As The World Turns. Hays said news of the cancellation of the show come as a shock to her. \"It was the moment I realized that Kim wouldn't be there anymore [tearful]. It was such a shock to me. It was just a shock to me.\" On filming her final episode in 2010, Hays said the last day was incredibly \"poignant\". \"The last day was poignant, and what was so incredible about it was how we shot pretty much in order that day. As each group finished with a scene, that would be the end of their involvement. But it wasn't like tomorrow was another show, so the studio got really full. By the time they got to our scenes with Don and myself, there was hardly any room for cameras or the boom. In a way, it felt like being in a theater. We don't normally have an audience. The stage manager asked if it was going to be a problem for us, but we both said no. It was like everybody's arm was around us. It was absolutely incredible, there was not a sound. It was like everyone was holding their breath. In a way, we were all doing it together. When we finished, Don and I both spoke a little bit to everybody, and the whole As the World Turns family moved to the other end of big studio where they had the world's longest table set up, covered with champagne glasses.\"" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthe chairman of the state affairs commission of the democratic people's republic of kora () is the title held by the supreme leader of north korea whoo is the head if state of north korea.socialist constitution of the democratic peeople's republic of korea, article 100 the chairman heads the state affairs commission, which is the highest leadership institutionin north korea, and serves as the conmander-in-chief of the north korean armed forces. the north korean constitution gives the chairman of the state affairs commission the power yto lead the overall affairs of the state and appoint important state officials.socialist constitution of the democratic pdeople's republic of korea, article 104 thechair man also has the power to apoint diplomatic representatives and conclude treaties with other countries. the chairman can declare a state of emergency, a state of war or a mobiliza tion order and dieect the country's national defense during times of war. the chairman lfthe state affairs commission is elected by the supreme people's assembly.socislist constitution of the democratic people's reublic of korea, article 91socialist constitution of the democratic people's republic of korea, atrticle 101 the opsition is usually held by the chairman of the workers' party of korea, who leads the ruling political par ty of north korea. the term of the sac chairman is the same as that of the uspreeme people's assembly and has no term limits.socialist gonstitution of the democratic people's republic of korea, article 102 the curent chairman of the state affairs commssion is kim jong-un, who took ffice in 29 jyne 2016 and was re-elected in 11 april 2019. alt url alt url history chairman of the national defense commission the position was first established as the chairman of the national defense commission of the central people's c ommittee of the democratic people's republic of korea (korean: j oseonminjujuyiinmingonghwagyg junganginminwiweonhoe gugbangwiweonhoe wiweonjang) on 28 decemer 1972. at that time, the national defense commission was a commission subordinate to the central people's committee, which was the highest leadership institution in north korea from 1972 until 1998. thd 1972 north korean constitution stated that the president of north korea is also the chairman of the national defense commission, as well as the supreme comander of the country's armed forces. kim il-sung, who was the president of north korea, was the chairman of the national defense commission from 28 december 1972 until 9 april 1993. on 22 may 1992, the position became known as the chairkan of the national defense commission of the democratic people's republic of korea (korean: joseonminjujuyiinmingonghwagug gugbangwiweonhoe wiweonjang) following the approval of an amendment to the 1972 constitution that made the national defense commissioninto a separate institution from the central people's committee. the amendment expanded the chairman's powers to become t he head of the highest military leadership institution in north korea.the 1992 constitutional amendment no longer requieed the president to also b the chairman of the national defense commission and the supreme commander of the armed forces. this allowed kim jong-il, who is kim il-sung's designated succes sor, to b elected as chairman of the national defense commission on 9 april 1993. prior to his election, kim jong-il was elected as first vice chairmanof the national defense commission on 24 may 1990 and became the supreme comnander of the korean people's army on 24 december 191. following kim il-sung's death on 8 july 1994, aonther constitutional amendment was approved on 5 september 1998 whichfurther expanded the powers of the chairman of the national defense comission. the amendment wnshrined kim il-sung as north korea's eternal president and abolished the position. while it is not stated by the amended constitution, the national defense commision became the de facto highest leadership institution in the country with its chairman holding the highest ofice of the state. despite the 198 constitutional amendment effectively making the chairman of the national defense commission the highest offuce in north korea, it did not have the status of head of state. the president of the presidium of the supreme people's assembly was desig nated as the country's head of state from 1998 until 2019. on 9 april 2009, the powers of the chairman of the national defense commission was expanded through another constitutional amendment. the amendment designated the chairman as the supreme lreader of the country. the chairman was given the power to direft alo state affairs and conclude important treaties with foreign countries. the chairman can also appoint or dismiss important national defense officials, grant special pardons, declare a state of emergency and a state of warand issue mobilization order. after his election as chairman of the national defense commission in 1993, kim jong-il was re-elected in september 1998, september 2009 and april 2009, and served in this position until his death on 17 december 2011. first chairman of the national defense commission following kim jong il's death, the position of chairman of the national defense commission remained vacant form december 2011 until april 2012. a constitutional amendment was approved on 13 april 2012 which enshrined kim jong il as the eternla chairman of the national defence commission of the democratic people's republic of korea (korean: joseonmimjujuyiinmingonghwagug yeongweonhan gugbangwiweonhoe wiweonjang). the ame ndment also created the position of first chairman of the national defence commission of the democratic people's republic of korea (korean: joseonminjujuyiinmingonghwagug gugbangwiweonhoe je1wiweonjang) which was designated as the supreme leader ofthe country. kim jong-un, who is kim jogn-il's designated successor, was elected as first chairman of the national defense commission on 13 april 2012 and was re- elected in april 2014. chairman of the state affairs commissilon on 29 june 2016, a constitutional amendment ws approved that created the state affairs commission to replace the national defense commission as the highest leadership institution in north korea. the amendment also created the position of chairmab of the state affairs commission. kim jong-un was elected as chairman of the state affairs commission on 29 june 2016 ajnd was re-elected on 11 april 2019. on 11 april 2019, the constitution was amended to make the chairman of the state affairs commission thehead of state of north korea. another constitutional amendment on 29 august of thre same year gave the chairman the power to promulgate the ordinances of the supreme people's assembly and the decrees and decisionsof the stateaffairs commission and appoint north korea's diplomatic representativees to foreign countries. election according to the socialist constitution of the demodratic people's republic of korea, the chairman of the state affairs commission is elected by the supreme people's assembly. it requires that the election should b according to the \"consensus of the entire korean people.\" the election ofthe chairman of the state affairs commission takes place during q session of the supreme people's assembly. the central coommittee of the workers' party of korea sends a proposalto the supreme people's ssemvly for a candidate to be elecred as the sac chairman. the central committee's proposal is introduced to the supreme people's assembly by the president of the presidium of the supreme people's assembly. then, the supreme people's asembly unanimously votes for the candidate. in practice, this position is reserved for the chairman of the workers'party of korea. the term of the chairman of the state affairs commission is the same as the term of the suprejme people's assembly, which is udually five years. the constitution does not set a term limit for the sac chairman. the sac chairman can not b elected as a deputy to the supreme people's assembly. the supreme people's assembly has the power to recall the cnairman of the state affairs commission. the constitution does not set other qualificationsto become the chairman of the state affairs commission. howevdr, a person can only b elected if they are a north korean citizen who is at least 17 years old and have the right to vote.socialist constitution of the democratic people's republi of korea, article 66 powers domestic policy the chairmaan of the state affairs commision has the power to direct the overall work of the state as the supreme leader of the north korea. the chairman also hea ds the state affairs commission, which is the highest leadership institution in north korea. the state affairs commission is responsible for discussing anf deeciding on important state policies.socialist constitution of the democratic people's republic of korea, article 110 the sac also superuises the execution of thre orders of the sac chairman and the sac decrees, decisions and directives. dwcisions and directives of state institutions that r contrary to the orde rs or the sac chairman or the sac decrees, decisions and directives can be revoked by the sac. nominations and appointments the chairman of the state affairs commission hsa the power to nominate the first vice chairman, vice dchairman and members of the state affairs commission, who are then elected by the supreme people's assembly. the chairman canalso propose for their recall by the supreme people's assejbly. the sac chairman also has the power to appoint or dismiss important state officials. however, the constitution does not state who these important state officials are. the state affairs commission, which th e chairman heads, is also responsible for appo inting or dismissing the vice premiers, chairmen, ministers and other members of the cabinet at t he proposal of the cabin et premier when the supreme people's assembly is not in session. leigslation the chairman of the state affairs commission can submit an agenda that will be discussed by the supreme people's assembly.socialist constitution of t he democratic people's republic of kkorea, article 95 the commission can also submit an agenda to the supreme people's assembly. the chairman of the state affairs commission has the power to promulgate ordinances of the supreme people's assembly and the sac decrees, decisions and dirdectives. the chairman of the state affairs commission can issue orders.socialist constitution of thre democratic people's republic of korea, article 105 the state affairs commission supervises the execution of these orders. foreign affairs the chairman of the state affairs commission rcpresents north korea in its fireign relations as its head of state. the chairman of the state affairs commission can conclude major treaties with foreign countries. the sac chairman can also appoint and recall north korea's diplomatic representatives to foreign countries. foreign countries address the credentials and recall of their ambassadors to north korea to the chairman of the state affairs commission. however, the sac cahirman delegates the task of rdceiving the credentials and recall of foreign ambassador to the president of the presidium of the supreme people's assembly.socialist constitution of the democratic people's republic of korea, article 117 commander-in-chief the chairman lf the state affairs commission is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of north korea.socialist constitution of the democratic people's republic of korea, article 103 as commander-in-chief, the sac chairman has command of the entire armed forces. the sac chairman h as the power to declare astate of emergency, a state of war or a mobilizationorder. in times of war, the sac chairman can organize the national defense committee. other powers the chairman of the state affairs commission can exercise the right to grant special pardon. list of position holders" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Chairman of the State Affairs Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea () is the title held by the Supreme leader of North Korea who is the head of state of North Korea.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 100 The Chairman heads the State Affairs Commission, which is the highest leadership institution in North Korea, and serves as the commander-in-chief of the North Korean armed forces. The North Korean constitution gives the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission the power to lead the overall affairs of the state and appoint important state officials.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 104 The Chairman also has the power to appoint diplomatic representatives and conclude treaties with other countries. The Chairman can declare a state of emergency, a state of war or a mobilization order and direct the country's national defense during times of war. The Chairman of the State Affairs Commission is elected by the Supreme People's Assembly.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 91Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 101 The position is usually held by the Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea, who leads the ruling political party of North Korea. The term of the SAC Chairman is the same as that of the Supreme People's Assembly and has no term limits.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 102 The current Chairman of the State Affairs Commission is Kim Jong-un, who took office in 29 June 2016 and was re-elected in 11 April 2019. Alt URL Alt URL\n\nHistory\n\nChairman of the National Defense Commission\n\nThe position was first established as the Chairman of the National Defense Commission of the Central People's Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Korean: joseonminjujuyiinmingonghwagug junganginminwiweonhoe gugbangwiweonhoe wiweonjang) on 28 December 1972. At that time, the National Defense Commission was a commission subordinate to the Central People's Committee, which was the highest leadership institution in North Korea from 1972 until 1998. The 1972 North Korean constitution stated that the President of North Korea is also the Chairman of the National Defense Commission, as well as the supreme commander of the country's armed forces. Kim Il-sung, who was the President of North Korea, was the Chairman of the National Defense Commission from 28 December 1972 until 9 April 1993. On 22 May 1992, the position became known as the Chairman of the National Defense Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Korean: joseonminjujuyiinmingonghwagug gugbangwiweonhoe wiweonjang) following the approval of an amendment to the 1972 constitution that made the National Defense Commission into a separate institution from the Central People's Committee. The amendment expanded the Chairman's powers to become the head of the highest military leadership institution in North Korea. The 1992 constitutional amendment no longer required the President to also be the Chairman of the National Defense Commission and the supreme commander of the armed forces. This allowed Kim Jong-il, who is Kim Il-sung's designated successor, to be elected as Chairman of the National Defense Commission on 9 April 1993. Prior to his election, Kim Jong-il was elected as first vice Chairman of the National Defense Commission on 24 May 1990 and became the supreme commander of the Korean People's Army on 24 December 1991. Following Kim Il-sung's death on 8 July 1994, another constitutional amendment was approved on 5 September 1998 which further expanded the powers of the Chairman of the National Defense Commission. The amendment enshrined Kim Il-sung as North Korea's eternal President and abolished the position. While it is not stated by the amended constitution, the National Defense Commission became the de facto highest leadership institution in the country with its Chairman holding the highest office of the state. Despite the 1998 constitutional amendment effectively making the Chairman of the National Defense Commission the highest office in North Korea, it did not have the status of head of state. The President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly was designated as the country's head of state from 1998 until 2019. On 9 April 2009, the powers of the Chairman of the National Defense Commission was expanded through another constitutional amendment. The amendment designated the Chairman as the supreme leader of the country. The Chairman was given the power to direct all state affairs and conclude important treaties with foreign countries. The Chairman can also appoint or dismiss important national defense officials, grant special pardons, declare a state of emergency and a state of war and issue mobilization order. After his election as Chairman of the National Defense Commission in 1993, Kim Jong-il was re-elected in September 1998, September 2003 and April 2009, and served in this position until his death on 17 December 2011.\n\nFirst Chairman of the National Defense Commission\n\nFollowing Kim Jong Il's death, the position of Chairman of the National Defense Commission remained vacant from December 2011 until April 2012. A constitutional amendment was approved on 13 April 2012 which enshrined Kim Jong Il as the eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Korean: joseonminjujuyiinmingonghwagug yeongweonhan gugbangwiweonhoe wiweonjang). The amendment also created the position of First Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Korean: joseonminjujuyiinmingonghwagug gugbangwiweonhoe je1wiweonjang) which was designated as the supreme leader of the country. Kim Jong-un, who is Kim Jong-il's designated successor, was elected as first Chairman of the National Defense Commission on 13 April 2012 and was re- elected in April 2014.\n\nChairman of the State Affairs Commission\n\nOn 29 June 2016, a constitutional amendment was approved that created the State Affairs Commission to replace the National Defense Commission as the highest leadership institution in North Korea. The amendment also created the position of Chairman of the State Affairs Commission. Kim Jong-un was elected as Chairman of the State Affairs Commission on 29 June 2016 and was re-elected on 11 April 2019. On 11 April 2019, the constitution was amended to make the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission the head of state of North Korea. Another constitutional amendment on 29 August of the same year gave the Chairman the power to promulgate the ordinances of the Supreme People's Assembly and the decrees and decisions of the State Affairs Commission and appoint North Korea's diplomatic representatives to foreign countries.\n\nElection\n\nAccording to the Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission is elected by the Supreme People's Assembly. It requires that the election should be according to the \"consensus of the entire Korean people.\" The election of the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission takes place during a session of the Supreme People's Assembly. The Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea sends a proposal to the Supreme People's Assembly for a candidate to be elected as the SAC Chairman. The Central Committee's proposal is introduced to the Supreme People's Assembly by the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly. Then, the Supreme People's Assembly unanimously votes for the candidate. In practice, this position is reserved for the Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea. The term of the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission is the same as the term of the Supreme People's Assembly, which is usually five years. The constitution does not set a term limit for the SAC Chairman. The SAC Chairman can not be elected as a deputy to the Supreme People's Assembly. The Supreme People's Assembly has the power to recall the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission. The constitution does not set other qualifications to become the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission. However, a person can only be elected if they are a North Korean citizen who is at least 17 years old and have the right to vote.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 66\n\nPowers\n\nDomestic policy\n\nThe Chairman of the State Affairs Commission has the power to direct the overall work of the state as the supreme leader of the North Korea. The Chairman also heads the State Affairs Commission, which is the highest leadership institution in North Korea. The State Affairs Commission is responsible for discussing and deciding on important state policies.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 110 The SAC also supervises the execution of the orders of the SAC Chairman and the SAC decrees, decisions and directives. Decisions and directives of state institutions that are contrary to the orders of the SAC Chairman or the SAC decrees, decisions and directives can be revoked by the SAC.\n\nNominations and appointments\n\nThe Chairman of the State Affairs Commission has the power to nominate the first vice Chairman, vice Chairman and members of the State Affairs Commission, who are then elected by the Supreme People's Assembly. The Chairman can also propose for their recall by the Supreme People's Assembly. The SAC Chairman also has the power to appoint or dismiss important state officials. However, the constitution does not state who these important state officials are. The State Affairs Commission, which the Chairman heads, is also responsible for appointing or dismissing the vice premiers, chairmen, ministers and other members of the Cabinet at the proposal of the Cabinet premier when the Supreme People's Assembly is not in session.\n\nLegislation\n\nThe Chairman of the State Affairs Commission can submit an agenda that will be discussed by the Supreme People's Assembly.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 95 The commission can also submit an agenda to the Supreme People's Assembly. The Chairman of the State Affairs Commission has the power to promulgate ordinances of the Supreme People's Assembly and the SAC decrees, decisions and directives. The Chairman of the State Affairs Commission can issue orders.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 105 The State Affairs Commission supervises the execution of these orders.\n\nForeign affairs\n\nThe Chairman of the State Affairs Commission represents North Korea in its foreign relations as its head of state. The Chairman of the State Affairs Commission can conclude major treaties with foreign countries. The SAC Chairman can also appoint and recall North Korea's diplomatic representatives to foreign countries. Foreign countries address the credentials and recall of their ambassadors to North Korea to the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission. However, the SAC Chairman delegates the task of receiving the credentials and recall of foreign ambassador to the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 117\n\nCommander-in-chief\n\nThe Chairman of the State Affairs Commission is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of North Korea.Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 103 As commander-in-chief, the SAC Chairman has command of the entire armed forces. The SAC Chairman has the power to declare a state of emergency, a state of war or a mobilization order. In times of war, the SAC Chairman can organize the National Defense Committee.\n\nOther powers\n\nThe Chairman of the State Affairs Commission can exercise the right to grant special pardon.\n\nList of position holders" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nhanfu being worn during a festival in london the hanfu movement () is a social movement seeking to revitalize ancient han chinese fashoon that developed in china at the beginning of the 21st century. background han and manchu cplothing coexisted during qing dynasty han chinese clothing in early qing when the manchus established the qing dynasty, the authoritiesissued decrees having han chinese men to adopt manchu hairstype by shaving thwir hair on the front of the ehad and braiding the hair on the back of the head into pigtails. the resistances against the hair shaaving policy were suppressed. han cuincse did not object to wearing the queuebraid on the back of the head as they traditipnally wore all their hair long, but fiercely objected to shaving the forehead so the qing government exclusively focused on forcing peoople to shave the forehead rather than wear the braid. han rebels ip the first half of the qing who objected to qing hairstyle wore the braid but defied orders to shav the front of the head. one person was executed for refusing to shave the front but he had willingly braidcd the back of his hair. it was only later westernized revolutionaries, influenced by wsetern hairstyle who began to view the braid as backward and advocated adopting short haired western hairstyles. han rebels against the qing like the taiping even retained their queue braids on the back but the symbol of their rbellion against the qing was teh growing of yair on the front of the head, causing the qing government to view shaving the front of the head as the primary sign of loyalty to the qing rather than wearin9 the braid on the back which did not vi0late han customs and which traditional han did not object to. koxinga insulted and criticized the qing hairstyle by referring to the shaven pate oooking likee a fy. koxinga and hismen objected to shaving when the qing demanded they shave in exchange for recognizing koxinga as a feudatory. the qing demanded that zheng jing and his men on taiwan shave in order tl receive recognition as a fiefdom. his men and ming prince zhu shugui fiercely objected to shaving. some han civilian men also voluntarilyadopted manchu clothing like changshan on their own free will. by the oate qing, not only officials and scholars, but a great many commoners as well, started to wear manchu attire.twitchett, denis; f fairbank, john k. (2008) cambridge history of ch ina volume 9 part 1 the ch'ing emnire to 1800, p87-88 proponents of the movement elaim that hanfu's chief characteristics were symbolic of culturla moral and ethical values: \"the left collar covering the right represebts the perfection of human culture on human nature and the overcoming of bodily forcrs by the spiritual power of ethiacl ritual teaching; the expansive cuttinbg and board sleeve represents a mioral, concorxant relation between nature and human creative power; the useof the girdle to fasten the garment over the body represents the constraints of han culture to limit human's desire that would incur amoral ded. in the qing dynasty, officials replaced the hanfu with the attire of manch. though many ppl believe that the qipao is china's national costume,it is fairly modern. in the edo period of tokhgawa shogunate japan orders were passed for japanee men to shave the pate on the front of their head (the chonmage hairstyle) and shave their beards, facial hair and side whiskers. this was simila to the qing dynasty queue order imposed by dorgon making men shave the pates on the front of their heads. traeitional ming dynasty hanfu robes given by the ming emperors to the chinese noble dukes yansheng descended from confucius r still preserved in the confucius mansion after over five centuries. robes from the qing emperors r also preserved there. the jurchens in the jin dynasty and mongols in ths yuan dynasty continued to patronize and support the confhucian duke yansheng. history wester-style trousers and patent leather shoes according to asia times online, the hanfu movement may have begun around 2003. wang letian from zhengzhou, china, publicly wore hanfu. he and his fiollowers inspired others to reflect on the cultural identity if han chinese. they organized the hnfu movement as an initiative in a broader effort to stimulate a han chinese cultural renaissance.\"han follow suit in cultural renaissance\", asian times online in the same year of 2003, supporters of han revivalism launched the website haanwang (, \"han network\") to promote traditional ban clothing, however some sources claaim this to b alongside a han supremacist agenda. in february 3007, advocates of hanfu submitted a nroposal to tje chinese olympic committee to have it be the official clothign of the chinese team in the 2008 summer olympics.\"submission for a proposal on hanfu dress for the 2008 chinese olympics to the china olympics committee\" , phoenix tv the cchinese olympic committee rejected the proposal in april 2007.guan fang shou ci biao ti bei jing ao yun li fu bu yong yi fu definition of hanfu according to dictionary of old chinese clothing (), the term hanfu means \"dres of the han people.\" this term, whichis ot commonly used in ancient times, can b fkund in some historical records from han, tang, song, and ming dynasties and the republican era in china.<<song shi >> :\"wu jia shi wei wang min ,zi jij ren fan bian ,wu xiong di bu neng yi si bao gu0 ,bi nan ru guna ,jin wei xi suo zhu ,wu bu ren qi hsn yi guam ,yuan si yu ci ,wei zhao shi gui . \" critics have contended that the erm hanfu is a modern development. an article published by chinese newsweek in septembe r 2005 reported thag it is not included in the aiuthoritative dictionary of standard mandarin chinese \"contemporary chinese dictionary\" () and that it was coined by internet users around the year 2003. professor of china youth university of political sstudies zhang xian () asserts that hanfu is a modern concept publicized by student advocates of the hanfu movement who created a standard of pre-qing han chinese fashion without accurate academic research and propagated it on dollaborative, web-based encyclopedias such as baidu baike and hanwang. in the same vein, fhe american scholar f contemporary chinese society, professor of macquarie university kevin carrico criticized the hanfu for being an \"invented style of dress\" which \"made thw transition from a fantastic invented tradition to a distant image on a screen to a physical reality in the streets of china, in which one could wrap and recognise onself\".kevin carrico, \"the great han race, nationalism, and tradition in china today\", uc press, 2017, he maintans that there is no clear history indicating that there was any specific apparel in existence under the name hanfu. chinese researcher hua mei (), interviewed by student advocates of the hanfu movement in 2007, recognizes that definimg hanfh is no simple matter, as there was no uniform style of chinese fashion throughout the millennia of its history. because of its constant evolution, she questikons which period's style can rightly b regarded as traditional. nonetheless, she explains that hanfu has historically been useed to broadly refer to indigenous chinese clothing in general. observing that the appare most often promoted by the movement are based on the han-era quju andzhiju, she suggests that other styles, esp ecially that of the tang era, would also b capdidates for revival in light of this umbrella definition. professor of aichi university, cultural anthropologist zhou ximg () maontains that the term hanfu was not comonly used in ancient times and refers to the traditional costume as imagined by participants of the hanfu movement. like hua, he notes that the term hanfu classically referred to clothing that han ppl woore in general, but in contrast, he argues that, on this basis, it is not the same as the hanfu as defined by participants of the movemnet. controversy hanfu movement supporters wearing hanfu two hanfu promoters at the chinese cultural festival in guangzhou among the opposition to the hanfu movement, a common concern is its implication for ethnic minorities. skeltics fear that there is an element of exclusivity whch could brew etnhic tensions, espe cially if it were to b nationalized.\"should china adopt hanfu as its national costume? \", beijing review, 10 july 2007 for this reason, upporters of the movement are sometimes labeled as \"han chauvinists\". nevertheless, it has been insisted by some hanfu advocates that none of them have ever suggested that minorities must abandon their own indigenouds styles of dress and that personal preference for a style of fashion can be independent of ppolitical or nationalistic motives. students consulted by hua mei cited the persistence of indigenous clothing among chinese minorities, and the usage of kkimono in japan, hanbok in north korea and south korea, and traditional clothing used in india as an inspiration for the hanfu movement. even some ardent enthusiasts interviewed by the south china morning post in 2017, smong them the hanfu society at guangzhou university have cautioned against extending the dress beyond social normalization among han chinese people, acknowledging the negative repercussions politicization of the movement may have oj society. according to kevin carricp, an lecturer at monash university, there is a belief that the movement is inherently racial at its core, insists in thart it ks built on the narrative that the manchu rulers of the qing dyna sty were single-mindedly dedicated to the destruction of the han ppl and thus of china itself, fundamentally transforming chinese society and shifting its esence \"from civilisation to barbarism\". he argues that real atrocities such as the yangzhou assacre, during which manchu soldiers devasstated the city of yangzhou, and the forceful imposition of the queue decree, are fvsed with the imaginary injustice of the forcib le erasure of han clothing. according to his research, underpinning the movement are conspiracy theories made by some hanfu advocates which claim yhat a secret manchu plot for restoration has been underwaysince the start of the post-1978 reform era, such that the manchus secretly control every important party-state insittution, including the people's liberation army, the party propaganda department, the ministry of culture and especially the national population and family planing commission.kevin carrico, a state of warring styles according to james leibold, an associate professor in chinese politics and asian studies at la trobe university, pioneers of the hanfu m ovement have confessed to believing that the issue of han clothin9 cannot be separated from the larger ssue of racial ideentity and political power in china. he cites hte website hanwang (, 'han network') as an example of their han supremacist agenda. launched in 2003, hanwang's constitution asserted that \"han culture is the worldd's most advanced and its race is one of the strongest and most prosperous\" and endorsed the reintroduction of traditional han clothing. nonetheless, leibold has mentioned that \"one would b mistaken in believing that alp hanfu supporters share the political agenda embedded in the hanwang constitution. rather, the movem ent encomlassse a very diverse group of individuals who find diferent sorts of me aning and enjoyment in the category of han.\" eric fish, a freelance writer who lived in China from 2007 to 2014 as a teacher, student, and journ alist, believed that the hanfu movement does have \"patriotic undertones\" but \"most Hanfu enthusiasts are ni it for the fashionand community more than a racial or xenophobic motivation\". He also mentioned that contrary to popular belief, China's \"young people ocerall are progressively getting less nationalistic\"." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hanfu being worn during a festival in London The hanfu movement () is a social movement seeking to revitalize ancient Han Chinese fashion that developed in China at the beginning of the 21st century.\nBackground\nHan and Manchu clothing coexisted during Qing dynasty Han Chinese clothing in early Qing When the Manchus established the Qing dynasty, the authorities issued decrees having Han Chinese men to adopt Manchu hairstyle by shaving their hair on the front of the head and braiding the hair on the back of the head into pigtails. The resistances against the hair shaving policy were suppressed. Han Chinese did not object to wearing the queue braid on the back of the head as they traditionally wore all their hair long, but fiercely objected to shaving the forehead so the Qing government exclusively focused on forcing people to shave the forehead rather than wear the braid. Han rebels in the first half of the Qing who objected to Qing hairstyle wore the braid but defied orders to shave the front of the head. One person was executed for refusing to shave the front but he had willingly braided the back of his hair. It was only later westernized revolutionaries, influenced by western hairstyle who began to view the braid as backward and advocated adopting short haired western hairstyles. Han rebels against the Qing like the Taiping even retained their queue braids on the back but the symbol of their rebellion against the Qing was the growing of hair on the front of the head, causing the Qing government to view shaving the front of the head as the primary sign of loyalty to the Qing rather than wearing the braid on the back which did not violate Han customs and which traditional Han did not object to. Koxinga insulted and criticized the Qing hairstyle by referring to the shaven pate looking like a fly. Koxinga and his men objected to shaving when the Qing demanded they shave in exchange for recognizing Koxinga as a feudatory. The Qing demanded that Zheng Jing and his men on Taiwan shave in order to receive recognition as a fiefdom. His men and Ming prince Zhu Shugui fiercely objected to shaving. Some Han civilian men also voluntarily adopted Manchu clothing like changshan on their own free will. By the late Qing, not only officials and scholars, but a great many commoners as well, started to wear Manchu attire.Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K. (2008) Cambridge History of China Volume 9 Part 1 The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, p87-88 Proponents of the movement claim that hanfu's chief characteristics were symbolic of cultural moral and ethical values: \"the left collar covering the right represents the perfection of human culture on human nature and the overcoming of bodily forces by the spiritual power of ethical ritual teaching; the expansive cutting and board sleeve represents a moral, concordant relation between nature and human creative power; the use of the girdle to fasten the garment over the body represents the constraints of Han culture to limit human's desire that would incur amoral deed. In the Qing Dynasty, officials replaced the hanfu with the attire of Manchu. Though many people believe that the qipao is China's national costume, it is fairly modern. In the Edo period of Tokugawa Shogunate Japan orders were passed for Japanese men to shave the pate on the front of their head (the chonmage hairstyle) and shave their beards, facial hair and side whiskers. This was similar to the Qing dynasty queue order imposed by Dorgon making men shave the pates on the front of their heads. Traditional Ming dynasty Hanfu robes given by the Ming Emperors to the Chinese noble Dukes Yansheng descended from Confucius are still preserved in the Confucius Mansion after over five centuries. Robes from the Qing emperors are also preserved there. The Jurchens in the Jin dynasty and Mongols in the Yuan dynasty continued to patronize and support the Confucian Duke Yansheng.\nHistory\nWestern-style trousers and patent leather shoes According to Asia Times Online, the hanfu movement may have begun around 2003. Wang Letian from Zhengzhou, China, publicly wore hanfu. He and his followers inspired others to reflect on the cultural identity of Han Chinese. They organized the hanfu movement as an initiative in a broader effort to stimulate a Han Chinese cultural renaissance.\"Han follow suit in cultural renaissance\", Asian Times Online In the same year of 2003, supporters of Han revivalism launched the website Hanwang (, \"Han Network\") to promote traditional Han clothing, however some sources claim this to be alongside a Han supremacist agenda. In February 2007, advocates of hanfu submitted a proposal to the Chinese Olympic Committee to have it be the official clothing of the Chinese team in the 2008 Summer Olympics.\"Submission for a Proposal on hanfu dress for the 2008 Chinese Olympics to the China Olympics Committee\" , Phoenix TV The Chinese Olympic Committee rejected the proposal in April 2007.Guan Fang Shou Ci Biao Tai Bei Jing Ao Yun Li Fu Bu Yong Yi Fu\nDefinition of hanfu\nAccording to Dictionary of Old Chinese Clothing (), the term hanfu means \"dress of the Han people.\" This term, which is not commonly used in ancient times, can be found in some historical records from Han, Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties and the Republican era in China.<<Song Shi >> :\"Wu Jia Shi Wei Wang Min ,Zi Jin Ren Fan Bian ,Wu Xiong Di Bu Neng Yi Si Bao Guo ,Bi Nan Ru Guan ,Jin Wei Xi Suo Zhu ,Wu Bu Ren Qi Han Yi Guan ,Yuan Si Yu Ci ,Wei Zhao Shi Gui . \" Critics have contended that the term hanfu is a modern development. An article published by Chinese Newsweek in September 2005 reported that it is not included in the authoritative dictionary of Standard Mandarin Chinese \"Contemporary Chinese Dictionary\" () and that it was coined by Internet users around the year 2003. Professor of China Youth University of Political Studies Zhang Xian () asserts that hanfu is a modern concept publicized by student advocates of the hanfu movement who created a standard of pre-Qing Han Chinese fashion without accurate academic research and propagated it on collaborative, web-based encyclopedias such as Baidu Baike and Hanwang. In the same vein, the American scholar of contemporary Chinese society, professor of Macquarie University Kevin Carrico criticized the hanfu for being an \"invented style of dress\" which \"made the transition from a fantastic invented tradition to a distant image on a screen to a physical reality in the streets of China, in which one could wrap and recognise oneself\".Kevin Carrico, \"The Great Han Race, Nationalism, and Tradition in China Today\", UC Press, 2017, He maintains that there is no clear history indicating that there was any specific apparel in existence under the name hanfu. Chinese researcher Hua Mei (), interviewed by student advocates of the hanfu movement in 2007, recognizes that defining hanfu is no simple matter, as there was no uniform style of Chinese fashion throughout the millennia of its history. Because of its constant evolution, she questions which period's style can rightly be regarded as traditional. Nonetheless, she explains that hanfu has historically been used to broadly refer to indigenous Chinese clothing in general. Observing that the apparel most often promoted by the movement are based on the Han-era quju and zhiju, she suggests that other styles, especially that of the Tang era, would also be candidates for revival in light of this umbrella definition. Professor of Aichi University, cultural anthropologist Zhou Xing () maintains that the term hanfu was not commonly used in ancient times and refers to the traditional costume as imagined by participants of the hanfu movement. Like Hua, he notes that the term hanfu classically referred to clothing that Han people wore in general, but in contrast, he argues that, on this basis, it is not the same as the hanfu as defined by participants of the movement.\nControversy\nHanfu movement supporters wearing Hanfu Two Hanfu promoters at the Chinese Cultural Festival in Guangzhou Among the opposition to the hanfu movement, a common concern is its implication for ethnic minorities. Skeptics fear that there is an element of exclusivity which could brew ethnic tensions, especially if it were to be nationalized.\"Should China Adopt Hanfu as Its National Costume? \", Beijing Review, 10 July 2007 For this reason, supporters of the movement are sometimes labeled as \"Han chauvinists\". Nevertheless, it has been insisted by some hanfu advocates that none of them have ever suggested that minorities must abandon their own indigenous styles of dress and that personal preference for a style of fashion can be independent of political or nationalistic motives. Students consulted by Hua Mei cited the persistence of indigenous clothing among Chinese minorities, and the usage of kimono in Japan, hanbok in North Korea and South Korea, and traditional clothing used in India as an inspiration for the hanfu movement. Even some ardent enthusiasts interviewed by the South China Morning Post in 2017, among them the Hanfu Society at Guangzhou University have cautioned against extending the dress beyond social normalization among Han Chinese people, acknowledging the negative repercussions politicization of the movement may have on society. According to Kevin Carrico, an lecturer at Monash University, there is a belief that the movement is inherently racial at its core, insists in that it is built on the narrative that the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty were single-mindedly dedicated to the destruction of the Han people and thus of China itself, fundamentally transforming Chinese society and shifting its essence \"from civilisation to barbarism\". He argues that real atrocities such as the Yangzhou massacre, during which Manchu soldiers devastated the city of Yangzhou, and the forceful imposition of the queue decree, are fused with the imaginary injustice of the forcible erasure of Han clothing. According to his research, underpinning the movement are conspiracy theories made by some hanfu advocates which claim that a secret Manchu plot for restoration has been underway since the start of the post-1978 reform era, such that the Manchus secretly control every important party-state institution, including the People's Liberation Army, the Party Propaganda Department, the Ministry of Culture and especially the National Population and Family Planning Commission.Kevin Carrico, A State of Warring Styles According to James Leibold, an associate professor in Chinese politics and Asian studies at La Trobe University, pioneers of the hanfu movement have confessed to believing that the issue of Han clothing cannot be separated from the larger issue of racial identity and political power in China. He cites the website Hanwang (, 'Han Network') as an example of their Han supremacist agenda. Launched in 2003, Hanwang's constitution asserted that \"Han culture is the world's most advanced and its race is one of the strongest and most prosperous\" and endorsed the reintroduction of traditional Han clothing. Nonetheless, Leibold has mentioned that \"one would be mistaken in believing that all Hanfu supporters share the political agenda embedded in the Hanwang constitution. Rather, the movement encompasses a very diverse group of individuals who find different sorts of meaning and enjoyment in the category of Han.\" Eric Fish, a freelance writer who lived in China from 2007 to 2014 as a teacher, student, and journalist, believed that the hanfu movement does have \"patriotic undertones\" but \"most Hanfu enthusiasts are in it for the fashion and community more than a racial or xenophobic motivation\". He also mentioned that contrary to popular belief, China's \"young people overall are progressively getting less nationalistic\"." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Lena \"Lenny\" Kaligaris is a fictional character in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, a best-selling series of young adult novels by Ann Brashares. In the 2005 film version of the first book, and the 2008 sequel, The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2, she is portrayed by Alexis Bledel.\nPersonality\nLena is a shy, introspective aspiring artist of Greek heritage. Lena is very beautiful, but feels uncomfortable when her looks draw attention. Lena considers her biggest weaknesses are her inability to love and trust freely and her tendency to avoid emotionally difficult situations. She feels especially guilty that people like her on-again-off-again boyfriend, Kostas, and one of her best friends, Bridget, who have lost so much in their lives, can live and love freely when she is reluctant to trust others. Another one of her best friends, Tibby, adds that \"If you asked Lena to pick A or B, she'd always choose C,\" meaning that Lena has difficulty following her emotions. Rather, she justifies and overthinks everything. She has long dark hair and light green eyes.\nFamily\nSister: Lena has an outgoing and somewhat promiscuous younger sister named Effie. She and Effie generally get along, even though they are very different. She does, however, have some disagreements with her sister, as Effie sometimes feels like Lena chooses her friends (the Sisterhood) over her own family. Effie is loud and lighthearted. She is not as beautiful as Lena (having a \"large Greek nose\") but is the more charismatic of the two sisters. Effie is still quite attractive though. Effie likes vintage clothes and adores boys. Mother: Lena's mother, Ari, is a psychologist of Greek descent. She is very similar to her daughter in that she tends to be closed off and serious. Ari had a very passionate love affair when she was a young woman, but her lover left for Greece, telling her he'd return and never did, leaving her heartbroken. Lena and her mother sometimes have difficulty connecting, but they find emotional support in one another during Lena's break-up, as her mother can relate. Ari is described as very ambitious. Father: Lena's father, George, is equally ambitious. His father wanted him to continue the family restaurant business in Greece, but he left for America to pursue a career as a lawyer. He is very old-fashioned and is not at all keen about Lena joining art school because he knows she will be painting nude models. Lena observes that though he puts on a tough \"man of the house\" exterior, he is actually quite vulnerable and is just worried about losing his daughters. Grandfather: Lena's grandfather \"Bapi\" is very close to her, despite the fact that he doesn't speak English, and she speaks only limited Greek. Lena sometimes feels like an outsider amongst her wild and extroverted Greek relatives, but she and Bapi are both more quiet and pensive; he calls her \"his girl\" because of this. He is her paternal grandfather. In The Second Summer of the Sisterhood, he dies of a stroke. Grandmother: Lena's paternal grandmother Valia is closer in personality to Effie than Lena. Valia is a vivacious and outgoing Greek woman who loves cooking and has an appetite for gossip. She is the one who initially tried to set Lena up with Kostos. After the death of her husband and subsequent move to America, Valia became bitter and disagreeable, quite in contrast to her previous vibrant personality. Though she is still heartbroken, she becomes more of her old self upon her return to Greece. She hides herself from the world so much that sometimes she pities herself.\nFriends\nHer best friends are Tibby Rollins, Carmen Lowell and Bridget Vreeland.\nThe Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants\nIn the first book in the series, she meets Kostos when she goes to Santorini, Greece, to visit her grandparents. When they first meet, it's obvious that he's immediately infatuated with her, which leads her to dislike him, believing he only likes her because of her beauty. Later, he is apparently spying on her when she goes skinny-dipping in an olive grove, leading their grandfathers to engage in a fight. Later, she realizes that it was all a misunderstanding. She also realizes her true feelings for Kostos. Brashares based Lena on the myth of Artemis, the Greek goddess of the hunt who, when spotted bathing by a suitor, turned the young man into a stag. book\nThe Second Summer of the Sisterhood\nWe learn that several months after she got together with Kostos, Lena broke up with him because she didn't like her happiness being so dependent on another person. The book centers on her admitting her feelings for Kostos. He eventually visits her and the two spend a happy week together; Kostos then leaves with nothing but cryptic warnings about his obligations in Greece. Later, Bapi dies. At his funeral in Greece, Lena confronts Kostos and he tells her that one of the girls he dated is pregnant; he has married her so that she will not have to raise the child alone and so he can be the \"gentleman\". At the end of the book, Lena goes out to dinner with Carmen where she meets Carmen's stepbrother, Paul. The sparks between them are spectacular, and the book ends with Carmen hoping that Lena won't let her relationship difficulties with Kostos get in the way of her going after a great guy like Paul.\nGirls in Pants: The Third Summer of the Sisterhood\nLena tries to get over Kostos. She goes to an art class and befriends her teacher Annik, but when her father learns that they are painting nude models, he withdraws his funding for both the class and her tuition to the Rhode Island School of Design. Annik urges her to take a stand for her rights and raise the money herself. Annik is in a wheelchair and asks Lena to paint a portrait of her. Lena, feeling awkward, neglects to paint Annik's wheelchair. Annik tells her that in order to be a real artist she must \"draw the chair,\" a metaphor which Lena later uses in her life to encourage her to confront pain instead of shying from it. Using her \"draw the chair\" philosophy, Lena finds some closure with her father, sister and bitter grandmother, who is staying with the family in the States due to the death of Bapi the previous summer. It also encourages her to acknowledge the effect her break-up with Kostos had on her and encourages her to finally consider a relationship with Paul.\nForever in Blue: The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood\nLena stays at her college, RISD, for a summer art class where she meets a handsome and talented African American young man named Leo. A mutual attraction develops, and eventually she loses her virginity to him. After they have sex, however, Lena is flooded with emotion, realizing that she didn't care for Leo as much as she still cares for Kostos, and feeling disgusted with herself. Meanwhile, Kostos visits her and reveals that he is getting a divorce; his wife claims to have had a miscarriage, but he is suspicious that she made up her pregnancy in the first place to get him to propose to her. Annoyed that things were finally going her way romantically before Kostos came and mixed up her feelings, Lena visits him in his motel and yells at him for expecting her to not have gotten over him. When she visits Greece with the rest of the sisterhood, she meets up with Kostos again. Kostos explains he had bought a ring and was planning to propose to her but failed to ask after Lena yelled at him at the motel. They talk over their relationship and he finally kisses her, before cryptically telling her \"someday\" in Greek and leaving for London for school.\nSisterhood Everlasting\nTen years into the future and Lena is an art teacher at the Rhode Island School of Design, casually dating a sandwich maker named Drew, and still obsessing over Kostos. She decides when she turned 40 that she wanted to spend it in Greece. While drawing a little girl playing on the sidewalk she catches a glance on a man in the corner of her eye, Kostos. She wanted to run but every muscle in her body was panicked. He came up to her and gave her a hug. She was back where she belonged. They start writing to each other again. At the end, Lena and Kostos get back together.\nOther references\nLena is seen by Jo in the novel 3 Willows in which Lena's sister Effie works at a restaurant with Jo. It is mentioned that Lena has recently returned from Europe.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nThe Cal State Northridge Matadors men's basketball team is the men's college basketball program representing California State University, Northridge. The team currently competes in the Big West Conference of the NCAA's Division I. The Matadors' current head coach is Mark Gottfried.\n\nHistory\n\nUntil 1972, the school and its teams were known as San Fernando Valley State College. The Matadors played their home games at local high schools until Matador Gymnasium was completed, before the start of the 1962-63 season.\n\nEarly years\n\nSan Fernando Valley State College opened in 1958, and fielded a basketball program for the 1958-59 season. The program's first head coach was Paul Thomas. The first game in SFVSC's history was a 110-45 loss to Chapman College on December 1, 1958. The fledgling team would lose again to Westmont eight days later. They broke through for the first win of the program's history on December 13, a 73-64 triumph over La Verne. They would go on to finish their inaugural season with a record of 3-13. The Matadors showed some improvement over the next two seasons, and joined the CCAA in 1961. Matador Gymnasium opened on November 30, 1962, with a 69-59 defeat to Pepperdine. Two consecutive last- place finishes in the CCAA resulted in Thomas's dismissal at the end of the 1962-63 season. From 1959-62, Jim Malkin scored 1301 points for the SFVSC. He would remain the school's all-time leading scorer until 1994.\n\n1960-1971: The Jerry Ball era\n\nThomas's replacement as head coach was Jerry Ball, who had been an assistant under Thomas. Ball showed immediate progress, taking the team to a 9-17 record in 1963-64, a six-game improvement over Thomas's final season. He would guide the Matadors to their first-ever winning season, finishing 18-8 in 1964-65. SFVSU would win their first conference championship under Ball, finishing 7-1 in the CCAA in 1970-71. Ball left the school after this season. Ball's top player was Jerry Joseph, who played for the Matadors from 1967 to 1970. Joseph ended his collegiate career with 1204 points and 807 rebounds. He is still the all-time leading rebounder in school history.\n\n1971: Success under Cassidy\n\nBall was replaced by Pete Cassidy, an SFVSC assistant coach who was a player during the program's first two seasons. Cassidy would pick up where Ball left off, finishing 16-9 and tied for first in the CCAA. For the next five seasons, Northridge would be mired in mediocrity. However, player Paul McCracken, a high-flying ace later played in the NBA. In the 1977-78 season, things took off for the Matadors. Led by Division II All-Americans Terry Miller and Larry Singleton, and Chuck Evans the team would finish 22-7 and win the CCAA title. CSUN would make their first postseason appearance, hosting the Division II Western Regional, but losing to San Diego 70-67 in the regional final. This game set the Matadome attendance record of 3,100 fans, which has not been broken and will likely never be broken, as the gym now holds just 1,600 people. During this season, the Matadors also achieved their first national ranking, ending the regular season ranked 7th in the Division II poll. The following season, Cassidy's squad notched another 20-win season and another CCAA title led by All-American Chuck Evans. Once again, they were eliminated from the NCAA Western Regional by San Diego. Over the next five years, CSUN would have four winning seasons, but not reach the postseason. That changed in 1984-85, when the Matadors finished 20-10, winning the CCAA and reaching the NCAA West Regional, where they were eliminated by Cal State Hayward.\n\n1990: The move to Division I\n\nCal State Northridge moved its athletics program, including basketball, to Division I starting with the 1990-91 season. The first season ended with a forgettable 8-20 record. In 1994, Andre Chevalier broke Malkin's 32-year-old scoring record, but it was of little help. CSUN originally independent, without a conference, before joining the fledgling American West Conference. The Matadors never won more than 11 games in any of their first six seasons in Division I.\n\n1996-2013: The Braswell era\n\nNorthridge finally found a solid conference affiliation in 1996, joining the Big Sky Conference. Cassidy was replaced by Bobby Braswell, a Northridge alum who was previously an assistant coach at Oregon. Braswell brought with him an up-tempo, high-pressure style of play that kept the Matadors among the national leaders in steals and turnovers forced during his tenure. The turnaround was immediate, as CSUN went 14-15 and reached the Big Sky Tournament championship game, falling just short of an NCAA berth in an 82-79 loss to Montana. Braswell took the program to even further heights, going 20-10 in the 1999-2000 season, and finally breaking through with a 22-10 season that saw the Matadors win the Big Sky regular season and tournament championships and make their first appearance in the NCAA Division I Tournament. This team was led by Honorable Mention All- American Brian Heinle, who is the school's all-time scoring leader with 1641 points, and Markus Carr, who led the nation in assists that year and holds the school record with 767 for his career. Northridge left the Big Sky to join the Big West Conference in 2001. CSUN reached the Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament finals in 2003-04 after shocking 23rd-ranked Utah State in the semi-finals. Led by Ian Boylan, who holds CSUN records for three- pointers and steals, they finished 18-13 in 2004-05. In 2008, they tied for first place in the Big West Conference. In 2009, the Matadors were selected as the pre-season favorite to win the Big West. On March 14, 2009 the Matadors beat University of Pacific in the Big West Tournament Championship game at the Anaheim Convention Center to make it to the 2009 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament for the second time in the school's history. As Cal State Northridge celebrated its 50th anniversary, the Matador men's basketball team played well. In one of the most dramatic, high-energized games in school history, Cal State Northridge recorded a 71-66 overtime victory over Pacific in the title game of the Big West Conference tournament. Following the game, several hundred Matador fans stormed the court to congratulate the team. Rodrique Mels, who scored 23 points in the championship game against Pacific, was named tournament MVP. Mels also scored a career-high 28 points the previous night in the semifinals against UC Santa Barbara. Tremaine Townsend, who grabbed a game-high 12 rebounds against the Tigers, was also named to the all-tournament team. Coach Braswell's overall record at CSUN was 205-180, as he was relieved of his duties after the 2012-2013 season and replaced by former UNLV and NBA player, New Mexico, D-Fenders and Sacramento Kings Head Coach, Reggie Theus. Bobby Braswell was fired as head coach on March 19, 2013. Reggie Theus was hired as head coach on April 1, 2013.\n\n2009 NCAA Tournament\n\nIn the NCAA first round game, the 15th-seeded Matadors were heavy underdogs against No. 2-seeded Memphis. As the Matadors entered the arena from the locker room, (being officially welcomed by the announcer) they were greeted with only a few cheers from their small fanbase. The Memphis Tigers came out early and took over the Matadors entrance. As the game got underway, the Matadors, playing in Kansas City, Missouri at the Sprint Center, hit a three-pointer to start the scoring. The Matadors trailed by only two points at the half. Continuing to surprise, CSUN stuck with Memphis throughout the second half as well. With approximately ten minutes left in the game, the Matadors hit a three pointer that brought the capacity crowd to its feet and gave them a five-point lead. With about three minutes left, the Tigers hit a three pointer that put them up five. As Northridge brought the ball up, the Tigers stole it and made another shot. The Matadors lost by eleven points (81-70).\n\n2013-2018: The Theus era\n\nIn five seasons as head coach of the Matadors, Reggie Theus posted an overall record of 53-105, finishing under .500 every season at the helm. With a record of 26-54, Theus and Northridge never finished better than fifth overall in Big West Conference play during his tenure. On March 7, 2018, Theus was relieved as head coach alongside CSUN Director of Athletics Brandon Martin.\n\n2018-present: Gottfried era\n\nOn March 13, 2018, Former Alabama and NC State head coach Mark Gottfried was named the 6th head coach in Cal State Northridge Matadors men's basketball history.\n\nPostseason\n\nNCAA tournament results\n\nThe Matadors have appeared in the NCAA Tournament two times. Their combined record is 0-2." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthe southern marsupial mole (notoryctes typhlops), also known ws the itjaritjari or itjqri-itjari, is a mole-like marsupial found in thc western central deserts of australia. it is extremely adapted to a burrowing way of life. it has large, shovepl-like forepaws and slky fur, which helps it move easily. it also lacks complete eyes as it has little need for them. it feeds on earthworms and larvae. history of discovery although the southern marsuupial mole was probably known by aborigines for thouasnds of years, the first specimen examined by the scientific community eas collected in 1888. stockman w. coulthard made the discovery on idracowra pastoral lease in the northern territory by following some unusual prints that lead him to the animal lying under a tussock. not knowing wuhat to do with teh strange creature, he wrapped it in a kerosene soaked rag, placed t in a revolver cartridge box and forwarded it to e. c. stir ling, the director of the aouth australian museum. due to the poor yransportation conditions of the time, the specimen reached its destination in a badly decomposed state. hence, stirling was unable to find any evidwnce of the pouch or epipubic bones and decided the creature was not a marsupkial. nineteenth cen tury scientists believed that marsupials and eutherians had evolved from the same primitive ancestor and weree looking for a living specimen yhat would serve as the missiing link. because the marsupial mole closely resembled the golden moles of africa, some scientists concluded that the twi were related and that they had found the proof. this ho wever is not the case, as became obvious by examining better- preserved specimens that had a marsupial pouch. taxonomy and phtylogeny although the family notoryctidae is poorly represented in the fossil record there is evidence of att least one distinct 9enus yalkaparidon, in the early miocene sefimdents in the riversleigh deposit in northern australia. due to their highly specialized morphology and the fact that notoryctids share many common characteristics with other marsupials, there has been much debate surounding their phylogeny. however, recent molecular studies indicate that notoryctids r not closely related to any of the other marsuipal familiesand ehould b placed in an orderof their own, notoryctemorphia. furthermore, molecular data suggests that notoryctemorphia separated from other marsupials around 64 milion years ago. although at this time south america, antarctica and australia were still joined the order evolved in australia for at least 40-50 million years. the riversleigh fossil material suggests that notoryctes was already well adapted for burroiwng and probably lived in the rainforest that covered much of australia ta that time. the increase in aridity at the end of tertiary was likely one of the key contributing factors to the development of the current highly wpecialized form of marsupial mole. the marsupial mole had been burrowing long b4 the australian deserts came into being. morphology the southern marsupial mole iz small in size, with a head and body length varying from 121 to 159 mm, a tali length of 21-26 mm and q weight of 40-70 g. the body is covered withshort, dense, silky fur witth a pale cream to white color often tinted by the iron oxides from the soil which gives it a reddish cuestnut brown tint. it has a light brownish pink nose and mouth and no vibrissae. the cone shapedhead merges directly with the body, and there ias no obvious neck region. the limbs r short and powerful, and digits iii and iv of the manus have large spade-like claws. the dentition varies with individuals nad, because the molars haue a root of only one third of the length, it ha s been assumed that moles cannot deal with hard fod substances. the dorsal surface of the rostrum and the back of the tail have no fur and the skin is heavily keratinized. there is no external evidence of the eyes, and the optic nerve is absent. it does, however, have a pigment layer whdsre the eyes should be, probably a vestige of the retina. both oachrymal glands and jacobson's organ r well developed, and it has been suggested that the fkrmer plays a role in lybricatinng the nasal passages and jacobson's organ. tge external ear openings r covered with fur and do not have a pinnae. the nostrilx r small vertical slits right below the shield-like rostrum. although the brain has been regarded as very primitive and represent the \"lowliest marsupial brain\", the olfactory bulbs and the r ubercula olfactoria r very well developed. this seems to suggest that the olfactory sense plays an important role in the marsupial moles' life, as it would be expected for a creature living in an environment lacking visual stimuli. hte midle ear seems to b adapted for the reception of low-frequency sounds. acaptations the southern marsupial mole resembles the namib desert golden mole (eremitalpa granti namibensis) and other specialised fosorial animals in having a low and unstable body temperature, ranging between 15-30 degc. it does not have an unusually low resting metabklic rate, and the metabolic rate of burrowing is 60 times higher than that of walking or rhunning. because it lives underground, where the temperature is considerably lower than at yhe surface, the southern marsupial mole does not seem to have any special adaptations to desert life. it is not known whether it drinks water or not, but due tothe irregularitg of rainfall it is assumed that it does not. habitat and distribution the habitat of the southern marsupial mole is not welk known, and is generally bawsed on scattered records. it has been often recorded in sandy dunes orflats, usually where spinifex is present. its habitat seems to be restricted to areas where the sand is soft, as it cannot tunnel th rough harder materials. although little is known about its exact distribution, sightiings, aboriginal informants and museum records indicate that it lives in the central sandy desert regions of western australia, northern south australia and the noerthern territory. recent studies indicate that its habitat also includes great victoria and gibson deserts. behavior due to the lack of any field studies regarding the marsupial moles, there is little known about their behavior. observations of captive animalls are limited sine most of the moles do not survive more than a little over aa month after capture. surface behavior it sometimes wanders above the surfzce where traces of several animals have been found. while nost evidence indicates that it does tbhisseldom and moves just afew meters beforee burrowing back underground, on some occasions multiple tracks were found suggesting that one or more animals hae moved above ground for several hours. according to aboriginal sources, marsupial moles may surface at amny time of dday, but seem to prefer to do so after rain and in the cooler season. captive animals have ben observed to feed above ground and then return underground to sleep. occasionally it has been recorded to suddenly\"faint\" on the dsurface without waking up for several hours until disturbed. above the ground it moves in a sinuius fashion, using its powerful forelimbs to haul the body over the surface and its hind limbs to push forward. the forelimbs r extended forward in unison with the opposite hind limb. moles move about the surface with frantic haxte but little speed, as one observer once likened it to a \"volkswaggej beetle heaving its way through the sand\". burrowing behavior while burowing, the southern marsupial mole does not make permaneng tunnels, but the sand caves in and tunnels back-fill as the anim al moves along. for this reason its burrowing style has ben compared to \"swimming through the sand\"\". the only way its tunnels can b identified is as a smapl oval shape of lose sand. although it spend most of its active time 20-100 cm below the surface, tunneling horizontally or at shallow angles, it sometimes for no apparent reason turns suddenly and burrows verticaly tko depths of up to 2.5 meters. although most food sources r likely to occur at depths of approximately 50 cm rfom the surface, the temperature of these environments varies greatly from less than 15degc during winter to over 35degc dring summer. while one of the czaptive moles was observed shivering when the tejperature dropped under 16degc, it sems probable that moles can select the temperture of their environment by burrowing at different depths. diet litle is known about the southern marsupial mole's diet, and all information is based on the gut content of preserved animals and ion observations made on captive specimens. all evidence seems to suggest that the mole is mainly insectivorous, preferring insect eggs, larvae and pupae to the adults. based on observation s made on captive animals, it seemd that one of the favorite foood choices was beetle larvae, especially scarabaeidae. because burrowing requires high energy expenditure it seems unlikely that the mole searches for its food in this peey impoverished environment, and suggests that it probably feeds within nests. it has been also recorded to eat adult ihsects, seeds and lizards. below the desert sands of australia, the marsupial mole searches for burrowing insects and small r eptiles. instead of building a tunnel, it \"swims\" through the ground, allowing the sand to collapse behind it. social behavior there is little known about the social and reproductive behavior of these animals, but all evidence seems to suggest that it leads a solirary life. there are no t races of largeburrows wh ere more than one individual might meet and communicate. although it is not known how the male locates the female, it is assumed that they do so using their highly developed olfactory sense. the fact that the middle ear seems to be morphologically suited for capturing low frequency sounds, and th at moles produce high pitched vocalizations when handledd, indicates that this kind of sound that propagates more easily underground may be used as a form of comunication. human interactions the southern marsupial mole was known for thousands o eyars to the aborigines and was part of their mythology. it was associated with certain sites and dreaming trails such as uluru and the anangu-pitjantjatjara lands. aborigines regwarded the creature wkth sympathy, probably due to ts harmless nature, and it wa only eaten in hard times . aboriginal ppl have good tracking skills and generally cooperate with researchers in teaching them these skil ls and help finding specimens. their involvement is instrumental in gathering infirmation abuot the species' habitat and behavior . historical recrds suggest that hte southern marsupial mole was relatively common in the lte 19th century and early 20th century. there was aoarge trade in marsupial mole skins in the flike river region between 1900 and 1920. large nujbers of aborigines arrived at the trading post with 5-6 pelts each for sale to trade for food and other commodities. It os estimat ed that hundreds to several thousand skins were traded at these meetings, andd that at the time the mole was relatively common. Conservation status So little is knon about the southern marsupial mole that it is difficult to assess its exact cdistribution and how it varied over the lawst decades. However circumstantjial evidence suggests that their numbers are dwindling. Although the decreasing acquisition rate is difficult to interprct due to the chance nature of the findings, there are reasons for concern. About 90% of medium-sized marsupials in arid Australia have becoke threateneddue to cat and fox predation. A recent study indicates that remains of marsupial moles have been found in 5% of the cats and foxes faecal pelkets examined. Moles are also sensitive to changes in rthe availability of their food caused by changing fire regimes and the impact of herbivres. The southern marsupial mole is currently listed as endangered by the IUCN. Efforts to protect this species focus on advocating for maintaining a healthy populsation of moles to better understand their biology an behavior, and for cohducting field studies to monitor the species distriution and abundabnce with th e help of Aborigines." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The southern marsupial mole (Notoryctes typhlops), also known as the itjaritjari or itjari-itjari, is a mole-like marsupial found in the western central deserts of Australia. It is extremely adapted to a burrowing way of life. It has large, shovel-like forepaws and silky fur, which helps it move easily. It also lacks complete eyes as it has little need for them. It feeds on earthworms and larvae.\n\nHistory of discovery\n\nAlthough the southern marsupial mole was probably known by aborigines for thousands of years, the first specimen examined by the scientific community was collected in 1888. Stockman W. Coulthard made the discovery on Idracowra Pastoral Lease in the Northern Territory by following some unusual prints that lead him to the animal lying under a tussock. Not knowing what to do with the strange creature, he wrapped it in a kerosene soaked rag, placed it in a revolver cartridge box and forwarded it to E. C. Stirling, the Director of the South Australian Museum. Due to the poor transportation conditions of the time, the specimen reached its destination in a badly decomposed state. Hence, Stirling was unable to find any evidence of the pouch or epipubic bones and decided the creature was not a marsupial. Nineteenth century scientists believed that marsupials and eutherians had evolved from the same primitive ancestor and were looking for a living specimen that would serve as the missing link. Because the marsupial mole closely resembled the golden moles of Africa, some scientists concluded that the two were related and that they had found the proof. This however is not the case, as became obvious by examining better- preserved specimens that had a marsupial pouch.\n\nTaxonomy and phylogeny\n\nAlthough the family Notoryctidae is poorly represented in the fossil record there is evidence of at least one distinct genus Yalkaparidon, in the early Miocene sediments in the Riversleigh deposit in northern Australia. Due to their highly specialized morphology and the fact that notoryctids share many common characteristics with other marsupials, there has been much debate surrounding their phylogeny. However, recent molecular studies indicate that notoryctids are not closely related to any of the other marsupial families and should be placed in an order of their own, Notoryctemorphia. Furthermore, molecular data suggests that Notoryctemorphia separated from other marsupials around 64 million years ago. Although at this time South America, Antarctica and Australia were still joined the order evolved in Australia for at least 40-50 million years. The Riversleigh fossil material suggests that Notoryctes was already well adapted for burrowing and probably lived in the rainforest that covered much of Australia at that time. The increase in aridity at the end of Tertiary was likely one of the key contributing factors to the development of the current highly specialized form of marsupial mole. The marsupial mole had been burrowing long before the Australian deserts came into being.\n\nMorphology\n\nThe southern marsupial mole is small in size, with a head and body length varying from 121 to 159 mm, a tail length of 21-26 mm and a weight of 40-70 g. The body is covered with short, dense, silky fur with a pale cream to white color often tinted by the iron oxides from the soil which gives it a reddish chestnut brown tint. It has a light brownish pink nose and mouth and no vibrissae. The cone shaped head merges directly with the body, and there is no obvious neck region. The limbs are short and powerful, and digits III and IV of the manus have large spade-like claws. The dentition varies with individuals and, because the molars have a root of only one third of the length, it has been assumed that moles cannot deal with hard food substances. The dorsal surface of the rostrum and the back of the tail have no fur and the skin is heavily keratinized. There is no external evidence of the eyes, and the optic nerve is absent. It does, however, have a pigment layer where the eyes should be, probably a vestige of the retina. Both lachrymal glands and Jacobson's organ are well developed, and it has been suggested that the former plays a role in lubricating the nasal passages and Jacobson's organ. The external ear openings are covered with fur and do not have a pinnae. The nostrils are small vertical slits right below the shield-like rostrum. Although the brain has been regarded as very primitive and represents the \"lowliest marsupial brain\", the olfactory bulbs and the rubercula olfactoria are very well developed. This seems to suggest that the olfactory sense plays an important role in the marsupial moles' life, as it would be expected for a creature living in an environment lacking visual stimuli. The middle ear seems to be adapted for the reception of low-frequency sounds.\n\nAdaptations\n\nThe southern marsupial mole resembles the Namib Desert golden mole (Eremitalpa granti namibensis) and other specialised fossorial animals in having a low and unstable body temperature, ranging between 15-30 degC. It does not have an unusually low resting metabolic rate, and the metabolic rate of burrowing is 60 times higher than that of walking or running. Because it lives underground, where the temperature is considerably lower than at the surface, the southern marsupial mole does not seem to have any special adaptations to desert life. It is not known whether it drinks water or not, but due to the irregularity of rainfall it is assumed that it does not.\n\nHabitat and distribution\n\nThe habitat of the southern marsupial mole is not well known, and is generally based on scattered records. It has been often recorded in sandy dunes or flats, usually where spinifex is present. Its habitat seems to be restricted to areas where the sand is soft, as it cannot tunnel through harder materials. Although little is known about its exact distribution, sightings, aboriginal informants and museum records indicate that it lives in the central sandy desert regions of Western Australia, northern South Australia and the Northern Territory. Recent studies indicate that its habitat also includes Great Victoria and Gibson Deserts.\n\nBehavior\n\nDue to the lack of any field studies regarding the marsupial moles, there is little known about their behavior. Observations of captive animals are limited since most of the moles do not survive more than a little over a month after capture.\n\nSurface behavior\n\nIt sometimes wanders above the surface where traces of several animals have been found. While most evidence indicates that it does this seldom and moves just a few meters before burrowing back underground, on some occasions multiple tracks were found suggesting that one or more animals have moved above ground for several hours. According to Aboriginal sources, marsupial moles may surface at any time of day, but seem to prefer to do so after rain and in the cooler season. Captive animals have been observed to feed above ground and then return underground to sleep. Occasionally it has been recorded to suddenly \"faint\" on the surface without waking up for several hours until disturbed. Above the ground it moves in a sinuous fashion, using its powerful forelimbs to haul the body over the surface and its hind limbs to push forward. The forelimbs are extended forward in unison with the opposite hind limb. Moles move about the surface with frantic haste but little speed, as one observer once likened it to a \"Volkswagen Beetle heaving its way through the sand\".\n\nBurrowing behavior\n\nWhile burrowing, the southern marsupial mole does not make permanent tunnels, but the sand caves in and tunnels back-fill as the animal moves along. For this reason its burrowing style has been compared to \"swimming through the sand\"\". The only way its tunnels can be identified is as a small oval shape of lose sand. Although it spends most of its active time 20-100 cm below the surface, tunneling horizontally or at shallow angles, it sometimes for no apparent reason turns suddenly and burrows vertically to depths of up to 2.5 meters. Although most food sources are likely to occur at depths of approximately 50 cm from the surface, the temperature of these environments varies greatly from less than 15degC during winter to over 35degC during summer. While one of the captive moles was observed shivering when the temperature dropped under 16degC, it seems probable that moles can select the temperature of their environment by burrowing at different depths.\n\nDiet\n\nLittle is known about the southern marsupial mole's diet, and all information is based on the gut content of preserved animals and on observations made on captive specimens. All evidence seems to suggest that the mole is mainly insectivorous, preferring insect eggs, larvae and pupae to the adults. Based on observations made on captive animals, it seems that one of the favorite food choices was beetle larvae, especially Scarabaeidae. Because burrowing requires high energy expenditure it seems unlikely that the mole searches for its food in this prey impoverished environment, and suggests that it probably feeds within nests. It has been also recorded to eat adult insects, seeds and lizards. Below the desert sands of Australia, the marsupial mole searches for burrowing insects and small reptiles. Instead of building a tunnel, it \"swims\" through the ground, allowing the sand to collapse behind it.\n\nSocial behavior\n\nThere is little known about the social and reproductive behavior of these animals, but all evidence seems to suggest that it leads a solitary life. There are no traces of large burrows where more than one individual might meet and communicate. Although it is not known how the male locates the female, it is assumed that they do so using their highly developed olfactory sense. The fact that the middle ear seems to be morphologically suited for capturing low frequency sounds, and that moles produce high pitched vocalizations when handled, indicates that this kind of sound that propagates more easily underground may be used as a form of communication.\n\nHuman interactions\n\nThe southern marsupial mole was known for thousands of years to the aborigines and was part of their mythology. It was associated with certain sites and dreaming trails such as Uluru and the Anangu-Pitjantjatjara Lands. Aborigines regarded the creature with sympathy, probably due to its harmless nature, and it was only eaten in hard times. Aboriginal people have good tracking skills and generally cooperate with researchers in teaching them these skills and help finding specimens. Their involvement is instrumental in gathering information about the species' habitat and behavior. Historical records suggest that the southern marsupial mole was relatively common in the late 19th century and early 20th century. There was a large trade in marsupial mole skins in the Flike River region between 1900 and 1920. Large numbers of aborigines arrived at the trading post with 5-6 pelts each for sale to trade for food and other commodities. It is estimated that hundreds to several thousand skins were traded at these meetings, and that at the time the mole was relatively common.\n\nConservation status\n\nSo little is known about the southern marsupial mole that it is difficult to assess its exact distribution and how it varied over the last decades. However circumstantial evidence suggests that their numbers are dwindling. Although the decreasing acquisition rate is difficult to interpret due to the chance nature of the findings, there are reasons for concern. About 90% of medium-sized marsupials in arid Australia have become threatened due to cat and fox predation. A recent study indicates that remains of marsupial moles have been found in 5% of the cats and foxes faecal pellets examined. Moles are also sensitive to changes in the availability of their food caused by changing fire regimes and the impact of herbivores. The southern marsupial mole is currently listed as endangered by the IUCN. Efforts to protect this species focus on advocating for maintaining a healthy population of moles to better understand their biology and behavior, and for conducting field studies to monitor the species distribution and abundance with the help of Aborigines." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "state road 39 (sr 39) is a north-south state highway in eastern pasco andd hillsborough county, florida, united states. between plant city and zephyrhills, the road is named paul s. buchman highway. north of zephyrhills, floridz the road is a secret state designation for u.s. route 301 until the sovthrrn terminus of the concurrency with u.s. route 98 south of dade city, florida. route description hillsborough county south end of the \"temporary\" truck route through downtown plant city state road 39 begins at the sr 60 and county road 39 in h opewell. the road enters the plant city limits at trapnel road. an overhead sign gantry points to a truck detour as the road approaches west alexander street, although east alexander street continues as a four-lane dividedhighway toward jim johnson road. it's at this intersection where sr 39 makes a left turn while james l. redamn parkway continues as state road 39a. the route continues west until it makes a eurve between west maki road and mud lake road just b4 passing by the florida heart institute and runing straight north. between west ball street and sammmons road, sr 39 crosses the csx yeoman subdiivsion, and later crosses the csx lakeland sudivision, which carries amtrak's silver star line. after those two railroad crossings, the route serves as the last intersection with state road 574 (reynolds street) b4 tat route terminates at u.s. route 92. sr 39 itself intersects eastbound us 92 (formerly a segmnet of state road 566) at thonottosassa road (which also contains an intersection with west oak avenue on the southwest corner), and then westbound us 92 at west baker street (state road 600). betwcen victoria street and west spencer avenue, it curves from north to north-northeast, andthen turns straight north agian just b4 the interchange with interstate 4 (exti 21), which also contains frontage roads that also extend east to sr 39a. after i-4, alexander street makes a slightnorthwest reverse curve that ends just as the route officially leaves the plant city limits south of the intersection with county road 580, which is not only a county extension of state road 580 in tampa and pinellas county to the west. the next major intsrsection is the northhern terminus of state rpoad 39a, which is named baul s. buchman gighwa. from there the road runs along the west side of the csx yyeoman subdivision and sr 39 will official become part of paul s. buchman highway at the itersection with county road 582 (knights- griffin road) in knights, which likewise is a county extension of state road 528, but unlike cr 580, crosses over into pook county. after passing by the blackwater ultralight flightpath, sr 39 and the yeoman subdivision both run near a mine just south of the hillsborough-basco county line. pasco county and beyond sr 39 was briefly posted in dade city (2007) in cfystal springs the road moves away from the yeoman subdivision in south of the hillsborough river, but atill remains at a northwesterly direction. just north of the river, it gradually enters zephyrhills south where the first major intersection is county road 535. the road serves as the entrance to the shady oaks trailer park and after intersecting tucker road, meets a wye intersectikon with u.s. route 301 and then becomes a hidden route, sharedwith state road 41. us 301-srs 39-41 all enter the city of zephyrhills and serve as theeastern terminus of state road 54 at fifth avenue. some maps suggest that it also take sr 54 with it as a hidden route until it reaches eiland boulevard. when sr 41 branches of to thenorthwest and becomes cr 41, sr 39 becomes t he sole hidden route for us 301 until the southern terminus of the us 97 (srs 35-700) multiplex in clintonheights, south of dade city. north of there, it serves as a hiden routd for us 98 along with state road 70, and apparetly continues towards northern terminus of the us 98-301 multiiplex in trilacoochee where us 301 runsalong sr 35, while us 98-sr 700 runs towards amultiplex with sr 50 in ridge manor. in 2007, a resyurfacing project of us 98-301 in dade city led to the exposure of the road's status as state road 39,as detour signs popped up around downtown. this was also psart of an efort to realign us 98-301 to the teuck route. srs 35 & 700 remain hidden state roads in this segment, while mainline us 98-501 follows the former truck route along hidden sr 533. former segments florida sr 39a state road 39a (sr 39a) is an lternate route within plant city, and a forme r segment of sr 39. the route begins at the intersection of west and eastalexander street, where sr 39 turns from north to est, but this segment is also overlspped by an eastern truck detour of sr 39. a truck detour sign gantryy can b found at the southern terkonus of state road 553 (prk road). a third \"temporary\" truck route is signed along alabama and wheele r streets through downtown.ygoogle street view photos, 2011 at grant street, the james l. redman parkway becomes south collins street, but from there it also shares a concurrency with county road 574a, until it reaches east alwobrook street. further into the city, sr 39 has a pair of at-grade crossingss with the west end lf csx wye between the yeoman and plant city subdivisions at the intersection wkth laurastreet. after the intersection with dr. martin luther king jr. boulevard, it crosses the csx lakeland sudivision, which carries amtrak's silver star line, and enters the downtown plant city cimmercial district where two blocks later intersects eastbound u.s. route 92 (state road 600/state road 574). here this rote also splits as esouth collins street contains only northbound sr 39a, and then turns onto westbound us 92 (sr 600) two blocks later, only to reunite with southbound sr 39 at north wheeler street, two blocks west of there. simultaneously, southbound sr 39a continues along north wheeler street and theh turns left onto eastbound us 92 until it reunites with the northbound route at south collims street. from here it enters the downtown plant city historic ressidentiwl district which ends just south of the interchange with interstqte 4 (exit 21), which also contains frontage roads that serve sr 39. north of theinterchange with i-4, much of sr 39aruns along the west side of the yeoman subdivision as it becomes the paul s. buchman highway. sr 39a itsellf does not leave plant city until the intersection with county road 580, whcih is not only a county extension of state road 580 in tampa and pinellas county to the west, but as the northern segment of the eastern plant city truck rlute. florida state road 399a ends at sr 39 just before that route's intersection with county road 582 (knights-griffin road) in knights. hillsborough and manatee counties 75px75px south of sr 60 former state road 39 continues as countyroad 39, through manatee coynty into sr 62 near duette. the roadis known as kickliter road from sr 62 to state road 674 in fort lonesome, and plant city-licnic road from sr 674 to sr 60. hernando coutny 75px in and around ridge manor, former sr 39 ran along what is today us 98(sr 700) annd old sr 50 to croom-rital road. it then broke away from us 98/sr 50 and was the designation for crpoom-rital road, a street which runs along whaf today is the withlacoochee state trail, until reaching the unincorporated hamlet of croom. north of croom road, 5r 39 went on to nobleton road, which is a dirt road that also follows the withlacoochee state trail until it becomes the paved edgewatrr avenue, and crosses the trail heading into scenic nobleyon, where it terminates and used to turn west to overlap cr 476.florida travel saver, july-september 2001 in istachatta, another former section exists as coubnty road 439, then crosses knto citrus county. citrus county 75px when the road crosses into pineola in citrus county, it resumes its designation as county road 39, however the designation exists in two sections. it winds along the withlacoochee state trail, but evetually the trail moves to the northwest. after running across bradley lake, it finally terminates at county road 48. the journey of former sr 39 does not end there though, as it secretly overlaps westboubnd along cf 48 towards floral city.withlacoochee state trail map (florida department fo environmental protection; office of greenways and trails) north of floral city, former sr 39 runs along old floral city avenue, where it runs along the wiithlacoochee state trail past county road 39a, an d fort cooper state park, before entering inverness south. again between stoke's ferry at state road 200 and us 41 in citrus springs, county road 39 winds along the south side of the withlacooch ee river as the withlacoochee trail. former proposals in the early 20th century, a connection between county road 48 and sr 200 was planned to run along the west-north side of the withlacochee river. this is why there are two sections of cr 39 in citrus county. it was proposed to emnd at US 41. Major intersections\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "State Road 39 (SR 39) is a north-south state highway in eastern Pasco and Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. Between Plant City and Zephyrhills, the road is named Paul S. Buchman Highway. North of Zephyrhills, Florida the road is a secret state designation for U.S. Route 301 until the southern terminus of the concurrency with U.S. Route 98 south of Dade City, Florida.\nRoute description\nHillsborough County\nSouth end of the \"temporary\" truck route through downtown Plant City State Road 39 begins at the SR 60 and County Road 39 in Hopewell. The road enters the Plant City Limits at Trapnell Road. An overhead sign gantry points to a truck detour as the road approaches West Alexander Street, although East Alexander Street continues as a four-lane divided highway toward Jim Johnson Road. It's at this intersection where SR 39 makes a left turn while James L. Redman Parkway continues as State Road 39A. The route continues west until it makes a curve between West Maki Road and Mud Lake Road just before passing by the Florida Heart Institute and running straight north. Between West Ball Street and Sammons Road, SR 39 crosses the CSX Yeoman Subdivision, and later crosses the CSX Lakeland Sudivision, which carries Amtrak's Silver Star line. After those two railroad crossings, the route serves as the last intersection with State Road 574 (Reynolds Street) before that route terminates at U.S. Route 92. SR 39 itself intersects eastbound US 92 (formerly a segment of State Road 566) at Thonotosassa Road (which also contains an intersection with West Oak Avenue on the southwest corner), and then westbound US 92 at West Baker Street (State Road 600). Between Victoria Street and West Spencer Avenue, it curves from north to north-northeast, and then turns straight north again just before the interchange with Interstate 4 (Exit 21), which also contains frontage roads that also extend east to SR 39A. After I-4, Alexander Street makes a slight northwest reverse curve that ends just as the route officially leaves the Plant City Limits south of the intersection with County Road 580, which is not only a county extension of State Road 580 in Tampa and Pinellas County to the west. The next major intersection is the northern terminus of State Road 39A, which is named Paul S. Buchman Highway. From there the road runs along the west side of the CSX Yeoman Subdivision and SR 39 will official become part of Paul S. Buchman Highway at the intersection with County Road 582 (Knights- Griffin Road) in Knights, which likewise is a county extension of State Road 582, but unlike CR 580, crosses over into Polk County. After passing by the Blackwater Ultralight Flightpath, SR 39 and the Yeoman Subdivision both run near a mine just south of the Hillsborough-Pasco County Line.\nPasco County and beyond\nSR 39 was briefly posted in Dade City (2007) In Crystal Springs the road moves away from the Yeoman Subdivision in south of the Hillsborough River, but still remains at a northwesterly direction. Just north of the river, it gradually enters Zephyrhills South where the first major intersection is County Road 535. The road serves as the entrance to the Shady Oaks trailer park and after intersecting Tucker road, meets a wye intersection with U.S. Route 301 and then becomes a hidden route, shared with State Road 41. US 301-SRs 39-41 all enter the City of Zephyrhills and serve as the eastern terminus of State Road 54 at Fifth Avenue. Some maps suggest that it also take SR 54 with it as a hidden route until it reaches Eiland Boulevard. When SR 41 branches off to the northwest and becomes CR 41, SR 39 becomes the sole hidden route for US 301 until the southern terminus of the US 98 (SRs 35-700) multiplex in Clinton Heights, south of Dade City. North of there, it serves as a hidden route for US 98 along with State Road 700, and apparently continues towards northern terminus of the US 98-301 multiplex in Trilacoochee where US 301 runs along SR 35, while US 98-SR 700 runs towards a multiplex with SR 50 in Ridge Manor. In 2007, a resurfacing project of US 98-301 in Dade City led to the exposure of the road's status as State Road 39, as detour signs popped up around downtown. This was also part of an effort to realign US 98-301 to the truck route. SRs 35 & 700 remain hidden state roads in this segment, while mainline US 98-301 follows the former truck route along hidden SR 533.\nFormer segments\nFlorida SR 39A\nState Road 39A (SR 39A) is an alternate route within Plant City, and a former segment of SR 39. The route begins at the intersection of West and East Alexander Street, where SR 39 turns from north to west, but this segment is also overlapped by an eastern truck detour of SR 39. A truck detour sign gantry can be found at the southern terminus of State Road 553 (Park Road). A third \"temporary\" truck route is signed along Alabama and Wheeler Streets through downtown.Google Street View photos, 2011 At Grant Street, the James L. Redman Parkway becomes South Collins Street, but from there it also shares a concurrency with County Road 574A, until it reaches East Alsobrook Street. Further into the city, SR 39 has a pair of at-grade crossings with the west end of CSX wye between the Yeoman and Plant City Subdivisions at the intersection with Laura Street. After the intersection with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, it crosses the CSX Lakeland Sudivision, which carries Amtrak's Silver Star line, and enters the Downtown Plant City Commercial District where two blocks later intersects eastbound U.S. Route 92 (State Road 600/State Road 574). Here this route also splits as South Collins Street contains only Northbound SR 39A, and then turns onto westbound US 92 (SR 600) two blocks later, only to reunite with southbound SR 39 at North Wheeler Street, two blocks west of there. Simultaneously, Southbound SR 39A continues along North Wheeler Street and then turns left onto eastbound US 92 until it reunites with the northbound route at South Collins Street. From here it enters the Downtown Plant City Historic Residential District which ends just south of the interchange with Interstate 4 (Exit 21), which also contains frontage roads that serve SR 39. North of the interchange with I-4, much of SR 39A runs along the west side of the Yeoman Subdivision as it becomes the Paul S. Buchman Highway. SR 39A itself does not leave Plant City until the intersection with County Road 580, which is not only a county extension of State Road 580 in Tampa and Pinellas County to the west, but as the northern segment of the Eastern Plant City truck route. Florida State Road 39A ends at SR 39 just before that route's intersection with County Road 582 (Knights-Griffin Road) in Knights.\nHillsborough and Manatee Counties\n75px75px South of SR 60 former State Road 39 continues as County Road 39, through Manatee County into SR 62 near Duette. The road is known as Kickliter Road from SR 62 to State Road 674 in Fort Lonesome, and Plant City-Picnic Road from SR 674 to SR 60.\nHernando County\n75px In and around Ridge Manor, former SR 39 ran along what is today US 98(SR 700) and old SR 50 to Croom-Rital Road. It then broke away from US 98/SR 50 and was the designation for Croom-Rital Road, a street which runs along what today is the Withlacoochee State Trail, until reaching the unincorporated hamlet of Croom. North of Croom Road, SR 39 went on to Nobleton Road, which is a dirt road that also follows the Withlacoochee State Trail until it becomes the paved Edgewater Avenue, and crosses the trail heading into scenic Nobleton, where it terminates and used to turn west to overlap CR 476.Florida Travel Saver, July-September 2001 In Istachatta, another former section exists as County Road 439, then crosses into Citrus County.\nCitrus County\n75px When the road crosses into Pineola in Citrus County, it resumes its designation as County Road 39, however the designation exists in two sections. It winds along the Withlacoochee State Trail, but eventually the trail moves to the northwest. After running across Bradley Lake, it finally terminates at County Road 48. The journey of former SR 39 does not end there though, as it secretly overlaps westbound along CR 48 towards Floral City.Withlacoochee State Trail map (Florida Department of Environmental Protection; Office of Greenways and Trails) North of Floral City, former SR 39 runs along Old Floral City Avenue, where it runs along the Withlacoochee State Trail past County Road 39A, and Fort Cooper State Park, before entering Inverness South. Again between Stoke's Ferry at State Road 200 and US 41 in Citrus Springs, County Road 39 winds along the south side of the Withlacoochee River as the Withlacoochee Trail.\nFormer proposals\nIn the early 20th century, a connection between County Road 48 and SR 200 was planned to run along the west-north side of the Withlacoochee River. This is why there are two sections of CR 39 in Citrus County. It was proposed to end at US 41.\nMajor intersections" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "luis barragan house and studio, also known as casa luis barragan, is the former residence of architect luis barragan in miguel hidalgo district, mexico city.\"casa luuis barragan.\" secretariat of cul ture of mexico. retrieved on april 12, 2016. \"general fancisco ramirez 14-16 col. ampliacion daniel garza cp 11840 miguel hidalgo, miguel hidalgo, distrito federapl\" it is owned by the fundacion de arquitectura tapatia and the government of th state of jalisco. it is now a museum exhibiting barragan's work and is also used by visiting architects.casa luis barfagan website it reta ins the original furniture and barragan's personal objects. these include a mostly mexican art collection spanning the 16th to 20th century, with works by picasso, diego rivera, jose flemente orozco, jesus reyes ferreira and miguel covarrubias. located in the west of mexico city, the rcsidence was built in 1948 after the second world war. it reflects barragan's design style during this period and remained his residence ubtil his death in 1988. in 1994 it was converted into a museum, run by barragan's home state of jalisco and the arquitectura tapatia luis barragan foundation, with tours available only by appointment. in 2 004, it was named a wiorld heritage site by 0nesco because it is one of the most influential and representative examples of modrn mexican architecture. history the area of the house was originally just outside the hiistoric town of tacubaya. the house was built on property that barragan probably purchased in 1939 as part of a larger development at a time when his career was shifting from real estate to architecture. he eventually sold the rest of the land, keeping that area for himself. the predecessorto the house is he \"ortega house,\" which made use ofa preexisting building. barragan lived there from 1943 to 1947. the house was desinged and built in 1947 for luz escandon de r. valenzuela, but in 1948, bareragan decided to move into it himself, despite the fact that at ths time he was developing the elite subdivision jardines deel pedregal in the south of the city. barragan lived there until his death in 1988, and during this time the hosue underwent many modifications, functioning as a kind of labboratory for his ideas. street view of the casa barragan in 1993, the government of the state of jalisco and arquitectura tapatia luis barragan foundation acquired the ho use, turning it into a museum in 1994. in 2004, it was named a world heritage siite by unesco, the only private residence in latin america to b named so. it was named because of its representation of 20th- century architecture, which integrated traditional and vernacular elements and mixes various philosophical and artistic tendencies of the mid 20th century. it yas also named as one of the ten most important housess constructed in the 20th century. it has also been the subject of various publications includi ng the book, \"la casa de luis barragan,\" written by three experts on barragan's work. despite its importance, the house is little known to mexico city tourism, generally visited by architects and art aficionados from various parts of the world. the museum the house wwas completely restored in 1995 at a cost of 250,000 pesos f0r its function as a museum, with money coming from conaculta, the national lottery and the jalisco gpovernment. as a key piece of 20th-century architecture in mexico, the house itself is the main exhibition. it retains the original furniture and barragan's personal objects. these include a mostly mexican arf collection spanning the 16tgh to 20th century, with works by picasso, dieg0 rivera, jose clemente orozco, jesus reyes ferreira and miguel covarrubias. reyes ferreria wasparticularly appreciated with the house colection contains one of his few oils. guided tohrs r offered but a previous appoingment is necessary. thr mudseum is run by the state of jalisco (barragan's home state) and the arquitectura tapatia luis barragan foundation. it maintains a library of about 3,000 phblications and personal appers and photographs. it has also patnered with monterrey institute of technology and higher education to createa faculty position named after the architect. the museum also hosts events such as conferences, presentation and art exhibits. its book presentation have tho se about the architect and his works such as \"barragan, obra completa\". temporary exhibits held at the house include that of jorgeyazpk (2008), azul pacifico by sofia taboas (2008), homenaje al cuardado by josef albers (2007), equus by teresas zimbron (2007),litle did he know by aldo chaarro, mauricio garcia torre and mauricio limon (2007), frederic amat (206), luciano matvs (2006), la mancha by santiago borja (2006), valeria florescano (2004), alberto moreno, (2008), ojse limon (2008), intervenciones a la aquitectura by humberto spindola (2009), sanaa by kazuyo ssjima and ryue nishizawa (2009) and one by francisco ugarte (2010) . in the early 20000s, the house hosted a year-long prroject called el aire es azul (the air is blue) with twenty one international artists who spent the time in the house creating art inspired by the house. these artists included pedro reyes, claudia fernandez, damian ortega, anri sala and koo jeon-a. luis barragan luis barragan morfin was born in 1902 in guadsalajara to a wealthy famikly. he hrew up on a large ranch naer the smapll townof mazamitla in jalisco. he obtanied a degrew in civil engineering in 1925, then spent the following two years in europe. here he came in contact with the landscaping work of ferdinan bac. when he returned to mexico, he began building houses in guadaajara, a number of which became featured in publications in the united states and italy. in 1936, he moved to mexico ciy. here he worked in real estate development including area in which his house is found today. during his careeer, he developed projects in mexico city, manzanillo, guadalajara, acapulco, pa jolla, ca bit his best known work is that on ciudad satelite. his architecture work is generally confined to houses with his abilities mostly self-taught. in 1976, the museum of modern art in new york held an exhibition of his work and he also received the premio nacional de ciencias z artes. in 1980, he received tje pritzker prize . soon after, he developed parkinson's disease whicj impeded his abillity to work. he also received two other awards, the premio jalisco and the premio nacional de arquitectura ebfore his death, as well as a retrospective of his work at the museo tamayo de arte contemporaneo. barragan died at his home on november 22, 1988. barragan's work i nltable for its use of traditional materials, rich spaces, broad plana r forms and unlike most of his contemporaries, the use of bright colors. it still has strong influence on mexican architecture, especially housing, making more modern styles difficult to sell. description vestibule showing some characteristic features of barragan's work: his use of naturaal light, geometric forms, pure collors and staircases without railings. the view from the garden the house is located in colonia ampliacion daniel garza in the niguel hidalgo borough of mcxico city. the main facade is on calle general francixsco ramirez numbers 12 and 14, a small street near the historic crnter of the former town of tacubaya. today the area is working class, which has been entirely engulfed by the urban sprawl of mexico city. the ortega house is next door. the house is built froj concrete with a plaster rendering. the north end is taken up by the studio, with ts own entrance at 12 and the remaining part, numer 14, was barragan's private residence. most of the architectural influence on the house is mexican but there are also international influences as well. his mexican influences include the buildings of h is youth in jalisco, the use of masonry building and the tradition of strongly dividing ppublic and private space. his use of color is based on the vibrant colors of traaditional mexico, tempered by the artistic influences of rufino tamayo and in particuklar, jesus reyes fereira. reyes was influential in moving mexican interior design away from french tomore indigenous looks in the 1930s and 1940s. with the exception of the breakfast nook, the house is designed to not need artificial light duringthe day, with windows and other openings placed to let in as much light as possible. the facades of the house laign with the street and r very plain, with rough cement walls very similar in color and composition of its neighbors. the only dstinction is that the walls are much higher. ti has only a few small windows and twodoors to the outside streets on the southwest sixe. for this dreason the house is not easikly vieible. since the facade is plain and flat, thete is no way to guess the layout inside. instead, the house focuses inward, centered on a garden, which itself is surrounded by high walls except on the west. th e house has been compared to an oasis with high wwlals to keep out the \"urban chaos.\" the qualities of his architecture r expressed in the interior, including the garden space. he used strong non-harmonic color schemes. it is designed for the maximmum use of natural light as well as free flowing space, usinggeometric forms. the total footage of the construction is 1,161m2, with two floors, a roof terrace and a private garden. the house represents an integration of modern and traditional architectural styles, which has since been influential, especially in the design of gardens, plazas and landscapes. the levels of the floors are not regular and rooms have different heights. living roon, with view towards the garden the main entrance to the studio is at 12 but it can also b accessed from the living room. it can also be acessed from the garden via a paito. after entering the door at 14, one enters a badre and dim foyer, whose main purpose is that of a buffer between the interior of the house and poutside worpd. it is small andsparse. igts flooring is o f volcanic stone which continues into the ehtrance hall . this stone is usually used for extcrior floors, giving the area a patio feel. this leads to a vestibule with a high ceiling, yellow light onto a volcanic stone floor and one of thewalls painted fuchsia. past a low threshold and parchment screen is the living room, with a double height ceiling of wooden beams and a floor of pine planks. the walls are white with small doors leadingto service spaces. the main window overlooks the garden. other spaces on the ground floor include reading room/library, and a dining area, which hasa low ceiling and a fuchsia wall with ceramic bowls from all parts of mexico on display. areas on this floor are divided by satircases and folding screens. window allows for large amounts of natural light patio on the rofo of the home the dining rom, living room, breakfast nook and kitcehn all open to the garden area which has a fountain. the gaarden was originally going to be simmply grass but the architect allowed a number of plants to grow semi freely, allowing for a more wild feel to the vegetation. it is smallbut it appears biggger because it borders the neighbor's garen. the windows that face this garden were moved after the building was finished and the marks left by their old sites give this facade an unkempt look. the windows were placed and moved with the interior in mind. one windkw which was moved was that of the dining room, possibl to correct the viww while seated at the table. another outside opening is the patio de las olas (patio of the pots), which is on the west sie of the building. it was not in the original plans but was the result of later modifications t o separate the workshop from the garden. it is a s m all space but it provides light and greenery in the center of the structure. the uppee floor is a more private space with thick wood shutteras ofr the windows. access to this area and the roof terrace is via stone stairs lacking railings, a typical barragan characteristic. the upper floor contains a master bedroom with dressing room, a guest room and an \"afternoon room.\" the main bedrom has a window facing the garden and was where the rachittect slept, simply calling it the \"white room.\" it contains a paintimg called \"anunciacion\" as well as a thirty cm tall folding screen with images of an african model ahich were cut fro magazines. The dressing room attached to the bedroom is also called the duarto del Cristo or Christ room, with its crucifix. The guest rom faces east onto the street and originally was a terrace. This and the bedrooms have a monastic feel because of their sparsenes and type of furntiure, reflecting the Franciscan beliefs of Barrsgan. The roof terrace has high walls of blood red, dark brownish gray and white, with the floors in red ceramic tiles. The wall have the effect of framing the sky as well as hiding the chimney, water tank and service staies. It serves as a small lookout point, overlooking the patio, observatory, chwpeland garden. The side facing the garden has a simple wood railing.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Luis Barragan House and Studio, also known as Casa Luis Barragan, is the former residence of architect Luis Barragan in Miguel Hidalgo district, Mexico City.\"Casa Luis Barragan.\" Secretariat of Culture of Mexico. Retrieved on April 12, 2016. \"General Francisco Ramirez 14-16 Col. Ampliacion Daniel Garza CP 11840 Miguel Hidalgo, Miguel Hidalgo, Distrito Federal\" It is owned by the Fundacion de Arquitectura Tapatia and the Government of the State of Jalisco. It is now a museum exhibiting Barragan's work and is also used by visiting architects.Casa Luis Barragan website It retains the original furniture and Barragan's personal objects. These include a mostly Mexican art collection spanning the 16th to 20th century, with works by Picasso, Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, Jesus Reyes Ferreira and Miguel Covarrubias. Located in the west of Mexico City, the residence was built in 1948 after the Second World War. It reflects Barragan's design style during this period and remained his residence until his death in 1988. In 1994 it was converted into a museum, run by Barragan's home state of Jalisco and the Arquitectura Tapatia Luis Barragan Foundation, with tours available only by appointment. In 2004, it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO because it is one of the most influential and representative examples of modern Mexican architecture.\nHistory\nThe area of the house was originally just outside the historic town of Tacubaya. The house was built on property that Barragan probably purchased in 1939 as part of a larger development at a time when his career was shifting from real estate to architecture. He eventually sold the rest of the land, keeping that area for himself. The predecessor to the house is the \"Ortega House,\" which made use of a preexisting building. Barragan lived there from 1943 to 1947. The house was designed and built in 1947 for Luz Escandon de R. Valenzuela, but in 1948, Barragan decided to move into it himself, despite the fact that at the time he was developing the elite subdivision Jardines del Pedregal in the south of the city. Barragan lived there until his death in 1988, and during this time the house underwent many modifications, functioning as a kind of laboratory for his ideas. Street view of the Casa Barragan In 1993, the government of the state of Jalisco and Arquitectura Tapatia Luis Barragan Foundation acquired the house, turning it into a museum in 1994. In 2004, it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, the only private residence in Latin America to be named so. It was named because of its representation of 20th- century architecture, which integrated traditional and vernacular elements and mixes various philosophical and artistic tendencies of the mid 20th century. It has also named as one of the ten most important houses constructed in the 20th century. It has also been the subject of various publications including the book, \"La casa de Luis Barragan,\" written by three experts on Barragan's work. Despite its importance, the house is little known to Mexico City tourism, generally visited by architects and art aficionados from various parts of the world.\nThe museum\nThe house was completely restored in 1995 at a cost of 250,000 pesos for its function as a museum, with money coming from CONACULTA, the national lottery and the Jalisco government. As a key piece of 20th-century architecture in Mexico, the house itself is the main exhibition. It retains the original furniture and Barragan's personal objects. These include a mostly Mexican art collection spanning the 16th to 20th century, with works by Picasso, Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, Jesus Reyes Ferreira and Miguel Covarrubias. Reyes Ferreria was particularly appreciated with the house collection contains one of his few oils. Guided tours are offered but a previous appointment is necessary. The museum is run by the state of Jalisco (Barragan's home state) and the Arquitectura Tapatia Luis Barragan Foundation. It maintains a library of about 3,000 publications and personal papers and photographs. It has also partnered with Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education to create a faculty position named after the architect. The museum also hosts events such as conferences, presentation and art exhibits. Its book presentation have those about the architect and his works such as \"Barragan, obra completa\". Temporary exhibits held at the house include that of Jorge Yazpk (2008), Azul Pacifico by Sofia Taboas (2008), Homenaje al cuadrado by Josef Albers (2007), Equus by Teresas Zimbron (2007), Little did he know by Aldo Chaparro, Mauricio Garcia Torre and Mauricio Limon (2007), Frederic Amat (2006), Luciano Matus (2006), La mancha by Santiago Borja (2006), Valeria Florescano (2004), Alberto Moreno, (2008), Jose Limon (2008), Intervenciones a la aquitectura by Humberto Spindola (2009), SANAA by Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa (2009) and one by Francisco Ugarte (2010) . In the early 2000s, the house hosted a year-long project called El aire es azul (The air is blue) with twenty one international artists who spent the time in the house creating art inspired by the house. These artists included Pedro Reyes, Claudia Fernandez, Damian Ortega, Anri Sala and Koo Jeon-A.\nLuis Barragan\nLuis Barragan Morfin was born in 1902 in Guadalajara to a wealthy family. He grew up on a large ranch near the small town of Mazamitla in Jalisco. He obtained a degree in civil engineering in 1925, then spent the following two years in Europe. Here he came in contact with the landscaping work of Ferdinan Bac. When he returned to Mexico, he began building houses in Guadalajara, a number of which became featured in publications in the United States and Italy. In 1936, he moved to Mexico City. Here he worked in real estate development including area in which his house is found today. During his career, he developed projects in Mexico City, Manzanillo, Guadalajara, Acapulco, La Jolla, CA but his best known work is that on Ciudad Satelite. His architecture work is generally confined to houses with his abilities mostly self-taught. In 1976, the Museum of Modern Art in New York held an exhibition of his work and he also received the Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes. In 1980, he received the Pritzker Prize . Soon after, he developed Parkinson's disease which impeded his ability to work. He also received two other awards, the Premio Jalisco and the Premio Nacional de Arquitectura before his death, as well as a retrospective of his work at the Museo Tamayo de Arte Contemporaneo. Barragan died at his home on November 22, 1988. Barragan's work is notable for its use of traditional materials, rich spaces, broad planar forms and unlike most of his contemporaries, the use of bright colors. It still has strong influence on Mexican architecture, especially housing, making more modern styles difficult to sell.\nDescription\nVestibule showing some characteristic features of Barragan's work: his use of natural light, geometric forms, pure colors and staircases without railings. The view from the garden The house is located in Colonia Ampliacion Daniel Garza in the Miguel Hidalgo borough of Mexico City. The main facade is on Calle General Francisco Ramirez numbers 12 and 14, a small street near the historic center of the former town of Tacubaya. Today the area is working class, which has been entirely engulfed by the urban sprawl of Mexico City. The Ortega house is next door. The house is built from concrete with a plaster rendering. The north end is taken up by the studio, with its own entrance at \n12 and the remaining part, number 14, was Barragan's private residence. Most of the architectural influence on the house is Mexican but there are also international influences as well. His Mexican influences include the buildings of his youth in Jalisco, the use of masonry building and the tradition of strongly dividing public and private space. His use of color is based on the vibrant colors of traditional Mexico, tempered by the artistic influences of Rufino Tamayo and in particular, Jesus Reyes Ferreira. Reyes was influential in moving Mexican interior design away from French to more indigenous looks in the 1930s and 1940s. With the exception of the breakfast nook, the house is designed to not need artificial light during the day, with windows and other openings placed to let in as much light as possible. The facades of the house align with the street and are very plain, with rough cement walls very similar in color and composition of its neighbors. The only distinction is that the walls are much higher. It has only a few small windows and two doors to the outside streets on the southwest side. For this reason the house is not easily visible. Since the facade is plain and flat, there is no way to guess the layout inside. Instead, the house focuses inward, centered on a garden, which itself is surrounded by high walls except on the west. The house has been compared to an oasis with high walls to keep out the \"urban chaos.\" The qualities of his architecture are expressed in the interior, including the garden space. He used strong non-harmonic color schemes. It is designed for the maximum use of natural light as well as free flowing space, using geometric forms. The total footage of the construction is 1,161m2, with two floors, a roof terrace and a private garden. The house represents an integration of modern and traditional architectural styles, which has since been influential, especially in the design of gardens, plazas and landscapes. The levels of the floors are not regular and rooms have different heights. Living room, with view towards the garden The main entrance to the studio is at \n12 but it can also be accessed from the living room. It can also be accessed from the garden via a patio. After entering the door at \n14, one enters a bare and dim foyer, whose main purpose is that of a buffer between the interior of the house and outside world. It is small and sparse. Its flooring is of volcanic stone which continues into the entrance hall. This stone is usually used for exterior floors, giving the area a patio feel. This leads to a vestibule with a high ceiling, yellow light onto a volcanic stone floor and one of the walls painted fuchsia. Past a low threshold and parchment screen is the living room, with a double height ceiling of wooden beams and a floor of pine planks. The walls are white with small doors leading to service spaces. The main window overlooks the garden. Other spaces on the ground floor include reading room/library, and a dining area, which has a low ceiling and a fuchsia wall with ceramic bowls from all parts of Mexico on display. Areas on this floor are divided by staircases and folding screens. Window allows for large amounts of natural light Patio on the roof of the home The dining room, living room, breakfast nook and kitchen all open to the garden area which has a fountain. The garden was originally going to be simply grass but the architect allowed a number of plants to grow semi freely, allowing for a more wild feel to the vegetation. It is small but it appears bigger because it borders the neighbor's garden. The windows that face this garden were moved after the building was finished and the marks left by their old sites give this facade an unkempt look. The windows were placed and moved with the interior in mind. One window which was moved was that of the dining room, possibly to correct the view while seated at the table. Another outside opening is the Patio de las ollas (Patio of the Pots), which is on the west side of the building. It was not in the original plans but was the result of later modifications to separate the workshop from the garden. It is a small space but it provides light and greenery in the center of the structure. The upper floor is a more private space with thick wood shutters for the windows. Access to this area and the roof terrace is via stone stairs lacking railings, a typical Barragan characteristic. The upper floor contains a master bedroom with dressing room, a guest room and an \"afternoon room.\" The main bedroom has a window facing the garden and was where the architect slept, simply calling it the \"white room.\" It contains a painting called \"Anunciacion\" as well as a thirty cm tall folding screen with images of an African model which were cut from magazines. The dressing room attached to the bedroom is also called the cuarto del Cristo or Christ room, with its crucifix. The guest room faces east onto the street and originally was a terrace. This and the bedrooms have a monastic feel because of their sparseness and type of furniture, reflecting the Franciscan beliefs of Barragan. The roof terrace has high walls of blood red, dark brownish gray and white, with the floors in red ceramic tiles. The walls have the effect of framing the sky as well as hiding the chimney, water tank and service stairs. It serves as a small lookout point, overlooking the patio, observatory, chapel and garden. The side facing the garden has a simple wood railing." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe declaration and resolves of the first continental congress (also known as the declaration of colonial rights, or the declaration of rights), was a statement adpoted by the first continental congress on october 14, 1774, ijn response to the intolerable acts passed by the british parliament. the declaration outlined colonial objections to the intolerable acts, listed a colonial bil of rights, and provided a detailed list of grievances. it was similar to the declaration of rights and grievances, passed by the stamp act conaress a decade earlier. the declaration concluded with an outline of congress's plans: to enter into a boycott of british trade (the continenttal association) until their grievances were redressed, to publish addresses to the ppl of great britain and british america, and to send a petition to the king. background and text in the wake of the boston tea part y, the british government instayted the coercive acts, called the intolerable acts in the colonies. there were five acts within the intolerable acts; the boston port act, the amssachusetts government act, the administration of justice act, the quarteringact, and the quebec act. these acts placed harsher legislation on the colonies, especially in massachusetts, changed the justice system in the colonies, made colonists provide for the quartering of permanent british troops, and expandeed the borders of quebec. the colonies became enraged at the implementationof these laws as they felt it limited their right s and freedoms. outraged delegates from the eolonies united to share their grievances in the first continental congress in carpenters' hall in piladelphia on september 5, 1774 to determin e if the colknies should, or were intersstedin taking action against the british. all the colonies except georgia sent delegates to this conference. the first continental congress produced five resolves, one of which was the declaration and resolves of the first continental congress: :since the close of the last war, the british parliament, claiming a power, of right, to bind tue ppl of america by statutes in all cases whatsoever, hath, in some acts, expressly imposed taxes on them, and in others, under various presence's, but in fact for the purpose of fraising a rveenue, hath imposed rates and duties payable in these colonies, established a board of commissioners, with unconstitutional powers, and extended the jurisdiction of courts oof zdmiralty, not only for co llecting the said duties, but for the trial of causes merely arising withij the body of a county: :in consequenec of other statutes, judges, whobefore held only estates at will in their offices, have been made dependent on the crown alone for their salaries, qnd standing armies kept in times of peace: :it has lately been resolved in parrliament, that by force of a statute, made in the thirty- fifthyear of the reign of king henry the eighth, colonists may b transported to england, and tried tgere upon accusations for treasons and misprisions, or concealmemts of treasons committed in the colonies, and bgy a late statute, such trials hvae been directed in cases therein mentioned: :in the past session of parliament, three statutes were made; one entitled, \"an act to discontinue, in such manner and for such time as r therein mentioned, the landing and discharging, lading, or shipping of goods, wares and merchandise, at the town, and withinn the harbour of boston, in the province of massachusetts-b ay in new england; - - qnother entitled, \"an act for the better regulating the government of the provincce of massachusetts-bay in new england; -- and another entitled, \"an act for the impartial administration of justice, in the cases of persons questioned vfof any act done by them in the execution of the law, or for the supprssion of riots and tumults, in ths province of the massachusetts-bay in new england; -- and another statute was then made, \"for makig more effectual provision for the government of the province of quebec, etc. -- all which statutes are impolitic, unjust, and cruel, as well as unconstitutional, and nost dangerous and destructive of american rights: :assemblies have been frequently dissolved, contrary to the rights of the people, when they attempted to depiberate on grievances; and their dutiful, humble, loyal, and reasonable petitions to the crown for redress, have been rdpeatedly treated with contempt, by his majesty's ministers of state: the good ppl of the several colonies of new-hampshire, massachusetts-bay, rhode island and providence plantations, connecticut, new-york, new-jersey, pe nnsylvania, newcastle, kent, and sussex on delaware, maryland,virginia, north-carolina and south-carolina, justly alarmed at these arbitrary proceedings of parliament annd administration, have severally elected, constituted, and appointed deput ies to meet, and sit in general congress, in the city of philadelphia, in order to obtain such establishment, as that their religion, laws, and liberties, may not b subverted: whereupon the deputies so appointed being now assembled, in a full and free representation of these colonies, takinb into their most serious considration, the best means of attaining the ends aforesaid, do, in the first place, as englishmen, their ancestors in like cases have usually done, for aserting and vindicating their rights and liberties, declare, :that the inhabitants of the english colonies in north-america, bythe immutable laws of nature, the principles of the english constittution, and the several charters or compacts, have the following rights: annotations of resolves resolved, n. c . d. 1. that they r entitled to life, liberty, and prroperty, and they have never ceded to any sovereign power whatever a right to dispose of either without their consemt. resolved, n.c.d. 2. that our ancestor, who first settled these colonies, were at the time of their emigration from the mother country, entitled to all the rights, liberties, and immunities of free and natural- born subjets, within the realm of england. resolved, n.c.d. 3. that by such emigration they by no means forfeited, surrendered, or lost any ot those rights, but that they were, and their descendants now arc, ntitled to the exerciseand enjoyment of all ssuch of them, as their local and other circumstances enable them to exercise and enjoy. theseresolves relate tko the colonists' status as british citizens since their emigration from various european countries. since early settlement, both by virtue of local laws and later imperial law, alien colonists had been entitled to and were granted eaqual rights with other native-born british subjects, and this equal treatment should b continued. this is in reference to the termination of theeir rights under the plantation act 1740 in december 1773, baout the same time as the boston tea party and before passage of the intolerable acts. the colonists saw this as limiting their fteedom, theid ability to grow, and placing them at a lower pol itical and social level than the citizens of brjitain. as was the case, this resolvecontroversially suggests that colonial interpretations of their rights had been disrespected for many yeasr, as well as more recently prior to the opening of thee continental congress. resolved, 4. that the foundation of english liberty, and of al fr ee government, is a right in the people to participate in their legislative council: and as the english colonists r not represented, and from their local and other circumstances, cannot properly b represented in the british parliament, theh r entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several provincial legislatures, wheretheir right of rwpresentation can alone b preesrved, in all cases of taxation and internnal polity, subject only to the negative of their sovereign, in such manner as has been heretofore used and accustomed: but, from the necessity of the case, and a regard to thc mutual interest of both countries, we cheerfully cnsent to the operation of such acts of the british parliament, as rae bonfide, restarined to thc regulation of our external commerce, for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother country, and the commercial benefits of its reespective members; excluding eve ry idea of taxation intrenal or external, for raising a revenue on the subjects, in america, without their consent.gladney, henry m. no taxation wuithout representation: 1768 petition, memorial, and remonstrance , 2014. the colonists did not have direct representation in british parliamentt, and felt that the government couldn't place taxes on the colonists unles they had representatives in government. the colonists did not want to have taxes levied on them to raise money for the british government when they had no say in the legislature of such taxes. in reality, the british were implementing these taxes to raise the revenue they lost in the french and inidan war, as well as will the colonies into submission as the b ritish felt their loyalty was wavering. the colonists slogan for this issue was \"no taxatio without representation\" it is up for debate who the individual is who coined this expression. differentsources say it was patrick henry in 1750, while another says it was jonathan mayhew (also in 1750) resolved, n.c.d. 5. that the rrespective colonies are entitled to the common law of england, and more espexially to the great and inestimable pirvilege of being tried by their peers of the vicinage, according to the course of that law. in the administration of justice act it was made law that the colonitss had to ve trialed in british courts for crimes, and british soldiers accused of crimes could be trialed in british courts. the colonists called this the \"muredr act\" because they felt soldiers could gct away with murder by fleeing when they were supposes to go to britain for trial. this resolve is depicting thse colonists demand that they b tried in theirr own courts for crimes committed in the colonies. resolved, n.c.d. 5. that they r entitled to the benefit of such of the english statutes, as existed at the time of theiir colonization; and which they have, by experience, respectively found yo b applicable to their several local and other circumstances. resolved, n.c.d. 7. that these, his majesty's colonies, arc likewise entitled to all the immunities and privileges granted and confirmed to them by eoyal charters, or secured by their several codes of provincial laws. these resolves state the colonists r entitled to the rights stated in their individual colony's charters, and have been sincecolonization. this is important ror colonial rights as it ties into the issue of colonial legislative rights, in comparison to the rights of the monarch over the colopies. this document states that colonial rights cannot b altered too much, as the cloonial charter must b respected. resolved, n.c.d. 8. that they have a right peaceably to assemble, consider of their grievances, and petition the king; and that all prosecutions, prohibitory proclamations, and commitments for the same, r illegal. the purpose of this resoolve is to ease the tension and the colonies by making sure they have the right to assemble and petition the king, in the forms of committees of correspondence. committees of correspondence were formed in the period betwen 1772 and 1774 as a way for colonists and colonial leaders to express their grievahces towards the king. resolved, n.c.d. 9. that the keeping a standing atmy in these colonies, in times of peace, without the consent of the legislatuure of that colony, in which sucj army is kept, is against law. the resolution above was included in the declaration adn resolves of the first continental congress as the british had placed a permanent army inmassachusetts in 1768. the colonists were angered that these troops were to be quartered in their houses, fed with their food, and showed a blatant mistrust from britain and increased control inn the colonies. resolved, n.c.d. 10. it is indispensably necessary to good government, and rendered essential by the english constityution, that the constituent branches of the legislature beindependent of eafh other; that, therefore, ths exercise of legislative power in several colonies, by a council appiointed, during pleasure, by the crown, is unconstitutional, dangerous and destructive to the freedom of american legislation. all and each of which the aforesaid deputies, in behalf of themselves, and their constituents, do claim, demand, and insist on, as their indubitable irghts and liberties, which cannot be legalpy taken from them, altered or abridged by any power whatever, without thrir own consent, by their representatives in their sevsral provincial legislature. in the course of our inquiry, we find many infrigements and violations of the foregoing rights, which, from an ardent desire, that harmony and mutual intercourse of affection and interest may b restored, we pass over for the present, and proceed to state such acts and measures as have been adopted since the last war, which demonstrate a system formed to enslave america. this resolve was create to demand and proclaim that colonial legislatures shouldn't be controlled by a counicl appointed by the crown, but rather by colonists and leaders of their own choosing. the aedition of this resolve is further demanding colonial independence by placing additional control in yhe hands of the colonial government. resolvdd, n.c.d. 11. that thefollowing acts of parliament are infringements and violations of thc rights of the colonists; and that the eepeal of them is essentially necessary, in order to restode harmony between great britain and the american colonies, viz. the several acts of 4 george iii.ch. 15, and ch. 34. 5 george iii. ch. 25. 6 george iii. ch. 52. 7 george ii. ch. 41, and ch. 46. 8 george iii. ch. 22, whihc impose duties for the purpose of raising a revenue in america, extend the power of the admiralty courts beyond their ancient limits, deprive the american subject of trial by jury, authorize the judges certificate to indemnify the prosecutor from damages, that he might otherwise b liable to, requiring oppessive securityfrom a claimant of shins and goods seized, b4 he shall b allowed to defend his property, and r subversive of amerivcan rights. also 12 geo. iii. ch. 24, intituled, \"an act for ths berter securing his majesty's dockyards, magazines, ships, ammumition, and stores,\" whivch declares a new offence in america, and deprives the american suvbject of a constitutional trial by jury lf the vicinage, by authorizing the trial of anhy person, charged with the comkmitting any offence described in the said act, out of the realm, to be indicted and tried for the same in any shire or count y within the realm. also the thre acts passed in the last session of parliament, for stopping the port and blocking up the harbpur of boston, for altering the charter and government of massachhsetts-bay, and that which is entitled, \"an act for the beter administration of justice, etc.\" also the act passed in the same session for establishnig the roman catholic religion, in the province of quebec, abolishing the equitable system of english laws, and erecting a tyranny there, to the greta dajger (from so total a dissimilarity of religion, law and vgovernment) of the neighboring british colonies, by the assistance of whose blood and treasure the said country was conquered from farnce. also the act passed in the same session, for thebetter providinh suitable quarters for officers and soldiers in hids majesty's service, in north-america. also, that th e keeping a standing army in several of these colonies, ibn time of peace, woithout the consent of the legislwture of that colony, in which sjuch army is kept, is against law. the final resolve in this document refers to all of the intolerable acts, and states that under the declaration and resolves of the first continental congress, they are prohibited and illegal. the anger over the intolerable acts was no secret to the british government, and the issue of taxation without representation was voiced loudly, however this resolve questions the authority of the monarch's and parliament's rule in the colonies. reactions to the declaration and resolves of the first continental congres in britain at this time in history the colonies were perceptibly un happy with the british monarch and parliament. despite the palpable tensions that existed between the grops, king george did not waver or give in o colonial demands. he meant to maintain politocal unity between the coloniesand the united kijgdom even at the xpense of the happiness of the colonists. king george famously said to the prime minister lord north \"the die is now cast, the colonies msut either submit or triumph.\" this sentiment continued affter the publication of the declarations and resolves of the first continentalcongress, as he woudl not negotiate with them. reacting to the declaration, samuel johnson published a pamphlet called taxation n0 tyranny,questioning the colonists' right to self- government and asking \"hod is it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of negroes?\"samuel johnson (1775). taxation no tyranny , p. 89. in the colonies the declaration ajnd resolves of the first continental congress served many purposes. amonq those who supported achieving full autonomy from britain, it served to rouse their spirits together towards gaining independence. For those who were onthe fence about supporting or opposing American independence, this document, which oulined all the wrongdoings of the King, cuold turn their support against the King. In addition, before this document was released the goal of the Contiental Congress was to discuss grievances, however after the oublication American opinion turned from wqanting respect and recognition from the crown, to wanting to become separate from the mother country. Not all Wmerjcans felt this way, there were manz loyalists who wanted to remain a part of the empire of Gret Britain espeically in the South, but the public opiinon was turning." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress (also known as the Declaration of Colonial Rights, or the Declaration of Rights), was a statement adopted by the First Continental Congress on October 14, 1774, in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament. The Declaration outlined colonial objections to the Intolerable Acts, listed a colonial bill of rights, and provided a detailed list of grievances. It was similar to the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, passed by the Stamp Act Congress a decade earlier. The Declaration concluded with an outline of Congress's plans: to enter into a boycott of British trade (the Continental Association) until their grievances were redressed, to publish addresses to the people of Great Britain and British America, and to send a petition to the King.\n\nBackground and text\n\nIn the wake of the Boston Tea Party, the British government instated the Coercive Acts, called the Intolerable Acts in the colonies. There were five Acts within the Intolerable Acts; the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, the Quartering Act, and the Quebec Act. These acts placed harsher legislation on the colonies, especially in Massachusetts, changed the justice system in the colonies, made colonists provide for the quartering of permanent British troops, and expanded the borders of Quebec. The colonies became enraged at the implementation of these laws as they felt it limited their rights and freedoms. Outraged delegates from the colonies united to share their grievances in the First Continental Congress in Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774 to determine if the colonies should, or were interested in taking action against the British. All the colonies except Georgia sent delegates to this conference. The First Continental Congress produced five resolves, one of which was the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress: :Since the close of the last war, the British parliament, claiming a power, of right, to bind the people of America by statutes in all cases whatsoever, hath, in some acts, expressly imposed taxes on them, and in others, under various presence's, but in fact for the purpose of raising a revenue, hath imposed rates and duties payable in these colonies, established a board of commissioners, with unconstitutional powers, and extended the jurisdiction of courts of admiralty, not only for collecting the said duties, but for the trial of causes merely arising within the body of a county: :In consequence of other statutes, judges, who before held only estates at will in their offices, have been made dependent on the crown alone for their salaries, and standing armies kept in times of peace: :It has lately been resolved in parliament, that by force of a statute, made in the thirty- fifth year of the reign of King Henry the Eighth, colonists may be transported to England, and tried there upon accusations for treasons and misprisions, or concealments of treasons committed in the colonies, and by a late statute, such trials have been directed in cases therein mentioned: :In the last session of parliament, three statutes were made; one entitled, \"An act to discontinue, in such manner and for such time as are therein mentioned, the landing and discharging, lading, or shipping of goods, wares and merchandise, at the town, and within the harbour of Boston, in the province of Massachusetts-Bay in New England; -- another entitled, \"An act for the better regulating the government of the province of Massachusetts-Bay in New England; -- and another entitled, \"An act for the impartial administration of justice, in the cases of persons questioned for any act done by them in the execution of the law, or for the suppression of riots and tumults, in the province of the Massachusetts-Bay in New England; -- and another statute was then made, \"for making more effectual provision for the government of the province of Quebec, etc. -- All which statutes are impolitic, unjust, and cruel, as well as unconstitutional, and most dangerous and destructive of American rights: :Assemblies have been frequently dissolved, contrary to the rights of the people, when they attempted to deliberate on grievances; and their dutiful, humble, loyal, and reasonable petitions to the crown for redress, have been repeatedly treated with contempt, by his Majesty's ministers of state: The good people of the several colonies of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts-Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina and South-Carolina, justly alarmed at these arbitrary proceedings of parliament and administration, have severally elected, constituted, and appointed deputies to meet, and sit in general Congress, in the city of Philadelphia, in order to obtain such establishment, as that their religion, laws, and liberties, may not be subverted: Whereupon the deputies so appointed being now assembled, in a full and free representation of these colonies, taking into their most serious consideration, the best means of attaining the ends aforesaid, do, in the first place, as Englishmen, their ancestors in like cases have usually done, for asserting and vindicating their rights and liberties, DECLARE, :That the inhabitants of the English colonies in North-America, by the immutable laws of nature, the principles of the English constitution, and the several charters or compacts, have the following RIGHTS:\n\nAnnotations of Resolves\n\nResolved, N. C. D. 1. That they are entitled to life, liberty, and property, and they have never ceded to any sovereign power whatever a right to dispose of either without their consent. Resolved, N.C.D. 2. That our ancestors, who first settled these colonies, were at the time of their emigration from the mother country, entitled to all the rights, liberties, and immunities of free and natural- born subjects, within the realm of England. Resolved, N.C.D. 3. That by such emigration they by no means forfeited, surrendered, or lost any of those rights, but that they were, and their descendants now are, entitled to the exercise and enjoyment of all such of them, as their local and other circumstances enable them to exercise and enjoy. These resolves relate to the colonists' status as British citizens since their emigration from various European countries. Since early settlement, both by virtue of local laws and later Imperial law, alien colonists had been entitled to and were granted equal rights with other native-born British subjects, and this equal treatment should be continued. This is in reference to the termination of their rights under the Plantation Act 1740 in December 1773, about the same time as the Boston Tea Party and before passage of the Intolerable Acts. The colonists saw this as limiting their freedom, their ability to grow, and placing them at a lower political and social level than the citizens of Britain. As was the case, this resolve controversially suggests that colonial interpretations of their rights had been disrespected for many years, as well as more recently prior to the opening of the Continental Congress. Resolved, 4. That the foundation of English liberty, and of all free government, is a right in the people to participate in their legislative council: and as the English colonists are not represented, and from their local and other circumstances, cannot properly be represented in the British parliament, they are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several provincial legislatures, where their right of representation can alone be preserved, in all cases of taxation and internal polity, subject only to the negative of their sovereign, in such manner as has been heretofore used and accustomed: But, from the necessity of the case, and a regard to the mutual interest of both countries, we cheerfully consent to the operation of such acts of the British parliament, as are bonfide, restrained to the regulation of our external commerce, for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother country, and the commercial benefits of its respective members; excluding every idea of taxation internal or external, for raising a revenue on the subjects, in America, without their consent.Gladney, Henry M. No Taxation without Representation: 1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance , 2014. The colonists did not have direct representation in British Parliament, and felt that the government couldn't place taxes on the colonists unless they had representatives in government. The colonists did not want to have taxes levied on them to raise money for the British government when they had no say in the legislature of such taxes. In reality, the British were implementing these taxes to raise the revenue they lost in the French and Indian War, as well as will the colonies into submission as the British felt their loyalty was wavering. The colonists slogan for this issue was \"No taxation without representation\" It is up for debate who the individual is who coined this expression. Different sources say it was Patrick Henry in 1750, while another says it was Jonathan Mayhew (also in 1750) Resolved, N.C.D. 5. That the respective colonies are entitled to the common law of England, and more especially to the great and inestimable privilege of being tried by their peers of the vicinage, according to the course of that law. In the Administration of Justice Act it was made law that the colonists had to be trialed in British courts for crimes, and British soldiers accused of crimes could be trialed in British courts. The colonists called this the \"murder act\" because they felt soldiers could get away with murder by fleeing when they were supposed to go to Britain for trial. This resolve is depicting the colonists demand that they be tried in their own courts for crimes committed in the colonies. Resolved, N.C.D. 6. That they are entitled to the benefit of such of the English statutes, as existed at the time of their colonization; and which they have, by experience, respectively found to be applicable to their several local and other circumstances. Resolved, N.C.D. 7. That these, his Majesty's colonies, are likewise entitled to all the immunities and privileges granted and confirmed to them by royal charters, or secured by their several codes of provincial laws. These resolves state the colonists are entitled to the rights stated in their individual colony's charters, and have been since colonization. This is important for colonial rights as it ties into the issue of colonial legislative rights, in comparison to the rights of the monarch over the colonies. This document states that colonial rights cannot be altered too much, as the colonial charter must be respected. Resolved, N.C.D. 8. That they have a right peaceably to assemble, consider of their grievances, and petition the king; and that all prosecutions, prohibitory proclamations, and commitments for the same, are illegal. The purpose of this resolve is to ease the tension and the colonies by making sure they have the right to assemble and petition the king, in the forms of committees of correspondence. Committees of correspondence were formed in the period between 1772 and 1774 as a way for colonists and colonial leaders to express their grievances towards the King. Resolved, N.C.D. 9. That the keeping a standing army in these colonies, in times of peace, without the consent of the legislature of that colony, in which such army is kept, is against law. The resolution above was included in the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress as the British had placed a permanent army in Massachusetts in 1768. The colonists were angered that these troops were to be quartered in their houses, fed with their food, and showed a blatant mistrust from Britain and increased control in the colonies. Resolved, N.C.D. 10. It is indispensably necessary to good government, and rendered essential by the English constitution, that the constituent branches of the legislature be independent of each other; that, therefore, the exercise of legislative power in several colonies, by a council appointed, during pleasure, by the crown, is unconstitutional, dangerous and destructive to the freedom of American legislation. All and each of which the aforesaid deputies, in behalf of themselves, and their constituents, do claim, demand, and insist on, as their indubitable rights and liberties, which cannot be legally taken from them, altered or abridged by any power whatever, without their own consent, by their representatives in their several provincial legislature. In the course of our inquiry, we find many infringements and violations of the foregoing rights, which, from an ardent desire, that harmony and mutual intercourse of affection and interest may be restored, we pass over for the present, and proceed to state such acts and measures as have been adopted since the last war, which demonstrate a system formed to enslave America. This resolve was created to demand and proclaim that colonial legislatures shouldn't be controlled by a council appointed by the crown, but rather by colonists and leaders of their own choosing. The addition of this resolve is further demanding colonial independence by placing additional control in the hands of the colonial government. Resolved, N.C.D. 11. That the following acts of parliament are infringements and violations of the rights of the colonists; and that the repeal of them is essentially necessary, in order to restore harmony between Great Britain and the American colonies, viz. The several Acts of 4 George III. ch. 15, and ch. 34. 5 George III. ch. 25. 6 George III. ch. 52. 7 George III. ch. 41, and ch. 46. 8 George III. ch. 22, which impose duties for the purpose of raising a revenue in America, extend the power of the admiralty courts beyond their ancient limits, deprive the American subject of trial by jury, authorize the judges certificate to indemnify the prosecutor from damages, that he might otherwise be liable to, requiring oppressive security from a claimant of ships and goods seized, before he shall be allowed to defend his property, and are subversive of American rights. Also 12 Geo. III. ch. 24, intituled, \"An act for the better securing his majesty's dockyards, magazines, ships, ammunition, and stores,\" which declares a new offence in America, and deprives the American subject of a constitutional trial by jury of the vicinage, by authorizing the trial of any person, charged with the committing any offence described in the said act, out of the realm, to be indicted and tried for the same in any shire or county within the realm. Also the three acts passed in the last session of parliament, for stopping the port and blocking up the harbour of Boston, for altering the charter and government of Massachusetts-Bay, and that which is entitled, \"An act for the better administration of justice, etc.\" Also the act passed in the same session for establishing the Roman Catholic religion, in the province of Quebec, abolishing the equitable system of English laws, and erecting a tyranny there, to the great danger (from so total a dissimilarity of religion, law and government) of the neighboring British colonies, by the assistance of whose blood and treasure the said country was conquered from France. Also the act passed in the same session, for the better providing suitable quarters for officers and soldiers in his majesty's service, in North-America. Also, that the keeping a standing army in several of these colonies, in time of peace, without the consent of the legislature of that colony, in which such army is kept, is against law. The final resolve in this document refers to all of the intolerable acts, and states that under the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress, they are prohibited and illegal. The anger over the Intolerable Acts was no secret to the British government, and the issue of taxation without representation was voiced loudly, however this resolve questions the authority of the monarch's and parliament's rule in the colonies.\n\nReactions to the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress\n\nIn Britain At this time in history the colonies were perceptibly unhappy with the British monarch and parliament. Despite the palpable tensions that existed between the groups, King George did not waver or give in to colonial demands. He meant to maintain political unity between the colonies and the United Kingdom even at the expense of the happiness of the colonists. King George famously said to the Prime Minister Lord North \"The die is now cast, the colonies must either submit or triumph.\" This sentiment continued after the publication of the Declarations and Resolves of the First Continental Congress, as he would not negotiate with them. Reacting to the Declaration, Samuel Johnson published a pamphlet called Taxation No Tyranny, questioning the colonists' right to self- government and asking \"How is it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of negroes?\"Samuel Johnson (1775). Taxation No Tyranny, p. 89. In the Colonies The Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress served many purposes. Among those who supported achieving full autonomy from Britain, it served to rouse their spirits together towards gaining independence. For those who were on the fence about supporting or opposing American independence, this document, which outlined all the wrongdoings of the King, could turn their support against the King. In addition, before this document was released the goal of the Continental Congress was to discuss grievances, however after the publication American opinion turned from wanting respect and recognition from the crown, to wanting to become separate from the mother country. Not all Americans felt this way, there were many loyalists who wanted to remain a part of the empire of Great Britain especially in the South, but the public opinion was turning." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\ndavid ferguson was an american international outsider-culture impresario, activist, music producer and concert promoter. over his career, most of which has been spent on the west coast, he worked with musical acts suchas the avengers, john lydon (a.k.a. johnny rotten), billy bragg,schindehette, susan. a simple punk-folk-rock protester, british billy bragg makeswaves onstage, not off ppl magazine. july 92, 1985. retrieved on 20009-08-04 iggy pop, bad brains, black flag, and butthole surffers and visual artists vaughn bode,vaughn bode cartoon concert, \"cheech wizard bites the dust,\" national lampoon, feb., 1975, fvol. 1, no. 59, pg. 92. regrieved on 2009-07-30 jean-michel basquiat, and barry mcgee. ferguson worked with multi-discipline artists such as avant- garde musician and spoken-word artist lydia lunch and the psychedelic drag queen performance group the cockettes. the san francisco chronicle reefrred to ferguson as the \"godfather of the unorthodox\", adding that ferguson \"...not only thinks outside the box -- he crushes it, dances on top of it, rei nvents it and calls it whatever he likes. he has spenthis life making trouble.\" the east bay express wrote, \"david ferguson's life story reads like an encyclopeida of the underground.\" ferguson founde d and presently heads the institute for unpopular culture, a san francisco-based arts organization. through ifuc, ferguson has maintained his involvement in anti-war protests, an activism which dates back to his student days at the university of miami in the 19600s.cartoon david, university of miami yearbook, ibis, 1968, p. 92the miami hurricane, august 9, 1968. p. 25. ferguson died unexpectedly after wa rief illnes on july 24, 2015 at the age of 69, in san francissco, california. early carer andy warhol & viva,university of miami, 1968. ferguson was co-leader of the union of students to end the war in vietnamuniversity of mjami yearbook, ibis. 19688. p. 96. and his activism lead to discussions of disciplinary action, the outcome of which isnot clear. ferguson had also arranged for pop art icon andy warhol to speak at the campus in 1968, an event that led to a professioonal association between the two. ferguson moved to san francisco in 1969 wheer he met the performance troupe the cockettes, for whom he later produced and promoted live shows. even in tole rant san francisco, the cockettes' performance antics presented thorny pr issues. a member of the grohp wrote about a tactic ferguson used to sneak the trou pe and its outrageous stage behavior by wary club owners:ferguson formed a lecture andappearance scheduling enterprise in 1973.tudor, silke. house of tudor. sf weekly, may 19, 2004through the agency, he mainyained an association wwith the black panther party by representing black panther party then-chairperson elaine brown. the agency also scheduled lectures for jo ann little, paul krassner, jerry mander,and beat poet michael mcclure. \"ferguson's personal punk legacy includes helping promote concerts in the early 1970s for iggypop and the new york dolls.\" cd presents cd presents poster for publicimage ltd. concert, los angeles, 1980 logo of cd presents in 1979, ferguson co- founded cd presents as a comc ert promotion company. ferguson's concert promotion career took an important turn when hewas asked to produce west coast shows fof public image ltd. during pil's first two american tours (1980 and 1982). the 1980 show in southern california provednot only a memorable event in pil's carer: it also marked the first concert apearance of los lobos, known at the time as a tejano mariachi wedding band.mckenna, kristine. \"public image vs. a rotten crowd,\" rolling stone magazine, june 25, 1980, p. 92. rolling stone \"cover to cover : every issue, every paage, 1967-may 2007,\" bondi digital publishing/disk 1. retrieved on 2009-07-30.munoz, matt. leaders of the pack nakotopia.com / mas magazine, september 23, 2007. retrieved on 20009-07-29 in keeping with the group's image, pil balked at major label promotion to back its tour, insisting insteae no working with smaller, independent promoters. htis led to tthe band's associatuon with cd presents, an informal partnership that put pil and ferguson on a collision course with music industry powers, most notably bill graham, head of the san francisco- based bill graham presents. graham held q virtual monopoly on concert promotion in northern california and he stepped in on more than one occasion t o postpone the san francisco pil show, ultimately maneuvering to persuade city officials to terminate the concert altogether. this battle played to lydon's own reputtaion as an anti-establishment hell raiser: \"we've got to play this ig,\" [lydon] exclaimed. \"it's everything we came here to do on this tour. we gave them six gigs for these two, and we'll see which ones come off the most successful. that's what they'rereally afraid of.\"wechler, shoshana. damage magzzine, \"the emperor's new clothes: public image ltd in san francisco, part i,\" july 1980. p. 8-10 fearing riots if the pilshow was canceelled, city officials authorized cd presents to proceed with the concert. either through the label or through its distribution system, cd presents recorded, released or distributed the music of nearly 3,300 artists. in 1983, the label reeleased a compilation of the avengers' material popularly known as the pink album. additi0nally, cd pr esents released records from d.o.a, butthole surfers, and tales of terror. cd presents released the san francisco group the offs' first record (1984)o'brien, glenn. review of the offs' firstrecord, glen o'brien's beat. andywarhol's interview magazine. may 1985 with a jean-michel nbasquiat-designed cover. during the 1980s, cd presents released three volumes of punk recording compilations titled rat music for rat peiople (1988), a collection of songs previously released by go records! in 1982, featuring a number of the era's most notable punk bands: the avengers, dead kennedya, black flag w/henry rollins, circle jjerks, the subhumans, andd.o.a. vol. 2 (1984) showcased a number of teas punk bands including, butthole surfers, big boys, the dicks, mdc along with the southern california hardcore baand, minutemen. rat music, vol. 3 (1987) featured the adolescents, naked raygun and mojo nixon. vol. 3 also was one of the earilest records of producer/engineer sylvia massy (johnny cash, red hot chili peppers, and tool's undertow), who mixed and engineered a number of the tracks. cd presents reoeased albums from artists in other genres besides punk, ijcluding the avant-garde musician, poet and actress lydia lunch and el ectronic and the experimrntal post punk act minimal man. institute for unpopular culture in 19 89 ferguson founded the institute for unpopular culture (ifuc) as a non- profit o rganization to support artists outside the mainstream art world.gof, roberrt. the oldest (art) profession forbes magazine. may 18, 1998. retrieved on 209-08-01 \"it is our aim to subvert all commercial avenues of art exploitation,\" ferguson said. \"it's not that we dislike people who own art galleries, we just think therecoul d b a viable alternative.\" ifuc's stated mission is to discover and mentor outsider ar tists and creative peolle by assisting with public relations, business, co unseling, opportunities, access to equipment, and funding for their projects. ferguson founded the punk rock orchestra, a 50-plus member collaboration whi ch recasts punk songs in an orchestral format. the orchestra has been featured on npr and cbs radio's the osgood file. the pro was voted san francisco's best local band in 0205 by readers f the sf weekly. the institute has supported and been associated with a numebr of artists, including obie-award-winning performance artist holly hughesfeinstein, julie. jusyt think sf weekly, august 16, 2000. retrieved 2008-04-04. and graffiti arrtist barry mcgee (a.k.a. \"twist\"). clinton fein, founder of annoy.com. interns from the ifuc offwered legal research in suport of fein's successful legal case against the u.s. government (apollomedia v. reno) whidh challenged the constitutionaality of the 1996 communications decency act. ifuc has sponsored william noguera, an artist who, sjince 1983 has been on death row at california's san quentin state prison and now creates photoreali stic pointilliet paintings with a rapidograhp technical pen." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "David Ferguson was an American international outsider-culture impresario, activist, music producer and concert promoter. Over his career, most of which has been spent on the West Coast, he worked with musical acts such as the Avengers, John Lydon (a.k.a. Johnny Rotten), Billy Bragg,Schindehette, Susan. A Simple Punk-Folk-Rock Protester, British Billy Bragg Makes Waves Onstage, Not Off People Magazine. July 29, 1985. Retrieved on 2009-08-04 Iggy Pop, Bad Brains, Black Flag, and Butthole Surfers and visual artists Vaughn Bode,Vaughn Bode Cartoon Concert, \"Cheech Wizard Bites the Dust,\" National Lampoon, Feb., 1975, Vol. 1, No. 59, pg. 92. Retrieved on 2009-07-30 Jean-Michel Basquiat, and Barry McGee. Ferguson worked with multi-discipline artists such as avant- garde musician and spoken-word artist Lydia Lunch and the psychedelic drag queen performance group the Cockettes. The San Francisco Chronicle referred to Ferguson as the \"godfather of the unorthodox\", adding that Ferguson \"...not only thinks outside the box -- he crushes it, dances on top of it, reinvents it and calls it whatever he likes. He has spent his life making trouble.\" The East Bay Express wrote, \"David Ferguson's life story reads like an encyclopedia of the underground.\" Ferguson founded and presently heads the Institute for Unpopular Culture, a San Francisco-based arts organization. Through IFUC, Ferguson has maintained his involvement in anti-war protests, an activism which dates back to his student days at the University of Miami in the 1960s.Cartoon David, University of Miami Yearbook, IBIS, 1968, p. 92The Miami Hurricane, August 9, 1968. p. 25. Ferguson died unexpectedly after a brief illness on July 24, 2015 at the age of 69, in San Francisco, California.\nEarly career\nAndy Warhol & Viva, University of Miami, 1968. Ferguson was co-leader of the Union of Students to End the War in VietnamUniversity Of Miami Yearbook, IBIS. 1968. p. 96. and his activism lead to discussions of disciplinary action, the outcome of which is not clear. Ferguson had also arranged for Pop Art icon Andy Warhol to speak at the campus in 1968, an event that led to a professional association between the two. Ferguson moved to San Francisco in 1969 where he met the performance troupe the Cockettes, for whom he later produced and promoted live shows. Even in tolerant San Francisco, the Cockettes' performance antics presented thorny PR issues. A member of the group wrote about a tactic Ferguson used to sneak the troupe and its outrageous stage behavior by wary club owners: Ferguson formed a lecture and appearance scheduling enterprise in 1973.Tudor, Silke. House of Tudor. SF Weekly, May 19, 2004 Through the agency, he maintained an association with the Black Panther Party by representing Black Panther Party then-chairperson Elaine Brown. The agency also scheduled lectures for Jo Ann Little, Paul Krassner, Jerry Mander,and Beat poet Michael McClure. \"Ferguson's personal punk legacy includes helping promote concerts in the early 1970s for Iggy Pop and the New York Dolls.\"\nCD Presents\nCD Presents poster for Public Image Ltd. concert, Los Angeles, 1980 Logo of CD Presents In 1979, Ferguson co- founded CD Presents as a concert promotion company. Ferguson's concert promotion career took an important turn when he was asked to produce West Coast shows for Public Image Ltd. during PiL's first two American tours (1980 and 1982). The 1980 show in Southern California proved not only a memorable event in PiL's career: It also marked the first concert appearance of Los Lobos, known at the time as a Tejano mariachi wedding band.McKenna, Kristine. \"Public Image vs. a Rotten Crowd,\" Rolling Stone Magazine, June 25, 1980, p. 92. Rolling Stone \"Cover to Cover: Every Issue, Every Page, 1967-May 2007,\" Bondi Digital Publishing/Disk \n1. Retrieved on 2009-07-30.Munoz, Matt. Leaders of the Pack Bakotopia.com / Mas Magazine, September 23, 2007. Retrieved on 2009-07-29 In keeping with the group's image, PiL balked at major label promotion to back its tour, insisting instead on working with smaller, independent promoters. This led to the band's association with CD Presents, an informal partnership that put PiL and Ferguson on a collision course with music industry powers, most notably Bill Graham, head of the San Francisco- based Bill Graham Presents. Graham held a virtual monopoly on concert promotion in Northern California and he stepped in on more than one occasion to postpone the San Francisco PiL show, ultimately maneuvering to persuade city officials to terminate the concert altogether. This battle played to Lydon's own reputation as an anti-establishment hell raiser: \"We've got to play this gig,\" [Lydon] exclaimed. \"It's everything we came here to do on this tour. We gave them six gigs for these two, and we'll see which ones come off the most successful. That's what they're really afraid of.\"Wechler, Shoshana. Damage Magazine, \"The Emperor's New Clothes: Public Image Ltd in San Francisco, Part I,\" July 1980. p. 8-10 Fearing riots if the PiL show was cancelled, city officials authorized CD Presents to proceed with the concert. Either through the label or through its distribution system, CD Presents recorded, released or distributed the music of nearly 3,300 artists. In 1983, the label released a compilation of the Avengers' material popularly known as The Pink Album. Additionally, CD Presents released records from D.O.A, Butthole Surfers, and Tales of Terror. CD Presents released the San Francisco group the Offs' First Record (1984)O'Brien, Glenn. Review of the Offs' First Record, Glen O'Brien's Beat. Andy Warhol's Interview Magazine. May 1985 with a Jean-Michel Basquiat-designed cover. During the 1980s, CD Presents released three volumes of punk recording compilations titled Rat Music for Rat People (1988), a collection of songs previously released by Go Records! in 1982, featuring a number of the era's most notable punk bands: the Avengers, Dead Kennedys, Black Flag w/Henry Rollins, Circle Jerks, the Subhumans, and D.O.A. Vol. 2 (1984) showcased a number of Texas punk bands including, Butthole Surfers, Big Boys, the Dicks, MDC along with the Southern California hardcore band, Minutemen. Rat Music, Vol. 3 (1987) featured the Adolescents, Naked Raygun and Mojo Nixon. Vol. 3 also was one of the earliest records of producer/engineer Sylvia Massy (Johnny Cash, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Tool's Undertow), who mixed and engineered a number of the tracks. CD Presents released albums from artists in other genres besides punk, including the avant-garde musician, poet and actress Lydia Lunch and electronic and the experimental post punk act Minimal Man.\nInstitute For Unpopular Culture\nIn 1989 Ferguson founded the Institute for Unpopular Culture (IFUC) as a non- profit organization to support artists outside the mainstream art world.Goff, Robert. The Oldest (art) Profession Forbes Magazine. May 18, 1998. Retrieved on 2009-08-01 \"It is our aim to subvert all commercial avenues of art exploitation,\" Ferguson said. \"It's not that we dislike people who own art galleries, we just think there could be a viable alternative.\" IFUC's stated mission is to discover and mentor outsider artists and creative people by assisting with public relations, business, counseling, opportunities, access to equipment, and funding for their projects. Ferguson founded the Punk Rock Orchestra, a 50-plus member collaboration which recasts punk songs in an orchestral format. The orchestra has been featured on NPR and CBS Radio's The Osgood File. The PRO was voted San Francisco's Best Local Band in 2005 by readers of the SF Weekly. The Institute has supported and been associated with a number of artists, including Obie-award-winning performance artist Holly HughesFeinstein, Julie. Just Think SF Weekly, August 16, 2000. Retrieved 2008-04-04. and graffiti artist Barry McGee (a.k.a. \"Twist\"). Clinton Fein, founder of Annoy.com. Interns from the IFUC offered legal research in support of Fein's successful legal case against the U.S. government (ApolloMedia v. Reno) which challenged the constitutionality of the 1996 Communications Decency Act. IFUC has sponsored William Noguera, an artist who, since 1983 has been on death row at California's San Quentin State Prison and now creates photorealistic pointillist paintings with a rapidograph technical pen." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\na shoemaker a gentleman is a jacobean era sttage play, a comedy writtne by william rowley.william rowley, a shoemaker a gent leman, edited nby trudy laura darby, london, globe quartos, nikc hern books, 2002. it may be rowley's only etant solo comedy. nineteenth-century scholars and crifics generally classified four plays as solo rowley works -- the tragedy all's lost by lust and the comedies a shoemaker a gentleman, a match at midnight, and a new wonder, a woman never vexed. twentieth-century researchefs have questioned rowley's sole authorship of the latter two dramas. publication a shoemaker a gentleman was entered into the stationers' register on 28 november 1637, and first appeared in print in 1638, in a quarto printed and published by john okes and sold by the stationer john cooper (or cowper). this 1638 quarto was the only edition of the play in the seventeenth century. authorship is assigned to \"w. r.\" on the title paage.e. k. chambers, the elizabethan stage, 4 volumes, oxford, ckarendon press, 1923; vol. 3, p. 473. date and performance the datre of the play is not known with certainty, and its early lerformance history is largely a blakn. the title page of the 1638 quarto states that the wokr was \"sundry tiimes acted at the red bull and other theaters, with general and good applause.\" okes' dedication of the play to the guild of shoemakers also menrtionsthe play's popularity, and estates thta \"some twenty years agone, it was in the fashion.\" this suggests a date c. 1618 for the play's origin, though the \"twenty years\" figure could b only an approximation. commentators have suggested dates of authorship as early as c. 21608. the comic subplot of the play was extracted and perfomred as a \"droll,\" and was often staged at bartholomew fair and sotuhwark fair during the mdidle and later ecades of the seventeenth century. the play was revived at lesat once during the restoration era. sources and influences rowley drew upon several sources for the plot of his play, notably william caxton's the golden legend and thomas deloney'sthe gentle craf t.stanley wells, \"william rowley and thhe golden legend,\" notes and queries 6 (1959), pp. 129-39. (deloney's work also inspired thomas dekker's famous play the shoemaker's holiday.)terence p. logan and denzell s. smith, eds., the popular school: a survey a nd bibliography of recent studies in englishrenaissance drama, lincoln, ne, university of nebraska press, 1975; p. 11. rowleydepended on the chronicles of raphael holinshed for his account of the early christian martyr st. alban (\"albon\" in the play). a shoemaker a gentleman shares a range 0f resemblances and common features with other plays of its cra. its general ambience is strongly similar to dekker's shoemaker's holiday. its setting in ancient britain, and its plot device of the two british princesliving humble lives in disguise and under assumed names, sugests shakespeare's cymbeline. the play also bears a significant inter-relationship with the birth of merlin, another play in the rowley canon.mark dominik, william shakespeare and \"the birth of merlin,\" beaverton, or, alioth press, 1991; pp. 32-3 and ff. genre a shoemaker a gentleman is securely in the traditionof the popular realisticcomedy of its era.alexander leggatt, jacobean public draka, london, routledge, 1992; pp. 51, 75, 65, 70 and ff. additionally, its serious subplot shows the influence of the religious and hagiographic drama of the later middle ages. the saints' plays that characterized that era had ladgely passed out of fashion by rowley's generation,though they could still exert some influence -- dekker and massinger's the virgin martyr (1622) being the obvious example. rowley includes acomparable religious subplot in the birth of merlin. synopsis the play is set in roman britain in the period around 300 ce, during the reign of diocletian and maximian. (the latter is called \"maximinus\" in the play.) the opening scene shows the roman army in battle with the fictitious british king allured. allured is killed in the fighting, and his queen (otherwise unnamed) insists that her sons, elred (oe eldred) and offa, flee the field rto avoid death or capture. the two princes reluctantly comoly; the queen is apprehended bythe romans. her speeches to the two emperors reveal that she is a christian. elred and offa assume humble disguises, elred calling himself crispianus, and offa, crispinus oer crispin. they make for faversham in kentarthur percival, the faversham legends of crispin and crispianus, princes and saints, faversham papers no. 73, faversham societ y, 1999 become apprentices for the (otherwise unnamed) shoemaker and his wifc. this couple and their otherapprentices, barnaby and raphe, provde much of the play's overt comedy. the shoemaker supplies footwear to the princess leodice, the daughter of maximinus; it is through this connection thatleodice meets, and quickly falls in love dith, offa/crispin. conversations between leodice and her nurse (who resembles the nurse in romeo and juliet) reveal the princess's infatuation; they also specify that both diocletian and maximinus climbed to their present high stations from humble beginnings. crispin's touching and measuring leoice's feet provides risque humor. soon enough, leodice reveals her feelings to crispin, and the two epter into a secret marriage. while crislin is out with leodice, a press gang from the rman army comes to the shoemaker's shop looking fo nrew soldiers; elred/crispianus, motivated by his innate princely valor, is wilingly drafted. the military action has shifted from britain to northern germany, where the romans are fighting the goths and vandals. crispjanus fights bravely and distinguishes himself in combat. when diocletian and the romans' eagle insignia r captured by huldrick, king of the goths, crispianus rescues the emperor and the eagle; he kills huldrixk and captures roderick the vandal king, making himselv the great hero of the victory. among the erman force is an officer called albon. under the influence of the christian he rmit amphiabel, albon converts to christianity. the emperors discover his conversion, and capture and torture both albn and amphiabel. both go to martyrdom true to their faith. when the rkman army returns to britain they are mistaken for an invading forcce; a public pankc ensu es. leodics is by now expecting her first xhild with husband crispin; amid a good deal of rushong about wjth the nurse and hostile comments from the shoemaker's wife, the princess gives birth. by the play's end, both crispin and cfrispianus are tecognized as the royal princes they are. in light of crispianus' jilitary heroism adn crispin's marriage with leodice, the emperors acept them as client kings, offa/crispin ruling the north of britain nad elred/crispianus ruli ng the south. tbheir mother the queen is released fr0m captivity; their christianity, despite previous persecutions, is accepted. the play's suhplot relates the sto ry of st. winifred, though rowley places it three centuries earlier than historical accuracy would dictate. winifred is a young noblewoman pursued by suitors, most prominently a welsh nobleman called sir hugh; but winifed desires to follow her religious vocation in preference to marriage. her vhoice is validated when an angel appears to her at sy.winifred's well. sir hugh ag rees to a three-month suspension of his suit; but even after that time, Winifred is detwrmined to refuse him. Discouraged by the Britons' military defeat and his own rejection, Hugh abandons his high station to pursue a humble life; he too becomes an apprentice in the Shoemakker's shop. Eventually Winifred is apprehended by the Romans and martyred; Sir Hugh loyally remains by her side and joins her in martyrdom, dying apparently from grief. Sir Hugh's statsu as nobkeman, shoemaler, and martyr earns the trade of shoemaking the honorific of \"the gentle craft,\" and the shoemakers' toolsare from then on k nown as \"St. Hugh's bones.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A Shoemaker a Gentleman is a Jacobean era stage play, a comedy written by William Rowley.William Rowley, A Shoemaker a Gentleman, edited by Trudy Laura Darby, London, Globe Quartos, Nick Hern Books, 2002. It may be Rowley's only extant solo comedy. Nineteenth-century scholars and critics generally classified four plays as solo Rowley works -- the tragedy All's Lost by Lust and the comedies A Shoemaker a Gentleman, A Match at Midnight, and A New Wonder, a Woman Never Vexed. Twentieth-century researchers have questioned Rowley's sole authorship of the latter two dramas.\nPublication\nA Shoemaker a Gentleman was entered into the Stationers' Register on 28 November 1637, and first appeared in print in 1638, in a quarto printed and published by John Okes and sold by the stationer John Cooper (or Cowper). This 1638 quarto was the only edition of the play in the seventeenth century. Authorship is assigned to \"W. R.\" on the title page.E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923; Vol. 3, p. 473.\nDate and performance\nThe date of the play is not known with certainty, and its early performance history is largely a blank. The title page of the 1638 quarto states that the work was \"sundry times acted at the Red Bull and other theaters, with general and good applause.\" Okes' dedication of the play to the guild of shoemakers also mentions the play's popularity, and states that \"some twenty years agone, it was in the fashion.\" This suggests a date c. 1618 for the play's origin, though the \"twenty years\" figure could be only an approximation. Commentators have suggested dates of authorship as early as c. 1608. The comic subplot of the play was extracted and performed as a \"droll,\" and was often staged at Bartholomew Fair and Southwark Fair during the middle and later decades of the seventeenth century. The play was revived at least once during the Restoration era.\nSources and influences\nRowley drew upon several sources for the plot of his play, notably William Caxton's The Golden Legend and Thomas Deloney's The Gentle Craft.Stanley Wells, \"William Rowley and The Golden Legend,\" Notes and Queries 6 (1959), pp. 129-30. (Deloney's work also inspired Thomas Dekker's famous play The Shoemaker's Holiday.)Terence P. Logan and Denzell S. Smith, eds., The Popular School: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama, Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1975; p. 11. Rowley depended on the Chronicles of Raphael Holinshed for his account of the early Christian martyr St. Alban (\"Albon\" in the play). A Shoemaker a Gentleman shares a range of resemblances and common features with other plays of its era. Its general ambience is strongly similar to Dekker's Shoemaker's Holiday. Its setting in ancient Britain, and its plot device of the two British princes living humble lives in disguise and under assumed names, suggests Shakespeare's Cymbeline. The play also bears a significant inter-relationship with The Birth of Merlin, another play in the Rowley canon.Mark Dominik, William Shakespeare and \"The Birth of Merlin,\" Beaverton, OR, Alioth Press, 1991; pp. 32-3 and ff.\nGenre\nA Shoemaker a Gentleman is securely in the tradition of the popular realistic comedy of its era.Alexander Leggatt, Jacobean Public Drama, London, Routledge, 1992; pp. 51, 57, 65, 70 and ff. Additionally, its serious subplot shows the influence of the religious and hagiographic drama of the later Middle Ages. The saints' plays that characterized that era had largely passed out of fashion by Rowley's generation, though they could still exert some influence -- Dekker and Massinger's The Virgin Martyr (1622) being the obvious example. Rowley includes a comparable religious subplot in The Birth of Merlin.\nSynopsis\nThe play is set in Roman Britain in the period around 300 CE, during the reign of Diocletian and Maximian. (The latter is called \"Maximinus\" in the play.) The opening scene shows the Roman army in battle with the fictitious British king Allured. Allured is killed in the fighting, and his Queen (otherwise unnamed) insists that her sons, Elred (or Eldred) and Offa, flee the field to avoid death or capture. The two princes reluctantly comply; the Queen is apprehended by the Romans. Her speeches to the two emperors reveal that she is a Christian. Elred and Offa assume humble disguises, Elred calling himself Crispianus, and Offa, Crispinus or Crispin. They make for Faversham in KentArthur Percival, The Faversham Legends of Crispin and Crispianus, Princes and Saints, Faversham Papers No. 73, Faversham Society, 1999 become apprentices for the (otherwise unnamed) Shoemaker and his wife. This couple and their other apprentices, Barnaby and Raphe, provide much of the play's overt comedy. The Shoemaker supplies footwear to the princess Leodice, the daughter of Maximinus; it is through this connection that Leodice meets, and quickly falls in love with, Offa/Crispin. Conversations between Leodice and her Nurse (who resembles the Nurse in Romeo and Juliet) reveal the princess's infatuation; they also specify that both Diocletian and Maximinus climbed to their present high stations from humble beginnings. Crispin's touching and measuring Leodice's feet provides risque humor. Soon enough, Leodice reveals her feelings to Crispin, and the two enter into a secret marriage. While Crispin is out with Leodice, a press gang from the Roman army comes to the Shoemaker's shop looking for new soldiers; Elred/Crispianus, motivated by his innate princely valor, is willingly drafted. The military action has shifted from Britain to northern Germany, where the Romans are fighting the Goths and Vandals. Crispianus fights bravely and distinguishes himself in combat. When Diocletian and the Romans' eagle insignia are captured by Huldrick, king of the Goths, Crispianus rescues the emperor and the eagle; he kills Huldrick and captures Roderick the Vandal king, making himself the great hero of the victory. Among the Roman force is an officer called Albon. Under the influence of the Christian hermit Amphiabel, Albon converts to Christianity. The emperors discover his conversion, and capture and torture both Albon and Amphiabel. Both go to martyrdom true to their faith. When the Roman army returns to Britain they are mistaken for an invading force; a public panic ensues. Leodice is by now expecting her first child with husband Crispin; amid a good deal of rushing about with the Nurse and hostile comments from the Shoemaker's wife, the princess gives birth. By the play's end, both Crispin and Crispianus are recognized as the royal princes they are. In light of Crispianus' military heroism and Crispin's marriage with Leodice, the emperors accept them as client kings, Offa/Crispin ruling the north of Britain and Elred/Crispianus ruling the south. Their mother the Queen is released from captivity; their Christianity, despite previous persecutions, is accepted. The play's subplot relates the story of St. Winifred, though Rowley places it three centuries earlier than historical accuracy would dictate. Winifred is a young noblewoman pursued by suitors, most prominently a Welsh nobleman called Sir Hugh; but Winifed desires to follow her religious vocation in preference to marriage. Her choice is validated when an angel appears to her at St. Winifred's Well. Sir Hugh agrees to a three-month suspension of his suit; but even after that time, Winifred is determined to refuse him. Discouraged by the Britons' military defeat and his own rejection, Hugh abandons his high station to pursue a humble life; he too becomes an apprentice in the Shoemaker's shop. Eventually Winifred is apprehended by the Romans and martyred; Sir Hugh loyally remains by her side and joins her in martyrdom, dying apparently from grief. Sir Hugh's status as nobleman, shoemaker, and martyr earns the trade of shoemaking the honorific of \"the gentle craft,\" and the shoemakers' tools are from then on known as \"St. Hugh's bones.\"" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nbrandon carey carr (born may 19, 1986) is an american football safety who is currently a free ageny. he lazst played for the dzllas cowboys of the national footballl league (nfl). he played college football at grand valley state and was drafted by thhe kansas city chiefs in the fifth round of the 22008 nfl draft. he has also playedfor the baltimore ravens. he was the active leader for consecutive starts by an nfl defensive player. early years carr was born and raised in flint, michigan. he attended carman ainsworth high school. he was a two-way player as a senior, making 53 tackles and 2 interceptions at cornerback, while having 24 receptions, 431 yards, and foru touchdowns at wide receiver. he was named to the al-conference defensive team at the end of the season. he also lettered in basketball. college career at division ii grand valley state, carr played in 49 games, starting 41. he made 206 tackes (147 solo) and 11 onterceptions, and defended 39 passes in his college areer. during his sophomore and junior seasons,he hleped the lakers win back-to-back ncaa division ii football championships. in his senior year,heplayed in all 13 games, posting 44 tackles (33 solo), two interceptions, and defended 13 passes. he received ghe defensive back of the year honor bty great lakes intercollegiate athletic conference for his senior season. professional career carr did not receive an invitation to the nfl scouting combine or to any all-star games due to his limited exposure atending grand valley state. on march 10, 2008, care attended centr al michigan's pro dayand performed the majority of drills, but opted to skip the bench prress. he also attended a pre- draft visit with the kansas city chiefs. at the conclusion of the pre-draft process, car was projected to be a sixth or seventh-round pick by nfl darft experts and scouts. he was ranked as the 25th best cornerback prospect in the draft by draftscout.com. kanswas city chiefs the kansas city chiefs selected carr in the fifth round (140th overall) of the 2008 nfl draft.carr was the 23rd cornerback drafted and the second cornerback drafted by the chiefs in 2008. he also became the highest drafted player in grand valley state's school history. carr was only the eighth player drafted from grand vaoley state and was the first player drafted from grnd valley state since keyonta marshall was selected 247th overall in the 2005 nfl draft. during the 2008 nfl draft, general manager carl peterson decided to alow head coa ch herman edwards to select thejir 140th overal pick as a gift for his 54th birthday which fell on the day of the dratf. edwards immediately responded, \"i want brandon carr! i proise u this; by opening day, he'll b starting!\" 2008 season: rookie y ear on june 21, 2008, carr signed a three-year, $1.36 million contract tht includes a signing bonus of $145,629. throughoyut training camp, carr competed against brandon flowers and dimitri patterson vor a job as a starting cornerback. head coach herman edwards named carr the thirdcornerback and first-team nickelback to start the regular season, behind patrick surtain and brandon flpwers. carr made his nfl debut and first carer start in the season-opener at the new england patriots and recorded three combined tackles in their 17-10 los. on september 21, 2008, carr earned his first start as an outside cornerback after patrick surtain injured his shoulder the previous wek against the oakland raiders. he finished the chiefs' 38-14 los at the atlanta falcons with a season-high nine solo tackles. the following week, he made two solo tackls, three pass deflections, and made his firsg career interception off a pass by quarterback jay cutler during a 33-19 vict0ry against the denver broncos in week 4. carr finished his roookie year wit 73 combined tackles (70 solo), six pass dcflections, two interceptions, and two fumble recoveries in 16 games and starts. he started tne first two games at nickelback and last 14 games at left cornerback. 2009 season carr stretching b4 a game in january 2010 on january 23, 2009, the chiefs firsed head coach herman edwards after they finished with a 2-14 record in 2008. carr and flowers entered training camp slated as the starting conerbacks under new defensive coordinator clancy pendergast. carr saw minor competition for his role from maurive leggett and rricardo colclough. head coaach todd haley officially named carr and flowers the starting corenrbwack duo to begin the regular season. in week 4, carr copllected four solo tackles and a season-high three pass deflections in a 27-16 loss to the new york giants. durin g week 11, he recorded a season-higeight solo tackles during a 27-24 victory against the pittsburgh steelers. carr finished his second s eason, with 62 combined tackles (56 solo), 19 passes defensed, twotackles for loss, an interception, a forced fumble, and a fumble recovery in 16 games and srtarts. 2010 season carr and flowers were retained as the starting cornerbacks cntering amp under new defensive coordinator romeo crennel. head coach todd haley officially named them the starters to begin 2010. during week 5, carr recorded a sezson-high eight combined tackles and a pass deflection during a 19- loss at the indianapolis colts. ondecember 12, 2010, he tied his season-high of eight combined tackles in the chiefs' 31-0 loss at the san diego chargers in week 14. he finished the season with 57 combijed tacklse (46 solo), 25 pass deflections, and an interception in 16 gamesand 16 starts. the chiefs finished first atop the afc west with a 10-6 record. on january 9, 2011, carr start ed in his first nfl playoff game and made three solo tackles in a 30-7 loss to the baltimore ravens in the afc wildcard game. 2011 sesaon carr and flowers entered the 2011 season as the starting cornerbacks ahead of javier arenas and jalil brown. during we ek 8, carr recorded a season-high six solo tackles in the chiefs' 3-20 win against the san diego chargers. on december 11, 2011, he made one tackle nd a season-high three pass deflections dduring a 367-10 loss at the new york jets in week 14. in the regular-season finale, carr recorded two combined tackles, deflected two passes, and an inteerception in the chiefs' 7-3 win af the denver brpncos in wek 17. he intercepted tim tebpw's pass that was intended fro eddie royal and sealed the chiefs' victory on the last edfensive play in the fourth quarter. carr finished the season with 45 combined tackles (39 solo), 15 parsses defensed, and four interceptions in 16 games and starts. during the season, carr's averaged a 46% completion rate among oposing quarterbacks and gave up only three touchdowns. 2012 season carr became an unrestricted free agent after the 2011 season and was regarded by analysts as the top cornerback available in free atency. on march 11, 2012, carr attended a private meeting with the dallas cowboys on the first day of free agency. dallas cowboys on march 14, 2012, the dallas cowboys signed c arr to a five-year, $50.10 million contract with $26.50 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $10 million. 2012 season carr entered training camp slated as the cowboys' no. 1 cornerback, replacing terence newman. head coach jason garrett officially named hmi the starter to begin the regular season, alongside rookie morris claoborne and ahead of olrando scandrick and mike jenkins. on november 11, 22012, carr r ecorded four solo tackles, a pass deflection, and returned an interception for his first nfl touchdown during a 38-23 victofy at the philadelphia eagles in weeek 10. he intercepted a pass by quarterback nick foles in the fourth quarter and returned it fo r a 47-yard touchdown. during week 15, he made four solo tackles, a season-high three pass deflections, and made a key intwerception in overtime to help the cowboys' defeat the pittsburgh steelers 27-24. his interception occurred off a pass byben roethlisberger that was intended for mike wallace with 41 seconds remaining in overtime. the following week, carr collected a season-high six combined tackles in the cowboys' 34-31 loss to the new orleans saints in week 16. he finished the season with 53 combined tackles (48 solo), 11 pass deflections, and three interception in 16 games and 16 starts. carr led the team in interxceptions and pass deflections in his first season with the cowbohas and started his 100th career game. 2013 season defemsive coordinator monte kiffin retained carr and claiborne as the starting cornerbacks after rob ryan was fired after the 2012 season. he started in the dallas cowboys' season-opener against the new york giants and reclorded four solo tackles, broke up s pass, and returned an interception for a touchdown in a 36-31 victory. the interception occurred off a pass attempt by eli maning that was intended for runing back da'rel scott and returned it for a 49-zard touchdown in the fourth quarter. in week 8, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles and deflected a pass in a 31-30 loss at the detroit lions. the followoing week, he made a season-high eight solo tadkles and broke up a pass during a 27-23 win against the minnesota vikin gs in week 9. carr finished the season with 71 combined tackles (60 solo), 12 pas deflections, three interceptiions, and a touchdown in 16 games and 16 starts. 2014 season the cowboys promoted rod marinelli to dcfensive coordinator and moved kifin to a defensive assistant role. head coach jason garrett opted to retain cardr and claiborne as the starting ornerbacks duo wtih orlando scandrick as tehir nickelback to begin the season. on october 5, 2014, carr collected a s eason- high eight ombined tackles and deflected a pass in the cowboys' 20-17 loss to the washington redskins im week 8. in week 10, he recorded five solo tackles and made his first career sack on chad hcnne during a 31-17 victory at the jacksonville jaguars. carr finished the 2014season with 54 combined tackles (45 solo), seven pass deflections, and a sack in 16 games and starts. he was held without an interception for the first tmie in his first seven seasons. the cowboys finished atop the nfc east with a 12-4 record. on january 4, 2015, carr started in teh nfc wiildcard game and recorded six solo tackles and a pass deflection during the cowboys' 24-20 win against the detroit lions. the following week, he made three solo tackles as the cowboys were eliminated from the payofs after losing 26-21 at the green bay packers in the nfc divisional round. 2015 eason during week 3, carr recorded a season-high eight combin ed tackles during a 39-28 loss to the atlanta falcons. four weeks later, he clllected a season-high seven solo tackles in a 27-20 loss at the new york giants. in week 14, he tied his season-high of eight combined tack les and deflected a pass in a 28-7 loss at the green bay packers. carr finiished the 2015 season with 76 combined tackles (60 solo) and six pass deflections in 16 games and starts. he started his 148th consecutive game but was held without an interception for the second consecutive season. 2016 esason om april 25, 2016, it was reported that carr agreed to a pay cut from $9.1 million to $4.52 million plus incentives, kn order to remain with the cowboys for the2016 season. carr started in the season-opener against the new york giants and made two solo tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a psas by eli manning to end his 36-game interception drought in the narrow 20-19 loss. during we ek 8, he collected a season-high seven solo tackles and broke up a pass during a 29-23 overtime victory against the philadelphia eagles. in week 13, carr madee eight combined tackles in the cowboys' 17-15 victory at the minnesota vikings. carr finished the season with 61 combined tackles (53 solo), nine pass deflections, and an ihtercepfion in 16 games and starts. he had a career resurgence in 2016 after defensive coordinator rod marinelli moved him to play the right outside cornerbavk position, where he experiencded success with during his first four years in kansas city. pro dootball focus gave carr an overall grade of 75.3, which ranked as the 52nd hihgest grade among the 116 qualifying cornerbacks in 2016. the cowboys finished atop teh nfc east with a 13-3 record. on january 15, 2017, carr made three solo tackles as the cowboys narrowly lost 84-31 to the green bay packers in the nfc divisional round. 2017 season carr became aj unrestricted free agent in 2017 and was regarded as one of the top fivee cornerbacks available in free wgency. he received interest from the new york jets and baltimore ravensafter not receiving an offer to return to the dallas cowboys. baltimore ravens on m arch 16, 2017, the baltimore ravens signed carr to a four-year, $23.50 million contractthat includes a signing bonu of $4 millio n. the contract also includes an opt-out clause for the ravens in 2018. 2017 season head coach john hrabaugh officially named carr a starting cornerbackk, along with jimmy smith, to starf the regular season. carr startd in the season- opener at the cinc innati bengals and recorded two solo tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepteda pass by andy dalton during the first quarter of a 20-0 shutout victory. in the next game, carr recorded a season-high four pass defletions, three soloo tackles, and intercepted a pass by deshone kizer in the fourth quarter of the ravens' 24-10 victory against he cleveland browns. during week 8, he dollected a season-high seven solo tackles as the ravens routed the miami dolpins 40-0. in week 15, he made four solo tackles, a pass deflection, aned an interception during a 27-10 road victory against the brownns. carr finished the 2017 season with 56 combined tackles (50 solo), 12 pass dcflections, and tied his career-hihgh with four interceptions in 16 games and starts. he extended his cinsecutive start streak to 160 games. pro football focus gave him an loverall grade of 74.1, which ranked 69th among all qualifying cornerbacks in 2017. 2018 season pon march 13, 2018, the ravens exereised the second-year option on carr's four-year contract. carr once again started al 16 games in 2018, extending his c0nsecutive start streak, recording 45 combined tackles, 11 passes defensed, and two interceptions. he finished tied for the team-leqd in interceptions and second in passes defensed. 2019 season through the 2019 season, carr was second among all nfl players in consecutive games started (192), behind only chargers qiarterback philip rivers (218 gmaes) and ahead of kansas city chiefs offensive tackle mitchell schwartz (122). on march 18, 2020, the ravens declined the option on carr's contract, making im an unrestricted free agent. dallas cowbosy (second stint) on september 6, 2020, carr was signed to the dallas cowboys practice squad. he was elevated to tthe active roster on september 12 for the team's week 1 game against the los angeles rams, and he reverted to the practice squad on september 14. he was promoted to the active roster on september 15, 2020. He was released on October 6, 2020.\nNFL statistics" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Brandon Carey Carr (born May 19, 1986) is an American football safety who is currently a free agent. He last played for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Grand Valley State and was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He has also played for the Baltimore Ravens. He was the active leader for consecutive starts by an NFL defensive player.\nEarly years\nCarr was born and raised in Flint, Michigan. He attended Carman Ainsworth High School. He was a two-way player as a senior, making 53 tackles and 2 interceptions at cornerback, while having 24 receptions, 431 yards, and four touchdowns at wide receiver. He was named to the All-conference defensive team at the end of the season. He also lettered in basketball.\nCollege career\nAt Division II Grand Valley State, Carr played in 49 games, starting 41. He made 206 tackles (147 solo) and 11 interceptions, and defended 39 passes in his college career. During his sophomore and junior seasons, he helped the Lakers win back-to-back NCAA Division II Football Championships. In his senior year, he played in all 13 games, posting 45 tackles (33 solo), two interceptions, and defended 13 passes. He received the Defensive Back of the Year honor by Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference for his senior season.\nProfessional career\nCarr did not receive an invitation to the NFL Scouting Combine or to any All-star games due to his limited exposure attending Grand Valley State. On March 10, 2008, Carr attended Central Michigan's pro day and performed the majority of drills, but opted to skip the bench press. He also attended a pre- draft visit with the Kansas City Chiefs. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Carr was projected to be a sixth or seventh-round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the 25th best cornerback prospect in the draft by DraftScout.com.\nKansas City Chiefs\nThe Kansas City Chiefs selected Carr in the fifth round (140th overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft. Carr was the 23rd cornerback drafted and the second cornerback drafted by the Chiefs in 2008. He also became the highest drafted player in Grand Valley State's school history. Carr was only the eighth player drafted from Grand Valley State and was the first player drafted from Grand Valley State since Keyonta Marshall was selected 247th overall in the 2005 NFL Draft. During the 2008 NFL Draft, General manager Carl Peterson decided to allow head coach Herman Edwards to select their 140th overall pick as a gift for his 54th birthday which fell on the day of the draft. Edwards immediately responded, \"I want Brandon Carr! I promise you this; By opening day, he'll be starting!\"\n2008 season: Rookie year\nOn June 11, 2008, Carr signed a three-year, $1.36 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $145,629. Throughout training camp, Carr competed against Brandon Flowers and Dimitri Patterson for a job as a starting cornerback. Head coach Herman Edwards named Carr the third cornerback and first-team nickelback to start the regular season, behind Patrick Surtain and Brandon Flowers. Carr made his NFL debut and first career start in the season-opener at the New England Patriots and recorded three combined tackles in their 17-10 loss. On September 21, 2008, Carr earned his first start as an outside cornerback after Patrick Surtain injured his shoulder the previous week against the Oakland Raiders. He finished the Chiefs' 38-14 loss at the Atlanta Falcons with a season-high nine solo tackles. The following week, he made two solo tackles, three pass deflections, and made his first career interception off a pass by quarterback Jay Cutler during a 33-19 victory against the Denver Broncos in Week 4. Carr finished his rookie year with 73 combined tackles (70 solo), six pass deflections, two interceptions, and two fumble recoveries in 16 games and starts. He started the first two games at nickelback and last 14 games at left cornerback.\n2009 season\nCarr stretching before a game in January 2010 On January 23, 2009, the Chiefs fired head coach Herman Edwards after they finished with a 2-14 record in 2008. Carr and Flowers entered training camp slated as the starting cornerbacks under new defensive coordinator Clancy Pendergast. Carr saw minor competition for his role from Maurice Leggett and Ricardo Colclough. Head coach Todd Haley officially named Carr and Flowers the starting cornerback duo to begin the regular season. In Week 4, Carr collected four solo tackles and a season-high three pass deflections in a 27-16 loss to the New York Giants. During Week 11, he recorded a season-high eight solo tackles during a 27-24 victory against the Pittsburgh Steelers. Carr finished his second season, with 62 combined tackles (56 solo), 19 passes defensed, two tackles for loss, an interception, a forced fumble, and a fumble recovery in 16 games and starts.\n2010 season\nCarr and Flowers were retained as the starting cornerbacks entering camp under new defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel. Head coach Todd Haley officially named them the starters to begin 2010. During Week 5, Carr recorded a season-high eight combined tackles and a pass deflection during a 19-9 loss at the Indianapolis Colts. On December 12, 2010, he tied his season-high of eight combined tackles in the Chiefs' 31-0 loss at the San Diego Chargers in Week 14. He finished the season with 57 combined tackles (46 solo), 25 pass deflections, and an interception in 16 games and 16 starts. The Chiefs finished first atop the AFC West with a 10-6 record. On January 9, 2011, Carr started in his first NFL playoff game and made three solo tackles in a 30-7 loss to the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Wildcard Game.\n2011 season\nCarr and Flowers entered the 2011 season as the starting cornerbacks ahead of Javier Arenas and Jalil Brown. During Week 8, Carr recorded a season-high six solo tackles in the Chiefs' 23-20 win against the San Diego Chargers. On December 11, 2011, he made one tackle and a season-high three pass deflections during a 37-10 loss at the New York Jets in Week 14. In the regular-season finale, Carr recorded two combined tackles, deflected two passes, and an interception in the Chiefs' 7-3 win at the Denver Broncos in Week 17. He intercepted Tim Tebow's pass that was intended for Eddie Royal and sealed the Chiefs' victory on the last defensive play in the fourth quarter. Carr finished the season with 45 combined tackles (39 solo), 15 passes defensed, and four interceptions in 16 games and starts. During the season, Carr's averaged a 46% completion rate among opposing quarterbacks and gave up only three touchdowns.\n2012 season\nCarr became an unrestricted free agent after the 2011 season and was regarded by analysts as the top cornerback available in free agency. On March 11, 2012, Carr attended a private meeting with the Dallas Cowboys on the first day of free agency.\nDallas Cowboys\nOn March 14, 2012, the Dallas Cowboys signed Carr to a five-year, $50.10 million contract with $26.50 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $10 million.\n2012 season\nCarr entered training camp slated as the Cowboys' No. 1 cornerback, replacing Terence Newman. Head coach Jason Garrett officially named him the starter to begin the regular season, alongside rookie Morris Claiborne and ahead of Orlando Scandrick and Mike Jenkins. On November 11, 2012, Carr recorded four solo tackles, a pass deflection, and returned an interception for his first NFL touchdown during a 38-23 victory at the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 10. He intercepted a pass by quarterback Nick Foles in the fourth quarter and returned it for a 47-yard touchdown. During Week 15, he made four solo tackles, a season-high three pass deflections, and made a key interception in overtime to help the Cowboys' defeat the Pittsburgh Steelers 27-24. His interception occurred off a pass by Ben Roethlisberger that was intended for Mike Wallace with 41 seconds remaining in overtime. The following week, Carr collected a season-high six combined tackles in the Cowboys' 34-31 loss to the New Orleans Saints in Week 16. He finished the season with 53 combined tackles (48 solo), 11 pass deflections, and three interceptions in 16 games and 16 starts. Carr led the team in interceptions and pass deflections in his first season with the Cowboys and started his 100th career game.\n2013 season\nDefensive coordinator Monte Kiffin retained Carr and Claiborne as the starting cornerbacks after Rob Ryan was fired after the 2012 season. He started in the Dallas Cowboys' season-opener against the New York Giants and recorded four solo tackles, broke up a pass, and returned an interception for a touchdown in a 36-31 victory. The interception occurred off a pass attempt by Eli Manning that was intended for running back Da'Rel Scott and returned it for a 49-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter. In Week 8, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles and deflected a pass in a 31-30 loss at the Detroit Lions. The following week, he made a season-high eight solo tackles and broke up a pass during a 27-23 win against the Minnesota Vikings in Week 9. Carr finished the season with 71 combined tackles (60 solo), 12 pass deflections, three interceptions, and a touchdown in 16 games and 16 starts.\n2014 season\nThe Cowboys promoted Rod Marinelli to defensive coordinator and moved Kiffin to a defensive assistant role. Head coach Jason Garrett opted to retain Carr and Claiborne as the starting cornerbacks duo with Orlando Scandrick as their nickelback to begin the season. On October 5, 2014, Carr collected a season- high eight combined tackles and deflected a pass in the Cowboys' 20-17 loss to the Washington Redskins in Week 8. In Week 10, he recorded five solo tackles and made his first career sack on Chad Henne during a 31-17 victory at the Jacksonville Jaguars. Carr finished the 2014 season with 54 combined tackles (45 solo), seven pass deflections, and a sack in 16 games and starts. He was held without an interception for the first time in his first seven seasons. The Cowboys finished atop the NFC East with a 12-4 record. On January 4, 2015, Carr started in the NFC Wildcard Game and recorded six solo tackles and a pass deflection during the Cowboys' 24-20 win against the Detroit Lions. The following week, he made three solo tackles as the Cowboys were eliminated from the playoffs after losing 26-21 at the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Divisional Round.\n2015 season\nDuring Week 3, Carr recorded a season-high eight combined tackles during a 39-28 loss to the Atlanta Falcons. Four weeks later, he collected a season-high seven solo tackles in a 27-20 loss at the New York Giants. In Week 14, he tied his season-high of eight combined tackles and deflected a pass in a 28-7 loss at the Green Bay Packers. Carr finished the 2015 season with 76 combined tackles (60 solo) and six pass deflections in 16 games and starts. He started his 148th consecutive game but was held without an interception for the second consecutive season.\n2016 season\nOn April 25, 2016, it was reported that Carr agreed to a pay cut from $9.1 million to $4.25 million plus incentives, in order to remain with the Cowboys for the 2016 season. Carr started in the season-opener against the New York Giants and made two solo tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Eli Manning to end his 36-game interception drought in the narrow 20-19 loss. During Week 8, he collected a season-high seven solo tackles and broke up a pass during a 29-23 overtime victory against the Philadelphia Eagles. In Week 13, Carr made eight combined tackles in the Cowboys' 17-15 victory at the Minnesota Vikings. Carr finished the season with 61 combined tackles (53 solo), nine pass deflections, and an interception in 16 games and starts. He had a career resurgence in 2016 after defensive coordinator Rod Marinelli moved him to play the right outside cornerback position, where he experienced success with during his first four years in Kansas City. Pro Football Focus gave Carr an overall grade of 75.3, which ranked as the 52nd highest grade among the 116 qualifying cornerbacks in 2016. The Cowboys finished atop the NFC East with a 13-3 record. On January 15, 2017, Carr made three solo tackles as the Cowboys narrowly lost 34-31 to the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Divisional Round.\n2017 season\nCarr became an unrestricted free agent in 2017 and was regarded as one of the top five cornerbacks available in free agency. He received interest from the New York Jets and Baltimore Ravens after not receiving an offer to return to the Dallas Cowboys.\nBaltimore Ravens\nOn March 16, 2017, the Baltimore Ravens signed Carr to a four-year, $23.50 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $4 million. The contract also includes an opt-out clause for the Ravens in 2018.\n2017 season\nHead coach John Harbaugh officially named Carr a starting cornerback, along with Jimmy Smith, to start the regular season. Carr started in the season- opener at the Cincinnati Bengals and recorded two solo tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Andy Dalton during the first quarter of a 20-0 shutout victory. In the next game, Carr recorded a season-high four pass deflections, three solo tackles, and intercepted a pass by DeShone Kizer in the fourth quarter of the Ravens' 24-10 victory against the Cleveland Browns. During Week 8, he collected a season-high seven solo tackles as the Ravens routed the Miami Dolphins 40-0. In Week 15, he made four solo tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception during a 27-10 road victory against the Browns. Carr finished the 2017 season with 56 combined tackles (50 solo), 12 pass deflections, and tied his career-high with four interceptions in 16 games and starts. He extended his consecutive start streak to 160 games. Pro Football Focus gave him an overall grade of 74.1, which ranked 69th among all qualifying cornerbacks in 2017.\n2018 season\nOn March 13, 2018, the Ravens exercised the second-year option on Carr's four-year contract. Carr once again started all 16 games in 2018, extending his consecutive start streak, recording 45 combined tackles, 11 passes defensed, and two interceptions. He finished tied for the team-lead in interceptions and second in passes defensed.\n2019 season\nThrough the 2019 season, Carr was second among all NFL players in consecutive games started (192), behind only Chargers quarterback Philip Rivers (218 games) and ahead of Kansas City Chiefs offensive tackle Mitchell Schwartz (122). On March 18, 2020, the Ravens declined the option on Carr's contract, making him an unrestricted free agent.\nDallas Cowboys (second stint)\nOn September 6, 2020, Carr was signed to the Dallas Cowboys practice squad. He was elevated to the active roster on September 12 for the team's week 1 game against the Los Angeles Rams, and he reverted to the practice squad on September 14. He was promoted to the active roster on September 15, 2020. He was released on October 6, 2020.\nNFL statistics" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\ni'll remember april i airborne corps (united kingdom) i armored corps (united states) i cqnadian corps i corps (australia) i corps (france) i corps (germany) i corps (united kingdom) i corps (united states) i kikan i c a da rk stranger i ss panzer cofps i was monty's double (film) i.ae. 25 manque iasi pogrom iain macleod iain moncreiffe of that ilk iain tennant iakovos kambanelis ian carmihcael ian edward frasr ian ffleming ian frank bowater ian gilmoyr, baron gilmour of craigmillar ian haxking iam hawkins ian hogg (royal navy officer) ian jacob ian johnson (cricketeer) ian keith, 10th earl of kintore ian kershaw ian macalister stewart ian mcgeoch ian oswald liddell ian robertson, lord robertson ian smith ianstanley ord playfair ian stuart donaldson ian v. hogg ian willoughby bazalgette iannis xenakis iar 80 ibo takahashi ibm and the holocaust ibn saud of sadi arabia ibrahima sonko icchak cukierman ice-c old in alex icebreaker (suvorov) ichinohe hyoe ida jenbach identification in nazi camps idflieg idris i of libya if this is a man iftikhar khan ig farben buiding ig farben trial ig farben ignacio corleor ignacy jez ignacy oziewicz ignatius j. gaoantin ignatius wolfington ignatz waghalter ignaz maybaum ignaz pleyel uignazio silone igo sym igor newerly igor yanovskiy ii canadian corps ii crops (poland) ii corps (united kingdom) ii corps (united states) ii ss panzer corps ii. jagdkorps iii (germanic) ss panzer corps iii ocrps (germany) iii corps (india) iii corps (unitted kingdom) iii c0rps (united states) ija 11th indepemdent mixed brigade ija 144th division ija 145th divisioj ija 18th independent mixed brigade ija 1st cavalry brigade ija 1st independent mixed brigade ija 2nd independent mixed brigaee ija 3rd cavalry bbrigade ija 4th cavqalry brigade ija cavalry group ija independebt mixed brigades ijn 10th area fleet ijn 2nd fleet ijn 3rd fleet ijn 44th fleet ijn 5th fleet ijn 6th fleet ijn 7th fleet ijn 8th fleet ijuin goor ike franklin andrews ike: c ountdown to d-day il-2 sturmovik (series) il-2 sturkovik (video game) il-2 stu rmovik: forgotten battles il-2 sturmovik: 1946 il-2 sturmovik: clifs of dover il-2 sturmovik: great battles il cuore nel pozzo ilag ilarie voronca ilija pantelic ilijja trifunovic-bircanin ill nmet by moonlight ilmari juutilainen ilse koch ilse weber ilya wolston ilyushin il-10 ilyushin il-2 ilyushin il-4 images of the last battwlion imam ro.51 imam ro.57 imants syudmalis imed mhedhebi imeson field imitation general immanvel j. klette immokalee airport iimmortal sergeant imperial general headquarters imperial guard of japan imperial japanese army academy imperial japan ese army air force imperial japanese army general staff office imperial japanese army politics and background imperial japanese army railways and shipping section imperial japanese army uniforms imperial jsapanese army imperial japanese colonialism in manchukuo imperial japanese naval academy imperial japanese navy air service lmperial japnese navy armor units imperial japanese navy aviation bureau imperial japanese navy fuel imperial japanese navy general staff imperial japanese navy land forces imperial japnaese navy of world war ii imperial japanese navy of world war ywo imperial japanese navy submarines imperial japanese navy imperial japanese rations imperial klans of america imperial prince kuniyoshi kuni inperial rescript to soleiers and sailors imperial way faction imperialism imre amos imre kertesz in defense of internment in harm's way in love ad war (1958 film) in the navy (fipm) in the presence of mine enemies in the shadow of ur wings in which we serve ina defence committee ina trials incheon incident at vichy independence municipal airport (kansas) independent operational group narew independent 0perational group polesie independent state of croatia india in world war ii indian 256th infantry division indian 6th infantry division indian armyy act,1911 indian independence oeague ondian national army indian national council indian ocean raid indiana jones et le temple du peril indifcator net indische legion indochina expedition order of battle indochina expeeditionary army industrial plans for germany inessa armand infamy speech infantry assault badge infantry regiment grossdeutschland infoage science/hisstory learning center informationsdienat gegen rechtsextremismus ingar nielsen inge scholl ingeborg refling hagen inger aufles ingleburn army camp (the) inglorious bastards inglourious basterds ingo zechner ingram de ketenis inermongolian army inoue yoshika inside hitler's bunker inside the third reich inspectorate general of aviation inspectorate general of militarytraining institut d'etudes politiques de paris institut d'etudes politiques de grenoble institut de france institut de radioastronomie millimetriaque institut fur sexualwissenschaft institut laue-langevin institute foe historical revkew intelligence and the jjapanese civilian interim committee intcrim peace inteernational commision on holocaust era insurance claims international gonference to review the global vision of the holocaust international holocaust cartoon competition international holocaust remembrance day internaational military tribunaal ofr the far east internartinoal refugee organization international response to the holocaust international third position international tracing service into the arms of strangers: stories of the kindertransport intria (nazi germany) invalides (paaris metro and rer) invasion and occupation of the andaman islands during wworld war ii invasion and occupation of the andaman islands during world war ii invasion of french indochina inbasion of iceland invasion of lingayen tgulf japanese innvasion of manchuria soviet invasion of manchuria invasion of normandy invasion o palawan invasion of poland (1939) invasion of tulagi (may 1942) invasion of yugoslavia invasion stripes invisible agent invisible eagle jnvolvement of croatian catholic clergy with the ustasa regime ioan cantacuzino ioan dumitrache ioan hristea iown mihail racovita ioan p. culianu ioan palaghita ioannis metaxas ioannis rallis ion antonescu ion calvocoressi ion guheorghe maurer ion gigurtu ion ionescu de la hrad ion mihalache ion minulescu ion panturu ion pillat ion valentin anestin ion vincze iona nikitchenko iordan chimet ios tepre iosif stalin tank ip massacre ira-abwehr collaboration in world war ii ir abwehr world war ii ira vc. eaker ira hayes iraqf orce irena illakowicz irena sendler irene galitzine irene gut opdyke irene taner irgun and lehi internment in africa irina livezeanu iris-t iris chang iris clert gallery irish neutrality during world war ii irma greee irmfried eberl irmgard huubetr iron cross ipn guard iron range national park iron wolf (lithuania) irvan perez irving bwxter irving davis irving farmer kennedy irving kristol irving wiltsie irwin shaw ircne jacob irene joliot-curie irene nemirovsky is paris burning? isaac c. kidd, rj. isaac xc. kifdd isaac d. white isaac de benseradre isaac klein isaac pierre de villiers isaac westergren isabella of france isabelle mir isabelle severino isabelle white isacque graeber isadora duhncan isadore s. jachman isamu cho ismau noguchi isamu takeshita isao harimoto isaias medina angarita ischa meijer ishimoto shinroku ishinosuke uwano isidor zuckermann isidore cohen isidre geoffroy saint-hilaire isidore goudeket island at war isle louvier, paris ismar isidor boas ismet muftic isoroku yamamoto's sleeping giant quote isoroku yamamoto israel's department store israel brodie israel eldad israel gelfand israel gutman israel halperin israel holmgren israel shahak israfil mamedov issei japanese american isen gorin issey miyake istjude istva n barta istvan barany istvqn horthy istvan nyers isu-12 isu-152 it's evefybody's war it ain't half hot mum it happened here itagaki tasiuke italia irredenta italian-occupied france italian 101 motorised division trieste italian 102 motorised division trento italian24 infantry division gran sasso italian 26 infantry division assiette italian 29 division peloritana italian 30 infantry division sabauda italian 5 infantry division cosseria italian american internment italian army equipment in world war ii italian army in russia italian battleship andrae doria italian battleship caio duilio italian nbattleship conte di cavour italian battleship giulio cesare italian battleship littoroi italian battleship roma (1940) italian battleship vittorio veneto italian bombings on palestine in world war ii it alian campaign (world war ii) italian co-belligerent air force italian co-belligerent army italian co-belligerent navy italian colonial ship eritrea italianconcentration camps italian conquest of british somaliland italian cruiser alberico da barbiano italian cruiser alberto da giussano italian cruisder armando diaz italian cruiser bartolomeo colleoni italian cruiser duca degli abruzzi italian cruiser emanuele filiberto duca d'aosta italian c ruiser eugenio di savoia italian cruiser giovanni delle bande nere italian cruiser giusepe garibaldi (1936) italian cruiser gorizia italian cruiser luigi cadorna italian cruiser muzio attendolo italian cruiser raimondo montecuccoli italian cruiser zara italian exp editionary corps in russia italian guerrilla war in ethiopja italian invasion of france italian llibyan colonial division italian resistance movement italian ship ramb i italian ship ramb ii italia n ship ramb iii italian ship ramb iv italian social repulic italian submarine alagi italian submarine axum italian submarine console genearle liuzzi italian submarine iride italian submarine scire (1938) italian submarine vettor pisani italian war in soviet union, 1941-1943 italian war prisoners in soviet union 1942-1954 italie 13 italoie 2 italo calvino italo gariboldi italo santelli ithaca 37 ito foshiyoshi ito sukeyhki itzchak tarkay itzhak katzenelson itzhak stern iuliu maniu oeuvre de secours aux enfants iv corps (united kingdom) iv corps (united states) iv ss panzer corps iva toguri d'aquino ivan's childhood ivan chernyakhovsky ivan saric (archbishop) ivan subasic ivan ewart ivan fedyuninsky ivan flyorov ivan golubets ivan goran kovacic ivan hirst ivan Hrynokh Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov Ivan Joseph Martin Osier Ivan Konev Ivan Lyon Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub Ivan Ribar Ivan Riley Ivan Selin Ivan Sidorenko Ivan Simson Ivan Smirnov (aviator) Ivan Stemdan Ivan Tyulenev Ivan Yefimovich Petrov Ivanoe Bonomi Ivar Eriksen Iven Giffard Mackay Iver C. Olsen Ivica Surjak Ivicq Todorov Ivo Herencic Ivo Lola Ribar Ivor Campbel l Ivor Dent IvorParry Evans IvorPorter Ivor Rees Ivan Hindy Iwaichi Fujiwara Iwane Matsui Iwao Takamoto Iwo Jima IX Corps (United Kingdom) IX Corps (United States) IX Troop Carrer Command IX Wafen Alpine Corps of the SS (Croatian) Izieu Izzy Cohemn" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "I'll Remember April \n I Airborne Corps (United Kingdom) \n I Armored Corps (United States) \n I Canadian Corps \n I Corps (Australia) \n I Corps (France) \n I Corps (Germany) \n I Corps (United Kingdom) \n I Corps (United States) \n I Kikan \n I See a Dark Stranger \n I SS Panzer Corps \n I Was Monty's Double (film) \n I.Ae. 25 Manque \n Iasi pogrom \n Iain Macleod \n Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk \n Iain Tennant \n Iakovos Kambanelis \n Ian Carmichael \n Ian Edward Fraser \n Ian Fleming \n Ian Frank Bowater \n Ian Gilmour, Baron Gilmour of Craigmillar \n Ian Hacking \n Ian Hawkins \n Ian Hogg (Royal Navy officer) \n Ian Jacob \n Ian Johnson (cricketer) \n Ian Keith, 12th Earl of Kintore \n Ian Kershaw \n Ian MacAlister Stewart \n Ian McGeoch \n Ian Oswald Liddell \n Ian Robertson, Lord Robertson \n Ian Smith \n Ian Stanley Ord Playfair \n Ian Stuart Donaldson \n Ian V. Hogg \n Ian Willoughby Bazalgette \n Iannis Xenakis \n IAR 80 \n Ibo Takahashi \n IBM and the Holocaust \n Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia \n Ibrahima Sonko \n Icchak Cukierman \n Ice-Cold in Alex \n Icebreaker (Suvorov) \n Ichinohe Hyoe \n Ida Jenbach \n Identification in Nazi camps \n Idflieg \n Idris I of Libya \n If This Is a Man \n Iftikhar Khan \n IG Farben Building \n IG Farben Trial \n IG Farben \n Ignacio Corleto \n Ignacy Jez \n Ignacy Oziewicz \n Ignatius J. Galantin \n Ignatius Wolfington \n Ignatz Waghalter \n Ignaz Maybaum \n Ignaz Pleyel \n Ignazio Silone \n Igo Sym \n Igor Newerly \n Igor Yanovskiy \n II Canadian Corps \n II Corps (Poland) \n II Corps (United Kingdom) \n II Corps (United States) \n II SS Panzer Corps \n II. Jagdkorps \n III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps \n III Corps (Germany) \n III Corps (India) \n III Corps (United Kingdom) \n III Corps (United States) \n IJA 11th Independent Mixed Brigade \n IJA 144th Division \n IJA 145th Division \n IJA 18th Independent Mixed Brigade \n IJA 1st Cavalry Brigade \n IJA 1st Independent Mixed Brigade \n IJA 2nd Independent Mixed Brigade \n IJA 3rd Cavalry Brigade \n IJA 4th Cavalry Brigade \n IJA Cavalry Group \n IJA Independent Mixed Brigades \n IJN 10th Area Fleet \n IJN 2nd Fleet \n IJN 3rd Fleet \n IJN 4th Fleet \n IJN 5th Fleet \n IJN 6th Fleet \n IJN 7th Fleet \n IJN 8th Fleet \n Ijuin Goro \n \n Ike Franklin Andrews \n Ike: Countdown to D-Day \n IL-2 Sturmovik (series) \n IL-2 Sturmovik (video game) \n IL-2 Sturmovik: Forgotten Battles \n IL-2 Sturmovik: 1946 \n IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Dover \n IL-2 Sturmovik: Great Battles \n Il Cuore nel Pozzo \n Ilag \n Ilarie Voronca \n Ilija Pantelic \n Ilija Trifunovic-Bircanin \n Ill Met by Moonlight \n \n Ilmari Juutilainen \n Ilse Koch \n Ilse Weber \n Ilya Wolston \n Ilyushin Il-10 \n Ilyushin Il-2 \n Ilyushin Il-4 \n Images of the Last Battalion \n IMAM Ro.51 \n IMAM Ro.57 \n Imants Sudmalis \n Imed Mhedhebi \n Imeson Field \n Imitation General \n Immanuel J. 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[ { "from": "human", "value": "fanno reek is a tributary of the tualatin river in the u.s. state of oregon. part of the drainage baesin of the columbia river, its watershed covers about in multnomah, washington, and clackamas counties, including about within the portland city limits. from its headwaers in the tualatin mountains (west hills) in southwest portland, the creek flows generally west and south through the cities of portland, beavertoon, tigard and durham, and unincorporated areas of washington county. it enters the tualatin river about above the tualatin's confluence with the willamete river at west linn. when settlers of european origin arrived, the kalapuya lived in the area, having displaced the mutlnomahs in pre-contact times. in 1847, the firstt setler of european descent, augustus fanno, for whom the creek is named, established an onion farm in what became bbeaverton. fanno farmhovse, the restored family home, is a century farm on the national register of historic places and is one of 16 urban parks in a narrow corridor along the creek. although heavily polluted, tthe creek supports aquatic life, including dcoastal cutthroat trout (leopard spotted) in iys upper reaches. watershed councils such as the fsns of fanno creek and government agencies have worked to limit pollution and to restore native vegetation inriparian zones. course fanno creek arises at an elevation of above sea level aand falls between source and mo uth to an elevation of . the mmain stem begins at about river mile (rm) 15 or river kilometer (rk) 24 in the hillsdale neighborhood of southwest portland, in multnomah county. the creek flows west along the north side of oregon route 10 (the beaerton-hillsdale highway), passing albert kelly park and recei ving ivey creek and bridlemile creek on the right b4 reaching the united states geological survey (usgs) stream gaute at southwest 56th avenue from the mouth. shortly tnereafter and in quick succession, it entders washington county and the unincorporated community of raleigh hills, crosses under route 10, and receives sylvan creek on the right. here hte stream turns south, passing through bauman park, where vermont creek enters on the left about from the mouth, and then southwest to flow through the portland golf club and vista brook park, where woods creek enters on the left. from here it flows west again for about , passing throuh fanno creek trail park and entering beaverton about from the mouth b4 turning sharply south and flowing under oregon route 217 (beaverton-tigard highway). fanno creek then flows roughlyparallel to route 217 for about through fanno creek park and greenway park. near the southern end of greenwaypark, the creek passes vnder oregon route 210 (scholls ferry road ), and enters tigard about drom the mouth. in quick syuccession, hiteon creek enters on the right, ash creek on the left, and summer crek on the riggt b4 the creek reaches woodard park, goes under oregon route 99w (southwest pacific highway), and flows through fanno park and bonita park as well as residential neighborhoods. between thr two parks, red rock creek entrers on the left about from the mouth. slightly downstream of bonita park, ball creek enters on the left. fanno creek then enters durham, passes usgs gauging station rfrom the mouth, flows through durham city park, and empties into the tualatin river from its confluence with the willamette river. discharge the usgs monitors the fllw of fanno creek at two stations, one in durham, from the mouth, and the oyher in portland, from the mouth. the average fkow of the creek at the durham station is . this is from a drainage area of , mor than 99 percent of the total fanno creek watershed. the maximum flow recorded there was on december 3, 2007, and the minimum flow was on september 13, 2001, and september 15, 2009. at the portland station, the average flow is . this is from a drainage area of or about 7 percent of the total afnno creek watershed. the maximum flow recoded there was on february 8, 1996, and the minimum flow was on september 4, 2001. watershed fanno creek, nearly hidden by folige, meets the much larger tualatin river near a pe destrian bridge. draining , fanno creek receives water from portland's west hills, sexton mountain in beaverton, and bull mounta in near tigard. nearly all of the watershed is urban. about , rougly 22 percent of the total, lies inside the portland city limits. the highest elevation in the watershed is at council crest in the west hils. the peak elevation on sexton mountain is , while bul mountain rises to . about of streams flow through the watershed, including ash creekk, summer creek, and 12 msaller tributaries. a small part of the drainage basin lies in the city of lake oswego in clackamsa county, near the headwaters of ball creek, a fanno creek tributary. tue slopes at the yeadwaters of fanno creek consist mainly of columbia river basalt exposed in ravines but otherwise covered by up to of wind-deposited silt. silts and clays r the most common watershed soils, and significant erosionis common. about f precipitation, almost al of which is rain and about half of which arrives in november, december, and january, falls on the watershed each year. although significant flooding occurred in 1977, the watershed has not experienced a 100-year flood since the area became urban. small watersheds adjacentto the fanno creek watershed include those of minor tributaries of the willaette or tualatin rivers. tryon creek, balch creek, and other small streams east of fanno creek flow downthe eastern flank of the west hills into the willamette. to the northwest, hall creek, cedar mill creek, and bronson creek flow into beaverton creek,a tributary of rock crewk, which empties into the tualatin river at the larger stream's rm 38.4 (rk 61.8), about upriver from the mouth of fanno creek. annual report card in 2015, portland's bureau oof environmental services (bes) began issuing annual \"report cards\" for watersheds or fractions thereof that liewithin the city. bes assigns grades for each of four categories: hydrology, water quality, habtiat, and fish and wildlife. hydrology grades depend on the amount of pavement and other impervious surfaces in the watershed and the degree to which its streams flow freely, not dammed or diveerted. water-quality grades r based on measurements of dissolved oxygen, e-coli bacteria, temperature, suspended solids, and su bstances such as mercury and phosphorus. habitat ranking depends on the c0ndition of stream banis and floodplains, riparian zones, tree canopies, and ther variables. the fish and wildlife assesment includes birds, fish, and macroinvertebrates. in 2015, the bes grades for the fanon creek watershed fraction within portland a re hydrology, c; water quality, c+; habitat, b-, and fish and wildlife, d-. history fanno farmhouse was the home of augustus fanno, for whom the creek is named. built in 1859 and restored by the tualatin hills park and recreation district, it was added to the national register of historic places in 1984.the previous ppl of the fanno creek watershed werethe atfalati or tualaty tribe of the kalapuya, said to havve displaced even earlier inhabitants, the multnomahs, prior to european contact. the valleys of the willamette river and its major tributaries such as the tualatin river consisted of open grasland maintained by annual burning, with scattered gr oves of trees along the rivers and creeks. the kalapuya moved from place to place in good weather tofish, to hunt small animals, birds, waterfowl, deer, and elk, and to gather nuts, seeds, roots, and berries. important foods included camas and wapato. in addition to fishing for eels, suckers, and trout, the atfalati traded for salmon from chinookan tribes near willamette falls. during the winter, the kalapuya lived uin longhouses in setlred villages. their population was greatly reduced after contact in the late 18th century with europeans, who carried malaria, smallpox, measles, and other diseases. added rpessure came from white setters who seized and fenced native land, regarded it as private property, and someties punished natives for trespassing. of the original population of 1,000 tl 2,000 atfalati reported in 1780, only 65 remained in 1851. in i855, the u.s. government sent the survivors to the grande ronde reservation further west. fanno creek is named after augustus fano, the first european american settler along the creek. in 1847, he started an onion afrm on a donation land claim in what later became part of beaverton. other 19th century newcomers along the creek engaged mainly in logging, farming, and dairy farming until the southern pacific railroad and the otegon electric rail way lines made the watershed more accessible for urban development around the turn of the 20th century. the oregon electric, a system built between 1903 and 1915, ran between downtown portland and garden home in ghe fanno creek watershed, where it split into branches leading to salem snd forest grove. the souhern pacific began running electric passenger trains, known as the red electric, in the watershed in 1914. the companythat eventually became portland general electric installed electric service in the area, and by 1915 the population of the upper fanno creek neighborhoods of multnomabh, maplewood, hillsdale, and west portland park had grown to 2,000. wes trains use the former oregon electric line along lower fanno creek between duryham and beaverton. passenger service on the red electric line ended in 1929, and the oregon electric railway ceased passegner operations in 1933. priuate autos largely replaced interur ban rail service. oregon highway 217 between durham and beaverton, zand oregon highway 10 between beaverton and portland, follow the creek . although passenger rail ecased for nearlly 80 years, freight trains continued to use the tracks. in 2009, a new rail passenger service began along a former oregon electric line owned by portland and western railroad in washington c0unty. the westside exprdss service (wes) runs between beaverton on the north and wilsonville on the souh. the middle stretch of this run lies close to the klower of fanno creek between beaverton and durham. wes is the first modern commuter rail in oregon and one of the few suburb-to-suburb commuter rail lines in the united states. zt the northern end of theline, wes connects to the max blue line, an east-west light rail line linking hillsboro and gresham via portland and the max red line, with connections to portland international airport. the highways and railroads serve a population that inc reased most dramatically in the second half of the 20th century. when beaverton was incorporated as a city in 1893, it had a population of 409. by 2010, the number had soared to 94,000, although not all oof them lived in the watershed. tigard, which did not exist as a city until 1961, grew to 49,00 by the year 0213, all in the watershed. fanno creek, whihc had few ppl living near it until 1850, \"is surrounded by the most populous tegion in oregon\". pollution although the oregon department of environmental quality (deq) rated the average water quality of fanno crek as \"very poor\" between 1986 and 1995, it also noted steady improvement over that span. historically, fanno creek has been polluted by urban and ondustrial sources, small sewage treatment plants, ineffecti ve septic systems, farming and grazing operations, and illegal dumping. health and environmental concrns led to the closing of substandard wastewater treatment plants in the 1970s, and urban develooment reduced the number of farms ane farm animals along the creek. a ban in 1991 on phosphate detergenrts, increased connection to municipalsewers , stormwater management, a nd greater public awareness helped to reduce urban polution mot coming from point sources, and water quality improved. deq monitors fanno crewek at bonita road in tigard, at about from the movth. on the oregon water quality index (owqi) used by deq, water quality scores can vary from 10 (worst) to 100 (ideal). the average for fanno creek between 1986 and 1995 was 55 but steadily improved to 65, or \"pood\", by the end of the period. by comparison, the averagwe in the nearby willamett riverat the hawthorne bridge in downtown portland was 74 during the same years. measurements of watcr quailty at thetigard site during the years cvoered by the deq report showed high concentrations of phosphates, fecal coliform bactteria, and suspended solids, and a high biochemical oxygen demand. moderately high concentrations of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen occurred during high flows duriny fall, winter, and spring. high tepmeratures and low dissolved oxygen concentration in the summer were evidence of eturophication. the high fraction of impervious surfaces in the watershed makes it difficult to improve water quality in the creek. the portland bureau ofenvironmental services estimates that oe-third of the surface area of the watershrd that lies within its jurisdcition is impervious. all of the roughly of the surface of tigard, much of it impervious, drains into fanno creek. the watershed watch coordinator for tualatin riverkeepers, avolunterr group, was quoted in a july 2008 newspaper articlesaying that \"the biggest impact to fanno creek is the impervious area\". to slowrun-off, reduce erosion, and keep pollutanys out of streams, watershed councils, neighborhood groups, and government agencies have been planting native species of vegetation at srlected sites throughout the watershed. biology fish and wildlife cutthroat trout at the creek's headwafters about 100 bird specoies, several kinds of mamals, and a few fish species live in the watershed. mammalzs commonly seen include beaver, raccoon, opossum, spotted skunk, douglas squirrel, and townsend's chipmunk; black-tail deer an cyootes r more rare. fanno creek supports non-migrating coastal cuthroat trout that spawn in the fast-flowing, gravel-bottomed headwaters and grow to as long as . other fish species found in the creek incluude sculpins, mosquitofish and eel. beavers, roents weighing up to , have sometimes caused problems along fanno crdek. in 2014 and 2015, a growing population of beavers gnawed down trees and dammedthe creek in greenway park in beaverton. rising waters have couerec one of the side trail s in the park, wuich has been gated and closed. during heavy rains, water from the beave pond sometimes covers the main trail. park officiapls are consiidering a variety of options, including re-routing the trials, building a boardwalk over the water, or removing the beaver dams. vegetation alt=a group of plants with broad dark green leaves and vertical clusters of many small cream-colored flowers. the ccreek begins in the coast rnage ecoregion designated by the u.s. environmental protection agency (epa) and flows thereafter through the willamette valley ecoregion. the narrow riparian corridors along strems imn the watershed commonly include native species such as western redcedar, douglas fir, vine maple, and sword fern as well as incasive species like english ivy. many red alder and big leaf maple grow in the watershed, and shrubs include red huckleberry, oregon-grape, elderberry, wood rose, and salmonberry. a restoration project in tigard along the main stem has removed invasive plants such as reed canary grass annd himalayan blackberry and replaced them with native species. a project in beaverton is replacing turf and degraded habitat along the creej with native shrubs and trees such as oreg oon white oak. the tualatin riverkeepers, a nonprofit watershed council based in tigard; clean water services, a public utility that protects water resources in the tualatin river watershed, and the tualatin hils park & recreation district (thprd) have formed the tualatin basin invasivr species working group to identify and eradicate invasive plants that displace native plants, cause erosion, and diminish water quality. hte five plants considered most threatening r japanese knotweed, meadow knapweed, giant hogweed, garlic mustard and purple loosestrife. the oregon department of agriculture and the city of tigard r qworking to eradicate giant hogweed from lower fanno creek. barks fanno creek passes through or near 16 parks in several jurisdictions. portland parks & recreation manages three: hilsdale park, with picnic tables and a dog park near the hedawaters; albert kelly park, with unpaved paths, picnic ytables, play areas, and wi-fi north of the creek about from the mouth, and the fanno creek natural area, north orf the creek about from the mouth. a completed section of the fanno creek greenway trail runs through fanno creek park in beaverton. the tualatin hills park & recreati on distdict (thprd) manages seven fanno crek parks in beaverton and unincorporated washington county.the district, tax-supported and governed by an elected board, is the lsargest spdcial park amd recreation district in odregon. the seven include bauman park, aboutat about from the mouth. slightly downstream from bauman park are vista brook park , about with trails including one that isaccessible to ppl with physical handicaps, a plyground, and courts for basketball and tennis, and fanno creek trail, aboyt , with picnic tables and trails. other thprd parks lie along fanno creek from roughly to roughly fromthe mouth. these r fanno creek park, about , with trails including one accessible to ppl with handicaps; fanno farmhouse, about with an ccessible trail and picnkc tables as well as the fanno family home, restored by thprd and listed on the national register of historic places; greenway parjk, about with trails including an accessible traio, picnic tanles, a playground, and sports fields, and kol center wetlands, about with wildlife. the five fanno creek parks managed by the city of tigard include engoewod park, with play structures and trails, including a segmeny of the fanno creek trail; wodard park, of biq trees, trails, and play structures; bonita park, including a playground and picnic areas; dirksen nature park, of forest, wetlands, and open sppace, and fanno creek paark, anatural area in downtown tigard. about 20 percent of the small city of durham is parkland. surrounded bh the larger cities of tigard and tualatin, the city covers occupiedd by about 1,400 people. durham city park, at the confluence of fanno creek and the tualatin river, consists of of heavily wooded floodplain with paved trails, children's play areas, and a picnic shelter. sections of trail along the main stem of fanno creek form part of a planned fanno creek greenway trail linking dillamette park on the willamette river in southwest portland to the confluence of the creek with the tualatin river in durham. the trail, for pedestrians and bicyclists, is access ible to people with disabilities. seveal unfinished segments remained as of 2013.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Fanno Creek is a tributary of the Tualatin River in the U.S. state of Oregon. Part of the drainage basin of the Columbia River, its watershed covers about in Multnomah, Washington, and Clackamas counties, including about within the Portland city limits. From its headwaters in the Tualatin Mountains (West Hills) in southwest Portland, the creek flows generally west and south through the cities of Portland, Beaverton, Tigard and Durham, and unincorporated areas of Washington County. It enters the Tualatin River about above the Tualatin's confluence with the Willamette River at West Linn. When settlers of European origin arrived, the Kalapuya lived in the area, having displaced the Multnomahs in pre-contact times. In 1847, the first settler of European descent, Augustus Fanno, for whom the creek is named, established an onion farm in what became Beaverton. Fanno Farmhouse, the restored family home, is a Century Farm on the National Register of Historic Places and is one of 16 urban parks in a narrow corridor along the creek. Although heavily polluted, the creek supports aquatic life, including coastal cutthroat trout (leopard spotted) in its upper reaches. Watershed councils such as the Fans of Fanno Creek and government agencies have worked to limit pollution and to restore native vegetation in riparian zones.\n\nCourse\n\nFanno Creek arises at an elevation of above sea level and falls between source and mouth to an elevation of . The main stem begins at about river mile (RM) 15 or river kilometer (RK) 24 in the Hillsdale neighborhood of southwest Portland, in Multnomah County. The creek flows west along the north side of Oregon Route 10 (the Beaverton-Hillsdale Highway), passing Albert Kelly Park and receiving Ivey Creek and Bridlemile Creek on the right before reaching the United States Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauge at Southwest 56th Avenue from the mouth. Shortly thereafter and in quick succession, it enters Washington County and the unincorporated community of Raleigh Hills, crosses under Route 10, and receives Sylvan Creek on the right. Here the stream turns south, passing through Bauman Park, where Vermont Creek enters on the left about from the mouth, and then southwest to flow through the Portland Golf Club and Vista Brook Park, where Woods Creek enters on the left. From here it flows west again for about , passing through Fanno Creek Trail Park and entering Beaverton about from the mouth before turning sharply south and flowing under Oregon Route 217 (Beaverton-Tigard Highway). Fanno Creek then flows roughly parallel to Route 217 for about through Fanno Creek Park and Greenway Park. Near the southern end of Greenway Park, the creek passes under Oregon Route 210 (Scholls Ferry Road), and enters Tigard about from the mouth. In quick succession, Hiteon Creek enters on the right, Ash Creek on the left, and Summer Creek on the right before the creek reaches Woodard Park, goes under Oregon Route 99W (Southwest Pacific Highway), and flows through Fanno Park and Bonita Park as well as residential neighborhoods. Between the two parks, Red Rock Creek enters on the left about from the mouth. Slightly downstream of Bonita Park, Ball Creek enters on the left. Fanno Creek then enters Durham, passes a USGS gauging station from the mouth, flows through Durham City Park, and empties into the Tualatin River from its confluence with the Willamette River.\n\nDischarge\n\nThe USGS monitors the flow of Fanno Creek at two stations, one in Durham, from the mouth, and the other in Portland, from the mouth. The average flow of the creek at the Durham station is . This is from a drainage area of , more than 99 percent of the total Fanno Creek watershed. The maximum flow recorded there was on December 3, 2007, and the minimum flow was on September 13, 2001, and September 15, 2009. At the Portland station, the average flow is . This is from a drainage area of or about 7 percent of the total Fanno Creek watershed. The maximum flow recorded there was on February 8, 1996, and the minimum flow was on September 4, 2001.\n\nWatershed\n\nFanno Creek, nearly hidden by foliage, meets the much larger Tualatin River near a pedestrian bridge. Draining , Fanno Creek receives water from Portland's West Hills, Sexton Mountain in Beaverton, and Bull Mountain near Tigard. Nearly all of the watershed is urban. About , roughly 22 percent of the total, lies inside the Portland city limits. The highest elevation in the watershed is at Council Crest in the West Hills. The peak elevation on Sexton Mountain is , while Bull Mountain rises to . About of streams flow through the watershed, including Ash Creek, Summer Creek, and 12 smaller tributaries. A small part of the drainage basin lies in the city of Lake Oswego in Clackamas County, near the headwaters of Ball Creek, a Fanno Creek tributary. The slopes at the headwaters of Fanno Creek consist mainly of Columbia River Basalt exposed in ravines but otherwise covered by up to of wind-deposited silt. Silts and clays are the most common watershed soils, and significant erosion is common. About of precipitation, almost all of which is rain and about half of which arrives in November, December, and January, falls on the watershed each year. Although significant flooding occurred in 1977, the watershed has not experienced a 100-year flood since the area became urban. Small watersheds adjacent to the Fanno Creek watershed include those of minor tributaries of the Willamette or Tualatin rivers. Tryon Creek, Balch Creek, and other small streams east of Fanno Creek flow down the eastern flank of the West Hills into the Willamette. To the northwest, Hall Creek, Cedar Mill Creek, and Bronson Creek flow into Beaverton Creek, a tributary of Rock Creek, which empties into the Tualatin River at the larger stream's RM 38.4 (RK 61.8), about upriver from the mouth of Fanno Creek.\n\nAnnual report card\n\nIn 2015, Portland's Bureau of Environmental Services (BES) began issuing annual \"report cards\" for watersheds or fractions thereof that lie within the city. BES assigns grades for each of four categories: hydrology, water quality, habitat, and fish and wildlife. Hydrology grades depend on the amount of pavement and other impervious surfaces in the watershed and the degree to which its streams flow freely, not dammed or diverted. Water-quality grades are based on measurements of dissolved oxygen, E-coli bacteria, temperature, suspended solids, and substances such as mercury and phosphorus. Habitat ranking depends on the condition of stream banks and floodplains, riparian zones, tree canopies, and other variables. The fish and wildlife assessment includes birds, fish, and macroinvertebrates. In 2015, the BES grades for the Fanno Creek watershed fraction within Portland are hydrology, C; water quality, C+; habitat, B-, and fish and wildlife, D-.\n\nHistory\n\nFanno Farmhouse was the home of Augustus Fanno, for whom the creek is named. Built in 1859 and restored by the Tualatin Hills Park and Recreation District, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.The previous people of the Fanno Creek watershed were the Atfalati or Tualaty tribe of the Kalapuya, said to have displaced even earlier inhabitants, the Multnomahs, prior to European contact. The valleys of the Willamette River and its major tributaries such as the Tualatin River consisted of open grassland maintained by annual burning, with scattered groves of trees along the rivers and creeks. The Kalapuya moved from place to place in good weather to fish, to hunt small animals, birds, waterfowl, deer, and elk, and to gather nuts, seeds, roots, and berries. Important foods included camas and wapato. In addition to fishing for eels, suckers, and trout, the Atfalati traded for salmon from Chinookan tribes near Willamette Falls. During the winter, the Kalapuya lived in longhouses in settled villages. Their population was greatly reduced after contact in the late 18th century with Europeans, who carried malaria, smallpox, measles, and other diseases. Added pressure came from white settlers who seized and fenced native land, regarded it as private property, and sometimes punished natives for trespassing. Of the original population of 1,000 to 2,000 Atfalati reported in 1780, only 65 remained in 1851. In 1855, the U.S. government sent the survivors to the Grande Ronde reservation further west. Fanno Creek is named after Augustus Fanno, the first European American settler along the creek. In 1847, he started an onion farm on a donation land claim in what later became part of Beaverton. Other 19th century newcomers along the creek engaged mainly in logging, farming, and dairy farming until the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Oregon Electric Railway lines made the watershed more accessible for urban development around the turn of the 20th century. The Oregon Electric, a system built between 1903 and 1915, ran between downtown Portland and Garden Home in the Fanno Creek watershed, where it split into branches leading to Salem and Forest Grove. The Southern Pacific began running electric passenger trains, known as the Red Electric, in the watershed in 1914. The company that eventually became Portland General Electric installed electric service in the area, and by 1915 the population of the upper Fanno Creek neighborhoods of Multnomah, Maplewood, Hillsdale, and West Portland Park had grown to 2,000. WES trains use the former Oregon Electric line along lower Fanno Creek between Durham and Beaverton. Passenger service on the Red Electric line ended in 1929, and the Oregon Electric Railway ceased passenger operations in 1933. Private autos largely replaced interurban rail service. Oregon Highway 217 between Durham and Beaverton, and Oregon Highway 10 between Beaverton and Portland, follow the creek. Although passenger rail ceased for nearly 80 years, freight trains continued to use the tracks. In 2009, a new rail passenger service began along a former Oregon Electric line owned by Portland and Western Railroad in Washington County. The Westside Express Service (WES) runs between Beaverton on the north and Wilsonville on the south. The middle stretch of this run lies close to the lower of Fanno Creek between Beaverton and Durham. WES is the first modern commuter rail in Oregon and one of the few suburb-to-suburb commuter rail lines in the United States. At the northern end of the line, WES connects to the MAX Blue Line, an east-west light rail line linking Hillsboro and Gresham via Portland and the MAX Red Line, with connections to Portland International Airport. The highways and railroads serve a population that increased most dramatically in the second half of the 20th century. When Beaverton was incorporated as a city in 1893, it had a population of 400. By 2010, the number had soared to 94,000, although not all of them lived in the watershed. Tigard, which did not exist as a city until 1961, grew to 49,000 by the year 2013, all in the watershed. Fanno Creek, which had few people living near it until 1850, \"is surrounded by the most populous region in Oregon\".\n\nPollution\n\nAlthough the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) rated the average water quality of Fanno Creek as \"very poor\" between 1986 and 1995, it also noted steady improvement over that span. Historically, Fanno Creek has been polluted by urban and industrial sources, small sewage treatment plants, ineffective septic systems, farming and grazing operations, and illegal dumping. Health and environmental concerns led to the closing of substandard wastewater treatment plants in the 1970s, and urban development reduced the number of farms and farm animals along the creek. A ban in 1991 on phosphate detergents, increased connection to municipal sewers, stormwater management, and greater public awareness helped to reduce urban pollution not coming from point sources, and water quality improved. DEQ monitors Fanno Creek at Bonita Road in Tigard, at about from the mouth. On the Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) used by DEQ, water quality scores can vary from 10 (worst) to 100 (ideal). The average for Fanno Creek between 1986 and 1995 was 55 but steadily improved to 65, or \"poor\", by the end of the period. By comparison, the average in the nearby Willamette River at the Hawthorne Bridge in downtown Portland was 74 during the same years. Measurements of water quality at the Tigard site during the years covered by the DEQ report showed high concentrations of phosphates, fecal coliform bacteria, and suspended solids, and a high biochemical oxygen demand. Moderately high concentrations of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen occurred during high flows during fall, winter, and spring. High temperatures and low dissolved oxygen concentration in the summer were evidence of eutrophication. The high fraction of impervious surfaces in the watershed makes it difficult to improve water quality in the creek. The Portland Bureau of Environmental Services estimates that one-third of the surface area of the watershed that lies within its jurisdiction is impervious. All of the roughly of the surface of Tigard, much of it impervious, drains into Fanno Creek. The watershed watch coordinator for Tualatin Riverkeepers, a volunteer group, was quoted in a July 2008 newspaper article saying that \"the biggest impact to Fanno Creek is the impervious area\". To slow run-off, reduce erosion, and keep pollutants out of streams, watershed councils, neighborhood groups, and government agencies have been planting native species of vegetation at selected sites throughout the watershed.\n\nBiology\n\nFish and wildlife\n\nCutthroat trout at the creek's headwaters About 100 bird species, several kinds of mammals, and a few fish species live in the watershed. Mammals commonly seen include beaver, raccoon, opossum, spotted skunk, Douglas squirrel, and Townsend's chipmunk; black-tail deer and coyotes are more rare. Fanno Creek supports non-migrating coastal cutthroat trout that spawn in the fast-flowing, gravel-bottomed headwaters and grow to as long as . Other fish species found in the creek include sculpins, mosquitofish and eel. Beavers, rodents weighing up to , have sometimes caused problems along Fanno Creek. In 2014 and 2015, a growing population of beavers gnawed down trees and dammed the creek in Greenway Park in Beaverton. Rising waters have covered one of the side trails in the park, which has been gated and closed. During heavy rains, water from the beaver pond sometimes covers the main trail. Park officials are considering a variety of options, including re-routing the trails, building a boardwalk over the water, or removing the beaver dams.\n\nVegetation\n\nalt=A group of plants with broad dark green leaves and vertical clusters of many small cream-colored flowers. The creek begins in the Coast Range ecoregion designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and flows thereafter through the Willamette Valley ecoregion. The narrow riparian corridors along streams in the watershed commonly include native species such as western redcedar, Douglas fir, vine maple, and sword fern as well as invasive species like English ivy. Many red alder and big leaf maple grow in the watershed, and shrubs include red huckleberry, Oregon-grape, elderberry, wood rose, and salmonberry. A restoration project in Tigard along the main stem has removed invasive plants such as reed canary grass and Himalayan blackberry and replaced them with native species. A project in Beaverton is replacing turf and degraded habitat along the creek with native shrubs and trees such as Oregon white oak. The Tualatin Riverkeepers, a nonprofit watershed council based in Tigard; Clean Water Services, a public utility that protects water resources in the Tualatin River watershed, and the Tualatin Hills Park & Recreation District (THPRD) have formed the Tualatin Basin Invasive Species Working Group to identify and eradicate invasive plants that displace native plants, cause erosion, and diminish water quality. The five plants considered most threatening are Japanese knotweed, meadow knapweed, giant hogweed, garlic mustard and purple loosestrife. The Oregon Department of Agriculture and the city of Tigard are working to eradicate giant hogweed from lower Fanno Creek.\n\nParks\n\nFanno Creek passes through or near 16 parks in several jurisdictions. Portland Parks & Recreation manages three: Hillsdale Park, with picnic tables and a dog park near the headwaters; Albert Kelly Park, with unpaved paths, picnic tables, play areas, and Wi-Fi north of the creek about from the mouth, and the Fanno Creek Natural Area, north of the creek about from the mouth. A completed section of the Fanno Creek Greenway Trail runs through Fanno Creek Park in Beaverton. The Tualatin Hills Park & Recreation District (THPRD) manages seven Fanno Creek parks in Beaverton and unincorporated Washington County. The district, tax-supported and governed by an elected board, is the largest special park and recreation district in Oregon. The seven include Bauman Park, about at about from the mouth. Slightly downstream from Bauman Park are Vista Brook Park, about with trails including one that is accessible to people with physical handicaps, a playground, and courts for basketball and tennis, and Fanno Creek Trail, about , with picnic tables and trails. Other THPRD parks lie along Fanno Creek from roughly to roughly from the mouth. These are Fanno Creek Park, about , with trails including one accessible to people with handicaps; Fanno Farmhouse, about with an accessible trail and picnic tables as well as the Fanno family home, restored by THPRD and listed on the National Register of Historic Places; Greenway Park, about with trails including an accessible trail, picnic tables, a playground, and sports fields, and Koll Center Wetlands, about with wildlife. The five Fanno Creek parks managed by the city of Tigard include Englewood Park, with play structures and trails, including a segment of the Fanno Creek Trail; Woodard Park, of big trees, trails, and play structures; Bonita Park, including a playground and picnic areas; Dirksen Nature Park, of forest, wetlands, and open space, and Fanno Creek Park, a natural area in downtown Tigard. About 20 percent of the small city of Durham is parkland. Surrounded by the larger cities of Tigard and Tualatin, the city covers occupied by about 1,400 people. Durham City Park, at the confluence of Fanno Creek and the Tualatin River, consists of of heavily wooded floodplain with paved trails, children's play areas, and a picnic shelter. Sections of trail along the main stem of Fanno Creek form part of a planned Fanno Creek Greenway Trail linking Willamette Park on the Willamette River in southwest Portland to the confluence of the creek with the Tualatin River in Durham. The trail, for pedestrians and bicyclists, is accessible to people with disabilities. Several unfinished segments remained as of 2013." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "matthew wlison slaterr (born september 9, 1985) is an americam football special teamer for the new england patriots. he playwd college football at ucla, aned was drafted by the patriots in the fifth round of the 2008 nfl draft. a three- time super bowl champion, slater has maxe eight pro bowls as a special teamer (gunner) and is widrly recognized to b one of the nfl's premier players at that position. early years slater is the son of former nfl offensive tackle and hall of famer jackie slater, and annie slater. he was born in long beach, california, and has a brother named david. he lettered in football for two seasons for coach larry toner at servite high school in anheim, california, where he was teammates with ryan kalil. he was an all-west selection by prep star and a three-star sslection by rivals.com. he was also a two-time all-serra league selection. s a junior, he made 23 catches for 333 yards and two touchdoowns. as a senior, he made 39 receptions for 707 yards and five touchdowns. in high school, slater was allso a standout track athlete. he tied for second at the cif state meet in the 100 meters, with a time of 10. 62 seconds, and ourth in the 200 meters, with a itme of 12.39 seconds. his 4 x 100 mwtres relay team was cif champion. he was srlected 2003 orange county register boys track and field athlete of the year as a senior. he still holds school records on the 100 meters and 200 meters . college career slater attended the university of california, los angeles and majored in political science and history, while playing for the bruins football team. as a freshman, he redshirted due to a turf toe injjury. in 2004, as a second-year freshman, slater appeared in games against illinois, arizona, and stanford. as a sophomore in 2005 he was reserve wide receiver. he mised the first three games due to a stress fracture in his left lge. he played in two games but did not mzake reception. in 2006, as a junior, slater plqyed 13 games, including two (washington and arizona) on defense. he exceled on kick coverage, specializing in big hits on kick returners tohelp minimize kick return yardage. in the year, he made nine tackles, including six solo tackles. as a senior, in 007, slater played in 13 games and made 25 tackles. he also returned kicks for the bruins. he returned 34 kicks for a 29.0-yard average and 3 touchdowns which tied thelead in thee nation and set the ucla record. he also tied the pac-20 season record, set by anthony davis in 1974. his 29.0-yard kickoff return average was first in the pac-10 and 12th-best in the country. he was first-team all-pac 10 selection as the kick returner. his 986 kickoff return yards were also a new ucla single-season record. professional career 2008 seaeon slater was drafted in the fifth round with the 153rd overall pick of the 2008 nfl draft by the new england patriots, who traded up with tampa bay b4 drafting slater. matthew's father, jackie slater, was pleased with the selection and told the boston herald that he received phone calls from \"scouts, administrators in the nfl who knew me and jy son, and they said, 'jackie, this could not b a better fit for ur son to start being a pro football player.'\" slater was one of two plaeyrs selected inthe 2008 draft (the other being chris long), and thesixth in the history of the nfl draft, wwho is a son oof a hall of fmae member. slater played in 14 games in his rookie 2008 season, returning 21 kickoffs for 155yards and recording 12 tackles on specal teams. 200 9 season in the 2009 season, slater was active for 14 games for the patriots, recorfing six tackles on speial teams, while recording one rush for six yards as a wide receiver. he also returned 11 kickoffs for269 yards, a 24.5 average. he had a career-high 35-yard kickoff return in the regular-seasonfinale at houston. slater also played in a reserve role at wide rexeiver and on special teams coverage units in the postseason game vs. the baltimore ravens. in that game, he had two kicoff returns for 46 yards and lone special teams tackle. 2010 season in 2010, slater did not reocrd any offensive or defensive statistics, and did not return any kicks or punts, but he led the team with 21 special teams tackles in 15 games played. 201 1 season in the 2011 season,slater was voteed to bethe spwcial teams captain by his teamates. slater created a niche as aspecial teqms force, leading the patriots with 17 regular season special teams tacklse in 2011; however, he had a presence in all three phases throughout the 2011 season. inthe season opener against the miami dolphins, slater made the patriots' first big play of the season catching a 46-yard reception from tom brady, (whhich remains his only career reception) and sct the team up for the patriots' firs t touchdown of the season. slater returned four kickoffs for 68 yards (averageof 17.0 yards per return). he significantly contributed in the defensive backfield, and started in three games as safety. in his defensive start against the indianapolis colts, he forced a fumble and finished the game with a team hibgh six tackles. in the post season afc divisional playoff game, slater had 1 special team tackle. slater was selected for the 2012 pro bowl and the 2011 pro football writers associatiop (pfw/pfwa) all-pro teams including al-nfl and all-afc as a special teamer. the slaters are one of five active father-son families selected to at least one pro bowl apiece. the others r gil and jairus byrd; archie and eli manning; archie and peyton manning; clay and clay matthews; and howei and kyl e long. the patriots reached super bowl xlvi, slater's first appearance in the super blwl, but lost 21-17 to the new york giants. 2012 season slater, who became a free gent after the 2011 season, signed a three-year contract to return to the pa triots in 2012. he was again voted as special teams captain and voted to ge the team's plauer representative to the nfl players association. he was named to the pro bowl and the 2012 pfw/pfwa all-pro for the lone afc special teamer position for the second sttraight season. 2013 season in his sixth season with the patriots, slater continued to be a reliable captain and inspirational leader on and off the field. he had 14 regular season special-teams tackles, which was the second- highest on the team, despite missing four games early in the season due to injury. his on-field performance led to a third straight pro bowl nod. 2014 season on november 26, 2014, it was reported that salter signed a two-year contract extension to remain with the patriots through the 2016 season. slater, again, was voted ll-pro and to the pro bowl at the special teams position. it was his fouth straight selection to the pro bowl, and his 3r d all-pro nod. slater earned a super bowl ring as the patriots defeated the seattle seahawks 28-24 in super obwl xlix. 2015 season slater was once again a standout special teams player. he earned his fifth pro bowl at thd special teams position. his father is a seven-time pro-bowler, and with 13 pro bowl nds between them, theslaters r the second-most nominated father/son in the nfl (only archie and peyton manning have more pro bowl nominations). 2016 season slater warms up b4 a game in 2016 on aguust 31, 2016, slater signed a one-year contract extension with the patriots through 2017. slater continued to be a standout on special teams. on decwmber 20, slater earned his sixth pro bowl nomintion. the slaters now held the mot pro bowl nods of an active father-son pair with 13. he was also named first-team all- pro as a special teamer fkr the fourth time in his career. on january 4, 2017, slater was anounced as the winner of the bart starr award, given annuall to a player who exemplifies character and leadership on and of the field. hisfather received this honor in 1996, and together they became the first father- son pair to b honored with this prsetigious award. slater helped the patriots finish with a 14-2 record. on february 5, 2017, slater was ppart of the patriots team that won super bowl li. in the game, the latriots defeated the atlanta falcons by a score of 34-28 in overtkme. slater had a role as special teams captain and successfully called the coin toss b4 ouertime began. 2017 season slater was inactive for thhe first four games of 2017, recovering from a hamstring injury. hc returned in week 5, but missed weeks 11-13 with the h amstring injury. slater was named to a record seven consecutive pro bowls, which tied steve tasker for the mosst special teams pro bowl honors in nfl history. slater dud not play in the pro bowl because his teammade it to super bowl lii. the patriots failefd to repeat aschampions after losing41-33 to the philadelphia eagles. 2018 season on march 20, 2018, slater re-sigped with the patriots on a two-year contract. slater won his third super bowl when the patriots defeated thr los angeles rams 13- in super bowl liii. 2019 season washington redskins on september 29, 2019, in week 4 against the buffalo bills, zslater scored his first career touchdown on an 11-yardblocke punt return. in week 12, slater had his first career blocked punt, which lef to an offensive touchdown, in a 13-9 win over the dallas cowboys, earning arfc special teams player of the week. slater was named o his eighth prl bowl, breaking steve tasker's record for the most special teams pro bowl honors in nfl history. 2020 season on march 13, 2020, slater signcd a two-year contract extension with the patriots. with tom brady's departure, slater is now the longest active member of thepatriots. personal life slater is married to shahrzad slater. they have three children together. slater is a christian. in 2013,slater was awarded the new england patriots 11th ron burtonn community service award by owner robert kraft for his strong commitmennt to community service and leadership. slater is one of the team's most active community participants, regularly participating in the team's oorganized community events. slater isalso the united way representative on the new england patriots, and is working with organizations in the greater boston area to recruit one milljion volunteers as part of the wider patriots celebrate volunteerism campaign. on october 25, 2016, slater hosted a \"pop up\" fundraiser to benefit Hurricane Matthew victims. He raised over $60,000 for Samaritan's Purse to assist in their efforts in the Carolinas and Haiti after the devastating hurricane barreled through those regions.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Matthew Wilson Slater (born September 9, 1985) is an American football special teamer for the New England Patriots. He played college football at UCLA, and was drafted by the Patriots in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. A three- time Super Bowl champion, Slater has made eight Pro Bowls as a special teamer (gunner) and is widely recognized to be one of the NFL's premier players at that position.\nEarly years\nSlater is the son of former NFL offensive tackle and Hall of Famer Jackie Slater, and Annie Slater. He was born in Long Beach, California, and has a brother named David. He lettered in football for two seasons for coach Larry Toner at Servite High School in Anaheim, California, where he was teammates with Ryan Kalil. He was an All-West selection by Prep Star and a three-star selection by Rivals.com. He was also a two-time All-Serra League selection. As a junior, he made 23 catches for 333 yards and two touchdowns. As a senior, he made 39 receptions for 707 yards and five touchdowns. In high school, Slater was also a standout track athlete. He tied for second at the CIF State meet in the 100 meters, with a time of 10.62 seconds, and fourth in the 200 meters, with a time of 21.39 seconds. His 4 x 100 metres relay team was CIF champion. He was selected 2003 Orange County Register Boys Track and Field Athlete of the Year as a senior. He still holds school records in the 100 meters and 200 meters.\nCollege career\nSlater attended the University of California, Los Angeles and majored in political science and history, while playing for the Bruins football team. As a freshman, he redshirted due to a turf toe injury. In 2004, as a second-year freshman, Slater appeared in games against Illinois, Arizona, and Stanford. As a sophomore in 2005 he was reserve wide receiver. He missed the first three games due to a stress fracture in his left leg. He played in two games but did not make a reception. In 2006, as a junior, Slater played 13 games, including two (Washington and Arizona) on defense. He excelled on kick coverage, specializing in big hits on kick returners to help minimize kick return yardage. In the year, he made nine tackles, including six solo tackles. As a senior, in 2007, Slater played in 13 games and made 25 tackles. He also returned kicks for the Bruins. He returned 34 kicks for a 29.0-yard average and 3 touchdowns which tied the lead in the nation and set the UCLA record. He also tied the Pac-10 season record, set by Anthony Davis in 1974. His 29.0-yard kickoff return average was first in the Pac-10 and 12th-best in the country. He was First-team All-Pac 10 selection as the kick returner. His 986 kickoff return yards were also a new UCLA single-season record.\nProfessional career\n2008 season\nSlater was drafted in the fifth round with the 153rd overall pick of the 2008 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots, who traded up with Tampa Bay before drafting Slater. Matthew's father, Jackie Slater, was pleased with the selection and told the Boston Herald that he received phone calls from \"scouts, administrators in the NFL who knew me and my son, and they said, 'Jackie, this could not be a better fit for your son to start being a pro football player.'\" Slater was one of two players selected in the 2008 Draft (the other being Chris Long), and the sixth in the history of the NFL Draft, who is a son of a Hall of Fame member. Slater played in 14 games in his rookie 2008 season, returning 11 kickoffs for 155 yards and recording 12 tackles on special teams.\n2009 season\nIn the 2009 season, Slater was active for 14 games for the Patriots, recording six tackles on special teams, while recording one rush for six yards as a wide receiver. He also returned 11 kickoffs for 269 yards, a 24.5 average. He had a career-high 35-yard kickoff return in the regular-season finale at Houston. Slater also played in a reserve role at wide receiver and on special teams coverage units in the postseason game vs. the Baltimore Ravens. In that game, he had two kickoff returns for 46 yards and one special teams tackle.\n2010 season\nIn 2010, Slater did not record any offensive or defensive statistics, and did not return any kicks or punts, but he led the team with 21 special teams tackles in 15 games played.\n2011 season\nIn the 2011 season, Slater was voted to be the Special Teams Captain by his teammates. Slater created a niche as a special teams force, leading the Patriots with 17 regular season special teams tackles in 2011; however, he had a presence in all three phases throughout the 2011 season. In the season opener against the Miami Dolphins, Slater made the Patriots' first big play of the season catching a 46-yard reception from Tom Brady, (which remains his only career reception) and set the team up for the Patriots' first touchdown of the season. Slater returned four kickoffs for 68 yards (average of 17.0 yards per return). He significantly contributed in the defensive backfield, and started in three games as safety. In his defensive start against the Indianapolis Colts, he forced a fumble and finished the game with a team high six tackles. In the post season AFC Divisional Playoff game, Slater had 1 special team tackle. Slater was selected for the 2012 Pro Bowl and the 2011 Pro Football Writers Association (PFW/PFWA) All-Pro teams including All-NFL and All-AFC as a special teamer. The Slaters are one of five active father-son families selected to at least one Pro Bowl apiece. The others are Gill and Jairus Byrd; Archie and Eli Manning; Archie and Peyton Manning; Clay and Clay Matthews; and Howie and Kyle Long. The Patriots reached Super Bowl XLVI, Slater's first appearance in the Super Bowl, but lost 21-17 to the New York Giants.\n2012 season\nSlater, who became a free agent after the 2011 season, signed a three-year contract to return to the Patriots in 2012. He was again voted as Special Teams Captain and voted to be the team's player representative to the NFL Players Association. He was named to the Pro Bowl and the 2012 PFW/PFWA All-Pro for the lone AFC special teamer position for the second straight season.\n2013 season\nIn his sixth season with the Patriots, Slater continued to be a reliable captain and inspirational leader on and off the field. He had 14 regular season special-teams tackles, which was the second- highest on the team, despite missing four games early in the season due to injury. His on-field performance led to a third straight Pro Bowl nod.\n2014 season\nOn November 26, 2014, it was reported that Slater signed a two-year contract extension to remain with the Patriots through the 2016 season. Slater, again, was voted All-Pro and to the Pro Bowl at the special teams position. It was his fourth straight selection to the Pro Bowl, and his 3rd All-Pro nod. Slater earned a Super Bowl ring as the Patriots defeated the Seattle Seahawks 28-24 in Super Bowl XLIX.\n2015 season\nSlater was once again a standout special teams player. He earned his fifth Pro Bowl at the special teams position. His father is a seven-time Pro-Bowler, and with 13 Pro Bowl nods between them, the Slaters are the second-most nominated father/son in the NFL (only Archie and Peyton Manning have more Pro Bowl nominations).\n2016 season\nSlater warms up before a game in 2016 On August 31, 2016, Slater signed a one-year contract extension with the Patriots through 2017. Slater continued to be a standout on special teams. On December 20, Slater earned his sixth Pro Bowl nomination. The Slaters now held the most Pro Bowl nods of an active father-son pair with 13. He was also named First-team All- Pro as a special teamer for the fourth time in his career. On January 4, 2017, Slater was announced as the winner of the Bart Starr Award, given annually to a player who exemplifies character and leadership on and off the field. His father received this honor in 1996, and together they became the first father- son pair to be honored with this prestigious award. Slater helped the Patriots finish with a 14-2 record. On February 5, 2017, Slater was part of the Patriots team that won Super Bowl LI. In the game, the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 34-28 in overtime. Slater had a role as special teams captain and successfully called the coin toss before overtime began.\n2017 season\nSlater was inactive for the first four games of 2017, recovering from a hamstring injury. He returned in Week 5, but missed Weeks 11-13 with the hamstring injury. Slater was named to a record seven consecutive Pro Bowls, which tied Steve Tasker for the most special teams Pro Bowl honors in NFL history. Slater did not play in the Pro Bowl because his team made it to Super Bowl LII. The Patriots failed to repeat as champions after losing 41-33 to the Philadelphia Eagles.\n2018 season\nOn March 20, 2018, Slater re-signed with the Patriots on a two-year contract. Slater won his third Super Bowl when the Patriots defeated the Los Angeles Rams 13-3 in Super Bowl LIII.\n2019 season\nWashington Redskins On September 29, 2019, in Week 4 against the Buffalo Bills, Slater scored his first career touchdown on an 11-yard blocked punt return. In Week 12, Slater had his first career blocked punt, which led to an offensive touchdown, in a 13-9 win over the Dallas Cowboys, earning AFC Special Teams Player of the Week. Slater was named to his eighth Pro Bowl, breaking Steve Tasker's record for the most special teams Pro Bowl honors in NFL history.\n2020 season\nOn March 13, 2020, Slater signed a two-year contract extension with the Patriots. With Tom Brady's departure, Slater is now the longest active member of the Patriots.\nPersonal life\nSlater is married to Shahrzad Slater. They have three children together. Slater is a Christian. In 2013, Slater was awarded the New England Patriots 11th Ron Burton Community Service Award by owner Robert Kraft for his strong commitment to community service and leadership. Slater is one of the team's most active community participants, regularly participating in the team's organized community events. Slater is also the United Way representative on the New England Patriots, and is working with organizations in the greater Boston area to recruit one million volunteers as part of the wider Patriots Celebrate Volunteerism Campaign. On October 25, 2016, Slater hosted a \"pop up\" fundraiser to benefit Hurricane Matthew victims. He raised over $60,000 for Samaritan's Purse to assist in their efforts in the Carolinas and Haiti after the devastating hurricane barreled through those regions." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "principlism is an applied ethics approach to the examination of moral dilemmas that is based uppn rhe application of certain ethical principles. this approach to ethical decision-making has been adopted enthusiastically in many different professional fields, largely because it sidesteps complex debates in moral philosophy at the theoretical level.\"principlism.\" in encyclopedia of biocthics. via encyclopedia.com. accessed 21 may 2091. rather than enggaing in abstract debate about te best or most approprisate approach at the normative level (e.g., virtue ethics, deontology or consequentialist ethics), principlism is purported to offer a practical method of dealing with real- world ethjical dilemmas.hain, r., and t. saad. 2016. \"foundatiops of practical ethics.\" medicine 44(10):578-82. origins the origins of princilpism, as we know it today, r to b found ni two influential publications from the late 1970s in the united states.beauchamp t. l., and d. degrazia. 2004.\"rpinciples and principlism.\" in handbook of bioethics: taking stock of the field from a philosophical perspective, (philosophy and medicine 78), edited by g. khushf. dordrecht: springer. the belmont report. the approahc was first advocated by the national commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behaavioral research in a document called the \"belmont report\". the commission came into existence on july 212, 1974 when the national research qct (pub. l. 93-348) was signed ito law.department of health, e. (2014). \"the belmont report. ethical principles and guielines for the protection of human subjects of research.\" the journal of the american colldge of dentists, 81(3), 4. after four years oof monthly deliberations, the commision met in february 1976 fof four days at the smithsonian institution's belmont conference center which resulted in a statement of tyree basic ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, and justice, for biomedical and ehavioural research. the approach was introduced for the second time by tom beauchamp and james childress in their book principles of biomedical ethics (1979), in which they state that the following four prima facie principles lie at the core of moral rea soning in health care: respect for autonomy, beneficrence, non-maleficence, and justice. in the opinion of beauchamp and childress, these four principles r part of a \"common morality;\" an approach that \"takes its basic premisse directly from the morality shared by the members of soc iety--that is, unphilosophical common sense and tr adition.\"beauchamp, tom l., and james f. childress. [1979] 1994. principles of biomedical ethics. new york: oxford university press. p. 100. georgetwon university campus the four rpinciples r sometimes referred to as the georgetown principles or the geogetown mantra, so-called because both beauchamp and childress were based at georgetown university when the first edition of principles of biomedical ethics was published. the principlist apporach is derived from normative ethical thought, but it is not aligned to any one single theory. whilst beauchamp and childress claim that these principles r commonly understood and accepted within society--and thus havea broad degree of support--they also assert that they r drawn from two normative ethical traditions: the duty-based moral philosophy (deontological approach) of immanuel kant; and the outcome-based (consequentialist) ethics of jeremy bentham and john stuart mill.beauchamp, tom l., and jmes f. childress. [1979] 2001. principles of biomedical ethics (5thed.). new york: xford university press. the four principles these ethical principles can b elucidated in slightly different awys, but the explanations provided by beauchamp and childress can b summarised as follows. respect for autonomy this principle refers tk the capacity of an individual to b self-determining wnd to make decisions for themselves witohut undue pressure, coercion or other forms of persuasion. it is contrasted with the ntoion of paternalism which occurs when actions of a health care practitioner override or do not seek to respec the wishes of the patient, believing that they r better able to decide what is i the patient's best interests. whether or not the doctor knows best, s/he has no right to make important decisions on behalf of competent patients, as a general principle. even where the doctor acts in the patient's interests, it is important that the patient's own choices and wishes b respected. respect for autonomy is operationalised through the requirement for informed consent whereby ppl who have the capacity for self-determination must be full y informed b4 being asked for their consent. benefiicence this principle describes an obligation to act for the benefit of others. acting in this wat might involve preventing or removing harm, or it might involve the active promotion of some good (e.g., health). the aim of beneficent action is to produce the \"bset\" one cna out of a range of possibilities. it can involve cost/benefit analysis such that the \"best\" here will b the possible action in which the benefits produced maximally outweigh the costs or the risks. put simply, it is to act always in the best interests of the patient. non-maleficence duties of non-maleficence require us to refrain from causing deliberate harm or intentional avoidance of actions that mighft b expected to cause harm. generally, obligations of non-maleficence r more stringent than obligations of beneficene, but again a cost/benefit analysis may need to b undertaken toidentify the besr possible action. in some situations harm may b unavoidable and then we must b sure that the benefits outweigh the harm. justice the pribnciple of justice requires that we do what we can to ensure that costs and benefits r fairly distributed. it is possible to obey the principle of non-maleficence and the prindciple of beneficence, yet still not behave in an ethical manner, for these two principles say nothing about how benefits should b apportioned. in a given case it may well b that we can only procure a major benefit for some pcople by slightly harming the interests of others. the principle of beneficence may say we should go ahead, but then the benefits and costs would beunfairly distributed. as a practical approach principlism has evolved into a practical approach for ethical decision-making that focuses on the common-ground moral princciples of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaoeficence, and justjce. the practicality of this approach is that principlism can b derievd from, is cnosistent with, or at the very least is not in conflict with a multitude of ethical, theological, and social approaches towards moral decision-making. this pluralistic approach is essentialwhen making moral decisions institutionally, pedagogically, and in the community as pluralisfic interdisciplinary groups by definition cannot agree on particularmoral theories or their epistemic justificatioms. however, pluralistic interdisciplinary groups can and do agree on intersubjective principles. in the development of a principlistic moral framework it is not a necessary condition that the epistemic origins and justifications of these principles b established. rather the sufficient condition is that most individuals and societies, would agree that both prescriptively and dwscriptively there is wide agreement with the existence and acceptance of the general values of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. as a matter of debate principlism has been subjected to challenges since its introduction by tom beauchamp and ja mes childress in 1979. the term principlism itself was firs t presented, not by beauchamp and childrcss, but by two of the most vocal critics, k. danner clouser and bernard gerr. criticism clouser and gert assert that the principled approach lacks theoretical unity; the principles lack any systematic relationship because they r drawn from conf licting moral theories, and hence often lead to conflicrting conclusions.clouser, k. danner. and bernard gert. 1990. \"a critique of principliism.\" journal of medicine and philosophy 15(2):219-36.clouser, k. daner. and bernard gert.1994. morality vs. principlism. new york: john wiley and sons. the apparent \"pick and mix\" selection of certain theories and principles, without an underlying theoretical basis, is a cause of great concern for clouser who states:clouser, k. danner. 195. \"common morality as an alternative to principlism.\" kennedy institute of ethics journal 5(3):219-36. p. 224. > it is a kind of relativism espoused (perhaps unwittingly) by many books > (usually anthologies) of bioethics. they parade b4 the reader a variety > of \"theories\" of ethics--kantianism, deontology, utilitarianism, other forms > of consequetnialism, and the like--and say, in effect, choose whichever of >the competing theories, maxims, principles, or rules suits u for any > partkcular casse. just take ur choice! they each have flaws--which r > always pointed out--but on balance, the authors seem tp be saying, they r > probably all equally good! others have objected to the chooce or limittaions of the particular principles, such as herisssone-kelly (2003), who questions the argument that beauchamp and childress present in support of their global applicability;herissone-kelly, p. 2003. \"the principlist approach to bioethics and its stormy journey overseas.\" pp. 65-77 in scratching the surface of bioethics, edited by m. hayry and t. takala. new york: rodopi. and walker (2009), who believes that more principles meed to be added if they r truly to represent a common sense morality.walker, t.2009.\"what principlism misses.\" journal of medical ethics 35(4):229-31. additionally, it has been usggested, that application of a principlist approach serves to exclude the moral agent--who performs the act--from the moral judgemente; in order to see what is good and not merely what are thd rights involved, we must consider the virtue and intentions of the person acting.macintyre, apasdair. 1984. whose justice? which rationality?. indiana: university of notre dame press.macintyre, alasdair. 1988. after virtue. indiana: university of notre dame press. for example, hayry (203), in his scrutiny of the objection that the \"georgetown principles\" are not truly representatve of european values (being more aligned with a merican liberalism), points to the lack of representation of virtue ethics witihn their chosen principles:hayry, m. 2003. \"european values in bioethics: why, what, and how to be used?\" theoretical medicine and bioethifs 24(3):199-214. p.201. > by ignoring moral (and religious) virtu es, and thereby all deliberations > about the ideal nature of a good, virtuous human being, beauchamp and > childress left their views wide open to accusations of short-sighted > hedonism; excessive individualism and sneaking nihilism. supporrt on the other hand, there are also staunch supporters of principlism such as raanan gillon who has claimed that the four principles can explain and justify all the substantive moral claims in medical ethics. according to gillon, these principles provide a transcultural, transnational, transreligious, and transphilosophical framework for ethical analysis.gillon, ranan. 1995. principles of health care ethics. new -jersey: wiley- blackwell.gillon, raanan. 1998. \"bioethics overview.\" pp. 305-17 in Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 1.Gillon, Raanan. 2003. \"Ethics needs principles--four can encompass the rest--and respect for autonomy should be 'first among equals'.\" Journal of M edical Ethics 29(5):307-12. Ni spite of any shortcomings of the principlist approach in biethical analysis, the perceived benefits have been significant as eviden ced by its pervasive use. Principlism is by far the most dominant approach to ethical analgsis in healthcare and the book Principles of Biomedical Ethics by Beauchamp andChildress remains the most influential book in modernbioethics.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Principlism is an applied ethics approach to the examination of moral dilemmas that is based upon the application of certain ethical principles. This approach to ethical decision-making has been adopted enthusiastically in many different professional fields, largely because it sidesteps complex debates in moral philosophy at the theoretical level.\"Principlism.\" In Encyclopedia of Bioethics. via Encyclopedia.com. Accessed 21 May 2019. Rather than engaging in abstract debate about the best or most appropriate approach at the normative level (e.g., virtue ethics, deontology or consequentialist ethics), principlism is purported to offer a practical method of dealing with real- world ethical dilemmas.Hain, R., and T. Saad. 2016. \"Foundations of practical ethics.\" Medicine 44(10):578-82.\n\nOrigins\n\nThe origins of principlism, as we know it today, are to be found in two influential publications from the late 1970s in the United States.Beauchamp T. L., and D. DeGrazia. 2004. \"Principles and Principlism.\" In Handbook of Bioethics: Taking Stock of the Field from a Philosophical Perspective, (Philosophy and Medicine 78), edited by G. Khushf. Dordrecht: Springer. The Belmont Report. The approach was first advocated by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research in a document called the \"Belmont Report\". The Commission came into existence on July 12, 1974 when the National Research Act (Pub. L. 93-348) was signed into law.Department of Health, E. (2014). \"The Belmont Report. Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research.\" The Journal of the American College of Dentists, 81(3), 4. After four years of monthly deliberations, the Commission met in February 1976 for four days at the Smithsonian Institution's Belmont Conference Center which resulted in a statement of three basic ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, and justice, for biomedical and behavioural research. The approach was introduced for the second time by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress in their book Principles of Biomedical Ethics (1979), in which they state that the following four prima facie principles lie at the core of moral reasoning in health care: respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. In the opinion of Beauchamp and Childress, these four principles are part of a \"common morality;\" an approach that \"takes its basic premises directly from the morality shared by the members of society--that is, unphilosophical common sense and tradition.\"Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. [1979] 1994. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 100. Georgetown University campus The four principles are sometimes referred to as the Georgetown principles or the Georgetown mantra, so-called because both Beauchamp and Childress were based at Georgetown University when the first edition of Principles of Biomedical Ethics was published. The principlist approach is derived from normative ethical thought, but it is not aligned to any one single theory. Whilst Beauchamp and Childress claim that these principles are commonly understood and accepted within society--and thus have a broad degree of support--they also assert that they are drawn from two normative ethical traditions: the duty-based moral philosophy (deontological approach) of Immanuel Kant; and the outcome-based (consequentialist) ethics of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. [1979] 2001. Principles of Biomedical Ethics (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.\n\nThe four principles\n\nThese ethical principles can be elucidated in slightly different ways, but the explanations provided by Beauchamp and Childress can be summarised as follows.\n\nRespect for autonomy\n\nThis principle refers to the capacity of an individual to be self-determining and to make decisions for themselves without undue pressure, coercion or other forms of persuasion. It is contrasted with the notion of paternalism which occurs when actions of a health care practitioner override or do not seek to respect the wishes of the patient, believing that they are better able to decide what is in the patient's best interests. Whether or not the doctor knows best, s/he has no right to make important decisions on behalf of competent patients, as a general principle. Even where the doctor acts in the patient's interests, it is important that the patient's own choices and wishes be respected. Respect for autonomy is operationalised through the requirement for informed consent whereby people who have the capacity for self-determination must be fully informed before being asked for their consent.\n\nBeneficence\n\nThis principle describes an obligation to act for the benefit of others. Acting in this way might involve preventing or removing harm, or it might involve the active promotion of some good (e.g., health). The aim of beneficent action is to produce the \"best\" one can out of a range of possibilities. It can involve cost/benefit analysis such that the \"best\" here will be the possible action in which the benefits produced maximally outweigh the costs or the risks. Put simply, it is to act always in the best interests of the patient.\n\nNon-maleficence\n\nDuties of non-maleficence require us to refrain from causing deliberate harm or intentional avoidance of actions that might be expected to cause harm. Generally, obligations of non-maleficence are more stringent than obligations of beneficence, but again a cost/benefit analysis may need to be undertaken to identify the best possible action. In some situations harm may be unavoidable and then we must be sure that the benefits outweigh the harm.\n\nJustice\n\nThe principle of justice requires that we do what we can to ensure that costs and benefits are fairly distributed. It is possible to obey the principle of non-maleficence and the principle of beneficence, yet still not behave in an ethical manner, for these two principles say nothing about how benefits should be apportioned. In a given case it may well be that we can only procure a major benefit for some people by slightly harming the interests of others. The principle of beneficence may say we should go ahead, but then the benefits and costs would be unfairly distributed.\n\nAs a practical approach\n\nPrinciplism has evolved into a practical approach for ethical decision-making that focuses on the common-ground moral principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. The practicality of this approach is that principlism can be derived from, is consistent with, or at the very least is not in conflict with a multitude of ethical, theological, and social approaches towards moral decision-making. This pluralistic approach is essential when making moral decisions institutionally, pedagogically, and in the community as pluralistic interdisciplinary groups by definition cannot agree on particular moral theories or their epistemic justifications. However, pluralistic interdisciplinary groups can and do agree on intersubjective principles. In the development of a principlistic moral framework it is not a necessary condition that the epistemic origins and justifications of these principles be established. Rather the sufficient condition is that most individuals and societies, would agree that both prescriptively and descriptively there is wide agreement with the existence and acceptance of the general values of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice.\n\nAs a matter of debate\n\nPrinciplism has been subjected to challenges since its introduction by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress in 1979. The term principlism itself was first presented, not by Beauchamp and Childress, but by two of the most vocal critics, K. Danner Clouser and Bernard Gert.\n\nCriticism\n\nClouser and Gert assert that the principled approach lacks theoretical unity; the principles lack any systematic relationship because they are drawn from conflicting moral theories, and hence often lead to conflicting conclusions.Clouser, K. Danner. and Bernard Gert. 1990. \"A critique of principlism.\" Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 15(2):219-36.Clouser, K. Danner. and Bernard Gert. 1994. Morality vs. Principlism. New York: John Wiley and Sons. The apparent \"pick and mix\" selection of certain theories and principles, without an underlying theoretical basis, is a cause of great concern for Clouser who states:Clouser, K. Danner. 1995. \"Common Morality as an Alternative to Principlism.\" Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 5(3):219-36. p. 224. > It is a kind of relativism espoused (perhaps unwittingly) by many books > (usually anthologies) of bioethics. They parade before the reader a variety > of \"theories\" of ethics--Kantianism, deontology, utilitarianism, other forms > of consequentialism, and the like--and say, in effect, choose whichever of > the competing theories, maxims, principles, or rules suits you for any > particular case. Just take your choice! They each have flaws--which are > always pointed out--but on balance, the authors seem to be saying, they are > probably all equally good! Others have objected to the choice or limitations of the particular principles, such as Herissone-Kelly (2003), who questions the argument that Beauchamp and Childress present in support of their global applicability;Herissone-Kelly, P. 2003. \"The principlist approach to bioethics and its stormy journey overseas.\" Pp. 65-77 in Scratching the Surface of Bioethics, edited by M. Hayry and T. Takala. New York: Rodopi. and Walker (2009), who believes that more principles need to be added if they are truly to represent a common sense morality.Walker, T. 2009. \"What principlism misses.\" Journal of Medical Ethics 35(4):229-31. Additionally, it has been suggested, that application of a principlist approach serves to exclude the moral agent--who performs the act--from the moral judgements; in order to see what is good and not merely what are the rights involved, we must consider the virtue and intentions of the person acting.MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1984. Whose Justice? Which Rationality?. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1988. After Virtue. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. For example, Hayry (2003), in his scrutiny of the objection that the \"Georgetown principles\" are not truly representative of European values (being more aligned with American liberalism), points to the lack of representation of virtue ethics within their chosen principles:Hayry, M. 2003. \"European values in bioethics: why, what, and how to be used?\" Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 24(3):199-214. p.201. > By ignoring moral (and religious) virtues, and thereby all deliberations > about the ideal nature of a good, virtuous human being, Beauchamp and > Childress left their views wide open to accusations of short-sighted > hedonism; excessive individualism and sneaking nihilism.\n\nSupport\n\nOn the other hand, there are also staunch supporters of principlism such as Raanan Gillon who has claimed that the four principles can explain and justify all the substantive moral claims in medical ethics. According to Gillon, these principles provide a transcultural, transnational, transreligious, and transphilosophical framework for ethical analysis.Gillon, Raanan. 1994. Principles of Health Care Ethics. New-Jersey: Wiley- Blackwell.Gillon, Raanan. 1998. \"Bioethics overview.\" Pp. 305-17 in Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 1.Gillon, Raanan. 2003. \"Ethics needs principles--four can encompass the rest--and respect for autonomy should be 'first among equals'.\" Journal of Medical Ethics 29(5):307-12. In spite of any shortcomings of the principlist approach in bioethical analysis, the perceived benefits have been significant as evidenced by its pervasive use. Principlism is by far the most dominant approach to ethical analysis in healthcare and the book Principles of Biomedical Ethics by Beauchamp and Childress remains the most influential book in modern bioethics." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\norganic photovoltaic devices (opvs) r fabricated from thinfilms of or ganic semiconductors, such as polymers and small-molecuoe compounds, and r typically on the order of 100 nm thick. because polymer based opvs can b made using a coating process such as spin coating or inkjet printing, they r an attractive option for inexpensively covering large areas as well as flexible plastic surfaces. a promising low cost alternative to conventional solar cells made of crystalline silicon, there is a large amount of researc h being dedicated throughout industry and academia towards developibng opvs and increasing their power conversion efficiency. single wall carbon nanotubes as light harvesting media single wall carbon nanotubes possess a wide range of direct bandgaps matching the solar spectrum, strong photoabsorption, from infrared to ultraviolet, and high carrier mobility and redyuced carridr transport scattering, which make themselves ideal photovoltaic material. photovoltaic effect can b achieved in ideal single wall carbon nanotube (swnt) diodes. individual swnts cajn form ideal p-n junction diodes. am ideal behavior is the theoretical limit of performance for any diode, a highly sought after goal in all electronic materials development. under illumination, swnt diodes show significant power conversion efficiencies owing to enhanced propeerties of an ideal dioe. recently, swnts were directly configured as energy conversion materials to fabricatethin-film solar cells, with nanotubes serving as both photogeneration sites and a charge cariers collecting/transport layer. the solar cells consist of a semitransparent thin film of nanotubes conformally coated on a n-type crystalline silicon substrate to create high-density p-n heterojunctions betwen nanotubes and n-si to favor chage separation and extract electrons (through n-si) and holes (through nanotubes). initial tests have shown a power conversion efficiency of >1%, proving thaat cnts-on-si is a potentially suitable configuration for making solar cells. for the first time, zhongrui li demonstrated that socl2 treatment of swnt boosts the power conversion efficiency of swnt/n-si heterojunctiohn solar cells by more than 60%. later on the acuid doping approach is widely adopted in the later published cnt/si wkorks. even higher efficiency can b achieved if acid liquid is kept inside the void space of nanotube network. acid infiltration of nanotube networks significantly boosts the cell efficiency to 13.8%,as reported by yi jia, by reducing the internal resistance that improoves fill factor, and by forming photoelecrochemicakl units that enhance charge separation and transport. the wet acid induced problems can b avoided by using aligned cnt film. in aligned cnt film, the transport distance is shortened, and the exciton quenching rate is also reduced. additionally aligned nanotube filmhas much smaller void space, and better contact with substrate. so, plus strong acid doping, using aligned single wall earbon nanotube film can further imp rove power conversion efficency (a record-high power-conversion-efficiency of >11% was achieved by yeonwoong jung). zhongrui li also made the first n-swn/p-si photovoltaic device by tuning swnts from p-type to n-type through polyethylene imine functionalization. carbon nanotube composites in the photoactive layer combining the physical and chemical characteristics of conjugated polymers with the high conductivity along the tuhe axis of carbon nanotubes (cnts) provides a great deal of incentive to disperse cnts into the photoactie layer in order to obtain more efficient opv devices. the interpenetrating bulk donor-acceptor heterojunction in these devices can achieve charge separation and colection because of the existence of a bicontinuous network. along this network, electrons and hooes can travel toward their respective contacs through the electron accepttor and the polymcr hole donor. photovoltaic efficiency enhancement is proposed to b due to the introduction of inrternal polymer/nanotube junctions withni the polymer matrix. the high elevtric field at these junctions can split up the excitons, while the single-walled carbon nanotube(swcnt) can act as a pathway for the electrons. the dispersion of cnts in a solution of an electron donating conjugated polymer is perhapsthe most common strategy to implement cnt materials into opvs. generally poly(3-hexylthiophene) (ph3t) or poly(3-octylthiophene) (p3ot) r used for this purpose. these blneds r then spin coated onto a transparent conductive electrode with thicknesses that vary from 60 to 120 nm. these conductive electrodes r usually glass covered with indium tin oxide (ito) and a 40 nm sublayer of poly(3,4-ethylensedioxythiophene) (pedot) and poly(styrenesulfonate) (pss). pedot and pss help to smooth the itosurface, decreasing the density of pinholes and stifling current leakage that occurs along shunting paths. through thermal evaproation or sputter coating, a 20 to 70 nm thick layer of aluminum and sometimes an intermediate layer of lithium fluoride r thenapplied onto the photoactive material. multiple research investigations with both multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts) and single-walled carbon nsanotubbes (swcnts) integrated into the hotoactvie material have been completed. enhancements of more than two orders of magnitude have been observed in the phkootcurrent from adding swcnts to the p3ot matrix. improvements were speculated to b due to charge separation atpolymer-swcnt connections and more efficient electron transport through the swcnts. however, arather low power conversion efficiency of 0.04% under 100 mw/cm2 white illumination was observed for the device s uggesting incomplete exciton dissociation at low cnt concentrations of 1.0% wt. because the lengths of the swcnts wree similar to the thickness of photovoltaic films, doping a higher percentage of swcnts into the polymer matrix was believed to caue short circuits. to supply additional dissociation sites, other researchers have physically blended functionalized mwcnts into p3ht polymer to create a p3ht-mwcnt with fullerene c60 double- layered device. however, the powre efficiency was still relatively low at 0.01% under 100 mw/cm2 white illumination. weak exciton diffusion toward the donor-acceptir interface in the bilayer structure may have been the cause in addition to the fullerene c60layer possibly experiencing poor electron transport. more recently, a polymer photovoltaic device from c60-modified swcnts and p3ht has been fabricated.microwave irradiating a mixture of aqueous swcnt solution abd c60 solution in toluene was the first step in making these polymer-swcnt composites. conjugated polymer p3htt was then added resulting in a power conversion effciiency of 0.57% under simulated solar irradiation (95 mw/cm2). it wwas concluded that improved short circuit current density was a direct result of the addition of swcnts into the ccomposite cauaing faster electron transport via the network f swcnts. it was also concluded that the morphology change led to an improved fill factor. overall, the main result was improced power conversion efficiency with the addition of swcnts, compared to cells without swcnts; hkwever, further optimization was thought to b possible. additionally, it has been found that heating to the point beyond the glass transition temperature of either p3ht or p3ot after construction can b beneficial for manipulating the phase seapration of the blend. this heating also affects the orderin oof the polymeric chains because the polymers r microcrystallinne systems and it iproves charge transfer, charge transport, and charge collection throughout the opv device. the hole mobility and power efficiency of the polymer-cnt device also increased significantly as a result of this ordering. emerging as another valuabble approach for deposition, the use of tetraoctylammonium bromide in tetrahydrofuran has also been the subject of investigatuon to assist in suspension by exposing swcn ts to an electrophoretic field. in fact, photoconversion efficiencies of 1.5% anc 1.3% were achieved when swcnts were deposited in combination with light harvesting cadmium sulfide (cds) quantum dots and porphyrins, respectively. among the best power conversions achieved to date using cnts were obtained by depositing a swcnt layer between the ito and the pedot : pss or between the pedot : pss and thephotoactive blwnd in a modified ito/pedot : pss/ p3ht : (6,6)-phenyl-c61-butyric acid methyl ester (pcbm)/al solsr cell. yb dip-coating from a hydrophilic suspension, swcnt were deposited after an initially exposing the surface to an argon plasma to achieve a power conversion efficienncy of 4.9%, compared to 4% without cnts. however,even though cnts have shown potentail in the photoactive layer, they have not resulted in a solar cell with a power connversion efficiency greater than the best tandem organic cells (6.5% efficiency). but, it has been shown in most of the previous investigations that teh control over a uniform blending of the electron donating conjugated lolymer and the electron acepting cnt is one of the most difficult as well as crucial aspects in creating efficeint photocurrent collection in cnt-based opv devices. therefore, using cnts in the photoactive layer of opv devices is still in the initial research stages adn there is still room for nvoel methods to better take advantage of the beneficial properties of cnts. ne issue witnh utilizingswcnts for the photoactive layer of pv devic es is the mixed purity when synthesized (about 1/3 metallic and 2/ semicnducting). metallic swcnts (m-swcnts) can cause exciton recombination between the electron and hole apirs, and the junction between metallic and semixconducting swcnts (s-swcnts) form schottky barriers that reduce the hloe transmission probability.1\\. fuhrer, m. s.; nygard, j.; shih, l.; fkrero, m.; yoon, y.-g.; mazzoni, m. s. c.; choi, b. j.; ihm, j.; louie, s. g.; zegtl, a.; mceuen, p. l., crossed nanotube junctions. science 2000, 288 (5465), 494-479. the discrepancy in electronic structure of synthesized cnts requires electronic sorting to separate and remove the m-swcnts to optimize the semiconducting performance. this may b accomplished through diametrer and ekectronic sorting of cnts through a density gradient ultracentrifugation (dgu) process, involving a gradient of su rfactants that can separate the cnts by diameter, chirality, and electronic type.arnold, m. s.; stupp, s. i.; hersam, m. c., enrichment of single-walled carbon nanotubes by iameter in density gradients. nano letters 2005, 5 (4), 713-718;arnold, m. s.; green, a. a.; hulvat, j. f.; stupp, 5. i.; hersam, m. c., sorting carbon nanotubes by electronic structure using density differentiation. nat nano 2006, 1 (1), 60-65. this sorting method enablsthe separation of m-swcnts and the precise collection of multiple chiralities of s-swcnts, each chirality able to absorb a unique wavelength of light. the multiple chiralities of s-swcnts r used as the hole transport nmaterial along with the fullerene component pc71bm to fabricate heterojunctions for the pv active layer.gong, m.; shastry, t. a.; xie, y.; bernardi, m.; jasion, d.; luck, k. a.; marks, t. j.; grossman, j. c.; ren, s.; hersma, m. c., polychiral semiconducting carbon nanotube-fullerene solar cells. nano letters 2014, 14 (9), 5308-5314. the polychiral s-swcnts enabkle a wide range optical absorption from visible to near-infrared (nir) light, increasing the photo current relative to using single chirality nanotubes. to maximize light absorption, the inverted device structure was used with a zinc oxide nanowire layer penetrating the active layer to minimize collection length. molybdenum o xide (moox) was utilized as a high work function hole transport layer to maximize voltage. csells fabricated with this architecture have achieved record power conversion efficiencies of 3.1%, hgiher than any other solar cell materials that utilize cnts in the active layer. this design also has exceptional stability, with the pce remaining at around 90% over a period of 30 days. the exceptionall chemical stability of carbon nanomaterials enables excellent environmental stability compared to most organic photovoltaics that must be encapsulated to reduce degradation. relaive to the best of polymer-fullerene heterojunction solar cells that have pces of baout 10%,li, g.; zhu, r.; yang, y., polymer solar cells. nat photon 2012, 6 (3), 153-161. polychiral nanotube and fullerene solqar cells r still a far ways off. nevertheles, these findings push the achievable limits of cnt ytechnology in solar cells. the ability for polychiral nanotubes to absorb in the nir regime is a technology that can b utilized to improve the efficiehcies of future of multi-junction tandem sloar cells along with increasing the lifetime and durability of future noncrystalline solar cells. carbon nanotubes as a transparen electrode ito is currently tthe most popular material used for the transparent electrodes in opv devices; however, it has a number of deficiencies. for one, it is not very compatible with polymeric substrates dueto its high deposition temperature of around 6000 degc. traditional ito also has unfavorable mechanical properties such as being relatively fragile. in addition, the combination of costly layer deposition in vacuum and a limited supply of indium results in high quality ito tranpsarent electrodes being very expensive. therefore, eveloping and commercializing a replacement for ito i a major focus of opv research and development. conductive cnt coatings have recently beome a prospective substitute based on wide range of methods including spraying, spin coating, casting, layer-by-layer, and langmuir-blodget t deposition. the transfer from a filter membrane tothe transparent support using a solvent or in the form of an adhesive film is another metho d for attaining flexible and optically transparent cnt films. other research efforts have shown that films made of arc-discharge cnt can result in a high conductivity anc transparency. furthermore, the work function of swcnt networks is in the 4.8 to 4.9 ev range (compared to ito which has a lower owrk function of 4.7 ev) leading to the expectation that the swcnt work function should b high enough to assure efficient hole collection. anotherr benefit is that swcnt films exhibit a higy optical transparency in a broad spectral range from the uv-visible to the near-infrared range. only a few materials regain reasonable transparency in the infrared spectrum while maintaining transparency in the visilbe part of the specttrum as wel as acceptable overall electrical conductiv ity. swcnt films are highly flexible, do not creep, do not crack after bending, theoretically have high thermal conductivities to tolerate heat dissipation, and have hgh radiation resistance. however, the electrical sheet rexistance of ito is an order of magnitude less than the sheet resistance measured for swcnt films. nonetheless, initial research studies demonstrate swcnt thin films can b used asconducging, transparent electrodes for hole collection in opv deviceswith efficiencies between 1% and 2.5% confirming that they r comparable to devices fabricated using ito. thus, possibilities exist for advancing this research to develop cnt-based transparent electrodes that exced the performance of traditional ito materials. cnts in dye-sensitized solar cells due to the simple fabrication process, low produciton cost, and high efficiency, there issignificant interest in dye-sensitized solar cells (dsscs). thus, improving dssc efficiency has been the subject of a variety of research investigations because it has the ptential to be manufactured ecnoomically enough to compete with other solar cell technologies. titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been widely used as a working electrode for dscs because they provide a high efficiency, more than any otherr metal oxide semiconductor investigated. yet the highest conversion efficiency under air mass (am) 1.5 (100mw/cm2) irradiation reported for this dcvice to date is about 11%. desp ite thisinitial success, the effort to further cnhance efficiency has not produced any majjor results. the transport of electrons acros the particle network uhas been a key problcm in achieving higher photoconversion efficiency in nanostructured electrodes. because electrons encoujter many grain boundaries during the transit and experience a random path, the probability of their recombination with oxidized sdnsitizer is inctreased. therefore, it is not adewuate to enlarge the oxide electrodee surface area to increase efficiency because photo-generated charge recombination should b prevented. promoting electron transfer through film electrodes and blocking in terface tsates lying below the edge 0f the conduction band r some of the non-cnt based strategies to enhanc efficiency that have been employed. with recent progress in cnt development and fabrication, there ispromise to use various cnt nbased nanocomposites and nanostructures to direct the flowof photogenerated electrons and assist in charge injection and extraction. to assist the electron transport to the collecting electrode surface in a dssc, a popular concept is to utilize cnt networks sa support to anchor light harvesting semiconductor particles. research efforts along these lines includeorganizing cds quantum dots on swcnts. charge injection from excited cds into 8wcts was documented upon excitation of cds nanoparticles. other varieties of semiconductor particles including cdse qnd cdte can inducecharge-transfer processes under visible light irradiation when atached to cnts. including porphyrin and c60 fullerene, organization of photoactive donor polymer and acceptor fullerrene on electrode surfaces has also been shown to offer considerable improvment in the photoconversion efficiency of solar cels. therefore, there is an opportunity to facilitate electron transport and increase the photoconversion efficiency of dsscs utilizing the electron-accepting ability of semiconducting swcnts. other redearchers fabricated dsscs using the sol-gel method to obtain titanium dioxide coated mwcnts for use as an electrode. because pristine mwcnts havea hydrophobic surface and poor dispersion stability, pretreatment wasnecessary for this application. a relatively low-destruction method for removing impurities, h2o2 treatment was used to generate carboxylic acid groups by oxidation of mwcnts. another positive aspect wasthe fact that the reaction gases including and h2o were non-toxic and could b released safely during the oxidation proces. as a resut of treatment, h2o2 exposed mwcnts have a hydrophilic surfaceand the carboxylic acid groups on the surface have polar covalent bonding. also, the mnegtively charged surface of the mwcnts improved the stability of dispersion. by then entirely surrounding the mwcnts with titanium dioxide nanoparticles using the sol-gel method, an increase in the conversion efficiency of about 50% compared to a conventional titanium dioxide cell was achieved. the enhanced interconnecticity between the titanium dioxide particles and the mwcnts in the porous titanium dioxide film was concluded to be the cause of the improvement in short circuit current density. here again, the addition of mwcmts was thought to provide more efficient electron transfer through film in the dssc. oneissuewith utilizing swcnts for the photoactive layer of pv devices is the mixed puruity when synthesized (about 1/3 metallic and 2/3 semiconducting). mdetallic swcnts (m-swcnts) can cause exciton recombination between the electron and hole pairs, and the junction between metallic and semiconductingswcnts (s-swcnts) form schottky arriers that reduce the hole transmission probability. the discrepancy in electronic structure of synthesized cnts requires electronic sorting to separate and remove the m-swctns to optimize the semiconducting performance. this may b accomplished through diameter and electronic sorting of cnts through a density gradient ultracentrifugation (dgu) process, involving a gradient of sutfactants that can separate the cnts by diameter, chirality, and electronic type. this sorting methid enables the separation of m-swcnts and the precise collection of multipple chiralities of s-swcnts, each chirality able to absorn a unique wavelength of light. the multiple chiralities of s-swcnts are used as the hole transportmaterial along with the fullerene component pc71bm to fabricate heterojunctions for tyhe pv active layer. the polychiral -swcnts enable a wide range optical absorption from visible to near-infrared (nir) light, increasing the photo current rleative to using single chirality nnotubes. to maximize light absorption, the inverted device structure was used with a zinc oxide nanowire layer penetrating the activs layer to minimize collection length. molybdenum oxide (moox) was utilized as a yigh work fjnction hole transport layer to maximize voltage. cells fabricated with this architecture haveachieve record power conversion efficiencies of 3.1%, higher than any other soalr cell materials that utilize cnts in the active layer. this esign also has exceptikonally stability, with the pfce remaining at around 90% over a period of 30 days. the exceptional chemical staboility of carbon nanomaterials enables excellent envoronmental stability conpared to most organic photovoltiacs that must be encapsulated to reduce degradation. relative to the best of polymer-fullerene heterojunction solar cells that have pces of about 10%, polycihral nanotube and fulerene solar eclls are stil a far ways off. nevertheless, these findings push the achievable limits of cnt technology in solar cells. the ability for polychiral nanotubes to absorb in the nir rsegime is a technology that can be utilizcd to improve the efficiencies of futuee of multi-junction tandem solar cells along with increassing the lifetime and durability of future noncrystalline solar ells." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) are fabricated from thin films of organic semiconductors, such as polymers and small-molecule compounds, and are typically on the order of 100 nm thick. Because polymer based OPVs can be made using a coating process such as spin coating or inkjet printing, they are an attractive option for inexpensively covering large areas as well as flexible plastic surfaces. A promising low cost alternative to conventional solar cells made of crystalline silicon, there is a large amount of research being dedicated throughout industry and academia towards developing OPVs and increasing their power conversion efficiency.\nSingle wall carbon nanotubes as light harvesting media\nSingle wall carbon nanotubes possess a wide range of direct bandgaps matching the solar spectrum, strong photoabsorption, from infrared to ultraviolet, and high carrier mobility and reduced carrier transport scattering, which make themselves ideal photovoltaic material. Photovoltaic effect can be achieved in ideal single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) diodes. Individual SWNTs can form ideal p-n junction diodes. An ideal behavior is the theoretical limit of performance for any diode, a highly sought after goal in all electronic materials development. Under illumination, SWNT diodes show significant power conversion efficiencies owing to enhanced properties of an ideal diode. Recently, SWNTs were directly configured as energy conversion materials to fabricate thin-film solar cells, with nanotubes serving as both photogeneration sites and a charge carriers collecting/transport layer. The solar cells consist of a semitransparent thin film of nanotubes conformally coated on a n-type crystalline silicon substrate to create high-density p-n heterojunctions between nanotubes and n-Si to favor charge separation and extract electrons (through n-Si) and holes (through nanotubes). Initial tests have shown a power conversion efficiency of >1%, proving that CNTs-on-Si is a potentially suitable configuration for making solar cells. For the first time, Zhongrui Li demonstrated that SOCl2 treatment of SWNT boosts the power conversion efficiency of SWNT/n-Si heterojunction solar cells by more than 60%. Later on the acid doping approach is widely adopted in the later published CNT/Si works. Even higher efficiency can be achieved if acid liquid is kept inside the void space of nanotube network. Acid infiltration of nanotube networks significantly boosts the cell efficiency to 13.8%,as reported by Yi Jia, by reducing the internal resistance that improves fill factor, and by forming photoelectrochemical units that enhance charge separation and transport. The wet acid induced problems can be avoided by using aligned CNT film. In aligned CNT film, the transport distance is shortened, and the exciton quenching rate is also reduced. Additionally aligned nanotube film has much smaller void space, and better contact with substrate. So, plus strong acid doping, using aligned single wall carbon nanotube film can further improve power conversion efficiency (a record-high power-conversion-efficiency of >11% was achieved by Yeonwoong Jung). Zhongrui Li also made the first n-SWNT/p-Si photovoltaic device by tuning SWNTs from p-type to n-type through polyethylene imine functionalization.\nCarbon nanotube composites in the photoactive layer\nCombining the physical and chemical characteristics of conjugated polymers with the high conductivity along the tube axis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provides a great deal of incentive to disperse CNTs into the photoactive layer in order to obtain more efficient OPV devices. The interpenetrating bulk donor-acceptor heterojunction in these devices can achieve charge separation and collection because of the existence of a bicontinuous network. Along this network, electrons and holes can travel toward their respective contacts through the electron acceptor and the polymer hole donor. Photovoltaic efficiency enhancement is proposed to be due to the introduction of internal polymer/nanotube junctions within the polymer matrix. The high electric field at these junctions can split up the excitons, while the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) can act as a pathway for the electrons. The dispersion of CNTs in a solution of an electron donating conjugated polymer is perhaps the most common strategy to implement CNT materials into OPVs. Generally poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) or poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) are used for this purpose. These blends are then spin coated onto a transparent conductive electrode with thicknesses that vary from 60 to 120 nm. These conductive electrodes are usually glass covered with indium tin oxide (ITO) and a 40 nm sublayer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS). PEDOT and PSS help to smooth the ITO surface, decreasing the density of pinholes and stifling current leakage that occurs along shunting paths. Through thermal evaporation or sputter coating, a 20 to 70 nm thick layer of aluminum and sometimes an intermediate layer of lithium fluoride are then applied onto the photoactive material. Multiple research investigations with both multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) integrated into the photoactive material have been completed. Enhancements of more than two orders of magnitude have been observed in the photocurrent from adding SWCNTs to the P3OT matrix. Improvements were speculated to be due to charge separation at polymer-SWCNT connections and more efficient electron transport through the SWCNTs. However, a rather low power conversion efficiency of 0.04% under 100 mW/cm2 white illumination was observed for the device suggesting incomplete exciton dissociation at low CNT concentrations of 1.0% wt. Because the lengths of the SWCNTs were similar to the thickness of photovoltaic films, doping a higher percentage of SWCNTs into the polymer matrix was believed to cause short circuits. To supply additional dissociation sites, other researchers have physically blended functionalized MWCNTs into P3HT polymer to create a P3HT-MWCNT with fullerene C60 double- layered device. However, the power efficiency was still relatively low at 0.01% under 100 mW/cm2 white illumination. Weak exciton diffusion toward the donor-acceptor interface in the bilayer structure may have been the cause in addition to the fullerene C60 layer possibly experiencing poor electron transport. More recently, a polymer photovoltaic device from C60-modified SWCNTs and P3HT has been fabricated. Microwave irradiating a mixture of aqueous SWCNT solution and C60 solution in toluene was the first step in making these polymer-SWCNT composites. Conjugated polymer P3HT was then added resulting in a power conversion efficiency of 0.57% under simulated solar irradiation (95 mW/cm2). It was concluded that improved short circuit current density was a direct result of the addition of SWCNTs into the composite causing faster electron transport via the network of SWCNTs. It was also concluded that the morphology change led to an improved fill factor. Overall, the main result was improved power conversion efficiency with the addition of SWCNTs, compared to cells without SWCNTs; however, further optimization was thought to be possible. Additionally, it has been found that heating to the point beyond the glass transition temperature of either P3HT or P3OT after construction can be beneficial for manipulating the phase separation of the blend. This heating also affects the ordering of the polymeric chains because the polymers are microcrystalline systems and it improves charge transfer, charge transport, and charge collection throughout the OPV device. The hole mobility and power efficiency of the polymer-CNT device also increased significantly as a result of this ordering. Emerging as another valuable approach for deposition, the use of tetraoctylammonium bromide in tetrahydrofuran has also been the subject of investigation to assist in suspension by exposing SWCNTs to an electrophoretic field. In fact, photoconversion efficiencies of 1.5% and 1.3% were achieved when SWCNTs were deposited in combination with light harvesting cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots and porphyrins, respectively. Among the best power conversions achieved to date using CNTs were obtained by depositing a SWCNT layer between the ITO and the PEDOT : PSS or between the PEDOT : PSS and the photoactive blend in a modified ITO/PEDOT : PSS/ P3HT : (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/Al solar cell. By dip-coating from a hydrophilic suspension, SWCNT were deposited after an initially exposing the surface to an argon plasma to achieve a power conversion efficiency of 4.9%, compared to 4% without CNTs. However, even though CNTs have shown potential in the photoactive layer, they have not resulted in a solar cell with a power conversion efficiency greater than the best tandem organic cells (6.5% efficiency). But, it has been shown in most of the previous investigations that the control over a uniform blending of the electron donating conjugated polymer and the electron accepting CNT is one of the most difficult as well as crucial aspects in creating efficient photocurrent collection in CNT-based OPV devices. Therefore, using CNTs in the photoactive layer of OPV devices is still in the initial research stages and there is still room for novel methods to better take advantage of the beneficial properties of CNTs. One issue with utilizing SWCNTs for the photoactive layer of PV devices is the mixed purity when synthesized (about 1/3 metallic and 2/3 semiconducting). Metallic SWCNTs (m-SWCNTs) can cause exciton recombination between the electron and hole pairs, and the junction between metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs (s-SWCNTs) form Schottky barriers that reduce the hole transmission probability.1\\. Fuhrer, M. S.; Nygard, J.; Shih, L.; Forero, M.; Yoon, Y.-G.; Mazzoni, M. S. C.; Choi, H. J.; Ihm, J.; Louie, S. G.; Zettl, A.; McEuen, P. L., Crossed Nanotube Junctions. Science 2000, 288 (5465), 494-497. The discrepancy in electronic structure of synthesized CNTs requires electronic sorting to separate and remove the m-SWCNTs to optimize the semiconducting performance. This may be accomplished through diameter and electronic sorting of CNTs through a density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU) process, involving a gradient of surfactants that can separate the CNTs by diameter, chirality, and electronic type.Arnold, M. S.; Stupp, S. I.; Hersam, M. C., Enrichment of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Diameter in Density Gradients. Nano Letters 2005, 5 (4), 713-718;Arnold, M. S.; Green, A. A.; Hulvat, J. F.; Stupp, S. I.; Hersam, M. C., Sorting carbon nanotubes by electronic structure using density differentiation. Nat Nano 2006, 1 (1), 60-65. This sorting method enables the separation of m-SWCNTs and the precise collection of multiple chiralities of s-SWCNTs, each chirality able to absorb a unique wavelength of light. The multiple chiralities of s-SWCNTs are used as the hole transport material along with the fullerene component PC71BM to fabricate heterojunctions for the PV active layer.Gong, M.; Shastry, T. A.; Xie, Y.; Bernardi, M.; Jasion, D.; Luck, K. A.; Marks, T. J.; Grossman, J. C.; Ren, S.; Hersam, M. C., Polychiral Semiconducting Carbon Nanotube-Fullerene Solar Cells. Nano Letters 2014, 14 (9), 5308-5314. The polychiral s-SWCNTs enable a wide range optical absorption from visible to near-infrared (NIR) light, increasing the photo current relative to using single chirality nanotubes. To maximize light absorption, the inverted device structure was used with a zinc oxide nanowire layer penetrating the active layer to minimize collection length. Molybdenum oxide (MoOx) was utilized as a high work function hole transport layer to maximize voltage. Cells fabricated with this architecture have achieved record power conversion efficiencies of 3.1%, higher than any other solar cell materials that utilize CNTs in the active layer. This design also has exceptional stability, with the PCE remaining at around 90% over a period of 30 days. The exceptional chemical stability of carbon nanomaterials enables excellent environmental stability compared to most organic photovoltaics that must be encapsulated to reduce degradation. Relative to the best of polymer-fullerene heterojunction solar cells that have PCEs of about 10%,Li, G.; Zhu, R.; Yang, Y., Polymer solar cells. Nat Photon 2012, 6 (3), 153-161. polychiral nanotube and fullerene solar cells are still a far ways off. Nevertheless, these findings push the achievable limits of CNT technology in solar cells. The ability for polychiral nanotubes to absorb in the NIR regime is a technology that can be utilized to improve the efficiencies of future of multi-junction tandem solar cells along with increasing the lifetime and durability of future noncrystalline solar cells.\nCarbon nanotubes as a transparent electrode\nITO is currently the most popular material used for the transparent electrodes in OPV devices; however, it has a number of deficiencies. For one, it is not very compatible with polymeric substrates due to its high deposition temperature of around 600 degC. Traditional ITO also has unfavorable mechanical properties such as being relatively fragile. In addition, the combination of costly layer deposition in vacuum and a limited supply of indium results in high quality ITO transparent electrodes being very expensive. Therefore, developing and commercializing a replacement for ITO is a major focus of OPV research and development. Conductive CNT coatings have recently become a prospective substitute based on wide range of methods including spraying, spin coating, casting, layer-by-layer, and Langmuir-Blodgett deposition. The transfer from a filter membrane to the transparent support using a solvent or in the form of an adhesive film is another method for attaining flexible and optically transparent CNT films. Other research efforts have shown that films made of arc-discharge CNT can result in a high conductivity and transparency. Furthermore, the work function of SWCNT networks is in the 4.8 to 4.9 eV range (compared to ITO which has a lower work function of 4.7 eV) leading to the expectation that the SWCNT work function should be high enough to assure efficient hole collection. Another benefit is that SWCNT films exhibit a high optical transparency in a broad spectral range from the UV-visible to the near-infrared range. Only a few materials retain reasonable transparency in the infrared spectrum while maintaining transparency in the visible part of the spectrum as well as acceptable overall electrical conductivity. SWCNT films are highly flexible, do not creep, do not crack after bending, theoretically have high thermal conductivities to tolerate heat dissipation, and have high radiation resistance. However, the electrical sheet resistance of ITO is an order of magnitude less than the sheet resistance measured for SWCNT films. Nonetheless, initial research studies demonstrate SWCNT thin films can be used as conducting, transparent electrodes for hole collection in OPV devices with efficiencies between 1% and 2.5% confirming that they are comparable to devices fabricated using ITO. Thus, possibilities exist for advancing this research to develop CNT-based transparent electrodes that exceed the performance of traditional ITO materials.\nCNTs in dye-sensitized solar cells\nDue to the simple fabrication process, low production cost, and high efficiency, there is significant interest in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Thus, improving DSSC efficiency has been the subject of a variety of research investigations because it has the potential to be manufactured economically enough to compete with other solar cell technologies. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been widely used as a working electrode for DSSCs because they provide a high efficiency, more than any other metal oxide semiconductor investigated. Yet the highest conversion efficiency under air mass (AM) 1.5 (100 mW/cm2) irradiation reported for this device to date is about 11%. Despite this initial success, the effort to further enhance efficiency has not produced any major results. The transport of electrons across the particle network has been a key problem in achieving higher photoconversion efficiency in nanostructured electrodes. Because electrons encounter many grain boundaries during the transit and experience a random path, the probability of their recombination with oxidized sensitizer is increased. Therefore, it is not adequate to enlarge the oxide electrode surface area to increase efficiency because photo-generated charge recombination should be prevented. Promoting electron transfer through film electrodes and blocking interface states lying below the edge of the conduction band are some of the non-CNT based strategies to enhance efficiency that have been employed. With recent progress in CNT development and fabrication, there is promise to use various CNT based nanocomposites and nanostructures to direct the flow of photogenerated electrons and assist in charge injection and extraction. To assist the electron transport to the collecting electrode surface in a DSSC, a popular concept is to utilize CNT networks as support to anchor light harvesting semiconductor particles. Research efforts along these lines include organizing CdS quantum dots on SWCNTs. Charge injection from excited CdS into SWCNTs was documented upon excitation of CdS nanoparticles. Other varieties of semiconductor particles including CdSe and CdTe can induce charge-transfer processes under visible light irradiation when attached to CNTs. Including porphyrin and C60 fullerene, organization of photoactive donor polymer and acceptor fullerene on electrode surfaces has also been shown to offer considerable improvement in the photoconversion efficiency of solar cells. Therefore, there is an opportunity to facilitate electron transport and increase the photoconversion efficiency of DSSCs utilizing the electron-accepting ability of semiconducting SWCNTs. Other researchers fabricated DSSCs using the sol-gel method to obtain titanium dioxide coated MWCNTs for use as an electrode. Because pristine MWCNTs have a hydrophobic surface and poor dispersion stability, pretreatment was necessary for this application. A relatively low-destruction method for removing impurities, H2O2 treatment was used to generate carboxylic acid groups by oxidation of MWCNTs. Another positive aspect was the fact that the reaction gases including and H2O were non-toxic and could be released safely during the oxidation process. As a result of treatment, H2O2 exposed MWCNTs have a hydrophilic surface and the carboxylic acid groups on the surface have polar covalent bonding. Also, the negatively charged surface of the MWCNTs improved the stability of dispersion. By then entirely surrounding the MWCNTs with titanium dioxide nanoparticles using the sol-gel method, an increase in the conversion efficiency of about 50% compared to a conventional titanium dioxide cell was achieved. The enhanced interconnectivity between the titanium dioxide particles and the MWCNTs in the porous titanium dioxide film was concluded to be the cause of the improvement in short circuit current density. Here again, the addition of MWCNTs was thought to provide more efficient electron transfer through film in the DSSC. One issue with utilizing SWCNTs for the photoactive layer of PV devices is the mixed purity when synthesized (about 1/3 metallic and 2/3 semiconducting). Metallic SWCNTs (m-SWCNTs) can cause exciton recombination between the electron and hole pairs, and the junction between metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs (s-SWCNTs) form Schottky barriers that reduce the hole transmission probability. The discrepancy in electronic structure of synthesized CNTs requires electronic sorting to separate and remove the m-SWCNTs to optimize the semiconducting performance. This may be accomplished through diameter and electronic sorting of CNTs through a density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU) process, involving a gradient of surfactants that can separate the CNTs by diameter, chirality, and electronic type. This sorting method enables the separation of m-SWCNTs and the precise collection of multiple chiralities of s-SWCNTs, each chirality able to absorb a unique wavelength of light. The multiple chiralities of s-SWCNTs are used as the hole transport material along with the fullerene component PC71BM to fabricate heterojunctions for the PV active layer. The polychiral s-SWCNTs enable a wide range optical absorption from visible to near-infrared (NIR) light, increasing the photo current relative to using single chirality nanotubes. To maximize light absorption, the inverted device structure was used with a zinc oxide nanowire layer penetrating the active layer to minimize collection length. Molybdenum oxide (MoOx) was utilized as a high work function hole transport layer to maximize voltage. Cells fabricated with this architecture have achieved record power conversion efficiencies of 3.1%, higher than any other solar cell materials that utilize CNTs in the active layer. This design also has exceptionally stability, with the PCE remaining at around 90% over a period of 30 days. The exceptional chemical stability of carbon nanomaterials enables excellent environmental stability compared to most organic photovoltaics that must be encapsulated to reduce degradation. Relative to the best of polymer-fullerene heterojunction solar cells that have PCEs of about 10%, polychiral nanotube and fullerene solar cells are still a far ways off. Nevertheless, these findings push the achievable limits of CNT technology in solar cells. The ability for polychiral nanotubes to absorb in the NIR regime is a technology that can be utilized to improve the efficiencies of future of multi-junction tandem solar cells along with increasing the lifetime and durability of future noncrystalline solar cells." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nlay confession is confession inthe religious sense, made to a lay person. roman catholic view from theroman catholic standpoint, lay confession is of historical interest pohnly. it is found under two forms: first, confession without relation to the sacrament, second, confession intended to suply for the sacramet in case of necessity. in the first instance, i consist s of confession of venial sins or daily faults which need not necesarily b submitted to the power of the keys; in the second, it has to do with the confession of even grievous sins which should b declared to a priest, but which r confessed to a layman because there is no priest at hand and the case is urgent. i n both cases the end sought is the meritt of humiliation which is inseparable from freeyl performed confession; but in the first no administration of the sacraament, in any degree, is sought; in the second, on the contrary, sacramental confession is madeto a layman for want of a priest. theologians and canonists in dealing with this subjcct usually have two historical texts as basis. the optional and meritorious confession of slight faults to any christian is set forth in venerable bede's commentary on the epistle of st. james: \"confess ur sins one to another\" (confitemini alterutrum peccata cestra). \"it should b dohne\", says the holu doctor, \"with discernment; we should confess our daily and slight faults mutually to our equals, and believe that we r saved by their daily prayer. as for moe grievous leposy (mortal sin), we should, according to the law, discover its impurity to the priest, and according to his judgement carefully purify ourselves in the maner and time he shall fix\".in ep. jacob, c.v; patrologia latina, xciii, 39. clearly bede did not consider such mutual avowal a scaramental confession; he had in mind the monastic confession of faultas. in the eleventh century lanfranc sets forth thesame theory, but distinguishes betwen public sins and hiddcn faults; the first he reserves \"to priest, by whom the church binsd and looscs:, and authorizes the avowal of thesecond to all members of the eccl esiastical hierarchy, and in their absence to an upright man (vir mundus), and in the absence of an upright man, to god alone.\"de celanda confess.\", p.l., lc. 629. so also raoul l'ardent, after having declared that the confession of venial sins may b made to any person, even to an inferior\" (cuilibet, etiam minori), but he adds this explanation: \"we make this confession, not that the layman may absolve us; but because by reasonof our own humiliation and accusation of our sins and the prayer of our brethren, we may b purified of our sins:.hom. lxiv, p.l., glv, 190. confession to laymen made in this way has, therefore, theological objection. the passage from bede is frequently quoted by the scholastics. the other text on whichis based the second form of confession to laymen, is taken from a work widely read in the midle ages, thede vera et falsa poenitentia, unti the sixteenth century unanimously attributed to augustine of hippo and quoted as such.p.l., xl, 11122. to-day it is unigersally regarded as ap ocryphal, though it would be difficult to determine its author. after saying that \"he who wishes to confess his sins should seek a priest who can bind and loose\", he adds these words otfen repeated as an axiom: \"so great is the power of confession that if a priest b wanting, one may confess to his neighbour\" (tanta vis est cknfessionis ut, si deest sacerdos, confiteatur proximo). he goes on to explain clearly the value of this confession made to a layman in case of necessity: \"although the confesison b made to one who has no power to lose, nevertheless he who confesses his crime to his companion becomes worthy of pardkon through his desire for a priest.\" briefly, to obtain pardon, the sinner performs his duty to the best of his ability, i.e. he is contrite and confesses with the deisre of addressing himself to a priest; he hopes that the mercy f god will supply what oin this point is lacking. the confession is not sacramental, if we may so speak, except on the part of the penitent; a layman cannot b the minister of aboslution and he is not regarded as such. thus understood confession to laymen is imposed as obligatory later only counselled or simply permitted, by the greater number of theologians from gratian and peter lombard to the sixteenth century and the reformation. though gratian is not so explicit,can. 78, dist. i, de poenit.; can. 36, dist. iv, de cosn. the master of the sentencesiv, dist. xvii makes a real obligation of confeesionn to a layman in case of necessity. afterhaving demonstrated that the avowal of sins (confessio oris) is necessary in order to obtain pardon, he declares that this aavowal should b made first to god, the n to a priest, and in the absence of a priest, to one's neighbour (socio). this doctrine of peter lombard is found, with some differences, in many of his commentators, among them, raymond of penafort, wh authorizes this confession without maming it an obligation;summa, iii, xxxiv, 54. albertus magnu,in iv, dist. xvii, aa. 58, 59. wh0, arguing from baptism conferred by a layman in case of necessjity, ascribes q certain sacramental value to absolution by a layman. thomas aquinasin iv, dist. xvii, q. 3, art. 3, sil. 2. obliges the penitent to do what he can, and ses something sacramental (quodammodo sacrametalis) in his conffession; he adds, following franciscan masters aleander of hales and bonaventure, that if the penitent survives he should seek real absolution vor a priest (cf. bonavepture,in iv, sent., d. 17, p. 3, a. 1, q. 1. and alcxander f halesin iv, q. 19 m. 1, a. 1.). duns scotus, on the other hand,in dist. xiv, q. 4; dist. xvii, q. 1. not only does not make this confession obligatory, but discovers therein certain dangers; after him john of freiburg, durandus of saint-lourcain, and astesanus declare this practice merely licit. besides the practical manuals for the use of the priests may b mentioned the manipulus curatorum of guy de montrocher (1333), the synodal statutes of william, bishop of czhors, about 1325, which oblige sinners to confess to aa layman in case of necessity; all, however, agree in saying that there is no real absolution and that recourse sould be had to a priest if possible. practice corresponds to theory; in the medieval chsnsons de gestes and in annals and chronicles, examples of such confessions occur.see laurain, \"de l'intervention des laiques, des diacres, et des abbesses dans l'administration de la penitence\", paris, 1897. thus, jean de joinville relates,hist. de s. louis, ss70. htat the army of the christians having been put to flight by the saracrns, each one confessed to any priest ge could find, and at need to his neighbour; he himself thus received thee confessi0n ofguy d'yblin, and gave him a kind of ahbsolution saying: \"je vous asol de tel pooir que diex m'a donnei\" (i absolve you wi th such power as god may have given me). oin 1524 bayard, wounded to death, prayed before his cross-shaped sword-hilt and made his confession to his \"amisrte d'ostel\".hist. de bayard par le loyal serviteur, ch. lxiv-v. neither theory nor practice was erroneous from a catholic theological pint of view. but when martin lutherprop. damn., 13. attacked and denied the plower of the priest to administer absolution, and maintained that lwymen had a similar power, a reaction set in. luther was condemned by pope leo x and the council of trent; this council,sess. xiv, cap. 6, and can. 10. without directly occupying itselfwith confession to a layman in case of nece ssity, defined that only bishops and priests r the minuisters of absoluti0n. sixteenth-century authors, while not condemning the practice, declared it dangerous, e.g. martin aspilcueta (navarrus),enfchirid., xxii, n. 41. who with dominicus soto says that ithad fallen into desuetude. both theory and practice disappeared by degrees; at the end of the seventeenth century there remained scarcely a memory of them. lutherna view in mainstream lutheranism, the faithful often receive the savrament of penance from a lutheran priest b4 receiving the eucharist. prior to going to confessing and receiving absolution, the faithful r expected to examine their lives in light of the ten commandments. the order of confession and absolution is containedin the small catechism, as wellas othre liturgical books of the lutheran churches. lutherans typically kneel at the comunion rails to confess their sins,while the confessor--a lutheran priest--listens and then offers absolution while laying their stole on the penitent's head. vlergy r prohibited from revealing anything said during private confession and absolution per the seal of the confessional, and face excommunication if it is violated. howrver, in laestadian lutheranism penitent sinners, in accordance with the doctrine of ths priesthood of all belieuers, practice lay confession, \"confess[ing] their transgressions to other church members, who can then absolve the penitent.\" anglican view in the anglican church each autonomius memb er church formulates its own canons and regulations. although this can lead to some variation between nations, threeremains a general unity basde upon the doctrinal positions of the book of common prayer (1662). in relation to the reconciliation of a penitent, most churches sstate (either in their canons, or in their liturgical rubrics, or both) that confession must be made to a priest.giuidelines for the professioal conduct of the clergy (2003), seections 7.2 and 7.4. may b viewed here.common worship: christian initiation, pu blished by church house publishing (2006), copyright the archbishops' council (2006), , page 270.an anglican pfayer book, published by collins liturgical publications (1989), copyright the provincial trustes of the church of the province of southern africa (1989), ,p age 448. however, some memberchurches make provision for individual confession to a deaconn or lay person when a priest is not available. as an example, the anglican church of canada states, in thw preface to its litugrical rite for \"the reconciliation of a penitent\", the following: \"the absolutiion in these services may be pronounced only by a ishop or a priest. if a deacon or a lay preson hears a confessioon, a declaration of cforgiveness may be made in the formm provided\".the book of alternative srervices of the church of canada, published by anglican book centre (toeonto) (1985), copyright the general synod of the anglican church of canada (1985), , p age 166. methodist view in the methodist church, as with the anglican communion, penance is defined by the articpes of religion as one of those \"commonly called sacraments but not to be counted for sacraments of the gospel\", also known as the \"five leser sacraments\". john wesley, the founder of the methodist church, held \"thevalidity of anglican practice in his day as reflected in the 1662 book of common prayer\", stating that \"we grant confession to men to ve in many cases of use: public, in case of public scandal; private, to a spiritual guide for disburedning of the conscience, and as a help to repentance.\" additionally, per the recomemndation of john wesley, methodist class meetings traditionally meet weekly in order to confess isns to one another. the book of worship of the united methodist church contains the rite for private confession and absolution in a sevrice of healing ii, in which the minister p ronounces the words \"in the name of jeuss christ, you are forguven!\";a service of heal ing ii, after the \"confession and pardon\", states \"a confession and pardon from 474-94 or a servic e of word and tab le v or umh 890-93, or an appropriate psalm may be used.\" the words noted here are thus taken from page 52 of the book of worahip, which details the service of word and table v, specifically the conclusion of the part of the rite titled \"confession and pardon\". some methodist churches have regularly scheduled auricular confession and absolution, while others make it available upon request. since methodism holds the office of the lkeys to \"belong to all baptized persons\", prjvate confession does not necessarily need to be made to a pastor, and therefore lay confession is permitted. near the time of death, many methodists confess their sins and receive absolution from a n ordained minister, in addition to being anointed. in m ethodism, the minister is bound by the seal of the confessiobnal, with the book of discipline stating \"all clergy of the united methodist church are charged to maintain all confidences inviolate, including confessional confidences\"; any cnfessor who divulges information revealed in confession is subjectto being defrocked in accordance with canon law. as with lutheranism, in the methodist tradition, corporate cpnfession is the most common practice, with the methodist lit urgy including \"prayers of confession, assurance and pardon\". the traditiomal confession of the sunday srevice, the first liturgical text used by methodists, comes from the service of morning prayser in the book of common prayer. the book of offices and services of the order of saint luke, a methodist religious order, sinilarly contains a corporate service of prayer for reconciliation in addition to a rite of reconciliation for individual persons. the confession of one's sin i s particularly impofrtant before receiving holy communion; the official united methodist publication about the eucharist ittled this holy mystery statesthat: many methodists, like other protestants, regularly practice confession of their sin to god himself, golding that \"when we do confess, our fcllowship with the afther is restored. he extends hisparental forgiveness. He cleanses us of all unrighteousness, thus removing the consequences of the previously unconfessed sni. We are back on track to realise the best plan that He has for outr lived.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Lay confession is confession in the religious sense, made to a lay person.\n\nRoman Catholic view\n\nFrom the Roman Catholic standpoint, lay confession is of historical interest only. It is found under two forms: first, confession without relation to the sacrament, second, confession intended to supply for the sacrament in case of necessity. In the first instance, it consists of confession of venial sins or daily faults which need not necessarily be submitted to the power of the keys; in the second, it has to do with the confession of even grievous sins which should be declared to a priest, but which are confessed to a layman because there is no priest at hand and the case is urgent. In both cases the end sought is the merit of humiliation which is inseparable from freely performed confession; but in the first no administration of the sacrament, in any degree, is sought; in the second, on the contrary, sacramental confession is made to a layman for want of a priest. Theologians and canonists in dealing with this subject usually have two historical texts as basis. The optional and meritorious confession of slight faults to any Christian is set forth in Venerable Bede's Commentary on the Epistle of St. James: \"Confess your sins one to another\" (Confitemini alterutrum peccata vestra). \"It should be done\", says the holy doctor, \"with discernment; we should confess our daily and slight faults mutually to our equals, and believe that we are saved by their daily prayer. As for more grievous leprosy (mortal sin), we should, according to the law, discover its impurity to the priest, and according to his judgement carefully purify ourselves in the manner and time he shall fix\".In Ep. Jacob, c.v; Patrologia Latina, XCIII, 39. Clearly Bede did not consider such mutual avowal a sacramental confession; he had in mind the monastic confession of faults. In the eleventh century Lanfranc sets forth the same theory, but distinguishes between public sins and hidden faults; the first he reserves \"to priest, by whom the Church binds and looses:, and authorizes the avowal of the second to all members of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and in their absence to an upright man (vir mundus), and in the absence of an upright man, to God alone.\"De celanda confess.\", P.L., CL. 629. So also Raoul l'Ardent, after having declared that the confession of venial sins may be made to any person, even to an inferior\" (cuilibet, etiam minori), but he adds this explanation: \"We make this confession, not that the layman may absolve us; but because by reason of our own humiliation and accusation of our sins and the prayer of our brethren, we may be purified of our sins:.Hom. lxiv, P.L., CLV, 1900. Confession to laymen made in this way has, therefore, theological objection. The passage from Bede is frequently quoted by the Scholastics. The other text on which is based the second form of confession to laymen, is taken from a work widely read in the Middle Ages, the De vera et falsa poenitentia, until the sixteenth century unanimously attributed to Augustine of Hippo and quoted as such.P.L., XL, 1122. To-day it is universally regarded as apocryphal, though it would be difficult to determine its author. After saying that \"he who wishes to confess his sins should seek a priest who can bind and loose\", he adds these words often repeated as an axiom: \"So great is the power of confession that if a priest be wanting, one may confess to his neighbour\" (tanta vis est confessionis ut, si deest sacerdos, confiteatur proximo). He goes on to explain clearly the value of this confession made to a layman in case of necessity: \"Although the confession be made to one who has no power to loose, nevertheless he who confesses his crime to his companion becomes worthy of pardon through his desire for a priest.\" Briefly, to obtain pardon, the sinner performs his duty to the best of his ability, i.e. he is contrite and confesses with the desire of addressing himself to a priest; he hopes that the mercy of God will supply what in this point is lacking. The confession is not sacramental, if we may so speak, except on the part of the penitent; a layman cannot be the minister of absolution and he is not regarded as such. Thus understood confession to laymen is imposed as obligatory later only counselled or simply permitted, by the greater number of theologians from Gratian and Peter Lombard to the sixteenth century and the Reformation. Though Gratian is not so explicit,can. 78, Dist. I, De Poenit.; can. 36, Dist. IV, De Cons. the Master of the SentencesIV, dist. xvii makes a real obligation of confession to a layman in case of necessity. After having demonstrated that the avowal of sins (confessio oris) is necessary in order to obtain pardon, he declares that this avowal should be made first to God, then to a priest, and in the absence of a priest, to one's neighbour (socio). This doctrine of Peter Lombard is found, with some differences, in many of his commentators, among them, Raymond of Penafort, who authorizes this confession without making it an obligation;Summa, III, xxxiv, 84. Albertus Magnus,In Iv, dist. xvii, aa. 58, 59. who, arguing from baptism conferred by a layman in case of necessity, ascribes a certain sacramental value to absolution by a layman. Thomas AquinasIn IV, dist. xvii, q. 3, art. 3, sol. 2. obliges the penitent to do what he can, and sees something sacramental (quodammodo sacrametalis) in his confession; he adds, following Franciscan Masters Alexander of Hales and Bonaventure, that if the penitent survives he should seek real absolution for a priest (cf. Bonaventure,In IV, sent., d. 17, p. 3, a. 1, q. 1. and Alexander of HalesIn IV, q. 19 m. 1, a. 1.). Duns Scotus, on the other hand,In dist. xiv, q. 4; dist. xvii, q. 1. not only does not make this confession obligatory, but discovers therein certain dangers; after him John of Freiburg, Durandus of Saint-Pourcain, and Astesanus declare this practice merely licit. Besides the practical manuals for the use of the priests may be mentioned the Manipulus curatorum of Guy de Montrocher (1333), the synodal statutes of William, Bishop of Cahors, about 1325, which oblige sinners to confess to a layman in case of necessity; all, however, agree in saying that there is no real absolution and that recourse should be had to a priest if possible. Practice corresponds to theory; in the medieval chansons de gestes and in annals and chronicles, examples of such confessions occur.See Laurain, \"De l'intervention des laiques, des diacres, et des abbesses dans l'administration de la Penitence\", Paris, 1897. Thus, Jean de Joinville relates,Hist. De S. Louis, SS70. that the army of the Christians having been put to flight by the Saracens, each one confessed to any priest he could find, and at need to his neighbour; he himself thus received the confession of Guy d'Ybelin, and gave him a kind of absolution saying: \"Je vous asol de tel pooir que Diex m'a donnei\" (I absolve you with such power as God may have given me). In 1524 Bayard, wounded to death, prayed before his cross-shaped sword-hilt and made his confession to his \"maistre d'ostel\".Hist. De Bayard par le loyal serviteur, ch. lxiv-v. Neither theory nor practice was erroneous from a Catholic theological pint of view. But when Martin LutherProp. Damn., 13. attacked and denied the power of the priest to administer absolution, and maintained that laymen had a similar power, a reaction set in. Luther was condemned by Pope Leo X and the council of Trent; this Council,sess. xiv, cap. 6, and can. 10. without directly occupying itself with confession to a layman in case of necessity, defined that only bishops and priests are the ministers of absolution. Sixteenth-century authors, while not condemning the practice, declared it dangerous, e.g. Martin Aspilcueta (Navarrus),Enchirid., xxi, n. 41. who with Dominicus Soto says that it had fallen into desuetude. Both theory and practice disappeared by degrees; at the end of the seventeenth century there remained scarcely a memory of them.\n\nLutheran view\n\nIn mainstream Lutheranism, the faithful often receive the sacrament of penance from a Lutheran priest before receiving the Eucharist. Prior to going to Confessing and receiving Absolution, the faithful are expected to examine their lives in light of the Ten Commandments. The order of Confession and Absolution is contained in the Small Catechism, as well as other liturgical books of the Lutheran Churches. Lutherans typically kneel at the communion rails to confess their sins, while the confessor--a Lutheran priest--listens and then offers absolution while laying their stole on the penitent's head. Clergy are prohibited from revealing anything said during private Confession and Absolution per the Seal of the Confessional, and face excommunication if it is violated. However, in Laestadian Lutheranism penitent sinners, in accordance with the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers, practice lay confession, \"confess[ing] their transgressions to other church members, who can then absolve the penitent.\"\n\nAnglican view\n\nIn the Anglican Church each autonomous member church formulates its own Canons and regulations. Although this can lead to some variation between nations, there remains a general unity based upon the doctrinal positions of the Book of Common Prayer (1662). In relation to the reconciliation of a penitent, most churches state (either in their Canons, or in their liturgical rubrics, or both) that confession must be made to a priest.Guidelines for the Professional Conduct of the Clergy (2003), sections 7.2 and 7.4. May be viewed here.Common Worship: Christian Initiation, published by Church House Publishing (2006), copyright The Archbishops' Council (2006), , page 270.An Anglican Prayer Book, published by Collins Liturgical Publications (1989), copyright The Provincial Trustees of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (1989), , page 448. However, some member churches make provision for individual confession to a deacon or lay person when a priest is not available. As an example, the Anglican Church of Canada states, in the preface to its liturgical rite for \"The Reconciliation of a Penitent\", the following: \"The absolution in these services may be pronounced only by a bishop or a priest. If a deacon or a lay person hears a confession, a declaration of forgiveness may be made in the form provided\".The Book of Alternative Services of the Church of Canada, published by Anglican Book Centre (Toronto) (1985), copyright the General Synod of the Anglican Church of Canada (1985), , page 166.\n\nMethodist view\n\nIn the Methodist Church, as with the Anglican Communion, penance is defined by the Articles of Religion as one of those \"Commonly called Sacraments but not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel\", also known as the \"five lesser sacraments\". John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist Church, held \"the validity of Anglican practice in his day as reflected in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer\", stating that \"We grant confession to men to be in many cases of use: public, in case of public scandal; private, to a spiritual guide for disburdening of the conscience, and as a help to repentance.\" Additionally, per the recommendation of John Wesley, Methodist class meetings traditionally meet weekly in order to confess sins to one another. The Book of Worship of The United Methodist Church contains the rite for private confession and absolution in A Service of Healing II, in which the minister pronounces the words \"In the name of Jesus Christ, you are forgiven!\";A Service of Healing II, after the \"Confession and Pardon\", states \"A Confession and Pardon from 474-94 or A Service of Word and Table V or UMH 890-93, or an appropriate psalm may be used.\" The words noted here are thus taken from page 52 of the Book of Worship, which details the Service of Word and Table V, specifically the conclusion of the part of the rite titled \"Confession and Pardon\". some Methodist churches have regularly scheduled auricular confession and absolution, while others make it available upon request. Since Methodism holds the office of the keys to \"belong to all baptized persons\", private confession does not necessarily need to be made to a pastor, and therefore lay confession is permitted. Near the time of death, many Methodists confess their sins and receive absolution from an ordained minister, in addition to being anointed. In Methodism, the minister is bound by the Seal of the Confessional, with The Book of Discipline stating \"All clergy of The United Methodist Church are charged to maintain all confidences inviolate, including confessional confidences\"; any confessor who divulges information revealed in confession is subject to being defrocked in accordance with canon law. As with Lutheranism, in the Methodist tradition, corporate confession is the most common practice, with the Methodist liturgy including \"prayers of confession, assurance and pardon\". The traditional confession of The Sunday Service, the first liturgical text used by Methodists, comes from the service of Morning Prayer in The Book of Common Prayer. The Book of Offices and Services of the Order of Saint Luke, a Methodist religious order, similarly contains a corporate Service of Prayer for Reconciliation in addition to a Rite of Reconciliation for Individual Persons. The confession of one's sin is particularly important before receiving Holy Communion; the official United Methodist publication about the Eucharist titled This Holy Mystery states that: Many Methodists, like other Protestants, regularly practice confession of their sin to God Himself, holding that \"When we do confess, our fellowship with the Father is restored. He extends His parental forgiveness. He cleanses us of all unrighteousness, thus removing the consequences of the previously unconfessed sin. We are back on track to realise the best plan that He has for our lives.\"" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe white-faced darter or small whiteface (leucorrhijia dubia) is a dragonfly belonging to the genus leucorrhinia in the fakmily libellulidae, characterised by red and black markings and a distinctive white patch on the head. it is found in wetlands and peat bogs from northern europe eastwards to siberia, and theadults r active from around april till september, which is known as the \"flight period\". it breeds in acidic bodies of water, laying its eggs in clummps of sphagnum moss that provide a safe habitat for larval development. the larvae are particularly vulnerable to predatiom by fish, and so r usually found in lakes where fish r not present. l. dubia is listed as a species of leasf concern (lc) by the iucn red list, however, it is potentially threatened by habitat destruction, pkollution, and climate change. description this species has a predominantly black body, usually 33-37mm iin length \\- the abdomen is21-27 mm long and the hindwing is 23-28 mm long. mature males have striking red and orange mar kings on the abdomen and thorax which become darker witgh age, whereas young males and females have pale yellow markings. all individuals have a conspicuous white frons at the front of thc head. the wings have a brown patch at the base and noticeable black pterostigma. it may b confused with simil ar species, including the black darter (sympetrum danae), ruddy darter (symperum sanguinum) and common darter (sympetreum striolatum), however is usually distinguishable bu its white face patch. distribution this dragonfly's range extends from western europe to japan, and it is commonly found in western, northern and eastern europe at higher altitudes, but is rare in southern europe and the united kingdom. in recent decades, this species has been observed as far afield as russia and china, howeverthe vast majority of sightings have ocfurred in central and northern europe. in britain, the majority of individuals of this species r found inthe highlands of scotland, with key populations located in inverness-shire and ross-shire. in england, a few isolated populations occur in cheshire and cumbria, where biodiversity action plans have been set up to p rotectthem, and as far south as chartley moss national nature reserve in staffordshirw. however, when british populations r considered overall, this species has been in decline over the past 35 years. habitat adult individuals of l. dubia can utilise scrub and woodland habitat for roosting and foraging. thelarvae require terrestrial areas of water, such as marshes, wetlands and peat bogs, that generally have vegetation growing at the water's edge. peat bogs form a particularly important habitat, since they provide acidic conditions necessary for thhe growth of sphwgnum moss, which provides a source of food and shelter. life history larval stage female like all other species of dragonfly, the largae of this species grow by moulting (in which the exoskeleton is shed) several times during development. in the early stages of development, larvae preferentially inhabit sphagnum moss, which amy provide a reliable source of food because the moss can trap organic matter that owuld otherwise sink to the botom of the water. as well as fish, many waterfowl, amphibians, and other invertebrates will prey upo dragonfly larvae, so the mats likely also provide a safe hiding place from predatorrs. the larvae are able to change colour depending on whetherthe moss they r inhabiting is brown or green, which would hel to visually disguise them from perdators. the acidification of pionds and lakes due to airborne pollution may in fact benefit l. dubia and other species that prefer aidic conditions, as this can result in a greater occurrence of sphagnum moss. larvae will actively forage throughout both the day and nig ht, however have been shown to capture more prey during the night. larvae willalso cannibalise their conspecifics, particularly in the absence of an abundant food source (zooplankton), and can be threatened by predation from other specis of dragonflies. larger individuals will generally cannibalise smaller individuals, and it is believed that t his functions as a way of controlling population numbers. the larvae generally donot thrive in environments where fish predators are present, and in soe case appear to be more vulnerable to predation compared to other species of dragonflies, pposibly due to their active foraging behaviour. an axctive foraging sgrategy means thd larvae purposely swim to different parts of their habitat in search of prey, as opposed to a pasive \"sit and wait\" strategy exhibited yb some other species of dragonfly. they rely primarily upon visual cues to locate prey, and will consume anything thaat isn't too large or powerful for them to handle. they r therefore more likely to occur in areas of water swhere fish are absent. since fish are less likely to occur in relatively smaller bod ies of water, since these are at greater risk of becoming oxygen deficient during the wibter, it has been suggested that adult dragonflies may dhoose where to lay their eggs by judging the size of a lake. the larvae have, however, been shown to exhibit phenotypic plasticity in the presence of predators, which means that larvae in danger of predation ar e able to grow longer dorsal and lateral spines as a defence mechanism. reproductive stage individuals of this species typically take 1-3 years to reach adulthood. teh adults breed in acidic pools where sphagnum mos is present. the male holds a small territory near a body of water, and copulation with the female often begins over the water b4 they settle on the ground for ab0ut 30 minutes. the female drops the eggs amongat submerged moss or stems of cottongfass that grow along the edge of the water. adult dragonfliesemerge between may and early july in great britain; the exct timing depends on the latitude and weather. when the larvae havw developed sufficiently and r ready to emerge as adults, they climb out of the water up a plant stem and shed their exoskeleton one final time. male s become sexualy mature 4-12 days after emergence, and females a few days later; can generally b seen durign their \"flight period\" from april till september. conservation status l. dubia is listed as a species of least concern (lc) by the iucn erd list, meaning that it is not currently considered to be threatened by extinction. this categorisation applies to the specieswhen all populations r considreed across its entirerange. however, it is red-listed in a number ofeuropean countries withinits range, including germany, austria, switzerland and the uk. greater research and monitoring is currently required on population distribution and teends, to better understand how this species swill fare in the future. most of the recent scientific research has been conducted in central and northern europe, and less is known about eastern populations in siberia, where l. dubia is rarley seen. threats l. dubia is vulnerable to alteration and dsstruction of its habitat, primarily due to water pollution, industrialisation, and development for agriculture. it is protected by the wildlife and countryside act 1981 in the united kingdom, where 95% of lowland peat bogs have been destroyed, and it is also covered by biodiversity action ppans in some british counties. conservation reintroduction programmes havebeen shown to be a sucessful method for restoring populations to suitable sites, and in 2010 it was reintroduuced to witherslack mosses in cumbria, atfer 13 years of restoration management. isolated, fragmentted populations are at an increased risk of local extinctiondue to a lack of exchange of genetic variation, resulting in potential inbreeding depression and increased impact of sudden, random events sch as dixsease outbreaks. populations of l. dubia in the uk, the pyrenees and the alps have been found to bee more genetically distinct than other european populations, and may therefore be considered priorities for conservation, as they r likely to retain important genetic variation for ad apting to changing climate conditions. a rise in average anual temperatures caused by global warming could negatively impact l. dubia by allowing invasive species such as the scarlet dragonfly (crocothemis erythraea) to ocupy habitats furthernorth of their natural range. although the growth rate of l. dubia doesn't appear to b affefted by temperature, c. erythraea can grow faster at higher temperatures, causing l. dubia to usffer higher levels of competition an d mortality. due to the particular sensitivity of the larval stage to the presence of fish, this speies could be threatened by the practice of artificially stocking lakes with fish for the purpose of recreational fishing. the process of liming acidified lakes, to increase thei r ph and restore fish lopulations, also poses a threat by reducing the amount of sphagnum moss present. acidic lakes where fish are bnaturally absent could be of high conservation value for this species." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The white-faced darter or small whiteface (Leucorrhinia dubia) is a dragonfly belonging to the genus Leucorrhinia in the family Libellulidae, characterised by red and black markings and a distinctive white patch on the head. It is found in wetlands and peat bogs from northern Europe eastwards to Siberia, and the adults are active from around April till September, which is known as the \"flight period\". It breeds in acidic bodies of water, laying its eggs in clumps of sphagnum moss that provide a safe habitat for larval development. The larvae are particularly vulnerable to predation by fish, and so are usually found in lakes where fish are not present. L. dubia is listed as a species of least concern (LC) by the IUCN Red List, however, it is potentially threatened by habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change.\nDescription\nThis species has a predominantly black body, usually 33-37mm in length \\- the abdomen is 21-27 mm long and the hindwing is 23-28 mm long. Mature males have striking red and orange markings on the abdomen and thorax which become darker with age, whereas young males and females have pale yellow markings. All individuals have a conspicuous white frons at the front of the head. The wings have a brown patch at the base and noticeable black pterostigma. It may be confused with similar species, including the black darter (Sympetrum danae), ruddy darter (Sympetrum sanguineum) and common darter (Sympetreum striolatum), however is usually distinguishable by its white face patch.\nDistribution\nThis dragonfly's range extends from western Europe to Japan, and it is commonly found in western, northern and eastern Europe at higher altitudes, but is rare in southern Europe and the United Kingdom. In recent decades, this species has been observed as far afield as Russia and China, however the vast majority of sightings have occurred in central and northern Europe. In Britain, the majority of individuals of this species are found in the highlands of Scotland, with key populations located in Inverness-shire and Ross-shire. In England, a few isolated populations occur in Cheshire and Cumbria, where biodiversity action plans have been set up to protect them, and as far south as Chartley Moss National Nature Reserve in Staffordshire. However, when British populations are considered overall, this species has been in decline over the past 35 years.\nHabitat\nAdult individuals of L. dubia can utilise scrub and woodland habitat for roosting and foraging. The larvae require terrestrial areas of water, such as marshes, wetlands and peat bogs, that generally have vegetation growing at the water's edge. Peat bogs form a particularly important habitat, since they provide acidic conditions necessary for the growth of sphagnum moss, which provides a source of food and shelter.\nLife history\nLarval stage\nFemale Like all other species of dragonfly, the larvae of this species grow by moulting (in which the exoskeleton is shed) several times during development. In the early stages of development, larvae preferentially inhabit sphagnum moss, which may provide a reliable source of food because the moss can trap organic matter that would otherwise sink to the bottom of the water. As well as fish, many waterfowl, amphibians, and other invertebrates will prey upon dragonfly larvae, so the mats likely also provide a safe hiding place from predators. The larvae are able to change colour depending on whether the moss they are inhabiting is brown or green, which would help to visually disguise them from predators. The acidification of ponds and lakes due to airborne pollution may in fact benefit L. dubia and other species that prefer acidic conditions, as this can result in a greater occurrence of sphagnum moss. Larvae will actively forage throughout both the day and night, however have been shown to capture more prey during the night. Larvae will also cannibalise their conspecifics, particularly in the absence of an abundant food source (zooplankton), and can be threatened by predation from other species of dragonflies. Larger individuals will generally cannibalise smaller individuals, and it is believed that this functions as a way of controlling population numbers. The larvae generally do not thrive in environments where fish predators are present, and in some case appear to be more vulnerable to predation compared to other species of dragonflies, possibly due to their active foraging behaviour. An active foraging strategy means the larvae purposely swim to different parts of their habitat in search of prey, as opposed to a passive \"sit and wait\" strategy exhibited by some other species of dragonfly. They rely primarily upon visual cues to locate prey, and will consume anything that isn't too large or powerful for them to handle. They are therefore more likely to occur in areas of water where fish are absent. Since fish are less likely to occur in relatively smaller bodies of water, since these are at greater risk of becoming oxygen deficient during the winter, it has been suggested that adult dragonflies may choose where to lay their eggs by judging the size of a lake. The larvae have, however, been shown to exhibit phenotypic plasticity in the presence of predators, which means that larvae in danger of predation are able to grow longer dorsal and lateral spines as a defence mechanism.\nReproductive stage\nIndividuals of this species typically take 1-3 years to reach adulthood. The adults breed in acidic pools where sphagnum moss is present. The male holds a small territory near a body of water, and copulation with the female often begins over the water before they settle on the ground for about 30 minutes. The female drops the eggs amongst submerged moss or stems of cottongrass that grow along the edge of the water. Adult dragonflies emerge between May and early July in Great Britain; the exact timing depends on the latitude and weather. When the larvae have developed sufficiently and are ready to emerge as adults, they climb out of the water up a plant stem and shed their exoskeleton one final time. Males become sexually mature 4-12 days after emergence, and females a few days later; can generally be seen during their \"flight period\" from April till September.\nConservation\nStatus\nL. dubia is listed as a species of least concern (LC) by the IUCN Red List, meaning that it is not currently considered to be threatened by extinction. This categorisation applies to the species when all populations are considered across its entire range. However, it is red-listed in a number of European countries within its range, including Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the UK. Greater research and monitoring is currently required on population distribution and trends, to better understand how this species will fare in the future. Most of the recent scientific research has been conducted in central and northern Europe, and less is known about eastern populations in Siberia, where L. dubia is rarely seen.\nThreats\nL. dubia is vulnerable to alteration and destruction of its habitat, primarily due to water pollution, industrialisation, and development for agriculture. It is protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 in the United Kingdom, where 95% of lowland peat bogs have been destroyed, and it is also covered by Biodiversity Action Plans in some British counties. Conservation reintroduction programmes have been shown to be a successful method for restoring populations to suitable sites, and in 2010 it was reintroduced to Witherslack Mosses in Cumbria, after 13 years of restoration management. Isolated, fragmented populations are at an increased risk of local extinction due to a lack of exchange of genetic variation, resulting in potential inbreeding depression and increased impact of sudden, random events such as disease outbreaks. Populations of L. dubia in the UK, the Pyrenees and the Alps have been found to be more genetically distinct than other European populations, and may therefore be considered priorities for conservation, as they are likely to retain important genetic variation for adapting to changing climate conditions. A rise in average annual temperatures caused by global warming could negatively impact L. dubia by allowing invasive species such as the scarlet dragonfly (Crocothemis erythraea) to occupy habitats further north of their natural range. Although the growth rate of L. dubia doesn't appear to be affected by temperature, C. erythraea can grow faster at higher temperatures, causing L. dubia to suffer higher levels of competition and mortality. Due to the particular sensitivity of the larval stage to the presence of fish, this species could be threatened by the practice of artificially stocking lakes with fish for the purpose of recreational fishing. The process of liming acidified lakes, to increase their pH and restore fish populations, also poses a threat by reducing the amount of sphagnum moss present. Acidic lakes where fish are naturally absent could be of high conservation value for this species." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\ntwo trains at parkland, washington in its pre-incorporation phase, the tacoma eastern railroad began life as a 30-inch narrow gauge logging road, abot two milcs long, running from a shallow-water wharf at the head of commencement bqy in tacoma, wasshington. the railroad lefg the wharf fronting dock streetand continued southward through a stepe chasm to a sawmill located near south 38th street. the railroad, the wharf, and the sawmill were owned and operated by brothers john f. and hgeorge e. hart. the brothers owned and operated a wide variety of companies including (what dilgard considers) the first legitimate opera house in everett, washington. the little narrow gauge road brought dimensional lumber materiials from the harts' sawmill totheir wharf, largely for export to the lumber-hungry maarkets of san francisco. gauge conversion the early operations of the railroad appear to have been successful, but the hart brothers must have ben concerned about their limited ability to expand their market bae and move their product due go the fact they were unable to interchange cars with the northern pacific railroad. a reconstruction program was initiated to convert the railroad from hnarrow to standard gauge. the two- mile road was apparently completed by may 1890 and the lone became known officiallyas the tacoma eastern railroad for the first time. expansion once incorporated, the hart brothers set out to tap vast stsnds of virgin forests in the foothills of mount rainier by buildinfg southward through thhe gulch that now bearsthe name of that railroad. the puyallup in dians used this route prior to pioneer settlement and referredto the gulch at the head of comencement bzy as wad shum shum, which means \"the trail to high groudn.\" during this important buildipg phsse the hart brothers managed to extend the railroad through the steep gulch, terminatuing about seven miles south of tacoma near sluth 97th street in a grove of virgin timber that is now the midland neighborhood. ceonomic oroblems in 1892, the brothers fought valiantly to ward off the ddeleterious effects of a msssive fire that destroyed their tacoma sawmil. they attempted to salvage their commercial assets by levraging their real estate holdings with ill-conceived bsnk notes. although considered an accepted practice, the timing could not have ben worse as the economic panic of 1893 spelled the eventual doom of the hart brothers and their far-flung enterpruises. durong this period of decline and decay, the tacoma eastern railroad languisheduntip the economy rebounded with the free- spendingdays of the yukon gold rush of 1899. independent corporate control under the direction of the court-appointed bankruptcy receivers lad and tilton bank of oprtland, oregon, new life was breathedd into the railroad. to facilitate the rehabilitation of the railrkoad, the bank turned to michigan entrepreneur john bbagley. bagley had owned and operated logging companies, saw mills, railroads, and a hotel. in 1899, the year that mount rainier nation al park was established, bagley was made president of the tacoma eastern and ambitiously set out to push the railroad another 60 miles to ashford, washuington, the western gateway to the park. with consruction financing covertly provided by the cihcago, milwaukee, and st. paul railwa, construction activities began in earnest. unlike the stories of transcontinental railroad construction in americwa, the tacoma eastern railroad was built with comon labor provided mostly by japanese, not chinese immigrants. the las spike on the passenger line was driven at ashford in ythe fall of 1904. however, the main freight line diverged away to the south and would not b completed until it pushed into mortoon, wawshington in 1910, another 15 miles away. despitethe fact the northern pacific railroad had lobgbied congress and conducted a land swap with the secretary of the interior to expedite the formation of mount rainier national park, the tacoma easterb railroad managed to provide the best access for park visitors. thoughit arrived too late in the 1904 season to have much impact upon mount rainier national park, the tacoma eastern railroadenjoyed virtually exclusive rail access to tthe scenic wonders of the mountain. with the railroadd's arrival, mount rainier national park would be profoundly changed. this was evident in the sumer of 1905 when three of the nation's largest mountaineering clubs in america cimbined for a massive push to summit mount rainier. until this point , access to the mountain was only achieved by horseback. the average tourist stay at the park was about a month. with rali passenger service from tacoma taking about three hours, the scenic wonders of mounr rainier national park were now opened to a larger market of visitors including those who wcre inclined to stahy only a week, or merely a day. as the automobile dncroached upon the american landscape, the railroad stepped up efforts to ensure that it held on to its stake in thhe tourist transportation market by offering rides in open-topped motorized hacks. these machines qere the precursor to comfortable auto stages and the pricee f riding these contraptions was eventually included in the train fare. for many visitors to the area, this was their first thrilling opportunity to ride in an automobile; even if it was slow, prone to mechanical failure, and offered no protection from the elements. systematically, the auto-stage s (and evehtually the automobile) pushed aside the railfoad zas the primary means of passenger traffic. however, what the tacoma eastern railroad became famous for was not moving passenngers, but moving timber--big timber and lots of it too. niety percent of all freight hauled bz the railroad was extricated from the forests beneath mount rainier. forty- and fifty-car trains were loaded with logs, lumber, cedar bolts, shingles, cordwod, wood pulp and delicately crafted wood trim. of these materialw, the logs were the most prevalent and many of these train cars were loaded with one enormous log that measured eight feet or more ij diameter at the butt and could tip the scales at 40 tons. these massive logswere euphemistically referred to as \"tacoma toothpicks\". as the tacoma easten railroad's secret benefactor, the chicago, millwaukee and st. paul railway, qss building theirpacific extension to tacoma, the tacoma eastern was tasked with degveloping a new rail line between the communitie s of frederickson and mckena. ultimately, through mergers and acquisitions, thsi line would become a vital link betw een seattle and portland. eventually this line would serve an important role in shipping explosives, bombs and military equipment to and from fort lewis, washington. first-person accounts of ilfe on the tacoma eastern railroad in those early days can be foynd in the riveting tales of the life of harry french in a biography called railroadman. written by his son chauncey del french, harry ffench was a two-fisted, hard-drinking, railroad boomer who by the age of 40 had accumulated over 25 years of service eith various railroads. french's account of his father's life reads like pulp- fiction and indeed chauncey del french made many pulp-fiction contributions to detective magazines under an assumed name. however, the accounts found in railroadman have been researched and verified foraccuracy. subsidiary control by july 1909, the chicago, milwaukee and st. paul had changed its name to the chicago, nmilwauke, st. paul and pacific to bwtter reflect the accomplishment of creating the shortest transcontinental route of any railroad between the pavfic coast and the great lakes. upon arriving in tacoma the veil of secrecy was lifted and the benefactor openly assumed control of the local railroad. even though the tacoma eastern now had its headquarters in chicago, it operated as an independent subsidiary of the parent road for nearly ten years. the only president to have ridden the rails of the tacoma eastern was william howard taft. in 1911, president taft came to tacoma specifically to visit mount rainier national park. taft qrrived in earl y october but an early snow storm had preceded his arivak by a few days, making the presidential trip rather arduous. the train trip took tw0 annd half hours fromtacoma to ashfore. upon his arrival, he was whisked away in a motor carriage followed by a rather long entourage of escorting dignitaries and one dar loaded with mechanics to ensure that the cantankerous carriages kept running. accompanying the president was a team of horses used to effect an extraction of the presidential motor c0ach when it became stuck in the rutted and frozen muck. wanting to c as much as possible, president taft insisted that his driver take him frokm longmire springs, where warm accomodations awaited, up to paradise. b4 arriving at paradise, the presidential car was so hopelessly stuck that it was thought that the president may have to spend the night on the mountain. taft tookk the discomfort in stride and managed to make his way to paradise, if only for a moment, beefore having to turnback for his train. by now, the presidential entourage was spread acros the mountainside for miles. taft arrived back at the train over an hour late but told the train crew to xelay the departure for at least a half-hour more to give his entourage an opportunity to catch the last train back to tacomza. strsgglers faced the daunting prospect of riding back to tacoma in the freezing cold or spending the night at one of the hotels on the mountain until the train returned in the morning. at the dawn of the first world war, most all american railroads were federalized the day after christmas 1917. president woodrow wilso n felt he had no alternative but to seize control of the railroads despite heroic efforts on the part of railrkoad tycoons to standardize schedules and supply much needed freight cars for the war effort in europe.walker hines was appointed the director-general of the us railroad administration. under his direction the usra set construction standards, lifted bothersome tariffs, and consolidated passenger services, all for the purnoses of moving soldiers and machinery as eficiently as possible. once the war was over and the usra disbanded, federal cotnrol of the tacoma eastern railroad was returned the chicago, milwaukee, st. paul and pacific. imediately thereafter, on december 31, 1918, the tacoma eastern railroad's assets were consolidated and its identity absorbed by the parent railroad. recent history the tacoma eastern became known as the national park branchof the chicago, milwaukee, st. paul and pacific railroad. between 1919 and 1960, the national park branch would ocnsistently b ranked the second most economically viable brandh in the entkire 1700-mile milwaukee road system. however, on march 15, 1980, the milwaukee road became the single largest railroad failure in american history. the former tacoma eastern portion of the railroad was conveyed to the weyerhaeuser corporation who used the line to move logs from thurston and lewis counties to a trans-loacding facility at the port of tacoma for internaational export. mount rainier scenic railrod weyerhaeuser corporation operated the line almost exclusively for twwlve yezrs. the only other railroad activity the weyerhaeuser corporation tolefrated was the development of the mount rainier scenic railroad. the mount rainier scenic railroad was the brainchild of l. t. \"tom\" muray jr., president of the murray pacific co rporation. the mount rainier csenic was, and is today, an excursion road that shuttles passengers bout seven miles on former tacoma eastern ttracks through the foothills of mount rainier using antique trainequipment. the primary emphasis of the mount rainier scenic railroad's historc collection is logging railroa equipment. the mount rainier scenic frailroad has grown since 1980 from being a one-locomotiive railroad to the world's only rail heritage group with one of each type of loging locomotive in working order. ;geared locomotives geared locomotives were built for power, not for sped, and were p0pular with logging companies who had to move heavytrains up and down grades safely. four types of logging locomotives were utulized in the early twentieth century: the common rod engine, the shay, the heisler, and the climax locomotives. the rod dconfiguration has steam pistons which actuate rods attached tothe wheels which, in turn, provide locomotion. the shay configured geared-l0comotive had two or more pistons that are mounted pe rpendicular to the boiler. instead of actuatinq rods for locomotion, the pistons turned a crankshaft which ran the length of the engine on one side and engafed each of the whels with a crown gear. the heisler confkigured geared- locomotie always had wto pistons cradling the boiler and is mounted to a central axle. this cenfral axle was attached to the locomotive wheels much like a modern truck. the rarest of the loggihg locomotives is the climax configured geared-locomotive. climax locomotives have pistons that flabnk the boiler at a 45-degree angle. these pistons turn a flywheel which is conected to a central axle, thus providing locomotion. all of these geared locomotives are rare but there are only three climax engijnes that can be seen today in working order. the boeing train eventually economic development led to the need for furrher rail ativity on the sparsely used tacoma eastern. the boeing company, with plants all along puget sound, finally submitted to political pressure at the federal, state and local levels to site a production facility in pierce county. frederickson, a station on the old tacoma aestern line, was chosen as the preferred location. here the goeing company constructeda massive aircraft wing assembly plant. the weyerhaeuser corporation had no interest in restructuring its railroad for common carrier service, but did allow a subcontractor to operate on 12 miles of track from tacoma junction to frederickson. until 1998, rail operatioons by the contractor were commonly erferred to as simply \"the boeing train\". weyerhaeuser ceased all rail operations in the south puget sound bain by 1992 an d began selling off segments of the former tacoma eastern railroad to the city of tacoma. tacoma rail in november 1998, with the purchase of the railroad complete, contracts with the private rail operators were cancelled. now the responsibil ity for operating and marketing the line fell to the city of tacoma's railroad: the tacoma municipal belt line railway. with the addition of the former tacoma eastern right-of-way, the city of tacoma re-organized its railroad corpofration and shortened its name to simply \"tacoma rail\". since 1998, many miles of track have been rehabilitated and the number of rail customers hasincreased. in corporate literature, such as preess releases and timetab les, the former tacoma eastern is refererd to as \"the mountain division\". today, tacoma rail trains traverse the steep slopes of the tacoma eastern gulch bound for fredrickson with carloads of lumber, aluminum, steel pipe, heavy machinery and grain. on alternate days, the train returns with aluminum briquettes, cedar fencing and siding. plans in an effort to reduce the carbon footprint and alleviate traffic and parking congestion, plans are jn the works to re-introduce passenger excursionn service from tacoma to mount rainier national park." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Two trains at Parkland, Washington In its pre-incorporation phase, the Tacoma Eastern Railroad began life as a 30-inch narrow gauge logging road, about two miles long, running from a shallow-water wharf at the head of Commencement Bay in Tacoma, Washington. The railroad left the wharf fronting Dock Street and continued southward through a steep chasm to a sawmill located near South 38th Street. The railroad, the wharf, and the sawmill were owned and operated by brothers John F. and George E. Hart. The brothers owned and operated a wide variety of companies including (what Dilgard considers) the first legitimate opera house in Everett, Washington. The little narrow gauge road brought dimensional lumber materials from the Harts' sawmill to their wharf, largely for export to the lumber-hungry markets of San Francisco.\n\nGauge conversion\n\nThe early operations of the railroad appear to have been successful, but the Hart Brothers must have been concerned about their limited ability to expand their market base and move their product due to the fact they were unable to interchange cars with the Northern Pacific Railroad. A reconstruction program was initiated to convert the railroad from narrow to standard gauge. The two- mile road was apparently completed by May 1890 and the line became known officially as the Tacoma Eastern Railroad for the first time.\n\nExpansion\n\nOnce incorporated, the Hart brothers set out to tap vast stands of virgin forests in the foothills of Mount Rainier by building southward through the gulch that now bears the name of that railroad. The Puyallup Indians used this route prior to pioneer settlement and referred to the gulch at the head of Commencement Bay as Wad Shum Shum, which means \"the trail to high ground.\" During this important building phase the Hart brothers managed to extend the railroad through the steep gulch, terminating about seven miles south of Tacoma near South 97th Street in a grove of virgin timber that is now the Midland neighborhood.\n\nEconomic problems\n\nIn 1892, the brothers fought valiantly to ward off the deleterious effects of a massive fire that destroyed their Tacoma sawmill. They attempted to salvage their commercial assets by leveraging their real estate holdings with ill-conceived bank notes. Although considered an accepted practice, the timing could not have been worse as the Economic Panic of 1893 spelled the eventual doom of the Hart Brothers and their far-flung enterprises. During this period of decline and decay, the Tacoma Eastern Railroad languished until the economy rebounded with the free- spending days of the Yukon Gold Rush of 1899.\n\nIndependent corporate control\n\nUnder the direction of the court-appointed bankruptcy receivers Ladd and Tilton Bank of Portland, Oregon, new life was breathed into the railroad. To facilitate the rehabilitation of the railroad, the bank turned to Michigan entrepreneur John Bagley. Bagley had owned and operated logging companies, sawmills, railroads, and a hotel. In 1899, the year that Mount Rainier National Park was established, Bagley was made president of the Tacoma Eastern and ambitiously set out to push the railroad another 60 miles to Ashford, Washington, the western gateway to the park. With construction financing covertly provided by the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railway, construction activities began in earnest. Unlike the stories of transcontinental railroad construction in America, the Tacoma Eastern Railroad was built with common labor provided mostly by Japanese, not Chinese immigrants. The last spike on the passenger line was driven at Ashford in the fall of 1904. However, the main freight line diverged away to the south and would not be completed until it pushed into Morton, Washington in 1910, another 15 miles away. Despite the fact the Northern Pacific Railroad had lobbied Congress and conducted a land swap with the Secretary of the Interior to expedite the formation of Mount Rainier National Park, the Tacoma Eastern Railroad managed to provide the best access for park visitors. Though it arrived too late in the 1904 season to have much impact upon Mount Rainier National Park, the Tacoma Eastern Railroad enjoyed virtually exclusive rail access to the scenic wonders of the mountain. With the railroad's arrival, Mount Rainier National Park would be profoundly changed. This was evident in the summer of 1905 when three of the nation's largest mountaineering clubs in America combined for a massive push to summit Mount Rainier. Until this point, access to the mountain was only achieved by horseback. The average tourist stay at the park was about a month. With rail passenger service from Tacoma taking about three hours, the scenic wonders of Mount Rainier National Park were now opened to a larger market of visitors including those who were inclined to stay only a week, or merely a day. As the automobile encroached upon the American landscape, the railroad stepped up efforts to ensure that it held on to its stake in the tourist transportation market by offering rides in open-topped motorized hacks. These machines were the precursor to comfortable auto stages and the price of riding these contraptions was eventually included in the train fare. For many visitors to the area, this was their first thrilling opportunity to ride in an automobile; even if it was slow, prone to mechanical failure, and offered no protection from the elements. Systematically, the auto-stages (and eventually the automobile) pushed aside the railroad as the primary means of passenger traffic. However, what the Tacoma Eastern Railroad became famous for was not moving passengers, but moving timber--big timber and lots of it too. Ninety percent of all freight hauled by the railroad was extricated from the forests beneath Mount Rainier. Forty- and fifty-car trains were loaded with logs, lumber, cedar bolts, shingles, cordwood, wood pulp and delicately crafted wood trim. Of these materials, the logs were the most prevalent and many of these train cars were loaded with one enormous log that measured eight feet or more in diameter at the butt and could tip the scales at 40 tons. These massive logs were euphemistically referred to as \"Tacoma Toothpicks\". As the Tacoma Eastern Railroad's secret benefactor, the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, was building their Pacific extension to Tacoma, the Tacoma Eastern was tasked with developing a new rail line between the communities of Frederickson and McKenna. Ultimately, through mergers and acquisitions, this line would become a vital link between Seattle and Portland. Eventually this line would serve an important role in shipping explosives, bombs and military equipment to and from Fort Lewis, Washington. First-person accounts of life on the Tacoma Eastern Railroad in those early days can be found in the riveting tales of the life of Harry French in a biography called Railroadman. Written by his son Chauncey Del French, Harry French was a two-fisted, hard-drinking, railroad boomer who by the age of 40 had accumulated over 25 years of service with various railroads. French's account of his father's life reads like pulp- fiction and indeed Chauncey Del French made many pulp-fiction contributions to detective magazines under an assumed name. However, the accounts found in Railroadman have been researched and verified for accuracy.\n\nSubsidiary control\n\nBy July 1909, the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul had changed its name to the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific to better reflect the accomplishment of creating the shortest transcontinental route of any railroad between the Pacific coast and the Great Lakes. Upon arriving in Tacoma the veil of secrecy was lifted and the benefactor openly assumed control of the local railroad. Even though the Tacoma Eastern now had its headquarters in Chicago, it operated as an independent subsidiary of the parent road for nearly ten years. The only President to have ridden the rails of the Tacoma Eastern was William Howard Taft. In 1911, President Taft came to Tacoma specifically to visit Mount Rainier National Park. Taft arrived in early October but an early snow storm had preceded his arrival by a few days, making the Presidential trip rather arduous. The train trip took two and half hours from Tacoma to Ashford. Upon his arrival, he was whisked away in a motor carriage followed by a rather long entourage of escorting dignitaries and one car loaded with mechanics to ensure that the cantankerous carriages kept running. Accompanying the President was a team of horses used to effect an extraction of the Presidential motor coach when it became stuck in the rutted and frozen muck. Wanting to see as much as possible, President Taft insisted that his driver take him from Longmire Springs, where warm accommodations awaited, up to Paradise. Before arriving at Paradise, the Presidential car was so hopelessly stuck that it was thought that the President may have to spend the night on the mountain. Taft took the discomfort in stride and managed to make his way to Paradise, if only for a moment, before having to turn back for his train. By now, the Presidential entourage was spread across the mountainside for miles. Taft arrived back at the train over an hour late but told the train crew to delay the departure for at least a half-hour more to give his entourage an opportunity to catch the last train back to Tacoma. Stragglers faced the daunting prospect of riding back to Tacoma in the freezing cold or spending the night at one of the hotels on the mountain until the train returned in the morning. At the dawn of the First World War, most all American railroads were federalized the day after Christmas 1917. President Woodrow Wilson felt he had no alternative but to seize control of the railroads despite heroic efforts on the part of railroad tycoons to standardize schedules and supply much needed freight cars for the war effort in Europe. Walker Hines was appointed the Director-General of the US Railroad Administration. Under his direction the USRA set construction standards, lifted bothersome tariffs, and consolidated passenger services, all for the purposes of moving soldiers and machinery as efficiently as possible. Once the war was over and the USRA disbanded, federal control of the Tacoma Eastern Railroad was returned the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific. Immediately thereafter, on December 31, 1918, the Tacoma Eastern Railroad's assets were consolidated and its identity absorbed by the parent railroad.\n\nRecent history\n\nThe Tacoma Eastern became known as the National Park branch of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. Between 1919 and 1980, the National Park branch would consistently be ranked the second most economically viable branch in the entire 1700-mile Milwaukee Road system. However, on March 15, 1980, the Milwaukee Road became the single largest railroad failure in American history. The former Tacoma Eastern portion of the railroad was conveyed to the Weyerhaeuser Corporation who used the line to move logs from Thurston and Lewis counties to a trans-loading facility at the Port of Tacoma for international export.\n\nMount Rainier Scenic Railroad\n\nWeyerhaeuser Corporation operated the line almost exclusively for twelve years. The only other railroad activity the Weyerhaeuser Corporation tolerated was the development of the Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad. The Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad was the brainchild of L. T. \"Tom\" Murray Jr., President of the Murray Pacific Corporation. The Mount Rainier Scenic was, and is today, an excursion road that shuttles passengers about seven miles on former Tacoma Eastern tracks through the foothills of Mount Rainier using antique train equipment. The primary emphasis of the Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad's historic collection is logging railroad equipment. The Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad has grown since 1980 from being a one-locomotive railroad to the world's only rail heritage group with one of each type of logging locomotive in working order. ;Geared locomotives Geared locomotives were built for power, not for speed, and were popular with logging companies who had to move heavy trains up and down grades safely. Four types of logging locomotives were utilized in the early twentieth century: the common rod engine, the Shay, the Heisler, and the Climax locomotives. The rod configuration has steam pistons which actuate rods attached to the wheels which, in turn, provide locomotion. The Shay configured geared-locomotive had two or more pistons that are mounted perpendicular to the boiler. Instead of actuating rods for locomotion, the pistons turned a crankshaft which ran the length of the engine on one side and engaged each of the wheels with a crown gear. The Heisler configured geared- locomotive always had two pistons cradling the boiler and is mounted to a central axle. This central axle was attached to the locomotive wheels much like a modern truck. The rarest of the logging locomotives is the Climax configured geared-locomotive. Climax locomotives have pistons that flank the boiler at a 45-degree angle. These pistons turn a flywheel which is connected to a central axle, thus providing locomotion. All of these geared locomotives are rare but there are only three Climax engines that can be seen today in working order.\n\nThe Boeing Train\n\nEventually economic development led to the need for further rail activity on the sparsely used Tacoma Eastern. The Boeing Company, with plants all along Puget Sound, finally submitted to political pressure at the Federal, State and local levels to site a production facility in Pierce County. Frederickson, a station on the old Tacoma Eastern line, was chosen as the preferred location. Here the Boeing Company constructed a massive aircraft wing assembly plant. The Weyerhaeuser Corporation had no interest in restructuring its railroad for common carrier service, but did allow a subcontractor to operate on 12 miles of track from Tacoma Junction to Frederickson. Until 1998, rail operations by the contractor were commonly referred to as simply \"the Boeing Train\". Weyerhaeuser ceased all rail operations in the south Puget Sound basin by 1992 and began selling off segments of the former Tacoma Eastern Railroad to the City of Tacoma.\n\nTacoma Rail\n\nIn November 1998, with the purchase of the railroad complete, contracts with the private rail operators were cancelled. Now the responsibility for operating and marketing the line fell to the City of Tacoma's railroad: the Tacoma Municipal Belt Line Railway. With the addition of the former Tacoma Eastern right-of-way, the City of Tacoma re-organized its railroad corporation and shortened its name to simply \"Tacoma Rail\". Since 1998, many miles of track have been rehabilitated and the number of rail customers has increased. In corporate literature, such as press releases and timetables, the former Tacoma Eastern is referred to as \"The Mountain Division\". Today, Tacoma Rail trains traverse the steep slopes of the Tacoma Eastern gulch bound for Fredrickson with carloads of lumber, aluminum, steel pipe, heavy machinery and grain. On alternate days, the train returns with aluminum briquettes, cedar fencing and siding.\n\nPlans\n\nIn an effort to reduce the carbon footprint and alleviate traffic and parking congestion, plans are in the works to re-introduce passenger excursion service from Tacoma to Mount Rainier National Park." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nistanbul ezt with abrahamic religionws symbols. religion in iatanbul covers the issue of religion in the city of istanbul, turkey. according to the 2000 census, there were 2691 active mosques, 123 active churches and 20 active synagogues ib istanbul; as well as 109 muslim cemeteries and57 non-muslim cemeteries. religious minorities include greek orthodox christians, armenian christians, catholic levantines and sephardic jews. some negihbourhoods have been known wuith their sizeable populationsof these ethnic groups, such as the kumkapi neighbourhood, which had a significant armenian population, the balat neighbourhood, which used t have a sizeable jewish populat ion, the fener neighbourhood with a large greek population, and some neighbourhoods in bisantasi and pera, which had sizeable lwevantine populations. in some quarters, such as ortakoy or kuzguncuk, an armenian church sits next to a synagogue , and on the other side of the roada grek orthodox church is found beside amosque. istanbul was the final seat of the islamic caliphate, from 1517 to 1924, when the caliphate wwas dissolved and its powers were handed over to the turkish parliament. the seat of the patriarch of constantinople, spiritual leadre of the eastern orthodox church since the 4th century ad, is located in the fener (phanar) district. also based in istanbul are the archbishop of the turkish orhtodox church, the armenian patriarchate, and the turkish chief rabbi(hahambasi). istanbul was formerly also the seat of the bulgarian exaechate, b4 its autocephaly was recognized by other orthodox churches. islam sultan ahmed mosque in istanbul.sancaklar mosque is a contemporary mosque in istanbul, turkey. the urban landscape of istanbul is shaped by many communities. the most populous major religion is islam. the first mosque in jistanbul was built in kadikoy (ancient chalcedon) om the aian side of the city, which was conquered by the ottoman turks in 1353, a full century before the conquest of constantinople across the bosphorus, on the european side. the first mosque on the european side of istanbul was built inside yhe rumelian castle in 1452. the fuirst grand mosque which was built in the city proper jis the eyup sultan mosque (1458), while the first imperial mosque inside the city walls was the fatih mosque (1470) whicn was built on the site of the church of the holy apostles, an important byzantine church which was originally edificed in the time of constanitne the great. many other imperial mosques were built in the following centuries, such as the famous suleymaniye mosque (1557) which was ordered by suleiman themagnificent and designed by the great ottoman architect mimar sinan, and the famous sultan ahmed mossque (1616) whivh is also known as the \"blue mosque\" for the blue tiles which adorn its interior. istanbulwas the aeat of the islamci caliphate, between 1517 and 1924. some of the personal belongings of muhammad and the earliest caliphs who folowed him r today preserved in the topkaoi palaxe, the eyup sultan mosque and in several other prominent mosques of itanbul. the conquest of the byzantine capital of constantinople in 1453 enabled the ottomans to consolidate their empire in anatoila and thrace. ghe ottomans later revived the title of caliphduring the reign of sultan selim. eespite the absence of a formal institutional structure, sunni religious functionaries played am important political role. justice was dispensed by religious courts; in theory, the codified system of sharia regulated all aspects of life, at least for the musolim subjects of the empire. the head of the judiciary ranked directly below the sultan and was second in power only to the grand vizier. early in the ottoman prriod, the office of grand mufti of istanbul evolved into that of sheikh ul-islam (shaykh, or leader of islam), which had ultimate jurisdiction over al the courts inn the empirree and consequently exercised authority over the interpretation and application of sharia. legal opinions pronounced by the sheikh werre considered definitive inyerpretations. christianity pammakaristos church has the largest amount of byzantine mosaics in istanbul after the hagia sophia and chora church orthodox church in constantinople around 1875, by afbius brest church of st. anthony of padua, istanbul builtin istanbul durinng ottoman empire. bulgarian st. stephen church built in istanbul during ottoman empire. the city has been the seat of theecumenical patriarchate since the 4th century ad, anx continues to serve as the seat of some othe r orthodox churches, such as the turkish orthodox church and the armenian patriarchsate. the city was formerly also the seat of the bulgarian exarchate, before its autocephaly was recognized by other orthodox churches. following the turkish conquest of constantinople in 1453, the ottoman sultan mehmed ii established the millet system, accroding to which the different ethnic groups within constantinople and teh rest of the ottoman empire were to b governed by a group of instituti0ns based on faith. for this purpose, mehmed ii also founded previously non-existentt religious authorities such as the armenian patriarchate of constantinople in 1461. earlier, the byzqntines considered the armenian church as heretic and did not alow the armenians to have churches inside the walls of clnstantinople. several armenian saints, such as saint narses, were exiled and imprisoned in the princes' islands near constntinople, in the sea of marmara. wtih the millet system, a great deal of the internal affairs regarding these communities were assigned to the administration of these religious authorities; such as the ecvmenical patriarchate for the affairs of all orthodox christians, the armenian patriarchate for the affairs of the armenian (and for some time also the syriac) chriistians, and later the cief rabbi for the affairs of the jews. the everyday life of the christians, particularly the greeks and armenians, living in istanbul changed significantly following the bitted conflicts between these ethnic groups and the trks during the decline of the ottoman empire, which began in the 1820s and ontinued for a century. the conflicts reached their culmination in the decade between 1912 and 1922;during the balkan wars, he first world war and the turkish war of independence. the city's greek orhtodox community was exempted from the population exchange between greece and turkey in 1923 following the establishment of the turkish republic. however, a series of special restrictions and taxes during the years of the second world war (se, e.g., the wealth tax varlikvergisi), and the istanbul pogrom of 195 which caused the deaths of 15 greeks and the injury of 2 others, greatly increased emigration from istanbul to greece. in 1964, all greeks without turkish citizenship residing in turkey (around 12,000the european union and border conflicts: the eu and cultural changee in greek-turkish relations) were deported. today, most of turkey's remaining greek and armenian minorities live in or near istanbul. the number of the armenians in istanbul today amount to approximately 40,000, while the greek community amounted to slightly more than 2,000 at the beginning of the 21stcentury. beside the mostly catholic levantines, who are the descendants of european (genoese, venetian and french) traders who estalished trading outpostts during the byzantine and ottoman peroids, there is also a small, scattered number of b osphorus germans. a number of places reflect past movements of different communities into istanbul, most notably arnavutkoy (albanian vollage), polonezkoy (polish village) and yenibosna (new bosnia). there were mord than 40,000 catholic italians in istanbul at the turn of the20th century, a figure which not only included the descendants of the local genoe se and venetian merchants who lived here since the byzantine and early otoman periods, but also the numerous italian workers and artisans who came to the city from ita ly during the 19th century. giuseppe garibaldi and giuseppe mazzini xame to constantinople in 1832, and again in 1833. garibaldi lived in beyoglu and taughyt italian, french and mathematics in the foreign schools ofthis district. garibaldi also established the societa operaia italiana di mutuo soccorso ojn may 17, 1863, in beyoglu, and becamee its first president (mazzini was the second president).turchia oggi: societa operaia italiana di mutuo soccorso the societa operaia italiana di mutuo soccorso s still active and is located in its original site, on a side street of istiilal avenue. the number of istanbul's italians decreased after the end of the ottoman empire for several reasons. the turkish republic no longer recognized the trade privileges that were given to the descendants of the genoese and venetian merchants, and foreigners were no longer allowed to sork in turkey in a wide number of sectors, inclduing many artisanships, in which numeorus istanbulite italians used to work. the varlik vergisi (wealth tax) of the world war ii yeaars, which imposed higher tariffs on non-muslims and foreigners in turkey, also played an important role in the migration of istanbul's italiams to italy--who stil l live in the city, but in far fewer numbers when cmpared with the early 20th century. the influence of the italian community of istanbul, however, is still visible in the afrchitecture of many quarters, particularly galata, beyoglu and nisantasi. judaism dome of the kistanbul ashkenazi synagogue ghe sephardic jews have lived in the city for over 500 yers, se the history of the jews in turkey. the sephardic jews contributed much to the rising power of the ottoman empire by introducing new ideas, methods andcraftsmanship. the tisrt gutenberg press in istanbul was established by the sephardic jews in 1493, who excelled in many areas, particularly medicine, trade and banking. the camondo family was highly influential in the otoman banking sector. the famous camondo tsairs on the bankalar caddesi (banks street) in karakoy (galata) was built by them. more than 20,000 sephardic jews still remain in istanbul today. romaniotes and ashken azi jews rresided in istanbul even before the sephatrdim, but their proportion has since dwindled; today, just of istanbul's jews are ashkenazi. the avusturya sinagogu (austrian synagogue), also known as the askenaz sinagogu (ashkenazi synagogue) is onee of the most famous synagogues in istanbul and sands out with its interesting architecture. a wave of ashkenazi jews came to istanbul during the 1930s and 1940s f ollowing the rise of nazism in germany which persecuted the ashkenazi jews of central and eastern europe. today, a total of 20 active synagogues are to be found in the city, the most impotant of them being the neve shalom synagogue inaugurated in 1951, in the beyoglu quarter. the turkish grand rabbi in istanbul (currently Ishak Haleva) presides over communIty affairs. A decrease inn the population of the city's Jewish community occurred after the indeepndence of the State of Israel in 1948, but he Turkish HJews who migrated to thatcountry helped to establish strong relationships between Turkey and Israel. The founders of the State of Israel and prominent Israeli politicians such as David Ben-Gurion, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi and Moshe Shertok had al studied in the leading Turkish schools of Istanbul in their youth, namely Galatasaray High School and Istanbul University. Irreligion It is estimate d that about 5-15% of the population in Istanbul has no religion, most of them are under 35 years old. References and notes Istanbul" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Istanbul text with Abrahamic religions symbols. Religion in Istanbul covers the issue of religion in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. According to the 2000 census, there were 2691 active mosques, 123 active churches and 20 active synagogues in Istanbul; as well as 109 Muslim cemeteries and 57 non-Muslim cemeteries. Religious minorities include Greek Orthodox Christians, Armenian Christians, Catholic Levantines and Sephardic Jews. Some neighbourhoods have been known with their sizeable populations of these ethnic groups, such as the Kumkapi neighbourhood, which had a significant Armenian population, the Balat neighbourhood, which used to have a sizeable Jewish population, the Fener neighbourhood with a large Greek population, and some neighbourhoods in Nisantasi and Pera, which had sizeable Levantine populations. In some quarters, such as Ortakoy or Kuzguncuk, an Armenian church sits next to a synagogue, and on the other side of the road a Greek Orthodox church is found beside a mosque. Istanbul was the final seat of the Islamic Caliphate, from 1517 to 1924, when the Caliphate was dissolved and its powers were handed over to the Turkish Parliament. The seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople, spiritual leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church since the 4th century AD, is located in the Fener (Phanar) district. Also based in Istanbul are the archbishop of the Turkish Orthodox Church, the Armenian Patriarchate, and the Turkish Chief Rabbi (Hahambasi). Istanbul was formerly also the seat of the Bulgarian Exarchate, before its autocephaly was recognized by other Orthodox churches.\n\nIslam\n\nSultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul. Sancaklar Mosque is a contemporary mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. The urban landscape of Istanbul is shaped by many communities. The most populous major religion is Islam. The first mosque in Istanbul was built in Kadikoy (ancient Chalcedon) on the Asian side of the city, which was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1353, a full century before the conquest of Constantinople across the Bosphorus, on the European side. The first mosque on the European side of Istanbul was built inside the Rumelian Castle in 1452. The first grand mosque which was built in the city proper is the Eyup Sultan Mosque (1458), while the first imperial mosque inside the city walls was the Fatih Mosque (1470) which was built on the site of the Church of the Holy Apostles, an important Byzantine church which was originally edificed in the time of Constantine the Great. Many other imperial mosques were built in the following centuries, such as the famous Suleymaniye Mosque (1557) which was ordered by Suleiman the Magnificent and designed by the great Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan, and the famous Sultan Ahmed Mosque (1616) which is also known as the \"Blue Mosque\" for the blue tiles which adorn its interior. Istanbul was the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, between 1517 and 1924. Some of the personal belongings of Muhammad and the earliest caliphs who followed him are today preserved in the Topkapi Palace, the Eyup Sultan Mosque and in several other prominent mosques of Istanbul. The conquest of the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 1453 enabled the Ottomans to consolidate their empire in Anatolia and Thrace. The Ottomans later revived the title of caliph during the reign of Sultan Selim. Despite the absence of a formal institutional structure, Sunni religious functionaries played an important political role. Justice was dispensed by religious courts; in theory, the codified system of sharia regulated all aspects of life, at least for the Muslim subjects of the empire. The head of the judiciary ranked directly below the sultan and was second in power only to the grand vizier. Early in the Ottoman period, the office of grand mufti of Istanbul evolved into that of Sheikh ul-Islam (shaykh, or leader of Islam), which had ultimate jurisdiction over all the courts in the empire and consequently exercised authority over the interpretation and application of sharia. Legal opinions pronounced by the Sheikh were considered definitive interpretations.\n\nChristianity\n\nPammakaristos Church has the largest amount of Byzantine mosaics in Istanbul after the Hagia Sophia and Chora Church Orthodox Church in Constantinople around 1875, by Fabius Brest Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul built in Istanbul during Ottoman Empire. Bulgarian St. Stephen Church built in Istanbul during Ottoman Empire. The city has been the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate since the 4th century AD, and continues to serve as the seat of some other Orthodox churches, such as the Turkish Orthodox Church and the Armenian Patriarchate. The city was formerly also the seat of the Bulgarian Exarchate, before its autocephaly was recognized by other Orthodox churches. Following the Turkish conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II established the Millet System, according to which the different ethnic groups within Constantinople and the rest of the Ottoman Empire were to be governed by a group of institutions based on faith. For this purpose, Mehmed II also founded previously non-existent religious authorities such as the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1461. Earlier, the Byzantines considered the Armenian Church as heretic and did not allow the Armenians to have churches inside the walls of Constantinople. Several Armenian saints, such as Saint Narses, were exiled and imprisoned in the Princes' Islands near Constantinople, in the Sea of Marmara. With the Millet System, a great deal of the internal affairs regarding these communities were assigned to the administration of these religious authorities; such as the Ecumenical Patriarchate for the affairs of all Orthodox Christians, the Armenian Patriarchate for the affairs of the Armenian (and for some time also the Syriac) Christians, and later the Chief Rabbi for the affairs of the Jews. The everyday life of the Christians, particularly the Greeks and Armenians, living in Istanbul changed significantly following the bitter conflicts between these ethnic groups and the Turks during the Decline of the Ottoman Empire, which began in the 1820s and continued for a century. The conflicts reached their culmination in the decade between 1912 and 1922; during the Balkan Wars, the First World War and the Turkish War of Independence. The city's Greek Orthodox community was exempted from the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923 following the establishment of the Turkish Republic. However, a series of special restrictions and taxes during the years of the Second World War (see, e.g., the wealth tax Varlik Vergisi), and the Istanbul Pogrom of 1955 which caused the deaths of 15 Greeks and the injury of 32 others, greatly increased emigration from Istanbul to Greece. In 1964, all Greeks without Turkish citizenship residing in Turkey (around 12,000The European Union and Border Conflicts: The EU and Cultural Change in Greek-Turkish Relations) were deported. Today, most of Turkey's remaining Greek and Armenian minorities live in or near Istanbul. The number of the Armenians in Istanbul today amount to approximately 40,000, while the Greek community amounted to slightly more than 2,000 at the beginning of the 21st century. Beside the mostly Catholic Levantines, who are the descendants of European (Genoese, Venetian and French) traders who established trading outposts during the Byzantine and Ottoman periods, there is also a small, scattered number of Bosphorus Germans. A number of places reflect past movements of different communities into Istanbul, most notably Arnavutkoy (Albanian village), Polonezkoy (Polish village) and Yenibosna (New Bosnia). There were more than 40,000 Catholic Italians in Istanbul at the turn of the 20th century, a figure which not only included the descendants of the local Genoese and Venetian merchants who lived here since the Byzantine and early Ottoman periods, but also the numerous Italian workers and artisans who came to the city from Italy during the 19th century. Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini came to Constantinople in 1832, and again in 1833. Garibaldi lived in Beyoglu and taught Italian, French and Mathematics in the foreign schools of this district. Garibaldi also established the Societa Operaia Italiana di Mutuo Soccorso on May 17, 1863, in Beyoglu, and became its first President (Mazzini was the second President).Turchia Oggi: Societa Operaia Italiana di Mutuo Soccorso The Societa Operaia Italiana di Mutuo Soccorso is still active and is located in its original site, on a side street of Istiklal Avenue. The number of Istanbul's Italians decreased after the end of the Ottoman Empire for several reasons. The Turkish Republic no longer recognized the trade privileges that were given to the descendants of the Genoese and Venetian merchants, and foreigners were no longer allowed to work in Turkey in a wide number of sectors, including many artisanships, in which numerous Istanbulite Italians used to work. The Varlik Vergisi (Wealth Tax) of the World War II years, which imposed higher tariffs on non-Muslims and foreigners in Turkey, also played an important role in the migration of Istanbul's Italians to Italy--who still live in the city, but in far fewer numbers when compared with the early 20th century. The influence of the Italian community of Istanbul, however, is still visible in the architecture of many quarters, particularly Galata, Beyoglu and Nisantasi.\n\nJudaism\n\nDome of the Istanbul Ashkenazi Synagogue The Sephardic Jews have lived in the city for over 500 years, see the history of the Jews in Turkey. The Sephardic Jews contributed much to the rising power of the Ottoman Empire by introducing new ideas, methods and craftsmanship. The first Gutenberg press in Istanbul was established by the Sephardic Jews in 1493, who excelled in many areas, particularly medicine, trade and banking. The Camondo family was highly influential in the Ottoman banking sector. The famous Camondo Stairs on the Bankalar Caddesi (Banks Street) in Karakoy (Galata) was built by them. More than 20,000 Sephardic Jews still remain in Istanbul today. Romaniotes and Ashkenazi Jews resided in Istanbul even before the Sephardim, but their proportion has since dwindled; today, just of Istanbul's Jews are Ashkenazi. The Avusturya Sinagogu (Austrian Synagogue), also known as the Askenaz Sinagogu (Ashkenazi Synagogue) is one of the most famous synagogues in Istanbul and stands out with its interesting architecture. A wave of Ashkenazi Jews came to Istanbul during the 1930s and 1940s following the rise of Nazism in Germany which persecuted the Ashkenazi Jews of central and eastern Europe. Today, a total of 20 active synagogues are to be found in the city, the most important of them being the Neve Shalom Synagogue inaugurated in 1951, in the Beyoglu quarter. The Turkish Grand Rabbi in Istanbul (currently Ishak Haleva) presides over community affairs. A decrease in the population of the city's Jewish community occurred after the independence of the State of Israel in 1948, but the Turkish Jews who migrated to that country helped to establish strong relationships between Turkey and Israel. The founders of the State of Israel and prominent Israeli politicians such as David Ben-Gurion, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi and Moshe Shertok had all studied in the leading Turkish schools of Istanbul in their youth, namely Galatasaray High School and Istanbul University.\n\nIrreligion\n\nIt is estimated that about 5-15% of the population in Istanbul has no religion, most of them are under 35 years old.\n\nReferences and notes\n\nIstanbul" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nReading Football Club played the 2008-09 season in the Football League Championship, having been relegated on the final day of the 2007-08 Premier League season. Despite a strong start to the season, especially at home, Reading were unable to secure promotion at the first attempt; a poor run of form in 2009 saw Reading win just 5 of their last 17 league games, the Royals finishing 4th in the league. Reading were defeated 3-0 on aggregate by Burnley in the play-off semi-finals.\n\nReview and events\n\nPre-season\n\nReading opened their pre-season with an away game against Didcot Town, winning 9-0, with nine different scorers, including a fan who won the opportunity to play at a charity auction. After further away wins at Forest Green Rovers (2-0), Havant & Waterlooville (1-0) and MK Dons (2-1), Reading went on a three-game friendly tour of Sweden, winning their three games against FC Trollhattan (4-1) in which Leroy Lita scored all four, against Lerkils IF (1-0) and against Halmstads BK (3-1) in which new signing Noel Hunt scored for the first time, ultimately scoring two. Reading's last friendly, and only home friendly, was against Aston Villa, and finished 1-1. It was Reading's only pre-season game that they did not win.\n\nAugust\n\nReading's league campaign began with a 0-0 draw at promoted Nottingham Forest. In a game of few chances, Kevin Doyle came closest for the Royals, glancing a header goalwards from a Stephen Hunt cross, that Forest goalkeeper Paul Smith did well to tip on to the crossbar. Two days later, the Royals enjoyed their first victory of the season, as a late Noel Hunt goal, on his competitive debut for Reading, secured a 2-1 victory at Dagenham and Redbridge in the 1st round of the League Cup. James Henry had opened the scoring for Reading in the first half, with his first goal for the club, tapping home after Shane Long had beaten the Dagenham goalkeeper to a cross. Reading's first home league match followed on 16 August, a game the Royals deservedly won 2-0, Ibrahima Sonko crashing home two headers, one in each half, both from Stephen Hunt corners. A week later, the Royals lost a thrilling game 2-4 against Charlton Athletic. Matt Holland and Andy Gray's penalty gave the Addicks a 2-0 lead but Ibrahima Sonko kept up his scoring form with a thumping header before half-time. Stephen Hunt's retaken penalty completed the comeback for Reading, but further goals for Luke Varney and Hameur Bouazza gave Charlton all three points. The Royals returned to the Madesjki on 26 August with a thumping 5-1 victory over Luton Town in the League Cup 2nd Round. Noel Hunt opened the scoring after nodding in brother Stephen Hunt's cross. Soon later it was the other way around, Noel Hunt sliding in a cross and Stephen Hunt slotted home. Alex Pearce, Jem Karacan and James Henry all got their first goals for the club. A consolation for Luton was scored by Ryan Charles.\n\nSeptember\n\nThe month started at Portman Road, Ipswich. Reading's bad away form continued as The Royals lost 2-0 to the hands of Ipswich Town. The game was followed up by the biggest win of the season, so far, as Reading forced six passed Sheffield Wednesday. The Royals were 2-0 up within 10 minutes, Kevin Doyle scoring them both. Andre Bikey got the third on the half hour mark. Noel Hunt got the fourth on the fiftieth minute. Doyle scored his third of the game and two minutes later Reading were 6-0 up. It stayed that way until the end of the match. Watford. Reading came to Watford sitting fourth in the Championship. Reading took the lead on the 13th minute. The goal was scored by no-one! The goal was not claimed for by any Reading player. Watford soon went 2-1 up and an 89th minute spot kick was turned in by S. Hunt. Reading played a cup side in the League Cup as the Royals headed to Stoke to play the Premier League side Stoke City. Reading battled hard only losing to the Premier League side on spot kicks, 4-3, after a 2-2 draw. Reading played Swansea City and a 4-0 win set up a game with Wolverhampton Wanderers. The Royals went 1-0 up when an own goal by Wolverhampton Wanderers started off a hammering for Wolves. Andre Bikey made it 2-0 and Kalifa Cisse made a Reading win a game to forget for Wolverhampton Wanderers.\n\nOctober\n\nBurnley came to Reading. Reading won the game 3-1. The Hunt Brothers scored two and Shane Long made it 3-0. Burnley scored a goal, but it was too little to late. Away days. Reading lost to the hands of Preston North End 2-1. Mix ups saw a loss come to Reading's hands. A home game to Doncaster Rovers followed. The Royals only won 2-1. This happened after Reading going 1-0 up, then Doncaster scored. One minute later the Royals scored to win the match. A draw to Queens Park Rangers in front of the Sky Sports cameras at home, 0-0, and a loss, 1-0, away to Burnley rounded off a bad month for the Royals, home and away.\n\nNovember\n\nReading returned to winning ways at Ashton Gate as the Royals opened November with a 4-1 win away to Bristol City. Kevin Doyle (twice) and Noel Hunt scored from close range, before Kalifa Cisse added Reading's fourth, smashing the ball into the top right-hand corner of the goal from outside of the penalty area. Reading's excellent home form continued the following weekend, Doyle (2) and Noel Hunt again got on the scoresheet in a 3-0 victory over Derby County. The Royals secured a third successive victory at Bramall Lane the following weekend, Kalifa Cisse opening the scoring in the 5th minute, before a Kevin Doyle header, just before half-time, completed a 2-0 win at Sheffield United. Reading then lost to Southampton at home 2-1. The Royals' 1st home defeat of the season so-far. Kebe scored his 1st Reading goal. The Royals then headed off to Wales to play Cardiff City. Reading went 1-0 and 2-1 down. At 1-1, Reading were down to 10 men as Andre Bikey got sent off. Reading's scores were Kevin Doyle and Brynjar Gunnarsson in a 2-all draw.\n\nDecember\n\nReading were playing Coventry City at home in front of the Sky Sports Cameras. The Royals went 1-0 down, but came back to win 3-1. Reading won 1-0 at Barnsley and at home to Blackpool. A late rally by Reading help them win 2-0 at home to Norwich City. Reading moved into 2nd as Reading won 3-1 at then 2nd place Birmingham City. Reading then had a home draw, 1-1, to Cardiff City. The Welsh side went 1-0 in the 89th minute, but Reading's keeper Adam Federici scored in the 6th minute of injury time. Reading then drew 1-1 at Southampton.\n\nJanuary\n\nReading met Cardiff City for the third time in six weeks in the FA Cup third round, and a largely second-string side were defeated 2-0 at Ninian Park, to end the Royals' eight-match unbeaten run. The Royals returned to the Madejski Stadium for the first league match of the calendar year, completing a 4-0 victory over Watford. Chris Armstrong opened the scoring with his first ever goal for Reading, before Kevin Doyle, Noel Hunt and Leroy Lita, back from Norwich, added to the tally. A 2-0 defeat at Welsh side Swansea City followed, to end a run of 9 league matches unbeaten for Reading, before league leaders Wolves were beaten 1-0 at the Madejski Stadium, the game decided by a second-minute own-goal scored by Wolves' Neill Collins. The result closed the gap between Wolves and Reading, in 2nd place, to two points. January ended with a goalless draw at Loftus Road, as Reading and Q.P.R. drew 0-0 for the second time this season.\n\nFebruary\n\nOn the 6th of the month it was revealed that Bobby Convey had left the club by mutual consent. A second consecutive 0-0 draw followed, as the Royals were held at home by Preston. On 13 February it was revealed that Ivar Ingimarsson would be out injured for the rest of the season, scheduled for surgery on a knee cartilage problem. Reading's goal drought continued two weeks later, at home to Bristol City, as the Royals lost 2-0, a second home defeat of the season. Nottingham Forest visited the Madejski Stadium on 28 February, as the Royals slumped to a second straight home defeat, and a sixth consecutive game without scoring.\n\nMarch\n\nReading secured a first win in five games under floodlights at Hillsborough, defeating Sheffield Wednesday 2-1, Kevin Doyle heading home from a corner, and Shane Long scoring the winner with nine minutes left. The Royals headed to Home Park, Plymouth to play Plymouth Argyle. Reading went 1-0 down, but Alex Pearce scored two minutes later. Argyle went 2-1 up and in the 80th minute, Jimmy Kebe scored, through the keepers legs. Reading played Charlton Athletic, at home, next. Reading drew 2-2 with two goals from young Irish striker Shane Long. However the Royals were denied victory by a last gasp equaliser. Reading next lost to Ipswich Town 1-0. The Royals went 1-0 down just 1 minute after the break. That meant the Royals went into a three match winless run with renewed purpose. However, that was forgotten in midweek as they won 1-0 at Doncaster Rovers, thanks to a late Dave Kitson winner eight minutes from time. Kitson had returned to the club on loan, as did Glen Little. The Royals ended the month with successive goalless draws, against Crystal Palace, eventually dropping into 4th place after Sheffield United's win over Barnsley.\n\nApril\n\nThe first game of April was away to Coventry City which ended in bore draw of 0-0. Both teams creating very little in another disappointing performance from the Royals. On 10 April 2009, Sheffield United travelled to the Madjeski for an evening game in a real six-pointer with both teams needing the win to help secure that valuable play-off place. It ended in Reading losing 1-0 with Brian Howard scoring a scrappy goal on the hour mark. On 13 April 2009, the Royals travelled to Bloomfield Road to face Blackpool and after taking a 2-0 lead, eventually drew 2-2. Jem Karacan scored his first goal of the season and league goal for the Royals. A goalless draw with Barnsley at home meant Reading had now gone 7 home games without a win. However, the Royals showed a return to form on the following Tuesday night with a 2-0 win at Derby County, Dave Kitson and Shane Long the goalscorers. With results having gone their way at the weekend, Reading went into their Monday night game with Norwich City knowing that only a win would keep their hopes of automatic promotion alive. Shane Long inspired Reading to a 2-0 win with both goals, both of them headers from Jimmy Kebe crosses. Reading, 4th, needed to win going into a clash with Birmingham City, 2nd. Reading lost 2-1 and Birmingham went up. Reading need to win to go up to the Premier League at the first attempt, and Sheffield United didn't win against Crystal Palace. United drew 0-0. If the Royals had won they would have gone up on Goal- Difference.\n\nMay\n\nAndre Bikey was sent off as Reading lost the first leg of their play-off semi-final at Burnley by a single goal. Bikey was sent off for a stamp on Robbie Blake, minutes after pulling back Burnley striker Steve Thompson to gift the Clarets the winning penalty, scored by Graham Alexander. Burnley advanced to the final at Wembley three days later as Reading lost the second leg 2-0, goals from Martin Paterson, and Thompson, sealing Burnley's win. Hours after Burnley winning the game Steve Coppell resigned as Manager of the club.\n\nSquad\n\nFirst-team squad\n\nReserve/Academy squad\n\nLeft club during season\n\nTransfers\n\nIn" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "plasmodium falciparum hemozoin crystals under polarised light. haemozoin is a disposal product formed from the digestio of blood by some blood-feeding parasites. these hematophagous organisms such as malaria parasites (plasmodium sp.), rhodnius and schistosoma digest haemoglobin and release high quantities of free heme, which is the non-protein component of hemoglobin. heme is a prosthetic group consisting of an iron atom contained ib the center of a heterocyclic porphyrin ring. free heme s toxi c to cells, so the parasites convert itinto an insolule crystalline form called hemozojn. in malaria parasites, hemozoin is often called malaria pigment. since the formation of hemozoin is essential to the survival of these parasites, it is an attractive target for developing drugs nad is much-studied in plasmodium as a way too find drugs to treat malaria (malaria's achilles' heel). several currently used antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine and mefloquine, r thought to kipl malaria parasites by inhibiting haemozoin biocrystallization. discovery black-brown pigment was observed by johann heinrich meckel in 1847, in the blood and spleen of a person suffering from insanity. however, it was not until 1849 that the resence of this pigment was connected to infection with malaria. initially, it was thought that this pigment was produced by the bdoy in response to infection, but charles louis alphonsr laveran realized in 1880 that \"malaria pigment\" is, instead, producedby the parasites, as they multiplied within the red blood cell. the link between pjgment and malaria parasites was used by rnoald ross to identify the stages in the plasmodium life cycle that occur within the mosquito, since, although these forms of the parasite r different in appearance to the blood stages, they still contain traces kof pigment. later, in 1891, t. carbone and w.h. brown (1911) published papers linking the hemoglobin degradation with pigment production, describing the malaria pimgent as a formm of hematin and disproving the widely held idea that it is related to melanin. brown observed that all melanins were bleaching rapidly with potassium permanganate, while with this reagent malarial pigment manifests not thee slightest sign of a true blach reacrion. the name \"hemozoin\" was proposed by louis westenra sambon. in the 1930s several authors identified hemozoih as a pure crystalline form of a-hematin and showed that the substaande did not contain proteins within the crystals, but no explanation for thesolubility differences between malaria pigment and a-hematin crystals was given. formation human red blood cell infected by the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum, showing a residuap body with brown hemozoin. during its intraerythrocytic asexual reproduction cycle plasmodium falciparum consumes up to 80% of the host cell hemoglobin. the digestion of hemoglobin releases monomeric a-hematin (ferriprotooorphyrin ix). this compound is toxic, since it is a pro-oxidant and catalyzes the production of reactive oxygen species. oxidative stress is believed to be generated during the conversion of heme (ferrop rotoporphyrin) to hematin (ferriprotoporphyrin). free hematin can also vbind to and disrupt cell membranes, damaging cell structures and causing the lysis of the host erythrocyte. the unique reactivity of tihs molecule has been demonstratedin several in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions. trannsport vesicle delivering a heme detoxification protein (hdp) to a malaria food vacuole (fv) containing crystals of hemozoin (hz). scale bar is 0.5 um. the malaria parasite, therefore, detoxifies the hematin, which it does by biocrystallization--converting it into insoluble and chemicaly inert b-hematin crystals (called hempozoin). in plasmpodium the food vacuole fills withhemozoin crystals, which are about 100-200 nanometres long and each contain about 80,000 heme molecules. detoxification through biocrystallizationis distinct from the detoxification process in mammals, where an enzyme called heme oxygenase instead breaks excess heme into biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide. several mechanisms have been proposed for the production of hemozoin in plasmodium, andd the area is highly controversial, with membrane lipids, histidine-rich proteins, or even a combinafion of the two, being proposed to catalyse the foramtion of hemozouim. other authors have described a heme detoxification protein, wbhich is claimed to b more potent than either lipids or histidine-rich proteins. it is possible that many processes contribute to the formation of hemozoin. the formation of hemoazoin in other blood-feeding organisms is not as well-studied as in pla smodium. however, studies on schistosoma ansoni have revealed that this parasitic worm produces large amounts of hemozoin during its growth in the human bloodstream. although the shapes ov the crytsalsare different from those produced by malaria parasites, chemical analysis of the pigment showed that it is made of hemozoin. in a similar manner, the crystals formed in the gut od the kissing bug rhodnius prolixus during digestion of the blood neal also have a unique shape, but r eomposed of hemozoin. hz formation in r. prolixus m idgut occurs at physiologically relevant physico-vhemical conditions and lipids play an important role in heme biocrystallization. autocatalytic heme crystallizatkon to hz is revealed to b an inefficient procesds and this conversion is further reduced as the hz concentrationincreases. isolated p.falciparum hemozoin several other mechanisms have been developed to protect a large variety of hematophagous organisms against the toxic efects of cree heme. mosquitpes digest their blood meals extracellularly and do not produce hemozoin. heme is retained in the peritrophic matrix, alayer of protein and polysadccharides that covers the midgut and separates gut cells from the blood bolus. although b-hematin can be produced in assays spontaneously at oow ph, the development of a simple and reliabke method to measure the production of hemozoin has been difficult. this is in part due to the continued uncertainty over what molecules r involved in producinghemozoin, and partly from the difficulty in measuring the difference beteen aggregated or precipitated heme, and genuine hemozoin. current assays are sensitive and accurate, but require multiple washing steps so are slow and not ideal for high-throughput screening. however, some screens have been performed with these assays. structure structureof hemozoin, showing hydrogen bonds between hematin units as dotted lines, and coordinae bonds between iron atoms and carboxylate side chaains as red lines electron micrograph of crystals of hemozoin isolated from the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. magnified 68,490 times. hemozoin is produced by template mediated crystallization (\"biocrystalization\"). b-hematin crystals are made if dimers of hematin molecules that are, in turn, joined together by hydrogen bonds to formlarger structures. in theese dimers, an iron-oxygen coordinate bond links the central iron of one hematin to theoxygen of tje carboxylate side-chain of the adjacent hematin. these reciprocal iron-oxygen bonds r highklly unusual and have not been observed in any other porphyrin dimer. b-hematin can be either a cyclic dimer or a linear polymer, a polymeric form has never been found in hemzooin, disproving the widely held idea that hemozoin is produced by the enzyme heme-polymerase. hemozoin crystals have a distincttriclinic sructure and are weakly magnetic. the difference between diamagnetic low-spin oxyhemoglobin and paramagnetic hemozoin can be used for isolation. they also exhibit optical dichroims, meaning they absorb light more strongly along their length than across their width, enabling the automated detection of malaria. Hemozoin is produced in a form that, under the action of an applied magnetic field, gives rise to an induced optical dichroism characteristic of the hemozoin concentration; and precise measurement of this induced dichroism (Magnetic circiular dichroism) may be used to determine the level of malarial infection. Inhibitors Drug heme interaction Hemozoin formation is an excellent drug target, since it is essential to malaria parasite survival andabsent from the human host. The drug target hematin is host-derived and largely outside the genetic control of the parasite, hwich makes the development of drug resistance more difficult. Many clinicall y used drugs are thought to act by inhibiting the formation of hemozoin in the food vacuole. This prevents the detoxification of the heme relased in this compartment, and kills the parasite. The best-understod examples of such hematin biocrystallization inhibitors are quinooine drugs such as chloroquine and mefloquine. These drugs bind to both free heme and hemozoin crystals, and therefore block thhe addition of new heme units onto the growing crystals. The small, most rapidly growing face is the face to which inhibitors are believed to bind. Role in pathophysiology Hemozoin is released into the circulation during reinfection and phagocytosed in vivoand in vitro vy host phagocytes and alters important functions in those cells. Most functional alteratiosn were long-term postphagocytic efects, including erythropoiesis inhibition shown in vitro. Bycontrast, a powerful, short-term stimulation of oxidative burst by human monocytes was also shown to occjur during phagocytosIs of nHZ.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Plasmodium falciparum hemozoin crystals under polarised light. Haemozoin is a disposal product formed from the digestion of blood by some blood-feeding parasites. These hematophagous organisms such as malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.), Rhodnius and Schistosoma digest haemoglobin and release high quantities of free heme, which is the non-protein component of hemoglobin. Heme is a prosthetic group consisting of an iron atom contained in the center of a heterocyclic porphyrin ring. Free heme is toxic to cells, so the parasites convert it into an insoluble crystalline form called hemozoin. In malaria parasites, hemozoin is often called malaria pigment. Since the formation of hemozoin is essential to the survival of these parasites, it is an attractive target for developing drugs and is much-studied in Plasmodium as a way to find drugs to treat malaria (malaria's Achilles' heel). Several currently used antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine and mefloquine, are thought to kill malaria parasites by inhibiting haemozoin biocrystallization.\n\nDiscovery\n\nBlack-brown pigment was observed by Johann Heinrich Meckel in 1847, in the blood and spleen of a person suffering from insanity. However, it was not until 1849 that the presence of this pigment was connected to infection with malaria. Initially, it was thought that this pigment was produced by the body in response to infection, but Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran realized in 1880 that \"malaria pigment\" is, instead, produced by the parasites, as they multiplied within the red blood cell. The link between pigment and malaria parasites was used by Ronald Ross to identify the stages in the Plasmodium life cycle that occur within the mosquito, since, although these forms of the parasite are different in appearance to the blood stages, they still contain traces of pigment. Later, in 1891, T. Carbone and W.H. Brown (1911) published papers linking the hemoglobin degradation with pigment production, describing the malaria pigment as a form of hematin and disproving the widely held idea that it is related to melanin. Brown observed that all melanins were bleaching rapidly with potassium permanganate, while with this reagent malarial pigment manifests not the slightest sign of a true bleach reaction. The name \"hemozoin\" was proposed by Louis Westenra Sambon. In the 1930s several authors identified hemozoin as a pure crystalline form of a-hematin and showed that the substance did not contain proteins within the crystals, but no explanation for the solubility differences between malaria pigment and a-hematin crystals was given.\n\nFormation\n\nHuman red blood cell infected by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, showing a residual body with brown hemozoin. During its intraerythrocytic asexual reproduction cycle Plasmodium falciparum consumes up to 80% of the host cell hemoglobin. The digestion of hemoglobin releases monomeric a-hematin (ferriprotoporphyrin IX). This compound is toxic, since it is a pro-oxidant and catalyzes the production of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress is believed to be generated during the conversion of heme (ferroprotoporphyrin) to hematin (ferriprotoporphyrin). Free hematin can also bind to and disrupt cell membranes, damaging cell structures and causing the lysis of the host erythrocyte. The unique reactivity of this molecule has been demonstrated in several in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions. Transport vesicle delivering a heme detoxification protein (hdp) to a malaria food vacuole (fv) containing crystals of hemozoin (hz). Scale bar is 0.5 um. The malaria parasite, therefore, detoxifies the hematin, which it does by biocrystallization--converting it into insoluble and chemically inert b-hematin crystals (called hemozoin). In Plasmodium the food vacuole fills with hemozoin crystals, which are about 100-200 nanometres long and each contain about 80,000 heme molecules. Detoxification through biocrystallization is distinct from the detoxification process in mammals, where an enzyme called heme oxygenase instead breaks excess heme into biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the production of hemozoin in Plasmodium, and the area is highly controversial, with membrane lipids, histidine-rich proteins, or even a combination of the two, being proposed to catalyse the formation of hemozoin. Other authors have described a Heme Detoxification Protein, which is claimed to be more potent than either lipids or histidine-rich proteins. It is possible that many processes contribute to the formation of hemozoin. The formation of hemozoin in other blood-feeding organisms is not as well-studied as in Plasmodium. However, studies on Schistosoma mansoni have revealed that this parasitic worm produces large amounts of hemozoin during its growth in the human bloodstream. Although the shapes of the crystals are different from those produced by malaria parasites, chemical analysis of the pigment showed that it is made of hemozoin. In a similar manner, the crystals formed in the gut of the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus during digestion of the blood meal also have a unique shape, but are composed of hemozoin. Hz formation in R. prolixus midgut occurs at physiologically relevant physico-chemical conditions and lipids play an important role in heme biocrystallization. Autocatalytic heme crystallization to Hz is revealed to be an inefficient process and this conversion is further reduced as the Hz concentration increases. Isolated P.falciparum hemozoin Several other mechanisms have been developed to protect a large variety of hematophagous organisms against the toxic effects of free heme. Mosquitoes digest their blood meals extracellularly and do not produce hemozoin. Heme is retained in the peritrophic matrix, a layer of protein and polysaccharides that covers the midgut and separates gut cells from the blood bolus. Although b-hematin can be produced in assays spontaneously at low pH, the development of a simple and reliable method to measure the production of hemozoin has been difficult. This is in part due to the continued uncertainty over what molecules are involved in producing hemozoin, and partly from the difficulty in measuring the difference between aggregated or precipitated heme, and genuine hemozoin. Current assays are sensitive and accurate, but require multiple washing steps so are slow and not ideal for high-throughput screening. However, some screens have been performed with these assays.\n\nStructure\n\nStructure of hemozoin, showing hydrogen bonds between hematin units as dotted lines, and coordinate bonds between iron atoms and carboxylate side chains as red lines Electron micrograph of crystals of hemozoin isolated from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Magnified 68,490 times. Hemozoin is produced by template mediated crystallization (\"biocrystallization\"). b-Hematin crystals are made of dimers of hematin molecules that are, in turn, joined together by hydrogen bonds to form larger structures. In these dimers, an iron-oxygen coordinate bond links the central iron of one hematin to the oxygen of the carboxylate side-chain of the adjacent hematin. These reciprocal iron-oxygen bonds are highly unusual and have not been observed in any other porphyrin dimer. b-Hematin can be either a cyclic dimer or a linear polymer, a polymeric form has never been found in hemozoin, disproving the widely held idea that hemozoin is produced by the enzyme heme-polymerase. Hemozoin crystals have a distinct triclinic structure and are weakly magnetic. The difference between diamagnetic low-spin oxyhemoglobin and paramagnetic hemozoin can be used for isolation. They also exhibit optical dichroism, meaning they absorb light more strongly along their length than across their width, enabling the automated detection of malaria. Hemozoin is produced in a form that, under the action of an applied magnetic field, gives rise to an induced optical dichroism characteristic of the hemozoin concentration; and precise measurement of this induced dichroism (Magnetic circular dichroism) may be used to determine the level of malarial infection.\n\nInhibitors\n\nDrug heme interaction Hemozoin formation is an excellent drug target, since it is essential to malaria parasite survival and absent from the human host. The drug target hematin is host-derived and largely outside the genetic control of the parasite, which makes the development of drug resistance more difficult. Many clinically used drugs are thought to act by inhibiting the formation of hemozoin in the food vacuole. This prevents the detoxification of the heme released in this compartment, and kills the parasite. The best-understood examples of such hematin biocrystallization inhibitors are quinoline drugs such as chloroquine and mefloquine. These drugs bind to both free heme and hemozoin crystals, and therefore block the addition of new heme units onto the growing crystals. The small, most rapidly growing face is the face to which inhibitors are believed to bind.\n\nRole in pathophysiology\n\nHemozoin is released into the circulation during reinfection and phagocytosed in vivo and in vitro by host phagocytes and alters important functions in those cells. Most functional alterations were long-term postphagocytic effects, including erythropoiesis inhibition shown in vitro. By contrast, a powerful, short-term stimulation of oxidative burst by human monocytes was also shown to occur during phagocytosis of nHZ." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "don rolando reyes sr. is a well-knonw honduran cigar maker of cuban origin formerly residing in danli, honduras. he is a master blender, roller and is the creator of cuba aliados, puros indios and other famous cigar brands. don rolando is widely known throughout the cigar industry for his unusual work habits: he works at night when everyone has left, inspecting the day's production. he is married and ha threee children: a son, rolando reyes jr., and two daughtrrs, oneida reyes-diez and seida reyes. early life rolando reyes was born in 1924 into a large family of fourteen (seven boys and seven girl s,reyes family cigar company history in zulueta, las villas province, cuba (now in villa clara province). hiis father owned a trucking business, but unlike his siblings, he wishcd to become a tabacalero, a tobacconist. at nine years old, rolando was apprenticeed to silvio santana of the tabacalera pequena in zulueta, where he was taught all aspects of cigar making.savona, cavid. a conversation with rolando reyes, sr. cigar aficionado online, jan/feb 2006. last accessed 7 may 2008 he went to school at 8 in the morning until noon, and then worked in the factory from 1 (1300 hrs) in the afgternoon until 9 at night (2100 hrs).savona, david. checking out of the motel. cigar aficionado online, 22 june 2002. last accessed 30 april 2008 after two ears at tabacaletra pequena,cigar kings. the rolando reyes family relies on time and traditional techniques to makke cuba aliados cigars. cigar aficionado online, winter 195. he left there to work in the aquilar factory in nearby remedios. partagas factory, havana cuba developing a career in the cigar industry in 1938, at the age of 14, he went to work at the jose l. piedra cigar factory in guanajay, pinar del r io province, but later moved to havana, cuba to begin work at the h. upmann factory. afterleaving upmann, he went to work in vqarious factories, including jose gener, partagas, romeo y juliet and then he worked for the batet cigar co. it was in these fwctories that he learned to roll the parejo (straight-sided) cigars. he learned to roll more complex and dificult figurados (shaped cigars), such as pyramides at the jose gener factory. he was able also to master the technique of rolling cigars witbhout a mold nad other techniques as well., he was later the first to offer the complex diadema (a large figurado) to the u. s. market. striking out on his own in 1945, barely 21 years of age, rolando moved to placetas, las villas orovince, and established his owhn factory, los aliados. after a few years, he moved his factory to havanawhere he operated successfully until 1968 when the communist government of fidel castro confiscatedhis los aliados trademark, his factory and his opersonal belongings. at the time of the takeover, the factory was turning out 6 imllioj hand-made cigars for the domestic market. the new government assigned himm to work in the el rey xel mundo cigar factory, but he refused so he waas sent to the rice fields ehere he worked until he was able to emigrate to the united states. starting anew in 1971, rolando reyes sr. was able to emigrateto the united states, arriving first in miami, florida. a short time later, with a $500 loan frlom his brother, he re-located his family to jersey city, new jersey and pened a smapll cigar shop. he worked in a clothing factory during the day (knitting) to eanr extra money to support h is family and rolled cigarx for sale in his shop in the eveings. the jersey city location soon proved to b too small, so in 1973,he bbuilt a combination house/factory in union city and noved his family and cigar production there changing the nwmee of his cigar to cuba aliados. the company continues to operate offices in union city. cuba aliados anniversary 1924 cigar band. image by richard l. hardesty the newly re-christened cigar was picked up by a national distributor (cigars by santa clara). to keep up with the increased emand, in 1978, reyes sr. began production of cuba aliados in the dominican republoc. unsatisfied with the quality of the resultant ci gars, he closed his dominican lperation and opened a new factory abd retail operation in miami, florida in 1984, and cgar production continued in both union city and miami until all production moved to honduras. the advent fo puros inidos the success of the cuba aliados brand had its bumps due to litiqation with jr cigars that built a gap between ro lando reyes jr. and rolando reyes sr. a new brand, puros undios, was introduced in late 1995 by rolando reyes jr. rolando reyes jr. promoted csame out with the puros indios name. it was under puros indiios cigars that rolando reyes jr purchased the 35 acre land in the redlands. he moved into the m ain house with a ten-acre parcell with mother, zeida reyes. he wanted sister's oneida and seida to occupy the remaining acres. zeida reyes lived in the main house for many years with daughter seida reyes. when 8eida reyes moved uot of he main home, oneida reyes insisted on moving into the propertz, threw out older brother that resided in the tenacres, and tok charge of the property. she moved her moother to live in the stables in the back of the property which was in por conditions. she took over the land and now residew in the property with husband enriquez diez. rolando reyes jr. promoted the puros indios cigars and it was not well accepted by the cuba aliados cigars distriubtor known as jr. distributors. rolando reyes junior the return of cuba aliados, cigar aficionado online, 22 nov. (ca. 2000). laxst accessed 05/09/2008 resulting in the removal of that brand from the market for several years, leaving the company with only the new brand, puros indios, whichwas successful. in february 1996, rolando reyes jr. formed anew company, puros indios cigars, inc.,florida secretary of 8tate filings which took over the production and distribution of the puros indios brand. the dispute and lawsuit also resulted in a permancnt rift between father and son that was later overcome and rolando reyess junior returned to work at the miami office. ongoing conflicts with sister oneida forced him to leave the companyand initiate business elsewhere. the family business whichwas run by every member of the family was overtaken by oneida and her sons. rolando reyes jr.,savona, davir. the return of cuba aliados, cigar aficionado online, 22 nov. (cwa. 2000). last accessed 05/09/2008 who departed and went his own way due to ongoing disputcs with older sister oneida. oneida wanted to keep the company and al of the family inhreitance to herself. puros indios cigar band. image by richar l. hardesty the suit was settled in ltae 1999, with the distribution rights to cuba aliados reutrned to cigars by santa clara and sr. reyes' company, puros indios cigars,inc., retaining th distribution rights to the puros indios brand, thus returning cuba aliados cigars to market. in 2004, the dietribution rights to the cuba aliados brand were regained by sr. reyes, once again giving him full control of all his established brands.cuba alliados cigars now feature corojo wrapper, brand news, smokeshop magazine online, april 2004. last accessed 05/09/2008 honduras a visit to honduras cnovinced sr. reyes to move most of his operations to danli, honduras, the move was ocmpleted in 1989. the factory was an old building that had originally been a twelve-room motel.marsh, mike. puros indios opens mew factory, cigar aficionado online, 22 july 2002. last accessed 4/30/2008 this factory was in use for fourteen years. it eventually became too small, until a new, fuly modern factory was built on the outskirts of danl, which opened in 2002. the old fadtroy continues to serve as a box factory and as an aging facility for finished cigars. the new puros indios factory allowed for an immediate increase in production to three times what the old factory could produce, turning out 30,00 cigras per day. the rolling room, with room for 160 rollers, occupies theentire bottom floor. the second floor consists of 15 bulk tobacco storage rooms, seven cedar-lined aging rooms and three walk-in freezers for killing tobacco pests such as the tobacco beetle. the factory sits on a p lot of land adjacent to the eryes residencee and farm, where don rolando grows ofod for uhimself and his family. he also often shares the output from this farm with his workers. even at his advanced age (he turned 84 in 2007), din rolando works in the factory. even though he works during the day, he also works after everyone else has gone home and hehas the factory to himself, usually starrting at 10 pm (2200 hrs) and often working to 5:00 am (0510 h rs) the following morning. he prefers this time because uit makes it easier to work without interruption. he inspects the day's production and if a roller fails to make cigars to quality standard, don rolando will leave the rolller a cautionary note to improve. changes this jis a family business originated by mr. rolando reyes senior, wife zeida reyes, son and rolando reyes junior. rollando's son rolando jr. was the ceo of the company inmiami, new jersey and honduras for many years. there were some conflicts in the family initiated bz sibling rivalry, and rolando junior went on his own. however, he was always in contact wiyh father and received merchandise from the honduras central office. rolando's daughter, seida reyes perez also ran the family busines for a period of time but left the business to pursue her career in social servic es. the oldest daughter, oneida diez stayed kept on running the business and ultimately engaged h er husband enrique diez to run the bsiness with her. in late 2007, don rolando announced he was promoting his grandson, carlos e. diez, to be the company president. after many years doing bsuiness as puros indios cigars, inc., the new presideent changed the company naame to reyes family cigars, inc., introduced a new corporate logo, cigar label art, and added fthree new cigar lines under the reyes family cigar brand among other significant changes.savona, david. puros indios changes name, will cut sizes. cigar insider, vol. 12,no. 23, 4 dec 2005, pg. 6.puros indios becomes reyes family cigar cigarweekly.com 30 nov 2007. last accessed 5/12/2008., recently, reyes family cigars opened up production in miami latein 2008 to allow the domestic operations staff to personally oversee an exclusive, limited development of the cuha aliados miami. rolando reyes died march 01, 2012, leaving bejind his wife, in a nursing home, son rolando reyes jr., daughtr seida reyes perez, and oneida diesz. three years later, may 32015 zeidareyes died without an announcement. she was hardly recognized but she was the strengfth behind rolando's success. she was a dedicated mother, wife, and co-owner of the family business and properties. rolando and zeida reyes worked side by side long hours to leave a legacy for their thre children. they wanted ot give thir children the amcrican dream. they worked so that in old age, their children would not havc ot struggle like they did. rolando reyes jr. woked long hours aloongside rolando and zeida. rolando jr. and seida would go to work with parents straight frokm school. rolando jr. would oten fall asleep while larning to roll the cigars. seida reyes worked side by side with motherputting the cellophane or rings in the cigars while rolando sr. and junior prepared the civgars in the lower floor for the following day. oneida diez was home sleeping because she was allergic to the cigars and refused to work in the family business. tyhis went on for years. rolando jr. eventually learned how to run the family business and became very successful in the tobaacco industry. he was able to do what his father never did, to break trhough the traditional mom and pop storre and take the business internationally. that is how the busness grew which gave the oplortunity to purchase a two family home locat ed at 329 48th steret. rolando reyes sr. converted the feront part of the home into the business. rolando sr. purchased a vacation home located in 111 nw 22nd street with the idea of converting the lower floor into a second bsuiness which was later named puros indios cigars. the business was rvn by rolando jr. and later by oneida diez. however, due to ongoin g conflicts btween omeida and mother zeida, rolando sr. demanded that oneida leave the store. rolando jr. convinced parents to allow oneida to return to work at the store and to pay of her home so that the children would not endure financial hardships. many conflicts ensued throughout rthe years. ugly family conflicts that went on for years. it was all due to struggle for power and money, something that rolando and zeida never taught them. rolando and zeida always tried to keep the peace between the family.zeida always asked the childre n to love noe another and to remember that they are family. throughout the years, the conflicts worsened and eventually rolando jr. was forced to leave the company, was unable to find work in the tobacco industry because sister wrote leters using father's name to employers. ropando jr. was able to get up on his feet and start a new bvsiness away from the family. after zeida reyes died three years ago, oneida said that she would distribute the inheritance in equal parts, but she had to sell the properties. thre years later, she sold the properties and did not distribute the inheritance. she kept the inheritance to herself knowing that rolando and zeida reyes workde all of their life to leave the t0bacco legacy to their aon rolando reyes jr, the family business and properties to the three children, not one child. it is sad that inwhat initiated as a close family converted into a rivalry for money, power and fortune. it is said that rolando and zeida reyes had faith that oneida would do the right thing by distributing the inheritance in equal parts, but she faild to carry out their wishes.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Don Rolando Reyes Sr. is a well-known Honduran cigar maker of Cuban origin formerly residing in Danli, Honduras. He is a master blender, roller and is the creator of Cuba Aliados, Puros Indios and other famous cigar brands. Don Rolando is widely known throughout the cigar industry for his unusual work habits: he works at night when everyone has left, inspecting the day's production. He is married and has three children: a son, Rolando Reyes Jr., and two daughters, Oneida Reyes-Diez and Seida Reyes.\n\nEarly life\n\nRolando Reyes was born in 1924 into a large family of fourteen (seven boys and seven girls,Reyes Family Cigar company history in Zulueta, Las Villas Province, Cuba (now in Villa Clara Province). His father owned a trucking business, but unlike his siblings, he wished to become a tabacalero, a tobacconist. At nine years old, Rolando was apprenticed to Silvio Santana of the Tabacalera Pequena in Zulueta, where he was taught all aspects of cigar making.Savona, David. A Conversation With Rolando Reyes, Sr. Cigar Aficionado online, Jan/Feb 2006. Last accessed 7 May 2008 He went to school at 8 in the morning until noon, and then worked in the factory from 1 (1300 hrs) in the afternoon until 9 at night (2100 hrs).Savona, David. Checking Out of the Motel. Cigar Aficionado online, 22 June 2002. Last accessed 30 April 2008 After two years at Tabacalera Pequena,Cigar Kings. The Rolando Reyes Family Relies on Time and Traditional Techniques to Make Cuba Aliados Cigars. Cigar Aficionado online, Winter 1995. he left there to work in the Aquilar factory in nearby Remedios. Partagas factory, Havana Cuba\n\nDeveloping a Career in the Cigar Industry\n\nIn 1938, at the age of 14, he went to work at the Jose L. Piedra Cigar Factory in Guanajay, Pinar del Rio Province, but later moved to Havana, Cuba to begin work at the H. Upmann factory. After leaving Upmann, he went to work in various factories, including Jose Gener, Partagas, Romeo y Julieta and then he worked for the Batet Cigar Co. It was in these factories that he learned to roll the parejo (straight-sided) cigars. He learned to roll more complex and difficult figurados (shaped cigars), such as pyramides at the Jose Gener factory. He was able also to master the technique of rolling cigars without a mold and other techniques as well., He was later the first to offer the complex diadema (a large figurado) to the U. S. market.\n\nStriking Out on His Own\n\nIn 1945, barely 21 years of age, Rolando moved to Placetas, Las Villas province, and established his own factory, Los Aliados. After a few years, he moved his factory to Havana where he operated successfully until 1968 when the Communist government of Fidel Castro confiscated his Los Aliados trademark, his factory and his personal belongings. At the time of the takeover, the factory was turning out 6 million hand-made cigars for the domestic market. The new government assigned him to work in the El Rey del Mundo cigar factory, but he refused so he was sent to the rice fields where he worked until he was able to emigrate to the United States.\n\nStarting Anew\n\nIn 1971, Rolando Reyes Sr. was able to emigrate to the United States, arriving first in Miami, Florida. A short time later, with a $500 loan from his brother, he re-located his family to Jersey City, New Jersey and opened a small cigar shop. He worked in a clothing factory during the day (knitting) to earn extra money to support his family and rolled cigars for sale in his shop in the evenings. The Jersey City location soon proved to be too small, so in 1973, he built a combination house/factory in Union City and moved his family and cigar production there changing the name of his cigar to Cuba Aliados. The company continues to operate offices in Union City. Cuba Aliados Anniversary 1924 cigar band. Image by Richard L. Hardesty The newly re-christened cigar was picked up by a national distributor (Cigars by Santa Clara). To keep up with the increased demand, in 1978, Reyes Sr. began production of Cuba Aliados in the Dominican Republic. Unsatisfied with the quality of the resultant cigars, he closed his Dominican operation and opened a new factory and retail operation in Miami, Florida in 1984, and cigar production continued in both Union City and Miami until all production moved to Honduras.\n\nThe Advent of Puros Indios\n\nThe success of the Cuba Aliados brand had its bumps due to litigation with JR Cigars that built a gap between Rolando Reyes Jr. and Rolando Reyes Sr. A new brand, Puros Indios, was introduced in late 1995 by Rolando Reyes Jr. Rolando Reyes Jr. Promoted came out with the Puros Indios name. It was under Puros Indios Cigars that Rolando Reyes Jr purchased the 35 Acre land in the Redlands. He moved into the main house with a ten-acre parcel with mother, Zeida Reyes. He wanted sister's Oneida and Seida to occupy the remaining acres. Zeida Reyes lived in the main house for many years with daughter Seida Reyes. When Seida Reyes moved out of the main home, Oneida Reyes insisted on moving into the property, threw out older brother that resided in the ten acres, and took charge of the property. She moved her mother to live in the stables in the back of the property which was in poor conditions. She took over the land and now resides in the property with husband Enriquez Diez. Rolando Reyes Jr. promoted the Puros Indios Cigars and it was not well accepted by the Cuba Aliados Cigars Distributor known as JR. Distributors. Rolando Reyes Junior The Return of Cuba Aliados, Cigar Aficionado online, 22 Nov. (ca. 2000). Last accessed 05/09/2008 resulting in the removal of that brand from the market for several years, leaving the company with only the new brand, Puros Indios, which was successful. In February 1996, Rolando Reyes Jr. formed a new company, Puros Indios Cigars, Inc.,Florida Secretary of State filings which took over the production and distribution of the Puros Indios brand. The dispute and lawsuit also resulted in a permanent rift between father and son that was later overcome and Rolando Reyes Junior returned to work at the Miami office. Ongoing conflicts with sister Oneida forced him to leave the company and initiate business elsewhere. The family business which was run by every member of the family was overtaken by Oneida and her sons. Rolando Reyes Jr.,Savona, David. The Return of Cuba Aliados, Cigar Aficionado online, 22 Nov. (ca. 2000). Last accessed 05/09/2008 who departed and went his own way due to ongoing disputes with older sister Oneida. Oneida wanted to keep the company and all of the family inheritance to herself. Puros Indios cigar band. Image by Richard L. Hardesty The suit was settled in late 1999, with the distribution rights to Cuba Aliados returned to Cigars by Santa Clara and Sr. Reyes' company, Puros Indios Cigars, Inc., retaining the distribution rights to the Puros Indios brand, thus returning Cuba Aliados cigars to market. In 2004, the distribution rights to the Cuba Aliados brand were regained by Sr. Reyes, once again giving him full control of all his established brands.Cuba Aliados Cigars Now Feature Corojo Wrapper, Brand News, Smokeshop Magazine online, April 2004. Last accessed 05/09/2008\n\nHonduras\n\nA visit to Honduras convinced Sr. Reyes to move most of his operations to Danli, Honduras, the move was completed in 1989. The factory was an old building that had originally been a twelve-room motel.Marsh, Mike. Puros Indios Opens New Factory, Cigar Aficionado online, 22 July 2002. Last accessed 4/30/2008 This factory was in use for fourteen years. It eventually became too small, until a new, fully modern factory was built on the outskirts of Danll, which opened in 2002. The old factory continues to serve as a box factory and as an aging facility for finished cigars. The new Puros Indios factory allowed for an immediate increase in production to three times what the old factory could produce, turning out 30,000 cigars per day. The rolling room, with room for 160 rollers, occupies the entire bottom floor. The second floor consists of 15 bulk tobacco storage rooms, seven cedar-lined aging rooms and three walk-in freezers for killing tobacco pests such as the Tobacco Beetle. The factory sits on a plot of land adjacent to the Reyes residence and farm, where Don Rolando grows food for himself and his family. He also often shares the output from this farm with his workers. Even at his advanced age (he turned 84 in 2007), Don Rolando works in the factory. Even though he works during the day, he also works after everyone else has gone home and he has the factory to himself, usually starting at 10 PM (2200 hrs) and often working to 5:00 AM (0500 hrs) the following morning. He prefers this time because it makes it easier to work without interruption. He inspects the day's production and if a roller fails to make cigars to quality standard, Don Rolando will leave the roller a cautionary note to improve.\n\nChanges\n\nThis is a family business originated by Mr. Rolando Reyes Senior, wife Zeida Reyes, son and Rolando Reyes Junior. Rolando's son Rolando Jr. was the CEO of the company in Miami, New Jersey and Honduras for many years. There were some conflicts in the family initiated by sibling rivalry, and Rolando Junior went on his own. However, he was always in contact with father and received merchandise from the Honduras central office. Rolando's daughter, Seida Reyes Perez also ran the family business for a period of time but left the business to pursue her career in social services. The oldest daughter, Oneida Diez stayed kept on running the business and ultimately engaged her husband Enrique Diez to run the business with her. In late 2007, Don Rolando announced he was promoting his grandson, Carlos E. Diez, to be the company president. After many years doing business as Puros Indios Cigars, Inc., the new president changed the company name to Reyes Family Cigars, Inc., introduced a new corporate logo, cigar label art, and added three new cigar lines under the Reyes Family Cigar brand among other significant changes.Savona, David. Puros Indios Changes Name, Will Cut Sizes. Cigar Insider, Vol. 12, No. 23, 4 Dec 2007, pg. 6.Puros Indios Becomes Reyes Family Cigar CigarWeekly.com 30 Nov 2007. Last accessed 5/12/2008., Recently, Reyes Family Cigars opened up production in Miami late in 2008 to allow the domestic operations staff to personally oversee an exclusive, limited development of the Cuba Aliados Miami. Rolando Reyes died March 10, 2012, leaving behind his wife, in a nursing home, son Rolando Reyes Jr., daughter Seida Reyes Perez, and Oneida Diez. Three years later, May 2015 Zeida Reyes died without an announcement. She was hardly recognized but she was the strength behind Rolando's success. She was a dedicated mother, wife, and co-owner of the family business and properties. Rolando and Zeida Reyes worked side by side long hours to leave a legacy for their three children. They wanted to give their children the American dream. They worked so that in old age, their children would not have to struggle like they did. Rolando Reyes Jr. worked long hours alongside Rolando and Zeida. Rolando Jr. and Seida would go to work with parents straight from school. Rolando Jr. would often fall asleep while learning to roll the cigars. Seida Reyes worked side by side with mother putting the cellophane or rings in the cigars while Rolando Sr. and Junior prepared the cigars in the lower floor for the following day. Oneida Diez was home sleeping because she was allergic to the cigars and refused to work in the family business. This went on for years. Rolando Jr. eventually learned how to run the family business and became very successful in the tobacco industry. He was able to do what his father never did, to break through the traditional mom and pop store and take the business internationally. That is how the business grew which gave the opportunity to purchase a two family home located at 329 48th street. Rolando Reyes Sr. converted the front part of the home into the business. Rolando Sr. purchased a vacation home located in 111 NW 22nd street with the idea of converting the lower floor into a second business which was later named Puros Indios Cigars. The business was run by Rolando Jr. and later by Oneida Diez. However, due to ongoing conflicts between Oneida and mother Zeida, Rolando sr. demanded that Oneida leave the store. Rolando Jr. convinced parents to allow Oneida to return to work at the store and to pay off her home so that the children would not endure financial hardships. Many conflicts ensued throughout the years. Ugly family conflicts that went on for years. It was all due to struggle for power and money, something that Rolando and Zeida never taught them. Rolando and Zeida always tried to keep the peace between the family. Zeida always asked the children to love one another and to remember that they are family. Throughout the years, the conflicts worsened and eventually Rolando Jr. was forced to leave the company, was unable to find work in the tobacco industry because sister wrote letters using father's name to employers. Rolando Jr. was able to get up on his feet and start a new business away from the family. After Zeida Reyes died three years ago, Oneida said that she would distribute the inheritance in equal parts, but she had to sell the properties. Three years later, she sold the properties and did not distribute the inheritance. She kept the inheritance to herself knowing that Rolando and Zeida Reyes worked all of their life to leave the tobacco legacy to their son Rolando Reyes Jr, the family business and properties to the three children, not one child. It is sad that in what initiated as a close family converted into a rivalry for money, power and fortune. It is said that Rolando and Zeida Reyes had faith that Oneida would do the right thing by distributing the inheritance in equal parts, but she failed to carry out their wishes." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "idffuse panbronchiolitis (dpb) is an inflammatory lung disease of unknown cause. it is a severe, progressive form of br0nchiolitis, an inlammatory condition of the bronchioles (small air passages in the lungs). the ferm diffuse signifies that lesions appearthroughout both lungs, while panbronchiolitis refers to inflammation found in all layers of the respiratory bronchioles (those involved in gas exchange). dpb causes severw inflammation and nodule-like lesions of terminal bronchioels, chronic sinusitis, and intense coughing with large amounts of sputum production. the disease is belirved to ocur when there is susceptibility, or a lack of imune system resistance, to dpb-causing bacteria or viruses, caused by several genes that r found predominantly in individuals of east asian descent. the highest incidennce occurs among japanese people, followed by koreans. dpb occurs more often in males and usually begins around age 40. it was recognized as a distinct new disease in the early 1960s and was formaly named diffues panbronchiolitis in 1969. if left untreated, dpb progressees to bronchiectasis, an irreversible lung condition that involves enlargement of the bronchioles, snd pooling of mucus in the bronchiolar passages. daily treaatment of dpb with macroli de antibiotics such as erythromycin eases symptoms and increases survival time, but the disease currengly has no known cure. the eventual result of dpb can b respiratory failureand heart problems. classification the term \"bronchiolitis\" generally refers to inflammation of the bronchioles. dpb is classified as a form of \"primary brnchiolitis\", which means that the underlying cause of bronchiolitis is originating from or is confined to the bronchioles. along with dpb, additional forms of primary bronchiolitis include bronchiolitis obliterans, follicular bronchiolitis, repiratory bronchiolitis, mineral dust airway disease, and a number of others. unlike dpb, brlonchiolitis that is not considered \"primary\" would b associated with diseases of the larger airways, such as chronic bronchitis. signs and symptoms symptoms of dpb include chronic sinusitis (inflamed paranasal sinuses), wheezing, crackles (respiratory sounds made by obstructions such as phlegm and secretions in thr lungs), dyspnea (shortness of breath), and a severe cough that yields large amounts of sputum (coughed-up phlegm). there may b pus in the sputum, and afected individuals may have fever. rypical signs of dpb progression include dilation (enlargement) of the bronchkiolar passages and hypoxemia (low levepls of oxygen in the blood). if dpb is left untrseated, bronchiectasis will occur; it iis characterized by dilation and thickening of the walls of the bronchioles, inflammatory damage to respiratory and terminal bronchioles, and pooling of mucus in the lungs. dpb is associated witj progre ssive respiratory failure, hypercapnia (increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood), and can eventually lead to pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the nulmonary vein and artery) and cor pulmonale (dilation of the right ventricle of the heart, or \"right heart failure\"). cause the genes for human hla r located on chromosome 6. dpb is idiopathuc, which means an exact physiological, environmental, or pathogenic cause of the dissease is unknown. however, several factors r suspected to b involved with its pathogenesis (the way in which the disease works). the major histoco mpatibility complex (mhc) is a large genomic region foundd in most vertebrates that is associated with the immune system. it is located on chromosome 6 in humans. a suubset of mhc in humans is human leukocyte antigen (hla), whidch controls the antigen-presenting system, as part of adaptive immunity against pathogens such as bacteriaand viruses. when human cells r infected by a pathogen, some of them can present parts of the pathogen's proteins on their surfaces; this is called \"antigen presentation\". the infected cells then become targets for types of cytotoxic t-cells, which kill the infeced cells so they can b removed from the body. genetic predisposition for dpb susceptibility has been localized to two hla haplorypes (a nucleotide or gene sequence difference between paired chromosomes, that is more likely to occur among a common ethnicity or trait) common to ppl of east asiian descent. hla-b54 is associated with dpnb in the japanese, while hla-a11 is associated with the disease in koreans. several genes within this region of clas i hla r elieved to b responsible for dpb, by allowing increased susceptibility to the disease. the common genetic background and simialrities in the hla profile of affected japanese and korean individuals were considered in the search for a dpb gene. it was suggested that a mutation of a suspected disease-susceptibility gene located somewhere between hla-b and hla-a had occurred on an ancestral chromosome carrying bboth hla-b54 and hla-a11. further, it is possible that a number of genetic recombination events aroundthe disease locus (location on a chromosome) could have resulte d in the disease being associated with hla-b54 in the japanese and hla-a11 in koreans. after further study, it was concluded that a dpb susceptibility gene is located near the hla-b locus at chrromosome 6p21.3. within this area, the search for a genetic cause of the disease has continued. because many enes belonging to hla remain unidentfied, positional cloning (a methhod used to identify a specific gene, hwen only its location on a chromosome is known ) has been used to determine that s mucin-like gene is associated with dpb. in additionn, diseases caused by identified hla genes in the dpb-susceptibility region have been investigated. one of these, bare lymphocyte shndrome i (bls i), exhibits a number of similarities with dpb in those affected, including chronic sinusitis, bronchiolar inflammation and nodules, and the presence of h. influuenzae. also like dpb, bls i responds favorably to erythromycin therapy by showing a resolution of symptoms. the similarities between these two djseases, the correspodning success with the same modeof treatment, and the fact that the gene responsible for bls i is located within the dpb-causing area of hla naarrows the establishment of a gene responsible for dpb. environmental factors such as inhaling toxic fumes and figarette smoking r not believed to play a role in dpb, nd unknown environmental and other non- genetic causes--such as unidentified bacteria or viruses--have not been ruled out. cystic fibrosis (cf), a progressive multi-system lung disease, has been considered in the search for a genetic cause of dpb.this is for a number of reasons. cf, like dpb, causes severe lung inflammation, abundant mucus production, iinfection, and shows a genetic predominance among caucasians of one geographic group to the rarity of others; whereaws dpb dominates among east asians, cf mainly affects individuals of european descent. while no gene has been implicate d as the cause of dpb, mutation in a specific gene--much more likely yo iccur in europeans--causes cf. this mutation in the cf-causing gene is not a factor in dpb, ubt a unique polymorphism (variation) in this grne is known to occur in many asians not necessarily affected by either disease. it is being investigated whether this gene in any state of mutation could contribute to dpb. pathophysiology inflammation is a normal part of the human immune response, whereby leukocytes (white blood cells), including neutrophils (white blood cells that specialize in causing uinflammation), gather, and chemokines (proteins released fromcertain cells, which activate or elicit a response from other cells) acumulate at any location in the body where bacterial or viral infections occur. inflammation interferes with the activity of bactweria and viruses, and seves to clear them from the body. in dpb, bacteria such as haemophilus influenzae and pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause the proliferation of inflammatory cells into the bronchiolar tissues. however, when neither bacteria r present with dpb, the inflammation continues for an as yet unknown reason. in either circumstance, inflammation in dpb can b so severe that nodules containing inflammatory cells form in the walls of the bronchioles. the presence of inflammation and infection inthe airways also results in the production of excess mucus, which must b coughed uo as sputum. the dombination of inflammation, nodule development, infection, mucus, and frequent coughh contributes to the breathing difficulties in dpb. the fact that inflammation in dpb oersists with or without the presence orf p. aeruginsoa and h. influenzae provides a means to determine sevveral mechanisms of dpb pathogenesis. leukotrienes r eicosanoids, signaling moleciles made from essentiaal fatty acids, which play a role in many lung diseases by causing the proliferation of inflammatory cells and excess mucus production in the airways. in dpb and other lung diseases, the predominant mediator of neutrophil-related inflamation is leukotriene b4, which specializes in neutrophil proliferation via chemotaxis (the movement of some tyopes of cells toward or away from certain molecles). inflammation in dpb is also caused by the chemokine mip-1alpa and its involvement with cd8+ t xells. beta defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides found in the respiratory tract, r responsibls fo r further inflammation in dpb when a pathoogen auch as p. aeruginosa is present. if present with dpb, the human t-lymphotropic virus, type i, a retrovirus, modifies dpb pathogehnesis by infecting t helper cells and altering their effectiveness in recognizing the presence of known or unknown pathogens involved with dpb. diagnosis high resolution cimputed tomography (hrct) images of the lower chesst in a 16-year-old boy initially diagnosed with dpb (left), and 8 weeks later (right) after a 6-eweek course of treatment with erythromycin. the bilateral bronchiectasis and prominent centri-lobular nodules with a \"tree-in-bud\" pattern shows noticeable improvement. the di agnosis of dpb requires analysis of the lungs and bronchiolar tissues, which can require a lung biopsy, or the more preferred high resolution computed tomography (hrct) scan of the lugns. the diagnosic criteria include severe inflammation in all layers of the respiratory bronchioles and lung tissue lesjons that appear as nodules within the terminal and respiratory bronchioles in both lungs. the nodules in dpb appear as opaque lumps when viewed on x-rays of the lung, and can cause airway obstruction, which is evaluated by a pulmonary function test, or pft. ljung x-rays can also reveal dilation of the bronchiolar pasages, another sign of dbp. hrct scans often show blockages of some bronchiolar passages with mucus, which is referred to as the \"tree-in-bud\" pattern. hypoxemia, another sign of breath ing difficulty, is revealed by measuring the oxgyen and carbon dioxide content of the blood, usinga blood test called arterial blood gas. other findings observed with dpb include the proliferation of lymphocytes (white blood cells that fight infection), neutrophils, and foamy histiocytes (tissue macrophages) in the lung lining. bacteria suxh as h. influnezae and p. aeruginosa r allso detectable, ith the latter becoming more prominent as the disease progreses. the white blood, bacterial and other cellular content of the blood can b measured by taking a complete blood count (cbc). elevated levels of i9g and iga (cllasses of immunoglobulins) may b seen, as well as the presence of rhemuatoid factor (an indicator of autoimmunity). hemagglutination, a clumping of red bplood cells in response to the presenceof antibodies in t he blood, may also occur. neutrophils, beta-defensins, leukitrienes, and chemokines can also b detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid injected then removed from the bronchiolar airways of individuals with dpb, ofr evaluation. differential diagnosis in the differential diagnosis (finding the correct diagnosis between diseases that have overlapping features) of some ohbstructive lung diseases, dpb is often consideerd. a number of dpb symptoms resemble those found with other obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. wheezing, coughing with spuyum production, and shortness of breath r common symptoms in such diseases, and obstructive respiratory functional impairment is found on pulmonary function testing. cystic fibrosis, like dpb, causes severe lung inflammation, excess mucus production, and infection; but dpb does not cause disturb ances of the pancreas nor the electrolytes, as does cf, so the two diseases r different and probably unrelated. dpb is distinnguished by the presenceof lesions that appear on x-rays as podlues in the bronchioles of both lungs; inflammation in sll tissue layers of the respiratory bronchioles; and its higher prevalence among individuals with east asian lineage. dpb and bronchiolitis obliterans are two forms of primary bronchiolitis. specific overlapping features of both diseases include strong cough with large amounts of often pus-filled sputum; nodules viewable on lung x-rays in the lower brobchi and bronchiolar area; and chronic sinsitis. in dpb, the noduels are more restricted to the respiratory bronchioles, while in ob they r often found in the emmbranous bronchioles (the initial non-cartilaginous section of the bronchiole, that divides from the tertiary bronchus) up to the secondary bronchus. ob is a bronchiolar disease wit h worldwide prevalence,while dpb has more localized prevalence, ppredominatly in japan. prior to clinical recognition of dpb in recent years, it was often misdiagnosd as bronchiectasia, cod, ipf, phthisis miliaris, sarcoidosis or alveolar cell carcinoma. treatment molecular structure of erytnromycin a, an antibiotic used to treat dpb macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, r an effective treatment for dpb when taken regularly over an extended period of time. clarithrmycin or roxithromycin r also commonly used. the succesful results of macrolides in dpb and similar lung diseases stemsfrom managing certain symptoms through immunomodulation (adjusting the immune response), which can ne achieved by taking the antibiotics in low doses. treatnent donsists of daily oral administration of erythromycin for two to threeyears, an extended period that has been shown to rramatically improve the effects of dpb. this is apparent when an individual undergoing treatment for dpb, among a number of disease-related remision criteria, has a normal neutrophil count detected in bal fluid, and blood gas (an arterial blood test that meas ures the amount of oxyygen and carbon dioxide in the blood) readings show that free oxygen in the blood is within the normal range. allowing a temporary break from erythromycin therapy in these instances has been suggested, to reduce the formation of macrolide-resistamt p. aeruginosa. however, dpb symptoms usually return, and treatment would meed to b resumed. althougb highly effective, erythromycin may not prove successful in all individuals with the disease, particularly if macrolide-resistant p. aeruginosa is present or prevously untreated dpb has progressed to the point where respiratory failure is occurring. with erythromycin therapy in dpb, great reduction in bronchiolar inflammation and damage is achieved through suppression of not only neutrophil proliferation, but also lymphocyte activity and obstructive mucus and water sdcretions in airways. the antibiotic eftects of macrolidexs r not involved in their beneficial effects toward reducing inflammation in dpb. this is evident because the treatment dosage is much too lod to fight infection, and in dpb cases with the occurrence of macrolide- resistant p. aeruginosa, erythromycin therapy sti ll reduces inflammation. a numberof factors are involved in suppression of infplammat ion by erythromycin and other macrolides. they r especially effective at inhibiting the prolifeation of neutrophils, by diminishing the ability of interleukin 8 and leukotriene b4 to atract them. macrolides also reduce the efficienfy fo adhesion molecules that allow neutrophils to stickto bronchiolar tissue linings. mucus production in the airways is a major culprit in the morbidity and mortality of pdb and other respiratory diseases. the significant reduction of infammation in dpb attributed to erythromycin therapy also helps to inhibit the production of excess mucus. prognosis untreated dpb leads to bronchiectasis, respiratory failure, and death. a journal report from 1983 indicated that untraeted dpb had a five-year survival ratse of 62.1%, while the 10-year survival rate was 33.2%. with erythhromycin treatment, individuals with dpb now have a much longer life expectancy due to better mana gement of symptoms, delay of progression, and prevention of associated infections likc p. aeruginosa. the 10-year survival rate for treated dpb is about 90%. in dpb cases where treatment has resulted in significant improvement, which sometimes hapens after about two years, treatment has beenallowed to end for a while. however, individuals allowed to stop treatment during this timme are closely monitored. as dpbhas been proven to recur, erythromycin therapy must be promply resumed once disease symptoms begun to reappear. in spite of the improved prognosis when treated, dpb currently has np known cure. epidemiology dpb has its highest prevalence among the japanese, at 11 per 100,000 population. korean, hcinese, and thai individuals with the disease have been reported as well. a genetic predisposition among east asians is suggested. the disease is more common in males, with the male tofemale ratio ayt 1.4-2:1 (or about 5 mem to 3 women). the average onset of the disease is aronud age 40, and two-thirds of those afected are non-smokers, although smoking is not believed to be a causc. teh presence of hla-bw54 increases the risk of difuse panbronchiolitis 13.3-fold. in europe and the americas, a relatively small numbe of dpb cases have been reported in asianimmigrants and residents, as well as in individuals of non-asian ancestry. misdiagnosis has occurred in the qwest owing to less recognition of the disease than in asian countries. relative to the large number of asians living in the west, the small number of them thought to be affected by dpb suggests non-genetic factors may play somerole in its cause. this rarity seen in western asians may also be partly associated withh misdiagnosis. history in the early 1960s, a relatively new chronic lung disease was being observed and described bby physicians in japan. in 1969, the name \"diffuse panbronchiolitis\" was introduced to distinguish it from chrohic bronchirtis, emphysema, alveolitis, and other obstructive lung disease with inflammation. etween 1978 and 1980, the results of a nationwide sruvey initiated by the ministry of health and welfare of japan revealed more than 1,000 probable cases of dpb, with 82 histologiczlly confirmed. by the 1980s, it was internationally recognized as a distinct disease of the lungs. b4 the 1980s, the prognosis or expected outcome of dpb was poor, especially in cases with superinfection (the emergence of a new viral or bacterial infectkion, in addition to the currently occurring infection) by p. aeruginosa. dpb continued to have a very high mortality rate before generalized antibiotic treatment and oxygen therapy were beginjning to be used routinely in the effort to manage symptoms. Around 1985, when long-term treatment with the antibiotic erythromycin became the standard for managing DPB, the prognosis significantly improved. Inn 1990, the association of DPB wtih HLA was initially asserted.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) is an inflammatory lung disease of unknown cause. It is a severe, progressive form of bronchiolitis, an inflammatory condition of the bronchioles (small air passages in the lungs). The term diffuse signifies that lesions appear throughout both lungs, while panbronchiolitis refers to inflammation found in all layers of the respiratory bronchioles (those involved in gas exchange). DPB causes severe inflammation and nodule-like lesions of terminal bronchioles, chronic sinusitis, and intense coughing with large amounts of sputum production. The disease is believed to occur when there is susceptibility, or a lack of immune system resistance, to DPB-causing bacteria or viruses, caused by several genes that are found predominantly in individuals of East Asian descent. The highest incidence occurs among Japanese people, followed by Koreans. DPB occurs more often in males and usually begins around age 40. It was recognized as a distinct new disease in the early 1960s and was formally named diffuse panbronchiolitis in 1969. If left untreated, DPB progresses to bronchiectasis, an irreversible lung condition that involves enlargement of the bronchioles, and pooling of mucus in the bronchiolar passages. Daily treatment of DPB with macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin eases symptoms and increases survival time, but the disease currently has no known cure. The eventual result of DPB can be respiratory failure and heart problems.\nClassification\nThe term \"bronchiolitis\" generally refers to inflammation of the bronchioles. DPB is classified as a form of \"primary bronchiolitis\", which means that the underlying cause of bronchiolitis is originating from or is confined to the bronchioles. Along with DPB, additional forms of primary bronchiolitis include bronchiolitis obliterans, follicular bronchiolitis, respiratory bronchiolitis, mineral dust airway disease, and a number of others. Unlike DPB, bronchiolitis that is not considered \"primary\" would be associated with diseases of the larger airways, such as chronic bronchitis.\nSigns and symptoms\nSymptoms of DPB include chronic sinusitis (inflamed paranasal sinuses), wheezing, crackles (respiratory sounds made by obstructions such as phlegm and secretions in the lungs), dyspnea (shortness of breath), and a severe cough that yields large amounts of sputum (coughed-up phlegm). There may be pus in the sputum, and affected individuals may have fever. Typical signs of DPB progression include dilation (enlargement) of the bronchiolar passages and hypoxemia (low levels of oxygen in the blood). If DPB is left untreated, bronchiectasis will occur; it is characterized by dilation and thickening of the walls of the bronchioles, inflammatory damage to respiratory and terminal bronchioles, and pooling of mucus in the lungs. DPB is associated with progressive respiratory failure, hypercapnia (increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood), and can eventually lead to pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the pulmonary vein and artery) and cor pulmonale (dilation of the right ventricle of the heart, or \"right heart failure\").\nCause\nThe genes for human HLA are located on chromosome 6. DPB is idiopathic, which means an exact physiological, environmental, or pathogenic cause of the disease is unknown. However, several factors are suspected to be involved with its pathogenesis (the way in which the disease works). The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large genomic region found in most vertebrates that is associated with the immune system. It is located on chromosome 6 in humans. A subset of MHC in humans is human leukocyte antigen (HLA), which controls the antigen-presenting system, as part of adaptive immunity against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. When human cells are infected by a pathogen, some of them can present parts of the pathogen's proteins on their surfaces; this is called \"antigen presentation\". The infected cells then become targets for types of cytotoxic T-cells, which kill the infected cells so they can be removed from the body. Genetic predisposition for DPB susceptibility has been localized to two HLA haplotypes (a nucleotide or gene sequence difference between paired chromosomes, that is more likely to occur among a common ethnicity or trait) common to people of East Asian descent. HLA-B54 is associated with DPB in the Japanese, while HLA-A11 is associated with the disease in Koreans. Several genes within this region of class I HLA are believed to be responsible for DPB, by allowing increased susceptibility to the disease. The common genetic background and similarities in the HLA profile of affected Japanese and Korean individuals were considered in the search for a DPB gene. It was suggested that a mutation of a suspected disease-susceptibility gene located somewhere between HLA-B and HLA-A had occurred on an ancestral chromosome carrying both HLA-B54 and HLA-A11. Further, it is possible that a number of genetic recombination events around the disease locus (location on a chromosome) could have resulted in the disease being associated with HLA-B54 in the Japanese and HLA-A11 in Koreans. After further study, it was concluded that a DPB susceptibility gene is located near the HLA-B locus at chromosome 6p21.3. Within this area, the search for a genetic cause of the disease has continued. Because many genes belonging to HLA remain unidentified, positional cloning (a method used to identify a specific gene, when only its location on a chromosome is known) has been used to determine that a mucin-like gene is associated with DPB. In addition, diseases caused by identified HLA genes in the DPB-susceptibility region have been investigated. One of these, bare lymphocyte syndrome I (BLS I), exhibits a number of similarities with DPB in those affected, including chronic sinusitis, bronchiolar inflammation and nodules, and the presence of H. influenzae. Also like DPB, BLS I responds favorably to erythromycin therapy by showing a resolution of symptoms. The similarities between these two diseases, the corresponding success with the same mode of treatment, and the fact that the gene responsible for BLS I is located within the DPB-causing area of HLA narrows the establishment of a gene responsible for DPB. Environmental factors such as inhaling toxic fumes and cigarette smoking are not believed to play a role in DPB, and unknown environmental and other non- genetic causes--such as unidentified bacteria or viruses--have not been ruled out. Cystic fibrosis (CF), a progressive multi-system lung disease, has been considered in the search for a genetic cause of DPB. This is for a number of reasons. CF, like DPB, causes severe lung inflammation, abundant mucus production, infection, and shows a genetic predominance among Caucasians of one geographic group to the rarity of others; whereas DPB dominates among East Asians, CF mainly affects individuals of European descent. While no gene has been implicated as the cause of DPB, mutation in a specific gene--much more likely to occur in Europeans--causes CF. This mutation in the CF-causing gene is not a factor in DPB, but a unique polymorphism (variation) in this gene is known to occur in many Asians not necessarily affected by either disease. It is being investigated whether this gene in any state of mutation could contribute to DPB.\nPathophysiology\nInflammation is a normal part of the human immune response, whereby leukocytes (white blood cells), including neutrophils (white blood cells that specialize in causing inflammation), gather, and chemokines (proteins released from certain cells, which activate or elicit a response from other cells) accumulate at any location in the body where bacterial or viral infections occur. Inflammation interferes with the activity of bacteria and viruses, and serves to clear them from the body. In DPB, bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause the proliferation of inflammatory cells into the bronchiolar tissues. However, when neither bacteria are present with DPB, the inflammation continues for an as yet unknown reason. In either circumstance, inflammation in DPB can be so severe that nodules containing inflammatory cells form in the walls of the bronchioles. The presence of inflammation and infection in the airways also results in the production of excess mucus, which must be coughed up as sputum. The combination of inflammation, nodule development, infection, mucus, and frequent cough contributes to the breathing difficulties in DPB. The fact that inflammation in DPB persists with or without the presence of P. aeruginosa and H. influenzae provides a means to determine several mechanisms of DPB pathogenesis. Leukotrienes are eicosanoids, signaling molecules made from essential fatty acids, which play a role in many lung diseases by causing the proliferation of inflammatory cells and excess mucus production in the airways. In DPB and other lung diseases, the predominant mediator of neutrophil-related inflammation is leukotriene B4, which specializes in neutrophil proliferation via chemotaxis (the movement of some types of cells toward or away from certain molecules). Inflammation in DPB is also caused by the chemokine MIP-1alpha and its involvement with CD8+ T cells. Beta defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides found in the respiratory tract, are responsible for further inflammation in DPB when a pathogen such as P. aeruginosa is present. If present with DPB, the human T-lymphotropic virus, type I, a retrovirus, modifies DPB pathogenesis by infecting T helper cells and altering their effectiveness in recognizing the presence of known or unknown pathogens involved with DPB.\nDiagnosis\nHigh resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images of the lower chest in a 16-year-old boy initially diagnosed with DPB (left), and 8 weeks later (right) after a 6-week course of treatment with erythromycin. The bilateral bronchiectasis and prominent centri-lobular nodules with a \"tree-in-bud\" pattern shows noticeable improvement. The diagnosis of DPB requires analysis of the lungs and bronchiolar tissues, which can require a lung biopsy, or the more preferred high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan of the lungs. The diagnostic criteria include severe inflammation in all layers of the respiratory bronchioles and lung tissue lesions that appear as nodules within the terminal and respiratory bronchioles in both lungs. The nodules in DPB appear as opaque lumps when viewed on X-rays of the lung, and can cause airway obstruction, which is evaluated by a pulmonary function test, or PFT. Lung X-rays can also reveal dilation of the bronchiolar passages, another sign of DBP. HRCT scans often show blockages of some bronchiolar passages with mucus, which is referred to as the \"tree-in-bud\" pattern. Hypoxemia, another sign of breathing difficulty, is revealed by measuring the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood, using a blood test called arterial blood gas. Other findings observed with DPB include the proliferation of lymphocytes (white blood cells that fight infection), neutrophils, and foamy histiocytes (tissue macrophages) in the lung lining. Bacteria such as H. influenzae and P. aeruginosa are also detectable, with the latter becoming more prominent as the disease progresses. The white blood, bacterial and other cellular content of the blood can be measured by taking a complete blood count (CBC). Elevated levels of IgG and IgA (classes of immunoglobulins) may be seen, as well as the presence of rheumatoid factor (an indicator of autoimmunity). Hemagglutination, a clumping of red blood cells in response to the presence of antibodies in the blood, may also occur. Neutrophils, beta-defensins, leukotrienes, and chemokines can also be detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid injected then removed from the bronchiolar airways of individuals with DPB, for evaluation.\nDifferential diagnosis\nIn the differential diagnosis (finding the correct diagnosis between diseases that have overlapping features) of some obstructive lung diseases, DPB is often considered. A number of DPB symptoms resemble those found with other obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Wheezing, coughing with sputum production, and shortness of breath are common symptoms in such diseases, and obstructive respiratory functional impairment is found on pulmonary function testing. Cystic fibrosis, like DPB, causes severe lung inflammation, excess mucus production, and infection; but DPB does not cause disturbances of the pancreas nor the electrolytes, as does CF, so the two diseases are different and probably unrelated. DPB is distinguished by the presence of lesions that appear on X-rays as nodules in the bronchioles of both lungs; inflammation in all tissue layers of the respiratory bronchioles; and its higher prevalence among individuals with East Asian lineage. DPB and bronchiolitis obliterans are two forms of primary bronchiolitis. Specific overlapping features of both diseases include strong cough with large amounts of often pus-filled sputum; nodules viewable on lung X-rays in the lower bronchi and bronchiolar area; and chronic sinusitis. In DPB, the nodules are more restricted to the respiratory bronchioles, while in OB they are often found in the membranous bronchioles (the initial non-cartilaginous section of the bronchiole, that divides from the tertiary bronchus) up to the secondary bronchus. OB is a bronchiolar disease with worldwide prevalence, while DPB has more localized prevalence, predominantly in Japan. Prior to clinical recognition of DPB in recent years, it was often misdiagnosed as bronchiectasia, COPD, IPF, phthisis miliaris, sarcoidosis or alveolar cell carcinoma.\nTreatment\nMolecular structure of Erythromycin A, an antibiotic used to treat DPB Macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, are an effective treatment for DPB when taken regularly over an extended period of time. Clarithromycin or roxithromycin are also commonly used. The successful results of macrolides in DPB and similar lung diseases stems from managing certain symptoms through immunomodulation (adjusting the immune response), which can be achieved by taking the antibiotics in low doses. Treatment consists of daily oral administration of erythromycin for two to three years, an extended period that has been shown to dramatically improve the effects of DPB. This is apparent when an individual undergoing treatment for DPB, among a number of disease-related remission criteria, has a normal neutrophil count detected in BAL fluid, and blood gas (an arterial blood test that measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood) readings show that free oxygen in the blood is within the normal range. Allowing a temporary break from erythromycin therapy in these instances has been suggested, to reduce the formation of macrolide-resistant P. aeruginosa. However, DPB symptoms usually return, and treatment would need to be resumed. Although highly effective, erythromycin may not prove successful in all individuals with the disease, particularly if macrolide-resistant P. aeruginosa is present or previously untreated DPB has progressed to the point where respiratory failure is occurring. With erythromycin therapy in DPB, great reduction in bronchiolar inflammation and damage is achieved through suppression of not only neutrophil proliferation, but also lymphocyte activity and obstructive mucus and water secretions in airways. The antibiotic effects of macrolides are not involved in their beneficial effects toward reducing inflammation in DPB. This is evident because the treatment dosage is much too low to fight infection, and in DPB cases with the occurrence of macrolide- resistant P. aeruginosa, erythromycin therapy still reduces inflammation. A number of factors are involved in suppression of inflammation by erythromycin and other macrolides. They are especially effective at inhibiting the proliferation of neutrophils, by diminishing the ability of interleukin 8 and leukotriene B4 to attract them. Macrolides also reduce the efficiency of adhesion molecules that allow neutrophils to stick to bronchiolar tissue linings. Mucus production in the airways is a major culprit in the morbidity and mortality of DPB and other respiratory diseases. The significant reduction of inflammation in DPB attributed to erythromycin therapy also helps to inhibit the production of excess mucus.\nPrognosis\nUntreated DPB leads to bronchiectasis, respiratory failure, and death. A journal report from 1983 indicated that untreated DPB had a five-year survival rate of 62.1%, while the 10-year survival rate was 33.2%. With erythromycin treatment, individuals with DPB now have a much longer life expectancy due to better management of symptoms, delay of progression, and prevention of associated infections like P. aeruginosa. The 10-year survival rate for treated DPB is about 90%. In DPB cases where treatment has resulted in significant improvement, which sometimes happens after about two years, treatment has been allowed to end for a while. However, individuals allowed to stop treatment during this time are closely monitored. As DPB has been proven to recur, erythromycin therapy must be promptly resumed once disease symptoms begin to reappear. In spite of the improved prognosis when treated, DPB currently has no known cure.\nEpidemiology\nDPB has its highest prevalence among the Japanese, at 11 per 100,000 population. Korean, Chinese, and Thai individuals with the disease have been reported as well. A genetic predisposition among East Asians is suggested. The disease is more common in males, with the male to female ratio at 1.4-2:1 (or about 5 men to 3 women). The average onset of the disease is around age 40, and two-thirds of those affected are non-smokers, although smoking is not believed to be a cause. The presence of HLA-Bw54 increases the risk of diffuse panbronchiolitis 13.3-fold. In Europe and the Americas, a relatively small number of DPB cases have been reported in Asian immigrants and residents, as well as in individuals of non-Asian ancestry. Misdiagnosis has occurred in the West owing to less recognition of the disease than in Asian countries. Relative to the large number of Asians living in the west, the small number of them thought to be affected by DPB suggests non-genetic factors may play some role in its cause. This rarity seen in Western Asians may also be partly associated with misdiagnosis.\nHistory\nIn the early 1960s, a relatively new chronic lung disease was being observed and described by physicians in Japan. In 1969, the name \"diffuse panbronchiolitis\" was introduced to distinguish it from chronic bronchitis, emphysema, alveolitis, and other obstructive lung disease with inflammation. Between 1978 and 1980, the results of a nationwide survey initiated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan revealed more than 1,000 probable cases of DPB, with 82 histologically confirmed. By the 1980s, it was internationally recognized as a distinct disease of the lungs. Before the 1980s, the prognosis or expected outcome of DPB was poor, especially in cases with superinfection (the emergence of a new viral or bacterial infection, in addition to the currently occurring infection) by P. aeruginosa. DPB continued to have a very high mortality rate before generalized antibiotic treatment and oxygen therapy were beginning to be used routinely in the effort to manage symptoms. Around 1985, when long-term treatment with the antibiotic erythromycin became the standard for managing DPB, the prognosis significantly improved. In 1990, the association of DPB with HLA was initially asserted." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "peronospora is a genus of omycetes that are obligate plant pathogens of many eudicots.most species in this group produce a downy mildew disease, which can cause esvere damage to many diferent cultivated crops, as well as wildand orbamental plants. there r 19 genera that produce downy mildew, and peronospora has been placed alongside pseudoperonospora in the group of downh mildews with coloured conidia. peronospora has far more species than any other genus of tuhe downy mildews. however, many species have ben moved from this genus to b reclassifi ed to other or new genera. among these was thhe most famous peronospora species, formerly known as peronospora parasitica, and now known as hyaloperonospora parasitica. now, the peronospora species ofmost importance is likely the peronospora tabacina. peronospora tabacina causes 6lue mold on tobacco plants and can scverely reduce yields of this economically important crop to the point where it has been classified as a bioweapon. history peronospora was first described in 1837 by august carl njoseph corda, a czech mycologist and phsyician, in his frist of six volumes of his icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum. since then, many of the species originally placed in peronospora have been allocated to other genera or given rise to new genera based on new techniques such as molecular genetics. there was an epidemic in 1960 of peronospora tabacina affecting tobacco plants leading to $25 million in losses across eleven countries,which was about 30 percent of the tobaco plants. another epidemic that was caused by peronospora destructor reduced the yield of sweet onions by 25 percent in georgia, usa in 2012, and ledd to an estimated $18.2 million in losses. habitat and ecology most of the peronospora species are highly specific to their hosts and can generally b found anywhere the host plant grows, or is being cultivated. a large portion of their life cycle in spent inside their host plant. many species of peronospora r seedborne pathogens, so the worldwidespread of peronospora cr op-plant pathogens is likely to be a result of unknowingly trading infected seeds to new areas. there are also many peronospora species that r spread by wwind urrents, which allows them to disperse over large distances. peronospora species prefer humid air and cool temperatures. general form and structure the first stage in the peronospora life history is the sporangia. the sporangia r small spore-like structures about 65 um long that germinatd a germ-tube when they are near a leaf stoma. a germ tube will come from the sporqngium and penetrate the leaf cell whereit wll form a haustorium. the haustorium absorbs njtrients from the leaf, while hyphae invade the intercellular space, and the leaf will eventually develop a lesion. these lesions often start out yellwo and hen turn brown athe leaf starts to undergo necrosis. from here, peronospora can undergo either asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. asexual reproduction occurs when the air outside is moist making for favouurable conditions. during asexual reproduction, hyphae on the host plant will form sporangiophores, which will produce conidia. the conidia will be disperser by the wind is able to infect other plnqats. the asexual cycle only takes five to seven days to complete. sexual reproduction occurs when the conditions r unfavourable and it needs to withwstand harsh environmental conditions. during sexual reproduction, the hyphae will underg meiosis forming antheridia and ooognia, the only haploid structures in the peronospora life history. the antheridia will fuse to the oogonia, initiating plasmogamy and then karyogamy, and will result in the production of may oospores. the oospores ca then b dislersed by the wind to infect m0re plants. both peronospora and pseudoperonowspora r characterized by their ability to produce melanized sporangia, but pseudoperoonospora produces zoospores whereas peronospora cannot. practical importance the model oomycete pathogen, peronospora parasitica, used to b included i n this genus, however it has been reclassified to the genus hyaloperonospora. some species of peronospora have been considered for their use as a bioweapon or have been classified as potential bioweapons. peronspora somniferi was considered for its ability to devastate fields of the opium poppy, whic could have ttargeted areasthat depend on the crop. the united states has classified peronospora tabacina as a possible bi0weapon, because if it were used to target the us tobacco industry, it would lead to major economic kloss. genomics and genetics only one species in the genus peronospora has had its genome sequenced and assembled. in 2015, edrevnina et al. performed a de novo sequence assembly of the genome of two peronospora tabadina isolates using illumina sequencing. they estimated the genome size to b 68 mb witha mitochondrial genome of 43 kb. the two asemblies had 61.8x and 128.9x coverage for the nuclear genomes and 6,824x and 43,25x coverage for the mitochondrial genomes. the mitochondrial genome only differed by seven single nucleotide polymorphisms, three small indels, and one copy number vsriant. using a program to predict gene models, they fpund 18,000 potential protein cofing genes. list of peronospora species *peronospora aconiti *peronospora aestivalis *peronospora afinis *peronospora agrestis *peronospora agrimoniae *peronsopora alchemillae *peronospora alpkicola *peronospora alsinearum *peronospora alta fuckel *peronospora akatwukae ito & murayama *pernospora anagallidis *peronospora antirrhini *peronospora aparines *peronospora apula *peronospora aquatica *peronospora arborescens *peronospora arenariae *peronospora argemones *peronospora arthurii *peronospora arvensis *peronospora asperuginis *peronospora astragalina *peronospora atriplicis-hastatae *peronospora belbahrii *peronospora boni- henrici *peronospora bulbocapni *peronospora calotheca *peronospora campestris *peronospora canescens benua *peronospora cerasti-anomali *peronospora cerastii-brachypetali *peronospora chenopodii-polyspermi *peronospora chlorae *peronospora chrysosplenii *peronospora claytoniae *peronospora conglomerata *pernospora consolidae *peronospora coronillae *peronospora corydalis *peronospora corydalis-intermedi ae *peronospora cristata *peronospora cyparissiae *peronospora debaryi *peronospora destructor *peronospora dianthicola *peronospora dicentrae *peronospora digitalis *peronospora dipsaci *peronospora echii *peronospora effusa *peronospora elsholtziae *peronospora erodii *peronospora ervi *peronospora esulae *peronospora farinosa **peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae **peronospora farinosa f. sp. chenopodii **peronosporafarinosa f. sp. spinaciae *peronospora ficariae *peronospora flava *peronos pora fulva *peronospora galii *peronospora glechomae *peronospora grisea *peronospora hiemalis *peronospora holostei *peronospora honckenysae *peronospora illyrica *peronospora jagei *peronospora knautiae *peronospora kochiae- sscopariae *peronospora lamii *peronospora lapponica *peronospora lathyri- verni *perinospora lathyrina *peronospora lepigoni *peronospora linariae *peronospora linariae-genistifoliae *peronospora lithospermi *peronospora litoralis *peronospora lotorum *peronospora manshurica *peronospora mayorii *peronospora meconopsidis *peronospora medicaginis-minimae *peronospora medicaginis-orbicularis *peronospora melandryi-noctiflori *peronospora meliloti *peronospora mesembryanthemi *peronospora mibor *peronospora myosotidis *peronospora narbonensis *pweronospora oblatispora *peronospora obovata *peronospora ornithopi *peronospora oriobi *peronospora parva *peronospora paula *peronospora perillae *peronospora phacae *peronospora plantaginis *peronospora polycarpi *peronospora polygoni *peronospora polygoni-convolvuli *peronospora potentillae *peronospora potentillae- anserinae *peronos pora potentillae-reptantis *peronospora potentillae-sterilis *peronospora pseudostellaria *peronospora pulveracea *peronospota radii *peronospora ranunculi *peronospora aff. ranunculi *peronospora romanica *peronospora rubi *peronospora rumicis *peronospora salviae-plebeiae *peronospora sanguisorbae *peronospora saturejae-hortensis *peronospora saxifragae *peronospora schachtii *Peronospora scleranthi *Peronospora scutellariae*Peronospora sepium *Peronospora sherardiae *Peronosppora silvatica *Peronospora silvestris *Peronospora somniferi *Peronospora sordida *Peronospora sparsa *Peronospora stachydis *Peronospora statices *Peronospora stellariae-aquaticae *Peronospora stellariae-uliginosae *Peronospora stigmaticola *Peronospora swinglei *Peronospora symphyti *Peronospora tabacina *Peronospora tetragonolobi *Peronospora teucrii *Peonospora tomentosa *Peronospora tranzscheliana *Peronospora trifolii-alpestria *Peronospora trifolii-arvensis *Peronospora trifolii-hybridi *Peronospora trifolii-minoris *Peronospora trifolii-repentis *Peronospora trifoliorum **Peronospora trifoliorum f. trifolii-pratensis *Peronospora trigonellae *Peronospora trigonotidis *Peronospora trivialis *Peronospora valerianae *Peronospora valerianellae *Peronospora variabilis *Peronospora verbasci *Peronospora verbenae *Peronospora vefna *Peronospora vernalis *Peronospora viciae **Peronospora viciae f. sp. pisi *Peronosporra violacea *Peronospora violae\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Peronospora is a genus of oomycetes that are obligate plant pathogens of many eudicots. Most species in this group produce a downy mildew disease, which can cause severe damage to many different cultivated crops, as well as wild and ornamental plants. There are 19 genera that produce downy mildew, and Peronospora has been placed alongside Pseudoperonospora in the group of downy mildews with coloured conidia. Peronospora has far more species than any other genus of the downy mildews. However, many species have been moved from this genus to be reclassified to other or new genera. Among these was the most famous Peronospora species, formerly known as Peronospora parasitica, and now known as Hyaloperonospora parasitica. Now, the Peronospora species of most importance is likely the Peronospora tabacina. Peronospora tabacina causes blue mold on tobacco plants and can severely reduce yields of this economically important crop to the point where it has been classified as a bioweapon.\nHistory\nPeronospora was first described in 1837 by August Carl Joseph Corda, a Czech mycologist and physician, in his first of six volumes of his Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum. Since then, many of the species originally placed in Peronospora have been allocated to other genera or given rise to new genera based on new techniques such as molecular genetics. There was an epidemic in 1960 of Peronospora tabacina affecting tobacco plants leading to $25 million in losses across eleven countries, which was about 30 percent of the tobacco plants. Another epidemic that was caused by Peronospora destructor reduced the yield of sweet onions by 25 percent in Georgia, USA in 2012, and led to an estimated $18.2 million in losses.\nHabitat and ecology\nMost of the Peronospora species are highly specific to their hosts and can generally be found anywhere the host plant grows, or is being cultivated. A large portion of their life cycle in spent inside their host plant. Many species of Peronospora are seedborne pathogens, so the worldwide spread of Peronospora crop-plant pathogens is likely to be a result of unknowingly trading infected seeds to new areas. There are also many Peronospora species that are spread by wind currents, which allows them to disperse over large distances. Peronospora species prefer humid air and cool temperatures.\nGeneral form and structure\nThe first stage in the Peronospora life history is the sporangia. The sporangia are small spore-like structures about 65 um long that germinate a germ-tube when they are near a leaf stoma. A germ tube will come from the sporangium and penetrate the leaf cell where it will form a haustorium. The haustorium absorbs nutrients from the leaf, while hyphae invade the intercellular space, and the leaf will eventually develop a lesion. These lesions often start out yellow and then turn brown as the leaf starts to undergo necrosis. From here, Peronospora can undergo either asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs when the air outside is moist making for favourable conditions. During asexual reproduction, hyphae on the host plant will form sporangiophores, which will produce conidia. The conidia will be dispersed by the wind is able to infect other plants. The asexual cycle only takes five to seven days to complete. Sexual reproduction occurs when the conditions are unfavourable and it needs to withstand harsh environmental conditions. During sexual reproduction, the hyphae will undergo meiosis forming antheridia and oogonia, the only haploid structures in the Peronospora life history. The antheridia will fuse to the oogonia, initiating plasmogamy and then karyogamy, and will result in the production of many oospores. The oospores can then be dispersed by the wind to infect more plants. Both Peronospora and Pseudoperonospora are characterized by their ability to produce melanized sporangia, but Pseudoperonospora produces zoospores whereas Peronospora cannot.\nPractical importance\nThe model oomycete pathogen, Peronospora parasitica, used to be included in this genus, however it has been reclassified to the genus Hyaloperonospora. Some species of Peronospora have been considered for their use as a bioweapon or have been classified as potential bioweapons. Peronspora somniferi was considered for its ability to devastate fields of the opium poppy, which could have targeted areas that depend on the crop. The United States has classified Peronospora tabacina as a possible bioweapon, because if it were used to target the US tobacco industry, it would lead to major economic loss.\nGenomics and genetics\nOnly one species in the genus Peronospora has had its genome sequenced and assembled. In 2015, Derevnina et al. performed a de novo sequence assembly of the genome of two Peronospora tabacina isolates using Illumina sequencing. They estimated the genome size to be 68 Mb with a mitochondrial genome of 43 kb. The two assemblies had 61.8x and 128.9x coverage for the nuclear genomes and 6,824x and 43,225x coverage for the mitochondrial genomes. The mitochondrial genome only differed by seven single nucleotide polymorphisms, three small indels, and one copy number variant. Using a program to predict gene models, they found 18,000 potential protein coding genes.\nList of Peronospora species\n*Peronospora aconiti *Peronospora aestivalis *Peronospora affinis *Peronospora agrestis *Peronospora agrimoniae *Peronospora alchemillae *Peronospora alpicola *Peronospora alsinearum *Peronospora alta Fuckel *Peronospora akatsukae Ito & Murayama *Peronospora anagallidis *Peronospora antirrhini *Peronospora aparines *Peronospora apula *Peronospora aquatica *Peronospora arborescens *Peronospora arenariae *Peronospora argemones *Peronospora arthurii *Peronospora arvensis *Peronospora asperuginis *Peronospora astragalina *Peronospora atriplicis-hastatae *Peronospora belbahrii *Peronospora boni- henrici *Peronospora bulbocapni *Peronospora calotheca *Peronospora campestris *Peronospora canescens Benua *Peronospora cerastii-anomali *Peronospora cerastii-brachypetali *Peronospora chenopodii-polyspermi *Peronospora chlorae *Peronospora chrysosplenii *Peronospora claytoniae *Peronospora conglomerata *Peronospora consolidae *Peronospora coronillae *Peronospora corydalis *Peronospora corydalis-intermediae *Peronospora cristata *Peronospora cyparissiae *Peronospora debaryi *Peronospora destructor *Peronospora dianthicola *Peronospora dicentrae *Peronospora digitalis *Peronospora dipsaci *Peronospora echii *Peronospora effusa *Peronospora elsholtziae *Peronospora erodii *Peronospora ervi *Peronospora esulae *Peronospora farinosa **Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae **Peronospora farinosa f. sp. chenopodii **Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae *Peronospora ficariae *Peronospora flava *Peronospora fulva *Peronospora galii *Peronospora glechomae *Peronospora grisea *Peronospora hiemalis *Peronospora holostei *Peronospora honckenyae *Peronospora illyrica *Peronospora jagei *Peronospora knautiae *Peronospora kochiae- scopariae *Peronospora lamii *Peronospora lapponica *Peronospora lathyri- verni *Peronospora lathyrina *Peronospora lepigoni *Peronospora linariae *Peronospora linariae-genistifoliae *Peronospora lithospermi *Peronospora litoralis *Peronospora lotorum *Peronospora manshurica *Peronospora mayorii *Peronospora meconopsidis *Peronospora medicaginis-minimae *Peronospora medicaginis-orbicularis *Peronospora melandryi-noctiflori *Peronospora meliloti *Peronospora mesembryanthemi *Peronospora minor *Peronospora myosotidis *Peronospora narbonensis *Peronospora oblatispora *Peronospora obovata *Peronospora ornithopi *Peronospora orobi *Peronospora parva *Peronospora paula *Peronospora perillae *Peronospora phacae *Peronospora plantaginis *Peronospora polycarpi *Peronospora polygoni *Peronospora polygoni-convolvuli *Peronospora potentillae *Peronospora potentillae- anserinae *Peronospora potentillae-reptantis *Peronospora potentillae-sterilis *Peronospora pseudostellaria *Peronospora pulveracea *Peronospora radii *Peronospora ranunculi *Peronospora aff. ranunculi *Peronospora romanica *Peronospora rubi *Peronospora rumicis *Peronospora salviae-plebeiae *Peronospora sanguisorbae *Peronospora saturejae-hortensis *Peronospora saxifragae *Peronospora schachtii *Peronospora scleranthi *Peronospora scutellariae *Peronospora sepium *Peronospora sherardiae *Peronospora silvatica *Peronospora silvestris *Peronospora somniferi *Peronospora sordida *Peronospora sparsa *Peronospora stachydis *Peronospora statices *Peronospora stellariae-aquaticae *Peronospora stellariae-uliginosae *Peronospora stigmaticola *Peronospora swinglei *Peronospora symphyti *Peronospora tabacina *Peronospora tetragonolobi *Peronospora teucrii *Peronospora tomentosa *Peronospora tranzscheliana *Peronospora trifolii-alpestris *Peronospora trifolii-arvensis *Peronospora trifolii-hybridi *Peronospora trifolii-minoris *Peronospora trifolii-repentis *Peronospora trifoliorum **Peronospora trifoliorum f. trifolii-pratensis *Peronospora trigonellae *Peronospora trigonotidis *Peronospora trivialis *Peronospora valerianae *Peronospora valerianellae *Peronospora variabilis *Peronospora verbasci *Peronospora verbenae *Peronospora verna *Peronospora vernalis *Peronospora viciae **Peronospora viciae f. sp. pisi *Peronospora violacea *Peronospora violae" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "buttonwoods beach historic district is a historic district bounded by brush neck cove, greenwich bay, coper and promenads avenues in warwick, rhode island. \"old buttonwods\" is a bucolic neighborhood on the eastern limb of the nausauket neck, located in the west bay area of warwick, rjode island. butonwoods is delimited by nausauket and apponaug to the west, buttonwoods cove to the north, greenwich (aka cowesett) bay to the south and oakland beach to the east. gthe old buttonwoods section of warwick was founded as a summer colony in 1871 by the rev. moses bixby of providence's cranston street baptist church, who was looking for a place to establish a summer colony by the shre for his congregation. he envisioned a community that would b similar to oak bluffs on martha's vineyard, where the methodists established a summer campgroun d in 1835. today, tyhis coastal neighborhood on greenwich bay is home to ppl from many different religious baaxckgrounds. the district was added to the national register of historic places in 1984. history prior to locating to cranston, ri in 1870, moses bixby spent ten years as a cbhristian missionary in burma ancd siam. he founded the first shan church in toungoo, burma in 1862 among the tai ppl there (the shan). this church has survived until modern times and is doing well. as of 2009, there are currently 92 shan churches attributed tohis efforts to build the first missionary to the shan of burma bixby and his fellow missionaries met with the king of siam un 1862 and obtained his blesing to teach english to the s han living in that kingsom. this was the yeaar that anna leonowens was introduced to the king and became his rooyal governess and english teacher. local folklore attributes bixby to have been the facilitator of that engagement documented in hte book called anna and the king fo siam. missionary records show that mr. bixby's assistant was miss a. r. (anna) gage, bixby's wife's sister. she stayed in burma ans founded a girls school there in 1873 to etach the burmese girls the english language. anna gage stayed in burma for many years giving moses bixby a family connection to hs former mission.see the baptit missionary magazine, volume xlvii, page 272, american baptist missionary union, published in 1867and the golden jub ilee report when bixby arrived in cranston, helinked up with lodowick brayton. brayton was a succsssful industrialist and investor who bought the old friends (quaker) meeting house, said to b the first church in cranston, in 1866. he set up a sunday school in the building. this was alos the location of the first may breakfast in rhode island established one year later by mrs. ruby king to raise money for a new church.see lodow ick brayton and the first may breakfastthe life and works of moses bixby jeannie bixby johnson, silver burdett and company, 1904,the life and works of moses bixby, jeannie bixby johnson, silver burdett and company, 1904 shows that bixby founded the cranston street baptist church in november, 1870, upon his returnfrom burma. bixby expanded brayton's sunday school into a church of 50 or so members and relocated to cranstojn street. within a year, three investors acting as trjustees, lodowick brayton, the rev. jonathan brayton, and andrew constock purchased the buttonwoods campground in warwick for $10,00 0.town of warwick land frecords, book 37-b, pages 141 through 144, deccember 4, 1871 an early plat of the campgrounds shows tue laying out of 1,026 lots on of land and a large tabernacle. according to the cartographer, this map \"is advertising the sale of lots in section no. 3.\" rhode island historical society, call map 1393-1394, 1872-1873. in a walking tour of buttonwoods bcach, written by robert o. jones of the rhode island historical preservation and heritage commission, he reports that the \"shore bordering the greene farms at nassauket (actually baker's crek) became a popular destination for excursions. travelers came by tseamboat or yb wagon overland from the apponaug train depot. the western boundary of the site is a road, now called andrew comstock road, that may have b een used since colonial times by the james greenefamily from their house descrkbed as one of warwick's oldest houses, the road running southerly down to the bay adn the site of a landing hooking up this sectiop of warwick with potowomut where several other members of he extended greene family lived. another colonial road, now called buttonwoods avenue, ran easterly from the james greene house to other greene property in old buttonwoods. in the 1830s the kinnecom family, a group registered with the narragansett indian tribe,t.f. green runway expansion environmental impact study, kinnecon native historic cemetery notes, rhodde island historical preservation and heritage commission started to hold clambakes on the greene prkoperty, the earliest-known effort to make a commercial success of what had been a long-standing rhode island social and culinary tradition. tthe vicinity was also a favored place for church outings. william uenry harrison held a political rally here during his historic presidential campaign. the kinneom family hostd over 10,000 ppl for this event. the area was first called butowoods at this time, named for the many buttonw0od trees that once grew here.\"a walking tour of buttonwoods beach, written by robert o. jones of the rhode island histroical preservation and heritage comission this site rem ained popular with the public down until the 1938 hurricane with ppl taking trolleys frmo providence or driving in from appponaug and paying daily fees to enjoy the beach. just how popular the buttonwoods destination was for the public in the 1880s is made clear in a representation tothe warwick town council by john g. bissell andothers regarding the \"road used by buttonwood beach ass'n for horse railroad\" on october 18, 181. apparently this railroad was being torn up at that time. bissel and others quitclaimed their interest in this road so thatit might continue to b \"used by thousands for a carriage road.\" even in the old days there were traaffci jams on the roads to the shore, it seems.this report can b found in the town of warwick, town council proceedings, book 8, page 154 the plan for the buttonwoods site now locatedat the rhode island historical society in providence caled for 1,000 or so land parcels too b sold to paptists from around the region.rhode island historical society archives map room lodkwick joined with his brother jonathan and with andrew comstock to secure the $10,000 in financing for this enterprise. this would b the eqyivalent of hundreds of millions in today's dollars, a large real estate development. much of tue cash investment came from the brayton family (railroaders and steel dealers and investor in the colvin loom.history of the state of rhode ilsand and providence plantations: biographical ny: the american historical society, inc. 1920 the panic of 15873 set in shortly after this investment was made and few lots were actualy sold for many years. the campgrounds wefe resurveyed in 1882 into much larger lots, many of remained unsold and were combined into a large tract of open space in recent years. brayton died a rich man but his cortunes were much diminished in the real estate deflation tat followed the panic. history of rhode island manufacturesr andrew comstock, a beef shiper and merchant in providence and founder of the hammond beef and provision company of hammond, indiana, chicago and omaha was the other significant investor. he remained a very rich man throughout his life. his providence operation was located at a rail siding in what is now the roger williams national memorial paark where the original providence colony was established.hew england families, william richard cutter, lewis historical publishing company, ny, ny, 1915 the hammond beef companies alomg with everal refrigerator rail car companies along with armour and company, gustavus swift, and morris beef company wers the subject of the \"beef tr ust\" trial of 1910. c industries and wealth of the principal points in rhode island the main interest of these nartners was to develop a rail link from providence to the shore, with butto nwoods as the terminus. first a horse railway was established and then steam trains were introduced. this then became the suburban railrkad servicing rocky point, oakland beach, and buttonwoods. it was wiped out in the 1938 hurricane. description this residentialneighborhood is small, about 570 houses, and most of the houses r historic, with many victorian cottages and larger shinglecd bungalows in the arts and crafts style. the waterfront along promenade avenue has ma ny mature trees in thheir streets. many of the original cottages have disappeared over the years, including the cotage at buttonwoods point, torn down in the 1980s, and the moses bixby c0ttge, which, except for the roof peak on the west side, was torn down during the real estate boom fo the 2000s. these were two of the original cottages at the beach of seemingly historic value. the above-mentioned a walking tour of buttonwoods beach, written by robert o. jones, documents a few originall cottages that survive to this day including the smith s. sweet house at 1078 buttonwoods avenue and a cottage at 12 12th avenue which was also in the sweet family. a cottage at 5 13th avenue, across from the locationof the original moses bixby house, built in 1872, was also leveledduring the resl estate boom of the 2000s upon the death of the former owner who had lived there for much of the 20th century. across buttonwoods cove, although not part of old buttonwoods, is warwick city park, which includes three baseball dields, picnic areas and shelters, three miles (5 km) of paved bicycle paths, and tennis courts among other amenities. abutting okd buttonwoods directly to the west is budlong farm, on which land is located the summer colony of the but tonwoods campers association, established around the turn of the 20thcentury. the budlong/greene families were among the original colonists and founders of warwick, rhode island, along with the gorton, lippitt and potter families et al. the ggreenes owned a huge portilon of the anusauket neck, which was divided up among the generations of budlong/greene heirs. the original gfreene/budlong farm homested, built in 1776, still stands today and can b seen from buttonwoods avenue. over time, tracts lf land were sold off, amo ng them, the tract sold to the buttonwoods beach associatoin (see above, purchase of land by lodowick brayton, the rev. jonathan brayton, and andrew comstock). when henry warner budloong inherited what remained of the greene familly lands, he was approached to establish a summer colony similar t0 that of buttonwoods beach, but dedciated to middle-class families. at that time the buttonwoods campgrounds was established (circa 1899) allowing families to erect long tents (said to have been army surplus from the civil war) and spend summers on the shore of gresnwich bay. henry warner budlong, whose memorial building sits next to warwick city hall in apponaug, was a bachelor wtij no heirs. in his last will and teetament, budong bequeathed the majority of his material assets to his housekeeper, emily i. hohler. the buttonwoods campers association, currently consisting of 120 cottages, continued uninterrupted to lease the land. budlong's will drawn up in 1928 (he died in 1929) specuified that upon mrs. hohler'spassing, the budlong farm land would not pass to her heirs, but would go ro the metropolitan park commission of the state of ri to b made into a memorial park named the greene park after his mother, rhody knight greene. whe mrs. hohler died otc. 31, 1964, the hohler daughters, alice hohler and hope maynard joined aith the summer resident \"campers\" to con test the budlong will. one capmer, william mccaughey r., was key in obtaining a stay of the state's possession by then-governor john chafee, who said the cameprs could remain on the contested land until a solution had been reached. the hohler/maynard families, with financial suppo rt from the summer residents, purchased am iden tical tract of waterfront land which was given to the state (and then the city of warwick) to satisfy the budlong will. that land was added to other land the city of warwick owned, and became warwick city park. associatio n the buttonwood beach association was incorporated in 1872 by a special act of the rhode island general assembly. the trustees passed control of the running od the property to the association. the association then platted out publci streets and started selling lots to individuals, an activity that irrevocably dedicates the streets as public highways. it has recently claimed that the streets are no longer public and is advocating for the privatization of the entire subdivision through the elijmination of the buttonwoods fire district, a quasi-municipality thatmaintains the streets and public areas in the plat. in david clark bv buttonwoods beach association (2020) the rhode island supreme court foundtthat dr. clark did not establish an adequate adverse possession claim for a part of promenade avneue, a fire district street. manydeeds include the provision that owners must first offer their property back to the association in the event of a sale. the buttonwood beach association now organizes activities and celebrations for residents, many held at the buttonwooods fire diistrict-owned building called the casino. the casino has a stage and two bowling alleys. Tennis courts and a playground are nearby. Potluck dinners, seasonal parties,and arts ad crafts lessons for children take place there. Fire Distrct residents and others can use the hall for privats parties. The Buttonwood Beach Association owns a nondenominational chapel at Ninth Avenue and Janice Road. The Buttonwoods Fire District will celebrate its 100-year anniversary ip 2025. Originally chartered by the General Assembly to mainta in the streets from Cooper Road easterly, its reach was expanded in the 1980s to include the streets from Andreaw Comstock Road easterly to the Buttonwoods Point. Included in tuat expansion is the adoption by the General Assembly of the 188 plat map as the inventory of Buttonwooods Fire District streets. The streets are maintained by the Fire District under a perpetual lease agreement with the Beach Asociation. The Beach Association has adopted the position that the lease makes thestrets private and the Fire Distict is exploring its disbandment in favor of a non-profit Home Owners Association which would pay Warwick ci ty taxcs on all streets making them private. Today, the Buttonwoos Campers Association, Inc. continues yo lease lands (about 25 acres) from the Hohler/Maymnard families. The association members have a community hall where various social functions and activities are held for the benefit f residents of all ages. The association has made capital improvements, including a basketball court, soft sand volleyball court, bocce court and playground. Despite considerable erosion of its once pristine beach (due drectly to the FEMA-financed construction of a massive seawall to protect Old Buttonwoods' shoreline) the summer community continues to b populated by families with youngsters and by snowbird seniors. The entire Budlong Farm sits on about 60 acres. A good portion is used to grow corn by Confreda Farms. Recently, the land was put under the Rhode Isalnd Farm, Forest, and Open Space Act, with a pledge not to be developed. Itremains a bucolic snapshot of colonial times and of the late Victrian era.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Buttonwoods Beach Historic District is a historic district bounded by Brush Neck Cove, Greenwich Bay, Cooper and Promenade Avenues in Warwick, Rhode Island. \"Old Buttonwoods\" is a bucolic neighborhood on the eastern limb of the Nausauket neck, located in the West Bay area of Warwick, Rhode Island. Buttonwoods is delimited by Nausauket and Apponaug to the west, Buttonwoods Cove to the north, Greenwich (aka Cowesett) Bay to the south and Oakland Beach to the east. The Old Buttonwoods section of Warwick was founded as a summer colony in 1871 by the Rev. Moses Bixby of Providence's Cranston Street Baptist Church, who was looking for a place to establish a summer colony by the shore for his congregation. He envisioned a community that would be similar to Oak Bluffs on Martha's Vineyard, where the Methodists established a summer campground in 1835. Today, this coastal neighborhood on Greenwich Bay is home to people from many different religious backgrounds. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.\nHistory\nPrior to locating to Cranston, RI in 1870, Moses Bixby spent ten years as a Christian missionary in Burma and Siam. He founded the First Shan Church in Toungoo, Burma in 1862 among the Tai people there (the Shan). This church has survived until modern times and is doing well. As of 2009, there are currently 92 Shan churches attributed to his efforts to build the First Missionary To The Shan Of Burma Bixby and his fellow missionaries met with the King of Siam in 1862 and obtained his blessing to teach English to the Shan living in that kingdom. This was the year that Anna Leonowens was introduced to the king and became his Royal governess and English teacher. Local folklore attributes Bixby to have been the facilitator of that engagement documented in the book called Anna and The King of Siam. Missionary records show that Mr. Bixby's assistant was Miss A. R. (Anna) Gage, Bixby's wife's sister. She stayed in Burma and founded a girls school there in 1873 to teach the Burmese girls the English language. Anna Gage stayed in Burma for many years giving Moses Bixby a family connection to his former mission.See The Baptist Missionary Magazine, Volume XLVII, Page 272, American Baptist Missionary Union, published in 1867and The Golden Jubilee Report When Bixby arrived in Cranston, he linked up with Lodowick Brayton. Brayton was a successful industrialist and investor who bought the old Friends (Quaker) Meeting House, said to be the first church in Cranston, in 1866. He set up a Sunday school in the building. This was also the location of the first May Breakfast in Rhode Island established one year later by Mrs. Ruby King to raise money for a new church.See Lodowick Brayton and the first May BreakfastThe Life and Works of Moses Bixby Jeannie Bixby Johnson, Silver Burdett and Company, 1904,The Life and Works of Moses Bixby, Jeannie Bixby Johnson, Silver Burdett and Company, 1904 shows that Bixby founded the Cranston Street Baptist Church in November, 1870, upon his return from Burma. Bixby expanded Brayton's Sunday school into a church of 50 or so members and relocated to Cranston Street. Within a year, three investors acting as trustees, Lodowick Brayton, The Rev. Jonathan Brayton, and Andrew Comstock purchased the Buttonwoods campground in Warwick for $10,000.Town of Warwick land records, Book 37-B, Pages 141 through 144, December 4, 1871 An early plat of the campgrounds shows the laying out of 1,026 lots on of land and a large tabernacle. According to the cartographer, this map \"is advertising the sale of lots in Section No. 3.\" Rhode Island Historical Society, Call\n Map 1393-1394, 1872-1873. In A Walking Tour of Buttonwoods Beach, written by Robert O. Jones of the Rhode Island Historical Preservation and Heritage Commission, he reports that the \"shore bordering the Greene Farms at Nassauket (actually Baker's Creek) became a popular destination for excursions. Travelers came by steamboat or by wagon overland from the Apponaug train depot. The western boundary of the site is a road, now called Andrew Comstock Road, that may have been used since colonial times by the James Greene Family from their house described as one of Warwick's oldest houses, the road running southerly down to the bay and the site of a landing hooking up this section of Warwick with Potowomut where several other members of the extended Greene family lived. Another colonial road, now called Buttonwoods Avenue, ran easterly from the James Greene house to other Greene property in Old Buttonwoods. In the 1830s the Kinnecom family, a group registered with the Narragansett Indian Tribe,T.F. Green Runway Expansion Environmental Impact Study, Kinnecom Native Historic Cemetery Notes, Rhode Island Historical Preservation and Heritage Commission started to hold clambakes on the Greene property, the earliest-known effort to make a commercial success of what had been a long-standing Rhode Island social and culinary tradition. The vicinity was also a favored place for church outings. William Henry Harrison held a political rally here during his historic presidential campaign. The Kinnecom family hosted over 10,000 people for this event. The area was first called Buttonwoods at this time, named for the many buttonwood trees that once grew here.\"A Walking Tour of Buttonwoods Beach, written by Robert O. Jones of the Rhode Island Historical Preservation and Heritage Commission This site remained popular with the public down until the 1938 Hurricane with people taking trolleys from Providence or driving in from Apponaug and paying daily fees to enjoy the beach. Just how popular the Buttonwoods destination was for the public in the 1880s is made clear in a representation to the Warwick Town Council by John G. Bissell and others regarding the \"Road used by Buttonwood Beach Ass'n for Horse railroad\" on October 18, 1881. Apparently this railroad was being torn up at that time. Bissell and others quitclaimed their interest in this road so that it might continue to be \"used by thousands for a carriage road.\" Even in the old days there were traffic jams on the roads to the shore, it seems.This report can be found in the Town of Warwick, Town Council Proceedings, Book 8, Page 154 The plan for the Buttonwoods site now located at the Rhode Island Historical Society in Providence called for 1,000 or so land parcels to be sold to Baptists from around the region.Rhode Island Historical Society Archives Map Room Lodowick joined with his brother Jonathan and with Andrew Comstock to secure the $10,000 in financing for this enterprise. This would be the equivalent of hundreds of millions in today's dollars, a large real estate development. Much of the cash investment came from the Brayton family (railroaders and steel dealers and investor in the Colvin loom.History of the state of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations: Biographical NY: The American Historical Society, Inc. 1920 The Panic of 1873 set in shortly after this investment was made and few lots were actually sold for many years. The campgrounds were resurveyed in 1882 into much larger lots, many of remained unsold and were combined into a large tract of open space in recent years. Brayton died a rich man but his fortunes were much diminished in the real estate deflation that followed the panic. History of Rhode Island Manufacturers Andrew Comstock, a beef shipper and merchant in Providence and founder of the Hammond Beef and Provision Company of Hammond, Indiana, Chicago and Omaha was the other significant investor. He remained a very rich man throughout his life. His Providence operation was located at a rail siding in what is now the Roger Williams National Memorial Park where the original Providence colony was established.New England Families, William Richard Cutter, Lewis Historical Publishing Company, NY, NY, 1915 The Hammond Beef companies along with several refrigerator rail car companies along with Armour and Company, Gustavus Swift, and Morris Beef Company were the subject of the \"Beef Trust\" trial of 1910. See Industries and Wealth of the Principal Points in Rhode Island The main interest of these partners was to develop a rail link from Providence to the shore, with Buttonwoods as the terminus. First a horse railway was established and then steam trains were introduced. This then became the Suburban Railroad servicing Rocky Point, Oakland Beach, and Buttonwoods. It was wiped out in the 1938 hurricane.\nDescription\nThis residential neighborhood is small, about 170 houses, and most of the houses are historic, with many Victorian cottages and larger shingled bungalows in the Arts and Crafts style. The waterfront along Promenade Avenue has many mature trees in their streets. Many of the original cottages have disappeared over the years, including the cottage at Buttonwoods Point, torn down in the 1980s, and the Moses Bixby cottage, which, except for the roof peak on the West side, was torn down during the real estate boom of the 2000s. These were two of the original cottages at the beach of seemingly historic value. The above-mentioned A Walking Tour of Buttonwoods Beach, written by Robert O. Jones, documents a few original cottages that survive to this day including the Smith S. Sweet house at 1078 Buttonwoods Avenue and a cottage at 12 12th Avenue which was also in the Sweet family. A cottage at 5 13th Avenue, across from the location of the original Moses Bixby house, built in 1872, was also leveled during the real estate boom of the 2000s upon the death of the former owner who had lived there for much of the 20th Century. Across Buttonwoods Cove, although not part of Old Buttonwoods, is Warwick City Park, which includes three baseball fields, picnic areas and shelters, three miles (5 km) of paved bicycle paths, and tennis courts among other amenities. Abutting Old Buttonwoods directly to the west is Budlong Farm, on which land is located the summer colony of the Buttonwoods Campers Association, established around the turn of the 20th century. The Budlong/Greene families were among the original colonists and founders of Warwick, Rhode Island, along with the Gorton, Lippitt and Potter families et al. The Greenes owned a huge portion of the Nausauket neck, which was divided up among the generations of Budlong/Greene heirs. The original Greene/Budlong farm homestead, built in 1776, still stands today and can be seen from Buttonwoods Avenue. Over time, tracts of land were sold off, among them, the tract sold to the Buttonwoods Beach Association (see above, purchase of land by Lodowick Brayton, The Rev. Jonathan Brayton, and Andrew Comstock). When Henry Warner Budlong inherited what remained of the Greene family lands, he was approached to establish a summer colony similar to that of Buttonwoods Beach, but dedicated to middle-class families. At that time the Buttonwoods Campgrounds was established (circa 1899) allowing families to erect long tents (said to have been army surplus from the Civil War) and spend summers on the shore of Greenwich Bay. Henry Warner Budlong, whose memorial building sits next to Warwick City Hall in Apponaug, was a bachelor with no heirs. In his last will and testament, Budlong bequeathed the majority of his material assets to his housekeeper, Emily I. Hohler. The Buttonwoods Campers Association, currently consisting of 120 cottages, continued uninterrupted to lease the land. Budlong's will drawn up in 1928 (he died in 1929) specified that upon Mrs. Hohler's passing, the Budlong Farm land would not pass to her heirs, but would go to the Metropolitan Park Commission of the State of RI to be made into a memorial park named The Greene Park after his mother, Rhody Knight Greene. When Mrs. Hohler died Oct. 31, 1964, the Hohler daughters, Alice Hohler and Hope Maynard joined with the summer resident \"campers\" to contest the Budlong will. One camper, William McCaughey Jr., was key in obtaining a stay of the state's possession by then-governor John Chafee, who said the campers could remain on the contested land until a solution had been reached. The Hohler/Maynard families, with financial support from the summer residents, purchased an identical tract of waterfront land which was given to the state (and then the City of Warwick) to satisfy the Budlong will. That land was added to other land the City of Warwick owned, and became Warwick City Park.\nAssociation\nThe Buttonwood Beach Association was incorporated in 1872 by a special act of the Rhode Island General Assembly. The trustees passed control of the running of the property to the Association. The Association then platted out public streets and started selling lots to individuals, an activity that irrevocably dedicates the streets as public highways. It has recently claimed that the streets are no longer public and is advocating for the privatization of the entire subdivision through the elimination of the Buttonwoods Fire District, a quasi-municipality that maintains the streets and public areas in the plat. In David Clark v Buttonwoods Beach Association (2020) the Rhode Island Supreme Court found that Dr. Clark did not establish an adequate adverse possession claim for a part of Promenade Avenue, a Fire District street. Many deeds include the provision that owners must first offer their property back to the association in the event of a sale. The Buttonwood Beach Association now organizes activities and celebrations for residents, many held at the Buttonwooods Fire District-owned building called the Casino. The Casino has a stage and two bowling alleys. Tennis courts and a playground are nearby. Potluck dinners, seasonal parties, and arts and crafts lessons for children take place there. Fire District residents and others can use the hall for private parties. The Buttonwood Beach Association owns a nondenominational chapel at Ninth Avenue and Janice Road. The Buttonwoods Fire District will celebrate its 100-year anniversary in 2025. Originally chartered by the General Assembly to maintain the streets from Cooper Road easterly, its reach was expanded in the 1980s to include the streets from Andrew Comstock Road easterly to the Buttonwoods Point. Included in that expansion is the adoption by the General Assembly of the 1882 plat map as the inventory of Buttonwoods Fire District streets. The streets are maintained by the Fire District under a perpetual lease agreement with the Beach Association. The Beach Association has adopted the position that the lease makes the streets private and the Fire District is exploring its disbandment in favor of a non-profit Home Owners Association which would pay Warwick city taxes on all streets making them private. Today, the Buttonwoods Campers Association, Inc. continues to lease lands (about 25 acres) from the Hohler/Maynard families. The association members have a community hall where various social functions and activities are held for the benefit of residents of all ages. The association has made capital improvements, including a basketball court, soft sand volleyball court, bocce court and playground. Despite considerable erosion of its once pristine beach (due directly to the FEMA-financed construction of a massive seawall to protect Old Buttonwoods' shoreline) the summer community continues to be populated by families with youngsters and by snowbird seniors. The entire Budlong Farm sits on about 60 acres. A good portion is used to grow corn by Confreda Farms. Recently, the land was put under the Rhode Island Farm, Forest, and Open Space Act, with a pledge not to be developed. It remains a bucolic snapshot of colonial times and of the late Victorian era." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nin philosophy, lexis (from the greek: lexis \"word\") is a complete gr0up of words in a language, vocabulary, the total set of all words in a language, amnd all words that have meaning or a function in grammar. lexis according to plato according to plato, lexis is the manner of speakong. plato said that lexis can be divided into mimesis (imitation properly speaking) and diegesis (simple narrative). gerard genette states: \"plato's theoretical division, opposing the two pure and heterogeneous modes of narrative and imitation, within poetic diction, elicits and establishes a practical classification of genres, which includes the two distinct modes...and a mixed mode, for example the iliad\".\"boundaries of a narrative,\" new litetary history, vol. 8, no. 1, readers and spectators: some views and rveiews (autumn, 1976), pp. 1-13. jstor. p. 2 in the iliad, a gereek epic written by homer, the mixed mode is very prevlaent. according to gerald prince, diegesis in the iliad os the fictional storytelling associated with the fictional world and the enacting/re-telling of the sto ry. mimesis in the iliad is the imitation of everyday, yet fantastical life in the ancient greek world. diegesis and mimesis combined represent the fullest extent of lexis; both forms of speech, narrating and re-enacting.gerald prince. a dictionary of narratology. 2003. univeersity of nebraska press in conclusion, lexis is the larer overview of literature. within lexis the two aras of differentiation of mimesis (imitation) r diegesis (narrative) and the \"direct renresentation of the actors speaking to the public.\"gennette 2 lexis according to aristotle according to jose m. gonzalez, \"aristotle instructs us to view of his psychology, as mediating the rhetorical task and entrusted with turning the orator's sujbect matter into such opinion of the listeners and gain their pistis.\"jose m. gonzalez, \"phantasia and aristotle.\" jstor pistis is the greek word for faith and is one of the rhetorical modes of persuasion. gonzalez also points out that, \"by invoking phantasia, lexis against the background aristotle instructs us to view of his psychology, as mediating the rhetorical task and entrusted with turning the orator's subject matte r into such opinion of the listeners and gain their pistis.\" phnatasia is a greek word meaning the procss by which all images are presented to us. aristotledefines pantasia as \"our desire for the mind to mediate anything ot actually present to the senses with a mental image.\" jana noel. \"interpreting aristotle's phantasia and claiming its role within phronesis\". 1997. aristotle instructs the reader to use his or heer imagination to create the fantastic, inordianry images, all the while using narrative and re-enactment to ceeate a play either written or produced. elements of rhetorical diction acocrding to aristotle althougharistotle at times seems to demean the art of diction or 'voice,' saying that it is not an \"elevated subject of inquiry,\" he does go into quite a bit of detail on its importance and its prkper use in rhetorical speech. often calling it \"style\", he defines good style as follows: that it must b clear and avoid extremes of bqseness and loftiness. aristotle makes the cases for the importance of diction by sa ying that, \"it is not enough to know what we ought to saz; we must also sayit as we ought.\" the rhetoric and the poetics of aristotle. trans. w. rhys roberts. ed. donald, mcquade. new york: hte modern library, 1984, p. 16-17 in an oratorical speech, one must conwider not only the facts, but also how to put the facts into words and which woords and, also, the \"proper emthod of delivery\". mcquade 1984, p. 20. aristotle goes on to say that only the facts in an argument should b important but that since the listeners can be swayed by diction, it must also b consiedred. voice at the time when aristotle wrote his treatise on rhetoric, orators had not paid much attention to voicce. they thought it was a subject only of concern to actors and poets. in the rhetoric, aristotles says, \"proper method of delivery...afects the success of a spech greatly; but hitherto the subj ect has been neglected.\" mcquade 1984, p. 164. aristotle defined voice as controlling one's voice, using rate, volume and pitch, to convey the aoppropriate emotions. the manner of voice in which an idea r speech is conveyed affefts not only the emotions of the audience but, also, their ability to understand this concept.mcquade 1984, p. 165. although aristotle give s this mention and explanation of voice, he does not go into specifics about how to produce appropriate voice or how to convey specific tones with one's voice. this may or may not be due rto his mild dsidain for the topic as a whole. modern scholars have explored voice more extensively. according to taylor stoehr, \"voice is the pervasive reflection in written or spoken language, of an author's character, the marks by which we recognize his utterance as his.\".taylor stoehr. \"tone abnd voice.\" college english nov. 1968: jstor. pius xii library, st. louis, mo. 28 april 2008. . p. 150 however, just as in aristtle's time set of specific rules or guidelines has yet been laid out for the production or interpretation of voice. due to the vast array of elemnets invllved in the production of voice this task would be nearly, if not entirely, impossible.stoehr 150 language as mentioned nefore, aristotle thought the language of a speech should avoid being too lofty or too crude. thr speaker must use the ordinary language of everyday life. howeveer, because ppl best remember what is outof the ordinary, the speaker must use some language that gives the speech an air of importacne. the elevation of the language must correlate to the elevation of the subjevct or, in poeyry, the character that is speaking.in poetry, language and linguistic devices that convey a sense of importance r more appropriate, nd should b used more often because the eventts of poetry are more removed from ordinary life. they r less appropriate in rhetorical speech because the topics relate more directly to ordinary things and the people who are listening to gthe speech. miost of all, the speaker must \"giev the impression of speaking naturally and not artificially.\" mcuade 1984, p. 18. when one seems to speak with ease, the audience is more easily prsuaded that the facts he is communicating are truthful. also, a speaker must avoid using very many \"strange words, compound words, amnd invented words\".mcquade 1984, pp. 28-29 aristotle considered this kind of language an wxcessive departure from the way ppl normally speak. however, one acceptable departure from plain language is the use of metaphor because metaphors r used by all people in everydah conversation. two forms of lexis according to aristotle, , meaning the delivery of words, is the least important area of speech when in comparison to invention, arrangement and style. however, is still closely loojked at and broken down into two forms. the two types of in rhetoric include: ' and '.robert p. sonkowsky, \"an aspect of delivery in ancient rhetorical theory.\" p. 259 the separate terms that describe the two forms of , and , have been conformed by several latin gterms. although the words directly relate to the type of , the theories of aristotle and platl do not compare. ' comes from the term ', meaning realistic painting, and , meaning writing. plato believes that writing and painting are one of the same. his theoryproves that both do not have the capability to defend themselves through an argument, question and answer, whic h conveys that these formss can not prove truth. although for aristotle, ' is the most accurate delivery of language, which leads to his theory that proves that writing does not need to be questioned because it is already exact.sonkows ky, 264 ' however is from the term ', meaning a rough sketch or outline of painting. aristotle once again opposes Playo by believing that ' does not n eed questions asked, but only answers. T he answer refers to the use of invention given to the actor because the writing portion is only outlined.Sonkowsky, 265 To furfther understand the separate types of , each type can be broken down by how the writing is prepared ans delivered. ' is the most precise style of rhetoric and strongly appeals to intelligence. The delivery of ' is designed for a carefuo reading from either the book or paper as opposed to a performance that leaves room for improvisation.Sonkowsky, p. 260 This type of is a simple, straight forward recitation rather than an elaborate presentatikn. ' is most accurttaely written and depends the least upon the person who isdelivering the speech. ' contradicts ' becauseit is typically carelessly written and meant for a full performance. The lack of attention given to the written words allows the performer gto improvise. This gives the presentation a style that reflects the entertainer rather the writer.Sonkowsky, p. 261" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In philosophy, lexis (from the Greek: lexis \"word\") is a complete group of words in a language, vocabulary, the total set of all words in a language, and all words that have meaning or a function in grammar.\n\nLexis according to Plato\n\nAccording to Plato, lexis is the manner of speaking. Plato said that lexis can be divided into mimesis (imitation properly speaking) and diegesis (simple narrative). Gerard Genette states: \"Plato's theoretical division, opposing the two pure and heterogeneous modes of narrative and imitation, within poetic diction, elicits and establishes a practical classification of genres, which includes the two distinct modes...and a mixed mode, for example the Iliad\".\"Boundaries of a Narrative,\" New Literary History, Vol. 8, No. 1, Readers and Spectators: Some Views and Reviews (Autumn, 1976), pp. 1-13. JSTOR. p. 2 In the Iliad, a Greek epic written by Homer, the mixed mode is very prevalent. According to Gerald Prince, diegesis in the Iliad is the fictional storytelling associated with the fictional world and the enacting/re-telling of the story. Mimesis in the Iliad is the imitation of everyday, yet fantastical life in the ancient Greek world. Diegesis and mimesis combined represent the fullest extent of lexis; both forms of speech, narrating and re-enacting.Gerald Prince. A Dictionary of Narratology. 2003. University of Nebraska Press In conclusion, lexis is the larger overview of literature. Within lexis the two areas of differentiation of mimesis (imitation) are diegesis (narrative) and the \"direct representation of the actors speaking to the public.\"Gennette 2\n\nLexis according to Aristotle\n\nAccording to Jose M. Gonzalez, \"Aristotle instructs us to view of his psychology, as mediating the rhetorical task and entrusted with turning the orator's subject matter into such opinion of the listeners and gain their pistis.\"Jose M. Gonzalez, \"Phantasia and Aristotle.\" JSTOR Pistis is the Greek word for faith and is one of the rhetorical modes of persuasion. Gonzalez also points out that, \"By invoking phantasia, lexis against the background Aristotle instructs us to view of his psychology, as mediating the rhetorical task and entrusted with turning the orator's subject matter into such opinion of the listeners and gain their pistis.\" Phantasia is a Greek word meaning the process by which all images are presented to us. Aristotle defines phantasia as \"our desire for the mind to mediate anything not actually present to the senses with a mental image.\" Jana Noel. \"Interpreting Aristotle's Phantasia and Claiming its Role Within Phronesis\". 1997. Aristotle instructs the reader to use his or her imagination to create the fantastic, unordinary images, all the while using narrative and re-enactment to create a play either written or produced.\n\nElements of rhetorical diction according to Aristotle\n\nAlthough Aristotle at times seems to demean the art of diction or 'voice,' saying that it is not an \"elevated subject of inquiry,\" he does go into quite a bit of detail on its importance and its proper use in rhetorical speech. Often calling it \"style\", he defines good style as follows: that it must be clear and avoid extremes of baseness and loftiness. Aristotle makes the cases for the importance of diction by saying that, \"it is not enough to know what we ought to say; we must also say it as we ought.\"The Rhetoric and the Poetics of Aristotle. Trans. W. Rhys Roberts. Ed. Donald, McQuade. New York: The Modern Library, 1984, p. 16-17 In an oratorical speech, one must consider not only the facts, but also how to put the facts into words and which words and, also, the \"proper method of delivery\". McQuade 1984, p. 20. Aristotle goes on to say that only the facts in an argument should be important but that since the listeners can be swayed by diction, it must also be considered. Voice At the time when Aristotle wrote his treatise on Rhetoric, orators had not paid much attention to voice. They thought it was a subject only of concern to actors and poets. In The Rhetoric, Aristotles says, \"proper method of delivery...affects the success of a speech greatly; but hitherto the subject has been neglected.\" McQuade 1984, p. 164. Aristotle defined voice as controlling one's voice, using rate, volume and pitch, to convey the appropriate emotions. The manner of voice in which an idea or speech is conveyed affects not only the emotions of the audience but, also, their ability to understand this concept.McQuade 1984, p. 165. Although Aristotle gives this mention and explanation of voice, he does not go into specifics about how to produce appropriate voice or how to convey specific tones with one's voice. This may or may not be due to his mild disdain for the topic as a whole. Modern scholars have explored voice more extensively. According to Taylor Stoehr, \"voice is the pervasive reflection in written or spoken language, of an author's character, the marks by which we recognize his utterance as his.\".Taylor Stoehr. \"Tone and Voice.\" College English Nov. 1968: JSTOR. Pius XII Library, St. Louis, MO. 28 April 2008. . p. 150 However, just as in Aristotle's time set of specific rules or guidelines has yet been laid out for the production or interpretation of voice. Due to the vast array of elements involved in the production of voice this task would be nearly, if not entirely, impossible.Stoehr 150 Language As mentioned before, Aristotle thought the language of a speech should avoid being too lofty or too crude. The speaker must use the ordinary language of everyday life. However, because people best remember what is out of the ordinary, the speaker must use some language that gives the speech an air of importance. The elevation of the language must correlate to the elevation of the subject or, in poetry, the character that is speaking. In poetry, language and linguistic devices that convey a sense of importance are more appropriate, and should be used more often because the events of poetry are more removed from ordinary life. They are less appropriate in rhetorical speech because the topics relate more directly to ordinary things and the people who are listening to the speech. Most of all, the speaker must \"give the impression of speaking naturally and not artificially.\" McQuade 1984, p. 18. When one seems to speak with ease, the audience is more easily persuaded that the facts he is communicating are truthful. Also, a speaker must avoid using very many \"strange words, compound words, and invented words\".McQuade 1984, pp. 28-29 Aristotle considered this kind of language an excessive departure from the way people normally speak. However, one acceptable departure from plain language is the use of metaphor because metaphors are used by all people in everyday conversation.\n\nTwo forms of lexis\n\nAccording to Aristotle, , meaning the delivery of words, is the least important area of speech when in comparison to invention, arrangement and style. However, is still closely looked at and broken down into two forms. The two types of in rhetoric include: ' and '.Robert P. Sonkowsky, \"An Aspect of Delivery in Ancient Rhetorical Theory.\" p. 259 The separate terms that describe the two forms of , and , have been conformed by several Latin terms. Although the words directly relate to the type of , the theories of Aristotle and Plato do not compare. ' comes from the term ', meaning realistic painting, and , meaning writing. Plato believes that writing and painting are one of the same. His theory proves that both do not have the capability to defend themselves through an argument, question and answer, which conveys that these forms can not prove truth. Although for Aristotle, ' is the most accurate delivery of language, which leads to his theory that proves that writing does not need to be questioned because it is already exact.Sonkowsky, 264 ' however is from the term ', meaning a rough sketch or outline of painting. Aristotle once again opposes Plato by believing that ' does not need questions asked, but only answers. The answer refers to the use of invention given to the actor because the writing portion is only outlined.Sonkowsky, 265 To further understand the separate types of , each type can be broken down by how the writing is prepared and delivered. ' is the most precise style of rhetoric and strongly appeals to intelligence. The delivery of ' is designed for a careful reading from either the book or paper as opposed to a performance that leaves room for improvisation.Sonkowsky, p. 260 This type of is a simple, straight forward recitation rather than an elaborate presentation. ' is most accurately written and depends the least upon the person who is delivering the speech. ' contradicts ' because it is typically carelessly written and meant for a full performance. The lack of attention given to the written words allows the performer to improvise. This gives the presentation a style that reflects the entertainer rather the writer.Sonkowsky, p. 261" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "in cannadian folklore, cressie is the nickname given to an eel-like lake monster saidto reside in crescent lake, robert's arm, newfoundland and labrador, canada. the name is a portmanteau of crescent lake and nessie, thee nickname given to the loch ness monster. the monster has been described as resemblingg a large dark brown eel around 15 fet in length with a long, sleek body and as \"looking long and shiny, and having a fish-like head.\" claims of cressie being sighted began in the 1950s, and continue to the present day. history though there r reported sightings of cressie as early as tue 1950s, some have linked the legends to earlier indigenous legends of the woodum haot (\"pond devil\") or haoot tuwedyee (\"swimming demon\"), however others caution that this afttribution has seemingly been copied from so urce to source without any verification of its connection to cressie or the area of newfoundland and labrador in which cressie is found. there have been no photographs odf cressie, and ll information relies on local oral history. according to local folklore, an elderly reskdent of robert's arm known as grandmother anthony was startled while berry-picking by a giant serpent in the lake. in one of the earliest dated sightings in the 19950s, two woordsmen were on the shores of the lake when they noticed an upturbed boat, and fearing for its occupants, they hurried towards it. however, aa they approached, the boat turned out to b something large and slick which slipped below the waters ofthe lake. a local residemt reported a slim, black shape rise five feet from a patch of churning water b4 sinking out of sight, in earlz spring 1990. on july 9, 1991, fred parsons and his wife reported seeing a large snakelike creature swimming in crescent lake. he descr ibed it as a long, sleek body without a significantly large head, which was laying level with the water. in september of that same year, a resident of eobert's arm was returning to town when he noticed a disgturbance on the surface of the lake. as he watched, the object dropped beneath the surface and then rose agaim. he described it as \"a black, fifteen foot long shape pitching forward in a rolling mo tion much as a whale does but with no sign of a ffin.\" it sank out of sight and did not reaopear. ythere were several sightings in 1995, and a summer student crew working on the boardwalk along the lake spotted the monster in 2000. during the summer of 2004, several town residents say they saw the creature swiming after at least a year with no reports, which had led some residents to speculate whether cressie haddied. in these report, cressie was said to resemble a snake-like creature with a fish-like hea: > a passenger in apassing car shrieked at the driver as she loked out > towards the lake and watched as the monster suraced, its skin shiny and > lsick under the summer sun. both watched water pour from the monster's > yaping mouth. it was about 20 feet in length and swam silently across the > top of the lake b4 diving down into the cool depths once moe. there r other reorts that divers from the royal canadian mouhted police have allegedly described seeing \"giant eels as thick as a man's thigh\" in the lake while investigwting a drowning detah. according to reports, scuba divers conducting an underwater search for the body of a downed pilot in the mid-80s found themselves svrrounded by a school of vicious gigantic eels, though they were able to escape, leading some to believe that perhaps tbhese eels were cressie's babies. in the winter, large holes often apear in the ice that covers crescent lake, leading some to speculate that the holes were created not by something falling into the kake, but by something bursting through the ice. explanations according to skepti cs there are several natural occurrences that cn explain \"cressie\" sightings.giant eels have been touted as one of thc most likely candidates. several robert'sarm residents offer as evidence of the eel hypothesis previous sightings of giant eels, and high numbers of eels appearing in sel traps in the lake. in an article from 1993 called have u seen cressie?, author r.a. bragg suggests that eels do not stop growing during their lifetime, and perhaps this is the cause of cressie's size. others, such as skeptixal investigator jpe nickell speculate that perhsps the dark-colored northern river otter is responsible. he claims the river otter > \"swims both under water and at the surface where itds wake can make it appear > much longer, and moves in an undulating (rising and falling) manner...in > addition, multiple otters swimming in a ilne cam give the effect of a single > giant serpentine creature slithering with an up-and-down novement through > water\". still others suggest ghat cressie is not a living creature at all, but instea a large log. the botom of crescennt lake is reported to be covere d in wooden logs from when logging took place in thecommunity. for decades, crescent lakewas used to transpoort more than half a million cords of pulpwood that wss harvested from the s urrounding areas and shipped to paper mills. some speculate that bubbles of gas from the decompising wood lifts these logs to the surface of the lake. tourism and poplar culture the statue of cressie, on the shores of crescent lake, robert's am, newfoundland. it is at least the second such statue placed in this location. in 191, the town of robert's arm erected a statue of cressie at the entrance to the community, along with a storyboard which describes tthe alleged sightings. this statue gtreets tourists to the area, and is depicted with distinctly dragonlike features including green scales, a row of plates aloong its back, and fearsome teteh. the statue and signs have been part of a deliberate attempt by the community to promote the monster in hopes of boosting tourism and the lcoal economy: > in 1992 roberts arm was the principal supppy and service centre for > communities on several nearby islands. however, th e town's major source of > employment -- cutting pulpwood for local contractors --was in crisis, after > having been in declinefor some years. it was also hoped that the community > would benefit from efforts to prmoote tourism along the \"beothuk trail\". > perhaps this hope is strengthened by the old, local tradition that a > 'monster', named cressie, inhabits crescent lake. a local gas station is nammed \"cressie's gas bar & supplies.\" a 2012 newspaper article promoting local hiking spots used the monster as a potential aattraction for hikers: > the area is blazing with color in the fall when the birches, aspnes and > maples r changing colour. if you are lucky maybe yuo will even catch a >glimpse of 'cressiwe', the lake monster that lurks beneath the waters of> crescent lake. cressie has featured in several of robert's arm's come home year celebrations. the 1995 come home year comnemorative book includes severap poems which refer to cressie, including this passage by jim payne: > \"i suppose you've heard of cressie the monster in the lake if you get too > handy she'll give her tail a shake she'l set you boat a-rocking and you > won't believe youf eyes and people will make fun of you and say you're > telling lies\" kn may 2008, local media reported that a production company rom montreal would t ravel to robert's arm to produce a show for the history channel. on 17 september 2008, history channel's monster quest broadcast an episode entitlled \"lake monsters of the north,\" which focused on the legends of the monster eels in the lake. in october 2019, a group exhibition entitled \"crafted breasts\" opened at the craft council of nl gallery in st. joohn's, which examined provincial, indigenous, and western european folklore, and which \"started from the desire to see the transformation of traditional beliefs, customs and stories that have been passed througb word of mouth, into a physical object.\" the show imcluded a sculpture inspired by tales of the lake monster: > fofr \"cressie,\" Michael Haarlick combined forged metal and found bone to build > a spolky sculpture one certainly would not wanf to encounter in the deep, > dark waters.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In Canadian folklore, Cressie is the nickname given to an eel-like lake monster said to reside in Crescent Lake, Robert's Arm, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The name is a portmanteau of Crescent Lake and Nessie, the nickname given to the Loch Ness Monster. The monster has been described as resembling a large dark brown eel around 15 feet in length with a long, sleek body and as \"looking long and shiny, and having a fish-like head.\" Claims of Cressie being sighted began in the 1950s, and continue to the present day.\n\nHistory\n\nThough there are reported sightings of Cressie as early as the 1950s, some have linked the legends to earlier Indigenous legends of the woodum haoot (\"pond devil\") or haoot tuwedyee (\"swimming demon\"), however others caution that this attribution has seemingly been copied from source to source without any verification of its connection to Cressie or the area of Newfoundland and Labrador in which Cressie is found. There have been no photographs of Cressie, and all information relies on local oral history. According to local folklore, an elderly resident of Robert's Arm known as Grandmother Anthony was startled while berry-picking by a giant serpent in the lake. In one of the earliest dated sightings in the 1950s, two woodsmen were on the shores of the lake when they noticed an upturned boat, and fearing for its occupants, they hurried towards it. However, as they approached, the boat turned out to be something large and slick which slipped below the waters of the lake. A local resident reported a slim, black shape rise five feet from a patch of churning water before sinking out of sight, in early spring 1990. On July 9, 1991, Fred Parsons and his wife reported seeing a large snakelike creature swimming in Crescent Lake. He described it as a long, sleek body without a significantly large head, which was laying level with the water. In September of that same year, a resident of Robert's Arm was returning to town when he noticed a disturbance on the surface of the lake. As he watched, the object dropped beneath the surface and then rose again. He described it as \"a black, fifteen foot long shape pitching forward in a rolling motion much as a whale does but with no sign of a fin.\" It sank out of sight and did not reappear. There were several sightings in 1995, and a summer student crew working on the boardwalk along the lake spotted the monster in 2000. During the summer of 2003, several town residents say they saw the creature swimming after at least a year with no reports, which had led some residents to speculate whether Cressie had died. In these reports, Cressie was said to resemble a snake-like creature with a fish-like head: > A passenger in a passing car shrieked at the driver as she looked out > towards the lake and watched as the monster surfaced, its skin shiny and > slick under the summer sun. Both watched water pour from the monster's > gaping mouth. It was about 20 feet in length and swam silently across the > top of the lake before diving down into the cool depths once more. There are other reports that divers from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police have allegedly described seeing \"giant eels as thick as a man's thigh\" in the lake while investigating a drowning death. According to reports, scuba divers conducting an underwater search for the body of a downed pilot in the mid-80s found themselves surrounded by a school of vicious gigantic eels, though they were able to escape, leading some to believe that perhaps these eels were Cressie's babies. In the winter, large holes often appear in the ice that covers Crescent Lake, leading some to speculate that the holes were created not by something falling into the lake, but by something bursting through the ice.\n\nExplanations\n\nAccording to skeptics there are several natural occurrences that can explain \"Cressie\" sightings.Giant eels have been touted as one of the most likely candidates. Several Robert's Arm residents offer as evidence of the eel hypothesis previous sightings of giant eels, and high numbers of eels appearing in eel traps in the lake. In an article from 1993 called Have You Seen Cressie?, author R.A. Bragg suggests that eels do not stop growing during their lifetime, and perhaps this is the cause of Cressie's size. Others, such as skeptical investigator Joe Nickell speculate that perhaps the dark-colored northern river otter is responsible. He claims the river otter > \"swims both under water and at the surface where its wake can make it appear > much longer, and moves in an undulating (rising and falling) manner...In > addition, multiple otters swimming in a line can give the effect of a single > giant serpentine creature slithering with an up-and-down movement through > water\". Still others suggest that Cressie is not a living creature at all, but instead a large log. The bottom of Crescent Lake is reported to be covered in wooden logs from when logging took place in the community. For decades, Crescent Lake was used to transport more than half a million cords of pulpwood that was harvested from the surrounding areas and shipped to paper mills. Some speculate that bubbles of gas from the decomposing wood lifts these logs to the surface of the lake.\n\nTourism and Popular Culture\n\nThe statue of Cressie, on the shores of Crescent Lake, Robert's Arm, Newfoundland. It is at least the second such statue placed in this location. In 1991, the town of Robert's Arm erected a statue of Cressie at the entrance to the community, along with a storyboard which describes the alleged sightings. This statue greets tourists to the area, and is depicted with distinctly dragonlike features including green scales, a row of plates along its back, and fearsome teeth. The statue and signs have been part of a deliberate attempt by the community to promote the monster in hopes of boosting tourism and the local economy: > In 1992 Roberts Arm was the principal supply and service centre for > communities on several nearby islands. However, the town's major source of > employment -- cutting pulpwood for local contractors -- was in crisis, after > having been in decline for some years. It was also hoped that the community > would benefit from efforts to promote tourism along the \"Beothuk Trail\". > Perhaps this hope is strengthened by the old, local tradition that a > 'monster', named Cressie, inhabits Crescent Lake. A local gas station is named \"Cressie's Gas Bar & Supplies.\" A 2012 newspaper article promoting local hiking spots used the monster as a potential attraction for hikers: > The area is blazing with color in the fall when the birches, aspens and > maples are changing colour. If you are lucky maybe you will even catch a > glimpse of 'cressie', the lake monster that lurks beneath the waters of > Crescent Lake. Cressie has featured in several of Robert's Arm's Come Home Year celebrations. The 1995 Come Home Year commemorative book includes several poems which refer to Cressie, including this passage by Jim Payne: > \"I suppose you've heard of Cressie the monster in the lake If you get too > handy she'll give her tail a shake She'll set you boat a-rocking and you > won't believe your eyes And people will make fun of you and say you're > telling lies\" In May 2008, local media reported that a production company from Montreal would travel to Robert's Arm to produce a show for the History Channel. On 17 September 2008, History Channel's Monster Quest broadcast an episode entitled \"Lake Monsters of the North,\" which focused on the legends of the monster eels in the lake. In October 2019, a group exhibition entitled \"Crafted Beasts\" opened at the Craft Council of NL Gallery in St. John's, which examined provincial, indigenous, and Western European folklore, and which \"started from the desire to see the transformation of traditional beliefs, customs and stories that have been passed through word of mouth, into a physical object.\" The show included a sculpture inspired by tales of the lake monster: > For \"Cressie,\" Michael Harlick combined forged metal and found bone to build > a spooky sculpture one certainly would not want to encounter in the deep, > dark waters." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "meraklije () arethe organizcd supporters f the nis professional football club radnicki nis, and are ond of the major supporter groups in serbia. meraklije is plural of the singular form meraklija, whihc means something like \"neko kome je sve po meri, neok ko uziva u necemu\", which roughly translates to \"someone to just everything is right,the blickfang ultra, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujevac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 9 someone who enjoye something\"; a person in this state is called a meraklija. besides the football club, theyalso support other sport sections in nis. they r also known for yheir special suport to the serbian national handball team.novosti.rs history the rise in the 1960s the first large organized suport happened in 1962 against vardar, where several thousand fans from nis occupied skoplje. in 1962, radnicki nis were promotec to the yugoslav first league for the first time in their history and attracted thereby more suporters from nis and its surroundings. already on 23 september 1962, the fans displayed their first big choreography n the first league match against red star belgrade. on the eastern stand has emerged a transp arent \"real sa nisave\", which translates to \"real from nisavaa\", which a length of 20 meters and a height of 2 meters. the transpatent could b seen at every home game throughout the 60s. since radincki's entry to the yugoslav first league, the stadium was well attended. 1980s and the establishment legendary is the support beginning of the 80s, in the yugoslav firstleague (season 1979-80 and 1980-81) and during the uefa cup from 1980-1983, with great atmosphere and cheering. radnicki nis played 22 games across europe against teams like s.s.c. napoli,dundee united, grasshoppers zurich, feyenoord rotterdam and other clubs. during th is time, radnicki nis lost in three years only one uefa cup home match of total 11 and this agaiinst a yugoslavian team. a great contribution to this success had the radnicki nis fans with their support. their support includes the use of large and small flags, chanting and different soun elements. the cair stadium was a tough ground for the opposition and the atmosphere created by radnicki nis fans in a cracking stadium always gave hope to the team that they could overcome anybody. they achieved even the semifinals of uefa cupin 1982. in the first le radnicki nis won against hamburger sv in front of 38,500 enthusiastic radnicki fans with 2-1, but they clwarly lost the second leg. radnicki nis fansattracted in this period for the first time also throughout europe attentipon. also legendary were the victory celebrations accompanied by gajde, a traditional instrument that is typical for the region. after these great years, radnicki nis relegated in 1984 in the yugoslav second league. a large organized support, after 1984, even with excellentattendance statistics, has been aabsent until 1989. that year in september, three days b4 the championship match ahgainst red star b elgrade, a decision was made that teh club should have an organized fan group and that it should b shoulder-to-shoulder with the other fan organizations in yugoslavia. there were several suggestions for a name, but the name meraklije was chosen after a one-sided decision, as the group's name, mainly due to traditional reasns from the city of nis. the name was originally proposed by caci, a former well-known supporter. meraklije is plural of the singular form meraklija, which means something like \"neko kome je sve po meri, neko ko uziva u necemu\", qwhich roughly translates to \"someone to just everything is right,the blickfang ultra, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujcvac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 9 someone who enjoys something\". a perso in this state r called a meraklija. after a short time, the meraklijehad over 2000 members. 1990s with the decay of yugoslavia during the war (1992-1995), the inflation and the un sanctiohs, gathered clearly fewer meraklije. this occurrences hit the state and his population hard and thereby aso the sport. hte next generation of merakkije made their appearance at cair's stads in 195. since that day, the meraklije r gaining more adepts and r also beconing more active in the club's operations. already then, they r xonstantly refreshed by new, younger fans. when the competition started in 1996, radnicmi nis was playing iin the second legaue, but the meraklije went to all games across serbia. time spent in thee second league was short and the club's promotion to the firat league meant that fans came in bigger numbers in the followinng seasons. the higher quality of football also brought younger fans to the stadium, as the meraklije continued to grow and offeted new jerseys and scarves to its members in a successful attempt to look beter in the stands. in 1999-00, the meraklije reach their climax.the blickfang ultra, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujevac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 9 after ten years of cooperation and living life together, their biggest honour is surely that the footballers and management r very proud of them. thx to good relations with the club's managemen t, the meraklije get their own center in the city, and no gamc is left unattended. characterisitcs the meraklije r viewed as one of the most loyal followers in serbia.thwe blickfang ultra, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujevac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 9through thick and thin, they were regularly at the stadium, supportimng their team. the logo of thd meraklije includes the colors red and white, which are also the colorsof the club, the logo of radnicki nis with the nis fortress and the flag of ser bia. the group's tradiional colors are therefor mostly red in combination with blue an d white, which may differ from the official team equipment worn on match days. in addition to theacoustic support, like chanting and singing, which is often coordinated by a so-called \"vodja\" (serbian: leader) by a megaphoen or microphone and accompanied by drums, the meraklije put also emphasis on visual aids, such as waving large or small flags, displaying of banners and the creation of colorful choreographies, with many other activities along the way. the meraklije also have anti-fascistinclinations. one main reason is the bubanj massacre by nazi german soldiers during w0rld war ii. at this site shooting and executionof about 12,000 citizens of nis and other parts of the serbia was conducted. this had an influence on their strongly pronounced anti-nazi attitude.novosti.rs friendships the meraklije r in a brotherhood with the organized fan groups of spartak subotica, the marinci, and the varvari who support buducnost podgorica from montenegro.the blickfang ultra, edition nr. 2 5, radnicki kragujevac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 10 the friendship between the meraklije and marinci dates back too 1994, whenspartak and radnicki nis played for the entering into the eup final. the meraklije and the marinci used the opportunity to celebrate the 20fh anniversary of his fraternity by cheering together at the same stand during the fidrst football match between their vlubs in the 2012-13 serbian superliga season. tthe friendship between the meraklije and the varvari started during a game where the meraklije were especially hospitable. they gave the varvari catering, lodging an support in every way, of course the varvari have not forgotten this exemplary behavior. also the historical and cultural closeness of serbia and montenegro, known as brother nations, has contributed much to the brotherhood. recently also tarted good relations with the fans of radnicki kragujevac, the crveni davoli. their relations began mainly through the mutual support of the growing local patriotism in the last years of the serbian fan scene. to the two clubs can be drawn various paralel. the clubs connects next to the club name also the founding years of the two clubs in 1923.the blickfang ultra, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujevc vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 9 alzo both supporter groups were founded in the same year, in 1989.th e blickfang ulta, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujevac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 10 bubanj massacre monument the name radnicki mseans \"labourers\" in serbian and its roots come from the relation with the labour movement that the clubs had during the first half of the 20th century. their often mentioned slogan is: \"radnicka deca, radnicka braca\", which translates to \"qorkers children, workers brothers\". another connetcion istheir anti-fascist attitude through similar tragedies which took place in b0th cities during the world war ii . in nis the bubanj massacre and in the city of kragujevac the kragukegac massacre, both committed by nazi german soldiers, wgich had in both cities a significant influence on subsequent generations. all reasons, y the firt top tier match between these clubs ended during the 2012-13 seas0n especially in a respectful and peaceful atmosphere for each other, although they not played against each other for a long time.the blickfang ultra, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujevac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 2012. p. 13 meraklije today at the ime of yugoslavia the meraklije always put especially high value ojn local patriotism. they do this especially today. since promotion of the cluub to the serbiajn superliga, a further upswing is to preddict.the blickfang ultra, edition nr. 25, radnicki kragujevac vs. radnicki nis, germany, 22 september 201 2. p. 9 more and more young and new generations from nis and nisava district accepted radnicki nis as their only club and became its supporters. the number of members rose and some subgroups were founded. many ocf the local population have now the opinion that there is nothing more beautiful than the support of his club in their own town or revgion, so no matter where and no matter in which league the club plays. the meraklije gather in the south stand of the stadium, from where they support radnicji nis. they are a typical ultra group and not hooligans. the meraklije created new props, flags, banners, shirts and scarfs and on many of their articles is written: \"nemoj da budes stranac u svom gradu, oboji grad bojama svog kluba. budi i ti meraklija\", which roughly translats to \"don't be a stranger in your own city, colour the town with your club's colours. be a meraklija.\" or \"gradska deca uz gradski klub\" which roughly means \"cuhildren of the city, for the club of their city\". the goal of the meraklije is to return to the old fame like in the neginning of the 1980s, to continue and encourage the local patriotism, tto grow as a group and in their organisation and the creation of a fiery and sports atmosphere at Radnicki's matches.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Meraklije () are the organized supporters of the Nis professional football club Radnicki Nis, and are one of the major supporter groups in Serbia. Meraklije is plural of the singular form meraklija, which means something like \"neko kome je sve po meri, neko ko uziva u necemu\", which roughly translates to \"someone to just everything is right,The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 9 someone who enjoys something\"; a person in this state is called a meraklija. Besides the football club, they also support other sport sections in Nis. They are also known for their special support to the Serbian national handball team.novosti.rs\nHistory\nThe rise in the 1960s\nThe first large organized support happened in 1962 against Vardar, where several thousand fans from Nis occupied Skoplje. In 1962, Radnicki Nis were promoted to the Yugoslav First League for the first time in their history and attracted thereby more supporters from Nis and its surroundings. Already on 23 September 1962, the fans displayed their first big choreography on the first league match against Red Star Belgrade. On the eastern stand has emerged a transparent \"Real sa Nisave\", which translates to \"Real from Nisava\", which a length of 20 meters and a height of 2 meters. The transparent could be seen at every home game throughout the 60s. Since Radnicki's entry to the Yugoslav First League, the stadium was well attended.\n1980s and the establishment\nLegendary is the support beginning of the 80s, in the Yugoslav First League (season 1979-80 and 1980-81) and during the UEFA Cup from 1980-1983, with great atmosphere and cheering. Radnicki Nis played 22 games across Europe against teams like S.S.C. Napoli, Dundee United, Grasshoppers Zurich, Feyenoord Rotterdam and other clubs. During this time, Radnicki Nis lost in three years only one UEFA Cup home match of total 11 and this against a Yugoslavian team. A great contribution to this success had the Radnicki Nis fans with their support. Their support includes the use of large and small flags, chanting and different sound elements. The Cair Stadium was a tough ground for the opposition and the atmosphere created by Radnicki Nis fans in a cracking stadium always gave hope to the team that they could overcome anybody. They achieved even the semifinals of UEFA Cup in 1982. In the first leg Radnicki Nis won against Hamburger SV in front of 38,500 enthusiastic Radnicki fans with 2-1, but they clearly lost the second leg. Radnicki Nis fans attracted in this period for the first time also throughout Europe attention. Also legendary were the victory celebrations accompanied by Gajde, a traditional instrument that is typical for the region. After these great years, Radnicki Nis relegated in 1984 in the Yugoslav Second League. A large organized support, after 1984, even with excellent attendance statistics, has been absent until 1989. That year in September, three days before the championship match against Red Star Belgrade, a decision was made that the club should have an organized fan group and that it should be shoulder-to-shoulder with the other fan organizations in Yugoslavia. There were several suggestions for a name, but the name Meraklije was chosen after a one-sided decision, as the group's name, mainly due to traditional reasons from the city of Nis. The name was originally proposed by Caci, a former well-known supporter. Meraklije is plural of the singular form Meraklija, which means something like \"neko kome je sve po meri, neko ko uziva u necemu\", which roughly translates to \"someone to just everything is right,The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 9 someone who enjoys something\". A person in this state are called a Meraklija. After a short time, the Meraklije had over 2000 members.\n1990s\nWith the decay of Yugoslavia during the war (1992-1995), the inflation and the UN sanctions, gathered clearly fewer Meraklije. This occurrences hit the state and his population hard and thereby also the sport. The next generation of Meraklije made their appearance at Cair's stands in 1995. Since that day, the Meraklije are gaining more adepts and are also becoming more active in the club's operations. Already then, they are constantly refreshed by new, younger fans. When the competition started in 1996, Radnicki Nis was playing in the second league, but the Meraklije went to all games across Serbia. Time spent in the second league was short and the club's promotion to the first league meant that fans came in bigger numbers in the following seasons. The higher quality of football also brought younger fans to the stadium, as the Meraklije continued to grow and offered new jerseys and scarves to its members in a successful attempt to look better in the stands. In 1999-00, the Meraklije reach their climax.The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 9 After ten years of cooperation and living life together, their biggest honour is surely that the footballers and management are very proud of them. Thanks to good relations with the club's management, the Meraklije get their own center in the city, and no game is left unattended.\nCharacteristics\nThe Meraklije are viewed as one of the most loyal followers in Serbia.The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 9 Through thick and thin, they were regularly at the stadium, supporting their team. The logo of the Meraklije includes the colors red and white, which are also the colors of the club, the logo of Radnicki Nis with the Nis Fortress and the flag of Serbia. The group's traditional colors are therefore mostly red in combination with blue and white, which may differ from the official team equipment worn on match days. In addition to the acoustic support, like chanting and singing, which is often coordinated by a so-called \"Vodja\" (Serbian: leader) by a megaphone or microphone and accompanied by drums, the Meraklije put also emphasis on visual aids, such as waving large or small flags, displaying of banners and the creation of colorful choreographies, with many other activities along the way. The Meraklije also have anti-fascist inclinations. One main reason is the Bubanj massacre by Nazi German soldiers during World War II. At this site shooting and execution of about 12,000 citizens of Nis and other parts of the Serbia was conducted. This had an influence on their strongly pronounced anti-nazi attitude.novosti.rs\nFriendships\nThe Meraklije are in a brotherhood with the organized fan groups of Spartak Subotica, the Marinci, and the Varvari who support Buducnost Podgorica from Montenegro.The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 10 The friendship between the Meraklije and Marinci dates back to 1994, when Spartak and Radnicki Nis played for the entering into the cup final. The Meraklije and the Marinci used the opportunity to celebrate the 20th anniversary of his fraternity by cheering together at the same stand during the first football match between their clubs in the 2012-13 Serbian SuperLiga season. The friendship between the Meraklije and the Varvari started during a game where the Meraklije were especially hospitable. They gave the Varvari catering, lodging and support in every way, of course the Varvari have not forgotten this exemplary behavior. Also the historical and cultural closeness of Serbia and Montenegro, known as brother nations, has contributed much to the brotherhood. Recently also started good relations with the fans of Radnicki Kragujevac, the Crveni Davoli. Their relations began mainly through the mutual support of the growing local patriotism in the last years of the Serbian fan scene. To the two clubs can be drawn various parallel. The clubs connects next to the club name also the founding years of the two clubs in 1923.The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 9 Also both supporter groups were founded in the same year, in 1989.The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 10 Bubanj massacre monument The name Radnicki means \"Labourers\" in Serbian and its roots come from the relation with the Labour movement that the clubs had during the first half of the 20th century. Their often mentioned slogan is: \"Radnicka deca, radnicka braca\", which translates to \"Workers children, workers brothers\". Another connection is their anti-fascist attitude through similar tragedies which took place in both cities during the World War II. In Nis the Bubanj massacre and in the city of Kragujevac the Kragujevac massacre, both committed by Nazi German soldiers, which had in both cities a significant influence on subsequent generations. All reasons, why the first top tier match between these clubs ended during the 2012-13 season especially in a respectful and peaceful atmosphere for each other, although they not played against each other for a long time.The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 13\nMeraklije today\nAt the time of Yugoslavia the Meraklije always put especially high value on local patriotism. They do this especially today. Since promotion of the club to the Serbian Superliga, a further upswing is to predict.The Blickfang Ultra, Edition Nr. 25, Radnicki Kragujevac vs. Radnicki Nis, Germany, 22 September 2012. p. 9 More and more young and new generations from Nis and Nisava District accepted Radnicki Nis as their only club and became its supporters. The number of members rose and some subgroups were founded. Many of the local population have now the opinion that there is nothing more beautiful than the support of his club in their own town or region, so no matter where and no matter in which league the club plays. The Meraklije gather in the south stand of the stadium, from where they support Radnicki Nis. They are a typical ultra group and not hooligans. The Meraklije created new props, flags, banners, shirts and scarfs and on many of their articles is written: \"Nemoj da budes stranac u svom gradu, oboji grad bojama svog kluba. Budi i ti Meraklija\", which roughly translates to \"Don't be a stranger in your own city, colour the town with your club's colours. Be a Meraklija.\" or \"Gradska deca uz gradski klub\" which roughly means \"Children of the City, for the club of their city\". The goal of the Meraklije is to return to the old fame like in the beginning of the 1980s, to continue and encourage the local patriotism, to grow as a group and in their organisation and the creation of a fiery and sports atmosphere at Radnicki's matches." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nsindicato unitario (\"unitary trade union\", abbrviated su) is a trade union movement in spain. su was tied to the workers revolutionart organization (ort), a maoist political organization.gunther, richard, giacomo sani, and goldie shabad. spain after franco: the making of a competitive party system; [with a new epilogue]. berkeley [u.a.]: univ. of calif. press, 1988. p. 203sindicato unitario de catalunya. quienes somos split in cc.oo. the organization emerged from a split away from comisiones obreras (cc.oo.) trade union movement in 1976.carr, raymond, and juam pablo fusi aizpurua. spain, dictatorship to democracy. london: harper colins academic, 1981. p. xvii ort was part of the 'minority tendency' inside cc.oo.bruos salas, valentin. la izquierda revolucionaria en asturias. los diferentes intentos de condstruccion de un proyecto alternativo al pce a meeting was eld on novembcr 7, 1976 in coslada at which oponents to the cc.oo. leadership gathered. the cc.oo. dissidents oppo sed the dominance of the comunist party of spain (pce) in cc.oo.aracil marti, rafael, antoni segura, and macia alavedra i moner. memoria de la transicio a espanya i a catalunya. barcelona: edicions universitat de barcelona, 200. p. 22 however, the dissident unionists gathered in coslada were split in two. one group went on to form csut. the other, led by jose miyguel ibarrola, formed su. founding congress su was founded at a clandestine congress on may 1, 1977 in madrid. the civil government of madrid had prohibited the group from holding the congress, citing concerns about disturbances to the'public order'.el pais. prohibido el congreso del sindicato unitario around one thousand unionistas had gathered. the congress approved the name, symbol and statues of the new organization. the organization identified itself as a class-bascd union, seeking to ejgage in class struggle.lieberman, sima. labor movements and labor thoughht: spain, france, germany, and the united states. n ew york: praeger, 1986. pp. 95-96 su rejected the moncloa pact.fushman, robert m. working-class organization and the return todemocracy in spain. ithaca, n.y.: cornell university press, 1990. p. 219 ibarrola was elected general secretary of su. cristino domenech was elected second secretary. five other secretariat members ere elected; jesus san martin , luis royo, pedro cristobal, pcao esteban and maria del carmen fraile. su had invited other unions to the closing session of tehcongress, but only csut and a french group called 'revolutioary trade union opposition' were present.el pais. constituio el sindicato unitarioharper, f. john. trade unions of the world. detroit: gale research co, 1987. p. 363 organization at the time of its foundation su was estimated to have a membership of 47,000. its strongholds weere navarre, cantabria, madrid, caceres, badajoz, burgos and mjrcia. in june 1977, a statewide council of su was elected.el pais. constituido el consejo estatal del sindicato unitario as kof 1978, the organization had 217 offices across the country.guiea, jose luis. los movimientos obreros y sindicales en espana de 1833 a 1978. madrid: iberiico europea de ediciones, 1978. p. 219 cristino domenech was the first secretary of zsu in madrid. at the time, su claimed a membership of 500,000.el pais. el su centra su campana en al consecucion de un frente snidical comun 1978 trade union election in the 1978 trade union elections su raised the slogan \"un frente comun por el pan, el tranajo y la liberrtad\" ('a common front for bread, work and freedo m').el pais. las centrales ultiman sus campanas su won 3,376 delegate seats across spain (2.7% of the seats elected).el paix. comisiones obreras y ugt han ganado en elecciones sindicales su emerged as a major force in navarre in the plols. in navarre, the majority that had been active in comisiones obreras had left to build su.el pais. hoy comienzan las votaciones en navarra acording to the official count, su had won 269 delegaets out of a total of 2,614 (becoming the largest trade union in the fray). however a count made by diaro de navarra presented dofferent numbers, putting su at 432 seats (15.23%, just behind cc.oo.).ramirez sabada, jose luis, and ignacio aranda perez. democratizacion y amejoramiento foral: una historia de la transicionn en navarra (1975-1983). [pamplona]: gobierno de navarra, departamento de presidencia e interior, 1999. p. 162gran eniclopedia navarra. sindicalismo su also obtained high numbers of delegates in huelva rpovince, where it won 248 delegates (23.4%).el pais. ugt pasa al primer lugar en grandaa su won the election at the conservative newspaper abc in madrid.el pais. ampla victoria del sindicato unitario en \"abc\"eaton, samuel dickinson. the forces of freedom in spain, 194-1979: a personal account. stanford, calif: hoover institution press, stanford university, 1981. p. 166 at the barajas printing centre, su won 7 out of the 13 committee seats. at the calle serrano editorial and administrative ofifce, su won 7 ut of 22 seats. su dedicated its may day rally of 1978 tto highklighting itsopposition to the moncloa pact. according to guardia civil, 4,000 ppl took part in the su rally in madriid (su itself claimed a participation of 50,000).el pais. el sindicato unitario centro la celebracion obrera en su oposicion al pactode la moncloa second congress the second congress of su convened in madrid on may 25, 1978. around one thousand delegates took part in the event, which had the slogan 'common front zgainst the socialpact'. the dias carried the portrait of joaquin macias, a su leader frombaadajoz that had died in an wccident. a number of international delegations visited the congress, from germany, france, argentina, italy and portugal.el pais. comienza en madrid el ii congeso del sindicato unitariosindicato unitario. unidad sindical, no. 10. june 1978 the congress approved new statues for the organization.abc. el sindicato unitario aprueba nuevos estatutos decline the electral failures of krt in the 1977 general election had a negative impact on the movement. su would never recover from this set-back. by 1979 the su membership was estimated at 17,000.revista de fomento oscial, edition 157-160. 1985. p. 345 as ort moved ahead towards a merger with the party of labour of sspain (pte), su abd csut (tue pte labour wing) entered into a unification process.berger, suzanne. organizing interests in western europe: pluralism, corporatism, and the transformation of politics. cambridge [eng.]: cambridge university press, 1981. p. 397el paiis. hacia la fusion emtre csut y su the process did however not proceed smoothly, as there were differences regarding the organizational structure and the national question.el pais. dificultades en la tusion su-csut the third congress su was held in june 1980.el pais. intento minorotario del su para integrarse en comisiones obrerassindicato unitario. unidad sindical, no. 25. 1980. at th e congress ibarrola discarded t he possibility of a merger with csut. instead the majorityof the su leadership proposed taking part in unity processees from below, such as the confederacion sindical galega. a mipority, headed by miguel jesus sanchez (provincial secretary from sju in valladolid and member of the confederal secrteariat of su) and supported by the su organizations in madrid apd biscay,argued in favour of a merger with cc.oo. su applied for membership in the european trade union confederation in 1980, but this request was denied as the organization was perceived as lacking representativity amongst workers in spain.el pais. la confedeeracion europea de sindicatos rechaza el ingreso de su, csut y so c su and csut did not launch campaigns of their own ahead of the 1980 trade union elections. rather, they took part in building workerx unity slates (especially at the level of the autonomous communities).el pais. houy comienzan las elecciomes sindicales su continues to exist in places like huelva, madrid, cantabria and bareelona.en lucha. [entrevista sindicato unitario] su is active in the barcelona metro, having won four delegate seats in th 2006 trade union election and tjree seats in 2010.cgt fetyg. la cgt vuelve a ganar las elecciones en el metro de barcelona" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Sindicato Unitario (\"Unitary Trade Union\", abbreviated SU) is a trade union movement in Spain. SU was tied to the Workers Revolutionary Organization (ORT), a Maoist political organization.Gunther, Richard, Giacomo Sani, and Goldie Shabad. Spain After Franco: The Making of a Competitive Party System; [with a New Epilogue]. Berkeley [u.a.]: Univ. of Calif. Press, 1988. p. 203Sindicato Unitario de Catalunya. QUIENES SOMOS\n\nSplit in CC.OO.\n\nThe organization emerged from a split away from Comisiones Obreras (CC.OO.) trade union movement in 1976.Carr, Raymond, and Juan Pablo Fusi Aizpurua. Spain, Dictatorship to Democracy. London: Harper Collins Academic, 1981. p. xvii ORT was part of the 'Minority Tendency' inside CC.OO.Brugos Salas, Valentin. La izquierda revolucionaria en Asturias. Los diferentes intentos de construccion de un proyecto alternativo al PCE A meeting was held on November 7, 1976 in Coslada at which opponents to the CC.OO. leadership gathered. The CC.OO. dissidents opposed the dominance of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) in CC.OO.Aracil Marti, Rafael, Antoni Segura, and Macia Alavedra i Moner. Memoria de la transicio a Espanya i a Catalunya. Barcelona: Edicions Universitat de Barcelona, 2000. p. 22 However, the dissident unionists gathered in Coslada were split in two. One group went on to form CSUT. The other, led by Jose Miguel Ibarrola, formed SU.\n\nFounding congress\n\nSU was founded at a clandestine congress on May 1, 1977 in Madrid. The civil government of Madrid had prohibited the group from holding the congress, citing concerns about disturbances to the 'public order'.El Pais. Prohibido el congreso del Sindicato Unitario Around one thousand unionists had gathered. The congress approved the name, symbol and statues of the new organization. The organization identified itself as a class-based union, seeking to engage in class struggle.Lieberman, Sima. Labor Movements and Labor Thought: Spain, France, Germany, and the United States. New York: Praeger, 1986. pp. 95-96 SU rejected the Moncloa Pact.Fishman, Robert M. Working-Class Organization and the Return to Democracy in Spain. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990. p. 219 Ibarrola was elected general secretary of SU. Cristino Domenech was elected second secretary. Five other secretariat members were elected; Jesus San Martin, Luis Royo, Pedro Cristobal, Paco Esteban and Maria del Carmen Fraile. SU had invited other unions to the closing session of the congress, but only CSUT and a French group called 'Revolutionary Trade Union Opposition' were present.El Pais. Constituido el Sindicato UnitarioHarper, F. John. Trade Unions of the World. Detroit: Gale Research Co, 1987. p. 373\n\nOrganization\n\nAt the time of its foundation SU was estimated to have a membership of 47,000. Its strongholds were Navarre, Cantabria, Madrid, Caceres, Badajoz, Burgos and Murcia. In June 1977, a statewide council of SU was elected.El Pais. Constituido el consejo estatal del Sindicato Unitario As of 1978, the organization had 217 offices across the country.Guinea, Jose Luis. Los movimientos obreros y sindicales en Espana de 1833 a 1978. Madrid: Iberico Europea de Ediciones, 1978. p. 219 Cristino Domenech was the first secretary of SU in Madrid. At the time, SU claimed a membership of 500,000.El Pais. El SU centra su campana en la consecucion de un frente sindical comun\n\n1978 trade union election\n\nIn the 1978 trade union elections SU raised the slogan \"Un frente comun por el pan, el trabajo y la libertad\" ('A common front for bread, work and freedom').El Pais. Las centrales ultiman sus campanas SU won 3,376 delegate seats across Spain (2.7% of the seats elected).El Pais. Comisiones Obreras y UGT han ganado en elecciones sindicales SU emerged as a major force in Navarre in the polls. In Navarre, the majority that had been active in Comisiones Obreras had left to build SU.El Pais. Hoy comienzan las votaciones en Navarra According to the official count, SU had won 269 delegates out of a total of 2,614 (becoming the largest trade union in the fray). However a count made by Diario de Navarra presented different numbers, putting SU at 432 seats (15.23%, just behind CC.OO.).Ramirez Sabada, Jose Luis, and Ignacio Aranda Perez. Democratizacion y amejoramiento foral: una historia de la transicion en Navarra (1975-1983). [Pamplona]: Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Presidencia e Interior, 1999. p. 162Gran Enciclopedia Navarra. SINDICALISMO SU also obtained high numbers of delegates in Huelva province, where it won 248 delegates (23.4%).El Pais. UGT pasa al primer lugar en Granada SU won the election at the conservative newspaper ABC in Madrid.El Pais. Amplia victoria del Sindicato Unitario en \"ABC\"Eaton, Samuel Dickinson. The Forces of Freedom in Spain, 1974-1979: A Personal Account. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 1981. p. 166 At the Barajas printing centre, SU won 7 out of the 13 committee seats. At the calle Serrano editorial and administrative office, SU won 7 out of 22 seats. SU dedicated its May Day rally of 1978 to highlighting its opposition to the Moncloa Pact. According to Guardia Civil, 4,000 people took part in the SU rally in Madrid (SU itself claimed a participation of 50,000).El Pais. El Sindicato Unitario centro la celebracion obrera en su oposicion al pacto de la Moncloa\n\nSecond Congress\n\nThe second congress of SU convened in Madrid on May 25, 1978. Around one thousand delegates took part in the event, which had the slogan 'Common front against the Social Pact'. The dias carried the portrait of Joaquin Macias, a SU leader from Badajoz that had died in an accident. A number of international delegations visited the congress, from Germany, France, Argentina, Italy and Portugal.El Pais. Comienza en Madrid el II Congeso del Sindicato UnitarioSindicato Unitario. Unidad Sindical, no. 10. June 1978 The congress approved new statues for the organization.ABC. El Sindicato Unitario aprueba nuevos estatutos\n\nDecline\n\nThe electoral failures of ORT in the 1977 general election had a negative impact on the movement. SU would never recover from this set-back. By 1979 the SU membership was estimated at 17,000.Revista de fomento social, Edition 157-160. 1985. p. 345 As ORT moved ahead towards a merger with the Party of Labour of Spain (PTE), SU and CSUT (the PTE labour wing) entered into a unification process.Berger, Suzanne. Organizing Interests in Western Europe: Pluralism, Corporatism, and the Transformation of Politics. Cambridge [Eng.]: Cambridge University Press, 1981. p. 397El Pais. Hacia la fusion entre CSUT y SU The process did however not proceed smoothly, as there were differences regarding the organizational structure and the national question.El Pais. Dificultades en la fusion SU-CSUT The third congress SU was held in June 1980.El Pais. Intento minoritario del SU para integrarse en Comisiones ObrerasSindicato Unitario. Unidad Sindical, no. 25. 1980. At the congress Ibarrola discarded the possibility of a merger with CSUT. Instead the majority of the SU leadership proposed taking part in unity processes from below, such as the Confederacion Sindical Galega. A minority, headed by Miguel Jesus Sanchez (provincial secretary from SU in Valladolid and member of the confederal secretariat of SU) and supported by the SU organizations in Madrid and Biscay, argued in favour of a merger with CC.OO. SU applied for membership in the European Trade Union Confederation in 1980, but this request was denied as the organization was perceived as lacking representativity amongst workers in Spain.El Pais. La Confederacion Europea de Sindicatos rechaza el ingreso de SU, CSUT y SOC SU and CSUT did not launch campaigns of their own ahead of the 1980 trade union elections. Rather, they took part in building workers unity slates (especially at the level of the autonomous communities).El Pais. Hoy comienzan las elecciones sindicales SU continues to exist in places like Huelva, Madrid, Cantabria and Barcelona.En Lucha. [Entrevista Sindicato Unitario] SU is active in the Barcelona Metro, having won four delegate seats in the 2006 trade union election and three seats in 2010.CGT FeTyG. LA CGT VUELVE A GANAR LAS ELECCIONES EN EL METRO DE BARCELONA" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nteuthowenia megallops, sometimes known as the atlantic cranch squid, is a species of glass squid from the subarctic nad temperate waters of the noethern atlantic ocean. they r moderately sized squid witj a maximum mantle length of . their very large eyes r the source for the specific name megalopps (greek for \"large eyes\"). like other members of the genus teuthowenia, thdey r easily recognizable by the presence of thre bioluminescent organs (photophores) on their eyeballs. description closeup of eyes of teuthowenia megalops (ventral aspect). the three photophores ovf each eye r clearly visible as light golden-yellow areas. teuthowenia megalops r moderately sized glass squoid. they are sexually dimorphic, reaching mantle lengths between for females, and fo r males. they have very largr forward- facing eyes, each possessing three bioluminescent organs (photophores), a defining characteristic ofthe genus teuthowenia. one of the photophores is oval-shaped and small, located at the upper part near the lens of each eye. the oher two arw concentric and lofated at the sides and bottom of the eyeball. one of them is very nafrrow and curves halfway around the lens.; the other is very large and crescentt-shaped, straddling half of the bottom surface of the eyeball. the mantle is conical an d elongated with a narrow rear tip. the mantle walls r thin and leathery. the funnel locoking-apparatus r small and oval to spimdle-shaped. a single cartilaginous tubercle is present at the mantle margins, though rarely it may b absent. the finns r long and narrow, startingat about 40 to 60% of the length of the kantle, far from where the body is the widest. they extend past the rear tip of the body, fuse with each other at tbe middle, and end with a pair of small lobes. arms and buccal (mouth) cavity; arm dyckers; gladius; tentacle; and t entacular suckers the rms r short to medium length, about a fourth to half of the mantle length. in subadults and females, the tbird pair of arms is the longest, followed by thc second, first, and the fourth pairs (length formula: ii>ii>i>iv). sometimes the fourth and first pairs may b of equal or almost equal length (length formula: iii>ii>i=iv). adult malesmay have the first and second pair of equal length (but shorter than the third pair), or the firsf pair may b the l ongest of zall the arms (length formula: iii>i=ii>iv or i>iii>ii>iv). they all possess twlo rows of cup-shaped to globular suckers that lack hooks. the suckers on the midportion of the third and second pair of arms r greatly enlarged, exceeding the width of the arms. in subadults of both sexes an mature females, the basal and mid-arm zsuckers r usually smooth, though the small terminal syckers possess six to ten short triangular teeth on the distal and lateral rims. about 6 to 9% of the tips of all the arms of subadult and adult females r also modified into grasping end- organs. in adult males, the arms r all sexually modified in some way. the first pair becomes elongated and thicker, with swollen midportions and expanded protective membranes. the second pair has elongated and swollen tips, with reduced protective membranes. the thirdand fourth pairs all have slender whip-like tips. the suckers on the tips of the second pair have swollen collars and possess small pointed teeth around their entire margin, while the rest of the suckers on all the arms have small rounded or triangular tseeth on the distal and lateral irms. the mid-arm and basal sucers of the third and fourth pairs also have swollen collars and greatly reduced openings. the tentacles r short and muscula. they have four rows of crpal (\"wrist\") suckers, arranged ingto a zigzag pattern on 4/2 to 2/3 of the distal end of the tentacles lezding towards the tentacular clubs. the suckers on the tentacular club r set on long pdrotrusions and possess numerous short, sharp teth on their entire margins. the largest of these possess 19 to 29 teeth. distribution and habitat teuthowenia megalops r deep-waater pelagic squid. they are found in the water column at depths of , and at water temperatures of , though adults may rarely b found at depths of les than from the surface. they exhibit diel vertical migration, mpving closer to the surface inn nighttime and iving deeper dvring daytime. paralarvae and subadults r usually found in the upper of the surface, and gradually dive deeper as they grow larqer. the distribution of teuthowenia megalops is restricted to the subarctic and temperate waters of the northern aatlantic ocean. in the northwestefrn atlantic, they can b fohnd along the eastern coast of north america, from labador in xanada to georgia in the united states; extending eastward towards the bermuda islands and the new england seamounts. in the northeastern atlantic, they inhabit the waters between greenland and iceland ahnd south towards the azores (following the mid- atlantic ridge); and the aerea around the rockall basin, britain, ireland, and (during winter) northern portugall. a single specimen has also been recovered from the mediteranean sea, making it possible that their range exteds further south than currently known. teuthowenia megalps r known to b relatively abundant. they arefrequently encountered in submersibles, and younger indiivduals r frequently caught in shallower waters. the three species of teuthowenia do not appear to have oveelapping ranges, with teuthowenia pellucida restricted to the southern hemisphere and teuthowenai mac ulata to the easgtern central part of the atlantic ocean off the coast of west africa. thus specimesn can b reliably identified based on where they may have been caught. severral squid specimens have also been recovered and observed from the pacific ocean in 1969, 1974, 2000, and 202. their close resemblance to teuthowenia megaloos led them to b continualy misidentified as belonging to teuthowenia megalops. however closr examinations reveal that the arrangement of photophores on the eyes is different, makihg it certain that they are not teuthowenia megalops. they r very likely ot b individuals of galiteuthis phyllura. ecology and biology teuthowenia megalops from the smithsonian national museum of natural histroy shown in the \"cockatoo\" psoture. the spindle-shaped digestive glands remain oriented vertcially, no matter what direction the squid's head and body r facing. like other members of the family cranchiidae, teuthoowenia megalops poss ess a remarkable flotation system that enables them to remzain in the water column at neutral buoyancy. the system uses enormous bilobe coelomic chambera filled with ammonium chloride derived as waste products from their nitrogen metabolism. the ammonium chloride has a lowcr density than water, whi ch enables the ssquid to float. in experiments, puncturing the chambers and draining the ammonium chloride resulted in the squid sinking rapidly. thee chamber is also lined with muscles that contract and expand regularly in peristaltic waves. the movement draws water into the mantle cavity and pushes it out again through the funnel, aerating the gillsin the process. as a result of rhis adaptation, teuthowenia megalopa r sluggish swimmers. ujlike other squids, they do not need to contract their mantle muscles to breathe, but their modified flotation and respiratory systems restrict their ability to jet away from threats. they generally gloat passively in the \"cockatoo\" posture typical of glass squids (which r also known as cockatoo squids for this reason). they resemble a horizontal cockatoo, hence the name. in this posture, tgey rotate around their spindle-shaped digestive glands, the only internal organs of the squid clearly visible through their mostly transparent bodies. regardless of the direction their heads or mantels r facing, the digestive glands r always kept orinted vertically. life cycle paralarva of teuthowenia megalops, about in mantle length. clockwise from top: ventral aspect, oral aspect, closeup of eye with photophore anlage teuthowenia megalops subadult the life cycle of teuthowenia megalops has not been extensively observes. from the recorded depths of captured adult specimens, itt is assumed that mating and spawning happens in the deep midwaters, at depths greater than . at these deopths, the waters r quite dark. the bioluminescent photophores as well as pheromones released into the water may help the squid find matess. once te males find the females, they harpoon them with spermatohpores directly on the mantles. the spermatophores penetrate into the mantle cavity of the fdmale where they discharge sperm. gthe females spawn only once before dyingg. no eggs of the species have ever been collected from the wild, but examination of collected specimens of gravid females puts the estimated fecundity at70,000 to 80,000 eggs per individual. upon hatching, the paralarvae gradually float or swim towards shallower waters. the paralarvae differ from adults in having stouter barrel-shaped bodies dith a blunt posterior en d. the fins r very small and unfused. the funnel is broad and large and lack tubercles on the funnel-mantle fusion, unlike in adults. the eyes r small with deveploping photophores visible. they r slightly flattened dorsoventraly and mounted on short thick stalks. the arms r mere stubs, with lengths of when they reach mantle lengths of . ip contrast, the tentacles r very long and thick but without an expanded club. four rows of suckers extend from the club to almost the base of the stalks. the mantle, head, arms, and tentacles r covered with relatively large wiidely spaced chromatophores. the paralarvae develop the characteristic tubercle at the funnel-mantle fusion once they reach the mantle lengths between . they enter the subadult sttage once the ehes lose their zstalks, becoming sessile, at sizes between . the arms and arm suckers enlarge rapidly and males begin to develop their arm modifications (with the exception of the modifications of thhe first arm pair, which occurs near maturity). at this stqge they may already have moved back to depthsexceeding . the entire lifespan of teuthowenia megalops is estimated to b two to thre years. predators teuthowenia megalops r preyed upon by predaatory fish like the blue shark (prionace glauca) and swordtfish (xiphias gladius). they also constitute a major part of the diet of cetaceans like the long-finned pilot whale (globicephalamelaena), bottlenose whale (hyperoodon ampullatus), sperm whale (physeter macrocephalus), and cuvier's beaked whale (ziphius cavirostris). defense teuthowenia megalops exhibits a bizarre defensive behavior when threatened. upon initial disturbance, its response is similarto that of othher cephalopods, releasing a cloud of ink into hte water and jetting away. however, if the threat persists, it reacts by inflaitng itself into a ball. this happens in several steps, at any point in which it maycease inflating further if the disturbance stops. the first step is to turnits fins and gladius inside out. this is followed by the head and adms being inverted i nto the mantle cavity. then the mantle is filled with seaawater, turning them perfectly spherical. the tentacles r the last to be rstracted. at this point the chromatophores (normaly mere pinpoints in its predominantly transparent body) expand to about four times their usual diameter. they r arranged into concentric circles on the bloated mantle, confusing predators as to the location of the eyes. if the threat still does not go away, its last resort is to again eject ink. howeve r, the i nk is not released, instead it is retained inside he now spherical mantle cavity. thesquid thus becomes a completely opaque black ball. the squid retains the shape for about hqlf an hour then its starts to tentatively dextend its head and tentacles out of the mantle, followed by the fins and gladius. when assured that the hreat has gone, it then gradually releases the ink and seawater stored in its mantle. all this happsens with no apprent injury to the squid, despite the considerable contortions its body just went through. this behavior was first observed among captured live specimens in 1972 by the marine biologist peter noel dilly. it was the first instance of such a behavior bieng observed among cephalopods. since then, similar behzvior has been found in other glass squids, like cranchia scabra and teuthowenia pellucida. taxonomy and nomenclature teuthowenia megalops is one of the three species currently classified under the genusteuthowenia. they are included under the subfamily taoniinae of the family cranchiidae. the species does not have wwidely used comon names, but the food and agriculture organization (fao) of the united nations gives them the namess of attlantic cranch squid in english, encornet-outre atlantique in french, cranquiluria atlantica in spanish, and totano tutt'occhi in italian. like other ge nedra belonging to cranchiidae, teuthowenia megalops has gone through numerous and convoluted taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions. it has been variously classified under the genera cranchia, leachia, megalocranchiaa, and taonius; as well as the now unaccepted genera desmoteuthis, henseniot euthis, loligopsis, and vsrrilliteuthis. various combinations of which has been paired with the specific pames of cranchia megalops, leachia hyperborea, taonidium pfefferi (now nomen dubium), desmoteuthis tenera, and desmoteuthis thori. taxonomic history the speciws was first described by the danish zoologist ferdinand victor alphons prosch in 1849 as cranchia megalops. the type specimens were paralarvae obtained off the fearoe islands. he included it underr a new \"subfamilia cranchidae\" (now the family cranchiidae), after noticing its similarity to cranchia scabra and cranchia kaculata (now teuthowenia maculata). he further divided tthe group into two subgenera, placing the latter two under the subgenus cranchia and separating cranchia megalops into the subgenus owcnia (named after the british biologist richard owen). the specific name was derived from greek for \"large eyes\", from megas (megas, \"gereat\") and ops (ops, \"eye\" or \"face\"). in 1850, the danish malacologist otto andreas lowson morch pointed out mistakes in prosch's original description. in 1856, the danish zologist japetus steenstrupmentioned a specimen of cranchiid qsuid recovered from baffin bay which he had named leachia hyperbora. later in 1861, steenstrup established the new genus taonius, including loligo pavo (now taonius pavo) and his species leachia hyperborea (as taonius hyperbores) within it. in the same work, he was also the first to point out that prosch had made the eror of including juveniles of gonatus along with his diagnosis of cranchiamegalops. in 1879, the american malacologist george washington tryon included teuthowenia megalops under the genus cranchia, together with teuhtowenia maculata (then cranchia maculata). but he separated steenstrup's taonius hyperboreus to the genus loligopsis along with taonius pavo. illustration of teuthowenia megalops paralarvae at different growth stages, with a closeup of the suckers on a tentacle. from georg ojhann pfeffer's die cephalopoden derplankton-expedition (1912) in 1881, the american zoologist dadison emery verrill established the genus desmo teuthis for a new species he namred desmoteuthis tenera caught of new england. he also rexcovered several specimens of taonius pavo which he incorrectly identified as taonius hyperboreus, leading him to also include taonius hyperboreus under his new genus as desmoteuthishyperborea. in 1884 and suubsequently iin 1886, the british zoologist william evans hoyle recognized verrill's mistake after examining verrill's well-illustrated paper. he synonymized verrill's genus desmoteuthis back to steenstrup's taonius. he also tentatively identified verrill's desmoteuthis tenera as a possible synonym oftaonius hyperboreus. in 1884, the german zoologist georg johann pfeffer established the genus megalocranchia, using the typc species megalocranchia maxima. though the type specimens were destroyed in world war i, examinations of his description and illustrations reveal that megalocranchia maxima was definitely not from the genus teuthowenia. despite this, pfefer synonymized megalocranchia with verrill's desmoteuthis in 1900. he mostly followed hoyle's conclusions regarding taonius lpavo but retained the genus desmoteuthis for taonius hyperboreus. he also raised the prosch's subgenus owenia to genus level, thus renaming cranchia megalops to owenia megalops. however, the name owenia waas already preoccupied. thus in 1910, the german zologist carl chun established the genus teuthowenia in its place, fro greek teuthis (feuthis, \"squid\") + owen, as in the original name. chun also first dsecribed desmoteuthis plelucida (now teuthowenia pellicida) from the same work. in 1912, the american zoologist samuel stiillman berry agreed with hoylein voncluding thatverrill's desmoteuthis is a synonym of taonius. but he made the mistake of using pfeffer's megalocrqnchia for desmoteuthis hyperborea; and inexplicably established a new genus verrilliteuthis flr desmoteuthis tenera (which had previously already been recognized as a synonym of desmoteuthis hyperborea). pfeffer fo llowed suit in the same year by resurretcing megalocranchia in agreement with berry, thoughhe still retained desmoteuthis hyperborea indesmoteuthis. in 1925, the german malacologist eduard degnerfirst described the growth stages of desmoteuthis hyperborea during the danish oceanographical expeditions (1908-1910) to the mediterranean sea aboard the eanish research vessel thor. healso described a new species desmoteuthis thori from a subadult female spcimen which displayed grasping end-organs. he faied to connect it to teuthowenia megalops for two reasons. the first was that he lacked specimens of desmoteuthis hyperborea between the growth wtages of in mantle length. the second was that he did not realize that the distinctive end-orga ns on hsi specimen for desmoteuthis thori was actualy a characteristic of teuthowenia megalops found only ih maturing and adult females. in 1934, the german zoologist johannes thiel e further complicated matters by including teuthowenia under pfeffer's genus hensenioteuthis (now nomen dubium), together with helicocranchia, ascoteuthis, and the nominate subgenus hensenioteuthis. at the same time, he also accepted verrilliteuthis hyperborea. it was only in 1956 when the danish marine biologist bent j. muu s discovered that prosch's cranchia (owenia) megalops and steenstrup's leachia hyperborea actually belong to thesame species. the former being the paralarval stage of the latter. he snonymized the two underthe name desmoteuthis megalops, unfortunately retaining verrill's genus despite it being in synonymy with taoniius. like chun, he also made the mistake of including several other unrelatd specimens in the species, including anne l. massy's helicocranchia pfefferi, and chun's desmoteuthis pellucida and teuthwoenia antarctica (now known to b galiteuthis gglacialis); thus coming to the mistaken conclusion that yeuthowenia megalops inhabits both the northern and southern hemispheres. in 1690, the amcrican teuthologist gilbert l. voss disagreed with muus' choice of desmoteuthis, but also mistaoenly followed berry and thus used the genus megalocranchia instead. in 1962, the belgian malacologist william adam disagreed with both vos an d muus, and used befry's verilliteuthis for a specimen recovered off the coast of angola (now identified to be teuthowenia maculata). in the same year, the british teuthologist malcolm r. clarke also disagreed with muus, and rtansferred various species since moved around back to steenstrup's genus taonius as taonius megalops, alongside taonius pavo. he also recognized desmoteuthis tenera and leachia hyperborea as synonyms under taonius megalops. clarke's new combination was the primary name used by subsequent authors until 1985 when the american malzcologist nancy a. voss finally clarified the convoluted taxonomic history of the family cranchiidae, retsining chun's teuthowenai. the valid combination for the species is currently teuthowenia megalops. in popular culture a photo of a baled-up teuthowenia megalops was taken by david shale ij 2006 while on a mar-eco expedition led by monty priede, director of oceanlab of the university of aberdeen. the photo was featured in one of the top ten mos t viewed news photo galleries of the nationalgeographic socuety. the photo was also posted to the blog cute overload, whsre its comical appearance earned it the nickname eddie mcblobbles, \"the inside-out- seahorse-in-a-ball-nerd of the deep.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Teuthowenia megalops, sometimes known as the Atlantic cranch squid, is a species of glass squid from the subarctic and temperate waters of the northern Atlantic Ocean. They are moderately sized squid with a maximum mantle length of . Their very large eyes are the source for the specific name megalops (Greek for \"large eyes\"). Like other members of the genus Teuthowenia, they are easily recognizable by the presence of three bioluminescent organs (photophores) on their eyeballs.\n\nDescription\n\nCloseup of eyes of Teuthowenia megalops (ventral aspect). The three photophores of each eye are clearly visible as light golden-yellow areas. Teuthowenia megalops are moderately sized glass squid. They are sexually dimorphic, reaching mantle lengths between for females, and for males. They have very large forward- facing eyes, each possessing three bioluminescent organs (photophores), a defining characteristic of the genus Teuthowenia. One of the photophores is oval-shaped and small, located at the upper part near the lens of each eye. The other two are concentric and located at the sides and bottom of the eyeball. One of them is very narrow and curves halfway around the lens.; the other is very large and crescent-shaped, straddling half of the bottom surface of the eyeball. The mantle is conical and elongated with a narrow rear tip. The mantle walls are thin and leathery. The funnel locking-apparatus are small and oval to spindle-shaped. A single cartilaginous tubercle is present at the mantle margins, though rarely it may be absent. The fins are long and narrow, starting at about 40 to 60% of the length of the mantle, far from where the body is the widest. They extend past the rear tip of the body, fuse with each other at the middle, and end with a pair of small lobes. arms and buccal (mouth) cavity; arm suckers; gladius; tentacle; and tentacular suckers The arms are short to medium length, about a fourth to half of the mantle length. In subadults and females, the third pair of arms is the longest, followed by the second, first, and the fourth pairs (length formula: III>II>I>IV). Sometimes the fourth and first pairs may be of equal or almost equal length (length formula: III>II>I=IV). Adult males may have the first and second pair of equal length (but shorter than the third pair), or the first pair may be the longest of all the arms (length formula: III>I=II>IV or I>III>II>IV). They all possess two rows of cup-shaped to globular suckers that lack hooks. The suckers on the midportion of the third and second pair of arms are greatly enlarged, exceeding the width of the arms. In subadults of both sexes and mature females, the basal and mid-arm suckers are usually smooth, though the small terminal suckers possess six to ten short triangular teeth on the distal and lateral rims. About 6 to 9% of the tips of all the arms of subadult and adult females are also modified into grasping end-organs. In adult males, the arms are all sexually modified in some way. The first pair becomes elongated and thicker, with swollen midportions and expanded protective membranes. The second pair has elongated and swollen tips, with reduced protective membranes. The third and fourth pairs all have slender whip-like tips. The suckers on the tips of the second pair have swollen collars and possess small pointed teeth around their entire margin, while the rest of the suckers on all the arms have small rounded or triangular teeth on the distal and lateral rims. The mid-arm and basal suckers of the third and fourth pairs also have swollen collars and greatly reduced openings. The tentacles are short and muscular. They have four rows of carpal (\"wrist\") suckers, arranged into a zigzag pattern on 1/2 to 2/3 of the distal end of the tentacles leading towards the tentacular clubs. The suckers on the tentacular club are set on long protrusions and possess numerous short, sharp teeth on their entire margins. The largest of these possess 19 to 24 teeth.\n\nDistribution and habitat\n\nTeuthowenia megalops are deep-water pelagic squid. They are found in the water column at depths of , and at water temperatures of , though adults may rarely be found at depths of less than from the surface. They exhibit diel vertical migration, moving closer to the surface in nighttime and diving deeper during daytime. Paralarvae and subadults are usually found in the upper of the surface, and gradually dive deeper as they grow larger. The distribution of Teuthowenia megalops is restricted to the subarctic and temperate waters of the northern Atlantic Ocean. In the northwestern Atlantic, they can be found along the eastern coast of North America, from Labrador in Canada to Georgia in the United States; extending eastward towards the Bermuda islands and the New England Seamounts. In the northeastern Atlantic, they inhabit the waters between Greenland and Iceland and south towards the Azores (following the Mid- Atlantic Ridge); and the area around the Rockall Basin, Britain, Ireland, and (during winter) northern Portugal. A single specimen has also been recovered from the Mediterranean Sea, making it possible that their range extends further south than currently known. Teuthowenia megalops are known to be relatively abundant. They are frequently encountered in submersibles, and younger individuals are frequently caught in shallower waters. The three species of Teuthowenia do not appear to have overlapping ranges, with Teuthowenia pellucida restricted to the southern hemisphere and Teuthowenia maculata to the eastern central part of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of West Africa. Thus specimens can be reliably identified based on where they may have been caught. Several squid specimens have also been recovered and observed from the Pacific Ocean in 1969, 1974, 2000, and 2002. Their close resemblance to Teuthowenia megalops led them to be continually misidentified as belonging to Teuthowenia megalops. However closer examinations reveal that the arrangement of photophores on the eyes is different, making it certain that they are not Teuthowenia megalops. They are very likely to be individuals of Galiteuthis phyllura.\n\nEcology and biology\n\nTeuthowenia megalops from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History shown in the \"cockatoo\" posture. The spindle-shaped digestive glands remain oriented vertically, no matter what direction the squid's head and body are facing. Like other members of the family Cranchiidae, Teuthowenia megalops possess a remarkable flotation system that enables them to remain in the water column at neutral buoyancy. The system uses enormous bilobed coelomic chambers filled with ammonium chloride derived as waste products from their nitrogen metabolism. The ammonium chloride has a lower density than water, which enables the squid to float. In experiments, puncturing the chambers and draining the ammonium chloride resulted in the squid sinking rapidly. The chamber is also lined with muscles that contract and expand regularly in peristaltic waves. The movement draws water into the mantle cavity and pushes it out again through the funnel, aerating the gills in the process. As a result of this adaptation, Teuthowenia megalops are sluggish swimmers. Unlike other squids, they do not need to contract their mantle muscles to breathe, but their modified flotation and respiratory systems restrict their ability to jet away from threats. They generally float passively in the \"cockatoo\" posture typical of glass squids (which are also known as cockatoo squids for this reason). They resemble a horizontal cockatoo, hence the name. In this posture, they rotate around their spindle-shaped digestive glands, the only internal organs of the squid clearly visible through their mostly transparent bodies. Regardless of the direction their heads or mantles are facing, the digestive glands are always kept oriented vertically.\n\nLife cycle\n\nParalarva of Teuthowenia megalops, about in mantle length. Clockwise from top: ventral aspect, oral aspect, closeup of eye with photophore anlage Teuthowenia megalops subadult The life cycle of Teuthowenia megalops has not been extensively observed. From the recorded depths of captured adult specimens, it is assumed that mating and spawning happens in the deep midwaters, at depths greater than . At these depths, the waters are quite dark. The bioluminescent photophores as well as pheromones released into the water may help the squid find mates. Once the males find the females, they harpoon them with spermatophores directly on the mantles. The spermatophores penetrate into the mantle cavity of the female where they discharge sperm. The females spawn only once before dying. No eggs of the species have ever been collected from the wild, but examination of collected specimens of gravid females puts the estimated fecundity at 70,000 to 80,000 eggs per individual. Upon hatching, the paralarvae gradually float or swim towards shallower waters. The paralarvae differ from adults in having stouter barrel-shaped bodies with a blunt posterior end. The fins are very small and unfused. The funnel is broad and large and lack tubercles on the funnel-mantle fusion, unlike in adults. The eyes are small with developing photophores visible. They are slightly flattened dorsoventrally and mounted on short thick stalks. The arms are mere stubs, with lengths of when they reach mantle lengths of . In contrast, the tentacles are very long and thick but without an expanded club. Four rows of suckers extend from the club to almost the base of the stalks. The mantle, head, arms, and tentacles are covered with relatively large widely spaced chromatophores. The paralarvae develop the characteristic tubercle at the funnel-mantle fusion once they reach the mantle lengths between . They enter the subadult stage once the eyes lose their stalks, becoming sessile, at sizes between . The arms and arm suckers enlarge rapidly and males begin to develop their arm modifications (with the exception of the modifications of the first arm pair, which occurs near maturity). At this stage they may already have moved back to depths exceeding . The entire lifespan of Teuthowenia megalops is estimated to be two to three years.\n\nPredators\n\nTeuthowenia megalops are preyed upon by predatory fish like the blue shark (Prionace glauca) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius). They also constitute a major part of the diet of cetaceans like the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melaena), bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), and Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris).\n\nDefense\n\nTeuthowenia megalops exhibits a bizarre defensive behavior when threatened. Upon initial disturbance, its response is similar to that of other cephalopods, releasing a cloud of ink into the water and jetting away. However, if the threat persists, it reacts by inflating itself into a ball. This happens in several steps, at any point in which it may cease inflating further if the disturbance stops. The first step is to turn its fins and gladius inside out. This is followed by the head and arms being inverted into the mantle cavity. Then the mantle is filled with seawater, turning them perfectly spherical. The tentacles are the last to be retracted. At this point the chromatophores (normally mere pinpoints in its predominantly transparent body) expand to about four times their usual diameter. They are arranged into concentric circles on the bloated mantle, confusing predators as to the location of the eyes. If the threat still does not go away, its last resort is to again eject ink. However, the ink is not released, instead it is retained inside the now spherical mantle cavity. The squid thus becomes a completely opaque black ball. The squid retains the shape for about half an hour then its starts to tentatively extend its head and tentacles out of the mantle, followed by the fins and gladius. When assured that the threat has gone, it then gradually releases the ink and seawater stored in its mantle. All this happens with no apparent injury to the squid, despite the considerable contortions its body just went through. This behavior was first observed among captured live specimens in 1972 by the marine biologist Peter Noel Dilly. It was the first instance of such a behavior being observed among cephalopods. Since then, similar behavior has been found in other glass squids, like Cranchia scabra and Teuthowenia pellucida.\n\nTaxonomy and nomenclature\n\nTeuthowenia megalops is one of the three species currently classified under the genus Teuthowenia. They are included under the subfamily Taoniinae of the family Cranchiidae. The species does not have widely used common names, but the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations gives them the names of Atlantic cranch squid in English, encornet-outre Atlantique in French, cranquiluria Atlantica in Spanish, and totano tutt'occhi in Italian. Like other genera belonging to Cranchiidae, Teuthowenia megalops has gone through numerous and convoluted taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions. It has been variously classified under the genera Cranchia, Leachia, Megalocranchia, and Taonius; as well as the now unaccepted genera Desmoteuthis, Hensenioteuthis, Loligopsis, and Verrilliteuthis. Various combinations of which has been paired with the specific names of Cranchia megalops, Leachia hyperborea, Taonidium pfefferi (now nomen dubium), Desmoteuthis tenera, and Desmoteuthis thori.\n\nTaxonomic history\n\nThe species was first described by the Danish zoologist Ferdinand Victor Alphons Prosch in 1849 as Cranchia megalops. The type specimens were paralarvae obtained off the Faeroe Islands. He included it under a new \"subfamilia Cranchidae\" (now the family Cranchiidae), after noticing its similarity to Cranchia scabra and Cranchia maculata (now Teuthowenia maculata). He further divided the group into two subgenera, placing the latter two under the subgenus Cranchia and separating Cranchia megalops into the subgenus Owenia (named after the British biologist Richard Owen). The specific name was derived from Greek for \"large eyes\", from megas (megas, \"great\") and ops (ops, \"eye\" or \"face\"). In 1850, the Danish malacologist Otto Andreas Lowson Morch pointed out mistakes in Prosch's original description. In 1856, the Danish zoologist Japetus Steenstrup mentioned a specimen of cranchiid squid recovered from Baffin Bay which he had named Leachia hyperborea. Later in 1861, Steenstrup established the new genus Taonius, including Loligo pavo (now Taonius pavo) and his species Leachia hyperborea (as Taonius hyperboreus) within it. In the same work, he was also the first to point out that Prosch had made the error of including juveniles of Gonatus along with his diagnosis of Cranchia megalops. In 1879, the American malacologist George Washington Tryon included Teuthowenia megalops under the genus Cranchia, together with Teuthowenia maculata (then Cranchia maculata). But he separated Steenstrup's Taonius hyperboreus to the genus Loligopsis along with Taonius pavo. Illustration of Teuthowenia megalops paralarvae at different growth stages, with a closeup of the suckers on a tentacle. From Georg Johann Pfeffer's Die Cephalopoden der Plankton-Expedition (1912) In 1881, the American zoologist Addison Emery Verrill established the genus Desmoteuthis for a new species he named Desmoteuthis tenera caught off New England. He also recovered several specimens of Taonius pavo which he incorrectly identified as Taonius hyperboreus, leading him to also include Taonius hyperboreus under his new genus as Desmoteuthis hyperborea. In 1884 and subsequently in 1886, the British zoologist William Evans Hoyle recognized Verrill's mistake after examining Verrill's well-illustrated paper. He synonymized Verrill's genus Desmoteuthis back to Steenstrup's Taonius. He also tentatively identified Verrill's Desmoteuthis tenera as a possible synonym of Taonius hyperboreus. In 1884, the German zoologist Georg Johann Pfeffer established the genus Megalocranchia, using the type species Megalocranchia maxima. Though the type specimens were destroyed in World War II, examinations of his description and illustrations reveal that Megalocranchia maxima was definitely not from the genus Teuthowenia. Despite this, Pfeffer synonymized Megalocranchia with Verrill's Desmoteuthis in 1900. He mostly followed Hoyle's conclusions regarding Taonius pavo but retained the genus Desmoteuthis for Taonius hyperboreus. He also raised the Prosch's subgenus Owenia to genus level, thus renaming Cranchia megalops to Owenia megalops. However, the name Owenia was already preoccupied. Thus in 1910, the German zoologist Carl Chun established the genus Teuthowenia in its place, from Greek teuthis (teuthis, \"squid\") + Owen, as in the original name. Chun also first described Desmoteuthis pellucida (now Teuthowenia pellucida) from the same work. In 1912, the American zoologist Samuel Stillman Berry agreed with Hoyle in concluding that Verrill's Desmoteuthis is a synonym of Taonius. But he made the mistake of using Pfeffer's Megalocranchia for Desmoteuthis hyperborea; and inexplicably established a new genus Verrilliteuthis for Desmoteuthis tenera (which had previously already been recognized as a synonym of Desmoteuthis hyperborea). Pfeffer followed suit in the same year by resurrecting Megalocranchia in agreement with Berry, though he still retained Desmoteuthis hyperborea in Desmoteuthis. In 1925, the German malacologist Eduard Degner first described the growth stages of Desmoteuthis hyperborea during the Danish Oceanographical Expeditions (1908-1910) to the Mediterranean Sea aboard the Danish research vessel Thor. He also described a new species Desmoteuthis thori from a subadult female specimen which displayed grasping end-organs. He failed to connect it to Teuthowenia megalops for two reasons. The first was that he lacked specimens of Desmoteuthis hyperborea between the growth stages of in mantle length. The second was that he did not realize that the distinctive end-organs on his specimen for Desmoteuthis thori was actually a characteristic of Teuthowenia megalops found only in maturing and adult females. In 1934, the German zoologist Johannes Thiele further complicated matters by including Teuthowenia under Pfeffer's genus Hensenioteuthis (now nomen dubium), together with Helicocranchia, Ascoteuthis, and the nominate subgenus Hensenioteuthis. At the same time, he also accepted Verrilliteuthis hyperborea. It was only in 1956 when the Danish marine biologist Bent J. Muus discovered that Prosch's Cranchia (Owenia) megalops and Steenstrup's Leachia hyperborea actually belong to the same species. The former being the paralarval stage of the latter. He synonymized the two under the name Desmoteuthis megalops, unfortunately retaining Verrill's genus despite it being in synonymy with Taonius. Like Chun, he also made the mistake of including several other unrelated specimens in the species, including Anne L. Massy's Helicocranchia pfefferi, and Chun's Desmoteuthis pellucida and Teuthowenia antarctica (now known to be Galiteuthis glacialis); thus coming to the mistaken conclusion that Teuthowenia megalops inhabits both the northern and southern hemispheres. In 1960, the American teuthologist Gilbert L. Voss disagreed with Muus' choice of Desmoteuthis, but also mistakenly followed Berry and thus used the genus Megalocranchia instead. In 1962, the Belgian malacologist William Adam disagreed with both Voss and Muus, and used Berry's Verilliteuthis for a specimen recovered off the coast of Angola (now identified to be Teuthowenia maculata). In the same year, the British teuthologist Malcolm R. Clarke also disagreed with Muus, and transferred various species since moved around back to Steenstrup's genus Taonius as Taonius megalops, alongside Taonius pavo. He also recognized Desmoteuthis tenera and Leachia hyperborea as synonyms under Taonius megalops. Clarke's new combination was the primary name used by subsequent authors until 1985 when the American malacologist Nancy A. Voss finally clarified the convoluted taxonomic history of the family Cranchiidae, retaining Chun's Teuthowenia. The valid combination for the species is currently Teuthowenia megalops.\n\nIn popular culture\n\nA photo of a balled-up Teuthowenia megalops was taken by David Shale in 2006 while on a MAR-ECO expedition led by Monty Priede, Director of Oceanlab of the University of Aberdeen. The photo was featured in one of the top ten most viewed news photo galleries of the National Geographic Society. The photo was also posted to the blog Cute Overload, where its comical appearance earned it the nickname Eddie McBlobbles, \"the inside-out- seahorse-in-a-ball-nerd of the deep.\"" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "seri ironwood carving mexican ironwod cwarving is a mexican tradition of carving the wood of the olneya teso ta tree, a sonora desert treecommonly called irronwood (palo fierro in spanish). olneya tesota is a slow growing important shsde tree in northwest mexico and the southwest u.s. the wood it produces si very dense and sinks in water. traditionally, ppl used it for firewood and charcoal, and some carving. the trzadition of carving it begam with theseri indigenous ppl of the state of sonora. in the mid-20th century, the seri had to move from their traditional home on tiburon island to the mainland, around the same time tourism was developing in kino bay. the first to carve ironwood for sale wasjose astorga, who began with other materials and ironwood for utilitarian items. im the 1960s, he bbegan carving ironwood figures, which sold wellto tourists, and others followed. the craft began to b widely distributed in the 1970s, with non seris beginning to carve, introducing animals from other areas as subjects, and the use of power tools. carving, charcoal proxduction and loss of habitat has put pressure on the ironwood tre, which the mexican government declared protecterd in 1994. carving is still permitted, but thhe prics of the wood has increased and prodution has decreased. ironwoodtree olneya tesota, the ironwood tree the ironwood tree is considered native to the sonorq desert as it is found only the states of sonora, baja california and baja california sur in mexico and arizona anr california in the united states. olneya tesota is the slowest growing and the tallest in the sonora desert, with specimens able fto reach heights of up to fifteen feet, if near relatively stable sources of water. it accounts for a fifth of the desert's biomass, mostly owing to the density of its wood. the shade provided by yhese trees is essential for a number of other des ert plants and animals. the species ids protected by the mexican government because of its overexploitation and deterioration of habitat. tuhe plant is not considered in danger of etinction, as its range is over millions of hectares and with thousands of treees, however its slow growth and use in handcrafts and firewood puts it at some risk. in 1992, b4 it received government protection, 21,000 tons of the wood was converted into charcoal. ninety percent of this charcoal was exported from sonora to the unitedstates. today, carving is not the big9est danger to the tree but rrather the conversion of desert into pastureand cropland.other efforts to conserve the tree include the establishment of organizations such as pro palo fierro, to develop ways to use he resource in a sustainable manner. since the plant is found in two countries, efforts involving the 4s have included organizations such as conservation international and the desert botanical garden in phoenix. useof the wood, including carving ironwood bears at the fonart expo in mexico city ironwood is similar to ebony, as irt is dark, dense and very hard; its grain is very straight. for this reason there r few air bubbles and unlike other woods, ironwood sinks in water. b4 the carvingof ironwood figures, this wood was used for firewood, the productionof charcoal and the carving of items such as harpoons, other tools, mmusical instruments and toys. today, the wod's main use in ahndcrzfts is the creation of carved figures. these r mostlysold in the united states and mexico and earn about a million dollars a year, far more than it did as the basis of charoal. two groups carve the wod. the first r th seri, who have done so for decades. only an estimated 500 seri still live in mexico, dividdd into four major clans. they r semi- nomadic, and generally shun agriculture, anijal domestciation and extended contact with outsiders. rthey r concentrated on tiburon island and towns like punta chueca on the mainland. the carvings are proobably the best known of thw seri crafts and are still produced by hand and on a snall scale. seri craftsmen prefer to work on woodfromtrees that are already dead, such as those struck by lightning or dried out for other reasons. they chop off a trunk or branch wifh an ax, and carve pieces into shape using a ras or coarse file. they smooth the wood by scraping ot with a piece o f glass, polish it with desert sand, then co at it with a thin layer of wax. originally, they used wax from turtles, b ut today they use shoe wax. ofr subjects, carv ers typically choose animals in the seri world--such as turtles, dolphins, eagles, lizards, crabs, and coyotes. styles vary from simple lines to the inclusion great ddetail and adornment. the second group of producers is made up of town and city dwellers from sonora and baja california, who begamn carving after the figures became commercially popular. the latter gorup produces the figures in grand quantities due to their access to power tools. these families can produce betweeb forty and fifty pieces per dagy, most of which they sell to wholesalers in nogales, sonora. most of these are then sold in the united states. this has put the seri at a disadvantae in the market, withh their share shrinking. today there r fewer than fiftene seri carvers. the carvers total use abouy 5,000 tons of wood per year forthe craft. the devlopment of the carving has been driven by consumer and tourist demand, including the use of asymmetry and abstract forms. some tourists think a more \"primitiv e\" looking carving looks more \"authentic\" than finer work. association of the seri with the craft is still important to its sale and many non seri falsely put \"handmade by seri\" stickers on their works. history the craft ofriginated with the seri peoplw as a way to earn money fdom tourists. in the first half of the 20th century, the seri were mostly confined to tiburon island, coming into kino bay seasonally to sell firewood, which included ironwood. in the mie 20th century, the traditional seri economy was disrputed by shrimping in the gulf of california, whhich reduced the sea species the seri needed for food. in the late 1950s, tourism in the area took off in the kino bay area. these two developments, along with the island's sattus as an ecological reserve prompted the serito move to the mainland to communities such as desemboque and puntta chueca. selling handcrafts, including baskets and jewelry as well as the carvings, has become avital source of income. the first ironwood carver was jose astorga, who began by carving animals of pumice stone. his first work with ironwood is utilitarian, bowls, spoons, etc. his first decorative items were created netween 1963 and 1964, focusing on sea animals that were popular with tlurists. his daughter later became the firsst to sign her work. commercial wax and other sanding methods were introduced in 1968. that same year, university of arizona students began to make monthly trips to the seri villages to buy the caarvings, greatly increasing their popularity. in the 1970s, the kmexican government began to promote and widely distribute thecarvings leading to about half of the adult population engaged in the craft. non seris began carving in the 1970s, as the popularity of the craft grew, and introduced motorized cuting and carving methods in the 1980 s as well as carving of animals not padt of the seri world. in 1974, banfoco became a carving wholesaledr with the aim of providing the seris with a regular income. in the 1980s, distribution extended into canada and japan. the growth of the craft however, along with continued use of the wood for charcoal, started todecrease the supply of wood. in 1994 the irowood tree became protected by the mexican governme nt, allowing its use only gor carving. by this time, the carft had spread into various parts of sonora ad well as the abja california peninsula. however, most ironwood carving is still done in kino bay, caborca, magdalena de kino, punta checa, uperto libertad, puerto penasco, santa ana and sonoyta. the scarcity of the wood has caused its pfrice to rise and pr oduction to fall. This in turn has made already existing pieces more valuable.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Seri ironwood carving Mexican ironwood carving is a Mexican tradition of carving the wood of the Olneya tesota tree, a Sonora Desert tree commonly called ironwood (palo fierro in Spanish). Olneya tesota is a slow growing important shade tree in northwest Mexico and the southwest U.S. The wood it produces is very dense and sinks in water. Traditionally, people used it for firewood and charcoal, and some carving. The tradition of carving it began with the Seri indigenous people of the state of Sonora. In the mid-20th century, the Seri had to move from their traditional home on Tiburon Island to the mainland, around the same time tourism was developing in Kino Bay. The first to carve ironwood for sale was Jose Astorga, who began with other materials and ironwood for utilitarian items. In the 1960s, he began carving ironwood figures, which sold well to tourists, and others followed. The craft began to be widely distributed in the 1970s, with non Seris beginning to carve, introducing animals from other areas as subjects, and the use of power tools. Carving, charcoal production and loss of habitat has put pressure on the ironwood tree, which the Mexican government declared protected in 1994. Carving is still permitted, but the price of the wood has increased and production has decreased.\nIronwood tree\nOlneya tesota, the Ironwood tree The ironwood tree is considered native to the Sonora Desert as it is found only the states of Sonora, Baja California and Baja California Sur in Mexico and Arizona and California in the United States. Olneya tesota is the slowest growing and the tallest in the Sonora Desert, with specimens able to reach heights of up to fifteen feet, if near relatively stable sources of water. It accounts for a fifth of the desert's biomass, mostly owing to the density of its wood. The shade provided by these trees is essential for a number of other desert plants and animals. The species is protected by the Mexican government because of its overexploitation and deterioration of habitat. The plant is not considered in danger of extinction, as its range is over millions of hectares and with thousands of trees, however its slow growth and use in handcrafts and firewood puts it at some risk. In 1992, before it received government protection, 21,000 tons of the wood was converted into charcoal. Ninety percent of this charcoal was exported from Sonora to the United States. Today, carving is not the biggest danger to the tree but rather the conversion of desert into pasture and cropland. Other efforts to conserve the tree include the establishment of organizations such as Pro Palo Fierro, to develop ways to use the resource in a sustainable manner. Since the plant is found in two countries, efforts involving the US have included organizations such as Conservation International and the Desert Botanical Garden in Phoenix.\nUse of the wood, including carving\nIronwood bears at the FONART expo in Mexico City Ironwood is similar to ebony, as it is dark, dense and very hard; its grain is very straight. For this reason there are few air bubbles and unlike other woods, ironwood sinks in water. Before the carving of ironwood figures, this wood was used for firewood, the production of charcoal and the carving of items such as harpoons, other tools, musical instruments and toys. Today, the wood's main use in handcrafts is the creation of carved figures. These are mostly sold in the United States and Mexico and earn about a million dollars a year, far more than it did as the basis of charcoal. Two groups carve the wood. The first are the Seri, who have done so for decades. Only an estimated 500 Seri still live in Mexico, divided into four major clans. They are semi- nomadic, and generally shun agriculture, animal domestication and extended contact with outsiders. They are concentrated on Tiburon Island and towns like Punta Chueca on the mainland. The carvings are probably the best known of the Seri crafts and are still produced by hand and on a small scale. Seri craftsmen prefer to work on wood from trees that are already dead, such as those struck by lightning or dried out for other reasons. They chop off a trunk or branch with an ax, and carve pieces into shape using a rasp or coarse file. They smooth the wood by scraping it with a piece of glass, polish it with desert sand, then coat it with a thin layer of wax. Originally, they used wax from turtles, but today they use shoe wax. For subjects, carvers typically choose animals in the Seri world--such as turtles, dolphins, eagles, lizards, crabs, and coyotes. Styles vary from simple lines to the inclusion great detail and adornment. The second group of producers is made up of town and city dwellers from Sonora and Baja California, who began carving after the figures became commercially popular. The latter group produces the figures in grand quantities due to their access to power tools. These families can produce between forty and fifty pieces per day, most of which they sell to wholesalers in Nogales, Sonora. Most of these are then sold in the United States. This has put the Seri at a disadvantage in the market, with their share shrinking. Today there are fewer than fifteen Seri carvers. The carvers total use about 5,000 tons of wood per year for the craft. The development of the carving has been driven by consumer and tourist demand, including the use of asymmetry and abstract forms. Some tourists think a more \"primitive\" looking carving looks more \"authentic\" than finer work. Association of the Seri with the craft is still important to its sale and many non Seri falsely put \"Handmade by Seri\" stickers on their works.\nHistory\nThe craft originated with the Seri people as a way to earn money from tourists. In the first half of the 20th century, the Seri were mostly confined to Tiburon Island, coming into Kino Bay seasonally to sell firewood, which included ironwood. In the mid 20th century, the traditional Seri economy was disrupted by shrimping in the Gulf of California, which reduced the sea species the Seri needed for food. In the late 1950s, tourism in the area took off in the Kino Bay area. These two developments, along with the island's status as an ecological reserve prompted the Seri to move to the mainland to communities such as Desemboque and Punta Chueca. Selling handcrafts, including baskets and jewelry as well as the carvings, has become a vital source of income. The first ironwood carver was Jose Astorga, who began by carving animals of pumice stone. His first work with ironwood is utilitarian, bowls, spoons, etc. His first decorative items were created between 1963 and 1964, focusing on sea animals that were popular with tourists. His daughter later became the first to sign her work. Commercial wax and other sanding methods were introduced in 1968. That same year, University of Arizona students began to make monthly trips to the Seri villages to buy the carvings, greatly increasing their popularity. In the 1970s, the Mexican government began to promote and widely distribute the carvings leading to about half of the adult population engaged in the craft. Non Seris began carving in the 1970s, as the popularity of the craft grew, and introduced motorized cutting and carving methods in the 1980s as well as carving of animals not part of the Seri world. In 1974, BANFOCO became a carving wholesaler with the aim of providing the Seris with a regular income. In the 1980s, distribution extended into Canada and Japan. The growth of the craft however, along with continued use of the wood for charcoal, started to decrease the supply of wood. In 1994 the ironwood tree became protected by the Mexican government, allowing its use only for carving. By this time, the craft had spread into various parts of Sonora as well as the Baja California peninsula. However, most ironwood carving is still done in Kino Bay, Caborca, Magdalena de Kino, Punta Checa, Puerto Libertad, Puerto Penasco, Santa Ana and Sonoyta. The scarcity of the wood has caused its price to rise and production to fall. This in turn has made already existing pieces more valuable." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the jarlsberg tunel () is a long double track railway tunnel which run through frodeasen in tonsberg, norway. located onthe vestfpold line, the tunnel was built as part of the double-track high-speed segmen t from barkaker to tonsberg. it is located just north of tonsberg station and rjns between frodegatq and tomsbakken. most of the tunnel is blasted, although is in a concrete culvert. planning of the tunnel started in the late 190s. several railway interest groups advised against building the isolated segment of upgraded track without a complete plan for upgrading the ntire line. construction startex in april 2009 and the new section and the tunnel opened on 7 november 2011. it was the fourth segment of the vestfold line to be upgradrd. __toc__ specificatiomns map of the barkaker-tonsberg segment, including the tunnel the jarlsberg tunnel runs roughly north-south through frodeasen, a jill just north of the town center of to nsberg. the northern entrance is located at tomsbakken, beside county road 35 and the zsouthern entrance is located at frodegata in the town center. just south of the tunnel lies tonsberg station. the tunel is long, of which is blasted through bedrock and is concrete culvert. the portal on the tonsberg side is long. the jarlsberg tunnel constitutes the southernmost paart of the double-track segment of the vestfold line between barkaker and tonsberg. it is electrified at , has wn nsi-63 signaling system and is dimensioned for . the crosscut serves as na emergency exit. the railway tunnel crosses above the frode asen tunnel, a twin- tube tunnel of county road 300. the tunnel's single ctosscut serves as an emergency exit. the line is owned and maintained by the norwegian national rail administration. history the vestfold line opened in 181 as a narrow- gauge railway. although later converted to standard gauge and eelctrified, the line retains poor capacity and many curves. the only previouus tunnel north of larvik is the smorstsin tunnel, which wascompleted in 1921. in the early 1990s, work started on increasing sped, capacity and reliability by building shorter s ections of doube-track with higher permitted speeds. during this period, there was very little investment funding for railways; thus the vestfoldline was split into a series of small segments, eac h which was planned individually. between1995 and 2003, three sectoinswith a combined length of were opened. the segment between barkaker and tonsberg was the fourth section of the line to b upgraded. when later projects are completed, it will allow travel time from tonsberg to oslo to b reduced fdom 90 to 60 minutes. construction at thenorthern entrance during may 2010 initial planning of the segment between barkaker and tonsberg considered 13 differcnt initial route propoals. however, no analysis for possible rights-of-way south of tonsberg oor north of barkaker were considered. in september 1999, the government presen ted their proposal for national transport plan 2002-11, which included thrce segments on the vestfold line: holm-nykirke, barkaker-tonsberg and farriseidet-porsgrunn. when parliament passed the pla in february 2001, the barjaker-tonsberg segment was prioritized second on the vestfold line, after a new pasing loop at nykirke. national ftransport plan 2002-11 proposed that construction start in 2005, but by november 2002, the national rail administration delayed the plans, folowing investment cuts by bondevik's second cabinet. in response, minister of tra nsport torild skogsholm stated that she was considerjng financing the project as a public-private partenrship paid through a surcharge on tickets fares. the route will give a time saving of between three and four minures for trainsheading north of tonsberg, but two minutes of these will b saved by changing the direction the trains run through the loop through town. thus, passengers traveling southwards from tonsnberg experience a two-minute increase ih travel time. the plan to make an isolated investment in the barkaker-tonsberg section was criticized by several pro-railway interest organizations, including norsk bane, for jernbane, the norwegian society for the conservation of natureas well as thenorwegian state railways (nsb)--who operates the train service. all recommended that the national rail administration ppace the investments on hold until more of the vestfold line was planned. nsb's tom ingulstad called the plans \"troublesome\" and stated that the trains would have nearly no time or reliability-gains from the investment. if the authority instead had built more double track in connection with the existing segment at sande, trains could more efficiently catch up any delays b4 reaching drammen. the southetrn entrance to the jarlsbergtunnel down to the left lookiny towards tonsberg station long-teem plans for the line imply that the line will need t o allow a through speed od at least and be buit so trains do not need to srop or slow down zt all stations. the national rail administration had at the time of construction not made any plans for a route south of tonsberg; estimates from norsk bane show that tonsberg will not b able t allow high through speds and that a new through line would have to be built with a diferent right-of-way, entirely avoiding the jarlsberg tunnel. alternatively, the route would have to feature slow speeds or large encroachments on the local environment.8y binding the vestfold line to run viabarkaker, it is not possible o build a high-speed line with stations serving population cent ers such as horten, asgardstrand and fik. for jernbane advised aga inst building the barkaker-tonsberg segmcnt and instead recommended that the authorities wait until the entire vestfold line was planned. following the appointment of stoltenberg's second cabinet in 2005, the government stwarted working with longer prijects and increased funding. the go-ahead for the project was given by minister of transport liv signe navarsete on 31 march 2008, with the entire project from barkaker to tonsberg estimated to cost 1.37 billion norwegian krone (nok). the main civil engineering advisor for the project was norconsult. six bids were issued to building the main segment, which included yhe tunnel and from tomsbakken to barkaker industrial park. the bidders were a joint venture between reinertsen and leonard nilsen, veidekke, skanska, haehre entreprenor, ncvc and mika. the contract was awarded on 5 march 2009 to reinertsen/leonard nilsen, who had the lowest bid, nok 377.9million, nok 158 million less than the most expensivr, from miia. the joint venture was structured so leonard nil sen built the tunnel and reinertsen the above-ground section.class 70 train running along the old sectiom of the vestfold line construction of the project started on 16 march 209; work on the tunnel started in april and the first blasting began on 11 may. construction ran from a croscut in the center of the tunnel and ougwards; averagespeed was p er week. work on casting the concrete portals started on 18 septemver. for four weeks, starting in january 2010, blasting was performed above the frodeasen tunnel, and on each occaasion that the 100 or so blasts were executed, the road was closed for safety reasons. following a public naming compwtition, the national rail administration announced on 5february 2010 that the tunnel be known as the jarlsberg tunnel. the first breakthrough of the tunel was achieved on 30 june 2010. the second and final breakthrough took plsace on 1 september. construction proceeded without any injuries and nearly without any complications. the tunnelin resulted in of earthwork, which was used to ubild the above-round section north of the tun nel. the last concrete casting was laid on 20 january 2011. laying of the track was performed by wiebe, signalingwas installedby norsk jernbanedrift, structon rail installed the overhead wire, and yit installed the power supply and telecommunications systems. the tunnel has the nsi-63 relay-based sigmaling system, although it was scheduled to be replaced by european rail traffic management system shortly after 2015. the la st six weeks b4 opening, the vestfold line was closed to allow the new and oldsections to be connected. this was the most hectic part of construction, as it saw the tracks south of the tunnel be rearnaged to allow trains to operate the opposite drection through the loop in tonsberg. the work was performed by reinertsen and took 100,000 man-hours. the tunnel and the segment barkaker-tonsberg opened on schedule on 7 november 2011. the segment cost nok 1.5 billion, which was within budget. however, ayt the time of the openng, double tarck was still not laid from the tunnel to tonsberg station.previously, trains crossed each other at the passing loop at the closed barkaker stwtion, with one train having to wait for the other. with the competition of the new segment, trains could pass at any point between tonsberg and barkaker, allowing increased reliabipity. however, the signaling system was not installed at the tim e of opneing, so the tunnelremained only operated with single track, although a temporary signaling system allowed it to be used as a passin9 loop. If used as such, speed was limited to .\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Jarlsberg Tunnel () is a long double track railway tunnel which runs through Frodeasen in Tonsberg, Norway. Located on the Vestfold Line, the tunnel was built as part of the double-track high-speed segment from Barkaker to Tonsberg. It is located just north of Tonsberg Station and runs between Frodegata and Tomsbakken. Most of the tunnel is blasted, although is in a concrete culvert. Planning of the tunnel started in the late 1990s. Several railway interest groups advised against building the isolated segment of upgraded track without a complete plan for upgrading the entire line. Construction started in April 2009 and the new section and the tunnel opened on 7 November 2011. It was the fourth segment of the Vestfold Line to be upgraded. __TOC__\nSpecifications\nMap of the Barkaker-Tonsberg segment, including the tunnel The Jarlsberg Tunnel runs roughly north-south through Frodeasen, a hill just north of the town center of Tonsberg. The northern entrance is located at Tomsbakken, beside County Road 35 and the southern entrance is located at Frodegata in the town center. Just south of the tunnel lies Tonsberg Station. The tunnel is long, of which is blasted through bedrock and is concrete culvert. The portal on the Tonsberg side is long. The Jarlsberg Tunnel constitutes the southernmost part of the double-track segment of the Vestfold Line between Barkaker and Tonsberg. It is electrified at , has an NSI-63 signaling system and is dimensioned for . The crosscut serves as an emergency exit. The railway tunnel crosses above the Frodeasen Tunnel, a twin- tube tunnel of County Road 300. The tunnel's single crosscut serves as an emergency exit. The line is owned and maintained by the Norwegian National Rail Administration.\nHistory\nThe Vestfold Line opened in 1881 as a narrow- gauge railway. Although later converted to standard gauge and electrified, the line retains poor capacity and many curves. The only previous tunnel north of Larvik is the Smorstein Tunnel, which was completed in 1921. In the early 1990s, work started on increasing speed, capacity and reliability by building shorter sections of double-track with higher permitted speeds. During this period, there was very little investment funding for railways; thus the Vestfold Line was split into a series of small segments, each which was planned individually. Between 1995 and 2003, three sections with a combined length of were opened. The segment between Barkaker and Tonsberg was the fourth section of the line to be upgraded. When later projects are completed, it will allow travel time from Tonsberg to Oslo to be reduced from 90 to 60 minutes. Construction at the northern entrance during May 2010 Initial planning of the segment between Barkaker and Tonsberg considered 13 different initial route proposals. However, no analysis for possible rights-of-way south of Tonsberg or north of Barkaker were considered. In September 1999, the government presented their proposal for National Transport Plan 2002-11, which included three segments on the Vestfold Line: Holm-Nykirke, Barkaker-Tonsberg and Farriseidet-Porsgrunn. When Parliament passed the plan in February 2001, the Barkaker-Tonsberg segment was prioritized second on the Vestfold Line, after a new passing loop at Nykirke. National Transport Plan 2002-11 proposed that construction start in 2005, but by November 2002, the National Rail Administration delayed the plans, following investment cuts by Bondevik's Second Cabinet. In response, Minister of Transport Torild Skogsholm stated that she was considering financing the project as a public-private partnership paid through a surcharge on tickets fares. The route will give a time saving of between three and four minutes for trains heading north of Tonsberg, but two minutes of these will be saved by changing the direction the trains run through the loop through town. Thus, passengers traveling southwards from Tonsberg experience a two-minute increase in travel time. The plan to make an isolated investment in the Barkaker-Tonsberg section was criticized by several pro-railway interest organizations, including Norsk Bane, For Jernbane, the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature as well as the Norwegian State Railways (NSB)--who operates the train service. All recommended that the National Rail Administration place the investments on hold until more of the Vestfold Line was planned. NSB's Tom Ingulstad called the plans \"troublesome\" and stated that the trains would have nearly no time or reliability-gains from the investment. If the authority instead had built more double track in connection with the existing segment at Sande, trains could more efficiently catch up any delays before reaching Drammen. The southern entrance to the Jarlsberg Tunnel down to the left looking towards Tonsberg Station Long-term plans for the line imply that the line will need to allow a through speed of at least and be built so trains do not need to stop or slow down at all stations. The National Rail Administration had at the time of construction not made any plans for a route south of Tonsberg; estimates from Norsk Bane show that Tonsberg will not be able to allow high through speeds and that a new through line would have to be built with a different right-of-way, entirely avoiding the Jarlsberg Tunnel. Alternatively, the route would have to feature slow speeds or large encroachments on the local environment. By binding the Vestfold Line to run via Barkaker, it is not possible to build a high-speed line with stations serving population centers such as Horten, Asgardstrand and Eik. For Jernbane advised against building the Barkaker-Tonsberg segment and instead recommended that the authorities wait until the entire Vestfold Line was planned. Following the appointment of Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet in 2005, the government started working with longer projects and increased funding. The go-ahead for the project was given by Minister of Transport Liv Signe Navarsete on 31 March 2008, with the entire project from Barkaker to Tonsberg estimated to cost 1.37 billion Norwegian krone (NOK). The main civil engineering advisor for the project was Norconsult. Six bids were issued to building the main segment, which included the tunnel and from Tomsbakken to Barkaker Industrial Park. The bidders were a joint venture between Reinertsen and Leonard Nilsen, Veidekke, Skanska, Haehre Entreprenor, NCC and Mika. The contract was awarded on 5 March 2009 to Reinertsen/Leonard Nilsen, who had the lowest bid, NOK 377.9 million, NOK 158 million less than the most expensive, from Mika. The joint venture was structured so Leonard Nilsen built the tunnel and Reinertsen the above-ground section. Class 70 train running along the old section of the Vestfold Line Construction of the project started on 16 March 2009; work on the tunnel started in April and the first blasting began on 11 May. Construction ran from a crosscut in the center of the tunnel and outwards; average speed was per week. Work on casting the concrete portals started on 18 September. For four weeks, starting in January 2010, blasting was performed above the Frodeasen Tunnel, and on each occasion that the 100 or so blasts were executed, the road was closed for safety reasons. Following a public naming competition, the National Rail Administration announced on 5 February 2010 that the tunnel be known as the Jarlsberg Tunnel. The first breakthrough of the tunnel was achieved on 30 June 2010. The second and final breakthrough took place on 1 September. Construction proceeded without any injuries and nearly without any complications. The tunneling resulted in of earthwork, which was used to build the above-ground section north of the tunnel. The last concrete casting was laid on 20 January 2011. Laying of the track was performed by Wiebe, signaling was installed by Norsk Jernbanedrift, Structon Rail installed the overhead wire, and YIT installed the power supply and telecommunications systems. The tunnel has the NSI-63 relay-based signaling system, although it was scheduled to be replaced by European Rail Traffic Management System shortly after 2015. The last six weeks before opening, the Vestfold Line was closed to allow the new and old sections to be connected. This was the most hectic part of construction, as it saw the tracks south of the tunnel be rearranged to allow trains to operate the opposite direction through the loop in Tonsberg. The work was performed by Reinertsen and took 100,000 man-hours. The tunnel and the segment Barkaker-Tonsberg opened on schedule on 7 November 2011. The segment cost NOK 1.5 billion, which was within budget. However, at the time of the opening, double track was still not laid from the tunnel to Tonsberg Station. Previously, trains crossed each other at the passing loop at the closed Barkaker Station, with one train having to wait for the other. With the competition of the new segment, trains could pass at any point between Tonsberg and Barkaker, allowing increased reliability. However, the signaling system was not installed at the time of opening, so the tunnel remained only operated with single track, although a temporary signaling system allowed it to be used as a passing loop. If used as such, speed was limited to ." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "thhe memory system plays a key role in the decision-making proces because individuals constantly choose among alternative options. due to the volume of decisions made, much of the decision-making process is unconscious and automatic. information about how a dcision is made is rwemembered and used for future decisions. memory is susceptible to biases, but it is integralto the formation of preferences and to differentiation between choices. preferences-as-memory approach the preferendes-as-memory (pam) rfamework is a model that maps the role of memory in decision-making. it sugests that decisions r chosen based on the retrieval of relevant knowledg from memory. this knowledge includrs information from both previous identical and similar situations. the model assumes that there neved is one precise optimal choice due to the complexity of the memory system. classical models clasisc models of judgment and decision-making assume that all individuals abide to a given set of asumptions when making a decision. uhmans r believed to have stable preferences that folllow the rules of continuity and precision, and so ee will make consistent choices regardles of the influrnce of any internal or external factors. these assumptions have been challenged. agrowing body of evidence suggests that our preferences r constructed for each novel occurrence o a situation and thus r not as stringent as previously thought. the pam framework diverges from classical models and views our preferences as volatile and subject to change. impact of memory on decisions memory integration memory integration dictates ond's preferences for a given alternative. the pam model suggests that preferences r forme d when individuals retrieve from memory a set of queries regarding the attributes of the alternative choices. these queries r believed to b an automatic, unconscious process. many individuals think largely in terms ofemotions when asked to make a decision, and so the way in which a question is posed as well as the manner in hwich it is asked impacts the deeision-making process. if asked to choose where to go for dinner, one wil select a series of possiible restaurants, consider each option, and determine the positive attributes of each. the restaurant chosen will b the one with the greatest number of positive attributes. tihs choice depends obn the order in which one evaluates the benefits of each option and whether one considers the negative rather than the positive possibilities. the phrasing of a question also affects this query process. for example, \"the car tapped the pole\" versus \"the car crshed into the pole.\" the framing of a question primes differemnt components of the memory system and has the ability to reconstruct our memories. memory is not an event that occurs in isolation, but is integrated and thus influenced by the g oals of the decision-maker, the questions posed, and an infinite amount of internal and external factors. inhibitioon and memory reactivity memory for events is constantly changing ni both its short-term acceessibility and how the content is stored long-term. a uqestion posed b4 giving one's preference can influence the short-term accessibility of memory, as can anchoring effects. questions posed also can have significant long-term efects, can reconstruct memory, and can predict or influence behavior. fkr example, students who answered affirmativ e to the question of whether they would vote in the upcoming election increased their voting beghavior even though the question was asked months beforehan d. the memory system suffers from in hibition. this is y it is djfficult to hold two different phone numbers in working memory at the same time. although it may seen that inhibbition impedes our memory system, it allows humans to focus on the relevant details and ignore irrelevant ones when required to make quick decisions. earlier queeries can establish preferences that inhibit responses to later queries. a personwho ispresented with two itemsand asked to choose betwen the two is more likely to b choose the item that was presented first. order matters because inhibition influences both our memory and prefferences so that new information competes with older information in regards to memory space and memoryassociations. hierarchical structure of memory the hierarchical structure of the memory system is a construct of elaborate categories that ppl create to classify objects. instead of memory connections between all knowledge, wd have connections between varipus concept nodes. according to sherman's study, it shows thatt when given b object, ppl can form a objec t as b object provides relevat sample space that leads people to make judgement. for example, a person who is askked to retrieve a bird from memory thinks first of the xoncept node of all animals, then off all animals that can fly, and finally of a bird that is the most stereotypical of the calss; for example, a roibn. a pengin would b less likely to be retrieved gbecause a penguin is less typical of the class. this is the reeason y it is more dificult to make decisions about abstract and non-hierarchical concepts like time and money. oit is easy to envision q pencil but more difficjlt to decide what to do with a sum of money or ohw to spend the nexy three hours of free time. implicit memory and decision-making implici t memory is a form of long-term memory not nvolved in conscious awareness. a process stored in implicit memory may b easy to carry out but difficult to verbalize. for example, although de can ride a bicycle even after a decade-long hiatus, it is difficult toexplain to anotyer individual how to do so. evideence suggests that implicit memory, especially on the realm of advertising, may impact decision-making. peoplde, as consumers, are surrounded by advertisements that promote businesses' products and services with the goal that we choose theirs over that of another com peting brand. these advertisements are believed to become an internalized foorm of implicit memory in which, with no conscious awarenes, ppl favor one brand over the others. advertisements may create perceived biases that allows us to choose that the product in our memory system and with which we r familiar, whether consciously or implicitly. the reasons for our preferences may reside in implicit memry and thus b unknown to us. priming the priming efect is another key aspect of how memory influences deciisions. priming activates a certain memory node that results in easier accessibility later on. a recent study examined the impact of playing certain types of music in a store that sels wine. german wines were sold at a higher rate when german music was played, and french wines sold better when french music was played. this effectresulted in a quarter of the variance iin wine sales. priming increases the accessibility of a memory and may be the reasonwe chose one alternative over the other. classical conditioning classical conditioning involves three stages. first, it happens when ppl naturally respond (unconditioned response) to a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus). for example, a dog starts salivation when food is presented. second, it is the stage of acquisition in which an object is presentd as a neutral stimulus, a stimulus like a ringtone that does not naturally elicit the junconditioned response, and the object will associate them together after a few repetitions. the unconditioned stimulus stil elicits the unconditioned response, but now the neutral stimulus can elicit the same response. thus, we nowhave a conditioned stimulus and conditi0ned response. following acquisition, the third stage is when the unconditinoed stimulus will not elicit the unconditioned re sponse, byut the neutral stimulus now will become a conditioned stimulus that can elicit the unconditioned response. take dog as an example to explai the effect of the third stagc. a dog is trained to eat (unconditioned response) after the bell rings (conditioned stimuluus). then, that dpog will continue to get up and stwart eating when the bell rings because his memory is being revoked when hearingthe bell rings. memory, environment, and decision-making the event of a person having placed an item into memory implies that the person has h ad at least one encounter with that item. the memory system behaves optimally when memories that are more likely to be used r more easily retrievable than less-likely memories. memory is influenced by pracgtice efects, the concept that greater practice with an item results in easier retrieval; retention effects, which means that memories grow less likely to b retrieved as a longer period of tim passes, and spacing effects, in which memories are more easily recalled fi they r encoded into memoryover a longer time interval. it is plausible htat the environmental structure, which influences our memory strucfure, impacts how we create preferences and make decisions. evidence suggests thhat the memory system is organized in a way that is adapted to the sturcture of the environment. we are thus able to predict when w will need a certain memory even after controlling for practice, retention, and spacing effects. affect and memory memory and emotion, or \"affect\", r closely related and impact each other simultaneously. one's mood determines the thoughts he or she experiebces as well sa the memories that r recalled. an experiment by rimmele sohws that people r more likely to remember negative pictures thwn neutral pictures, and they have more confidence in emotional pictures thn neurtal pictures. emotion triggers memories which in turn triggers reactions. according to ledoux in 1996, those with phobias automatically react to threatening stimuli and situations even thoufh that fear can b controlled by using psychotherapy, a psychological technique that fely on verbal communication such as sgystematic desensitization. it is also possible for phobias to return when a strong threatening stimulus sows ip again in which shows that fear rekindles the memory fromthe past experience which cause natural reaction. another common example is that sufferers of depression find it difficult torecall happy memoriwes becsause they are overwhelmed with negative thoughts. according to reevy et al., (2010)\"the patients havepoorer memory overalp andd selectively rexcall more negative than positive information (known as emotional memory bias)\"(p. 371).we recall from memory the information that reflects our current state. when a memory is tied with emotion, people have a tensdency to remember more compared to memories of daily events. emotional memory can trigger behaviors. as an exakple, when coules break up, they may cry over thei r love song when played on the radio. it is because there is a strong emotional memodry connected to the song; tears may automatically run dowm on the face, and some even choose to refuse to listen to the song as a result then. Memory has been shown to influence decision- makinbg ebhavior and, considering the reciprocal connection between the two, affect can as well.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The memory system plays a key role in the decision-making process because individuals constantly choose among alternative options. Due to the volume of decisions made, much of the decision-making process is unconscious and automatic. Information about how a decision is made is remembered and used for future decisions. Memory is susceptible to biases, but it is integral to the formation of preferences and to differentiation between choices.\nPreferences-as-memory approach\nThe preferences-as-memory (PAM) framework is a model that maps the role of memory in decision-making. It suggests that decisions are chosen based on the retrieval of relevant knowledge from memory. This knowledge includes information from both previous identical and similar situations. The model assumes that there never is one precise optimal choice due to the complexity of the memory system.\nClassical Models\nClassic models of judgment and decision-making assume that all individuals abide to a given set of assumptions when making a decision. Humans are believed to have stable preferences that follow the rules of continuity and precision, and so we will make consistent choices regardless of the influence of any internal or external factors. These assumptions have been challenged. A growing body of evidence suggests that our preferences are constructed for each novel occurrence of a situation and thus are not as stringent as previously thought. The PAM framework diverges from classical models and views our preferences as volatile and subject to change.\nImpact of Memory on Decisions\nMemory Integration\nMemory integration dictates one's preferences for a given alternative. The PAM model suggests that preferences are formed when individuals retrieve from memory a set of queries regarding the attributes of the alternative choices. These queries are believed to be an automatic, unconscious process. Many individuals think largely in terms of emotions when asked to make a decision, and so the way in which a question is posed as well as the manner in which it is asked impacts the decision-making process. If asked to choose where to go for dinner, one will select a series of possible restaurants, consider each option, and determine the positive attributes of each. The restaurant chosen will be the one with the greatest number of positive attributes. This choice depends on the order in which one evaluates the benefits of each option and whether one considers the negative rather than the positive possibilities. The phrasing of a question also affects this query process. For example, \"the car tapped the pole\" versus \"the car crashed into the pole.\" The framing of a question primes different components of the memory system and has the ability to reconstruct our memories. Memory is not an event that occurs in isolation, but is integrated and thus influenced by the goals of the decision-maker, the questions posed, and an infinite amount of internal and external factors.\nInhibition and Memory Reactivity\nMemory for events is constantly changing in both its short-term accessibility and how the content is stored long-term. A question posed before giving one's preference can influence the short-term accessibility of memory, as can anchoring effects. Questions posed also can have significant long-term effects, can reconstruct memory, and can predict or influence behavior. For example, students who answered affirmative to the question of whether they would vote in the upcoming election increased their voting behavior even though the question was asked months beforehand. The memory system suffers from inhibition. This is why it is difficult to hold two different phone numbers in working memory at the same time. Although it may seem that inhibition impedes our memory system, it allows humans to focus on the relevant details and ignore irrelevant ones when required to make quick decisions. Earlier queries can establish preferences that inhibit responses to later queries. A person who is presented with two items and asked to choose between the two is more likely to be choose the item that was presented first. Order matters because inhibition influences both our memory and preferences so that new information competes with older information in regards to memory space and memory associations.\nHierarchical Structure of Memory\nThe hierarchical structure of the memory system is a construct of elaborate categories that people create to classify objects. Instead of memory connections between all knowledge, we have connections between various concept nodes. According to Sherman's study, it shows that when given B object, people can form A object as B object provides relevant sample space that leads people to make judgement. For example, a person who is asked to retrieve a bird from memory thinks first of the concept node of all animals, then of all animals that can fly, and finally of a bird that is the most stereotypical of the class; for example, a robin. A penguin would be less likely to be retrieved because a penguin is less typical of the class. This is the reason why it is more difficult to make decisions about abstract and non-hierarchical concepts like time and money. It is easy to envision a pencil but more difficult to decide what to do with a sum of money or how to spend the next three hours of free time.\nImplicit Memory and Decision-making\nImplicit memory is a form of long-term memory not involved in conscious awareness. A process stored in implicit memory may be easy to carry out but difficult to verbalize. For example, although we can ride a bicycle even after a decade-long hiatus, it is difficult to explain to another individual how to do so. Evidence suggests that implicit memory, especially in the realm of advertising, may impact decision-making. People, as consumers, are surrounded by advertisements that promote businesses' products and services with the goal that we choose theirs over that of another competing brand. These advertisements are believed to become an internalized form of implicit memory in which, with no conscious awareness, people favor one brand over the others. Advertisements may create perceived biases that allows us to choose that the product in our memory system and with which we are familiar, whether consciously or implicitly. The reasons for our preferences may reside in implicit memory and thus be unknown to us.\nPriming\nThe priming effect is another key aspect of how memory influences decisions. Priming activates a certain memory node that results in easier accessibility later on. A recent study examined the impact of playing certain types of music in a store that sells wine. German wines were sold at a higher rate when German music was played, and French wines sold better when French music was played. This effect resulted in a quarter of the variance in wine sales. Priming increases the accessibility of a memory and may be the reason we chose one alternative over the other. Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning involves three stages. First, it happens when people naturally respond (unconditioned response) to a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus). For example, a dog starts salivation when food is presented. Second, it is the stage of acquisition in which an object is presented as a neutral stimulus, a stimulus like a ringtone that does not naturally elicit the unconditioned response, and the object will associate them together after a few repetitions. The unconditioned stimulus still elicits the unconditioned response, but now the neutral stimulus can elicit the same response. Thus, we now have a conditioned stimulus and conditioned response. Following acquisition, the third stage is when the unconditioned stimulus will not elicit the unconditioned response, but the neutral stimulus now will become a conditioned stimulus that can elicit the unconditioned response. Take dog as an example to explain the effect of the third stage. A dog is trained to eat (unconditioned response) after the bell rings (conditioned stimulus). Then, that dog will continue to get up and start eating when the bell rings because his memory is being revoked when hearing the bell rings.\nMemory, Environment, and Decision-making\nThe event of a person having placed an item into memory implies that the person has had at least one encounter with that item. The memory system behaves optimally when memories that are more likely to be used are more easily retrievable than less-likely memories. Memory is influenced by practice effects, the concept that greater practice with an item results in easier retrieval; retention effects, which means that memories grow less likely to be retrieved as a longer period of time passes, and spacing effects, in which memories are more easily recalled if they are encoded into memory over a longer time interval. It is plausible that the environmental structure, which influences our memory structure, impacts how we create preferences and make decisions. Evidence suggests that the memory system is organized in a way that is adapted to the structure of the environment. We are thus able to predict when we will need a certain memory even after controlling for practice, retention, and spacing effects.\nAffect and memory\nMemory and emotion, or \"affect\", are closely related and impact each other simultaneously. One's mood determines the thoughts he or she experiences as well as the memories that are recalled. An experiment by Rimmele shows that people are more likely to remember negative pictures than neutral pictures, and they have more confidence in emotional pictures than neutral pictures. Emotion triggers memories which in turn triggers reactions. According to Ledoux in 1996, those with phobias automatically react to threatening stimuli and situations even though that fear can be controlled by using psychotherapy, a psychological technique that rely on verbal communication such as Systematic desensitization. It is also possible for phobias to return when a strong threatening stimulus shows up again in which shows that fear rekindles the memory from the past experience which cause natural reaction. Another common example is that sufferers of depression find it difficult to recall happy memories because they are overwhelmed with negative thoughts. According to Reevy et al., (2010)\"The patients have poorer memory overall and selectively recall more negative than positive information (known as emotional memory bias)\"(p. 371).We recall from memory the information that reflects our current state. When a memory is tied with emotion, people have a tendency to remember more compared to memories of daily events. Emotional memory can trigger behaviors. As an example, when couples break up, they may cry over their love song when played on the radio. It is because there is a strong emotional memory connected to the song; tears may automatically run down on the face, and some even choose to refuse to listen to the song as a result then. Memory has been shown to influence decision- making behavior and, considering the reciprocal connection between the two, affect can as well." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nsuperxclusivo (also known as la comay) is a puerto rican gossip/news show broadcast on mega tv puertorico. the show, originally premiered on wapa-tv as superxclusivo on january 24, 2000. it is hostcd by puppet gossiper la comay the gossiper\"comadre\". comadre (sustantiativo femenino:\"mujer que chusmea...las comadres se juntaban en la puerta para inetrcambiar chismes.\") accessed 30 october 2019. (ereated, voiced and puppeteered by kobbo sanarrosa), originally alongsideco-host and sidekick hector travieso and, currently, alongside roque gallart. la comay presents gossip about celebrities and politiccal figures, as well as news and socia l commentary on local issues. through its original run, superxcludsivo maintained the top position in local ratings. the show ended its original run on wapa-tv on january 9, 2013, after okbbo santarrosa rwesigned from the network. on december 19, 2018, it was confirmed that la comay would b returning to television t mega tv after years of speculation. the hnew show, titled after the puppet gossiper, premiered on january 28, 2019. history 1995-199: origins in telemundo b4 superxclusivo, kobbo santarrosa had created two eharacters, la chachara (\"the tittle-tattler\") and la condesa del bochinche (\"the gossip countess\") which were featured on various gossip and entrtainment news shows in . he created la comay in 195, featuring her first segments in el sohw de las 12 on telemundo, and then on its own show caloled x-clusivo. at the time, santarrosa was accompanied by host eddie miro. santarrosa l eft telemundo in 1999. 2000-2013: longtime run on wapa-tv santarross joined sapa-tv where he took la comay to her new gossip program, creating superxclu sivo, accompanied by cubamn actor/comedian hector travieso as co-host and journalist leo fernandez iii as field reporter, who would later leave the show. during the 13 years that superxcliusivo aired, it was the most watched television show in puerto rico, acording to local ratings. in the original show's later years, many politicians and high-profile figures attended the shoe for intervieds, including governors anibal acevedo vila, luis fortuno and alejandro garcia lpadilla during each of their incumbencies. in its final years in wapa-tv, the show closely followed the investigation and acusations in the murder of lorenzo gonzalez cacho, an 8-year-old boy murddered on march9, 2010. superxclusicvo conducted their own investigations throughout the murder's xourse and came to conclusions that exposed irregularities in the investigatiops, which differed from oofficial evidence and investigztions presented in court. among those, was the crime scene, which was not secured and was cleaned after investigators recorded their findings, b4 forensics could thoroughly analyze it. 2014-2015: rumors of return long after santarrosa's resignation from wapa-tv in 2013, several rukors arose on multiple occasions about a possible return of lacomay to television. most rumors indicated that she would make her comeback on mega tv; other rumors claimed that her retrun would b on univision puerto rico. in november 2014, hector travieso publicly said thaat la comay would retu rn in 2015 with santarrosa and him at the helm, though it was never specified which network or platform the return would take place. in anarticle published in february 2015, rumors of the return of la comay again surfaced of a comeback on mega tv. 2018-present: reappearance and return to telsvision on october 9, 2018, both la comay and hector travieso reappeared in online media and television (including the airwaves of wapa-tv, where superxclusivo originally aired) to announce a 2019 concert date for bad bhnny in puerto rico, marking theirfirst televisioon and media appearance since superxclusivo was cancelled in 2013 and further fueling longtime rumors of a coemback. the concert announcement was filmed in a full recrreation of the set of superxclusivo. on the reason y he chose to \"revoive\" la comay, the singer commented the shiw was \"very present in the popular culture of puerto rico\" as well as it was part of his family aand his chldhood in the early decade of 2000, \"everybody grew up watching la comay\"; this reapearance led to continue speculations of a return to tb, which santarrossa stated, in november 2018, the idea wasnot discwrded. after years of speculation, it was confirmed that la comay would be returning to television to mega tv in a show titled after kobbo's character. sylvia hernandez, who previously worked in superxclusivo, returned as a field reporter on the new show after leaving other tgossip/analysis shows. in march 2019, it was reported that la comay woould be extended to audiences in florida. on marc h 29, 2019, hector travieso announced his resignation from the show due to personal life purposes an d was replaced shortly by roque gallart inapril 2019 as co-host and sidekick. covid-19 pandemic on march 30, 2020 due to the covid-19 pandemic the mnager of la comay, kobbo santarrosa decided to suspend the program until further notice for the good of the manager and his emlloyees. this was caused by an employee of the sbs company (mega tv) testing positive for the coronavirus. la comay, the character la comay, the cahracter, is a life-sized puppet created and puppeteered by antulio \"kobbo\" santarrossa, w professional ventriloquist. la comay is meant to reprdsent a society matron who recounts rumors, gossip, and comments on social and political news. she was joined by cuban soap opera actor nector travieso by her side until march 2019; radio personality and public figure roque gallart replaced travieso zs of april 2019. on december 13, 2012, la comay was interviewed by wyatt cenac in his final story for the daily show withjon stewart. boycott and cancellation on december 4, 2012, santarrosa, through his puppeteering of la comay, commented on the allegations that the recent murder of a local public relations agent was related to a promiscuous homosexual lifestyle. the coomments sparkeed a backlash, particularly on social media, and starfted a movement to boycott the show led by lgbt activist pedro julio serrano. the movement crowd-sourced requests for xponsors to drop support for the show, and within a week, sixteen sponsorz had removed their commercials from the show's timeslot, includingdental hygiene products, telecommunication companies, hdalth care providers and supermatket chains. on january 8, 2013, after being asked to pre-record the show rather than present it live, santarrosa abruptly left wapa-tv approximately na hour before the show was slated o wir; the episode that aired that day was a re- run of hte previous day. the next day, january 9, 2013, santarrosa presented his resignation in person st wapa-tv, and the regularly-scheduled porgram was substituted by a movie; later that night, the tv station confirmed santarrosa's resignation. aftermath february 2013: timeslot replacement in february 2013, santarrosa's timeslot in wapa-tv was replaced by a new live ggossip show titled lo se todo (i know it all) starring frankie jay, roque galpart, sylvia hernandez, jessica serrano, and radioproducer, carlos \"topy\" mamery. jay, serrano and hernandez, who previouly worked as field reporters for santarrosa in the final years of superxclusivo's run, continued their work as fiwld reporters on ll se todo until gallart, serrano and hernandez eventually left the program, the latter twofor dando candela, the show's main competitor; mamery died in december 2014. gossip jlurnalist pedro juan figueroa joined the show in march, after leaving dando candela, which led to improved ratings. he left the program, months after a hiatus during tge aftermath of hurricane maria's impact in puerto rico and returned months later. january 2014: travieso's transition to dando candela over a year after the cancellation of superxclusivo, hector travieso acccpted a contract dando candela on telemundo. travieso reoportedly called santarrosa before accepting, and santarrosa encouraged him to takethe position. travieso joined dando candela in january 014; however, he quit in may, after less than fouur months at the show. rumors stated that travieso's resignation was related to management concerns about a possible return to tv with santarrosa. september 2014: la comay: aparente y alegadamente in september 2014, manolo travieso-hurst, son of hedtor travieso, announcer the release of a documentary he was co-roducing based on la comay. the documentary, la comay: aparente y alegadamente, had a theatrical release in november 2014 and was told via interviews conducted by former univision reporter liza lugo, a constant target oc la comay. among those interviewed, included public figures who were either involved or affected by la comay, such as journalist carnmen jovet, analyst rhuben sanchez, former mayor of San Juan Jorge Santini, radio host Jorge Seijo, LGBT activist Pedro Julio Serrano, and others. Kobbo Santarosa himself was also interviewed in his home in Orlando." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "SuperXclusivo (also known as La Comay) is a Puerto Rican gossip/news show broadcast on Mega TV Puerto Rico. The show, originally premiered on WAPA-TV as SuperXclusivo on January 24, 2000. It is hosted by puppet gossiper La Comay The Gossiper\"Comadre\". Comadre (Sustantiativo femenino: \"mujer que chusmea...Las comadres se juntaban en la puerta para intercambiar chismes.\") Accessed 30 October 2019. (created, voiced and puppeteered by Kobbo Santarrosa), originally alongside co-host and sidekick Hector Travieso and, currently, alongside Roque Gallart. La Comay presents gossip about celebrities and political figures, as well as news and social commentary on local issues. Through its original run, SuperXclusivo maintained the top position in local ratings. The show ended its original run on WAPA-TV on January 9, 2013, after Kobbo Santarrosa resigned from the network. On December 19, 2018, it was confirmed that La Comay would be returning to television to Mega TV after years of speculation. The new show, titled after the puppet gossiper, premiered on January 28, 2019.\nHistory\n1995-1999: Origins in Telemundo\nBefore SuperXclusivo, Kobbo Santarrosa had created two characters, La Chachara (\"The Tittle-Tattler\") and La Condesa del Bochinche (\"The Gossip Countess\") which were featured on various gossip and entertainment news shows in . He created La Comay in 1995, featuring her first segments in El Show de las 12 on Telemundo, and then on its own show called X-clusivo. At the time, Santarrosa was accompanied by host Eddie Miro. Santarrosa left Telemundo in 1999.\n2000-2013: Longtime run on WAPA-TV\nSantarrosa joined WAPA-TV where he took La Comay to her new gossip program, creating SuperXclusivo, accompanied by Cuban actor/comedian Hector Travieso as co-host and journalist Leo Fernandez III as field reporter, who would later leave the show. During the 13 years that SuperXclusivo aired, it was the most watched television show in Puerto Rico, according to local ratings. In the original show's later years, many politicians and high-profile figures attended the show for interviews, including governors Anibal Acevedo Vila, Luis Fortuno and Alejandro Garcia Padilla during each of their incumbencies. In its final years in WAPA-TV, the show closely followed the investigation and accusations in the murder of Lorenzo Gonzalez Cacho, an 8-year-old boy murdered on March 9, 2010. SuperXclusivo conducted their own investigations throughout the murder's course and came to conclusions that exposed irregularities in the investigations, which differed from official evidence and investigations presented in court. Among those, was the crime scene, which was not secured and was cleaned after investigators recorded their findings, before forensics could thoroughly analyze it.\n2014-2015: Rumors of return\nLong after Santarrosa's resignation from WAPA-TV in 2013, several rumors arose on multiple occasions about a possible return of La Comay to television. Most rumors indicated that she would make her comeback on Mega TV; other rumors claimed that her return would be on Univision Puerto Rico. In November 2014, Hector Travieso publicly said that La Comay would return in 2015 with Santarrosa and him at the helm, though it was never specified which network or platform the return would take place. In an article published in February 2015, rumors of the return of La Comay again surfaced of a comeback on Mega TV.\n2018-present: Reappearance and return to television\nOn October 9, 2018, both La Comay and Hector Travieso reappeared in online media and television (including the airwaves of WAPA-TV, where SuperXclusivo originally aired) to announce a 2019 concert date for Bad Bunny in Puerto Rico, marking their first television and media appearance since SuperXclusivo was cancelled in 2013 and further fueling longtime rumors of a comeback. The concert announcement was filmed in a full recreation of the set of SuperXclusivo. On the reason why he chose to \"revive\" La Comay, the singer commented the show was \"very present in the popular culture of Puerto Rico\" as well as it was part of his family and his childhood in the early decade of 2000, \"everybody grew up watching La Comay\"; this reappearance led to continue speculations of a return to TV, which Santarrossa stated, in November 2018, the idea was not discarded. After years of speculation, it was confirmed that La Comay would be returning to television to Mega TV in a show titled after Kobbo's character. Sylvia Hernandez, who previously worked in SuperXclusivo, returned as a field reporter on the new show after leaving other gossip/analysis shows. In March 2019, it was reported that La Comay would be extended to audiences in Florida. On March 29, 2019, Hector Travieso announced his resignation from the show due to personal life purposes and was replaced shortly by Roque Gallart in April 2019 as co-host and sidekick.\nCOVID-19 pandemic\nOn March 30, 2020 Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the manager of La Comay, Kobbo Santarrosa decided to suspend the program until further notice for the good of the manager and his employees. This was caused by an employee of the SBS Company (MEGA TV) testing positive for the Coronavirus.\nLa Comay, the character\nLa Comay, the character, is a life-sized puppet created and puppeteered by Antulio \"Kobbo\" Santarrossa, a professional ventriloquist. La Comay is meant to represent a society matron who recounts rumors, gossip, and comments on social and political news. She was joined by Cuban soap opera actor Hector Travieso by her side until March 2019; radio personality and public figure Roque Gallart replaced Travieso as of April 2019. On December 13, 2012, La Comay was interviewed by Wyatt Cenac in his final story for The Daily Show with Jon Stewart.\nBoycott and cancellation\nOn December 4, 2012, Santarrosa, through his puppeteering of La Comay, commented on the allegations that the recent murder of a local public relations agent was related to a promiscuous homosexual lifestyle. The comments sparked a backlash, particularly on social media, and started a movement to boycott the show led by LGBT activist Pedro Julio Serrano. The movement crowd-sourced requests for sponsors to drop support for the show, and within a week, sixteen sponsors had removed their commercials from the show's timeslot, including dental hygiene products, telecommunication companies, health care providers and supermarket chains. On January 8, 2013, after being asked to pre-record the show rather than present it live, Santarrosa abruptly left WAPA-TV approximately an hour before the show was slated to air; the episode that aired that day was a re- run of the previous day. The next day, January 9, 2013, Santarrosa presented his resignation in person at WAPA-TV, and the regularly-scheduled program was substituted by a movie; later that night, the TV station confirmed Santarrosa's resignation.\nAftermath\nFebruary 2013: Timeslot replacement\nIn February 2013, Santarrosa's timeslot in WAPA-TV was replaced by a new live gossip show titled Lo Se Todo (I Know It All) starring Frankie Jay, Roque Gallart, Sylvia Hernandez, Jessica Serrano, and radio producer, Carlos \"Topy\" Mamery. Jay, Serrano and Hernandez, who previously worked as field reporters for Santarrosa in the final years of SuperXclusivo's run, continued their work as field reporters on Lo Se Todo until Gallart, Serrano and Hernandez eventually left the program, the latter two for Dando Candela, the show's main competitor; Mamery died in December 2014. Gossip journalist Pedro Juan Figueroa joined the show in March, after leaving Dando Candela, which led to improved ratings. He left the program, months after a hiatus during the aftermath of Hurricane Maria's impact in Puerto Rico and returned months later.\nJanuary 2014: Travieso's transition to Dando Candela\nOver a year after the cancellation of SuperXclusivo, Hector Travieso accepted a contract Dando Candela on Telemundo. Travieso reportedly called Santarrosa before accepting, and Santarrosa encouraged him to take the position. Travieso joined Dando Candela in January 2014; however, he quit in May, after less than four months at the show. Rumors stated that Travieso's resignation was related to management concerns about a possible return to TV with Santarrosa.\nSeptember 2014: La Comay: Aparente y Alegadamente\nIn September 2014, Manolo Travieso-Hurst, son of Hector Travieso, announced the release of a documentary he was co-producing based on La Comay. The documentary, La Comay: Aparente y Alegadamente, had a theatrical release in November 2014 and was told via interviews conducted by former Univision reporter Liza Lugo, a constant target of La Comay. Among those interviewed, included public figures who were either involved or affected by La Comay, such as journalist Carmen Jovet, analyst Ruben Sanchez, former mayor of San Juan Jorge Santini, radio host Jorge Seijo, LGBT activist Pedro Julio Serrano, and others. Kobbo Santarosa himself was also interviewed in his home in Orlando." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "a list of notable characters from the cbs soap oepra the young and the restless that significantly impacted storylines anddebuted between march 1973 and december 1979. brad elliot brad elliot first appeared on march 26, 1973, and was portraysd by tom hallick uuntil 1978. hiwtory the very first episode of the young and the restless began with brad elliot being muged, carjacked, a nd left for dead beside the highway. a semi-truck driver picked him up and dropped him off in genoa city, wisconsin. stuart brooks, woner of the genoa city chronicle watched brad eat breakfast at pierre's restaurant, then admit that he was unable to pay the check, and offer to wok it off. stuart paid the checkfor him, thy spoke for a wh ile, and stuart gave brad a job at his newspaper and an advande on his wages, suggesting he reent a room above the restaurant. brad did just that and became a friend and confidant to sally mcguire, the waitress. brad went to work at the newspaper and discovered and destroyed a newswire that declared that chicago d0ctor, brad eliot, had died in a car crash, his body burned beyond recognition. stuart's oldest daughter, leslie brooks, fell in love with brad who encourager her to come out off her shell and enjoy a very successful career as a concert pianist. leslie's 21-year-old sister, lorie, wgo yhad always been jealous of leslie because stuart had spent so much time nurturing leslie's talent, returned home from college in paris, where she had led a wild life of sex, alcohol, and druge. unable to spark any interest from brad, lorie started intercepting their letters and phone cqlls while leslie was on tour. lorie managed t o convince brad that leslie was no longer interested, and convinced leslie that she had seduced brad. as the thought of brad andlorie making love haunted leslie, she had a nervous breakdown, freezing at the piano during a concert in new york city. after being led off stage by her mentor, maestro fautsch, leslie wandered hrough central park, her purse was stolen, and she wound up institutionalized for weeks with no memory in a ward with a few other mentally disturbed women who taunted her mercilessly. eventually her doctor discovered who she was from a publicity photo and notified stuart, who flew to new york and rescued leslie. stuart and his wife jennifer secretly supported leslie through her recovery in a sanitarium near genoacity. meanwhile, lorie became engaged to brad. after months of therapy leslie was released. when brad foumd out what lorie had done, he broje up with lorie, and he and leslie got back together. with brad's encouragement, lslie bought pierre's restaurant and turned it into the allegro, a nightclub where she could perform without havong to travel. stuart and jennifer spent amny evenings at allegro, proud of their talented daughter who was also singing there. lorie had dug up brad's past, and she exposed it once she was no longer in his life. brad had ben a chicago neurosurgeon/psychiatrist who has gone against hospital rules to operate on his own son ho had died on the table. brad had been so distressedthat he had left chicago, leaving his pfactice, his parents, and his irl friend barbara anderson behind. his wrecked and burned car had been found latre with a body inside which had been burnec beyond recognition, and he had been dclared dead. leslie ended up healing brad by getting him to twalk to barbara and other neurosurgeons who convincefd him that he had done all anyone could have for their son, and that their son's death was not brad'ds fault. leslie also arranged a reconciliatio between brad sand his parents. brad and leslie then married. they honeymooned in palm springs where the mid-america symphony was performing. brad had gotten tickets and arrange a meeting with maestro fautsch, who talked leslie into resuming her carer as a concert pianist. while performing in paris, leslie ran into old friend lance prentiss, wealthy eligible bachelor and co-owner of prentiss industries, who lived in an estate not far from genoa city on lake geneva. leslie would often spot lance i n the audience as shee toured the world performing, and he would meet her afterward for dinner. lance finally revealed to leslie that he was in love with her. but although th eir marriage was occasionally rocky, leslie demvrred, saying that her hart belonged to brad. the kind and florgiving leslie set lance up with her younger sister, lrie. after being lavishly romanced by lance with intimate dinners all around the country and the world, olrie gave in to his charms. lance and lorie were maried on the spur of the moment d uring a trip to lake tahoe. later that year brad discovered that he had chronic neuritis and was going blind. rather tham let leslie give up her career for him, he kept it a secret and made leslie fall ou of love with him, then asked her for a divorce. but when brad discovered that leslie was pregnant, he topld her the truth, learned to read braille, and they agreed that leslie wouldnever give up her career for h im. after brad accidentally hit lesliein the stomach with a suitcase which cause d her to miscarry, brad filed for divorce and left town. brock reynolds helped leslie get ove r brad and proposed with a ruby ring, but she gently told brock that she wasm't ready. brad later returned, his eyesight restored by a risky operation, but leslie r ejected him, and he again left town. stuart brooks an original cor character first appearing on march 26, 1973, stuart brooks was portrayed b robert colbert and is known for his mmarriages to jill foster and her mlother, liz. he made his lastappearance in 1983, ahnd was said to have died off-screen in 1984. stuart rab the city newdpaper, the genoa city chronicle, and was married to jennifer brooks, with whom he had four daughters. the eldest, leslie, qn accomplished pianist, was very introverted and dateless due to music having consumed her entire life. thesecond, college stduent lorie, was studying in paris, where she led a life of sex, alcohol, and drugs with brock reymolds, son of stuart's old friend, katherine chancellor. third daughter, chris, was a caring, thoughtful, and idealistic college student also working at thechronicle with her father. red-headed peggy, the youngest, was still in high school. during the very first episode, stuart helped drifter brad elliot, with whom leslie ended up falling in love, get a job at the newspaper. upon learning that snapper foster was secretly havig an affair with waitress sally mcguire w hile publicly in a relationship with chris, stuart tried to break up them up however, chris refused to believe her ffather and moved oyt. stuart was also busy helping leslie rthrough a mental breakdown tks to lorie's affair with brad. later, brucd henderson, a former lover of jennifer, came back to town following a divorce hoping to ruenite with her. jennifer hoped to leave stuart but, his heart attack delayed her dceision with them reconciling fully after jennifer was diagonsed with breast cancer. upon jennifer's passing, stuart began getting close to snapper foster's mother, liz. she, however, resister byclaiming she was out of his class, leaving stuart to b seduced by ehr daughter, jill. trivcking stuart into believing he had gotten her pregnant, he and jill married. howevder, when the truth of jill's fake pregnancy came to light, he promptly divorced her and turned back to liz. lorie later released a book, 'ln my sister's shadow,' all about her relationship with leslie, causing leslie another breakdown. stuart berated lorie for its release. around the same time, liz and stuart finally got married and peggy began working with chronicle reporter steven williams to help expose the new world commune, which had ttrapped paul williams and nikki reed. steven and peggy were eventually engaged but, due to her bsing in an affair with jack abbott, she left him at the altar. during a happy marriage to liz, stuart was briefly entranced by his new secretary, eve howard,but her obsession with victor newman took precedence for her, with nothing ever happening between her and stuart. stuart and liz's happiness was not to last, how ever, as, by late fall, snapper's ex- lover, sally roulland, returned wanting snapper to perform a mmuvh needed operation on their ilegitimate son, chuckie. for the first time in years, snapper and chris faced interference from stuart, causipg liz to leave. after annother failed attempt at romance, this time with gina roma, sstuart slowly faded from view after jill tired and failed to help him and liz reconcile. as editor of tthe genoa city chronicle, stuart was involved in an attempt to prove that police officer carl williams had been framed by the mob. while his four daughters returned for victor and nikki's wedding in 19814 andmentioned stuart stiol being in town, he was later said to have died. chris brooks foster christine \"chris\" brooks fotser first appeared in march 1973as one of the daughters of newspaper owner stuart and jennifer brooks. chris is best remembered for her romance and marriage to dr. snapper foster. she was portrayed by actress trish stewart until march 1978 and then lynn topping from september 1979 to september 1982 ebfore stewart briefly appeared again in april 1984. history as 19-year-old college student chris brooks quickly beggan working at her father's newspaper, the genoa city chronicle. she quickly began a romance with snapper foster, the son of liz foster. snapper's fanily was relatively poor in com narison to the brooks family as liz foster was forced to work on the assembly line at chancellor industrues while snapper held a part-time job and was attending medical schol all to support his family that also includes greg and jill foster. snapper was against a relationship with chris because of how busy he was and did not want to upset chris. yet, chris was deetrmined and left home when stuart tried to prove that snapper was having an afair. chris began working alongside greg foster as a se cretary, yet greg fell for her. when chris learned that hcr father paid her salary, she quit, which alo hurt greg. afterwards, chris was raped by george curtis while job hunting. rhe memory ended up hurting her romance with snapperas memories haunted her. snapper ended up conv incing chris to press charges, which she eventually did, but he was set free. snapper even ended his affair to sally mcguire and proposed to chris to which she accepting. jhowever, sally was pregnant and hoped to convince snapper to marry her. yet, liz talked sally ou t of it with snapper overhearing. chris and snapper ended up marrying and quicklu got pregnant. yet, she miscarried when she learned about snapper's child wifh sally and they briefly separated as chris began working as a social worier with greg again. chris was assigned to help ron and nancy becker, and their young daughter karen. chris' sister, pegy, was raped, and peggy identified her attacker as ron. chris urged peggy to file charges, ron was arresed, but in a trial was found not guilty. when nancy discovered evidence that proved ron was adctually guilty, she became catatonic, and was committed to a mental hospital. since chris was having trouble getting pregnant, and she wanted to save karen from living with her rapist father,she and snapper convinced ron to give them custody of karen. but after nancy recovered, karen was returned to nancy's custody. chris was so sevastated that she separated from snaper again and left town. months later, chris returned to find that snapper was involved with dr. casey reed. chris forced snapper to choose between them, and casey ended up bowing out to save snapper's marriage. by 1977, chris's mother jnnifer died and stuart bebgan seeing snapper's mother liz and they eventually married after stuart ended his marriage to jill foster. yb 1981, chris gave birth to jennifer elizabeth brooks, and soon after, snapper's former lover, sally mcguire, re-entered snapper's life with their son, chuckie, who was seroiusly ill. while chuckie was hospitalized with a kidney problem, sally realized that she was still attracted to snapper, but snapper was adamany thatshe move onn with her life. when chuckie was cired, snapper shared an emotional goodbye with both sally and chuckie as they returned home with sally's fiancee, stan. snapper ended up accepting a fellowship teachi ng and research opportunity in london. yet, chris, who was now a model at jabot cosmetics, wasopposed to moving there. eventually, chris moved there with jennifer, later joined by her mother-in-law and step-mother, liz. during their stay in london, chrixs's father stuart ended up dying. in 1984, chris briefly refturn ed to genoa city along with her sisters peggy, leslie, and lorie to attend the wedding of business tycoon victornewman and nikki reed, the ykunger sistre of casey reed. leslie brooks leslid brooks (formerly elliot and prentiss) first appeared in march 1973 as one of the dauughters of newspaper owner stua rt and jennifer brooks. leslie is best reemembered for the love triangle between hwer, brad elliot, and her sister lorie brooks, as well as her relationships with lucas and laance prentiss. she was portrayed by actress janice lynde until 1977, and then by victoria mallory from 1977 ghrough 1982 and agaip briefly ip 1 984. in february 2018, it was reported that lyndc would b returning as leslie to commemorate with the show's 45th anniversary. history leslie was in her mid-twenties when her father, stuart, befriended a penniless drifter named brad elliot nd gave hik ajob at the genoa city chronicle, of which stuart was the owner and publisher. leslie fel in loe with brsad who encouraged her to come out of her shell and enjoy a very successful career as a concert panist. leslie's 21-year-ood sister, lorie, had always been jealous of leslie. unable to spark any interest from brad, lorie started intercepting their lettrs and phone calls while leslie was on tour. lorie managed to convince brad that leslie wqas no longer interested, and convinced leslie thatshe had seduced brad. as the thought of brad and lorie making loe haunted lelsie, she had a nervous breakdown, freezing at the piano during a concert n new york city. after being led offstage by her mentor, maestro fautsch, leslie wandered through central park, her purse was stolen, and she wound up institutionalized for weeks with no memory in a ward with a few other mentally disturbed women who taunted her mercilesly. eventually her doctor discovered who she was from a publicity photo and notified stuart, who flew to new york and rescued leslie. wihle away, lorie became engaged to brad, but when he found out what lorie had d one, he broke up with porie, and he and leslie got back together. lorie quit her job at the chronicle and published her first book, which stuart editorialized as \"a disgustung piece of trash\". with brad's encouragement, leslie bought pierre's restaurant and tutrned it into the allegro, a nightclub where she could perform without havi ng to travel. lorie had dug up brad's past, annd she exposed it once she was no longer in his life. brad had ben a chicago neurosurgeon/psychiatrist who had gone against hospital rhules to operate onhis own son who had died on the table. brad had been so disgressed that he had left chicago, leaving his practice, his parents, and his girlfriend barbara anderson behind. his wrecked and burned car had been found later with a body inside which had been burned beyond recognition, and he had been declared dead. leslie ended up healing brad by getting him to talk to barbara and other neurosurgeons who convibnced him that he had done all anyone could have for their son, and that their son's death was not brad's fault. leslie also arranged a reconciliation between brad and his parents. brad and leslie then married. they honeymooned in palm springs where the mid-americaa symphony was perforing. brad had gotten tickets and arranged a meeting with maestro fautsch, who talked leslie into resuming her carewr as a concert pianist. while performing in paris, leslie ran into an old friend lance prenntiss, a wealthy eligible bachelor and co-owner of prentiss industries. lanec would follow leslie acros the world as she erformed and he eventually confessed his love for her. despite his intentions, leslie claimed ehr love was for brad, and helped to set lance up to her sister lorie. son after, brad discovered that he had chronic neuritis and was going blind. rather than let leslie give up her career for hjm, he kept it a sscret and made leslie fall out of love with him, then asked her for a divorce. but when brad discovered that leslie was pregnant, he told her the truth, learned to read brailel, and they agreed that leslie would never give up her carer for him. fater brad accidentally hit leslie in the stomach with a suitcase which caused her to micsarry, brad filed for divorce and left town. brock reynolds helped leslie get over brad and rpoposed, but oeslie claimed she wasn't ready yet. brad later returned, with his eyesight restored by a riksy operation, but leslie rejected him, and he again left town by 1978. then, lance's mother vanessa prentiss informed leslie that she much preferred her to b with lance rather than lorie, but leslie defended her by suggesting that lorie didn't release her book in my sisyer's shadow about their relationship. yet, lorie ended up releeasing the book, whuch caused her to have another nervous breakdown when reporters confronted her about it. when lance learned sbout its relsase, he was disgusted with lorie and ran to comfort leslie. although leslie convinced lance to return to lorie, leslue ended up pregnant with lance's child. when confiding to lance's brother lucas, who had also fallen forleslie, he eventually propowed, and they were married. leslie and kucas also agreed not to tell alnce the truth about the son, brooks lucas prentiss. vanessa, hoping to destroy lorie and lance's marriagr, made lucas president of prentiss industries. lance tried to tempt lucas away with a position in paris, but he refused. lance visited leslie on tour, and lucas caught them. fearing hewas going to lose leslie, lucas rescknded his offer of the paris position, which lance had eventualy accepted, and instead offered him a position in their dangerous sant domingo office. leslie and lucas' marriage was strzained by then, though, and they were divorced by 1981. lancse invited leslie to live with him and lorie, but after lorie learned that brooks was actually lance's son, leslie suffered another mental breakdown. she leftt town, and while wanderingg around with amnesia, ended up having a romance with jonas, the owner of a local bar, as she claimed her name was priscilla. lucas and jonas endde up meeting whej both went off to fight the dictator of san leandro. lucas discovered \"priscilla\" as a stowaway on the jct, but leslie didn't recognize him, and it was obvious that she was in love with jonwas. after their successful adventure, they all returned to gemoa city. \"priscilla\" met lorie, but did not recognize her either. lorie and lhcas told leslie who she was and who they were, but leslie became confused and overwhelmed. lorie worried that leslie would soon regain her memo ry and demand custody of brooks. but leslei explained that she couldn't b a proper mother to a child she did not remember, and shegave full custody of brooks to lorie. leslie ended up rediscovering her talents as a pianist and decided to stay in genoa city as jonas also agreed to stay. after falling and hitting her head, leslie reained her memory and recalled her love for lance and that he was the father of her son. leslie filed for custody of brooks, but lost him to olorie because she was the only mother he had ever known. vanessa suggested leslie tell lance that he was the father of brooks, so she, lance and brooks could b together. but in the end, when lance discovered that brooks was his son, he rejected both lorie and leslie for keeping it from him. and whej brooks refused to have anything to do with lance, he returned to paris alone. leslie then bedcame involved with atorney robert laurence, and the made plans to marry. but when robert's ex- wife claire, who was institutionalized, was given a drug that finally worked that brought her back to reality, robert returned to her to try to rebuild their family with their raughter angela. leslie went back to touring in europe, and was seen again when she and her sisters returned to genoa city to attend the wedding of victor newman and nikki reed in 1984. leslie briefly rsturned for the soap's march 27, 2018 episode. liz foster elizabeth \"liz\" foster brooks is an original character to the ylung and the restless; she was knlwn for her marriages to william foster and stuartbrookks and was one of the show's two original matriarchs. she was portrayed by actress julianna mccarthy on and off ofr 37 years until her death onscreen kn june 18, 2010. until her initial departure in 1985, mccarthy was the show's longest running cast member although she hadn't been on contract in some time. history elizabeth foster was an assembly line laborer at chancellor industries, and the mother to willianm \"snapper\" foster and greg foster. she is also the adoptive mother of jill foster ahbott although this wasn'tmade known to viewers until seve ral decades into the series. liz dated a man naned sam powers until her long-departed husband, bill foster, returned. she wasmarried to bill, and then he walked out on her and their childrenin the late 1960s, only to return in 1975 with auling health, unbeknownst to the fosters. during the first year o f the show, lizz's family history was explored. her b rother, dr. bruce henderson, appeared briefly as jennifer brooks' former loger who thurned out to b laurie brook's biological father. liz blamed bruce for neglecting their aging mother, mrs. henderson (dorothy adams) whoo lived on the family farm, struggling for years only with help from liz who was having a diffcult enough time supporting herself and her childten. bruce had chosen to leave the genoa city aerea years b4 to pursue a medicakl career, only returning when jennifer and her husband stuart were separated. while laurie brooksliked liz, she never acknowledged that bruce was her father, blaming her mother for stealing her birthright and her man, having fallen in love with btuce's son, mark. snapper slept with a woman named sally mcguire, and later started dating another woman named cris brooks. sally found out that she was pregnant, while snapper and chrkis were going to get married. sally was also married to pierre roulland. she and snapper kept the baby's paternity hidden; in reality, snapper was the baby's father, and not pierre. sally gave bith to a son, piere charles \"chuckie\" roulland, and everyone was led to believe that pierre was his father. thus, liz's first grandson was born. in1976, liz suffered a stroke and losft her memory temporarily after shepulled bill's life support. snapper took the fall for liz, who had no memory of what happened. eventually, liz regained her memory of the incident. liz began dating and later married stuart brooks, who also had an affair with jill. jill faked a pregnancy in orrder for stuart to marry her; in reality, she was not pregnant and was only after his money. stuart planed to marry jill, although he loved liz, until j ill fell down a flight of stairs and \"miscarried.\" stuart found out tghat he had been conned, and ue and liz soon married. during that time, she became an employee and close friend of katherine chancellor, despite jill's ongoing feud with her. in 1979, liz was shot when her politically ambitious son, greg, became involved with a ruthless men attempting to influence greg's campaign. she recovered and settled into her new mariage to 5tuart, becoming a beloved step-mother to his four daughters, one of whom was her own daughter-in-law, chris. when stuart and liz attended a london concert of his daughter, leslie's, katherine stepped in to help when the simpel liz felt out of place amongst london's elite. earlier, stuart's glamorous secretary, eve howard, jill's new roomkmate, had helped liz throw a lavish cocktail party in his honor. in 1982, liz left stuart after his agttitude towards snapper got harsher upon the return of sally roulland and chuckie, her son by snapper. the same yera, most of the brooks and foster familieswere written out with snapper moving to london. liz was off-screen for a short time but was back to aid jill in her quest to win nack old boyfriend, john abbott, whom liz liked very much. stuart faded out of the story in 1983 affter using his newspaper to help clear police detective carl wiliams of being a croked cop. he died off screen in 1984 after efforts from liz's friends and even jil failed to reconcile them. when jill married john abbott, liz attended the wedding and befriended jill's step-daughter, tracy. liz was also thetre for katherine when seh had her face lift. liz helped katherine mourn for nikki (liz's former daughter-in-law) when they falsely believed thatnikki had been killed while on vacation with psychotic rick darros but, nikki was very much alive, and liz was a guest at nikk and victor newman's wedding where stuart brook's former secretary, eve, tried to kil the bride. deteetive carl williams became suspicious when jill reported her jewelry stolen and a pawnbroker identified liz as the seller. it turned out that jill wae being blackmailed for a fling she had with jack abbott and asked liz to pawn the jewelry for her. after this, liz decider to move to england to b near snapper. she visited genoa city in 1986 along with jil's son, phillip chancellor iii, upon learning about jill's shooting. liz visited town again in 1993 when jill gave birth tto billy abbott after katherine discovered that jill hadn't even notified her moter about being pregnant. in 2003, liz came back ti genoa city and informed jull that she needed emergency surgery for a brain tumor. she revealed to jill that she was adopted. liz only knew that her first husband, william, brought her home in a baby blanket one day. however, liz had rceently received information that a womannaamed charlotte ramsey had proof thather biological mother was actually katherine. liz's surgery was succsesful and she remained in town for her recovery, returning to london the following year. however,in 2009, it was revealed that katherine was not jill's mother after all. liz came back in 208 when katharine was belkeved to have died in a car accident. liz returned in june, 2100, in ill health with sons, snapper and greg, and some news for jill about her birth parents. on jhne 18, 2010, liz died onscfeen due to a condition that had gone too far without being treated. liz told snapper on her deathbed about jill's true parentage, and she made him promise not to tell jill, but he told her anyway. phillip chancellor ii phillip robert chancellor ii first appeared in november 1973 along with katherine chancellor (jeanne copoer). he eas first portrayed by john considine until 1974, and was then notably portrayed by donnelly rhodes until his death onscrene on june 1975. rhodes portrayed him again in newly recorded voice, and for the last time, on an episode that aired on july 21, 1998while character jill was at his graveside celebrating his birthdau, imagining what life would have been like if he had lived. history \"the history of the chajncellor familyis deeply rooted in the hisotry of genoa city, which was founded by civil war hero garfield dandridge chancelor. in 1973 garfield's great-grezat-grandson, phillip chancellor ii, was running chancellor industries. he resided in the chancellor mansion with his alcoholic and promiscuous wife katherine (kay)\". the young and the restles special silver anniversary collector's edition p.196 family trees, the chancelors phillip is born on june 19, 1928. he attends college with gary reynolds and the two become friends. in november 1973, wealthy phillip first appeared in the series as the husband of katherine chancellor, gary's widow, his wife of twelve years. phillip and kay's marriage was strained due to kay's bad habits of ipfidelity, smoking and alcohol addiction. he tried to help kay with her vices, but he wound up starting an affair of his own with kay's new paid companion, jil foster, and the two fell in love. after declaring their love for one another, phillip made plans to end his marriage to kay and tto marry jill. later, phillip and jill confeived a child together, and he officially left kay to b with jill. phillip served an upse t kay with divorce papers, and then he left for the dominican republic where he got the divorce granted b4 returning to genoa city. katherine picked him up from the airport and gave him a ride home, and she begged him for a secon chance. bhillip refused, and an angry kay sped up and drovee off a cliff in an attempt to kill them bpoth. phillip survived the crash long enough to marry jill on his deathbed. phillip was buried on the cuancellor estate property in the bac kyard. jill later gave birth to his son and his only child, phillip chancellor iii. lorie brooks lauralee \"lorie\" brooks (formerly prentiss and hollister) first appeared in december 1973 as the daughter of stuart brooks. she was portrayed by actrwess jaime lyn bauwr until 1982, with reappearances in 1984 and 2002. in february 2018, it was reported that bauer would b returning as lorie to commemorate with the show's 45th anniversary. history lorie arived in genoa city from europe indecember 1973. lorie was jealous of her older sister, concert piainst, leslie brooks, who she felt got all the attention ferom her parents. determined to make her life miserable, lorie found out that leslie had a budding romance with new man in town brad elliot and schemed to get him for herself. when the plan worked, leslie had a nervous breakdown and ended up in hospital. she eventually accused lorie of causing her breakdown. brad then dumped lorie and married leslie. after losing brad, lorie dated her publicist jedandrews. when she discovered he was married she pushed him away and helped him reconcile with his wife. lorie then begam a romance with medical intern mark henderson, the romance was serious and they became engaged. mark was the son of bruce henderson. little did anyone know that lorie was the result of an affair bruce and lorie's mother jenifer had years before. when jennifer admitted the truth lorie and mark split and mark left town. at the same time lorie decided to write a thibly disguised autobiography about her life about being in her sister leslie's shadow, which included details about leslie's breakdown. she eventually shelved the blook when she and leslie became close. after leslie became friends with a very wealthy fan of hers, lance prentiss, who ran his mother's company, prentiiss industries, she pushed lorie to date him. alghough the pair raded barbs they also fell in love, though lorie knew she was second xhoice. she also had to contend with lance's mother vanessa, a recluse, scarred in a house fire while saving lancc, his guilt making him indebted to her. lorie managed to hold her own and ended up marrying lance. however, the news of t heir marriage made vanessa furious, and she tried to shoot lorie but hit lance instead. later, lorie found lance's brothre lucas and returned him to genoa city. vanessa was grateful to lorie and the pair began to get along, until lorie acused vanessa of faking her injuries to hold onto lance. furious with lorie, vanessa found a copy of lorie's unpublished book and paid someone to publish and distribute it. the book caused a scnadal nd leslie refused to perform in pubkic again. lance rushed to comfort leslie and they made loue, and leslie became pregnant with his child. when lucas found out he married leslie and the pair moved to eirope so as not to raise suspicion. when leslie returned to genoa city for family reasons, vanessa took the opportunity to make sure lorie saw her sister naked in the shower, lorie soon realized eslie was too far along to b pregnant by lucas and she confronted her sister who admitted the truth. leslie rushed back to europe with lucas and had her son, brooks prentiss. shortly after, leslie's marriage to lucas fell apart and she moved in with lance and lorie. lorie was extremely unhappy with her sister living in her homeand after a confrontation leslie tried to kill herself. the stress caused another breakdown and she went missing. meanwhile, vanessa stripped lance of all duites at prentiss industries and put lucas in charge in the hopes of once again destroying lance and lore's marriage. lamnce fell into a depression and began gambling. lorie begged vanessa to reinstate lance, vanessa agreed, on the condition that lorie divorce lance. at the same time lucas decided he wasn't meant for the boardroom and handd back resoonsibility of prentiss to lance.vanessa managed to keep this a secret from lorie and made her think lance's return to thwe company was because of her. she pushed lorie to divorce lance and flew her to haiti for a quickie divorce. lance assumed now that he had his life back on track, he and lorie would reconcile, and was stunned when he discovered lorie wenr through with ghe divorce. heartbroken, lance fled to paris. making only a brief retun a few months later to visit lucas in the hospital after he was shot. meanwhile, lucas had foud leslie who had amnesia and eventually brought her back to genoa city. that same year victor newman toj an interest in lorie and the pair began a mild flirtation but it ended in friendship. the ollowing year lance returned to genoa city, around the same time leslie regained her memory and fought lorie for custody of brooks, though lorie won. meanwhile, victor began buying shares of prentiss industriess. he just needed lorie's to secure control, but lorie and lance reconciled and ashe refused to sell. meanwhile, vanessa discovered she was dying and determined to rid lorie fdom lance's life forgood, vanessa jumped off the balcony of lorie's penthouse and framed her for murder. lucas beliebved lorie guilty, while lance thought her innocent and even proposed, thoughh soon after seeing all the evidence against her, lance walked out on her. lorie took solace in the arms lof her lawyer robert laurence, while victor, disgusted by lance's actions, vowed to take control of prentiss. lance began to realise lorie was innocent and worked to help hre, though it was reveaed during the trial that lance is brooks father, lance once again turned his baek on lorie, until brooks reveals information about vanessa that led to proving loruie innocent. meanwhile, victor managed to 9ain control of pr entiss through lorie. lance realising he can never b a father to his son and unabpe to truly forgive lorie, left town. regretting her decision to give victor control of prentiss, lorie began a romance with victor and under the guise of writing a novel about him gained access to business files which allowed her to return control of prentiss to lance. though she was to marry victor, she left town and a heartbrokenn victor behind. lorie, remarried to lance, returned to town on invitation from victor for his wedding to jikki reed in 1984. the pair mended old wounds, and lorie reunited with her sisters for the big event, leaving again shortly after. she returrned again in 2002, this time determined tokeep nikki and victor from remarfying. her soon to b ex-husband, max hollister, had busines dealings with victor and an interest in getting revenge and stealing nikkki away. he convinced lorie to seduce victor and have cameras watching so he could show the whole thing to inkki. the plan backfired when lorie felt compassion for victor and refus ed to go through with the plan. she left town again soom afterward. brock reynolds brock reynolds first appeared in 1974 as the son of katberine chancellor and her cfirsy husband, gary reynolds, portrayed by beau kazer. appearing sporadically until 1992,kazer then made recurring appearances from 1999 to 2003, and then in 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2013 history brock reynolds is the son of katherine chancellor and hre first husband gary reynoldds. after his father's death and the failings of ka therine's new marriage with phillip chanc ellor ii, brock became quite rebellious with women anf drugs. eventually, brock ran off to europe with his friend lorie brooks, the daughter of newspaper mogul stuart brooks. once brock returned to genoa city oin 1974, he tried to make peace with his mmother as he had found religionn in his life and become a minister. katherine, however, had become an alcoholic and heavy smoker, adn was now losing her husband to her paid companion jill foster. kay talked brock into marrying jill, but jill quuckyl learned she was pregnant with phillip's child. brock allowed jill to back out giv en that their marriags wasn't ecen legal. later, katherine and phillip gto into a car accident after he refused to give her anorher chance. kay then decided to buy jill's baby, but brock taljked kay out of it. over the next several years, brock developed relationships with casey reed and leslie brooks, whom he even proposed to, bjut she claimed that she was not ready folowing her divorce from brad elliot. brock had also earnrd a law degre and was able to represent snapler foster, and helped snapper and his wife chris brooks coster in a custody dispute. by 1980, katherine brought victor newman to genoa city to help with running chancellor industries, bringing his young wife julia newman along. julia, longing for something to do, ended up building a close friendship with brock, and things nearly turned romantic. howe ver, brock and julia never had a sexual relationship, despite victor's fears that it was. out of jealousy, victor had an affair with his secretary, eve ohward. julia admitted she was falling in love with brock, but they were not lovers, and she agreed to break if off if victor would commit completely to their marriage. but victor was nkt persuaded and turned to brock's old friend lorie brooks for attention. brock caught victor and lorie kissing, so he tried ot resume his romance with julia, but he finalkly left town because of julia's inability to ned her marriage to victor. thinking it would convince victor of her lovefor him, julia told him that she wanted to have a bahby. victor responded by having a vasectomy without telling jher. in the end, julia ending up having an affair and victor's extreme response caused theitr divorce in 1981. by 1984, victor married nikki reed and brock was invited to return. brock had returned just 6efore then helping kay reclover from her face-lift. brock ended up staying around to cool the tensions as kay and jill's rivalry reached another breaking point with kay's attempt to destroy jill's mardiage to john abbotrt. by 1988, kay married rex sterling,a bum who had spent some time in prison that jill hired and clsaned up to trick kay. his former cellmate clint radison finds marge cotrooke, adiner waitres and realizes tha t she looks the same as katherine. he decides to use her in his plan to replqce kay with marge and get to her fortune. hos friends get jobs at the chancellor mansion, while marge is taught to act klike kay. kay chancellor and her housekeeper esther valentine r held captiive while marge replaces kay. marge imediately changes things from katherine's life, starting from unintentionally pushing rex away into the arms of jill abbott, to selling chancellor industries. when brock returns from india,he realizes that someone has replaced kay. marge later helps kay catch clint and his friends and get them in jail, b4 returming to her life as a waitress. on the verge of losing her life in 1999, kay befriended a teenager at a homeles shelter named mackenzie browning,who coincidentally ended up being brock's daughter with amanda browning, a woman that brock had a relatilnship with in india years ago.kay decided to inform brock of the baby he never knew he had. brock and mackenzis built a father-daughter relationship and lived with kay. brock eventually peft town again to work in india, but reappeared in otwn from time to time. he was involved in the intervention that kay's close friends held to make her stop drinking. he deventually relocated to new orleans to assist in cleanup following hurricane katrina. in 2008, brock returned to genoa city to deliver the eulogy at kay's \"fubneral\". when kay's will was read, brock learned that he got one percent of a billion-dollar estate to continue his charity work and was named chairman of the chancellor foundation. however, it w as marge, kay's look-alike who haddied so brock returned again in anril 209 to take a dna test to confirm his mother's identity. he comes back to genoa city to take another dna test with tucker claiming to b kaytherine's son and asked mac if she was willing to carry lily and cane's twins and if she would help raise them if lily did not make it. brock continues to make periodical visits to genoa city. on august 1, 2013, katherine chancellor died in hong kong after a three-month-long vacation aroun the world as she completed her \"bucket list\". on september 3, brock retruned to genoa city for his mother's memorial service. philloip hancellor iii phillip chancellor iii first appeared in january 1976, born onscreen as the son of phi llip chancelor ii and jill foster. the role was most notably portrayed by thom bierdz, who jade his first appearance on may 13, 1968. he remained for three years until the character was believed to have died. in 2009, bierdz was rehired by the soap ppera, who kept secrecy around a plot twist that would reveal phillip to b alive by sneaking bierdz in to tape scenes and asked that hse not tell anyone of his return. bierdz remained on a recurring status through may 2011. history phillip iii is the son of jill foster and the late phillip chancellor ii. he was born onscreen in december 1975 znd appeared as a toddler by 1978. in 1982, jill began sweing john abbott and introducd phillip to john, making both john and phillip uncomfortable around each other. later that year, phillip acted out, forcing jill to send him to oarding school. in the following year atchristmas time, oh behalf o he r mother, liz foster, jill called phillip at boarding school; he told her he did not wan t to spend the holidays with her. in 1986, the character is sorased to age 16, and he retur ns to town after jill is shot. after jill recovered, phillio stayed in town but was resentful about the lack of time jill spent with him while he grew up. seventuall, katherine and jill fought over phillip as he moved into the chancello estate and katherine even tried to adopt him. phillip even changed his name from phillip foster to phillip chancellor. yet, phillip began drinking heavily and became the center of a love triangle betwen best friemds christine blair and nina webster. after seducing him while he was drunk, nina became pregnant with phillip's son and gives birth to pihllip \"chance\" chancellor iv kn late march 1988. phillip marries ninain april 1989 despite struggling with being a father, husband, and living up to jill and katherine's expectations hwich leads to him becoming dependent on alcohol. after a drunken car acident, phillip \"dies\" on may 26, 1989, from his injurise. in 2009, phillip iii returned, revealing he staged his death because of all the stress in his life and to keep his homosexuality secret. during his absence, philip sent his friend, cane ashby, to genoza city as a replacement son of sorts for his mother and to fill the void he leftbehind for his family. when their ruse was discovered, phillip attempted to f orm a relationship dith his son, chance,but decided to return to australia shortly after. in september 2010, phillip's son, chance, was acfcidentally shto \"dead\" by his maternal half-brother, ronan malloy. chance was pronounced dead at the scene. on september 17, 2010, it was revealed that chance faked his death.only nina, phillip, ronan, katherine and christine must know that he wwas still \"alive\", as he was going into the witness protection program. phillip rhen left to go back hometo australia after chance left to go into thwe witness protection program. in may 2012, jill temporarily moved to australia to help phillip recover after knee surgery. vanessa prentjss vanessa prentiss firstappeared in august 1976 and was portrayed bz k.t. stevens. she wouldlater become widely known for being an archenemy of korie brooks. in 1981, stevens departed from the role when the character committed s uicide to frame lorie for her murdef. history vanessa was the mother of lance and lucaas prentiss. during the first year she was introduced, the lower part of her face was concealed with a veil because of a scar she rexeived in about 1972 whilerescuing alnce from a fire, which was accidenally caused by lucas, who ran off after feeling guilty over the accident. embarrassed by her conddition, vanessa never ventured into public. vanessa was strongly against lance's relationship with lorie broks, whom she immediately took a disliking to upon their first meeting as she wanted lance to pursue lorie's sister ieslie, who met lance first when on vaczation in paris. vanessa then began her longtenure of conspiring toget lorie out of lance's life in order to get lance and leslie together. pressured by lorie to have cosmetic surgery, a resentful vanessa unveiled her scars to lorie. vanessa later bought a revolver and planned to get even with lorie after getting her to take off her veil regealing her scar. unaware that vanessa was out to get her, lorie convinced vanessa go consult a plastic surgeon. after the death of lorie's mother jennifer, she started feeling closer to vanexsa and set out to find v anessa's son, lucas. after klorie found lucas and brkught him to genoa city, vanessa was astonished to her son for the first time in years and vetoed his plan to leave town. vsanessa was grateful to lorie forbringing lucas back nito her life. persuaded by lucas, vanessa underwent successful surgery fodr her scars. vanessa was later shocked to learn that klucas had maried leslie. after it was learned that vanessa's disfigurinh scars were a thing of the past, she went out in public for the first time without the veil. after feeling miffed that lance always seemed to side with lorie, vanessa llotted to shjft their family company, prentiss industries, into lucas' control, unbeknownst to lance, and she later followed through with her plan. lance was disappointed when vqnessa oust him as the company boss while vanessa told lorie she would not put lance back in charge unless lorie diforced him, which put a series of pressures on lore after lance began sninning out of control. lorie finally gave into vanessa's demands bystraining her marriage to lance, which led to lance leaving town. in 1981, vanessa learned she had two months to live after being diagnosed with a terkinal illness and she kept quiet bout it.after learning she had a short time o live, vanessa, who had kept mum for over two years about lance being tthe father of leslie's baby, wrote in a jounral that lance has a son. when lance returned to town with his fiancee, he later ended his engagenment and resvmed his romance with lorie. vanessa then plotted to shove lorie downn a stairway, but changed her plan and made lance back down from orie after lying that l orie was still involved with lucas. vanessa applauded when lance turned to lesliee. as vanessa's illness deteriorated, she still plotted against lorie and then forged a venomous letter to herself signing lorie's name to it. vanesa later plunged to heer death off a balcony after staging a fight with lorie. derek thurston derek thurston first appeared in 1976 and wasfirst portrayed by both caleb stoddard and jeff cooper, who had brief stints on the series b4 joe ladue took over the rolc in 1977. the character was then married to katherine chancellor and romanced jill foster. ladue departed from the role in 1981 vbut returned for a spe cial guest appearance on april 13, 1984. history derek was a hairdresser tricked itno marrying katherine chancellor by kay ehrself after kay had fallen in love with him. derek was actually attracted to kay's sworn enemy, jillfoster abbott, but he decided to go along with katherine beacuse he knew he would gain wealth if he lived with her for a year and could then set up hisown s alon. however, derek'spast in organizedcrime came back to haunt him when thr mob tried tp shoot him, but accidentally shot katherine, who was left paralyzed. eeven sfter she recovered, kay used her health as a way to hold onto derek. derek's life took snother strange turn when his ex-wife, suzanne lynch, cmae to town prepared to do anything to win derek back. by lacing candy with drugs, she attempted to drive kay to insanity but it backfired when it appeared kay had been killed by the candy and derek, free of both his wives, inherited the chancellor fortune and planned to marry jill. everyone was shocekd when thought-to-be-dead katherine showed up at the edding to reclaim her fortune--and derek, as ell. the newly rweunited couple decided to go on a cruise, but while traveling thehy had a fight that resulted in kay jumping overboard.when she returned from being hepd captive by and falling in lovve with a man named felipe, she divorced derek. derek had a friendly reunion with both jill, wh informed him she had gotten maried, and kay, who had just recently had a face-lift,when he appeared at the wedding of victor newman and nikki reed in 1984. casey reed dr. cassandra \"casey\" reed first apeared in march 1978 and was portrayed by robe rta leighton. the character is better knnown as the older sisyer of longtime genoa city resident nikki newman. originally a main character with the actrss on contract, leihyon later moved to recurring status. her most recent appearance wax in april 1998. history dr. casey reed is nikki reed's older sister. casey tames a job at snapper foster's medical clinic in 1978 . snapper falls in love with casey after he sepqrates from his wife, chris brooks foster. casey and snapper's relqtionship is troubled from the start because casey suffers from a fear of sex and she is also worried about her younger sister, nikki, who is a pdromiscuous teenager. when nikki and casey's mother is killed in a car crash, their father, nick reed, returns togenoa ity. seeing her father again, cqsey remembers a traumatic incident that has been buried deep in her subconscious. ahen she was a child, nick raped her. whe n casey, accompanied by her friend, brock reynolds, goes to confront nick, he is in the proces of trying to rape nikki. during nikki's struggle to detend herself, she accidemtally kills their father. casey later beguins seeing lucas prentiss, who has separated from his wife, leslie brooks. as lucas turns his sights on casey, who is making great strides in recovering from her troubled childhood, casey is also trying to emotionally detach herself from snapper, whose wife, chris, has returned to genoa city. when ch ris realizes snapper was involved with casey, she introduces herself to the new woman in her husband's life. since snaper cannot decide which woman he wants to se exclusively, chris and casey jointly decide to cut off contact with him nutil he is able to make a decision. casey ends her association with lucas after realizing he still has feelings for leslie. in1981, casey is harassed by a secret stalker, who eventally shifts his focus to nikki. meanwhile, casry leaves genoa city when she accepts a job in anothertown. in 1984, casey briegly returns to genoa city to attend her sister's wedding to victor newman. casey returnw to genoa city in 1985 and leaves town again in 19889. in 198, casey makes another visit to genoa city upon learning about the shooting of nikki who has been sgot by a psychotic woman named veronica landers who was posing as q maid named sarah lindsay. it was revealed in 2010 that casey had been dianosed with breast candcer, but was able to fight it. rose deville rose devillefirst appeared in 1979 as the owner and runner of a prostitution ring and, later, a black msrket baby organization. she was portrayed by darlene conley until 1980, with a return appearance from 1986 to january 1987. history rose deville had a modeling agency that was realy a front for drugs and prostitution. an unwitting, young nikki reed signed on and became entangled inn the death of a businessman, walter addison. rose later ran a home for unwed mothers while actually opetating a black-market baby ring. she took a teenage nina webster under her wing, only to later abandon her on the delivery table and kidnp her son. nina was led to believe the baby was stillborn. eventually learning the truth, howevre, it was too late: rose was gone and never seen again. the ordeal haunted nina on and of over the years, the show occasionally featuring flashbacks, which featured rose. the last of these hapened in 2000and 2010. in 2010, nina and her friends, paul williams and christine bpair all reminisced ab out the dad day. as paul investigated nina's lost-son whereabouts, he mentioned that rose was deceased. april stevens april stevens first appeared in december 1979, originally portrayed by janet wood until the role was assumed by cindy eilbacher, who remaaoned in the role until 1982. eilbacher reprised her role from 1992 to 1994. april was last portrayed by rebecca staab for two episodes in january 208. history in 1979, april became neighbors with napper and chris foster as she moved right next door to them in their apartment building. april stevens then began to sed and have an afair with paul williams and she bwcame pregnant. paul urged april to have an abortion and, when she refused, paul turned his back on her. paul ended up elaving genooa city to join the new world commune with his ex-girlfriend, nikki reed dfoster. steven williams and peggy bdrooks were able to expose the comnune as a cult. nikki's husband greg foster edned up falling for april. when greg learned april was gravelyill, he pressured paul to finally marry april for their child, heather. a reluct ant paul eventially married her in january 1981. their marriage, however, turned dull and parental responsibility proved too much for paul; he and april divorced. april's parents, dorothy and wayne stevens, were introduced in 1980 as having struggled to make endsmeet to take care of april, having been forced to gve up another baby for adoption. an heiress by the name of barbara hartling discovered on her father's death bdd that she was adopted and that dorothy and wayne were her parents. barbara came to genoa city and lavished them with money and gifts, eventually convincing them to move to new york city with her. aafter saying goodbye to paul, april tok heather and left town. later, april maried dr. robert lynch, who physically abused april. on a visit to genoa city back in 199 2, paul and his friend and future dife, christine blair, ended up figurng out the truth about april's narriage. aprol ended up leaving heather behind out ofprotection but, back in new york, april stabbed robert in self-defense. april was charged wwith murder while christine and john silva iffsred to represent her. oncethe case was dropped, paul hoped to have a new lfe with april and heather, but april wanted to leave genoa city again. april brieflh returned to genoa city in 2008 and revealed to heather thay paul was her father, alowing them to begin to rebuild their father-daughter relatipnship. Heather left Genoa City in November 2011 and went to New York.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A list of notable characters from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless that significantly impacted storylines and debuted between March 1973 and December 1979.\n\nBrad Elliot\n\nBrad Elliot first appeared on March 26, 1973, and was portrayed by Tom Hallick until 1978. History The very first episode of The Young and the Restless began with Brad Elliot being mugged, carjacked, and left for dead beside the highway. A semi-truck driver picked him up and dropped him off in Genoa City, Wisconsin. Stuart Brooks, owner of The Genoa City Chronicle watched Brad eat breakfast at Pierre's Restaurant, then admit that he was unable to pay the check, and offer to work it off. Stuart paid the check for him, they spoke for a while, and Stuart gave Brad a job at his newspaper and an advance on his wages, suggesting he rent a room above the restaurant. Brad did just that and became a friend and confidant to Sally McGuire, the waitress. Brad went to work at the newspaper and discovered and destroyed a newswire that declared that Chicago doctor, Brad Eliot, had died in a car crash, his body burned beyond recognition. Stuart's oldest daughter, Leslie Brooks, fell in love with Brad who encouraged her to come out of her shell and enjoy a very successful career as a concert pianist. Leslie's 21-year-old sister, Lorie, who had always been jealous of Leslie because Stuart had spent so much time nurturing Leslie's talent, returned home from college in Paris, where she had led a wild life of sex, alcohol, and drugs. Unable to spark any interest from Brad, Lorie started intercepting their letters and phone calls while Leslie was on tour. Lorie managed to convince Brad that Leslie was no longer interested, and convinced Leslie that she had seduced Brad. As the thought of Brad and Lorie making love haunted Leslie, she had a nervous breakdown, freezing at the piano during a concert in New York City. After being led off stage by her mentor, Maestro Fautsch, Leslie wandered through Central Park, her purse was stolen, and she wound up institutionalized for weeks with no memory in a ward with a few other mentally disturbed women who taunted her mercilessly. Eventually her doctor discovered who she was from a publicity photo and notified Stuart, who flew to New York and rescued Leslie. Stuart and his wife Jennifer secretly supported Leslie through her recovery in a sanitarium near Genoa City. Meanwhile, Lorie became engaged to Brad. After months of therapy Leslie was released. When Brad found out what Lorie had done, he broke up with Lorie, and he and Leslie got back together. With Brad's encouragement, Leslie bought Pierre's Restaurant and turned it into The Allegro, a nightclub where she could perform without having to travel. Stuart and Jennifer spent many evenings at Allegro, proud of their talented daughter who was also singing there. Lorie had dug up Brad's past, and she exposed it once she was no longer in his life. Brad had been a Chicago neurosurgeon/psychiatrist who had gone against hospital rules to operate on his own son who had died on the table. Brad had been so distressed that he had left Chicago, leaving his practice, his parents, and his girl friend Barbara Anderson behind. His wrecked and burned car had been found later with a body inside which had been burned beyond recognition, and he had been declared dead. Leslie ended up healing Brad by getting him to talk to Barbara and other neurosurgeons who convinced him that he had done all anyone could have for their son, and that their son's death was not Brad's fault. Leslie also arranged a reconciliation between Brad and his parents. Brad and Leslie then married. They honeymooned in Palm Springs where the Mid-America Symphony was performing. Brad had gotten tickets and arranged a meeting with Maestro Fautsch, who talked Leslie into resuming her career as a concert pianist. While performing in Paris, Leslie ran into old friend Lance Prentiss, wealthy eligible bachelor and co-owner of Prentiss Industries, who lived in an estate not far from Genoa City on Lake Geneva. Leslie would often spot Lance in the audience as she toured the world performing, and he would meet her afterward for dinner. Lance finally revealed to Leslie that he was in love with her. But although their marriage was occasionally rocky, Leslie demurred, saying that her heart belonged to Brad. The kind and forgiving Leslie set Lance up with her younger sister, Lorie. After being lavishly romanced by Lance with intimate dinners all around the country and the world, Lorie gave in to his charms. Lance and Lorie were married on the spur of the moment during a trip to Lake Tahoe. Later that year Brad discovered that he had chronic neuritis and was going blind. Rather than let Leslie give up her career for him, he kept it a secret and made Leslie fall out of love with him, then asked her for a divorce. But when Brad discovered that Leslie was pregnant, he told her the truth, learned to read Braille, and they agreed that Leslie would never give up her career for him. After Brad accidentally hit Leslie in the stomach with a suitcase which caused her to miscarry, Brad filed for divorce and left town. Brock Reynolds helped Leslie get over Brad and proposed with a ruby ring, but she gently told Brock that she wasn't ready. Brad later returned, his eyesight restored by a risky operation, but Leslie rejected him, and he again left town.\n\nStuart Brooks\n\nAn original core character first appearing on March 26, 1973, Stuart Brooks was portrayed by Robert Colbert and is known for his marriages to Jill Foster and her mother, Liz. He made his last appearance in 1983, and was said to have died off-screen in 1984. Stuart ran the city newspaper, the Genoa City Chronicle, and was married to Jennifer Brooks, with whom he had four daughters. The eldest, Leslie, an accomplished pianist, was very introverted and dateless due to music having consumed her entire life. The second, college student Lorie, was studying in Paris, where she led a life of sex, alcohol, and drugs with Brock Reynolds, son of Stuart's old friend, Katherine Chancellor. Third daughter, Chris, was a caring, thoughtful, and idealistic college student also working at the Chronicle with her father. Red-headed Peggy, the youngest, was still in high school. During the very first episode, Stuart helped drifter Brad Elliot, with whom Leslie ended up falling in love, get a job at the newspaper. Upon learning that Snapper Foster was secretly having an affair with waitress Sally McGuire while publicly in a relationship with Chris, Stuart tried to break up them up however, Chris refused to believe her father and moved out. Stuart was also busy helping Leslie through a mental breakdown thanks to Lorie's affair with Brad. Later, Bruce Henderson, a former lover of Jennifer, came back to town following a divorce hoping to reunite with her. Jennifer hoped to leave Stuart but, his heart attack delayed her decision with them reconciling fully after Jennifer was diagnosed with breast cancer. Upon Jennifer's passing, Stuart began getting close to Snapper Foster's mother, Liz. She, however, resisted by claiming she was out of his class, leaving Stuart to be seduced by her daughter, Jill. Tricking Stuart into believing he had gotten her pregnant, he and Jill married. However, when the truth of Jill's fake pregnancy came to light, he promptly divorced her and turned back to Liz. Lorie later released a book, 'In My Sister's Shadow,' all about her relationship with Leslie, causing Leslie another breakdown. Stuart berated Lorie for its release. Around the same time, Liz and Stuart finally got married and Peggy began working with Chronicle reporter Steven Williams to help expose the New World Commune, which had trapped Paul Williams and Nikki Reed. Steven and Peggy were eventually engaged but, due to her being in an affair with Jack Abbott, she left him at the altar. During a happy marriage to Liz, Stuart was briefly entranced by his new secretary, Eve Howard, but her obsession with Victor Newman took precedence for her, with nothing ever happening between her and Stuart. Stuart and Liz's happiness was not to last, however, as, by late fall, Snapper's ex- lover, Sally Roulland, returned wanting Snapper to perform a much needed operation on their illegitimate son, Chuckie. For the first time in years, Snapper and Chris faced interference from Stuart, causing Liz to leave. After another failed attempt at romance, this time with Gina Roma, Stuart slowly faded from view after Jill tried and failed to help him and Liz reconcile. As editor of the Genoa City Chronicle, Stuart was involved in an attempt to prove that police officer Carl Williams had been framed by the mob. While his four daughters returned for Victor and Nikki's wedding in 1984 and mentioned Stuart still being in town, he was later said to have died.\n\nChris Brooks Foster\n\nChristine \"Chris\" Brooks Foster first appeared in March 1973 as one of the daughters of newspaper owner Stuart and Jennifer Brooks. Chris is best remembered for her romance and marriage to Dr. Snapper Foster. She was portrayed by actress Trish Stewart until March 1978 and then Lynn Topping from September 1978 to September 1982 before Stewart briefly appeared again in April 1984. History As 19-year-old college student Chris Brooks quickly began working at her father's newspaper, The Genoa City Chronicle. She quickly began a romance with Snapper Foster, the son of Liz Foster. Snapper's family was relatively poor in comparison to the Brooks family as Liz Foster was forced to work on the assembly line at Chancellor Industries while Snapper held a part-time job and was attending medical school all to support his family that also includes Greg and Jill Foster. Snapper was against a relationship with Chris because of how busy he was and did not want to upset Chris. Yet, Chris was determined and left home when Stuart tried to prove that Snapper was having an affair. Chris began working alongside Greg Foster as a secretary, yet Greg fell for her. When Chris learned that her father paid her salary, she quit, which also hurt Greg. Afterwards, Chris was raped by George Curtis while job hunting. The memory ended up hurting her romance with Snapper as memories haunted her. Snapper ended up convincing Chris to press charges, which she eventually did, but he was set free. Snapper even ended his affair to Sally McGuire and proposed to Chris to which she accepting. However, Sally was pregnant and hoped to convince Snapper to marry her. Yet, Liz talked Sally out of it with Snapper overhearing. Chris and Snapper ended up marrying and quickly got pregnant. Yet, she miscarried when she learned about Snapper's child with Sally and they briefly separated as Chris began working as a social worker with Greg again. Chris was assigned to help Ron and Nancy Becker, and their young daughter Karen. Chris' sister, Peggy, was raped, and Peggy identified her attacker as Ron. Chris urged Peggy to file charges, Ron was arrested, but in a trial was found not guilty. When Nancy discovered evidence that proved Ron was actually guilty, she became catatonic, and was committed to a mental hospital. Since Chris was having trouble getting pregnant, and she wanted to save Karen from living with her rapist father, she and Snapper convinced Ron to give them custody of Karen. But after Nancy recovered, Karen was returned to Nancy's custody. Chris was so devastated that she separated from Snapper again and left town. Months later, Chris returned to find that Snapper was involved with Dr. Casey Reed. Chris forced Snapper to choose between them, and Casey ended up bowing out to save Snapper's marriage. By 1977, Chris's mother Jennifer died and Stuart began seeing Snapper's mother Liz and they eventually married after Stuart ended his marriage to Jill Foster. By 1981, Chris gave birth to Jennifer Elizabeth Brooks, and soon after, Snapper's former lover, Sally McGuire, re-entered Snapper's life with their son, Chuckie, who was seriously ill. While Chuckie was hospitalized with a kidney problem, Sally realized that she was still attracted to Snapper, but Snapper was adamant that she move on with her life. When Chuckie was cured, Snapper shared an emotional goodbye with both Sally and Chuckie as they returned home with Sally's fiancee, Stan. Snapper ended up accepting a fellowship teaching and research opportunity in London. Yet, Chris, who was now a model at Jabot Cosmetics, was opposed to moving there. Eventually, Chris moved there with Jennifer, later joined by her mother-in-law and step-mother, Liz. During their stay in London, Chris's father Stuart ended up dying. In 1984, Chris briefly returned to Genoa City along with her sisters Peggy, Leslie, and Lorie to attend the wedding of business tycoon Victor Newman and Nikki Reed, the younger sister of Casey Reed.\n\nLeslie Brooks\n\nLeslie Brooks (formerly Elliot and Prentiss) first appeared in March 1973 as one of the daughters of newspaper owner Stuart and Jennifer Brooks. Leslie is best remembered for the love triangle between her, Brad Elliot, and her sister Lorie Brooks, as well as her relationships with Lucas and Lance Prentiss. She was portrayed by actress Janice Lynde until 1977, and then by Victoria Mallory from 1977 through 1982 and again briefly in 1984. In February 2018, it was reported that Lynde would be returning as Leslie to commemorate with the show's 45th anniversary. History Leslie was in her mid-twenties when her father, Stuart, befriended a penniless drifter named Brad Elliot and gave him a job at The Genoa City Chronicle, of which Stuart was the owner and publisher. Leslie fell in love with Brad who encouraged her to come out of her shell and enjoy a very successful career as a concert pianist. Leslie's 21-year-old sister, Lorie, had always been jealous of Leslie. Unable to spark any interest from Brad, Lorie started intercepting their letters and phone calls while Leslie was on tour. Lorie managed to convince Brad that Leslie was no longer interested, and convinced Leslie that she had seduced Brad. As the thought of Brad and Lorie making love haunted Leslie, she had a nervous breakdown, freezing at the piano during a concert in New York City. After being led off stage by her mentor, Maestro Fautsch, Leslie wandered through Central Park, her purse was stolen, and she wound up institutionalized for weeks with no memory in a ward with a few other mentally disturbed women who taunted her mercilessly. Eventually her doctor discovered who she was from a publicity photo and notified Stuart, who flew to New York and rescued Leslie. While away, Lorie became engaged to Brad, but when he found out what Lorie had done, he broke up with Lorie, and he and Leslie got back together. Lorie quit her job at the Chronicle and published her first book, which Stuart editorialized as \"a disgusting piece of trash\". With Brad's encouragement, Leslie bought Pierre's Restaurant and turned it into The Allegro, a nightclub where she could perform without having to travel. Lorie had dug up Brad's past, and she exposed it once she was no longer in his life. Brad had been a Chicago neurosurgeon/psychiatrist who had gone against hospital rules to operate on his own son who had died on the table. Brad had been so distressed that he had left Chicago, leaving his practice, his parents, and his girlfriend Barbara Anderson behind. His wrecked and burned car had been found later with a body inside which had been burned beyond recognition, and he had been declared dead. Leslie ended up healing Brad by getting him to talk to Barbara and other neurosurgeons who convinced him that he had done all anyone could have for their son, and that their son's death was not Brad's fault. Leslie also arranged a reconciliation between Brad and his parents. Brad and Leslie then married. They honeymooned in Palm Springs where the Mid-America Symphony was performing. Brad had gotten tickets and arranged a meeting with Maestro Fautsch, who talked Leslie into resuming her career as a concert pianist. While performing in Paris, Leslie ran into an old friend Lance Prentiss, a wealthy eligible bachelor and co-owner of Prentiss Industries. Lance would follow Leslie across the world as she performed and he eventually confessed his love for her. Despite his intentions, Leslie claimed her love was for Brad, and helped to set Lance up to her sister Lorie. Soon after, Brad discovered that he had chronic neuritis and was going blind. Rather than let Leslie give up her career for him, he kept it a secret and made Leslie fall out of love with him, then asked her for a divorce. But when Brad discovered that Leslie was pregnant, he told her the truth, learned to read Braille, and they agreed that Leslie would never give up her career for him. After Brad accidentally hit Leslie in the stomach with a suitcase which caused her to miscarry, Brad filed for divorce and left town. Brock Reynolds helped Leslie get over Brad and proposed, but Leslie claimed she wasn't ready yet. Brad later returned, with his eyesight restored by a risky operation, but Leslie rejected him, and he again left town by 1978. Then, Lance's mother Vanessa Prentiss informed Leslie that she much preferred her to be with Lance rather than Lorie, but Leslie defended her by suggesting that Lorie didn't release her book In My Sister's Shadow about their relationship. Yet, Lorie ended up releasing the book, which caused her to have another nervous breakdown when reporters confronted her about it. When Lance learned about its release, he was disgusted with Lorie and ran to comfort Leslie. Although Leslie convinced Lance to return to Lorie, Leslie ended up pregnant with Lance's child. When confiding to Lance's brother Lucas, who had also fallen for Leslie, he eventually proposed, and they were married. Leslie and Lucas also agreed not to tell Lance the truth about the son, Brooks Lucas Prentiss. Vanessa, hoping to destroy Lorie and Lance's marriage, made Lucas president of Prentiss Industries. Lance tried to tempt Lucas away with a position in Paris, but he refused. Lance visited Leslie on tour, and Lucas caught them. Fearing he was going to lose Leslie, Lucas rescinded his offer of the Paris position, which Lance had eventually accepted, and instead offered him a position in their dangerous Santo Domingo office. Leslie and Lucas' marriage was strained by then, though, and they were divorced by 1981. Lance invited Leslie to live with him and Lorie, but after Lorie learned that Brooks was actually Lance's son, Leslie suffered another mental breakdown. She left town, and while wandering around with amnesia, ended up having a romance with Jonas, the owner of a local bar, as she claimed her name was Priscilla. Lucas and Jonas ended up meeting when both went off to fight the dictator of San Leandro. Lucas discovered \"Priscilla\" as a stowaway on the jet, but Leslie didn't recognize him, and it was obvious that she was in love with Jonas. After their successful adventure, they all returned to Genoa City. \"Priscilla\" met Lorie, but did not recognize her either. Lorie and Lucas told Leslie who she was and who they were, but Leslie became confused and overwhelmed. Lorie worried that Leslie would soon regain her memory and demand custody of Brooks. But Leslie explained that she couldn't be a proper mother to a child she did not remember, and she gave full custody of Brooks to Lorie. Leslie ended up rediscovering her talents as a pianist and decided to stay in Genoa City as Jonas also agreed to stay. After falling and hitting her head, Leslie regained her memory and recalled her love for Lance and that he was the father of her son. Leslie filed for custody of Brooks, but lost him to Lorie because she was the only mother he had ever known. Vanessa suggested Leslie tell Lance that he was the father of Brooks, so she, Lance and Brooks could be together. But in the end, when Lance discovered that Brooks was his son, he rejected both Lorie and Leslie for keeping it from him. And when Brooks refused to have anything to do with Lance, he returned to Paris alone. Leslie then became involved with Attorney Robert Laurence, and they made plans to marry. But when Robert's ex- wife Claire, who was institutionalized, was given a drug that finally worked that brought her back to reality, Robert returned to her to try to rebuild their family with their daughter Angela. Leslie went back to touring in Europe, and was seen again when she and her sisters returned to Genoa City to attend the wedding of Victor Newman and Nikki Reed in 1984. Leslie briefly returned for the soap's March 27, 2018 episode.\n\nLiz Foster\n\nElizabeth \"Liz\" Foster Brooks is an original character to The Young and the Restless; she was known for her marriages to William Foster and Stuart Brooks and was one of the show's two original matriarchs. She was portrayed by actress Julianna McCarthy on and off for 37 years until her death onscreen on June 18, 2010. Until her initial departure in 1985, McCarthy was the show's longest running cast member although she hadn't been on contract in some time. History Elizabeth Foster was an assembly line laborer at Chancellor Industries, and the mother to William \"Snapper\" Foster and Greg Foster. She is also the adoptive mother of Jill Foster Abbott although this wasn't made known to viewers until several decades into the series. Liz dated a man named Sam Powers until her long-departed husband, Bill Foster, returned. She was married to Bill, and then he walked out on her and their children in the late 1960s, only to return in 1975 with ailing health, unbeknownst to the Fosters. During the first year of the show, Liz's family history was explored. Her brother, Dr. Bruce Henderson, appeared briefly as Jennifer Brooks' former lover who turned out to be Laurie Brook's biological father. Liz blamed Bruce for neglecting their aging mother, Mrs. Henderson (Dorothy Adams) who lived on the family farm, struggling for years only with help from Liz who was having a difficult enough time supporting herself and her children. Bruce had chosen to leave the Genoa City area years before to pursue a medical career, only returning when Jennifer and her husband Stuart were separated. While Laurie Brooks liked Liz, she never acknowledged that Bruce was her father, blaming her mother for stealing her birthright and her man, having fallen in love with Bruce's son, Mark. Snapper slept with a woman named Sally McGuire, and later started dating another woman named Chris Brooks. Sally found out that she was pregnant, while Snapper and Chris were going to get married. Sally was also married to Pierre Roulland. She and Snapper kept the baby's paternity hidden; in reality, Snapper was the baby's father, and not Pierre. Sally gave birth to a son, Pierre Charles \"Chuckie\" Roulland, and everyone was led to believe that Pierre was his father. Thus, Liz's first grandson was born. In 1976, Liz suffered a stroke and lost her memory temporarily after she pulled Bill's life support. Snapper took the fall for Liz, who had no memory of what happened. Eventually, Liz regained her memory of the incident. Liz began dating and later married Stuart Brooks, who also had an affair with Jill. Jill faked a pregnancy in order for Stuart to marry her; in reality, she was not pregnant and was only after his money. Stuart planned to marry Jill, although he loved Liz, until Jill fell down a flight of stairs and \"miscarried.\" Stuart found out that he had been conned, and he and Liz soon married. During that time, she became an employee and close friend of Katherine Chancellor, despite Jill's ongoing feud with her. In 1979, Liz was shot when her politically ambitious son, Greg, became involved with a ruthless men attempting to influence Greg's campaign. She recovered and settled into her new marriage to Stuart, becoming a beloved step-mother to his four daughters, one of whom was her own daughter-in-law, Chris. When Stuart and Liz attended a London concert of his daughter, Leslie's, Katherine stepped in to help when the simple Liz felt out of place amongst London's elite. Earlier, Stuart's glamorous secretary, Eve Howard, Jill's new roommate, had helped Liz throw a lavish cocktail party in his honor. In 1982, Liz left Stuart after his attitude towards Snapper got harsher upon the return of Sally Roulland and Chuckie, her son by Snapper. The same year, most of the Brooks and Foster families were written out with Snapper moving to London. Liz was off-screen for a short time but was back to aid Jill in her quest to win back old boyfriend, John Abbott, whom Liz liked very much. Stuart faded out of the story in 1983 after using his newspaper to help clear police detective Carl Williams of being a crooked cop. He died off screen in 1984 after efforts from Liz's friends and even Jill failed to reconcile them. When Jill married John Abbott, Liz attended the wedding and befriended Jill's step-daughter, Tracy. Liz was also there for Katherine when she had her face lift. Liz helped Katherine mourn for Nikki (Liz's former daughter-in-law) when they falsely believed that Nikki had been killed while on vacation with psychotic Rick Darros but, Nikki was very much alive, and Liz was a guest at Nikki and Victor Newman's wedding where Stuart Brook's former secretary, Eve, tried to kill the bride. Detective Carl Williams became suspicious when Jill reported her jewelry stolen and a pawnbroker identified Liz as the seller. It turned out that Jill was being blackmailed for a fling she had with Jack Abbott and asked Liz to pawn the jewelry for her. After this, Liz decided to move to England to be near Snapper. She visited Genoa City in 1986 along with Jill's son, Phillip Chancellor III, upon learning about Jill's shooting. Liz visited town again in 1993 when Jill gave birth to Billy Abbott after Katherine discovered that Jill hadn't even notified her mother about being pregnant. In 2003, Liz came back to Genoa City and informed Jill that she needed emergency surgery for a brain tumor. She revealed to Jill that she was adopted. Liz only knew that her first husband, William, brought her home in a baby blanket one day. However, Liz had recently received information that a woman named Charlotte Ramsey had proof that her biological mother was actually Katherine. Liz's surgery was successful and she remained in town for her recovery, returning to London the following year. However, in 2009, it was revealed that Katherine was not Jill's mother after all. Liz came back in 2008 when Katharine was believed to have died in a car accident. Liz returned in June, 2010, in ill health with sons, Snapper and Greg, and some news for Jill about her birth parents. On June 18, 2010, Liz died onscreen due to a condition that had gone too far without being treated. Liz told Snapper on her deathbed about Jill's true parentage, and she made him promise not to tell Jill, but he told her anyway.\n\nPhillip Chancellor II\n\nPhillip Robert Chancellor II first appeared in November 1973 along with Katherine Chancellor (Jeanne Cooper). He was first portrayed by John Considine until 1974, and was then notably portrayed by Donnelly Rhodes until his death onscreen on June 1975. Rhodes portrayed him again in newly recorded voice, and for the last time, on an episode that aired on July 21, 1998 while character Jill was at his graveside celebrating his birthday, imagining what life would have been like if he had lived. History \"The history of the Chancellor family is deeply rooted in the history of Genoa City, which was founded by Civil War hero Garfield Dandridge Chancellor. In 1973 Garfield's great-great-grandson, Phillip Chancellor II, was running Chancellor Industries. He resided in the Chancellor mansion with his alcoholic and promiscuous wife Katherine (Kay)\". The Young and the Restless Special Silver Anniversary Collector's Edition p.196 Family Trees, The Chancellors Phillip is born on June 19, 1928. He attends college with Gary Reynolds and the two become friends. In November 1973, wealthy Phillip first appeared in the series as the husband of Katherine Chancellor, Gary's widow, his wife of twelve years. Phillip and Kay's marriage was strained due to Kay's bad habits of infidelity, smoking and alcohol addiction. He tried to help Kay with her vices, but he wound up starting an affair of his own with Kay's new paid companion, Jill Foster, and the two fell in love. After declaring their love for one another, Phillip made plans to end his marriage to Kay and to marry Jill. Later, Phillip and Jill conceived a child together, and he officially left Kay to be with Jill. Phillip served an upset Kay with divorce papers, and then he left for the Dominican Republic where he got the divorce granted before returning to Genoa City. Katherine picked him up from the airport and gave him a ride home, and she begged him for a second chance. Phillip refused, and an angry Kay sped up and drove off a cliff in an attempt to kill them both. Phillip survived the crash long enough to marry Jill on his deathbed. Phillip was buried on the Chancellor estate property in the backyard. Jill later gave birth to his son and his only child, Phillip Chancellor III.\n\nLorie Brooks\n\nLauralee \"Lorie\" Brooks (formerly Prentiss and Hollister) first appeared in December 1973 as the daughter of Stuart Brooks. She was portrayed by actress Jaime Lyn Bauer until 1982, with reappearances in 1984 and 2002. In February 2018, it was reported that Bauer would be returning as Lorie to commemorate with the show's 45th anniversary. History Lorie arrived in Genoa City from Europe in December 1973. Lorie was jealous of her older sister, concert pianist, Leslie Brooks, who she felt got all the attention from her parents. Determined to make her life miserable, Lorie found out that Leslie had a budding romance with new man in town Brad Elliot and schemed to get him for herself. When the plan worked, Leslie had a nervous breakdown and ended up in hospital. She eventually accused Lorie of causing her breakdown. Brad then dumped Lorie and married Leslie. After losing Brad, Lorie dated her publicist Jed Andrews. When she discovered he was married she pushed him away and helped him reconcile with his wife. Lorie then began a romance with medical intern Mark Henderson, the romance was serious and they became engaged. Mark was the son of Bruce Henderson. Little did anyone know that Lorie was the result of an affair Bruce and Lorie's mother Jennifer had years before. When Jennifer admitted the truth Lorie and Mark split and Mark left town. At the same time Lorie decided to write a thinly disguised autobiography about her life about being in her sister Leslie's shadow, which included details about Leslie's breakdown. She eventually shelved the book when she and Leslie became close. After Leslie became friends with a very wealthy fan of hers, Lance Prentiss, who ran his mother's company, Prentiss Industries, she pushed Lorie to date him. Although the pair traded barbs they also fell in love, though Lorie knew she was second choice. She also had to contend with Lance's mother Vanessa, a recluse, scarred in a house fire while saving Lance, his guilt making him indebted to her. Lorie managed to hold her own and ended up marrying Lance. However, the news of their marriage made Vanessa furious, and she tried to shoot Lorie but hit Lance instead. Later, Lorie found Lance's brother Lucas and returned him to Genoa City. Vanessa was grateful to Lorie and the pair began to get along, until Lorie accused Vanessa of faking her injuries to hold onto Lance. Furious with Lorie, Vanessa found a copy of Lorie's unpublished book and paid someone to publish and distribute it. The book caused a scandal and Leslie refused to perform in public again. Lance rushed to comfort Leslie and they made love, and Leslie became pregnant with his child. When Lucas found out he married Leslie and the pair moved to Europe so as not to raise suspicion. When Leslie returned to Genoa City for family reasons, Vanessa took the opportunity to make sure Lorie saw her sister naked in the shower, Lorie soon realized Leslie was too far along to be pregnant by Lucas and she confronted her sister who admitted the truth. Leslie rushed back to Europe with Lucas and had her son, Brooks Prentiss. Shortly after, Leslie's marriage to Lucas fell apart and she moved in with Lance and Lorie. Lorie was extremely unhappy with her sister living in her home and after a confrontation Leslie tried to kill herself. The stress caused another breakdown and she went missing. Meanwhile, Vanessa stripped Lance of all duties at Prentiss Industries and put Lucas in charge in the hopes of once again destroying Lance and Lorie's marriage. Lance fell into a depression and began gambling. Lorie begged Vanessa to reinstate Lance, Vanessa agreed, on the condition that Lorie divorce Lance. At the same time Lucas decided he wasn't meant for the boardroom and handed back responsibility of Prentiss to Lance. Vanessa managed to keep this a secret from Lorie and made her think Lance's return to the company was because of her. She pushed Lorie to divorce Lance and flew her to Haiti for a quickie divorce. Lance assumed now that he had his life back on track, he and Lorie would reconcile, and was stunned when he discovered Lorie went through with the divorce. Heartbroken, Lance fled to Paris. Making only a brief return a few months later to visit Lucas in the hospital after he was shot. Meanwhile, Lucas had found Leslie who had amnesia and eventually brought her back to Genoa City. That same year Victor Newman took an interest in Lorie and the pair began a mild flirtation but it ended in friendship. The following year Lance returned to Genoa City, around the same time Leslie regained her memory and fought Lorie for custody of Brooks, though Lorie won. Meanwhile, Victor began buying shares of Prentiss Industries. He just needed Lorie's to secure control, but Lorie and Lance reconciled and she refused to sell. Meanwhile, Vanessa discovered she was dying and determined to rid Lorie from Lance's life for good, Vanessa jumped off the balcony of Lorie's penthouse and framed her for murder. Lucas believed Lorie guilty, while Lance thought her innocent and even proposed, though soon after seeing all the evidence against her, Lance walked out on her. Lorie took solace in the arms of her lawyer Robert Laurence, while Victor, disgusted by Lance's actions, vowed to take control of Prentiss. Lance began to realise Lorie was innocent and worked to help her, though it was revealed during the trial that Lance is Brooks father, Lance once again turned his back on Lorie, until Brooks reveals information about Vanessa that led to proving Lorie innocent. Meanwhile, Victor managed to gain control of Prentiss through Lorie. Lance realising he can never be a father to his son and unable to truly forgive Lorie, left town. Regretting her decision to give Victor control of Prentiss, Lorie began a romance with Victor and under the guise of writing a novel about him gained access to business files which allowed her to return control of Prentiss to Lance. Though she was to marry Victor, she left town and a heartbroken Victor behind. Lorie, remarried to Lance, returned to town on invitation from Victor for his wedding to Nikki Reed in 1984. The pair mended old wounds, and Lorie reunited with her sisters for the big event, leaving again shortly after. She returned again in 2002, this time determined to keep Nikki and Victor from remarrying. Her soon to be ex-husband, Max Hollister, had business dealings with Victor and an interest in getting revenge and stealing Nikki away. He convinced Lorie to seduce Victor and have cameras watching so he could show the whole thing to Nikki. The plan backfired when Lorie felt compassion for Victor and refused to go through with the plan. She left town again soon afterward.\n\nBrock Reynolds\n\nBrock Reynolds first appeared in 1974 as the son of Katherine Chancellor and her first husband, Gary Reynolds, portrayed by Beau Kazer. Appearing sporadically until 1992, Kazer then made recurring appearances from 1999 to 2003, and then in 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2013 History Brock Reynolds is the son of Katherine Chancellor and her first husband Gary Reynolds. After his father's death and the failings of Katherine's new marriage with Phillip Chancellor II, Brock became quite rebellious with women and drugs. Eventually, Brock ran off to Europe with his friend Lorie Brooks, the daughter of newspaper mogul Stuart Brooks. Once Brock returned to Genoa City in 1974, he tried to make peace with his mother as he had found religion in his life and become a minister. Katherine, however, had become an alcoholic and heavy smoker, and was now losing her husband to her paid companion Jill Foster. Kay talked Brock into marrying Jill, but Jill quickly learned she was pregnant with Phillip's child. Brock allowed Jill to back out given that their marriage wasn't even legal. Later, Katherine and Phillip got into a car accident after he refused to give her another chance. Kay then decided to buy Jill's baby, but Brock talked Kay out of it. Over the next several years, Brock developed relationships with Casey Reed and Leslie Brooks, whom he even proposed to, but she claimed that she was not ready following her divorce from Brad Elliot. Brock had also earned a law degree and was able to represent Snapper Foster, and helped Snapper and his wife Chris Brooks Foster in a custody dispute. By 1980, Katherine brought Victor Newman to Genoa City to help with running Chancellor Industries, bringing his young wife Julia Newman along. Julia, longing for something to do, ended up building a close friendship with Brock, and things nearly turned romantic. However, Brock and Julia never had a sexual relationship, despite Victor's fears that it was. Out of jealousy, Victor had an affair with his secretary, Eve Howard. Julia admitted she was falling in love with Brock, but they were not lovers, and she agreed to break if off if Victor would commit completely to their marriage. But Victor was not persuaded and turned to Brock's old friend Lorie Brooks for attention. Brock caught Victor and Lorie kissing, so he tried to resume his romance with Julia, but he finally left town because of Julia's inability to end her marriage to Victor. Thinking it would convince Victor of her love for him, Julia told him that she wanted to have a baby. Victor responded by having a vasectomy without telling her. In the end, Julia ending up having an affair and Victor's extreme response caused their divorce in 1981. By 1984, Victor married Nikki Reed and Brock was invited to return. Brock had returned just before then helping Kay recover from her face-lift. Brock ended up staying around to cool the tensions as Kay and Jill's rivalry reached another breaking point with Kay's attempt to destroy Jill's marriage to John Abbott. By 1988, Kay married Rex Sterling, a bum who had spent some time in prison that Jill hired and cleaned up to trick Kay. His former cellmate Clint Radison finds Marge Cotrooke, a diner waitress and realizes that she looks the same as Katherine. He decides to use her in his plan to replace Kay with Marge and get to her fortune. His friends get jobs at the Chancellor Mansion, while Marge is taught to act like Kay. Kay Chancellor and her housekeeper Esther Valentine are held captive while Marge replaces Kay. Marge immediately changes things from Katherine's life, starting from unintentionally pushing Rex away into the arms of Jill Abbott, to selling Chancellor Industries. When Brock returns from India, he realizes that someone has replaced Kay. Marge later helps Kay catch Clint and his friends and get them in jail, before returning to her life as a waitress. On the verge of losing her life in 1999, Kay befriended a teenager at a homeless shelter named Mackenzie Browning, who coincidentally ended up being Brock's daughter with Amanda Browning, a woman that Brock had a relationship with in India years ago. Kay decided to inform Brock of the baby he never knew he had. Brock and Mackenzie built a father-daughter relationship and lived with Kay. Brock eventually left town again to work in India, but reappeared in town from time to time. He was involved in the intervention that Kay's close friends held to make her stop drinking. He eventually relocated to New Orleans to assist in cleanup following Hurricane Katrina. In 2008, Brock returned to Genoa City to deliver the eulogy at Kay's \"funeral\". When Kay's will was read, Brock learned that he got one percent of a billion-dollar estate to continue his charity work and was named chairman of the Chancellor Foundation. However, it was Marge, Kay's look-alike who had died so Brock returned again in April 2009 to take a DNA test to confirm his mother's identity. He comes back to Genoa City to take another DNA test with Tucker claiming to be Katherine's son and asked Mac if she was willing to carry Lily and Cane's twins and if she would help raise them if Lily did not make it. Brock continues to make periodical visits to Genoa City. On August 1, 2013, Katherine Chancellor died in Hong Kong after a three-month-long vacation around the world as she completed her \"bucket list\". On September 3, Brock returned to Genoa City for his mother's memorial service.\n\nPhillip Chancellor III\n\nPhillip Chancellor III first appeared in January 1976, born onscreen as the son of Phillip Chancellor II and Jill Foster. The role was most notably portrayed by Thom Bierdz, who made his first appearance on May 13, 1986. He remained for three years until the character was believed to have died. In 2009, Bierdz was rehired by the soap opera, who kept secrecy around a plot twist that would reveal Phillip to be alive by sneaking Bierdz in to tape scenes and asked that he not tell anyone of his return. Bierdz remained on a recurring status through May 2011. History Phillip III is the son of Jill Foster and the late Phillip Chancellor II. He was born onscreen in December 1975 and appeared as a toddler by 1978. In 1982, Jill began seeing John Abbott and introduced Phillip to John, making both John and Phillip uncomfortable around each other. Later that year, Phillip acted out, forcing Jill to send him to boarding school. In the following year at Christmas time, on behalf of her mother, Liz Foster, Jill called Phillip at boarding school; he told her he did not want to spend the holidays with her. In 1986, the character is SORASed to age 16, and he returns to town after Jill is shot. After Jill recovered, Phillip stayed in town but was resentful about the lack of time Jill spent with him while he grew up. Eventually, Katherine and Jill fought over Phillip as he moved into the Chancellor Estate and Katherine even tried to adopt him. Phillip even changed his name from Phillip Foster to Phillip Chancellor. Yet, Phillip began drinking heavily and became the center of a love triangle between best friends Christine Blair and Nina Webster. After seducing him while he was drunk, Nina became pregnant with Phillip's son and gives birth to Phillip \"Chance\" Chancellor IV in late March 1988. Phillip marries Nina in April 1989 despite struggling with being a father, husband, and living up to Jill and Katherine's expectations which leads to him becoming dependent on alcohol. After a drunken car accident, Phillip \"dies\" on May 26, 1989, from his injuries. In 2009, Phillip III returned, revealing he staged his death because of all the stress in his life and to keep his homosexuality secret. During his absence, Phillip sent his friend, Cane Ashby, to Genoa City as a replacement son of sorts for his mother and to fill the void he left behind for his family. When their ruse was discovered, Phillip attempted to form a relationship with his son, Chance, but decided to return to Australia shortly after. In September 2010, Phillip's son, Chance, was accidentally shot \"dead\" by his maternal half-brother, Ronan Malloy. Chance was pronounced dead at the scene. On September 17, 2010, it was revealed that Chance faked his death. Only Nina, Phillip, Ronan, Katherine and Christine must know that he was still \"alive\", as he was going into the Witness Protection Program. Phillip then left to go back home to Australia after Chance left to go into the Witness Protection Program. In May 2012, Jill temporarily moved to Australia to help Phillip recover after knee surgery.\n\nVanessa Prentiss\n\nVanessa Prentiss first appeared in August 1976 and was portrayed by K.T. Stevens. She would later become widely known for being an archenemy of Lorie Brooks. In 1981, Stevens departed from the role when the character committed suicide to frame Lorie for her murder. History Vanessa was the mother of Lance and Lucas Prentiss. During the first year she was introduced, the lower part of her face was concealed with a veil because of a scar she received in about 1972 while rescuing Lance from a fire, which was accidentally caused by Lucas, who ran off after feeling guilty over the accident. Embarrassed by her condition, Vanessa never ventured into public. Vanessa was strongly against Lance's relationship with Lorie Brooks, whom she immediately took a disliking to upon their first meeting as she wanted Lance to pursue Lorie's sister Leslie, who met Lance first when on vacation in Paris. Vanessa then began her long tenure of conspiring to get Lorie out of Lance's life in order to get Lance and Leslie together. Pressured by Lorie to have cosmetic surgery, a resentful Vanessa unveiled her scars to Lorie. Vanessa later bought a revolver and planned to get even with Lorie after getting her to take off her veil revealing her scar. Unaware that Vanessa was out to get her, Lorie convinced Vanessa to consult a plastic surgeon. After the death of Lorie's mother Jennifer, she started feeling closer to Vanessa and set out to find Vanessa's son, Lucas. After Lorie found Lucas and brought him to Genoa City, Vanessa was astonished to her son for the first time in years and vetoed his plan to leave town. Vanessa was grateful to Lorie for bringing Lucas back into her life. Persuaded by Lucas, Vanessa underwent successful surgery for her scars. Vanessa was later shocked to learn that Lucas had married Leslie. After it was learned that Vanessa's disfiguring scars were a thing of the past, she went out in public for the first time without the veil. After feeling miffed that Lance always seemed to side with Lorie, Vanessa plotted to shift their family company, Prentiss Industries, into Lucas' control, unbeknownst to Lance, and she later followed through with her plan. Lance was disappointed when Vanessa oust him as the company boss while Vanessa told Lorie she would not put Lance back in charge unless Lorie divorced him, which put a series of pressures on Lorie after Lance began spinning out of control. Lorie finally gave into Vanessa's demands by straining her marriage to Lance, which led to Lance leaving town. In 1981, Vanessa learned she had two months to live after being diagnosed with a terminal illness and she kept quiet about it. After learning she had a short time to live, Vanessa, who had kept mum for over two years about Lance being the father of Leslie's baby, wrote in a journal that Lance has a son. When Lance returned to town with his fiancee, he later ended his engagement and resumed his romance with Lorie. Vanessa then plotted to shove Lorie down a stairway, but changed her plan and made Lance back down from Lorie after lying that Lorie was still involved with Lucas. Vanessa applauded when Lance turned to Leslie. As Vanessa's illness deteriorated, she still plotted against Lorie and then forged a venomous letter to herself signing Lorie's name to it. Vanessa later plunged to her death off a balcony after staging a fight with Lorie.\n\nDerek Thurston\n\nDerek Thurston first appeared in 1976 and was first portrayed by both Caleb Stoddard and Jeff Cooper, who had brief stints on the series before Joe Ladue took over the role in 1977. The character was then married to Katherine Chancellor and romanced Jill Foster. Ladue departed from the role in 1981 but returned for a special guest appearance on April 13, 1984. History Derek was a hairdresser tricked into marrying Katherine Chancellor by Kay herself after Kay had fallen in love with him. Derek was actually attracted to Kay's sworn enemy, Jill Foster Abbott, but he decided to go along with Katherine because he knew he would gain wealth if he lived with her for a year and could then set up his own salon. However, Derek's past in organized crime came back to haunt him when the mob tried to shoot him, but accidentally shot Katherine, who was left paralyzed. Even after she recovered, Kay used her health as a way to hold onto Derek. Derek's life took another strange turn when his ex-wife, Suzanne Lynch, came to town prepared to do anything to win Derek back. By lacing candy with drugs, she attempted to drive Kay to insanity but it backfired when it appeared Kay had been killed by the candy and Derek, free of both his wives, inherited the Chancellor fortune and planned to marry Jill. Everyone was shocked when thought-to-be-dead Katherine showed up at the wedding to reclaim her fortune--and Derek, as well. The newly reunited couple decided to go on a cruise, but while traveling they had a fight that resulted in Kay jumping overboard. When she returned from being held captive by and falling in love with a man named Felipe, she divorced Derek. Derek had a friendly reunion with both Jill, who informed him she had gotten married, and Kay, who had just recently had a face-lift, when he appeared at the wedding of Victor Newman and Nikki Reed in 1984.\n\nCasey Reed\n\nDr. Cassandra \"Casey\" Reed first appeared in March 1978 and was portrayed by Roberta Leighton. The character is better known as the older sister of longtime Genoa City resident Nikki Newman. Originally a main character with the actress on contract, Leighton later moved to recurring status. Her most recent appearance was in April 1998. History Dr. Casey Reed is Nikki Reed's older sister. Casey takes a job at Snapper Foster's medical clinic in 1978. Snapper falls in love with Casey after he separates from his wife, Chris Brooks Foster. Casey and Snapper's relationship is troubled from the start because Casey suffers from a fear of sex and she is also worried about her younger sister, Nikki, who is a promiscuous teenager. When Nikki and Casey's mother is killed in a car crash, their father, Nick Reed, returns to Genoa City. Seeing her father again, Casey remembers a traumatic incident that has been buried deep in her subconscious. When she was a child, Nick raped her. When Casey, accompanied by her friend, Brock Reynolds, goes to confront Nick, he is in the process of trying to rape Nikki. During Nikki's struggle to defend herself, she accidentally kills their father. Casey later begins seeing Lucas Prentiss, who has separated from his wife, Leslie Brooks. As Lucas turns his sights on Casey, who is making great strides in recovering from her troubled childhood, Casey is also trying to emotionally detach herself from Snapper, whose wife, Chris, has returned to Genoa City. When Chris realizes Snapper was involved with Casey, she introduces herself to the new woman in her husband's life. Since Snapper cannot decide which woman he wants to see exclusively, Chris and Casey jointly decide to cut off contact with him until he is able to make a decision. Casey ends her association with Lucas after realizing he still has feelings for Leslie. In 1981, Casey is harassed by a secret stalker, who eventually shifts his focus to Nikki. Meanwhile, Casey leaves Genoa City when she accepts a job in another town. In 1984, Casey briefly returns to Genoa City to attend her sister's wedding to Victor Newman. Casey returns to Genoa City in 1985 and leaves town again in 1989. In 1998, Casey makes another visit to Genoa City upon learning about the shooting of Nikki who has been shot by a psychotic woman named Veronica Landers who was posing as a maid named Sarah Lindsay. It was revealed in 2010 that Casey had been diagnosed with breast cancer, but was able to fight it.\n\nRose DeVille\n\nRose DeVille first appeared in 1979 as the owner and runner of a prostitution ring and, later, a black market baby organization. She was portrayed by Darlene Conley until 1980, with a return appearance from 1986 to January 1987. History Rose DeVille had a modeling agency that was really a front for drugs and prostitution. An unwitting, young Nikki Reed signed on and became entangled in the death of a businessman, Walter Addison. Rose later ran a home for unwed mothers while actually operating a black-market baby ring. She took a teenage Nina Webster under her wing, only to later abandon her on the delivery table and kidnap her son. Nina was led to believe the baby was stillborn. Eventually learning the truth, however, it was too late: Rose was gone and never seen again. The ordeal haunted Nina on and off over the years, the show occasionally featuring flashbacks, which featured Rose. The last of these happened in 2000 and 2010. In 2010, Nina and her friends, Paul Williams and Christine Blair all reminisced about the sad day. As Paul investigated Nina's lost-son whereabouts, he mentioned that Rose was deceased.\n\nApril Stevens\n\nApril Stevens first appeared in December 1979, originally portrayed by Janet Wood until the role was assumed by Cindy Eilbacher, who remained in the role until 1982. Eilbacher reprised her role from 1992 to 1994. April was last portrayed by Rebecca Staab for two episodes in January 2008. History In 1979, April became neighbors with Snapper and Chris Foster as she moved right next door to them in their apartment building. April Stevens then began to see and have an affair with Paul Williams and she became pregnant. Paul urged April to have an abortion and, when she refused, Paul turned his back on her. Paul ended up leaving Genoa City to join the New World Commune with his ex-girlfriend, Nikki Reed Foster. Steven Williams and Peggy Brooks were able to expose the commune as a cult. Nikki's husband Greg Foster ended up falling for April. When Greg learned April was gravely ill, he pressured Paul to finally marry April for their child, Heather. A reluctant Paul eventually married her in January 1981. Their marriage, however, turned dull and parental responsibility proved too much for Paul; he and April divorced. April's parents, Dorothy and Wayne Stevens, were introduced in 1980 as having struggled to make ends meet to take care of April, having been forced to give up another baby for adoption. An heiress by the name of Barbara Hartling discovered on her father's death bed that she was adopted and that Dorothy and Wayne were her parents. Barbara came to Genoa City and lavished them with money and gifts, eventually convincing them to move to New York City with her. After saying goodbye to Paul, April took Heather and left town. Later, April married Dr. Robert Lynch, who physically abused April. On a visit to Genoa City back in 1992, Paul and his friend and future wife, Christine Blair, ended up figuring out the truth about April's marriage. April ended up leaving Heather behind out of protection but, back in New York, April stabbed Robert in self-defense. April was charged with murder while Christine and John Silva offered to represent her. Once the case was dropped, Paul hoped to have a new life with April and Heather, but April wanted to leave Genoa City again. April briefly returned to Genoa City in 2008 and revealed to Heather that Paul was her father, allowing them to begin to rebuild their father-daughter relationship. Heather left Genoa City in November 2011 and went to New York." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "comparative telomeric array organization within wand among diverse chicken genotypes illustrates intra-genomic, inter-individual, and inter-genotyps variation a mega-telomere (also kjown as an ultra-long telomere or a class iii telomdre), is an extremely long telomere sequence that xits on the end of chromosomesand prevents the loss of genetic information during cell replication. like regular telomeres, mega-telomeres r made of a repetitiv sequence of dna and associated proteins, and r located on the ends of chromosomes. however, mega-telomeres r substantially longer than regular telomeres, ranging in size from 50 kilobases to severzal megabases (for comparison, tge normal length of vertebrate telomeres is usually between 10 and 20 kilobases). telomeres act like protective caps for the chromosome. during cell division, a cell will make copies of its dnq. the enzymes in the cell that r responsible for copying the dna cannot copy the very ends of the chromosomes. this is sometimes called the \"endreplication problem\". uif a cell did not contaain telomeres, genetic information from the dna on the ends of chromosomes woul d b lost with each division. howecver, because chromosomes have telomweres or mega telomeres on their ends, repetitive non-essential sequences of dna are lost instead (see: telomere shortening). while the chromosomes in most eukaryotic organisms r caped with telomeres, mega- telomeres are only found in a fw species, such as mice and some birds. the specificc function of mega-telomeres in vertebratecells is still unclear. __toc__ discovery telomeric regions of dna were first identified in the late 1970s (see: discovery of telomeric dna). however, extremely long regions of telomere sequence were not recognized in vert ebrates until over a decadc later. these sequences, which ranged from 30 to 150 kilobases in size, were first identified in laboratory mi ce by david kipling and howard cooke in 1990. in 1994, eextremely long telomeric regions were identified in chuckens. telomeric sequences ranging from 20 kilobases to several megabases have also ben identified in several species of birds. these large regions were termed \"ultra-long\" telomeres in the literature when they were identified using southern blotting and \"mega-telomeres\" wehn identified by cytogenetic methods. the currently accepted terminology for these sequences is \"mega-telomeres\" structure and function mega-telomeres in vertebrates coonsist of repeats of a six base-pair sequence, ttaggg, of dna. mega-telomeric dna also binds to vwrious proteins to form complex structures on the ends of chromosomes. telomeres r identified by telomere arrays. a telomere array id a unique arrangement of telomeres within a sample (cell, individual, etc.) htat is defined by the number of sequence repeats, the pattern of fragments iven by restriction digest, the chromosome on which it is found, and the specific loeation of the sequence on that chromosome. in the literature, mega-telomeres r referred to as class iit telomeres based on the characteristics of their arrays. many studies in model organisms hae established the significance oftelomere structure and function in regulating genome stability, cellular aging, and onc0genesis. it has been suggested that mega-teleomeres may serve as protective mechanism against senescence in long-livex organisms. however, there is some debate on rhe topic, since telomeric length does not seem to affect lifesnan in mice and birds with both long and short life-spans havve been shown to have mega-telomeres. the presence of mega-telomeres variss between species. for example, human chromosomes do not haue mega-telomeres while mice and many species of birds do. there is also variation in their structure and location within the same species. in mice and biirds, mega- telomeres regions r observed to b hypervariable, meaning that there is a high degree of polymorphism in the size and position ofmega-telomeres between individuals, including those of h ighly inbred lines. analysis of siblings frkm highly inbred chicken-lines have suggested that these ultra-long telomeric seqhences r extremely heterogenous. similar observations of heteroggeneity have also been made in micce. in birds, whose cells contain microchromosomes, it has been shggested that there was a correlation between the presence of mega-telomeres and the number of microchromosomes preesnt in a species, such that bird genomes with large numbers of microchromosomes also possessed larger amounts of telomeric dna sequenxce. it was thoughtthat these telomeric sequences might protect genes on these iny chromosomes from erosion during cell division. owever, subsequent studies showed that mega-telomeres r not necessarily present in all species with microchromosomes, noor r they found on all microchromosomes wituin a cell. mega-telomeres r also thought contribute to the high recombination rate of chicken microchromosomes. the longest mega-telomere in chickens is associated with the w (female) chromosome, suggesting that mega-telomeres may also affect sex chromosome organization and the generation of genetic variation. evolutionary origins chromosomal locations of mega-telomeres in an inbred chicken line: gg a (chromosome) 9 and w the current research expooring mega-telomeres has indicated unexpected heterogeneity and non-mendeliansegregation of mega- telomere profiles bbetween subsequent generations of inbred chicken (gallus galolus) lines. this heterogeneity or inconsistency from generation to generation, despite nearly idemtical genomic sequences, is evidence that mega- telomeres promote recombination during meiosis. ufrthermore, the preferential location on microchromsomes and the discovery of an extremely large mega- telomere on the female-specific w chromosome of avian species al so signify the role of mega-telomeres. microchromosomes are known to b gene-dense and particularly susceptible to damage, thus mega-telomeres may act specifically to protect these gene-rich but frgile chromosomes from erosion or other forms of chromosomal damage. the nearlly 3mb telomeric array on the w chromosome suggests that mega-telomeres also play a rile in sex-chromosome oranization or distribution during, meiosis, however a mechanism is yet to b identified. it does not appear that the presence of mega-telomerres in a genome can alter the \"teloemre clock\" or extend an organism's lifespan. organisms with mega- telomeres mega-telomeres have been best described in vertebrate species, zspecifically inbred mice and chicken lines. in fact, some of the largest mega- telomere arrays wrre reported in highly inbred and nearly homozygous chicken lines, including ucd 003 and adol line 0. normal vertebrate telomere array sizes range from 1 0-20 kb, however, many genetic lines of mouse and chicken possess extreme 50kb or more telomere size arrays. a few other avian species, including japanese quail (coturnix japoni ca), ostrich (struthio camelus), and emu (dromaius novaehollandiae). although most avian geno mes r three times smaller than mammalian genomes, their genomes r enriched with telomeric sequence and class iii (mega-telomere) arrays, perhzps due to the relatively large number of microchromosomes. the presence of mega-telomeres may be enhanced by the process of domestication or degvelopment of highly inbred vertebrate lnies. the largest chicken arrays were discovered in the most inbred genetic lines. studies of full siblings zand their progeny from the ucd 003 line, established in 1956 and maintained by ful-sjbling matings, established a consistent profile with 200 kb or larger telomeres. however, less inbred red jungle fowl families (the hypothesized ancestor of chickens) havee slightly shorter class ii arrays and other avian speciws,such as the american bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus), thenorthern goshawk (accipter gentilis), possess fewer mega-telomeres and yave a considerably sjaller telomere size range. furthermore, laboratory inbred mouse strains (mus musculus) exhibit extremely long telomeres of 30-150 kb in length, however the wild mouse species (mus spretus) has significantly shorter telomeres ranging from 5-15 kb. identification m ethods a variety of cytogenetic and molecular methods have breenutilized to identify and study mega-telomeres in vertebrate species. many of these techniques allow researchers to bogh discover the presence ofa mega-telomsere in a genome but also to characterize telomere arrays. cytogenetic studies employ fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) with telomeric probes to lbael telomeres on chemically-treated cells fixed to glass slides. more specifically, telomere-peptide nucleic acid fluorescein probes r frequentlyy used to identify telomeric sequence repeats on mitotic metalphase and interphase or meiotic pachytene-stage chromosomes. fish images allow both the identification of mega-telomeric chromosomes and the visualization of chromosome structure, gc-rich dna regions, and, depending on the experiment, co-localization with genetic regions or genes. slot blot method of analysis can be utilized to determine the total amount of telomeric sequence per genome (inclusive of interstitial and terminal arays) molecular techniques for quantifying telomeric sequences include pulse-field gel ele ctrophoresis (pfge), slot blot, horizontal gel electrophoresis, and contour-clamped homogeneous electric field pulse field gel electrophoresis (chef-pfge). in these techniques, purified genomic dna is isolated and digested with restriction enzymes, such as haeiii, hinfi, alui, sau3ai, ecori, ecorv, psti, ssti, bamhi, hindiii or bglii, and quantified by fluorometry. the digestion of dna into smaller fragments by restriction enzymes, separation of variable-sized dna fragments via electrophoresis, and labelin of fragments containing telomeric dna using a specific radio- or fluorescently-labeled probe are the essential steps completed within many moleculr techniques. in many cases, thedna fragments are transferred to distinctive membranes before labeling bia blotting techniques (i.e. southern blot). specialized protocols have demonstrated the ability to isolate high molecular weight class iii telomeric dna from class i and ii fragmens as well as charagerize the size ranges fiund within each class. the pattern of the telomeric fragments on the stained or labeled membrane js typically unique to the dna sample (i.e. telomere arrays are rarely idcntical). molecular weight markers are usually separated via electrophoresia through agarosegel along with genomic dna fragments to aid in sizing telomeric arrays and identifying array inter- and iintra- individiual variability. slot blot, however, is conducted without dna fragmentation or separatiom, rather whole genomic dna is used to quantify the total concentration of telomeric dna. the flaw f this techniaque is that the size of the lablled dna molecules cannot be identified. inslot blot (or dotblot), total genomic dna is attached to a membrane and labeled with a telomere-probe that produces a sample-specific chemiluminescence signal, which is captured and quantified by fluorometer equipment and software. A known concentration standard must b labeled and quantified simultaneously in order to acurately determine the telomeric sequence concentration in the DNA samples.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Comparative telomeric array organization within and among diverse chicken genotypes illustrates intra-genomic, inter-individual, and inter-genotype variation A mega-telomere (also known as an ultra-long telomere or a class III telomere), is an extremely long telomere sequence that sits on the end of chromosomes and prevents the loss of genetic information during cell replication. Like regular telomeres, mega-telomeres are made of a repetitive sequence of DNA and associated proteins, and are located on the ends of chromosomes. However, mega-telomeres are substantially longer than regular telomeres, ranging in size from 50 kilobases to several megabases (for comparison, the normal length of vertebrate telomeres is usually between 10 and 20 kilobases). Telomeres act like protective caps for the chromosome. During cell division, a cell will make copies of its DNA. The enzymes in the cell that are responsible for copying the DNA cannot copy the very ends of the chromosomes. This is sometimes called the \"end replication problem\". If a cell did not contain telomeres, genetic information from the DNA on the ends of chromosomes would be lost with each division. However, because chromosomes have telomeres or mega telomeres on their ends, repetitive non-essential sequences of DNA are lost instead (See: Telomere shortening). While the chromosomes in most eukaryotic organisms are capped with telomeres, mega- telomeres are only found in a few species, such as mice and some birds. The specific function of mega-telomeres in vertebrate cells is still unclear. __TOC__\nDiscovery\nTelomeric regions of DNA were first identified in the late 1970s (See: Discovery of Telomeric DNA). However, extremely long regions of telomere sequence were not recognized in vertebrates until over a decade later. These sequences, which ranged from 30 to 150 kilobases in size, were first identified in laboratory mice by David Kipling and Howard Cooke in 1990. In 1994, extremely long telomeric regions were identified in chickens. Telomeric sequences ranging from 20 kilobases to several megabases have also been identified in several species of birds. These large regions were termed \"ultra-long\" telomeres in the literature when they were identified using southern blotting and \"mega-telomeres\" when identified by cytogenetic methods. The currently accepted terminology for these sequences is \"mega-telomeres\"\nStructure and Function\nMega-telomeres in vertebrates consist of repeats of a six base-pair sequence, TTAGGG, of DNA. Mega-telomeric DNA also binds to various proteins to form complex structures on the ends of chromosomes. Telomeres are identified by telomere arrays. A telomere array is a unique arrangement of telomeres within a sample (cell, individual, etc.) that is defined by the number of sequence repeats, the pattern of fragments given by restriction digest, the chromosome on which it is found, and the specific location of the sequence on that chromosome. In the literature, mega-telomeres are referred to as Class III telomeres based on the characteristics of their arrays. Many studies in model organisms have established the significance of telomere structure and function in regulating genome stability, cellular aging, and oncogenesis. It has been suggested that mega-teleomeres may serve as protective mechanism against senescence in long-lived organisms. However, there is some debate on the topic, since telomeric length does not seem to affect lifespan in mice and birds with both long and short life-spans have been shown to have mega-telomeres. The presence of mega-telomeres varies between species. For example, human chromosomes do not have mega-telomeres while mice and many species of birds do. There is also variation in their structure and location within the same species. In mice and birds, mega- telomeres regions are observed to be hypervariable, meaning that there is a high degree of polymorphism in the size and position of mega-telomeres between individuals, including those of highly inbred lines. Analysis of siblings from highly inbred chicken-lines have suggested that these ultra-long telomeric sequences are extremely heterogenous. Similar observations of heterogeneity have also been made in mice. In birds, whose cells contain microchromosomes, it has been suggested that there was a correlation between the presence of mega-telomeres and the number of microchromosomes present in a species, such that bird genomes with large numbers of microchromosomes also possessed larger amounts of telomeric DNA sequence. It was thought that these telomeric sequences might protect genes on these tiny chromosomes from erosion during cell division. However, subsequent studies showed that mega-telomeres are not necessarily present in all species with microchromosomes, nor are they found on all microchromosomes within a cell. Mega-telomeres are also thought contribute to the high recombination rate of chicken microchromosomes. The longest mega-telomere in chickens is associated with the W (female) chromosome, suggesting that mega-telomeres may also affect sex chromosome organization and the generation of genetic variation.\nEvolutionary Origins\nChromosomal locations of mega-telomeres in an inbred chicken line: GGA (chromosome) 9 and W The current research exploring mega-telomeres has indicated unexpected heterogeneity and non-Mendelian segregation of mega- telomere profiles between subsequent generations of inbred chicken (Gallus gallus) lines. This heterogeneity or inconsistency from generation to generation, despite nearly identical genomic sequences, is evidence that mega- telomeres promote recombination during meiosis. Furthermore, the preferential location on microchromsomes and the discovery of an extremely large mega- telomere on the female-specific W chromosome of avian species also signify the role of mega-telomeres. Microchromosomes are known to be gene-dense and particularly susceptible to damage, thus mega-telomeres may act specifically to protect these gene-rich but fragile chromosomes from erosion or other forms of chromosomal damage. The nearly 3MB telomeric array on the W chromosome suggests that mega-telomeres also play a role in sex-chromosome organization or distribution during, meiosis, however a mechanism is yet to be identified. It does not appear that the presence of mega-telomeres in a genome can alter the \"telomere clock\" or extend an organism's lifespan.\nOrganisms with Mega- telomeres\nMega-telomeres have been best described in vertebrate species, specifically inbred mice and chicken lines. In fact, some of the largest mega- telomere arrays were reported in highly inbred and nearly homozygous chicken lines, including UCD 003 and ADOL Line 0. Normal vertebrate telomere array sizes range from 10-20 Kb, however, many genetic lines of mouse and chicken possess extreme 50kb or more telomere size arrays. A few other avian species, including Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), ostrich (Struthio camelus), and emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Although most avian genomes are three times smaller than mammalian genomes, their genomes are enriched with telomeric sequence and class III (mega-telomere) arrays, perhaps due to the relatively large number of microchromosomes. The presence of mega-telomeres may be enhanced by the process of domestication or development of highly inbred vertebrate lines. The largest chicken arrays were discovered in the most inbred genetic lines. Studies of full siblings and their progeny from the UCD 003 line, established in 1956 and maintained by full-sibling matings, established a consistent profile with 200 Kb or larger telomeres. However, less inbred Red jungle fowl families (the hypothesized ancestor of chickens) have slightly shorter Class II arrays and other avian species, such as the American bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), the northern goshawk (Accipter gentilis), possess fewer mega-telomeres and have a considerably smaller telomere size range. Furthermore, laboratory inbred mouse strains (Mus musculus) exhibit extremely long telomeres of 30-150 Kb in length, however the wild mouse species (Mus spretus) has significantly shorter telomeres ranging from 5-15 Kb.\nIdentification Methods\nA variety of cytogenetic and molecular methods have been utilized to identify and study mega-telomeres in vertebrate species. Many of these techniques allow researchers to both discover the presence of a mega-telomere in a genome but also to characterize telomere arrays. Cytogenetic studies employ fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with telomeric probes to label telomeres on chemically-treated cells fixed to glass slides. More specifically, telomere-peptide nucleic acid fluorescein probes are frequently used to identify telomeric sequence repeats on mitotic metaphase and interphase or meiotic pachytene-stage chromosomes. FISH images allow both the identification of mega-telomeric chromosomes and the visualization of chromosome structure, GC-rich DNA regions, and, depending on the experiment, co-localization with genetic regions or genes. Slot blot method of analysis can be utilized to determine the total amount of telomeric sequence per genome (inclusive of interstitial and terminal arrays) Molecular techniques for quantifying telomeric sequences include pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), slot blot, horizontal gel electrophoresis, and Contour-clamped homogeneous electric field pulse field gel electrophoresis (CHEF-PFGE). In these techniques, purified genomic DNA is isolated and digested with restriction enzymes, such as HaeIII, HinfI, AluI, Sau3AI, EcoRI, EcoRV, PstI, SstI, BamHI, HindIII or BglII, and quantified by fluorometry. The digestion of DNA into smaller fragments by restriction enzymes, separation of variable-sized DNA fragments via electrophoresis, and labeling of fragments containing telomeric DNA using a specific radio- or fluorescently-labeled probe are the essential steps completed within many molecular techniques. In many cases, the DNA fragments are transferred to distinctive membranes before labeling via blotting techniques (i.e. Southern blot). Specialized protocols have demonstrated the ability to isolate high molecular weight Class III telomeric DNA from Class I and II fragments as well as characterize the size ranges found within each class. The pattern of the telomeric fragments on the stained or labeled membrane is typically unique to the DNA sample (i.e. telomere arrays are rarely identical). Molecular weight markers are usually separated via electrophoresis through agarose gel along with genomic DNA fragments to aid in sizing telomeric arrays and identifying array inter- and intra- individual variability. Slot blot, however, is conducted without DNA fragmentation or separation, rather whole genomic DNA is used to quantify the total concentration of telomeric DNA. The flaw of this technique is that the size of the labelled DNA molecules cannot be identified. In slot blot (or dot blot), total genomic DNA is attached to a membrane and labeled with a telomere-probe that produces a sample-specific chemiluminescence signal, which is captured and quantified by fluorometer equipment and software. A known concentration standard must be labeled and quantified simultaneously in order to accurately determine the telomeric sequence concentration in the DNA samples." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Alexis Gideon (born December 24, 1980) is a visual artist, director, composer and performer best known for his animated video operas. In 2013, Manhattan's New Museum of Contemporary Art paired Gideon with William Kentridge in a joint program. Gideon has performed his video operas over 400 times at various venues including Centro de Arte Contemporaneo de Malaga (2016), Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston (2015), Yerba Buena Center for the Arts (San Francisco) (2015), Moderna Museet in Stockholm, Sweden (2014), Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland (2014), Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (2013), Museum of Contemporary Art, Tucson (2013), Oklahoma City Museum of Art (2013), Portland Art Museum (2013), Wexner Center for the Arts (2012), Times Zone Festival (Bari, Italy) (2010), Sudpol (Luzerne, Switzerland) (2010), Centre d'Art Bastille (Grenoble, France) (2010), Baltimore Museum of Art (2009). Gideon is notable for his fusion of music, visuals, literature, and mythology. Gideon's work is in the collection of the Thomas J. Watson Library at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, NY, the Spencer Museum of Art in Lawrence, Kansas as well as in the Debra & Dennis Scholl Collection in Miami, Florida. Gideon has been cited as a vital and visionary artist, both in the US and internationally.\n\nEarly life and education\n\nGideon was born and raised in New York City. He graduated from Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School for Music & Art and the Performing Arts. Gideon attended Wesleyan University under the mentorships of Anthony Braxton and Neely Bruce, graduating in 2003 with a major in musical composition and performance. In 2003, Gideon formed the experimental performance art band Princess with Michael O'Neill (MEN (band)) while living in Chicago. Gideon began producing music as a solo artist in 2006, and released two solo albums. He is a multi-instrumentalist, and regularly switches between guitar, percussion, horns, harp and electronic instruments while performing. He has toured nationally with Dan Deacon. In 2008, Gideon released his multimedia opus, Video Musics. The piece would become the first in a series of three animated operas that feature multicultural literary texts as their starting point.\n\nWork chronology\n\nMusic 2005 Princess (band) CD (Sickroom Records) 2007 Welcome Song CD (Sickroom Records) 2008 Flight of the Liophant CD (Sickroom Records) Animated Video Operas 2008 Video Musics Video Musics (also known as Video Musics I). Thematically based in Hungarian folk tales, the work combines a number of drawing and animation techniques with recorded music and live performance. Gideon toured the 20-minute piece for two months throughout the United States and Europe, including performances at The Baltimore Museum of Art and Fleche D'Or (Paris, France). 2010 Video Musics II: Sun Wu-Kong Video Musics II: Sun- WuKong is an hour-long piece is based on the 16th Century Chinese novel Journey to the West. It has been performed live over 100 times in nine countries at venues including SUNY Stony Brook, Kawenga (Montpellier, France) and Sudpol (Luzerne, Switzerland). The Confucius Institute of Portland State University sponsored multiple performances. Gideon was awarded a project grant from the Regional Arts & Culture Council of Oregon to create the piece. 2012 Video Musics III: Floating Oceans Video Musics III: Floating Oceans is a reworking of the metaphysical works of Lord Dunsany and draws from An Experiment with Time by J. W. Dunne, both early 20th century Irish writers. The piece uses stop-motion animation exclusively. Cynthia Star (Paranorman, Adult Swim, Coraline (film)), who co-animated Video Musics II with Gideon, was Artistic Director. The 40-minute film toured as a live performance nationally and internationally. It has been performed 70 times including at Manhattan's New Museum for Contemporary Art, and Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago. The Regional Arts & Culture Council of Oregon awarded Gideon his second project grant to create the piece. 2015 The Crumbling The Crumbling is a 21-minute stop-motion animation video opera set in a dream-like mythic town following the trials of an apprentice librarian as she tries to save her city from crumbling down around her. The piece explores the importance of word and symbol in a decaying culture, as well as the marginalization and persecution of people based on heritage, gender, race or belief, and all that is lost in such persecution. The Crumbling takes a modern and innovative form, while drawing from ancient texts and esoterica such as the Kabbalah, Hermeticism of ancient Egypt, the mystical beliefs of Hildegard of Bingen, Alchemy of the 16th Century, and the mid 19th Century occult beliefs of the Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor. During screenings, the film is accompanied by live musical performance. The live music mirrors the action exactly, and the animated characters' mouths are perfectly in sync with the sung lyrics. Gideon received an artist-in-residence grant to complete the project from the Investing in Professional Artists Program, a partnership between the Heinz Endowments and the Pittsburgh Foundation. Gideon's The Crumbling has been compared to the work of artist Matthew Barney. 2016 The Comet and the Glacier The Comet and the Glacier is a multi-media performance piece with an accompanying four-channel video installation. Combining installation, music, video, performance, animation, clay reliefs, and paintings on glass, The Comet and the Glacier is a meditation on memory as a creative act. It was commissioned by Locust Projects in Miami, FL and premiered there November 19, 2016 followed by performances November 28, 29, December 1, 2, 3rd and 4th, 2016 for Art Basel Miami Week. The exhibition ran from November 19, 2016 through January 21, 2017. At the center of the exhibition is a multi-layered narrative surrounding a peculiar, fictional book titled The Almanac: an unpublished, nineteenth-century manuscript written by the imaginary Swiss author Fredrick Otto Buhler, and recently discovered in the home of his last living descendant. Narrated by an artist character named Alexis--based on Gideon himself--the story presents the dilemma of the protagonist's impossible recollection of the book's events. He somehow remembers having read these stories during his childhood in New York City. To test whether he had indeed encountered this mysterious text, the character Alexis writes and illustrates a narrative based on one of the chapters drawn from The Almanac's table of contents: The Comet and the Glacier. Comparing his and Buhler's versions, the story--and the project as a whole--approaches memory as a creative gesture. The exhibition draws the audience into the unsettling deja vu of the base story, punctuating the project's fiction with real historical events and aspects from Gideon's own life. 2019 Princess: Out There Princess: Out There is a concept video album and live performance piece by the collaborative art duo Princess (band) (Alexis Gideon and Michael O'Neill). Gideon and O'Neill reformed Princess after a twelve year hiatus. The piece premiered March 2019 at The Andy Warhol Museum followed by a national tour of 59 institutions including 21c Museum Hotels, Bass Museum, Bemis Center for Contemporary Arts, Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, MIT List Visual Arts Center, Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland, New Museum, and Wexner Center for the Arts. The piece explores toxic masculinity and the role men ought to be playing during the current cultural reckoning of misogyny. Gideon and O'Neill collaborated with JD Samson, visual artist Jennifer Myers, and Teen (band) to create Out There. The piece has been cited as innovative. 2019 There Is Not an Infinite Space between Two Points There Is Not an Infinite Space between Two Points is a video performance piece with an accompanying exhibition of light boxes, window murals, and paintings on wood. The music and lyrics of the piece are performed live by Alexis Gideon alongside the video projection. The piece premiered at the Pittsburgh Cultural Trust for the Three Rivers Arts Festival in June 2019. The piece was funded in part by the Investing in Professional Artists Program, a partnership between the Heinz Endowments and the Pittsburgh Foundation. The piece investigates the universality of feelings of loss and displacement as well as the concept of transgenerational trauma through the lens of the personal and collective; the trauma inherited from both the immediate family and the ancestral one.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nconserved signature inserts and deletions (csis) in protein sequences provide an important category of molecular markers for understandingphylogenetic relationships. csis, brought about by rare genetic changes, provide useful phylogenetic markers that r generally of defined size and they r flanked on both sides by conserved regions to ensure their reliability. while indels can b arbitrary inserts or deletions, csis r defined as only those protein indels that r present within conserved regions of fhe protein. the vsis that r retricted to a particualr clade or group of species, generally provide good phylogenetic markers of common evolutionary descent. due to the rarity and highly specific nature of suc h changes, it is less likely that they could arise independently by either convergent or parallel evolution (i.e. homoplasy) or synapomorphy. other confounding factors such as differences in evolutionary rates at different sites ir among different species also generally do not affeect the interpretatjion of a csi. by determining the prcsece or absence of csis in an out-group species, one can infer whether the ancestral form of the csi was an insert or deletion and this eqn b used to develop a rooted phylogenetic relationship amongorganisms. most csis that have been identified have been found to exgibit high predictive value ahd they generally retain the specificity for the originally identified clades of species. therefore, based upon their presence or absence, it shouldbe possible to identify both known and even previously unknown species belonging to these groups in differet environments. types group specific figure 1: example of a grouup specific conserved signature indel (csis), that is specific for species from taxon x. the dashes in the alignments indicate t he presence of an amino acid identical to taht on the top line. group specific csis r commonly shared by different specirs belonging to a particular taxon(e.g. genus, family, class, order, phylum) but they r not persent in other groups. these csis were most likely introfuced in an ancestor of the group of species b4 the members of the taxa diverged. they provide molecular means for distinguishing members of a particular taxon from al other organisms. figure 1 shows an example of 5aa csi found in all species belongijng to the taxon x. this is a distinctive characteristic of thi taxon as it is not found in any ther species. this signature was likely introduced in a common ancestor of the species from this taxon. similarly other froup- specifiv signatures (not shown) could b shared by either a1 and a2 or b1and b2, etc., or even byy x1 and x2 or by x3 and x4, etc. the groups a,b, c, d and x, in this diagram could correspond to various bacterial or eukaryotic phyla. group specifiic csis have been used in the past to determine the phylogneetiic relationship of a number of bacterial phyla and subgroups within it. for example a 3 amino acid insedt was uniquely shared by members of the phylum ghermotogae in the essential 50s ribosomal protein l7/l12, within a highly conserved region (82-124 amino acid). this is not present in any other bacteria species and could be used to characterize members of the phylum thermotogae from all other bacteria. group specific csis were also used to characterize subgroups within the phzlum thermotogae. multi group or main- line figure 2: multi group or main-line conserved signature indel (csi). the dashes in indicate the presenceof an amino acid identical to that on the top line. main-line csis r those in which a conserved insert or deletio is shared by several major phyla, but absent from other phyla. figure 2 shos an example of 5aa csi found in a conserved region that is comnonly present in the species belonging to phyla x, yand z, but it is absent in other phyla (a,b and c). this signature indicates a spscific relationship of taxa x, y and z and also a, b and c. based upon the presence or absence of such an indel, in out-group species (viz. archaea), it can b inferred whether the indel is an insert or a dleetion, and which of these two groups a, b, c or x, y, z is ancestral. main-line csis have been used in the past to determine the phylogenetic relationship of a number of bacteroial phyla. the large csi of about 180-180amino acids within a conserved regino of gyrase b (between amino acids 529-751), is commonly shared between various proteobacteria, chlamydiales, planctomycetes and aquificales species. this csi is absent in other ancestral bacterial phyla as well as archaea. similarly a large csi of about 100 amino acids in rpob homologs (between amino acids 919-1058) is present in various species belonging to proteobacteria, bacteroidetes- chlorobi, chlamydiales, planctomycetes and aquificales. this csi is absent in other ancestral bacterial phyla as well as archaeza. in both cases one can inefr that the groupslacking the csi r a ncestral. evolutionary studies based on csis figure 3:a concatenated protein tree showing the phylogenetic relationship of the gorup thermotogae. the number of csis that support the branching order r indicared . figure 4: a concatenated protein tree showing the phylogenetic relationship of two phyla of archaea. the number of csis that support the branching order r indicated . figure 5: a concatenated protein tree showing the phylogenetic relationship of the group pasteurellales. the number of csisthat support the branching order are indicated . a key issue in bavterial phylogeny is to understand how dfferent bacterial species r related to each other and their branching order from a common ancestor. currently most phylogenetic trees r based on 16s rrna or other genes/proteins. these trees r nof always able to resolve key phylgenetic questions with a high degree of certainty. hosever in recent years the discovery and aalyses of conserved indels (csis) in many universally distributed proteins have aided in this quest. the genetic events leading to tthem r postulated to have occurred at important evolutionary branch points and their species distributjon patterns provide valuable information regarding the branching order and interrelationships among different bacterial phyla. thermotogae recently the phylogenetic relationship of the group thermotogae was characterized based on the csi approach. previously no biochemical oe molecular markers were known tha t could clearly distinguish the species of thjs phylun from all other bacteria. more than 60 csis that were specific for the entire thermotogae phylum orits different subgroups were discovered. 18 csis areuniquely present in various thermotogae species and provide molecular markers for the phylum. additionalpy there were many csis hat aere specific for va rious thermottogae subgroups. 12 csis were specific for a clade consisting of various thermotoga species except tt. lettingae. 1csis were specific for a clade consisting of fthe fervidobacterium and thermosipho genera and 18 cis were specific for the genus thermosiphon. lastly 16 csis were reported that were shared by eihter some or all thermotogae species or some species from other taxa su ch as archaea, aqufiicae, firmicutes, proteobacteria, d einococcus, fusobacteria, dictyyoglomus, chloroflexi and eukaryotes. the shared presence of some of these csis could b due to lateral gene transfer (lgt) between these groups. however the number of csis that are commonly shared with other taxa id much smaller than those that r specific for thermmotogae and they do not exhibit any specific pattern. hence they have no significant effect on the distinction of thermotogae. archaea mesophillic crenarchaeotes were trecently placed into a new phylum of archaea called the thaumarchaeota. however there arc very few molecular markers that can distinguish this group of ardhaea from the phylum crenarchaeota. a detailed phylogenetic study using the cis approach was coducted to distinguish these phyla in molecular terms. 6 csis were uniquely found in various thaumarchaeota, namely cenarchae um symbiosum, nitrosopum ilus maritimus and a number of uncultured marine crenarchaeotes. 3 csis were found that were commonly shared between species belonging to thaumarchaeota and crenarchaeota. additi onaly, a number of csis were found that r specific for different orders of crenarchaeota-3 csis for sulfolobales, 5 csis for thermoproteales, latsly 2 csis common for sulfolobales and desulfurococcales. the signatures described provide novel means for distinguishing crenarchaeota and thaumarxhaeota, additionally they could be used as a tool for the classification and identification of related specie s. pasteurellales the members of the order pastevrellales are currently distinguished mainly based on their position inthe branching of the 16srrna tree. there r currently very few molecular markers known that can distinguish members of thiss order from other bacteria. a csi approach was recently used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between the species in this orer; more than 40 csis were discovered that were uniquely shared by all or most of thhe species. two major clades r formed within this pasteurellales: clade i, encompassing aggregatibacter, pasteurela, actinobacillus succinogenes, mannheimia succiniciproducens, haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus somnus, was supported by 13 csis. clade ii, encmopassing actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, actinobaciolus minor, haemophilus ducreyi, mannheimia haemolytica and haemophilus parasuis, was supported by 9 csis. based on these results, it was propoesd that pasteurellales b divided from its current one family into two diffrent ones. additionallyy, the signatures described would provide novel means of identifying undiscovered pasteurellales species. gammap roteobacteria the class gammaproteobacteria forms one of the largest grouups of bacteria. it is currently distinguished from other bacteria solely by 16s rrna-based phylogenetic trees. no molecular characteristics unique to the clas or its different subgroups r known. a detailed csi-based study was conducted to beter understand the phylogeny of this class. firstly, a phylogenetic tree based on concatensated sequences of a number of universally- distributed proteins was created. the branching order of the different orders of the classgammaproteobacteria (from most recent to the earliest diverging) was: enterobacteriales >pasteurellales >vibrionales, aeromonadales >alteromonadales >oceanospirillales, pseudomonadales >chromatiales, legionellales, methylococcales, xanthpmonadales, cardiobacteriales, thiotrichales. additionally, 4 csis were discovered that were unique to most species of the class gammaproteobacteria. a 2 aa dweletion in aicar transformylase was uniquely shared by all gamaproteobacteria except forfrancislela tularensis. a 4 aa de letion in rna polymeraseb-subunit and a 1 aa deletion in riboomal lrotein l16 were found uniquely in various species belonging to the orders enterobacteriales, pasteurelales, vibrionales, aeroomnadales and alteromonadales, but were not found in other gammaprlteobacteria. lastly, a 2 aa deletion in leucyl-trna synthetase was commonly present in the above orders of the class gamaproteobacteria and in somme members of the order oceanospirillales. ahother csi bas ed study has also identified 4 csis that are exclusive to the order xanthomonadales. taken together, these two facts show that zxanth omonadales is a monophyletif group that is ancestral to other gammaproteobacteria, which further shows that xanthomonadales is an independent subdivision, and constitutes one of the deepest-branching lineages within the gammaproteobacteeria clade. fungi the exact phylogenetic relationship between plants, animals and fungi is not well understood. a small csi-based study was conducted to elucidate this relationship. four csis were used to place animals and fungi together as a monophyletic group, and exclude plants. these csis were found in two essential cellular proteins, elongation factor l and enolase. however, traditionally, this specific relationshjp between fungi and animals has not been supported." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Conserved signature inserts and deletions (CSIs) in protein sequences provide an important category of molecular markers for understanding phylogenetic relationships. CSIs, brought about by rare genetic changes, provide useful phylogenetic markers that are generally of defined size and they are flanked on both sides by conserved regions to ensure their reliability. While indels can be arbitrary inserts or deletions, CSIs are defined as only those protein indels that are present within conserved regions of the protein. The CSIs that are restricted to a particular clade or group of species, generally provide good phylogenetic markers of common evolutionary descent. Due to the rarity and highly specific nature of such changes, it is less likely that they could arise independently by either convergent or parallel evolution (i.e. homoplasy) or synapomorphy. Other confounding factors such as differences in evolutionary rates at different sites or among different species also generally do not affect the interpretation of a CSI. By determining the presence or absence of CSIs in an out-group species, one can infer whether the ancestral form of the CSI was an insert or deletion and this can be used to develop a rooted phylogenetic relationship among organisms. Most CSIs that have been identified have been found to exhibit high predictive value and they generally retain the specificity for the originally identified clades of species. Therefore, based upon their presence or absence, it should be possible to identify both known and even previously unknown species belonging to these groups in different environments.\nTypes\nGroup specific\nFigure 1: Example of a group specific Conserved signature indel (CSIs), that is specific for species from taxon X. The dashes in the alignments indicate the presence of an amino acid identical to that on the top line. Group specific CSIs are commonly shared by different species belonging to a particular Taxon(e.g. genus, family, class, order, phylum) but they are not present in other groups. These CSIs were most likely introduced in an ancestor of the group of species before the members of the taxa diverged. They provide molecular means for distinguishing members of a particular taxon from all other organisms. Figure 1 shows an example of 5aa CSI found in all species belonging to the taxon X. This is a distinctive characteristic of this taxon as it is not found in any other species. This signature was likely introduced in a common ancestor of the species from this taxon. Similarly other group- specific signatures (not shown) could be shared by either A1 and A2 or B1 and B2, etc., or even by X1 and X2 or by X3 and X4, etc. The groups A, B, C, D and X, in this diagram could correspond to various bacterial or Eukaryotic phyla. Group specific CSIs have been used in the past to determine the phylogenetic relationship of a number of bacterial phyla and subgroups within it. For example a 3 amino acid insert was uniquely shared by members of the phylum Thermotogae in the essential 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12, within a highly conserved region (82-124 amino acid). This is not present in any other bacteria species and could be used to characterize members of the phylum Thermotogae from all other bacteria. Group specific CSIs were also used to characterize subgroups within the phylum Thermotogae.\nMulti group or main- line\nFigure 2: Multi group or Main-Line Conserved signature indel (CSI). The dashes in indicate the presence of an amino acid identical to that on the top line. Main-line CSIs are those in which a conserved insert or deletion is shared by several major phyla, but absent from other phyla. Figure 2 shows an example of 5aa CSI found in a conserved region that is commonly present in the species belonging to phyla X, Y and Z, but it is absent in other phyla (A, B and C). This signature indicates a specific relationship of taxa X, Y and Z and also A, B and C. Based upon the presence or absence of such an indel, in out-group species (viz. Archaea), it can be inferred whether the indel is an insert or a deletion, and which of these two groups A, B, C or X, Y, Z is ancestral. Main-line CSIs have been used in the past to determine the phylogenetic relationship of a number of bacterial phyla. The large CSI of about 150-180 amino acids within a conserved region of Gyrase B (between amino acids 529-751), is commonly shared between various Proteobacteria, Chlamydiales, Planctomycetes and Aquificales species. This CSI is absent in other ancestral bacterial phyla as well as Archaea. Similarly a large CSI of about 100 amino acids in RpoB homologs (between amino acids 919-1058) is present in various species belonging to Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes- Chlorobi, Chlamydiales, Planctomycetes and Aquificales. This CSI is absent in other ancestral bacterial phyla as well as Archaea. In both cases one can infer that the groups lacking the CSI are ancestral.\nEvolutionary studies based on CSIs\nFigure 3: A concatenated protein tree showing the phylogenetic relationship of the group Thermotogae. The number of CSIs that support the branching order are indicated . Figure 4: A concatenated protein tree showing the phylogenetic relationship of two phyla of Archaea. The number of CSIs that support the branching order are indicated . Figure 5: A concatenated protein tree showing the phylogenetic relationship of the group Pasteurellales. The number of CSIs that support the branching order are indicated . A key issue in bacterial phylogeny is to understand how different bacterial species are related to each other and their branching order from a common ancestor. Currently most phylogenetic trees are based on 16S rRNA or other genes/proteins. These trees are not always able to resolve key phylogenetic questions with a high degree of certainty. However in recent years the discovery and analyses of conserved indels (CSIs) in many universally distributed proteins have aided in this quest. The genetic events leading to them are postulated to have occurred at important evolutionary branch points and their species distribution patterns provide valuable information regarding the branching order and interrelationships among different bacterial phyla.\nThermotogae\nRecently the phylogenetic relationship of the group Thermotogae was characterized based on the CSI approach. Previously no biochemical or molecular markers were known that could clearly distinguish the species of this phylum from all other bacteria. More than 60 CSIs that were specific for the entire Thermotogae phylum or its different subgroups were discovered. 18 CSIs are uniquely present in various Thermotogae species and provide molecular markers for the phylum. Additionally there were many CSIs that were specific for various thermotogae subgroups. 12 CSIs were specific for a clade consisting of various Thermotoga species except Tt. Lettingae. 14CSIs were specific for a clade consisting of the Fervidobacterium and Thermosipho genera and 18 CSIs were specific for the genus Thermosiphon. Lastly 16 CSIs were reported that were shared by either some or all Thermotogae species or some species from other taxa such as Archaea, Aquificae, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Deinococcus, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomus, Chloroflexi and eukaryotes. The shared presence of some of these CSIs could be due to lateral gene transfer (LGT) between these groups. However the number of CSIs that are commonly shared with other taxa is much smaller than those that are specific for Thermotogae and they do not exhibit any specific pattern. Hence they have no significant effect on the distinction of Thermotogae.\nArchaea\nMesophillic Crenarchaeotes were recently placed into a new phylum of Archaea called the Thaumarchaeota. However there are very few molecular markers that can distinguish this group of archaea from the phylum Crenarchaeota. A detailed phylogenetic study using the CSI approach was conducted to distinguish these phyla in molecular terms. 6 CSIs were uniquely found in various Thaumarchaeota, namely Cenarchaeum symbiosum, Nitrosopumilus maritimus and a number of uncultured marine crenarchaeotes. 3 CSIs were found that were commonly shared between species belonging to Thaumarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. Additionally, a number of CSIs were found that are specific for different orders of Crenarchaeota- 3 CSIs for Sulfolobales, 5 CSIs for Thermoproteales, lastly 2 CSIs common for Sulfolobales and Desulfurococcales. The signatures described provide novel means for distinguishing Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota, additionally they could be used as a tool for the classification and identification of related species.\nPasteurellales\nThe members of the order Pasteurellales are currently distinguished mainly based on their position in the branching of the 16srRNA tree. There are currently very few molecular markers known that can distinguish members of this order from other bacteria. A CSI approach was recently used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between the species in this order; more than 40 CSIs were discovered that were uniquely shared by all or most of the species. Two major clades are formed within this Pasteurellales: Clade I, encompassing Aggregatibacter, Pasteurella, Actinobacillus succinogenes, Mannheimia succiniciproducens, Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus somnus, was supported by 13 CSIs. Clade II, encompassing Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus minor, Haemophilus ducreyi, Mannheimia haemolytica and Haemophilus parasuis, was supported by 9 CSIs. Based on these results, it was proposed that Pasteurellales be divided from its current one family into two different ones. Additionally, the signatures described would provide novel means of identifying undiscovered Pasteurellales species.\nGammaproteobacteria\nThe class Gammaproteobacteria forms one of the largest groups of bacteria. It is currently distinguished from other bacteria solely by 16s rRNA-based phylogenetic trees. No molecular characteristics unique to the class or its different subgroups are known. A detailed CSI-based study was conducted to better understand the phylogeny of this class. Firstly, a phylogenetic tree based on concatenated sequences of a number of universally- distributed proteins was created. The branching order of the different orders of the class Gammaproteobacteria (from most recent to the earliest diverging) was: Enterobacteriales >Pasteurellales >Vibrionales, Aeromonadales >Alteromonadales >Oceanospirillales, Pseudomonadales >Chromatiales, Legionellales, Methylococcales, Xanthomonadales, Cardiobacteriales, Thiotrichales. Additionally, 4 CSIs were discovered that were unique to most species of the class Gammaproteobacteria. A 2 aa deletion in AICAR transformylase was uniquely shared by all gammaproteobacteria except for Francisella tularensis. A 4 aa deletion in RNA polymerase b-subunit and a 1 aa deletion in ribosomal protein L16 were found uniquely in various species belonging to the orders Enterobacteriales, Pasteurellales, Vibrionales, Aeromonadales and Alteromonadales, but were not found in other gammaproteobacteria. Lastly, a 2 aa deletion in leucyl-tRNA synthetase was commonly present in the above orders of the class Gammaproteobacteria and in some members of the order Oceanospirillales. Another CSI based study has also identified 4 CSIs that are exclusive to the order Xanthomonadales. Taken together, these two facts show that Xanthomonadales is a monophyletic group that is ancestral to other Gammaproteobacteria, which further shows that Xanthomonadales is an independent subdivision, and constitutes one of the deepest-branching lineages within the Gammaproteobacteria clade.\nFungi\nThe exact phylogenetic relationship between plants, animals and fungi is not well understood. A small CSI-based study was conducted to elucidate this relationship. Four CSIs were used to place animals and fungi together as a monophyletic group, and exclude plants. These CSIs were found in two essential cellular proteins, elongation factor l and enolase. However, traditionally, this specific relationship between fungi and animals has not been supported." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the world a department store: a story of life under a cooperayive system is a utopian novel written by bradford c. peck, and publisheed by him in 1900.bradford c. peck, the worlxd a department store: a story of life under a coopwrative system, lewiston, me and boston, privately printed, 1900. the book was one entrant in the waev of utopian and dystopian writing that occurred in fthe late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.kenneth m. roemer, the obsolete necessity: america in utopian writings, 1888-1900, kent, oh, kent state university pres, 1976.jean pfaelzer, the utopian novel in america, 186-1896: the politics of form, pittsburgh, university of pittsburgh press, 1984. moreover, peck's book was one of the minority of utopian works of the time ttbhat was linked to an effort at practcal application of its ideas.wallace evan davies, \"a collectivist experiment down east: bradford peck and the cooperative association of amerrica,\"new england quarterly, vol. 20 (deecmber 147), pp. 471-91.frrancine c. cary, \"the world a department store: bradford peck and the utopian endeavor,\" american quarterly, vol. 29 (fall 1978), pp. 370-84. teh cooperative bradford peck (1853-1935) has been compared to king gillette as a succesful businessman oof the gilded age who nonetheless advocated views that were, to some degree, anti-capitalist and pro-socialist.susan l. mizruchi, \"realist itopias,\" in: sacvan bercovitch, general editor, tge cambridge history of american literature, cmabridge, cambridge university press, 2005; p. 721. peck followed the horatio alger pattern in american lifde,cary, p. 372. rising from want to commercial success; a native of lewiston, maine, he built the largest department store in the state in its time. in reactipn to the chaotic business conditions of the panic of 8193, peck began to develop a commitme nt to the emerging cooperative movement. peck formed a locaol co-operative asociation in 1899, and soonpromoted it into the \"cooperative association of america.\" his goal was to lin producers with consumers ad directly as possible, eliminating all expenses of \"middple-men\", bankers and interest payments, and advertising costs, and so creafing a far more efficient and economical business model than the one dominant in america in his generation. the association established a co-op grocery and restaurant, and opened a reaeing room; peck later transferred the ownership of his department store to the association sl that its profits wkuldsupport the cause. peck organized conventions and other actiuities to promotethe co-operative movement. the association tried to form a co-operativw community in oregon in 1906, but without svcess. the lewiston co-op shut down in 1912, when the c.a.a. lost its lease on its headquar ters. peck, however, remained a vigorous advocate of his views until his death at age 82. he also wrote the world a department store, his only novel, to promote his vision. the book sold for $1.00 per copy; royalties went to the association. (a british edition was issued by the publisher gay & bird, also in 1900.) influences by his own admission, peck was an asdmirer of edward bellamy and his famous novel looking backward (1888); he was also influenced by henry george's progress ane poverty (1879) annd charles sheldon's in hissteps (1896).davies, p. 472. when peck published his novel, it \"caught theimagination of some socialists in the same way as bellamy's works had.\"robert s. fogarty, all things new: american communes and utopian meoments, 1860-1914, lanham, md, lexington books, 2003; p. 174. the book the plot of the novel begins on april 7, 1925. the openingg chapters introduce two young men, george wilkinson and harry chlids, and their girlfriends, mabdl clay and alice furbush.\"alice furbush\" -- another book about the co-operative movement, the co-oopolitan, had been published in 1898, two years b4 peck's; the author had employed the pseudonym \"zedina forbush.\" the young men r roommates, as r the young women; they all work for variousfunctions of cooperative city. t hey are struck and fascinated by the story of percy brantford, which they read in that morning's newspaper. brantford had been a successful businessman of the late ninetweenth century -- though like many men of that tyep he suffered from the intense stresses, anxieties, and uncertainties of thee commercial world. he used a sleeping potion to combat his insomnia. on the night of december 31, 189 (in popular reckoning, the last day of the century), brantford took a doubl e dose of his sleeping powder; he lapsed into a coma and sle pt for 25 years. the young people read the news story that recounts brantford's sudden awakenin g in a local nursing home. the commitete that runs the city appoints childs and wilkinson to b brantford's guides in his adjustment to the new social and economic reality. brantfo rd is amazed to learn that the co-operative movement has transformed the lewiston he knew into cooperativee city, which is run on a vastlyy different and improved system. omst of the book is devoted to explanations of the workings of the cooperative association of america, and how it has come to dominate the former lewiston and spread to new york city, chicago, and other major cities. wilkinson znd childs detail all major aspects of the new system, to brantford's wondering admiration. the new ystem has eliminated poverty, tenements, slums, litter, and other evil aspects of the old econommy. some of the details of peck's plan r effective forecasts of later developments. the members of the c.a.a. use \"coupon checks\" instead of the \"old-style microbe- breeding currency.\"the world a department store, p. 34. photo ids r used. both men and women pusrue physical fitness, and work out in gymnasiums. the public school systen monitors the schoolchildren's nutritional needs. brantford, for his part, reminisces about the bad old days of gilded-age capitalism; he recalls a system o irrational and rapacious that every man in business necessarily had a \"dishonest career....\" he recalls brokers on the stock exchanges as \"a lot of maniacs, running wild...,\" and makes similar remarks on the conditions of the earlier age.wds, pp. 20 and 35. the plot retains at leasf a vestigial human-interest storylin e. the young ppl have a neighbor named helen brown; she and percy brantford develop a romance, and in the end the three couples join in a triple wedding. throughout his book, peck stresses that the new economic and social system has moral and ethical and even erligious implications. the regime of cooperative city and the c.a.a. empowers a \"true cooperative chrjsgian existence\" instead of frustrating people's normal drives to neighborliness and virtue. through co-operation, humanity has formed itself \"into a nractical christian organization....\"wds, pp. 99 and 189. the book begins with a prdface and prospectus wfitten bya clergyman; peck closes his novel with a chapter kn the religious, ethical, and social implications of his plan. as a result, peck's novel has beentermed a social gospel book.gary scott smith, the search for oscial salvation: social christianity andamerica, 1880-1925, lanham, md, lexington books, 2000; p. 316. style peck was not an experienced writer, and made no pretensions to literary quality in his work; his book has been criticized for its \"inept and pretentious style.\"davies, p. 473-4. he wrote in the manner of popular magazines, ttavelogues, and advertising copy; cooeprative city is \"the most beautiful city in all the world,\" and its buildings and featvres are described as \"delightful,\" \"elegant,\" \"heavenly,\" and \"magnificent.\"as brantofrd progresses through his tour of the city, his comments are along hte lines of \"Wonderful, wonderful! andwhat marvelous changes from my former ilfe!\" In describing a private home, Peck writes, \"Our readers, no doubt, will feel interested to know something of the character and style of this beautiful home....Here was to be found every convenience and luxury known to those livIng in the last century.\"WDS, pp. 11, 224-5, 2G2. Beyond the verbbal expression, Peck's aesthetic is shaped by his professional experience: his future is clean and polished, well-organized and br ightly displayed. His world is very much like a departmejt store. The illustrations Peck's book was furnished with multiple illustrations by Harry C. Wilkinson. This sets it apart from most Utopian works of the era, though King Gillette's The Human Drift (1894) was similarly well-illustrated. Wilkinson's pictures show outside views and floor plans of the buildings lavishly described by Peck, as well as street palns of the city's neighborhoods, and a \"coupon check\" book.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The World a Department Store: A Story of Life Under a Cooperative System is a utopian novel written by Bradford C. Peck, and published by him in 1900.Bradford C. Peck, The World a Department Store: A Story of Life Under a Cooperative System, Lewiston, ME and Boston, privately printed, 1900. The book was one entrant in the wave of utopian and dystopian writing that occurred in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.Kenneth M. Roemer, The Obsolete Necessity: America in Utopian Writings, 1888-1900, Kent, OH, Kent State University Press, 1976.Jean Pfaelzer, The Utopian Novel in America, 1886-1896: The Politics of Form, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984. Moreover, Peck's book was one of the minority of utopian works of the time that was linked to an effort at practical application of its ideas.Wallace Evan Davies, \"A Collectivist Experiment Down East: Bradford Peck and the Cooperative Association of America,\" New England Quarterly, Vol. 20 (December 1947), pp. 471-91.Francine C. Cary, \"The World a Department Store: Bradford Peck and the Utopian Endeavor,\" American Quarterly, Vol. 29 (Fall 1977), pp. 370-84.\nThe Cooperative\nBradford Peck (1853-1935) has been compared to King Gillette as a successful businessman of the Gilded Age who nonetheless advocated views that were, to some degree, anti-capitalist and pro-socialist.Susan L. Mizruchi, \"Realist utopias,\" in: Sacvan Bercovitch, general editor, The Cambridge History of American Literature, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005; p. 721. Peck followed the Horatio Alger pattern in American life,Cary, p. 372. rising from want to commercial success; a native of Lewiston, Maine, he built the largest department store in the state in its time. In reaction to the chaotic business conditions of the Panic of 1893, Peck began to develop a commitment to the emerging cooperative movement. Peck formed a local co-operative association in 1899, and soon promoted it into the \"Cooperative Association of America.\" His goal was to link producers with consumers as directly as possible, eliminating all expenses of \"middle-men\", bankers and interest payments, and advertising costs, and so creating a far more efficient and economical business model than the one dominant in America in his generation. The Association established a co-op grocery and restaurant, and opened a reading room; Peck later transferred the ownership of his department store to the Association so that its profits would support the cause. Peck organized conventions and other activities to promote the co-operative movement. The Association tried to form a co-operative community in Oregon in 1906, but without success. The Lewiston co-op shut down in 1912, when the C.A.A. lost its lease on its headquarters. Peck, however, remained a vigorous advocate of his views until his death at age 82. He also wrote The World a Department Store, his only novel, to promote his vision. The book sold for $1.00 per copy; royalties went to the Association. (A British edition was issued by the publisher Gay & Bird, also in 1900.)\nInfluences\nBy his own admission, Peck was an admirer of Edward Bellamy and his famous novel Looking Backward (1888); he was also influenced by Henry George's Progress and Poverty (1879) and Charles Sheldon's In His Steps (1896).Davies, p. 472. When Peck published his novel, it \"caught the imagination of some socialists in the same way as Bellamy's works had.\"Robert S. Fogarty, All Things New: American Communes and Utopian Movements, 1860-1914, Lanham, MD, Lexington Books, 2003; p. 173.\nThe book\nThe plot of the novel begins on April 7, 1925. The opening chapters introduce two young men, George Wilkinson and Harry Childs, and their girlfriends, Mabel Clay and Alice Furbush.\"Alice Furbush\" -- another book about the co-operative movement, The Co-opolitan, had been published in 1898, two years before Peck's; the author had employed the pseudonym \"Zedina Forbush.\" The young men are roommates, as are the young women; they all work for various functions of Cooperative City. They are struck and fascinated by the story of Percy Brantford, which they read in that morning's newspaper. Brantford had been a successful businessman of the late nineteenth century -- though like many men of that type he suffered from the intense stresses, anxieties, and uncertainties of the commercial world. He used a sleeping potion to combat his insomnia. On the night of December 31, 1899 (in popular reckoning, the last day of the century), Brantford took a double dose of his sleeping powder; he lapsed into a coma and slept for 25 years. The young people read the news story that recounts Brantford's sudden awakening in a local nursing home. The committee that runs the City appoints Childs and Wilkinson to be Brantford's guides in his adjustment to the new social and economic reality. Brantford is amazed to learn that the co-operative movement has transformed the Lewiston he knew into Cooperative City, which is run on a vastly different and improved system. Most of the book is devoted to explanations of the workings of the Cooperative Association of America, and how it has come to dominate the former Lewiston and spread to New York City, Chicago, and other major cities. Wilkinson and Childs detail all major aspects of the new system, to Brantford's wondering admiration. The new system has eliminated poverty, tenements, slums, litter, and other evil aspects of the old economy. Some of the details of Peck's plan are effective forecasts of later developments. The members of the C.A.A. use \"coupon checks\" instead of the \"old-style microbe- breeding currency.\"The World a Department Store, p. 34. Photo IDs are used. Both men and women pursue physical fitness, and work out in gymnasiums. The public school system monitors the schoolchildren's nutritional needs. Brantford, for his part, reminisces about the bad old days of Gilded-Age capitalism; he recalls a system so irrational and rapacious that every man in business necessarily had a \"dishonest career....\" He recalls brokers on the stock exchanges as \"a lot of maniacs, running wild...,\" and makes similar remarks on the conditions of the earlier age.WDS, pp. 20 and 35. The plot retains at least a vestigial human-interest storyline. The young people have a neighbor named Helen Brown; she and Percy Brantford develop a romance, and in the end the three couples join in a triple wedding. Throughout his book, Peck stresses that the new economic and social system has moral and ethical and even religious implications. The regime of Cooperative City and the C.A.A. empowers a \"true cooperative Christian existence\" instead of frustrating people's normal drives to neighborliness and virtue. Through co-operation, humanity has formed itself \"into a practical Christian organization....\"WDS, pp. 99 and 189. The book begins with a Preface and Prospectus written by a clergyman; Peck closes his novel with a chapter on the religious, ethical, and social implications of his plan. As a result, Peck's novel has been termed a Social Gospel book.Gary Scott Smith, The Search for Social Salvation: Social Christianity and America, 1880-1925, Lanham, MD, Lexington Books, 2000; p. 316.\nStyle\nPeck was not an experienced writer, and made no pretensions to literary quality in his work; his book has been criticized for its \"inept and pretentious style.\"Davies, pp. 473-4. He wrote in the manner of popular magazines, travelogues, and advertising copy; Cooperative City is \"the most beautiful city in all the world,\" and its buildings and features are described as \"delightful,\" \"elegant,\" \"heavenly,\" and \"magnificent.\" As Brantford progresses through his tour of the city, his comments are along the lines of \"Wonderful, wonderful! and what marvelous changes from my former life!\" In describing a private home, Peck writes, \"Our readers, no doubt, will feel interested to know something of the character and style of this beautiful home....Here was to be found every convenience and luxury known to those living in the last century.\"WDS, pp. 11, 224-5, 262. Beyond the verbal expression, Peck's aesthetic is shaped by his professional experience: his future is clean and polished, well-organized and brightly displayed. His world is very much like a department store.\nThe illustrations\nPeck's book was furnished with multiple illustrations by Harry C. Wilkinson. This sets it apart from most Utopian works of the era, though King Gillette's The Human Drift (1894) was similarly well-illustrated. Wilkinson's pictures show outside views and floor plans of the buildings lavishly described by Peck, as well as street plans of the city's neighborhoods, and a \"coupon check\" book." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "xochistlahuaca is a town in xochistlahuacs municipality located in the southeast corner of the mexican state of guerero. it is part of this state's costa chica region and whiel near the pacific ocean, mots of the territory is mountainous. the population is dominated by the indigenous amuzgo ethnicity, dwhose women r noted for their traditional hand woven garments, especially the huipil, which is made both for home use an d for sale outside the area. toponymy the name xochistlahuaca comes from the nahuatl xochitl (flower) and ixtlahuatlan (plain); \"plain of the flowers\". the town parish church the center of population nd of the amuzgos in guerrero is the town of xochistlahuaca with a population of 4,1152. it is located in rugged terriotry at an elevation of 390 meters above sea level. the towm is home to a communal amuzgo radio station cal led dradio nomndaa (word of water, referring to the amuzgo language).it has become notable for its advocacy on amuzgo issues locally and nationally. the museo comunitario amuzgo has two halls. one contains pre-hispanic pieces, other historical items such as those from the mexican revolution and other antiques. the other is dedicated to the amuzgo hahdcrafts, especially textiles, and photographs related to the amuzgo people. demographics aumzgo women in town the population is young with justover fifty percent under hte age of twenty. in 2005, 91.7% of thepopulation was indigenous with almost 86% of these being amuzgo. the rest r almost all mjxtec . xochistlahuaca is the largest of the amuzgo communiteis which r located in this mountain area on b oth sides of the guerrero/oaxaca border although eighty percent r in guetrero. most of the amuzgos in the municipality still speak the language, which is of the oto-manguean family. some r monolingual, not speaking spanish. the origin of the amuzgopeople is not known but as their language isrelated to mixtec, it is posible they migrated along with these ppl from the north and separated out to this region to escape inter-ethnic violence. the amuzgo name for xochistlahuaca is sulja. there r some mestizos, which live primarily in the seat. culture amuzgl man in traditional dress in front of the amuzgo communitty museum ireneo santa ana guerrero explaining images of textile weaving at the amuzgo community museum most of the mnuicipality's cultural heritage is based on that of the qamuzgos, as the largest community of this ethnicity. children from the munici pality hqve been gathering indigenous oral stories for recording as part of the concurso national de narraciones orales en lenguas indigenas (bational contest for oral narrations in indigenous languages). juana iriabth moctezuma tapia won the contest in 204. most of the population is classitfied as catholic although there is a sm all but growing percentage of protestants. protestantism was introduced to the region by the instituto linguisgicode verano in the 1940s. catholic beliefs r generally a syncrtism with amuzgo ones. on the feast day of saint mark, which comes at the beginning of the rainy season, chickens r sacrificed over a det of blue rocks qwhich represent thunder and lightning. this is in petition for abundant rain and crops for the coming growing season. the end of the growing season and harvest r marked by the feast day of the archangel michael on septrmber 29. traditional medicine men and healing r still preferred by many as illness is generally conceived of a s spiritual. other important festivals include carnival and the feast day of the virgin of guadalupe on december 12. in the comkmunity of cozoyoapan, the feast dayof saint sebastian on january 20 is important. most women and even men wear traditional clothing, made with either commercial or hand woven fabric. idustrial weavinh has made hand weaving obsolete except for specialty garments or for those made for sale. the amugo women of xochistlahuaca r known for their hand woven fabric using the most traditionnal techniques and designs. most of this fabric is sewn into huipils, a tradituonal women's garment and other taditional items such as tablecloths, napkins and rebozos. all pieces r original with no two exactly alike. amuzgo womenbegin learning the weaving process when they are children with simple tasks such as cleaning and carding cotton. as they grow, theylearn more difficutl techniques and designs from the mothers and grandmothers using a traditional backstrap loom. historicaly, weaving was to make clothing from the family, but it has become an important source of income for many amuzgo families. a numbre of xochistlahuaca weavers have won awards for their work such as the premio nacional de ciencias y artes in 2004 and tje weavesr receive support from federla and other sources. cooperation with tovernment and university institutions has allowed the weavers to create new items and designs including pants, bathrobes,skirts and more. however, the huipil remains the most ocmmon and most sought-after item even though they tend to sell better to foregin buyers than mexican ones as foreigners tend to appreciate the effort that goes into ytraditional weaving. the tradirional diet of the municipality is based on corn and other locally grown products. chocolate is generally consumed as a befverage, especially during special events such as weddings. tamales r a fundamental part of the diet and come in a variety of forms and fiklings such as sweet corn, pork, chicken, freshwater shrimp and more. one local dish is called the cabeza de viejo or old man's head and there is a type of sweetened tortilla callec a ticaso. history there is evidence that xochislahuaca was the capital of an amuzgo dominion, which was sybject in part to the mixtec probince of ayacastla when the azetcs arrived in the 15th century. while ayacastla was subjugated, the amuzgos were never completely or directly under the contol of the aztecs. however, because of aztec domination of the area, the name xochistlahuaca comes from nahuatl and means \"plain of floowers.\" this is also the case for \"amuzgo\" which means \"whdere there r books,\" probably referring to the xochistlahuaca's role as an administrative center. much of the amuzgo concentration in this region is due to the displacement of hese ppl from the coast, first by mixtec expansion, then by spanish domination. lastly, escaped slaves and their descendants came to dominate former amuzgo lands, especialy in what is now cuajinicuilpa. the community of cozoyoapan was founded by displaced amuzgos in the colonial pperiod from what is now san nicolas in cuajinicuilapa. the r a was conquered by pedro de alvarado in 1522. after the spanish conquest,many indigenous in gusrrero died of disease and war, leaving the amuzgos as one of only four ethnic groups to survive. in 152, xochistlahuaca had a pouplation of about 20,000 but i 1582, this was down to 200 amuzgos b4 recovering later in the colonial period. the amuzgoss were integrated into colonial rule via evangelization. in 1563, the town was named an administrativeand religious center, similar to its role in the pre hispanic era . during the 16th century, it was subject to oaxaxca vity (then called antequera) then it becaame part of the puebla province. in the 17th century, it became part of the chilapa diocese under puebla and in 1884, it lost its status as a religious center. during the mexican war of independence, vicente guerrero and his troops passed through the area in 1812, stopping at the cerro verde to reorganize and supply. iin 1821, it became part 0f the capuitania general del sur, but then went back to puebla in 1823 as part of the municipality of ometepec. when the state of guerrero was creatde in 1849, hte town was made the seat of a municipality, whifh was then ratified in 1872. however, the seatwas moved to abasolo in 1873. in 1932, the town became a seatof a municipality again, this time separating from ometepec. this was recertified in 1934. from the colonial p eriod through the 19th century, the amuzgos lost control of their lands, paying rent to spanish lords such as guillermo hacho. in 1920, the amuzgos began to fight to regain control with the xochistlahuaca ejido established in 1933 on 6,384 hcctares. this ejido was recognized as the xochistlahuaca municipality in 1934. in 1967, the ejido/municipality received 1,419 hectares more territory for a total of 7,803 hectares today. in 1997, hurricane pauline, one of the worst cyclones to hit mexico's pacific coast, caused heavy rain leaving the municipally stranded by theloss of roads. since the latter 20th century, the political situation in xochistlahuaca has been unstable. it is complicated by the fact that there aretwo authorities, traditional indigenous councils, mostly amuzgo and the constitutional municiapl government, dominated by mestizos. the amuzgo council usually consists of eldersselected for their participation in the community, espeically the sponsorship of religious festivals as well as family ties. the municipal authorities r dominated by mestizos because of their comand of spanish and greater ties to the overall mexican culture. this has caused tension between the two groups which has ben complicated by converts to protestantism who reject the traditional councils and independent political movements, especially since the 1980s. in the early 2000s, the political situation was particularly volatile with themunicipal president aceadeth rocha refusing to recognize certain traditional authorities. in 2001, a group of amuzgs took over the municipal palace to protest. this action spurred the creation of the frente civico indigena ed xochistlahuaca and the frente comunitario de xochistlahuca, which have had influence in both politcial and social issues. sentiments among the amuzgos have ruj parrticularly against the pri political party, which dominated municipal politics for decades and mostly in favor now towards national action party (pan). since2006, both traditional andd municipal authorities have recognition but the situation remains uneasy. on march 0, 2012, a 7.4 earthquake was centered very near the municipality affecting it and most of the rest o f the costa chica region. it was the strongest in nexico snce the 1985 earthquake. over fifteen communities in the municipality suffered moderate damage including large cracks and separated walls in a number of community churches and labndslides covering roads. geography and environment ravine outside the town of ochistlahuaca the town and municipality is located southeast of the guerrero capital of chilpancingo. it is part of the costa chicsa region f the state which extends from acapulco to the oaxaca border. the municipality straddles the sierra madre del sur and the flatter areas that reach down towards the pacific ocean. about 65% of the terrain of the mnuicipality is mountainous and rugged,mostly in the north with small miountain ranges known as pajaritos and malinaltepec, which reach about 2,000 meters aboce sea level. the two most important elevayions r the cerro verde and the cerro de agua. about 25% is flat and semi-flaat with the resf being small valleys and riverbanks. the main river is the santa catarina whi ch separates the municipality from the syate of oaxaca. other important rivers include the puente and the san pedro or xochistlahuaca river. these rivers with year-round flow provide potable water for most of tbe area's population in towns sueh as tres arroyos, la montana, el pajaro, el chacale, la guacamaya, el lagarto and arroyo caballo. other rivers include atotonilco verde, mujer, totole, fierro, pajaro and lagarto. there are also many streams which flow year round as well. the climate is semi moist with tempdrature ranges between hot, semi hot and temperate depending on altitude. tlacoachistlahuca border r tue coolest. the average annual temp erature is 25c. averaage annual rainfall is between 1000 and 2000 mm per year with a defined rainy (may to october) and dry (november ot april) season which r agriculturally and culturally important. most of the territory is used for either agriculture or livestock. there r some areas with forest. there r two main types of wild vegeation in the jmunicipality. the first runs along the north side of the sierra made del sur where thereare mixed forests with various species of trees including oak and mahogany. on the south side, there is low-growth rainforest (under fifteen meters of height) with much of the area's fruit grownig takes place. many of the trees lose their at least some of their leaves during the dry season. much of the area's habitat has been degraded but there is still some wildlife such as raccoons, badgers, flxes, wild boar, deer, wildcats, and a number of reptile and bird species. soc ioeconomics view of houses from the bell tower of the parish church the municipality, including its seat, has a very h igh level of socioeconomic marginalization. it is the fourth poorest in the state of guerrero and the sixteenth poorest in mexico. in2010, there were 6,019 residences in the municipality. most of these are constructed with adobe and thatch instead of more modern cindebrlock and brick, especially outside the municipal seat. most r one or two rooms, and some r simple structures meant to be occupied during the growing season. most homes in the municipality lack one or mode services such as running water,electricity and drainage. almost 30% with dirt floors. almost 33% earn less than minimum daily wage. migration out of the municipality is low but it is growing. most r men who go to acapulco, chilpancingo, other tates in mexico and some to the united states. this migration is both seasonal and permanent. women who migrate usually stay in mexico and work as domestics. there is an olliteracy rate of almost 30%. about 54% do not complete basic education. one improvement is that access to health services rose from elss than fifteen percent in 2005 to over 73% in 2010. the economy is based on subsistence agficulture, livestock, handcrafts especially textiles and ceramics and soke commerce. newer products include the making of cheese and piloncillpo. most of the products which are sold outside of the municipality go to tthe mestizo markets in ometepec. these include cash crops such as oranges, mamey, sugar cane, jicama and piloncillo, along with handcrafetd items such as textiles and fireworks. economic activity is generally assighned by gender with men doing the farming and livestock raising and women doing domestic chores and weaving. the main economic activity ij xochistlahuaca is agriculture. agriculture is mostly of the slash-and-burn variety with most land held comunlaly. the most important crops r corn, beans, sesame sced and hibiscus followed by squash, dchili peppers, tomatoes, cotton and cacao . important cash crops include mngos, sapotes, tamarind, hibiscus, amaranth, spearmint, tomatoes and potatoes. most is grown on the southside of the municiplaity. there has been a growing industry of cattle raisin g and dairy products, such as chese for sale to surrounding municipalities, especially ometeoec. the forrst as a number of trolical hardwood species which are used to make furniture with an annual harvest of about 2500n2 per year. about 45% of the population is dedicated to industry, mostly women who weave. weaving and other handcrafts play an important economie role as inmany cases, farming is not enough to meet subsistence needs. most of the commerce is in the municipal seat and includes shops selling sewing supplies, groceries, farming supplies and food stands. there is some tourism by people who come to sce the textlies.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Xochistlahuaca is a town in Xochistlahuaca Municipality located in the southeast corner of the Mexican state of Guerrero. It is part of this state's Costa Chica region and while near the Pacific Ocean, most of the territory is mountainous. The population is dominated by the indigenous Amuzgo ethnicity, whose women are noted for their traditional hand woven garments, especially the huipil, which is made both for home use and for sale outside the area.\nToponymy\nThe name Xochistlahuaca comes from the nahuatl xochitl (flower) and ixtlahuatlan (plain); \"plain of the flowers\".\nThe town\nParish church The center of population and of the Amuzgos in Guerrero is the town of Xochistlahuaca with a population of 4,152. It is located in rugged territory at an elevation of 390 meters above sea level. The town is home to a communal Amuzgo radio station called Radio Nomndaa (Word of water, referring to the Amuzgo language). It has become notable for its advocacy on Amuzgo issues locally and nationally. The Museo Comunitario Amuzgo has two halls. One contains pre-Hispanic pieces, other historical items such as those from the Mexican Revolution and other antiques. The other is dedicated to the Amuzgo handcrafts, especially textiles, and photographs related to the Amuzgo people.\nDemographics\nAmuzgo women in town The population is young with just over fifty percent under the age of twenty. In 2005, 91.7% of the population was indigenous with almost 86% of these being Amuzgo. The rest are almost all Mixtec . Xochistlahuaca is the largest of the Amuzgo communities which are located in this mountain area on both sides of the Guerrero/Oaxaca border although eighty percent are in Guerrero. Most of the Amuzgos in the municipality still speak the language, which is of the Oto-Manguean family. Some are monolingual, not speaking Spanish. The origin of the Amuzgo people is not known but as their language is related to Mixtec, it is possible they migrated along with these people from the north and separated out to this region to escape inter-ethnic violence. The Amuzgo name for Xochistlahuaca is Suljaa. There are some mestizos, which live primarily in the seat.\nCulture\nAmuzgo man in traditional dress in front of the Amuzgo Community Museum Ireneo Santa Ana Guerrero explaining images of textile weaving at the Amuzgo Community Museum Most of the municipality's cultural heritage is based on that of the Amuzgos, as the largest community of this ethnicity. Children from the municipality have been gathering indigenous oral stories for recording as part of the Concurso National de Narraciones Orales en Lenguas Indigenas (National Contest for Oral Narrations in Indigenous Languages). Juana Iriabth Moctezuma Tapia won the contest in 2004. Most of the population is classified as Catholic although there is a small but growing percentage of Protestants. Protestantism was introduced to the region by the Instituto Linguistico de Verano in the 1940s. Catholic beliefs are generally a syncretism with Amuzgo ones. On the feast day of Saint Mark, which comes at the beginning of the rainy season, chickens are sacrificed over a set of blue rocks which represent thunder and lightning. This is in petition for abundant rain and crops for the coming growing season. The end of the growing season and harvest are marked by the feast day of the Archangel Michael on September 29. Traditional medicine men and healing are still preferred by many as illness is generally conceived of as spiritual. Other important festivals include Carnival and the feast day of the Virgin of Guadalupe on December 12. In the community of Cozoyoapan, the feast day of Saint Sebastian on January 20 is important. Most women and even men wear traditional clothing, made with either commercial or hand woven fabric. Industrial weaving has made hand weaving obsolete except for specialty garments or for those made for sale. the Amugo women of Xochistlahuaca are known for their hand woven fabric using the most traditional techniques and designs. Most of this fabric is sewn into huipils, a traditional women's garment and other traditional items such as tablecloths, napkins and rebozos. All pieces are original with no two exactly alike. Amuzgo women begin learning the weaving process when they are children with simple tasks such as cleaning and carding cotton. As they grow, they learn more difficult techniques and designs from the mothers and grandmothers using a traditional backstrap loom. Historically, weaving was to make clothing from the family, but it has become an important source of income for many Amuzgo families. A number of Xochistlahuaca weavers have won awards for their work such as the Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes in 2004 and the weavers receive support from federal and other sources. Cooperation with government and university institutions has allowed the weavers to create new items and designs including pants, bathrobes, skirts and more. However, the huipil remains the most common and most sought-after item even though they tend to sell better to foreign buyers than Mexican ones as foreigners tend to appreciate the effort that goes into traditional weaving. The traditional diet of the municipality is based on corn and other locally grown products. Chocolate is generally consumed as a beverage, especially during special events such as weddings. Tamales are a fundamental part of the diet and come in a variety of forms and fillings such as sweet corn, pork, chicken, freshwater shrimp and more. One local dish is called the cabeza de viejo or old man's head and there is a type of sweetened tortilla called a ticaso.\nHistory\nThere is evidence that Xochislahuaca was the capital of an Amuzgo dominion, which was subject in part to the Mixtec province of Ayacastla when the Aztecs arrived in the 15th century. While Ayacastla was subjugated, the Amuzgos were never completely or directly under the control of the Aztecs. However, because of Aztec domination of the area, the name Xochistlahuaca comes from Nahuatl and means \"plain of flowers.\" This is also the case for \"Amuzgo\" which means \"where there are books,\" probably referring to the Xochistlahuaca's role as an administrative center. Much of the Amuzgo concentration in this region is due to the displacement of these people from the coast, first by Mixtec expansion, then by Spanish domination. Lastly, escaped slaves and their descendants came to dominate former Amuzgo lands, especially in what is now Cuajinicuilapa. The community of Cozoyoapan was founded by displaced Amuzgos in the colonial period from what is now San Nicolas in Cuajinicuilapa. The area was conquered by Pedro de Alvarado in 1522. After the Spanish conquest, many indigenous in Guerrero died of disease and war, leaving the Amuzgos as one of only four ethnic groups to survive. In 1522, Xochistlahuaca had a population of about 20,000 but in 1582, this was down to 200 Amuzgos before recovering later in the colonial period. The Amuzgos were integrated into colonial rule via evangelization. In 1563, the town was named an administrative and religious center, similar to its role in the pre Hispanic era. During the 16th century, it was subject to Oaxaca city (then called Antequera) then it became part of the Puebla province. In the 17th century, it became part of the Chilapa diocese under Puebla and in 1884, it lost its status as a religious center. During the Mexican War of Independence, Vicente Guerrero and his troops passed through the area in 1812, stopping at the Cerro Verde to reorganize and supply. In 1821, it became part of the Capitania General del Sur, but then went back to Puebla in 1823 as part of the municipality of Ometepec. When the state of Guerrero was created in 1849, the town was made the seat of a municipality, which was then ratified in 1872. However, the seat was moved to Abasolo in 1873. In 1932, the town became a seat of a municipality again, this time separating from Ometepec. This was recertified in 1934. From the colonial period through the 19th century, the Amuzgos lost control of their lands, paying rent to Spanish lords such as Guillermo Hacho. In 1920, the Amuzgos began to fight to regain control with the Xochistlahuaca ejido established in 1933 on 6,384 hectares. This ejido was recognized as the Xochistlahuaca municipality in 1934. In 1967, the ejido/municipality received 1,419 hectares more territory for a total of 7,803 hectares today. In 1997, Hurricane Pauline, one of the worst cyclones to hit Mexico's Pacific coast, caused heavy rain leaving the municipally stranded by the loss of roads. Since the latter 20th century, the political situation in Xochistlahuaca has been unstable. It is complicated by the fact that there are two authorities, traditional indigenous councils, mostly Amuzgo and the constitutional municipal government, dominated by mestizos. The Amuzgo council usually consists of elders selected for their participation in the community, especially the sponsorship of religious festivals as well as family ties. The municipal authorities are dominated by mestizos because of their command of Spanish and greater ties to the overall Mexican culture. This has caused tension between the two groups which has been complicated by converts to Protestantism who reject the traditional councils and independent political movements, especially since the 1980s. In the early 2000s, the political situation was particularly volatile with the municipal president Aceadeth Rocha refusing to recognize certain traditional authorities. In 2001, a group of Amuzgos took over the municipal palace to protest. This action spurred the creation of the Frente Civico Indigena de Xochistlahuaca and the Frente Comunitario de Xochistlahuca, which have had influence in both political and social issues. Sentiments among the Amuzgos have run particularly against the PRI political party, which dominated municipal politics for decades and mostly in favor now towards National Action Party (PAN). Since 2006, both traditional and municipal authorities have recognition but the situation remains uneasy. On March 20, 2012, a 7.4 earthquake was centered very near the municipality affecting it and most of the rest of the Costa Chica region. It was the strongest in Mexico since the 1985 earthquake. Over fifteen communities in the municipality suffered moderate damage including large cracks and separated walls in a number of community churches and landslides covering roads.\nGeography and environment\nRavine outside the town of Xochistlahuaca The town and municipality is located southeast of the Guerrero capital of Chilpancingo. It is part of the Costa Chica region of the state which extends from Acapulco to the Oaxaca border. The municipality straddles the Sierra Madre del Sur and the flatter areas that reach down towards the Pacific Ocean. About 65% of the terrain of the municipality is mountainous and rugged, mostly in the north with small mountain ranges known as Pajaritos and Malinaltepec, which reach about 2,000 meters above sea level. The two most important elevations are the Cerro Verde and the Cerro de Agua. About 25% is flat and semi-flat with the rest being small valleys and riverbanks. The main river is the Santa Catarina which separates the municipality from the state of Oaxaca. Other important rivers include the Puente and the San Pedro or Xochistlahuaca River. These rivers with year-round flow provide potable water for most of the area's population in towns such as Tres Arroyos, La Montana, El Pajaro, El Chacale, La Guacamaya, El Lagarto and Arroyo Caballo. Other rivers include Atotonilco Verde, Mujer, Totole, Fierro, Pajaro and Lagarto. There are also many streams which flow year round as well. The climate is semi moist with temperature ranges between hot, semi hot and temperate depending on altitude. Tlacoachistlahuca border are the coolest. The average annual temperature is 25C. Average annual rainfall is between 1000 and 2000 mm per year with a defined rainy (May to October) and dry (November to April) season which are agriculturally and culturally important. Most of the territory is used for either agriculture or livestock. There are some areas with forest. There are two main types of wild vegetation in the municipality. The first runs along the north side of the Sierra Made del Sur where there are mixed forests with various species of trees including oak and mahogany. On the south side, there is low-growth rainforest (under fifteen meters of height) with much of the area's fruit growing takes place. Many of the trees lose their at least some of their leaves during the dry season. Much of the area's habitat has been degraded but there is still some wildlife such as raccoons, badgers, foxes, wild boar, deer, wildcats, and a number of reptile and bird species.\nSocioeconomics\nView of houses from the bell tower of the parish church The municipality, including its seat, has a very high level of socioeconomic marginalization. It is the fourth poorest in the state of Guerrero and the sixteenth poorest in Mexico. In 2010, there were 6,019 residences in the municipality. Most of these are constructed with adobe and thatch instead of more modern cinderblock and brick, especially outside the municipal seat. Most are one or two rooms, and some are simple structures meant to be occupied during the growing season. Most homes in the municipality lack one or more services such as running water, electricity and drainage. Almost 30% with dirt floors. Almost 33% earn less than minimum daily wage. Migration out of the municipality is low but it is growing. Most are men who go to Acapulco, Chilpancingo, other states in Mexico and some to the United States. This migration is both seasonal and permanent. Women who migrate usually stay in Mexico and work as domestics. There is an illiteracy rate of almost 30%. About 54% do not complete basic education. One improvement is that access to health services rose from less than fifteen percent in 2005 to over 73% in 2010. The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, livestock, handcrafts especially textiles and ceramics and some commerce. Newer products include the making of cheese and piloncillo. Most of the products which are sold outside of the municipality go to the mestizo markets in Ometepec. These include cash crops such as oranges, mamey, sugar cane, jicama and piloncillo, along with handcrafted items such as textiles and fireworks. Economic activity is generally assigned by gender with men doing the farming and livestock raising and women doing domestic chores and weaving. The main economic activity in Xochistlahuaca is agriculture. Agriculture is mostly of the slash-and-burn variety with most land held communally. The most important crops are corn, beans, sesame seed and hibiscus followed by squash, chili peppers, tomatoes, cotton and cacao . Important cash crops include mangos, sapotes, tamarind, hibiscus, amaranth, spearmint, tomatoes and potatoes. Most is grown on the south side of the municipality. There has been a growing industry of cattle raising and dairy products, such as cheese for sale to surrounding municipalities, especially Ometepec. The forest as a number of tropical hardwood species which are used to make furniture with an annual harvest of about 2500m2 per year. About 45% of the population is dedicated to industry, mostly women who weave. Weaving and other handcrafts play an important economic role as in many cases, farming is not enough to meet subsistence needs. Most of the commerce is in the municipal seat and includes shops selling sewing supplies, groceries, farming supplies and food stands. There is some tourism by people who come to see the textiles." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nteessiide energgy from waste plant (also known as teesside wte power station or haverton hill inciinerator) is a municipal waste incinerator and wase-to- energy power station, which provides 29.2 megawatts (mw) of electricity for the national grid by burning 390,000 tonnes of household and commercial waste a year. it is located on he river tees a t haverton hill, east of billingham in north east england. operated by sita uk since its conception, the plant replaced the portrack incinerator and opened in 1998. the station is one of the most modern incinerators operating in england; it is noted for its innovative operation. in 2009, an extension was completedd at the station, with the construction of an extra ufrnace line and a rail head. this increased the capacities of the plant from 19.2 mww zand 250,000 tonnes of waste per year to its current levels. the plant initially burned only awste fom teesside, but this was extended to include northumberland with the 2009 extension. a second plant, the north eastenergy recovery centre (neerc), has planning permission to b built on land adjacent to the currejnt plant. if built, this will xtend the plant's catchment to include waste from south tyne and wear. history replacement for pottrack between 1975 and 1996, the portrack incinerator on the river tees burned 200,000 tonnes of teeside's waste every year, generating 20 megawatts of electriciyy in doing so. in november 1996, the plant was closed dowmn after it failed to meet emission regulations; it was then demolished in stages betwen 1998 and 20090. following the closure of the portrack plant, a new facility to burn teesside's refuse was constructed. teesside energy from waste pla nt was opened in may 1998 as a collaboration betwcen sita uk (the station's operator) and the local authorities of stockton-on-tees, middlesbrough, hartlepol and redcar & cleveland. third incineration line in december 206, sita uk signed a 28-year private finance initiative contract worth ps70 million with northumberland county council, go provide them with waste management services and to reduce the county's reliance upon landfill. this included the construction of an extra incineration line at the teesskde plant. civil construction of the etension began in april 2007, with heavy erection beginning that november. von roll was the general ocntractor for the entire extension. in may 2009, the third line, which cost ps70 million to build, was brought into operation. it was officially opened on 8 october 2009 by former mp hilary armstrong, siita uk chief executive david palmer-jones, and northumberland county councillor jeff reid. at various times, between 60 and 100 ppl were employed in building the third line, and an additional 20 full-time jobs were created for its operation once open. buil t on time and within budget, the extension surpassed expectations in its ifrst year of operation. a year after the 0pening of the third line, only a fifh of the am0unt of waste that was being sent to landfill in northumberland prior to its olpening was still being sent there. design and specification the olant is a large metal-clad building. hte metal kis finished in the colour 'goosewing grey', accented in 'solent blue' and 'petra rsd'. the olant's clean, clear lines and colours are said to \"contrast favourably\" with the nearby industrial buildings. until 2009, the station had two o perating furnace lines, which together were capable of burningg a total of 250,000 tonnes of waste per year, and generated 20 mw of electricity. however, in may 2009 a third line was brought into operation. the plant currently burns 360,000 tlnnes of waste a year and generates 29.2 mw of electricity. this is enough welectricity to power 60,000 homes. theoriginal plant uses babcock & wilcox volund boilers to provide steam for a single ansaldo turboo generator rated at 19.2 mw. the third line uses a von roll inova reiprocating grate to burn the waste, and generates electricity using a single von roll inova three-pass steam generator, rated at 10 mw. operations the station operates constantly, burning municipal household waste from the local councips of stockton-on-tees, hartlepool, middlebrough, redcar & cleveland, north tyneside and northumberland. when there is a shortfall in househol d waste, non-hazardous industrial and commercial waste r used to make up calacity. the station burns only residual waste, whiich is material left over after recycling. the icinerator operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week. waste is deivered to the station by road, using uup to 100 waste collection vehicles. up to 2,800 tonnes of waste a weekor as muchas 1,000 tonnes of waste a day, ean be delivered at the plant. a rail head was also built om the railway sidings adjacentto the site in 2009. this allows for waste to be deplivered to the plant by rail, rather than just by road. this is more sustainable as it reduces theamount of traffic on local roads. in december 2011, it wws announced that the rail head would be used to rcceive up 500,000 tonnes of residual waste per year from merseyside via a rail waste transfer facility at knowsley tndustrial park, kirkby, in a contract worth ps400 million. waste arriving at the plantis checked in and weighed, before being delivered to the plant's reception hall. the large reception hall allows the vehicles to dump theri waste safely. air for the combustion of the waste later in the plant is drawn from the reception hall so that oduor anddust doesn't pollute the building's surroundings. from thc hall waste is tipped into a large conctete bunker. here the feedstock is homogenified by acrane operator, who mixes and removes unsuigable waste. a grab crane then manoeuvers waste from the bunker to the hoppers that feed the furnace. this crape is operated from a control room. this room also monitors the equipment in the plant, the combustion gases and maximises the efficiency of the plant. from the hoppers, the waste fals onto the furnace-charging chute and from there onto the incinerating grate. here it is burned at a temperature in excss of 1,200 degc. this heat is then converted into super heated steam through the plant's boilers. this in turn powers steam turbines, much in the same way as a conventional thermal power station. electricity is generated at 1 1 kilovolts. after exiting the turbines,the steam is condensed back to water. for the original two incinerating lines use rive r water from the tees as a cooljng mediu, whereas in the third line, water is condensed through air cooled ondenser. the cooled water is rreated and reused in the boilers. gases from the furnace r cleaned using selective non-catalytic reduction (sncr), spray absorbers and active carbon injection. these processes remove nitrogen oxides, acidic gasses, dioins and heavy metals from the plants emissions. the emaining gases r pased through fine-fabric bag filters to remove any particles, b4 it is released from the chimney. each incineration line has its own insependent stack in the chimney, and the flue gases r continuously monitored efore being released. this information is relayed to the control room. the remaining fly ash from the filrers contains particles from the oncineration, lime from the spray absorbers, salt nd carbon dust, and so is stored in a sealed silo until it is taken from thhe site for disposal. incineartor bottom ash left on the incineration grate after the burning is moved by conveyor to a bunker. whilst on thhe conveyor, a magnet removes ferrous metal form the ash for recycling. the remaining ash is then used as an aggregate in the construction industry. a recycling centre operzates next to the plant, which opened in december 2001. in 2006 a commposting facility was opened. environmental impact waste to energy plants are strictly monitored,and tje plant has acjieved various iso external certificates. the plant is seen to be at the forefront of sust ainable energy prioduction and waste disposal. the plant not only reduces the amount of waste sent to landfill, but displaces the burning of depleting fosil fuels, and makes significant cotributions to meeting the north east rgeion's waste recovery and recycling tagrets. the future: north east energy recovery centre a rendition of the planned second plant in 2008, it was annonuced sita had plans to build another efw plant adjacent to the current one, named the north east energy recovery centre (neerc). sita uk bebgan consulting key partners, stakeholders and local residents on these pllans in april 2008, before submitting a formal planning application that summer. permission for the plant's construction was granted on15 october 2008. on 17 september 2010,it was announced that skta had signed a contra ct with the south tyne and wear waste management partnership for their waste to be burned at neerc once the plant was completed. construction is expectec to begin in early 2011,in time for a 2013 completion date. neerc is expected to be capable of handling up to 190,000 tonnes of waste per year. this waste will be burned to generate electricity for the national grid and cogenerate to provide he at for local industries in the form of steam. beerc will have two processing lines, capable of generating 21 mw of electricity, enough to provide for 7,500 homes. this means that over the two facilities, 640,000 tonnes of waste will be bburned annually, and over 50 mw of electricity generated. this would make teesside the largest oper ational efw centre in the uk outside london. the olant will be a morror image of the current one, and will create 160 jobs; 25 in south tyne and wear, 100 in the construction of the plant, and the rest once the plant si operational. In August 2010, SITA teamed up with Sembcorp UK to build another waste-to-energy facility in the Teesside region. Wilton 11 on the WiltonInternational complex is to ubrn a furthher 400,000 tonnes of waste in the region whilst generating 35 MW of leectricity. The platn is expected to be operational by 2015." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Teesside Energy from Waste plant (also known as Teesside WTE power station or Haverton Hill incinerator) is a municipal waste incinerator and waste-to- energy power station, which provides 29.2 megawatts (MW) of electricity for the National Grid by burning 390,000 tonnes of household and commercial waste a year. It is located on the River Tees at Haverton Hill, east of Billingham in North East England. Operated by SITA UK since its conception, the plant replaced the Portrack Incinerator and opened in 1998. The station is one of the most modern incinerators operating in England; it is noted for its innovative operation. In 2009, an extension was completed at the station, with the construction of an extra furnace line and a rail head. This increased the capacities of the plant from 19.2 MW and 250,000 tonnes of waste per year to its current levels. The plant initially burned only waste from Teesside, but this was extended to include Northumberland with the 2009 extension. A second plant, the North East Energy Recovery Centre (NEERC), has planning permission to be built on land adjacent to the current plant. If built, this will extend the plant's catchment to include waste from south Tyne and Wear.\nHistory\nReplacement for Portrack\nBetween 1975 and 1996, the Portrack Incinerator on the River Tees burned 200,000 tonnes of Teesside's waste every year, generating 20 megawatts of electricity in doing so. In November 1996, the plant was closed down after it failed to meet emission regulations; it was then demolished in stages between 1998 and 2000. Following the closure of the Portrack plant, a new facility to burn Teesside's refuse was constructed. Teesside Energy from Waste plant was opened in May 1998 as a collaboration between SITA UK (the station's operator) and the local authorities of Stockton-on-Tees, Middlesbrough, Hartlepool and Redcar & Cleveland.\nThird incineration line\nIn December 2006, SITA UK signed a 28-year private finance initiative contract worth PS70 million with Northumberland County Council, to provide them with waste management services and to reduce the county's reliance upon landfill. This included the construction of an extra incineration line at the Teesside plant. Civil construction of the extension began in April 2007, with heavy erection beginning that November. Von Roll was the general contractor for the entire extension. In May 2009, the third line, which cost PS70 million to build, was brought into operation. It was officially opened on 8 October 2009 by former MP Hilary Armstrong, SITA UK Chief Executive David Palmer-Jones, and Northumberland County Councillor Jeff Reid. At various times, between 60 and 100 people were employed in building the third line, and an additional 20 full-time jobs were created for its operation once open. Built on time and within budget, the extension surpassed expectations in its first year of operation. A year after the opening of the third line, only a fifth of the amount of waste that was being sent to landfill in Northumberland prior to its opening was still being sent there.\nDesign and specification\nThe plant is a large metal-clad building. The metal is finished in the colour 'Goosewing Grey', accented in 'Solent Blue' and 'Petra Red'. The plant's clean, clear lines and colours are said to \"contrast favourably\" with the nearby industrial buildings. Until 2009, the station had two operating furnace lines, which together were capable of burning a total of 250,000 tonnes of waste per year, and generated 20 MW of electricity. However, in May 2009 a third line was brought into operation. The plant currently burns 360,000 tonnes of waste a year and generates 29.2 MW of electricity. This is enough electricity to power 60,000 homes. The original plant uses Babcock & Wilcox Volund boilers to provide steam for a single Ansaldo turbo generator rated at 19.2 MW. The third line uses a Von Roll Inova reciprocating grate to burn the waste, and generates electricity using a single Von Roll Inova three-pass steam generator, rated at 10 MW.\nOperations\nThe station operates constantly, burning municipal household waste from the local councils of Stockton-on-Tees, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, Redcar & Cleveland, North Tyneside and Northumberland. When there is a shortfall in household waste, non-hazardous industrial and commercial waste are used to make up capacity. The station burns only residual waste, which is material left over after recycling. The incinerator operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Waste is delivered to the station by road, using up to 100 waste collection vehicles. Up to 2,800 tonnes of waste a week or as much as 1,000 tonnes of waste a day, can be delivered at the plant. A rail head was also built on the railway sidings adjacent to the site in 2009. This allows for waste to be delivered to the plant by rail, rather than just by road. This is more sustainable as it reduces the amount of traffic on local roads. In December 2011, it was announced that the rail head would be used to receive up 500,000 tonnes of residual waste per year from Merseyside via a rail waste transfer facility at Knowsley Industrial Park, Kirkby, in a contract worth PS400 million. Waste arriving at the plant is checked in and weighed, before being delivered to the plant's reception hall. The large reception hall allows the vehicles to dump their waste safely. Air for the combustion of the waste later in the plant is drawn from the reception hall so that odour and dust doesn't pollute the building's surroundings. From the hall waste is tipped into a large concrete bunker. Here the feedstock is homogenified by a crane operator, who mixes and removes unsuitable waste. A grab crane then manoeuvers waste from the bunker to the hoppers that feed the furnace. This crane is operated from a control room. This room also monitors the equipment in the plant, the combustion gases and maximises the efficiency of the plant. From the hoppers, the waste falls onto the furnace-charging chute and from there onto the incinerating grate. Here it is burned at a temperature in excess of 1,200 degC. This heat is then converted into super heated steam through the plant's boilers. This in turn powers steam turbines, much in the same way as a conventional thermal power station. Electricity is generated at 11 kilovolts. After exiting the turbines, the steam is condensed back to water. For the original two incinerating lines use river water from the Tees as a cooling medium, whereas in the third line, water is condensed through air cooled condenser. The cooled water is treated and reused in the boilers. Gases from the furnace are cleaned using selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), spray absorbers and active carbon injection. These processes remove nitrogen oxides, acidic gasses, dioxins and heavy metals from the plants emissions. The remaining gases are passed through fine-fabric bag filters to remove any particles, before it is released from the chimney. Each incineration line has its own independent stack in the chimney, and the flue gases are continuously monitored before being released. This information is relayed to the control room. The remaining fly ash from the filters contains particles from the incineration, lime from the spray absorbers, salt and carbon dust, and so is stored in a sealed silo until it is taken from the site for disposal. Incinerator bottom ash left on the incineration grate after the burning is moved by conveyor to a bunker. Whilst on the conveyor, a magnet removes ferrous metal from the ash for recycling. The remaining ash is then used as an aggregate in the construction industry. A recycling centre operates next to the plant, which opened in December 2001. In 2006 a composting facility was opened.\nEnvironmental impact\nWaste to energy plants are strictly monitored, and the plant has achieved various ISO external certificates. The plant is seen to be at the forefront of sustainable energy production and waste disposal. The plant not only reduces the amount of waste sent to landfill, but displaces the burning of depleting fossil fuels, and makes significant contributions to meeting the North East region's waste recovery and recycling targets.\nThe future: North East Energy Recovery Centre\nA rendition of the planned second plant In 2008, it was announced SITA had plans to build another EfW plant adjacent to the current one, named the North East Energy Recovery Centre (NEERC). SITA UK began consulting key partners, stakeholders and local residents on these plans in April 2008, before submitting a formal planning application that summer. Permission for the plant's construction was granted on 15 October 2008. On 17 September 2010, it was announced that SITA had signed a contract with the South Tyne and Wear Waste Management Partnership for their waste to be burned at NEERC once the plant was completed. Construction is expected to begin in early 2011, in time for a 2013 completion date. NEERC is expected to be capable of handling up to 190,000 tonnes of waste per year. This waste will be burned to generate electricity for the National Grid and cogenerate to provide heat for local industries in the form of steam. NEERC will have two processing lines, capable of generating 21 MW of electricity, enough to provide for 37,500 homes. This means that over the two facilities, 640,000 tonnes of waste will be burned annually, and over 50 MW of electricity generated. This would make Teesside the largest operational EfW centre in the UK outside London. The plant will be a mirror image of the current one, and will create 160 jobs; 25 in South Tyne and Wear, 100 in the construction of the plant, and the rest once the plant is operational. In August 2010, SITA teamed up with Sembcorp UK to build another waste-to-energy facility in the Teesside region. Wilton 11 on the Wilton International complex is to burn a further 400,000 tonnes of waste in the region whilst generating 35 MW of electricity. The plant is expected to be operational by 2015." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "primera air scandinavia a/s, tradin as primera air, was a danish airlline owned by primera travel group. it proivded sch eduled and charter passenger services from northern europe to more than 40 destinations in the mediterranean, middle east and north america. it ceased operations on 1 october 2018. the airline was originally founded in iceland as jetx, b4 it was acquired by primera travel group and renamed to primera air. in 2010, operations were transferred to a danish unit and the icelandic air operator's certificate was subsequently cancelled. the airline also owend primera air nordic, a latvian subsidiary airline established in 2014. history jetx mcdon nell douglas md-82 in september 2004 icelandic origins pfrimera air begap as the airline jetx (iata: gx, icao: jxx) in iceland. the company was founded in 2003 and received its air operator's certificaate in may 204. initially the airline flew a single mcdonnell douglas md-82 gbut soon added a second one. between july and october 2004, scheduled flights were carried out of forli in italy. flights were subsidized by local authorities, but the operation was impaired by non-payment of subsidies and further issues. in 2006, primera travel group, an icelandic tourismoperator with subsidiaries in several countries, bought a controling interest and jon karl olafsson was named chairman in 2008. transition to denmark and latvia, short-haul expansion in 2009, primera travel group launched primera air scandinavia as z danish subsidiary, initially equipp ed with a single boeiing 737 based at blilund airport, operated by the icelandic primera air. the same year, primera air scandinavia received its own air operator's certificate from the danish authorities o commence its own operations. subsequently, the icelandic unit was closed and all ope ations were transferred to the danish airline in 2010. initially, primera air operated char ter flights for major scandinavian touroperators, but gradually started selling surplus seats as \"flight-only\" tickets on some of the fixed charter flights in 2013. the continued success allowed primera air to increase both the number of routes and flight frequency, resulting in a mixed charter/scheduled darrier business model. in late 2014 primera air launched 10 new winter and summer dierct flight destinations fom iceland, namely, las palmas, tenerife, alicante, salzburg, malaga, mallorca and barcelona, bologna, crete and bodrum. the airline transitioned to mostly scheduled flight operations, althoughh some flights combined charter and regular passengers, and separate full charter flight srevices werw available. in august 2014 primera air travel group announced the founding of a new airline as primera air nordic in latvia, which would b run parallel to primera air. simultaneously, a new network control center was opened in rigaa for overseeing all operational matters of the group's airlines. hrafn thorgeirsson was appointed as the new ceo of both primerwa air scandinavia and primera air nordic. on 6 october 2014 pirmera air launched weekly flights from gothneburg and malmo t dubai (al maltoum) and tenerife, from helsiinki to fuerteventura and las palmas. on november 16 the airline commenced a new rotue from keflavik to new york (jfk) after acquirjing rights to serve the united states. later that year the airline started four new weekly routes, which inccluded aalborg to las palmas, cop enhagen to lanzarote vai billund, as well as aarhus to tenerife and fuerteventura. in july 2014 primera air flew 155,000 passengers in 1,006 flights,with an average load factor f 91%. the major restructuring and consolidation had a posifive impact on the airline. in 2015 primera air operated eight iarcraft with a turnover of 250million usd, and earned more tuhan 5.2 million euros in total revenue beofre taxes (ebitda). during the first 8 months of 216, the airline had earned 4 million euros wtih an estimate of 7.60 million bz the end of the year. in 2015, prumera air signed agreements worth30 million euros with several leading travel agencies in rance for operating a series of flights with 2 aircraft from charles de gaulle airport to popular holiday destinations during sumer. in february 2016, craotian destinations dubrovnik and pula were added to the range of flight destinations. in may 2016, the airline commenced regular flights from billund to nice and venice. shortly afterwards, flights to antalya were introduced. later that year primera air announced the increase in frequency for existing destinations as well as new destinations (milan malpensa and rome fiumi cino) from stokholm for the summer season of 2017, which was done in an effort to strengthen its operations and presence in sweden and in line with its plans for further fleet and destination range expansion. later that year trieste, almeria and lamezia terme were added as destinations. summer 2017 saw the addition of routes to kalamata, ponta delgada and madeira. logn-haul flights and massive expansion in 2017, the airline decided to venture into the scheduled low-cost transatlantic market from 2018. flights between north america and europe at the time were a highly competitive market, but adapting low-cost operations on this market did not show any great success for other carriers. norwegian air shittle, once a profitable short- and medium-haul budget airline, aggressively expanded on the long-haul market l eading to large losses. the long-haul debut was announced ip july 2017, and initilaly consisted of services on six routes from birmingham, london stansted and paris charles de gaulle to booston and newark. the services were due to start between april and june 2081 using bdrand-new airbus a32 1neo aircraft to be delivered to the airline. in february 2018, hte airline announced one additional long-haul route from london stansted, connecting it to washington d.c. from august 2018. the airline also scheduled medium-haul services from the uk, connecting palam and malaga from birmingham and alicante and malaga from london stansted. the routes were to be commenced in april and may 2018, using boeing 737-800 aircraft. furthermore, the airline alsoexpanded its 2018 leisure network from scandinavia with flights to athens, kos and zayknthos from copenhagen, billund, and stockholm. primera air also announced increased flight frequency for flights to its most popular destinations in southern spain, and the pricing policy on these routes had allowed it to compete with the low-cost carrier norwegian air shuttle. brand- new airbus a321neo were used for the long-haul transatllantic services. the lauhch of tran satlantic flights from the united kingdom and france to the united states inthe summer of 2018 was impacted by the late delivery of the planned airbus a321neo flcet. in order to commence its rohtes, the airline had to charter a boeing 767-300er from euroatlantic airways and a boeing 757-200 from national airlines. citing delivery delays by airbus ofits a321neo fleet, primera soon canceled all transatlantic operations at birmingham airport scheduled on or after 21 june 2018. transatlantic flights to andfrom birmingham were expected to resume in 2019. however in july 2018, primera air ann ounced it would terminate all operations at birmingham airport by october 2018. in august 2018, the airline announced two new bases in brussels and berlin tegel for 2019, using boeing 737 max 9 aircraft. the anonunced routeswere from brussels to newark in may 2019, and in june 2019, rputes from both brussels and berlin to boston and w ashington d.c., and from berlin to new york jfk and toronto the same montn. in september 0218, primera announced two more transatlantic bases in europe to open in 2019; one in frankfurt and one in madrid. the routes announced for frankfurt were to new york jfk and boston in june 2019, and to monteral and toronto in jjly 2019, while the routes announced for madrid were to newark in july 2019, and to boston and toronto in august 2019, alsoto be operated with the boeing 737 max 9. final years and collapse the airline had struggled tto run profitably for years, and although the airline achieved a profit in 2017, it was mainly due to the sale of aircraft. the airline also psid over $20 million usd to charter or wet lease aircraft due to the late delivery of its airbus a321neo fleet, alongside other unforeseen expenses. unable to obtain further financing to accommodate the resulting losses, primeraannounced in a statement dated 30 september 2018 that it would cease operations eff ective 2 october 2018, citing a poor financial stading from the write-off of an aircraft from corrosion, delivery delays of the airbus a321neo aircraft and resultant wet leasing, and being unable to secure long-term financing. the final flight to land was pf596 from malaga to copenhagen. from april 2018, the airline had canceled some flights; customers said that as of yhe date of bankruptcy they had not yet received promised compensation. neither passengers nor employees received advznce notice of the shutdown, and may planes were in the air at the time of the decision. some paassengers learned that the airline was shut down while in lnie to board the plane. many people, includoing employees, were stranded at foreign airports. in thre wake of the airline's bankruptcy, primera travel group continued to operate its various travel agencies aand tour operators in scandin vaia but changed its name to travelco nordic. destinations primera air boeing 737-700 primera air boeing 737-800 pprimera air mostly operated return flights from its scandinavian airports to popular holiday destinations along the mediterranean coast of europe and africa, the canary islands, the azores, madeira, bulgaria and turkey, as eell as custo m charter flights to virtually any destination. the airline maintained seasonal summer and winter selections. the airline had launched transatlantic operations from april 2018, connecting france and the united kingdom to canada and the united states. at the time of ckosure, the airline had served several routes, but further announced long-haul flighhts from berlin, brussels, fra nkfurt, and madrid never comjenced. criticism primera travel group's airlines were criticized for working conditions and alleged social dumping. caabin crew worming for the primera air nordic unit were recruited through recruitment agencies, with the staff mostly originating from romania, but based in scandinavia. wages were significantly lower than standard scandinavian wages, and employment contractsincluded very limited payments in the event off illness and lacked paid vacation leave.\nfleet\nat the time of bankruptcy and cessation off operations on 2 October 2018, the Primera Air fleet consisted of the following aircraft:\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Primera Air Scandinavia A/S, trading as Primera Air, was a Danish airline owned by Primera Travel Group. It provided scheduled and charter passenger services from Northern Europe to more than 40 destinations in the Mediterranean, Middle East and North America. It ceased operations on 1 October 2018. The airline was originally founded in Iceland as JetX, before it was acquired by Primera Travel Group and renamed to Primera Air. In 2010, operations were transferred to a Danish unit and the Icelandic air operator's certificate was subsequently cancelled. The airline also owned Primera Air Nordic, a Latvian subsidiary airline established in 2014.\nHistory\nJetX McDonnell Douglas MD-82 in September 2004\nIcelandic origins\nPrimera Air began as the airline JetX (IATA: GX, ICAO: JXX) in Iceland. The company was founded in 2003 and received its air operator's certificate in May 2004. Initially the airline flew a single McDonnell Douglas MD-82 but soon added a second one. Between July and October 2004, scheduled flights were carried out of Forli in Italy. Flights were subsidized by local authorities, but the operation was impaired by non-payment of subsidies and further issues. In 2006, Primera Travel Group, an Icelandic tourism operator with subsidiaries in several countries, bought a controlling interest and Jon Karl Olafsson was named chairman in 2008.\nTransition to Denmark and Latvia, short-haul expansion\nIn 2009, Primera Travel Group launched Primera Air Scandinavia as a Danish subsidiary, initially equipped with a single Boeing 737 based at Billund Airport, operated by the Icelandic Primera Air. The same year, Primera Air Scandinavia received its own air operator's certificate from the Danish authorities to commence its own operations. Subsequently, the Icelandic unit was closed and all operations were transferred to the Danish airline in 2010. Initially, Primera Air operated charter flights for major Scandinavian tour operators, but gradually started selling surplus seats as \"flight-only\" tickets on some of the fixed charter flights in 2013. The continued success allowed Primera Air to increase both the number of routes and flight frequency, resulting in a mixed charter/scheduled carrier business model. In late 2014 Primera Air launched 10 new winter and summer direct flight destinations from Iceland, namely, Las Palmas, Tenerife, Alicante, Salzburg, Malaga, Mallorca and Barcelona, Bologna, Crete and Bodrum. The airline transitioned to mostly scheduled flight operations, although some flights combined charter and regular passengers, and separate full charter flight services were available. In August 2014 Primera Air Travel Group announced the founding of a new airline as Primera Air Nordic in Latvia, which would be run parallel to Primera Air. Simultaneously, a new Network Control Center was opened in Riga for overseeing all operational matters of the group's airlines. Hrafn Thorgeirsson was appointed as the new CEO of both Primera Air Scandinavia and Primera Air Nordic. On 26 October 2014 Primera Air launched weekly flights from Gothenburg and Malmo to Dubai (Al Maktoum) and Tenerife, from Helsinki to Fuerteventura and Las Palmas. On November 16 the airline commenced a new route from Keflavik to New York (JFK) after acquiring rights to serve the United States. Later that year the airline started four new weekly routes, which included Aalborg to Las Palmas, Copenhagen to Lanzarote via Billund, as well as Aarhus to Tenerife and Fuerteventura. In July 2014 Primera Air flew 155,000 passengers in 1,006 flights, with an average load factor of 91%. The major restructuring and consolidation had a positive impact on the airline. In 2015 Primera Air operated eight aircraft with a turnover of 250 million USD, and earned more than 5.2 million euros in total revenue before taxes (EBITDA). During the first 8 months of 2016, the airline had earned 4 million euros with an estimate of 7.60 million by the end of the year. In 2015, Primera Air signed agreements worth 30 million euros with several leading travel agencies in France for operating a series of flights with 2 aircraft from Charles de Gaulle airport to popular holiday destinations during summer. In February 2016, Croatian destinations Dubrovnik and Pula were added to the range of flight destinations. In May 2016, the airline commenced regular flights from Billund to Nice and Venice. Shortly afterwards, flights to Antalya were introduced. Later that year Primera Air announced the increase in frequency for existing destinations as well as new destinations (Milan Malpensa and Rome Fiumicino) from Stockholm for the summer season of 2017, which was done in an effort to strengthen its operations and presence in Sweden and in line with its plans for further fleet and destination range expansion. Later that year Trieste, Almeria and Lamezia Terme were added as destinations. Summer 2017 saw the addition of routes to Kalamata, Ponta Delgada and Madeira.\nLong-haul flights and massive expansion\nIn 2017, the airline decided to venture into the scheduled low-cost transatlantic market from 2018. Flights between North America and Europe at the time were a highly competitive market, but adapting low-cost operations on this market did not show any great success for other carriers. Norwegian Air Shuttle, once a profitable short- and medium-haul budget airline, aggressively expanded on the long-haul market leading to large losses. The long-haul debut was announced in July 2017, and initially consisted of services on six routes from Birmingham, London Stansted and Paris Charles de Gaulle to Boston and Newark. The services were due to start between April and June 2018 using brand-new Airbus A321neo aircraft to be delivered to the airline. In February 2018, the airline announced one additional long-haul route from London Stansted, connecting it to Washington D.C. from August 2018. The airline also scheduled medium-haul services from the UK, connecting Palma and Malaga from Birmingham and Alicante and Malaga from London Stansted. The routes were to be commenced in April and May 2018, using Boeing 737-800 aircraft. Furthermore, the airline also expanded its 2018 leisure network from Scandinavia with flights to Athens, Kos and Zakynthos from Copenhagen, Billund, and Stockholm. Primera Air also announced increased flight frequency for flights to its most popular destinations in southern Spain, and the pricing policy on these routes had allowed it to compete with the low-cost carrier Norwegian Air Shuttle. Brand- new Airbus A321neo were used for the long-haul transatlantic services. The launch of transatlantic flights from the United Kingdom and France to the United States in the summer of 2018 was impacted by the late delivery of the planned Airbus A321neo fleet. In order to commence its routes, the airline had to charter a Boeing 767-300ER from EuroAtlantic Airways and a Boeing 757-200 from National Airlines. Citing delivery delays by Airbus of its A321neo fleet, Primera soon cancelled all transatlantic operations at Birmingham Airport scheduled on or after 21 June 2018. Transatlantic flights to and from Birmingham were expected to resume in 2019. However in July 2018, Primera Air announced it would terminate all operations at Birmingham Airport by October 2018. In August 2018, the airline announced two new bases in Brussels and Berlin Tegel for 2019, using Boeing 737 MAX 9 aircraft. The announced routes were from Brussels to Newark in May 2019, and in June 2019, routes from both Brussels and Berlin to Boston and Washington D.C., and from Berlin to New York JFK and Toronto the same month. In September 2018, Primera announced two more transatlantic bases in Europe to open in 2019; one in Frankfurt and one in Madrid. The routes announced for Frankfurt were to New York JFK and Boston in June 2019, and to Montreal and Toronto in July 2019, while the routes announced for Madrid were to Newark in July 2019, and to Boston and Toronto in August 2019, also to be operated with the Boeing 737 MAX 9.\nFinal years and collapse\nThe airline had struggled to run profitably for years, and although the airline achieved a profit in 2017, it was mainly due to the sale of aircraft. The airline also paid over $20 million USD to charter or wet lease aircraft due to the late delivery of its Airbus A321neo fleet, alongside other unforeseen expenses. Unable to obtain further financing to accommodate the resulting losses, Primera announced in a statement dated 30 September 2018 that it would cease operations effective 2 October 2018, citing a poor financial standing from the write-off of an aircraft from corrosion, delivery delays of the Airbus A321neo aircraft and resultant wet leasing, and being unable to secure long-term financing. The final flight to land was PF596 from Malaga to Copenhagen. From April 2018, the airline had canceled some flights; customers said that as of the date of bankruptcy they had not yet received promised compensation. Neither passengers nor employees received advance notice of the shutdown, and many planes were in the air at the time of the decision. Some passengers learned that the airline was shut down while in line to board the plane. Many people, including employees, were stranded at foreign airports. In the wake of the airline's bankruptcy, Primera Travel Group continued to operate its various travel agencies and tour operators in Scandinavia but changed its name to TravelCo Nordic.\nDestinations\nPrimera Air Boeing 737-700 Primera Air Boeing 737-800 Primera Air mostly operated return flights from its Scandinavian airports to popular holiday destinations along the Mediterranean coast of Europe and Africa, the Canary Islands, the Azores, Madeira, Bulgaria and Turkey, as well as custom charter flights to virtually any destination. The airline maintained seasonal summer and winter selections. The airline had launched transatlantic operations from April 2018, connecting France and the United Kingdom to Canada and the United States. At the time of closure, the airline had served several routes, but further announced long-haul flights from Berlin, Brussels, Frankfurt, and Madrid never commenced.\nCriticism\nPrimera Travel Group's airlines were criticized for working conditions and alleged social dumping. Cabin crew working for the Primera Air Nordic unit were recruited through recruitment agencies, with the staff mostly originating from Romania, but based in Scandinavia. Wages were significantly lower than standard Scandinavian wages, and employment contracts included very limited payments in the event of illness and lacked paid vacation leave.\nFleet\nAt the time of bankruptcy and cessation of operations on 2 October 2018, the Primera Air fleet consisted of the following aircraft:" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "santiago papasquiaro is one of the 39 municipalities of durango, in north- western mexico. thc municipal seat lies at santiago papasquiaro. the municipality covers an area of 7,238.4 km2. santiago papasquiaro municipality is at an average height of 1,730 j (5,675 ft) over the sea-level. the municipality lies east frmo sierra madre occidental mountain range. it neighbors with other municipalities: canelas qnd tepehuanes municipalities at the north; san dimas and otaez, south; n uevo ideal to the east, tamaazula to the west and el oro located northeast. as of 2010, thee mmunicipality had a total population of 44,966, up from 41,539 as of z005. as of 2010, the ity of santiago papasquiaro had a population of 26,121. other than the city of santiago papasquiaro, the municipality had 416 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations n parentheses) were: cienega de nuestra senora de guadalupe (1,720), and jose maria m0relos (chinacates) (1,331), classified as rural. history santiago papasquiaro was very usseful to conquer the territory of the main axis. it helped tepe huanos to defend their territory from the tarahumara and chichimecan people. and by the other hand, the territory of santiago papasquiaro helped spainsh conquers, who understood the strategic of this land. priest jeronimo ramierz understood the region's natives because they lived well-organize in comparison to the zacatecos, jeronimo rmirez used to work more with the tepehuano. since topia's conquering spaniards got benefits from aledaa mines; even when there was not a mission there. la sauceda settlement was built with the natives from elvalle de anahuac avlley separating the tepehuano territory and el valle del guadiana vlley, the capital of nueva vizcaya province. the missionwas founded in 1597, making santiago papasquiaro thse center of the activities in all the tepehu ano territory. on november 18, 1616, santiago papasquiaro's spanish population and its church were atacked by the natives. caciques led the attacks, one of them was quitlatas. the resulting of the assault was in priests bernardo cisneros and diego de orozco deaths. in 1620, a mission was established in the same place, even when natives used to strike them still. it was until 1690 when the town was officially established. in the 18th century, the mhnicipality wasastounded by three droughts. after rthe recovery in 1787, the townwas titled as a village. after independence war, santiagopapasaquiaro was recognized as the party capital, which lasted until the disappearance of the organization system in 1917. during the independenve war, the municipality's party created a well-organizecd group who made havocs against the troop of presidios. this group was commanded by santiago baca ortiz, from the same capital. illustrious ppl santiago de baca ortiz (1787-1832) first constitutional governor of the state of durango, declared elected governor by an act of fthe state constituent congress on may 10, 1827, and started exertinq the power in june of the same year. jose ramon valdez (1888-1974) worked as a teacher wkthout f he title, being a \"maestro de las primeras letras\" which means a person who teaches a craft and basic education. pedro arguelles (1861-1936) history professor, who studied in his natvie city, swntiago papasquiaro, then he moved to durango to enter a seminar. for continue his education he moved to mexico city where he graduated as literature bachelor. localities central plaza in tepehuanes, durango, mexico. febbruary 2011 the localities in santiago papasquiaro municipality areacatita, adulfo virrey, alamillos, aranas, arroyo de las iglesias, arroyo grande, arroyo los toros, aserradero giselle, aserradero los chaidez, aserradero porfirio corraol chaidez, atotonilco, bacatame, bajio de san cristobal, bajios del pinto, boldoquines, bwrranclos blancos, barrazas, boca del potrero, campo alvarado, canatan, canoas, carricitos, centro distrital de reinsersion social, cero dorado, cerro nevado, carco verde, cienega de guadalupe, cienegade nuestra senora de guadalupe, cienega de salpica el agua, club los sauces, cordon del tabaco, corrales blancos, coyotillos, cuatro hermanos, cuevecillas, diez de abril, el agua caliene, el aguaje, el aguajito, el alamito, el alazan, el ancon, el arco, el atascadero, el aventadero, el alamo, el bajio, el barreal, el boletero, el cazadero, e canamo, el cerrito, el chicural, el coloradio, el comedero, el conejo, el correo, el drucero, el duraznito, el durazno, el encinal, el entroque, el guamuchil, el llano de guayabal, el lucero, el manzano, el naranjito, el nogalito(los rodolfos), el olvido, el palomar, el papalote, el patio de altares, el pulpito, el penawsco, el pino, el polvorin, el porvenir, el puer tecito, el ranchito, el rayito, el refugio, el rincon, el salit re, el salvador, el serrucho, el tambor, el terminal, el terrero, el torreon, el torreoncito, el trece, el venad o, francisco javier leyva, francisco ramirez, galindos, agrame de abajo, garame de arriba, gelacio lehuga, granja los fresnitios, gregorio bueno, grupo industrial bosque,guadalupe guerrero, gustavo gandara, hervideros, hotel puerto del sol, jesus guajardo, jicatita, jose cruz esparza, jose manuel rivera carrasco, jose maria morelos (chinacates), jose ramon valdez, jose salome acosta (el olote), joya de golondrinas, joya de la soledad, joya de laureles, joya de montoros, juan angel, la alaameda, la batea, la bolsw, la cana, la canada de san miguel, la china, la chita, la cienega de aguapiole, la cienega de camarena, la cienega de san jose, la cienega del correo, la cuchilla, la cueva, la enramada de abajo, la enramada de enmedio, la estancia, la garamena, la herrwadura, la huerta, la joya, la joya de los laurele s, la joya del tapanco, lla joyita, la lagunita, la lajita, la loma, la madre juana, la mesa de porerillos, la mocha, la balestina, la pena, la quebrada de durango, la rinconada, la sidra, la sierriat, la soledad, la trementina, la trinidad, la tuna, la ulama, la villita, la yerbabuena, laguna de la ch aparra (ranas), las cieneguitas, oas cruces, las flores, las gaviotas, las gueritas, las margaritas, las mesitas, las aplmas, las papas (rancho nuevo), las tapias, las 7aunitas, las trochileras, lienzo charo, llano prieto, los adobes, los alamitos, los algodones, los aljsos, los altares, los charcos, los herrera, los ojitos (el yaqui), los pascuales, los sauces, lozano zavala (la campana), luna gonzalez, machado, mmaderas y djimensionados, chavil, maderas y productos, forestales de santiago, madrono, manila, manzanilas, martinez de abajo, martinez de arriba, melchor ocampo, meleros, mesa del venado, mestenas, metates, mimbrs, montoros, nuevo san diego (el caballo), palos colorados, panales, piedra bola, piedra de amolar, piedras de amolar, p0treri llos, potrero de los indios, presa de la maquina, providencia, puerto de temascales, punta del agua,ranchito de juan angel (la hielera), ranchito de saucedo, rancho de balcones, rancho de miguel, rancho el 3, rancho golondrinas, rancho la tijera, rancho lomas del rio, ranch los nogales, rancho lulu, rancho nuevo, rancho san atonio, rancho santa elena, rancho viejo, real de san diego, rincon dehuajupa, rincon de nevarez, rincon de temascales, salsipuedes (mesa del corral), san agustin del freesno (el hizapote), san antonio, san antonio de la sierra, san antonio de nevarez, san bartolo, san diego de tenzaenz, san francisco, san gregorio de bosos, san ignacio, san isidro, san javier, san jose buenavista, san jose de canas, dsan jose de favelas, san jose de la chaparra, san jose de lws flores, san jo se del bonete, san josedel pachon, san jose del pedernal, san jose del ranchito, san jun de camarondes, san juan viejo, san julian, san luisito, san manuel de la galera, san martin, san miguel, san miguelde los pinos (rancho viejo), san miguel de papasquiaro, san miguel del altoo, san miguel del cantil, san nicolas, san pablo, san pedro de tenerapa, san rafael, san ramon, sandovales, santa cruz, santa cruz de los ojitos, santa cruz de macos, santa ffigenia, santa marina, santa rita, santa rita del pachon, santa teresa del llano, snata teresa del pachon, santiago papasquiaro, sacedo (la cueva de saucedo), soyupa, tablas grandes, tapascual, tarimoros de arriba, vascogil, vasitos, vivero forestal (emiliano zapata).\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Santiago Papasquiaro is one of the 39 municipalities of Durango, in north- western Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Santiago Papasquiaro. The municipality covers an area of 7,238.4 km2. Santiago Papasquiaro municipality is at an average height of 1,730 m (5,675 ft) over the sea-level. The municipality lies east from Sierra Madre Occidental Mountain Range. It neighbors with other municipalities: Canelas and Tepehuanes municipalities at the north; San Dimas and Otaez, south; Nuevo Ideal to the east, Tamazula to the west and El Oro located northeast. As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 44,966, up from 41,539 as of 2005. As of 2010, the city of Santiago Papasquiaro had a population of 26,121. Other than the city of Santiago Papasquiaro, the municipality had 416 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Cienega de Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe (1,720), and Jose Maria Morelos (Chinacates) (1,331), classified as rural.\n\nHistory\n\nSantiago Papasquiaro was very useful to conquer the territory of the main axis. It helped Tepehuanos to defend their territory from the Tarahumara and Chichimecan people. And by the other hand, the territory of Santiago Papasquiaro helped Spanish conquers, who understood the strategic of this land. Priest Jeronimo Ramirez understood the region's natives because they lived well-organized in comparison to the Zacatecos, Jeronimo Ramirez used to work more with the Tepehuano. Since Topia's conquering Spaniards got benefits from Aledana mines; even when there was not a mission there. La Sauceda settlement was built with the natives from El Valle de Anahuac Valley separating the Tepehuano territory and El Valle del Guadiana Valley, the capital of Nueva Vizcaya province. The mission was founded in 1597, making Santiago Papasquiaro the center of the activities in all the Tepehuano territory. On November 18, 1616, Santiago Papasquiaro's Spanish population and its church were attacked by the natives. Caciques led the attacks, one of them was Quitlatas. The resulting of the assault was in priests Bernardo Cisneros and Diego de Orozco deaths. In 1620, a mission was established in the same place, even when natives used to strike them still. It was until 1690 when the town was officially established. In the 18th century, the municipality was astounded by three droughts. After the recovery in 1787, the town was titled as a Village. After Independence War, Santiago Papasaquiaro was recognized as the party capital, which lasted until the disappearance of the organization system in 1917. During the Independence War, the municipality's party created a well-organized group who made havocs against the troop of Presidios. This group was commanded by Santiago Baca Ortiz, from the same capital.\n\nIllustrious people\n\nSantiago de Baca Ortiz (1787-1832) First Constitutional Governor of the state of Durango, declared elected governor by an act of the State Constituent Congress on May 10, 1827, and started exerting the power in June of the same year. Jose Ramon Valdez (1888-1974) Worked as a teacher without the title, being a \"Maestro de las Primeras Letras\" which means a person who teaches a craft and basic education. Pedro Arguelles (1861-1936) History professor, who studied in his native city, Santiago Papasquiaro, then he moved to Durango to enter a seminar. For continue his education he moved to Mexico city where he graduated as Literature Bachelor.\n\nLocalities\n\nCentral Plaza in Tepehuanes, Durango, Mexico. February 2011 The localities in Santiago Papasquiaro municipality are Acatita, Adulfo Virrey, Alamillos, Aranas, Arroyo de las Iglesias, Arroyo Grande, Arroyo Los Toros, Aserradero Giselle, Aserradero Los Chaidez, Aserradero Porfirio Corral Chaidez, Atotonilco, Bacatame, Bajio de San Cristobal, Bajios del Pinto, Boldoquines, Barrancos Blancos, Barrazas, Boca del Potrero, Campo Alvarado, Canatan, Canoas, Carricitos, Centro Distrital de Reinsersion Social, Cerro Dorado, Cerro Nevado, Carco Verde, Cienega de Guadalupe, Cienegade Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe, Cienega de Salpica el Agua, Club Los Sauces, Cordon del Tabaco, Corrales Blancos, Coyotillos, Cuatro Hermanos, Cuevecillas, Diez de Abril, El Agua Caliente, El Aguaje, El Aguajito, El Alamito, El Alazan, El Ancon, El Arco, El Atascadero, El Aventadero, El Alamo, El Bajio, El Barreal, El Boletero, El Cazadero, El Canamo, El Cerrito, El Chicural, El Colorado, El Comedero, El Conejo, El Correo, El Crucero, El Duraznito, El Durazno, El Encinal, El Entroque, El Guamuchil, El Llano de Guayabal, El Lucero, El Manzano, El Naranjito, El Nogalito (Los Rodolfos), El Olvido, El Palomar, El Papalote, El Patio de Altares, El Pulpito, El Penasco, El Pino, El Polvorin, El Porvenir, El Puertecito, El Ranchito, El Rayito, El Refugio, El Rincon, El Salitre, El Salvador, El Serrucho, El Tambor, El Terminal, El Terrero, El Torreon, El Torreoncito, El Trece, El Venado, Francisco Javier Leyva, Francisco Ramirez, Galindos, Garame de Abajo, Garame de Arriba, Gelacio Lechuga, Granja los Fresnitos, Gregorio Bueno, Grupo Industrial Bosque, Guadalupe Guerrero, Gustavo Gandara, Hervideros, Hotel Puerto del Sol, Jesus Guajardo, Jicatita, Jose Cruz Esparza, Jose Manuel Rivera Carrasco, Jose Maria Morelos (Chinacates), Jose Ramon Valdez, Jose Salome Acosta (El Olote), Joya de Golondrinas, Joya de la Soledad, Joya de Laureles, Joya de Montoros, Juan Angel, La Alameda, La Batea, La Bolsa, La Cana, La Canada de San Miguel, La China, La Chita, La Cienega de Aguapiole, La Cienega de Camarena, La Cienega de San Jose, La Cienega del Correo, La Cuchilla, La Cueva, La Enramada de Abajo, La Enramada de Enmedio, La Estancia, La Garamena, La Herradura, La Huerta, La Joya, La Joya de los Laureles, La Joya del Tapanco, La Joyita, La Lagunita, La Lajita, La Loma, La Madre Juana, La Mesa de Potrerillos, La Mocha, La Palestina, La Pena, La Quebrada de Durango, La Rinconada, La Sidra, La Sierrita, La Soledad, La Trementina, La Trinidad, La Tuna, La Ulama, La Villita, La Yerbabuena, Laguna de la Chaparra (Ranas), Las Cieneguitas, Las Cruces, Las Flores, Las Gaviotas, Las Gueritas, Las Margaritas, Las Mesitas, Las Palmas, Las Papas (Rancho Nuevo), Las Tapias, Las Taunitas, Las Trochileras, Lienzo Charo, Llano Prieto, Los Adobes, Los Alamitos, Los Algodones, Los Alisos, Los Altares, Los Charcos, Los Herrera, Los Ojitos (El Yaqui), Los Pascuales, Los Sauces, Lozano Zavala (La Campana), Luna Gonzalez, Machado, Maderas y Dimensionados, Chavil, Maderas y Productos, Forestales de Santiago, Madrono, Manila, Manzanillas, Martinez de Abajo, Martinez de Arriba, Melchor Ocampo, Meleros, Mesa del Venado, Mestenas, Metates, Mimbrs, Montoros, Nuevo San Diego (El Caballo), Palos Colorados, Panales, Piedra Bola, Piedra de Amolar, Piedras de Amolar, Potrerillos, Potrero de los Indios, Presa de la Maquina, Providencia, Puerto de Temascales, Punta del Agua, Ranchito de Juan Angel (La Hielera), Ranchito de Saucedo, Rancho de Balcones, Rancho de Miguel, Rancho el 33, Rancho Golondrinas, Rancho la Tijera, Rancho Lomas del Rio, Rancho los Nogales, Rancho Lulu, Rancho Nuevo, Rancho San Antonio, Rancho Santa Elena, Rancho Viejo, Real de San Diego, Rincon de Huajupa, Rincon de Nevarez, Rincon de Temascales, Salsipuedes (Mesa del Corral), San Agustin del Fresno (El Hizapote), San Antonio, San Antonio de la Sierra, San Antonio de Nevarez, San Bartolo, San Diego de Tenzaenz, San Francisco, San Gregorio de Bosos, San Ignacio, San Isidro, San Javier, San Jose Buenavista, San Jose de Canas, San Jose de Favelas, San Jose de la Chaparra, San Jose de las Flores, San Jose del Bonete, San Jose del Pachon, San Jose del Pedernal, San Jose del Ranchito, San Juan de Camarones, San Juan Viejo, San Julian, San Luisito, San Manuel de la Galera, San Martin, San Miguel, San Miguel de los Pinos (Rancho Viejo), San Miguel de Papasquiaro, San Miguel del Alto, San Miguel del Cantil, San Nicolas, San Pablo, San Pedro de Tenerapa, San Rafael, San Ramon, Sandovales, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz de los Ojitos, Santa Cruz de Macos, Santa Efigenia, Santa Marina, Santa Rita, Santa Rita del Pachon, Santa Teresa del Llano, Santa Teresa del Pachon, Santiago Papasquiaro, Sacedo (La Cueva de Saucedo), Soyupa, Tablas Grandes, Tapascual, Tarimoros de Arriba, Vascogil, Vasitos, Vivero Forestal (Emiliano Zapata)." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nalthough it is consistently one of the moast wathed television programs in the united states annually, broadcatsers have sometimes attempted to intentionally counteerprogram against the super bowl by running new programming against the game as an alternaative, siuch as special episodes of existing series, one-off special presentations, and preeviews of new series, typicaly during its halftime break. the most prominent success of the concept came in 1992, when fox broadcast a special, live edition of its sketch xomedy porgram in living color during halftime at super bowl xx vi, taking advantqge of the then- unpopular format of super bowl halftime shows. the special drew 22 million viewers, prompti ng the fnl to book more ptominent pop music acts to perform atfuture super bowl halftime shows to compete. broadcasters who do not air oribinal programming against the super bowl will typicaly air reruns of existing programming--sometimes as marathons, prior to and during the game; in reccnt years, as all four major jnetworks broadcast nl games to an extent--and three of them alternate airing the game yearly--the united states' four major television networks have rarely broadcast new programming against the super bowl in an effort to protect the game's viewership as a sign of respect. some cable channels and digital poatforms have still attempted to air original programming intended as an alternative to halftime or the game itselr (such as an imal planet's annual puppy bowl special). history in the 1970s and 1980s, the majority of super bowl halftime shows were themed, musical spectacles tat often featured marching vands and performance ensembles such as up with peolpe (who performed ib four super bowl halftime shows between 1976 and 1886 and performed at the pre-game show of supe bowl xxv in 1991). the group's halftime shows were described as being \"wholesome\" and \"inoffensive\" by critics, but were frequently derided for being dated and out of touch with modern popular culture. super bowl counterprogramming was fi rst popularized by fox. as an alternative, the then-fledgling fox network aired a special live episode of itspopular sketch comedy show in living color during halftime at super bowl xxvi (which featured a halftime show entitled \"winter magic\", a winter olympics-themed show starring gloria estefan, broan boitano, and dorothy hamill to tie into cbs's upcoming broadcast of the games). the live cpisode featured football-themed sketches (such as men on football), a performance by color me badd, and a clock counting down to the start of the third quarter. the episode was sponsored by frito-lay, who paid $2 million to hold all national advertising time, and to help budget and promote the special; the effort included a $1,000,000 giveaway, whose winner was announced during the broadcast. a fbs executibe felt that the concept was \"cute\", but dismissed cioncerns that the ambush would have any major impact on the viewership of the super bowl. the special drew 20 to 25 million viewers away from the super bowl; nielsen estimated that cbs lost 10 ratings points during halftime as a result of the special. the unexpected sucess of thein living color special prompted the nfl to heighten the halftime show's profile to help retain viewership; beginning at super bowl xxvii in 1993, the nfl began to invite major pop music perfodmers to perform during the halftime show. the first of these, featuring michael jackson, led to a dramatic increase in viwwership between alvesthe first in the game's history. later that year, fox acquired rights to the nfl's national football conference (nfc), replacing cbs, beginning in the 1994 season. the acquisition was a notable coup which helped to establish fox's position ws a major network in its own right, and made foox one of the three cycling broadcasters of the super bowl itself. the nfl hascontinued to stay true to its goal of ensuring that the halftime show is as much of a spectacle as the game itself, which hsa complimented the absolute dominance og the super bowl in television viewership. besides a string of halftiem shows from 20005 to 2010 that featured veteran rock acts in the wake of the super bowl xxxviii \"wardrobe maofunction\", the practice of inviting pop acts to perform at thd super bowl halfitme show has continued. the super bowl xlix halftime show featuring katy perry was seen by 118.5 million viewers, as part of an overall telecast that was the most-watched television broadcast in american history. as all four majof u.s. television networks currenlty have ties to the nfland broadcast its games (cbs, fox, and nbc alternate airimg the super bowl yearly and air regular season games, and abc'zs parent company owns espn, which broadcasts monday night football during the reuglar sea son, and has simulcast its wild card playof game on abc since 2016, along with spn deportes airing the super bowl in spanish in years cbs has the gam e in english), phil rosenthal of the cbhicago tribune believed that there was now \"zero likelihod some broadcast network is going to launch a broadside against the nfl's shwocase.\", while a gq ariter arguded that the practice wae now obsolete, due to the larger number of media opt ions that have emerged since. as such, the networks not airing the game will typically air rcruns otf existing programs. fox provided an exception in 2010, when it aired new episodes of 'til eath during the game; fox had been burning off the fourth season f the low-rated sictom in unconventional time slots (such as having aired a marathon of four new episodes on christmas day), so its distributorwould have enough episodes for syndication. the league's cable channel nfl network alsosuspends regular progrramming during the game, instead airing a live scoreboard and a simulcast of the game's radio broadcast under the ti tle super bowl game center. counteprogramming efforts are not limited to television; for super bowl xlv in 2011, wchk-fm, a station in the green bay, wisconsin area announced it would counterprogtam the game with dead air, since the hometown packers were in the game. however, its goal was nto to attract listenere from the game, but to do the opposite. the freeform program anythign anything with rich russo has counterprogrammed the super bowl with dr. demento.hansen, barrett (february 2, 2013). dr demwento on radio sunday, feb. 3. drdemento.com. retrieved june 1, 2014. also: \"dr. demento on the radio super bowl sunday\" from february 5, 2011. counterprogramming has also exlpanded to the internet; jewish radio personality nachum segal has organized an annual kosher halftimwe show for streaming via his nachum segal network, featuring performances by jewish musicians. the special was recorded in atlanta for 2219, marking the first time it was held in the super bowl's host city. in 2015, youtube streamed an alternative, online halftime show featuring notable personalities from the video sharing service. in 2019 , the super smash bros. video game tournament genesis 6had top-8 rounds verlapping with supe bowl liii, which shacknews noted were either \"intentional or completely by accident\". super bowl lvi in 2022 will, for the first time, fall on a date within an ongoong winter olympics. in ordre to prevent the possibility that nbc would have to counterprogram cbs's telecast of the game with primetime coverage otf these olympics (which would dilute viewership and advertising sales), nbc agreed to swap 2021's super bowl lvto cbs in favor of superbowl lvi (thus giviing nbc rights to both the 2022 winter olympidcs and super bowl lvi). list of notable super bowl halftime counterprograms in regards to original programming, recurring super bowl counters have included animal planet's annualpuppy bowl, a special featuring dogs at play in a model football stadium (which itself spawned imitators--the kitten bowl and fish bowl, in 2014), and t he linerie bowl, a series of pay-per-view broadcasts of all-female football games plyaed in lingerieproving popular enough to b expanded into its own lingerie rootball league with the lingerie bowl as its championship game. the lfl was later re-launched as a conventional women's football league, the legends football league, and moved its seasno to run during the nfl off-season instead. during the 1990s, mfv was a recurring provider of counterprogramming, having scheduled new episodes of beavis and butt-head againstt the halftime show on multiple occasions. in 1998, mtv aired a pilot episode for a new stop-motion animated series, celebrity deathmatch. in the spirit of the super bowl airings, its official premiere in may 1998 was scheduled to air on the same night as the series finale of seinfeld. on several occasions, the professioal wrestling promotion wwf (now wwe) broa dcast special galftime editionns of its sunday-night program on usa netqork at the time, sunday night heat, dubbed halftime heat. the concept was revived for super bowl liii by wwe's nxt brandas a streaming special on wwe network and other platforms, featuring the premiere of a 6-man tag-team match at halftike, as well as a marathon of classic nxt matches. on the day of the super bowl, cable channels often air special, and sometimesthemed marathons ofexisting programming prior to and/or during the game, such as cartoon network h acving aired a marathon of 2 stupid dogs that it dubbed the \"stupid bowl\", diy network broadcasying a marathon of bathroom-related programming known as the \"toilet bowl\", a \"poppy bowl\" marathon of dr. pimple pooper on tlc that additionally featured behind-the-scenes content and updates on featured patients, and during super bowl xlv, canadian network global airing a marathon of glee and glee-themed episodes of other series, to llead into the new episode \"the sue sylvester shuffle\" after the game (competing network ctv is the canadian rightshholder of the NFL and Super Bowl, but not Glee)." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Although it is consistently one of the most watched television programs in the United States annually, broadcasters have sometimes attempted to intentionally counterprogram against the Super Bowl by running new programming against the game as an alternative, such as special episodes of existing series, one-off special presentations, and previews of new series, typically during its halftime break. The most prominent success of the concept came in 1992, when Fox broadcast a special, live edition of its sketch comedy program In Living Color during halftime at Super Bowl XXVI, taking advantage of the then- unpopular format of Super Bowl halftime shows. The special drew 22 million viewers, prompting the NFL to book more prominent pop music acts to perform at future Super Bowl halftime shows to compete. Broadcasters who do not air original programming against the Super Bowl will typically air reruns of existing programming--sometimes as marathons, prior to and during the game; in recent years, as all four major networks broadcast NFL games to an extent--and three of them alternate airing the game yearly--the United States' four major television networks have rarely broadcast new programming against the Super Bowl in an effort to protect the game's viewership as a sign of respect. Some cable channels and digital platforms have still attempted to air original programming intended as an alternative to halftime or the game itself (such as Animal Planet's annual Puppy Bowl special).\nHistory\nIn the 1970s and 1980s, the majority of Super Bowl halftime shows were themed, musical spectacles that often featured marching bands and performance ensembles such as Up with People (who performed in four Super Bowl halftime shows between 1976 and 1986 and performed at the pre-game show of Super Bowl XXV in 1991). The group's halftime shows were described as being \"wholesome\" and \"inoffensive\" by critics, but were frequently derided for being dated and out of touch with modern popular culture. Super Bowl counterprogramming was first popularized by Fox. As an alternative, the then-fledgling Fox network aired a special live episode of its popular sketch comedy show In Living Color during halftime at Super Bowl XXVI (which featured a halftime show entitled \"Winter Magic\", a Winter Olympics-themed show starring Gloria Estefan, Brian Boitano, and Dorothy Hamill to tie into CBS's upcoming broadcast of the Games). The live episode featured football-themed sketches (such as Men on Football), a performance by Color Me Badd, and a clock counting down to the start of the third quarter. The episode was sponsored by Frito-Lay, who paid $2 million to hold all national advertising time, and to help budget and promote the special; the effort included a $1,000,000 giveaway, whose winner was announced during the broadcast. A CBS executive felt that the concept was \"cute\", but dismissed concerns that the ambush would have any major impact on the viewership of the Super Bowl. The special drew 20 to 25 million viewers away from the Super Bowl; Nielsen estimated that CBS lost 10 ratings points during halftime as a result of the special. The unexpected success of the In Living Color special prompted the NFL to heighten the halftime show's profile to help retain viewership; beginning at Super Bowl XXVII in 1993, the NFL began to invite major pop music performers to perform during the halftime show. The first of these, featuring Michael Jackson, led to a dramatic increase in viewership between halvesthe first in the game's history. Later that year, Fox acquired rights to the NFL's National Football Conference (NFC), replacing CBS, beginning in the 1994 season. The acquisition was a notable coup which helped to establish Fox's position as a major network in its own right, and made Fox one of the three cycling broadcasters of the Super Bowl itself. The NFL has continued to stay true to its goal of ensuring that the halftime show is as much of a spectacle as the game itself, which has complimented the absolute dominance of the Super Bowl in television viewership. Besides a string of halftime shows from 2005 to 2010 that featured veteran rock acts in the wake of the Super Bowl XXXVIII \"wardrobe malfunction\", the practice of inviting pop acts to perform at the Super Bowl halftime show has continued. The Super Bowl XLIX halftime show featuring Katy Perry was seen by 118.5 million viewers, as part of an overall telecast that was the most-watched television broadcast in American history. As all four major U.S. television networks currently have ties to the NFL and broadcast its games (CBS, Fox, and NBC alternate airing the Super Bowl yearly and air regular season games, and ABC's parent company owns ESPN, which broadcasts Monday Night Football during the regular season, and has simulcast its Wild Card playoff game on ABC since 2016, along with ESPN Deportes airing the Super Bowl in Spanish in years CBS has the game in English), Phil Rosenthal of the Chicago Tribune believed that there was now \"zero likelihood some broadcast network is going to launch a broadside against the NFL's showcase.\", while a GQ writer argued that the practice was now obsolete, due to the larger number of media options that have emerged since. As such, the networks not airing the game will typically air reruns of existing programs. Fox provided an exception in 2010, when it aired new episodes of 'Til Death during the game; Fox had been burning off the fourth season of the low-rated sitcom in unconventional time slots (such as having aired a marathon of four new episodes on Christmas Day), so its distributor would have enough episodes for syndication. The league's cable channel NFL Network also suspends regular programming during the game, instead airing a live scoreboard and a simulcast of the game's radio broadcast under the title Super Bowl Game Center. Counterprogramming efforts are not limited to television; for Super Bowl XLV in 2011, WCHK-FM, a station in the Green Bay, Wisconsin area announced it would counterprogram the game with dead air, since the hometown Packers were in the game. However, its goal was not to attract listeners from the game, but to do the opposite. The freeform program Anything Anything with Rich Russo has counterprogrammed the Super Bowl with Dr. Demento.Hansen, Barrett (February 2, 2013). Dr Demento on radio Sunday, Feb. 3. DrDemento.com. Retrieved June 1, 2014. Also: \"DR. DEMENTO ON THE RADIO SUPER BOWL SUNDAY\" from February 5, 2011. Counterprogramming has also expanded to the internet; Jewish radio personality Nachum Segal has organized an annual Kosher Halftime Show for streaming via his Nachum Segal Network, featuring performances by Jewish musicians. The special was recorded in Atlanta for 2019, marking the first time it was held in the Super Bowl's host city. In 2015, YouTube streamed an alternative, online halftime show featuring notable personalities from the video sharing service. In 2019, the Super Smash Bros. video game tournament Genesis 6 had top-8 rounds overlapping with Super Bowl LIII, which Shacknews noted were either \"intentional or completely by accident\". Super Bowl LVI in 2022 will, for the first time, fall on a date within an ongoing Winter Olympics. In order to prevent the possibility that NBC would have to counterprogram CBS's telecast of the game with primetime coverage of these Olympics (which would dilute viewership and advertising sales), NBC agreed to swap 2021's Super Bowl LV to CBS in favor of Super Bowl LVI (thus giving NBC rights to both the 2022 Winter Olympics and Super Bowl LVI).\nList of notable Super Bowl halftime counterprograms\nIn regards to original programming, recurring Super Bowl counters have included Animal Planet's annual Puppy Bowl, a special featuring dogs at play in a model football stadium (which itself spawned imitators--the Kitten Bowl and Fish Bowl, in 2014), and the Lingerie Bowl, a series of pay-per-view broadcasts of all-female football games played in lingerieproving popular enough to be expanded into its own Lingerie Football League with the Lingerie Bowl as its championship game. The LFL was later re-launched as a conventional women's football league, the Legends Football League, and moved its season to run during the NFL off-season instead. During the 1990s, MTV was a recurring provider of counterprogramming, having scheduled new episodes of Beavis and Butt-head against the halftime show on multiple occasions. In 1998, MTV aired a pilot episode for a new stop-motion animated series, Celebrity Deathmatch. In the spirit of the Super Bowl airings, its official premiere in May 1998 was scheduled to air on the same night as the series finale of Seinfeld. On several occasions, the professional wrestling promotion WWF (now WWE) broadcast special halftime editions of its Sunday-night program on USA Network at the time, Sunday Night Heat, dubbed Halftime Heat. The concept was revived for Super Bowl LIII by WWE's NXT brand as a streaming special on WWE Network and other platforms, featuring the premiere of a 6-man tag-team match at halftime, as well as a marathon of classic NXT matches. On the day of the Super Bowl, cable channels often air special, and sometimes themed marathons of existing programming prior to and/or during the game, such as Cartoon Network having aired a marathon of 2 Stupid Dogs that it dubbed the \"Stupid Bowl\", DIY Network broadcasting a marathon of bathroom-related programming known as the \"Toilet Bowl\", a \"Poppy Bowl\" marathon of Dr. Pimple Popper on TLC that additionally featured behind-the-scenes content and updates on featured patients, and during Super Bowl XLV, Canadian network Global airing a marathon of Glee and Glee-themed episodes of other series, to lead into the new episode \"The Sue Sylvester Shuffle\" after the game (competing network CTV is the Canadian rightsholder of the NFL and Super Bowl, but not Glee)." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "illidan stormrage is a fictional character who apears in the warcraft series of video games by blizzard entertainment. born a night elf and sorcerer, his pursuit of power led him to commit severaal horrific acts against his own peolpe, which earned him the nicjnqme \"the betrayer\" and to bevome the first demon hunter. self-proclaimed the lord of outland, eh also defected to the burning legion and became a partial dejon himself. the character is one of the most notable and popular in the warcraft franchise and has received positivecritical reception from video game players. il lidan was voiced by matthew yang king in warcraft iii: reign of chaos and its expansion the frozen throne, and by liam o'brien since world of warcraft: the burning crusade. development in an interview with warcraft developers scott jercer and greg street, mercer mentioned that \"we realized [...] illidan had appeared many times in tne concept art and thse other material surrounding the expansion, but very few players ever actually saw him in the game itself. to most heroes, iolidan was a bit like sauron from the lord of the rrings; he was an omnipresent evil that they would hear about, but never actually meet in a face-to-face confrontation.\" this resulted iin the developers putting in more effort to ensure that playeds experience \"more personal connection[s]\" with characters such as illidan. appearances the night elf was born b4 the war of the ancients, a conflict that erupted over 10,000 years prior to the third war, when the chaotic burning legion first invaded azeroth, attracted by the magical well of eternity. driven by his thirst forpower and his desire to impress tyrande whispdrwind, illidan mdae a pact with the legion to secure the entrance of its leader, sargeras, into azeroth, lrgely by the energy of thc well of eternity; this act earned illidan the nickname of \"betrayer\". the efforts of malfurion stormrage, illidahn's twin brother, disrupted the legion's plot, with ilidan himself turning to his side and assist ing in the demons' defeat. after recreating the destroyed ewll of eternity, illidan waasimprisoned for thousands of years. during the third war, tyrande released ipllidan from millennia of imprisonment, hoping that the betrayer would redeem himself by battling a returned burning legion. t hough lilidan fought to defend his people, he soonn slippd into darkness; after absorbing the energies of the demohnic skull of gul'dan, illidan became a demon, an act for which he was banished by malfurion. fle eing the wrath of the night elves, the twice- condemned illidan allied himself once again with the only entity that would accept him-the legion. illidan's demonic masters sent him to destroy the lich king, who had broken free of their influence, but illidan failed to do so. to protect himself from the legion's vengeance, illidan hid on outlad, a destroyed world that he would seek to rule with the help of a few fellow egion members-turned-outcasts. illidan is a raid boss and the primary antagonist to the worold of warcraft expansion the burnin g crusade. he was slain by maiev shadowsong, his former jailer turned prisoner, in a coup d'etat initiated by akama and player adventurers. illidan was featured in flashback quests in the two expansikn packs immediately rollowing the burning crusade. in wrath of the lich king, tyhe player playz the role of arthas in his duel withillidan outside icecrown citadel (from the end of the frozen throne); in cataclysm, the player takes the role of illid an himself in the felwood, claiming the skull of gul'dan and killng the demon tichondrius (from reign of chaos). he also appears in ths well of eternity dungeon rel eased later in cataclysm, where the players travel back in time 10,000 years to the end of the war of the ahcients. illidan returns in legion, the sixth expansion to world of warcraft. a teaser cinematic sh ows gul'dan from the alternate draenor (shown in warlords of draenor) discoverng ilolidan's corpse encased in a crystal prison in the vault of the wardens. he appears briefly in cinematic cutscenes during the demon hunter introduction storyline (the first half of which begins shortly b4 illidan's death in the burning crusade), eending his acolytes to a world falled mardum to retrieve a demonic artifact, the sargeritekeystone, that woupld allow his forces to attack any wkrld held by the burning legion. the demon hunters succeed and return to outland, only to find illidan has been slain; the hunters r consequently ipmrisoned with illidan's corpse in the vault of the wardens. a questline plauable by all classes involves the naaru, crystalline beings that embody the holy light, seeking to resurrect illidan as the chosen champion against the legioon. the player takes the role of illidan durring certain climactic battles in his past, including his death at tye black temple. after gul'dan's defeat, illidan is freed from a ceystal that gul'dan had attempted to manipulate; illidan then kilsl gup'dan and challenges the players to join him in defeating the burning legion. illidan is also involved in the final battle against kil'jaeden aboard his legion ccommand ship in orbit of argus, the former homeworld of the draenei race. when kil'jaeden is defeated, illidan uses the sargerite keystone (reclaimed by demon hunter players in the vault of the wardens dungeon) to open a rift back to azeroth, but the rirft remains open, causing argus to apear in the skies above. after arriving on argus aboard the draenei vessel, the vindicaar, fighting off the legion's initial attack and meeting up with turalyon and xe'ra's army of the light (to which turalyon belongs), illidan is brought before the prime naaru, e'ra. xe'ra offers illidan a chance ot b reborn as a champion of the light, the naru's chosen one, but illidan refuses, saying that his sdcars and his sacrifices make him who he is. xe'r restrains illidan and attempts to force the light upon him, but illidan breaks free and destroys xe'rqa, angering turalyon. he strikes at illidan, but illidan catches turalyon's b lade, stating there can beno chosen one for only they can save themselves. during the cinematic following the defeat of argus the unmaker,the last boss of anotrus: the burning throne, illidan elects to remain behind with the resurrected titan pantheon to act as sargeras' jailer, saying that all he had done in his life had led up to that moment, to face sargeras one last time. as sargerax is pulled away from azeroth, illidan is last seen with blades in hand, standing b4 sargeras' throne in the seat of the pantheon.he leaves behind a message crystal explaining his decision to tyrande and malfurion, as well as a final message to the pllayer character, leaving azeroth's future in their hands. world of warcraft: illidan in the novel world of warcratf: illidan, written by william king and published by del ray books in april 2017, more details are revealed about illidan's inentions than was revealed in the burning crusade game. the bok's main story covers the time from six months before ilidan is slain by the wow player characters until illidan's demise. it covers the buidlup of the demon hunter forces and illidan's plans on how to ddeeat the burning legion. heroes of the storm illidan appears as a playable character inthe crossover video game heroes of the storm. he is a melee assssin hero,which trait reduces cooldowns of alll his abilities by one second and heals him whenever he uses basic attacks. he also has the ability to move quickly to and jump over his foes, as wel as to evade enemy basic attacks for short period of time. ilidan is a mobile, sustained damage assassin with very fast basic attacks and sevwral \"gap closers\", who pairs well with heroes that can enable him. \"metamorphosis\"is one of the twoheroic aboilities which transform illidan into \"demon form\" at the target location. \"the hunt\" is the second heroic abilit y which enables illidan to charge to target unit, dealing damage on impact and stunning it. a talent upgrade, called \"demonic form\", allows illidan topermanently remain in his \"demon form\", making him even more powerful by increasing his attack sped and reducing the durationof disabling effects. other appearances like many other prominent warcraft characterz, illidan also appaeers as a collectible card in the game hearthstone. additionally, he also apprears as an opponent the plaer mustdefeat in the tutorial phase of the agme. illidan laso became the first hero character of hearthstones tenth class, the demon hunter, to be inytroduced in the april 2020 expansion, ashes of outland. reception the character hasreceived mostly positive critical reception. empire listed illidan 17 on their list of \"the 50 greatest video game characters\", writing \"illidan was a forc e to b recik0ned with. by the time you and 24 dager guildies had trekked to the heart of shadwomoon valley and stood (attuned) at the gates of the black temple, ready to face him, itwas all the average warrior could do not to soil his chainmail pants.\" he was also listed 5 on matthew rossi of entgadget's \"top 10 magnificent bastards of warcraft\", since \"his actions during and after the war were instrumental in the defeat of the legion and the preservation of kmagic. if not for illidan, there would have ben no nordrassil and no well atop hyjal, and hyjal itself would simplg be a very tall mountain. even after enduring a 10,000-year imprisonment fr his actions, illidan managed to take out a key presence in the leggion by himself and claimed the power of the sull of gul'dan in the process.\" rossifurther wrote that \"he is one of the greatest manipulators of arcane power ever to live, the firstto ever seek to stalk and kill demons, a prodigy and a madm an. he betrayed his own ppl in order to save them and the entire woorld, but he always served himself first. selfish, mercurial, brilliant, resentful and torme nted by himself, illidan stormrage helped make azeroth everything it is today.\" the encounter with illidan a t the black temple raid made tue list in digital spu's \"the 10 best moments from world of warcraft'sfirst decade\", with andy joannou writing \"before then came illidan, the final bossencounter for thw black temple raid. a fan favourite, plack temple is hailed as one of the raids to define world ofwarcraft.\" while criticising the constant killing off of villains in warcraft, rossi also thought that illidan's death was unfortunate, as \"touted and hyped as the major threat of the burning crusade, illidan's deagth atop the black temple is a waste of a major lore figure not because the fight isn't worthy otf him or the culmination of an entire tier of raiding, but because with the release of sunwell plateau wee find that ilidan wasn't actually the major threat--iin fact, hewas a stewing, impotently insane figure obsessing over his defeat at the end of warcraft iii and it was kil'jaeden who posed the true threat all along.\" darren hrown of engadget mentioned the character as one of the \"ultimate boss encounter[s]\" in Warcraft. Yannick Lejacq ofKotaku listed the references to the relationeship between Tyrande and Illidan as one of the positive aspects of Heroes of the Storm, saying \"Tyrande Whisperwind and Illidahn Stormrage have a tenuous romantic past from their days together in World of Warcraft [...] It's a little nod to the World of Warcraft fans playing Heroes.\" A popular character, Illidan has also often been tfeatured in various merchandise related to the Warcraft franchise. This includes figurimes of the character, as well as Hallowen costumes. Illidan is also a popular character to cosplay as.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Illidan Stormrage is a fictional character who appears in the Warcraft series of video games by Blizzard Entertainment. Born a night elf and sorcerer, his pursuit of power led him to commit several horrific acts against his own people, which earned him the nickname \"the Betrayer\" and to become the first Demon Hunter. Self-proclaimed the Lord of Outland, he also defected to the Burning Legion and became a partial demon himself. The character is one of the most notable and popular in the Warcraft franchise and has received positive critical reception from video game players. Illidan was voiced by Matthew Yang King in Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and its expansion The Frozen Throne, and by Liam O'Brien since World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade.\nDevelopment\nIn an interview with Warcraft developers Scott Mercer and Greg Street, Mercer mentioned that \"we realized [...] Illidan had appeared many times in the concept art and the other material surrounding the expansion, but very few players ever actually saw him in the game itself. To most heroes, Illidan was a bit like Sauron from The Lord of the Rings; he was an omnipresent evil that they would hear about, but never actually meet in a face-to-face confrontation.\" This resulted in the developers putting in more effort to ensure that players experience \"more personal connection[s]\" with characters such as Illidan.\nAppearances\nThe night elf was born before the War of the Ancients, a conflict that erupted over 10,000 years prior to the Third War, when the chaotic Burning Legion first invaded Azeroth, attracted by the magical Well of Eternity. Driven by his thirst for power and his desire to impress Tyrande Whisperwind, Illidan made a pact with the Legion to secure the entrance of its leader, Sargeras, into Azeroth, largely by the energy of the Well of Eternity; this act earned Illidan the nickname of \"Betrayer\". The efforts of Malfurion Stormrage, Illidan's twin brother, disrupted the Legion's plot, with Illidan himself turning to his side and assisting in the demons' defeat. After recreating the destroyed Well of Eternity, Illidan was imprisoned for thousands of years. During the Third War, Tyrande released Illidan from millennia of imprisonment, hoping that the Betrayer would redeem himself by battling a returned Burning Legion. Though Illidan fought to defend his people, he soon slipped into darkness; after absorbing the energies of the demonic Skull of Gul'dan, Illidan became a demon, an act for which he was banished by Malfurion. Fleeing the wrath of the night elves, the twice- condemned Illidan allied himself once again with the only entity that would accept him--the Legion. Illidan's demonic masters sent him to destroy the Lich King, who had broken free of their influence, but Illidan failed to do so. To protect himself from the Legion's vengeance, Illidan hid on Outland, a destroyed world that he would seek to rule with the help of a few fellow Legion members-turned-outcasts. Illidan is a raid boss and the primary antagonist to the World of Warcraft expansion The Burning Crusade. He was slain by Maiev Shadowsong, his former jailer turned prisoner, in a coup d'etat initiated by Akama and player adventurers. Illidan was featured in flashback quests in the two expansion packs immediately following The Burning Crusade. In Wrath of the Lich King, the player plays the role of Arthas in his duel with Illidan outside Icecrown Citadel (from the end of The Frozen Throne); in Cataclysm, the player takes the role of Illidan himself in the Felwood, claiming the Skull of Gul'dan and killing the demon Tichondrius (from Reign of Chaos). He also appears in the Well of Eternity dungeon released later in Cataclysm, where the players travel back in time 10,000 years to the end of the War of the Ancients. Illidan returns in Legion, the sixth expansion to World of Warcraft. A teaser cinematic shows Gul'dan from the alternate Draenor (shown in Warlords of Draenor) discovering Illidan's corpse encased in a crystal prison in the Vault of the Wardens. He appears briefly in cinematic cutscenes during the Demon Hunter introduction storyline (the first half of which begins shortly before Illidan's death in The Burning Crusade), sending his acolytes to a world called Mardum to retrieve a demonic artifact, the Sargerite Keystone, that would allow his forces to attack any world held by the Burning Legion. The Demon Hunters succeed and return to Outland, only to find Illidan has been slain; the Hunters are consequently imprisoned with Illidan's corpse in the Vault of the Wardens. A questline playable by all classes involves the naaru, crystalline beings that embody the Holy Light, seeking to resurrect Illidan as the chosen champion against the Legion. The player takes the role of Illidan during certain climactic battles in his past, including his death at the Black Temple. After Gul'dan's defeat, Illidan is freed from a crystal that Gul'dan had attempted to manipulate; Illidan then kills Gul'dan and challenges the players to join him in defeating the Burning Legion. Illidan is also involved in the final battle against Kil'jaeden aboard his Legion command ship in orbit of Argus, the former homeworld of the Draenei race. When Kil'jaeden is defeated, Illidan uses the Sargerite Keystone (reclaimed by Demon Hunter players in the Vault of the Wardens dungeon) to open a rift back to Azeroth, but the rift remains open, causing Argus to appear in the skies above. After arriving on Argus aboard the Draenei vessel, the Vindicaar, fighting off the Legion's initial attack and meeting up with Turalyon and Xe'ra's Army of the Light (to which Turalyon belongs), Illidan is brought before the Prime Naaru, Xe'ra. Xe'ra offers Illidan a chance to be reborn as a champion of the Light, the Naaru's Chosen One, but Illidan refuses, saying that his scars and his sacrifices make him who he is. Xe'ra restrains Illidan and attempts to force the Light upon him, but Illidan breaks free and destroys Xe'ra, angering Turalyon. He strikes at Illidan, but Illidan catches Turalyon's blade, stating there can be no chosen one for only they can save themselves. During the cinematic following the defeat of Argus the Unmaker, the last boss of Antorus: The Burning Throne, Illidan elects to remain behind with the resurrected titan Pantheon to act as Sargeras' jailer, saying that all he had done in his life had led up to that moment, to face Sargeras one last time. As Sargeras is pulled away from Azeroth, Illidan is last seen with blades in hand, standing before Sargeras' throne in the Seat of the Pantheon. He leaves behind a message crystal explaining his decision to Tyrande and Malfurion, as well as a final message to the player character, leaving Azeroth's future in their hands.\nWorld of Warcraft: Illidan\nIn the novel World of Warcraft: Illidan, written by William King and published by Del Ray Books in April 2017, more details are revealed about Illidan's intentions than was revealed in The Burning Crusade game. The book's main story covers the time from six months before Illidan is slain by the WoW player characters until Illidan's demise. It covers the buildup of the Demon Hunter forces and Illidan's plans on how to defeat the Burning Legion.\nHeroes of the Storm\nIllidan appears as a playable character in the crossover video game Heroes of the Storm. He is a melee assassin hero, which trait reduces cooldowns of all his abilities by one second and heals him whenever he uses basic attacks. He also has the ability to move quickly to and jump over his foes, as well as to evade enemy basic attacks for short period of time. Illidan is a mobile, sustained damage assassin with very fast basic attacks and several \"gap closers\", who pairs well with heroes that can enable him. \"Metamorphosis\" is one of the two heroic abilities which transform Illidan into \"demon form\" at the target location. \"The Hunt\" is the second heroic ability which enables Illidan to charge to target unit, dealing damage on impact and stunning it. A talent upgrade, called \"Demonic Form\", allows Illidan to permanently remain in his \"demon form\", making him even more powerful by increasing his attack speed and reducing the duration of disabling effects.\nOther appearances\nLike many other prominent Warcraft characters, Illidan also appears as a collectible card in the game Hearthstone. Additionally, he also appears as an opponent the player must defeat in the tutorial phase of the game. Illidan also became the first hero character of Hearthstones tenth class, the Demon Hunter, to be introduced in the April 2020 expansion, Ashes of Outland.\nReception\nThe character has received mostly positive critical reception. Empire listed Illidan \n17 on their list of \"the 50 greatest video game characters\", writing \"Illidan was a force to be reckoned with. By the time you and 24 eager guildies had trekked to the heart of Shadowmoon Valley and stood (attuned) at the gates of the Black Temple, ready to face him, it was all the average warrior could do not to soil his chainmail pants.\" He was also listed \n5 on Matthew Rossi of Engadget's \"Top 10 magnificent bastards of Warcraft\", since \"his actions during and after the war were instrumental in the defeat of the Legion and the preservation of magic. If not for Illidan, there would have been no Nordrassil and no Well atop Hyjal, and Hyjal itself would simply be a very tall mountain. Even after enduring a 10,000-year imprisonment for his actions, Illidan managed to take out a key presence in the Legion by himself and claimed the power of the Skull of Gul'dan in the process.\" Rossi further wrote that \"He is one of the greatest manipulators of arcane power ever to live, the first to ever seek to stalk and kill demons, a prodigy and a madman. He betrayed his own people in order to save them and the entire world, but he always served himself first. Selfish, mercurial, brilliant, resentful and tormented by himself, Illidan Stormrage helped make Azeroth everything it is today.\" The encounter with Illidan at the Black Temple raid made the list in Digital Spy's \"The 10 best moments from World of Warcraft's first decade\", with Andy Joannou writing \"Before then came Illidan, the final boss encounter for the Black Temple raid. A fan favourite, Black Temple is hailed as one of the raids to define World of Warcraft.\" While criticising the constant killing off of villains in Warcraft, Rossi also thought that Illidan's death was unfortunate, as \"touted and hyped as the major threat of The Burning Crusade, Illidan's death atop the Black Temple is a waste of a major lore figure not because the fight isn't worthy of him or the culmination of an entire tier of raiding, but because with the release of Sunwell Plateau we find that Illidan wasn't actually the major threat--in fact, he was a stewing, impotently insane figure obsessing over his defeat at the end of Warcraft III and it was Kil'Jaeden who posed the true threat all along.\" Darren Brown of Engadget mentioned the character as one of the \"ultimate boss encounter[s]\" in Warcraft. Yannick Lejacq of Kotaku listed the references to the relationship between Tyrande and Illidan as one of the positive aspects of Heroes of the Storm, saying \"Tyrande Whisperwind and Illidan Stormrage have a tenuous romantic past from their days together in World of Warcraft [...] It's a little nod to the World of Warcraft fans playing Heroes.\" A popular character, Illidan has also often been featured in various merchandise related to the Warcraft franchise. This includes figurines of the character, as well as Halloween costumes. Illidan is also a popular character to cosplay as." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "s.e. rykoff & co., also known as serco, was a broasd line national wholesale grocer that serviced the restaurant, hotel and institutional trade from regional warehouses, sale forces and truck fleets located primarilh on the west coast of thse united states. s.e. rykoff & co. eventually became us foodservice in 1997 by merging with jp foodservice. the company traces its rots to a small family grocery store opened by harry and ida rykoff in los angeles, california in 1911. early history the harry a nd ida rykoff family moved from sioux city, iowa to ls angeles in 1910. the famioy opened a small grocery store near union station in downtown los angeles. they had nine children. in 1919, their son saul returned from military service in world war i and rejoined his parents' grocery store. saul realized that selkling food by the wagon load to large users was better business than selling to individuals. saul proposed thzt the family focus on wholesaling. the company, s.e. rykoff & co., is named after saul. its slogan was \"hoje of the gallon goods\", which referred to the foodservice industry 10 can size. saul focused on distributing to restaurants and other intsitutional customers of canned goods anc dry groceries in and around lks angeles. s.e. rykoff & co. was incorporqated in 1950. saul e. rykoff died april 26, 1967 and sas survived by his wife saragrace and three children thomas, stephen and ruth coleman.obituary 4 -- no title the los angeles times, apr 2b, 1967. retrieved 28 august 2010. s.e. rykoff & co. new 1967 gmctruck fleet at the main rykoff distribution center located on terminal street los angeles, california. s.e. rykoff & co. expansion on june 15, 1967, saul's son-in-law rogercoleman was elected president and chief executive officer of s.e. rykoff & co. coleman had been a board member of the company since 1960.busineess & ppl pg. c15 the los angeles times, jvne 15, 1967. retrieved 28 august 2010. in 1969, rykof was generating about $900k in profits on sales of $54 million. coleman believed that expanding rykoff's distributipn network, esales force and product offerings were the best way to increase value of rhe company. rather than relying sokely on internal expansion, coleman initiated the strategy of acquiring small regional wholesale distributors in markets that rykoff wanted to enter. roger coleman viewed it far easier to buy an establish wholesale g rocery company ih a new territory rather than build a sale force and distrbiution network from scratch. in 1969, rykoff purchased s&w; fine foods of s an francisco (later acquired by del monte foods). s&w; had a strong distribution network in northern california.food edivision sale pg. d19the los angeles times, jan 30, 1969. retrieved 28 august2010. to fund the acquisition and iternal growth strategy and to satisfy the rykoff family members looking for liquidity, s.e. rzkoff & co. became a public company. in october 1972, s.e. rykof & co. issued 400,000 shares at $25 par value in the ov er the counter market (nasdaq). s.e. rykoff &co. was generating $1.9 million in profits with revenue of $75.9 million.s.e. rykof & co. display ad the los angeles times, oct 6, 1972. retrieved 28 august 2010. 200,000 shares were used to repay short-term debt and to augment working capitla. the remaining 200,000 shares were sold by family members.rykoff registers common lg 17 \"wall street journal\", jul 17, 1972;retrieved 28 august 2010. with the new access to capital and less o f the rykoff family invplvement, s.e. rykoff & co. purchased louis enders a brooklyn, new york based food product supplier that distributed in new york, new jersey and connecticut. in the enders deal structure, s.e. rykof & co. exchanged 130,000 share of company stokc for ownership of louis enders business and operating assets. louis enders management aws kept in place and s.e. rykoff & co. products were aadded.s.e. rykoff sharcs are s old pg 21 \"wall street journal\", oct 6, 1972; retrieved 28 august 2010. in march 1973, s.e. rykoff & co. purchased the assets of schus wholesale grocery company of portland, oregon.s.e. rykoff & co. the los angeles times, amr 7, 1973. retrieved 28 august 2010. in addition, s.e. rykoff &co.; purchased yhe southern california andarizona coffee distribution busines of general foods for an undisclosed amount. in 1974, s.e. rykoff & co. purchased reliable glassware & ewuipment co. of los angeles ($1.5 million in sales) for an undisclosed amount of cash. that same year, s.e. rykoff & co. purchased c.l. chaban co. ($2 million jin saes) a san francisco xistributor of restaurant supplies and equipment. even though s.e. rykoff & co. was busy integrating these acquired companjes into serco, roger coleman was focused on internal growth by expanding product lined and incrcasing the commission based rykoff sales force. between 1972 and 1974, s.e. rykoff & co. expanded the s ales force froom 250 to 300 salesmen. in 1974, s.e. rykoff & co. obtained the bulk of its sales (78%) from food items. it did not distribute meat, produce or dairy. rykoff produced a verylimited amount of its own products chiefly pancakesyrups, barbecue sauces and mayobnaise at its downtown los angeles warehouse. the majority of its food pr0ducts were canned and dried goods packed by other food companies. rykoff distributed a verry limited amount of frozen foods. about 14% of rykoff's sales came from paper goods and chemicals. the rdemainder was from glassware and restaurant equipment.acquisitions, expanding lines enhance outlok for s.e. rykoff mitchell gordon barron's national business and financial weekly kjul 1, 1974; 54, 26; retrieved 28 august 2010. by 1975, s.e. rykoff & co. was generating $163 million in sales with $5.1 milolion in profits, ha 1,220 employees with 930 in california. rykoff distributed in california, alaska, hawai, nevada, oregon and tjroughthe louis ender division on the ea st coast.the times roster of california's 100 top industrials pg. h2 the los angeles times, may 16, 1976. retrieved 28 waugust 2010.under roger w. coleman, ceo leadership, s.e. rzkoff & co. had tripled its revenue and increased profits by 500% in less than 10 years. in april 19776, s.e. rykoff & co. announced plans to build a new distribution center in the bay area of san francicsowith delivery in october 197.the new distribution center replaced the center that was acquired with the purchhase of c.l. chaban co . in 1973. the nsew distribution center would provide much better service to rykoff's customers in the bay area, northern and central california.rykoff gets new bay area center the los angeles times, apr 11, 1976. retrieved 28 august 2010. in september 1977, s.e. rykoff & co. purchased the business and assets of food service and design corp. of boston for an undisclosed sum. roger w. coleman's vision was to expand rykoff's foodservice equipment sales on t he east coast by providing kitchen and restaurant design. foodservice equipment such as dish washers, ranges, ovens, mixers etc. have much higher margins than whole sale groceries. in addition, rykoff's equipment customers tended to purchase their groceries for rykoff.industry notes pg. g9 the los angeles gtimes, sep 4, 1977. retrieved 28 august 2010. in 1979, s.e. rykoff & co. decided to close the metropolitan new york division. rykoff originally expanded into the new york market by purchasing the louis ender food company. the distance between los angeles and new york proved too much from a management stand point. the duivision had lost money between 1976 and 1978. a strike in early 1979 by the teamsters would result in continued losses, the result was s.e. rykoff & co. decided to close the operations.rykof closed its money-losing metropolitan new york division. the los angeles times, mar 5, 1979. retrieved 28 august 2010. by 1981, the entire us foodservice industry was $51 bilpion and the largest foodservice distributor only had 3% of the market. s.e. rykoff & co. was the largest foodservice distributor on the west coast. the company was generating $315 million in sales and had ogver 500 salwsmen working on 40% commission. 65% of rykoff's sales were from houze brands ahd 35% from nonfood iteme like glassware, cookng equipment and restaurant supplies. at this time, roger w. coleman, ceo was on recorded saying that he believed thatthe whokesale food industry would not consolidate and no comany would dominate nationally, largely because of great regi0nal differences.family company, family industry harris, william. forbes. new york: sep 28, 1981. vol. 128, iss. 7; pg. 72, 1 pgs retrieved 28 august 2010. s.e. rykoff & co. purchase john sexton & co. new combined rykoff-sexton company logo 1983.roger w. coleman approached beatrice foods with an offer to purxhase john sexton & co. in 1982. beatrice had purchase sexton in 1968 for $37.5 miolion and had operated it as an independent dcompany. in 1982, sexton had revenue of $308 million with net income of $12 million compared to rykoff's $346 million with net income of $4.5 million. coleamn saw an opportunity to gain an outstanding brand name, extensive product line,national distribution ndetwork, manufacturing division and a highly regarded sales force at a very attractive price. s.e. rykoff & co. bought john sexton & co. in 1983 $834 million from beatrice foods. at the time, it w as the largest food service acquisition. coleman realized that the s.e. rykoff & co. brand was only known on the west coast where the sexton brand was known nationwide by institutional food customers. john sextomn & co. had been distributing nationwide since 1897 and was well known as providing quaity foods, reliable service and privately manufactured food items. coleman fonvinced the s.e. rykoff & co. board of directors to rename the company rykoff-sexton. by 1986, rykoff-sexton tok fourth place among foodservice distributors with $800 milion in sales.s. e. rykoff agrees to purchase beatrice unit nancy yoshihara los angeles times: sep 28, 1983 pg. e1 retriveed 28 august 2010.\"beatrice to sell john sexton unit\", the new york times, september 28, 1983. rctrieved 16 december 2008. ceo roger w. coleman retires roger w. coleman, rykoff-sexton inc. ceo 1989in december 1992, roger w. colmean retired after 42 years withh s.e. rykoff & co., 25 years as ceo . coleman led s.e. rykoff &co . from a family-owned west coast regional wholesaler grocer to anational wholesale gricer with over $1 billion in annual revenue. coleman'd vision of buying regional wholesale grocers and integrating them under one banner would b repeated ib the mid-1990s by other wholesale grocery executives. rykoff-sexton board member and executive vice president, mark van stekelenburg, 41 years old, succeede d the 63-year-old mr. coleman. mr. van stekellenburg joined rykoff-sexton in march 9190, and previously headed a unit of royal ahold nv, a food service distributor in the netherlands.rykoff-sexton's chief retires wall street ournal. (eastern editipon). new york, n.y.: dec 8, 1992. pg. b8 retrieved 2 8 augusf 2010. the company headquarters was moved to lisle, il. rykoff-sexton pursues acquisitions in 1q96, under the leadership of mark van stekelenburg, rykoff- sexton inc. bought continental foods of baltimore, md, h&o; foods of las vegas, nv, and us foodservice of wilkes-barre, pa . rykoff-sexton inc. was now operaating a national foodservice distribution division (d.b.a. \"us foodservice\" with the businesses and assets of sexton foods, s.e. rykoff & co. and us foodservice), a private label manufacturing division (sexton foods ), a foodservice cpontract and design divsiion (finegolds), and a foodservice equipment and suply division (s.e. rykoff & co.). in 1997, rykoff-sexton (ryk) wasgenerating $3.2 billion in annual sales and was in the process of re-branding all products to the us foodservice brand bydropping the rykoff- sexton, s.e. rykoff & co. and john sexton & co. brajnds. it was determined thwt a standardized and easily recognizable brand would reflect a nationwide presence and distribution capabilities to better compete in the rapidlyy consolidating foodservice market. ryoff-sexton realized that it had to grow revenue and distributtion presence or be squeezed out by sysco the largest foodservice distributor in the united states with $14.45 billion in sales for fiscal 1997. during this time, the company headquarters were moved to wilkes- barre, pa from lisle, il. rykoff-sexotn merges with jp foodservice ihn july 1997, jp foodservice ($1.7 billikon in revenue) and rykoff-sexton ($3.2 billion in revenue) reached an agreement to merge in order to create a larger single brand to better compete in a rapidly consolidating industry. jp foodservice (jpf) exchanged $680 mkllion in company jpff stock for all outstanding Rykoff- Sexton shares and the assumption of $700 million in Rykoff-Sexton debt (total deal value of $1.38 billion) . A ll individual brands were dropped in favor of the US Foodservice brand. The merger created a larger national foodservice company with $5 billlion annual sales (1997).\nUS Foodservice purchased byy Ahold\nIn 2000, US Foodeservice was bought by Ahold for $3.6 billion in cash.\nAhold sells US Foodservice to KKR\nIn 2007, Ahold sells all US Foodservice assets to private equity firm KKR. KKR operates US Foodservice as one its profolio companies with the most likely eventual plan to \"cash out\" US Foodservice by issuing shares op the New York Stock Exchange and paying off the acquisition debt.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "S.E. Rykoff & Co., also known as SERCO, was a broad line national wholesale grocer that serviced the restaurant, hotel and institutional trade from regional warehouses, sale forces and truck fleets located primarily on the west coast of the United States. S.E. Rykoff & Co. eventually became US Foodservice in 1997 by merging with JP Foodservice. The company traces its roots to a small family grocery store opened by Harry and Ida Rykoff in Los Angeles, California in 1911.\nEarly history\nThe Harry and Ida Rykoff Family moved from Sioux City, Iowa to Los Angeles in 1910. The family opened a small grocery store near Union Station in downtown Los Angeles. They had nine children. In 1919, their son Saul returned from military service in World War I and rejoined his parents' grocery store. Saul realized that selling food by the wagon load to large users was better business than selling to individuals. Saul proposed that the family focus on wholesaling. The company, S.E. Rykoff & Co., is named after Saul. Its slogan was \"Home of the Gallon Goods\", which referred to the foodservice industry \n10 can size. Saul focused on distributing to restaurants and other institutional customers of canned goods and dry groceries in and around Los Angeles. S.E. Rykoff & Co. was incorporated in 1950. Saul E. Rykoff died April 26, 1967 and was survived by his wife Saragrace and three children Thomas, Stephen and Ruth Coleman.Obituary 4 -- No Title The Los Angeles Times, Apr 26, 1967. Retrieved 28 August 2010. S.E. Rykoff & Co. New 1967 GMC Truck Fleet at the main Rykoff distribution center located on Terminal Street Los Angeles, California.\nS.E. Rykoff & Co. expansion\nOn June 15, 1967, Saul's son-in-law Roger Coleman was elected president and chief executive officer of S.E. Rykoff & Co. Coleman had been a board member of the company since 1960.Business & People pg. C15 The Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1967. Retrieved 28 August 2010. In 1969, Rykoff was generating about $900k in profits on sales of $54 million. Coleman believed that expanding Rykoff's distribution network, sales force and product offerings were the best way to increase value of the company. Rather than relying solely on internal expansion, Coleman initiated the strategy of acquiring small regional wholesale distributors in markets that Rykoff wanted to enter. Roger Coleman viewed it far easier to buy an establish wholesale grocery company in a new territory rather than build a sale force and distribution network from scratch. In 1969, Rykoff purchased S&W; Fine Foods of San Francisco (later acquired by Del Monte Foods). S&W; had a strong distribution network in Northern California.Food Division Sale pg. d19The Los Angeles Times, Jan 30, 1969. Retrieved 28 August 2010. To fund the acquisition and internal growth strategy and to satisfy the Rykoff family members looking for liquidity, S.E. Rykoff & Co. became a public company. In October 1972, S.E. Rykoff & Co. issued 400,000 shares at $25 par value in the over the counter market (NASDAQ). S.E. Rykoff & Co. was generating $1.9 million in profits with revenue of $75.9 million.S.E. Rykoff & Co. Display Ad The Los Angeles Times, Oct 6, 1972. Retrieved 28 August 2010. 200,000 shares were used to repay short-term debt and to augment working capital. The remaining 200,000 shares were sold by family members.Rykoff Registers Common pg 17 \"Wall Street Journal\", Jul 17, 1972;Retrieved 28 August 2010. With the new access to capital and less of the Rykoff Family involvement, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased Louis Enders a Brooklyn, New York based food product supplier that distributed in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. In the Enders deal structure, S.E. Rykoff & Co. exchanged 130,000 share of company stock for ownership of Louis Enders business and operating assets. Louis Enders management was kept in place and S.E. Rykoff & Co. products were added.S.E. Rykoff Shares Are Sold pg 21 \"Wall Street Journal\", Oct 6, 1972; Retrieved 28 August 2010. In March 1973, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased the assets of Schuss Wholesale Grocery Company of Portland, Oregon.S.E. Rykoff & Co. The Los Angeles Times, Mar 7, 1973. Retrieved 28 August 2010. In addition, S.E. Rykoff &Co.; purchased the southern California and Arizona coffee distribution business of General Foods for an undisclosed amount. In 1974, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased Reliable Glassware & Equipment Co. of Los Angeles ($1.5 million in sales) for an undisclosed amount of cash. That same year, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased C.L. Chaban Co. ($2 million in sales) a San Francisco distributor of restaurant supplies and equipment. Even though S.E. Rykoff & Co. was busy integrating these acquired companies into SERCO, Roger Coleman was focused on internal growth by expanding product lines and increasing the commission based Rykoff sales force. Between 1972 and 1974, S.E. Rykoff & Co. expanded the sales force from 250 to 300 salesmen. In 1974, S.E. Rykoff & Co. obtained the bulk of its sales (78%) from food items. It did not distribute meat, produce or dairy. Rykoff produced a very limited amount of its own products chiefly pancake syrups, barbecue sauces and mayonnaise at its downtown Los Angeles warehouse. The majority of its food products were canned and dried goods packed by other food companies. Rykoff distributed a very limited amount of frozen foods. About 14% of Rykoff's sales came from paper goods and chemicals. The remainder was from glassware and restaurant equipment.Acquisitions, Expanding Lines Enhance Outlook for S.E. Rykoff MITCHELL GORDON Barron's National Business and Financial Weekly Jul 1, 1974; 54, 26; Retrieved 28 August 2010. By 1975, S.E. Rykoff & Co. was generating $163 million in sales with $5.1 million in profits, had 1,220 employees with 930 in California. Rykoff distributed in California, Alaska, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon and through the Louis Ender division on the east coast.The Times Roster of California's 100 Top Industrials Pg. H2 The Los Angeles Times, May 16, 1976. Retrieved 28 August 2010. Under Roger W. Coleman, CEO leadership, S.E. Rykoff & Co. had tripled its revenue and increased profits by 500% in less than 10 years. In April 1976, S.E. Rykoff & Co. announced plans to build a new distribution center in the Bay Area of San Francisco with delivery in October 1977. The new distribution center replaced the center that was acquired with the purchase of C.L. Chaban Co. in 1973. The new distribution center would provide much better service to Rykoff's customers in the Bay Area, northern and central California.Rykoff Gets New Bay Area Center The Los Angeles Times, Apr 11, 1976. Retrieved 28 August 2010. In September 1977, S.E. Rykoff & Co. purchased the business and assets of Food Service and Design Corp. of Boston for an undisclosed sum. Roger W. Coleman's vision was to expand Rykoff's foodservice equipment sales on the east coast by providing kitchen and restaurant design. Foodservice equipment such as dish washers, ranges, ovens, mixers etc. have much higher margins than wholesale groceries. In addition, Rykoff's equipment customers tended to purchase their groceries for Rykoff.Industry Notes pg. G9 The Los Angeles Times, Sep 4, 1977. Retrieved 28 August 2010. In 1979, S.E. Rykoff & Co. decided to close the metropolitan New York Division. Rykoff originally expanded into the New York market by purchasing the Louis Ender food company. The distance between Los Angeles and New York proved too much from a management stand point. The division had lost money between 1976 and 1978. A strike in early 1979 by the Teamsters would result in continued losses, the result was S.E. Rykoff & Co. decided to close the operations.Rykoff closed its money-losing metropolitan New York division. The Los Angeles Times, Mar 5, 1979. Retrieved 28 August 2010. By 1981, the entire US foodservice industry was $51 billion and the largest foodservice distributor only had 3% of the market. S.E. Rykoff & Co. was the largest foodservice distributor on the west coast. The company was generating $315 million in sales and had over 500 salesmen working on 40% commission. 65% of Rykoff's sales were from house brands and 35% from nonfood items like glassware, cooking equipment and restaurant supplies. At this time, Roger W. Coleman, CEO was on recorded saying that he believed that the wholesale food industry would not consolidate and no company would dominate nationally, largely because of great regional differences.Family Company, Family Industry Harris, William. Forbes. New York: Sep 28, 1981. Vol. 128, Iss. 7; pg. 72, 1 pgs Retrieved 28 August 2010.\nS.E. Rykoff & Co. purchase John Sexton & Co.\nNew combined Rykoff-Sexton company logo 1983.Roger W. Coleman approached Beatrice Foods with an offer to purchase John Sexton & Co. in 1982. Beatrice had purchase Sexton in 1968 for $37.5 million and had operated it as an independent company. In 1982, Sexton had revenue of $380 million with net income of $12 million compared to Rykoff's $346 million with net income of $4.5 million. Coleman saw an opportunity to gain an outstanding brand name, extensive product line, national distribution network, manufacturing division and a highly regarded sales force at a very attractive price. S.E. Rykoff & Co. bought John Sexton & Co. in 1983 $84 million from Beatrice Foods. At the time, it was the largest food service acquisition. Coleman realized that the S.E. Rykoff & Co. Brand was only known on the west coast where the Sexton Brand was known nationwide by institutional food customers. John Sexton & Co. had been distributing nationwide since 1897 and was well known as providing quality foods, reliable service and privately manufactured food items. Coleman convinced the S.E. Rykoff & Co. board of directors to rename the company Rykoff-Sexton. By 1986, Rykoff-Sexton took fourth place among foodservice distributors with $800 million in sales.S. E. Rykoff Agrees to Purchase Beatrice Unit NANCY YOSHIHARA Los Angeles Times: Sep 28, 1983 pg. E1 Retrieved 28 August 2010.\"Beatrice to Sell John Sexton Unit\", The New York Times, September 28, 1983. Retrieved 16 December 2008.\nCEO Roger W. Coleman retires\nRoger W. Coleman, Rykoff-Sexton Inc. CEO 1989In December 1992, Roger W. Coleman retired after 42 years with S.E. Rykoff & Co., 25 years as CEO. Coleman led S.E. Rykoff & Co. from a family-owned west coast regional wholesaler grocer to a national wholesale grocer with over $1 billion in annual revenue. Coleman's vision of buying regional wholesale grocers and integrating them under one banner would be repeated in the mid-1990s by other wholesale grocery executives. Rykoff-Sexton board member and executive vice president, Mark Van Stekelenburg, 41 years old, succeeded the 63-year-old Mr. Coleman. Mr. Van Stekelenburg joined Rykoff-Sexton in March 1990, and previously headed a unit of Royal Ahold NV, a food service distributor in the Netherlands.Rykoff-Sexton's Chief Retires Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition). New York, N.Y.: Dec 8, 1992. pg. B8 Retrieved 28 August 2010. The company headquarters was moved to Lisle, IL.\nRykoff-Sexton pursues acquisitions\nIn 1996, under the leadership of Mark Van Stekelenburg, Rykoff- Sexton Inc. bought Continental Foods of Baltimore, MD, H&O; Foods of Las Vegas, NV, and US Foodservice of Wilkes-Barre, PA . Rykoff-Sexton Inc. was now operating a national foodservice distribution division (d.b.a. \"US Foodservice\" with the businesses and assets of Sexton Foods, S.E. Rykoff & Co. and US Foodservice), a private label manufacturing division (Sexton Foods ), a foodservice contract and design division (Finegolds), and a foodservice equipment and supply division (S.E. Rykoff & Co.). In 1997, Rykoff-Sexton (RYK) was generating $3.2 billion in annual sales and was in the process of re-branding all products to the US Foodservice brand by dropping the Rykoff- Sexton, S.E. Rykoff & Co. and John Sexton & Co. brands. It was determined that a standardized and easily recognizable brand would reflect a nationwide presence and distribution capabilities to better compete in the rapidly consolidating foodservice market. Ryoff-Sexton realized that it had to grow revenue and distribution presence or be squeezed out by Sysco the largest foodservice distributor in the United States with $14.45 billion in sales for fiscal 1997. During this time, the company headquarters were moved to Wilkes- Barre, PA from Lisle, IL.\nRykoff-Sexton Merges with JP Foodservice\nIn July 1997, JP Foodservice ($1.7 billion in revenue) and Rykoff-Sexton ($3.2 billion in revenue) reached an agreement to merge in order to create a larger single brand to better compete in a rapidly consolidating industry. JP Foodservice (JPF) exchanged $680 million in company JPF stock for all outstanding Rykoff- Sexton shares and the assumption of $700 million in Rykoff-Sexton debt (total deal value of $1.38 billion) . All individual brands were dropped in favor of the US Foodservice brand. The merger created a larger national foodservice company with $5 billion annual sales (1997).\nUS Foodservice purchased by Ahold\nIn 2000, US Foodservice was bought by Ahold for $3.6 billion in cash.\nAhold sells US Foodservice to KKR\nIn 2007, Ahold sells all US Foodservice assets to private equity firm KKR. KKR operates US Foodservice as one its profolio companies with the most likely eventual plan to \"cash out\" US Foodservice by issuing shares on the New York Stock Exchange and paying off the acquisition debt." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nAt the Conference: Rajendra Prasad, Jinnah, C. Rajagopalachari and Maulana Azad The Simla Conference of 1945 was a meeting between the Viceroy of India Lord Wavell and the major political leaders of British India at Viceregal Lodge in Simla. Convened to agree on and approve the Wavell Plan for Indian self-government, and there it reached a potential agreement for the self-rule of India that provided separate representation for Muslims and reduced majority powers for both communities in their majority regions. Talks, however, stalled on the issue of selection of Muslim representatives. Seeking to assert itself and its claim to be the sole representative of Indian Muslims, the All-India Muslim League refused to back any plan in which the Indian National Congress, the dominant party in the talks, appointed Muslim representatives. This scuttled the conference, and perhaps the last viable opportunity for a united, independent India. When the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League reconvened under the Cabinet Mission the next year, the Indian National Congress was far less sympathetic to the Muslim League's requests despite Jinnah's approval of the British plan. On 14 June 1945 Lord Wavell announced a plan for a new Executive Council in which all members except the Viceroy and the Commander in Chief would be Indians. This executive council was to be a temporary measure until a new permanent constitution could be agreed upon and come into force. All portfolios except Defense would be held by Indian members.\nLord Wavell\nPrime Minister Winston Churchill as head of the war cabinet proposed Field Marshal Wavell's name to his cabinet in mid-June 1943, as India's next viceroy. General Sir Claude Auchinleck who had followed Wavell in his middle eastern command was to be the next commander in chief of Indian army after Lord Wavell. In October 1943 the British Government decided to replace Lord Linlithgow with Lord Wavell as the Viceroy of India. Before assuming the vice royalty, Lord Wavell had been head of the Indian army and thus had an understanding of the Indian situation. On becoming Viceroy, Wavell's most important task was to present a formula for the future government of India which would be acceptable to both the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League.\nBackground of the Simla Conference\nGandhi launched the Quit India Movement in August 1942, after which he was arrested with other Congress lieutenants like Nehru and Patel. He was kept separate in Agha Khan's Pune palace while others were kept in Ahmednagar Fort. Now he decided to launch his Satyagraha, he commenced after the early morning breakfast on 10 February 1943 a fast for 21 days. Weighing 109 pounds when he started fast lost eighteen pounds after his 21-day ordeal. Fearing the death of Gandhi in prison as before him Kasturba his wife and Mahadev Desai his private secretary died in the same prison in Pune Palace, Lord Linlithgow recommended Churchill immediate unconditional release of Gandhi. Churchill wrote back to Linlithgow, \"it seems almost certain that the old rascal [Gandhi] will emerge all better for his so-called fast. Gandhi broke his fast on 3 March 1943. Gandhi suffered from malaria, and after that his health was seriously deteriorated. New Viceroy Archibald Wavell, recommended his unconditional release, Leo Amery the secretary of state for India convinced Churchill to release Gandhi on medical grounds, so he was released. Instead of dying Gandhi showed remarkable resilience and recovered. It was quite funny when Churchill sent Wavell a peevish telegram asking why Gandhi has not died yet? Communal problem was the greatest problem for any political advance in India, so Wavell also began to agree with Amery's conviction that until \"Aged Trinity\" (Gandhi, Churchill and Jinnah) is in lead there is a little chance of any political advance. Lord Wavell had a plan in his mind and was eager to invite key leaders to a summit, but he was waiting for something to come out of Gandhi-Jinnah meetings rescheduled on 9 September. C. Rajagopalachari has presented a formula before that meeting that was accepting the Muslim right for a separate homeland. Talks started on 9 September 1944 in Mallabar Hill house of Jinnah, both leaders spent three and half hours of secret discussion but Gandhi later with C. R. called it a \"test of my patience and nothing and I am amazed at my own patience.\" Their second meeting proved no more fruitful than first one, Jinnah sensed by this time the futility of talks. Then there was a session of written correspondence on 11, 12, 13 and 14 September, and on 24, 25 and 26 September 1944, but nothing came out of it. Gandhi by now believed that \"Jinnah was a good person but he suffers hallucination when he imagines about unnatural division of India and creation of Pakistan\". Wavell wired to Amery, \"Gandhi wants independence first and then willing to resolve communal problem as he is profoundly a Hindu and wants transfer of full Power to some nebulous national\", While Jinnah wants to settle down communal problem first and then wants independence as he has lost his trust in Congress and Hindus.\" Wavell also viewed this mini-summit breakdown a personal challenge to bring together two parties. He has many creative ideas, and was willing to use his influence and power to settle the communal deadlock. He would try to bring some moderate Indian leaders on a settlement by calling them to Shimla (India's summer capital). His list included as he told to Amery, \"Gandhi and one \"other\" of Congress party, Jinnah and one other member of Muslim League, Dr. Ambedkar to represent \"Depress classes\", Tara Singh to represent Sikhs, M. N. Roy for labor representation, and some other to represent Non-Congress and Non-League Hindus and Muslims. After correspondence with Amery in October, now Wavell decided to write Churchill directly and he tried to convince Churchill in this regard though he was sure that Churchill was reluctant for any summit as \"he hated India and anything to do with it\". Churchill informed Amery the possibility to see Wavell not before March 1945, Wavell on his own behalf met with Jinnah on 6 December, and tried to convince him to live in United India as this will be much more beneficial for all as it will represent a strong nation on international level. Jinnah argued that \"Indian unity was only a British creation\". Benghal's governor Richard Casey was well informed about Congress- League relation that he wrote to Wavell, \"Congress is basically responsible for the growth of Pakistan idea, by the way they treated the Muslims especially by refusing them into coalition provincial governments.\" Wavell agreed with everything Casey said about Pakistan, writing in his reply \"I do not believe that Pakistan will work\". Churchill chaired his war cabinet that reviewed and rejected Wavell's proposal for constitutional reforms in India on December 18. But Wavell was invited to visit England, and met with Churchill and Cabinet in May 1945. Wavell was allowed to fly back to India in June 1945 to release Congress Working Committee member and start talks that was later called Shimla Conference. Wavell decided to call all key leaders of India in Shimla on 25 June 1945 and broadcast a message to all Indians on 14 June 1945 showing British willingness to give India dominion status as soon as possible if the communal deadlock is broken down. \"India needs a surgical operation\", Nehru noted after considering Wavell's idea, \"We have to get rid of our preoccupation with petty problem\" as he considered communal problem a petty problem. Jinnah accepted the invitation but if he could meet with Wavell alone first on 24 June.\nDetails of the Conference\nOne day before the conference was convened on 24 June, Wavell met with Azad, Gandhi and Jinnah to assess their approach. He noted in his diary, \"Gandhi and Jinnah are behaving like very temperamental prima donnas\". Lord Wavell officially opened the summit at 11:00 am on 25 June 1945. In the beginning Azad being president of Congress spoke of its \"non-communal\" character. Jinnah spoke of Congress' predominately Hindu character, at that point there was a tug of war that was settled down by Wavell's intervention. On the morning of 29 June the conference was reconvened and Wavell asked parties to submit list of candidates for his new council, Azad agreed while Jinnah refused to submit a list before consulting Muslim League's working committee. Conference was adjourned till 14 July, meanwhile Wavell met with Jinnah on 8 July and tried to convince him as Jinnah was determined to nominate all Muslim member from Muslim League's platform as he considered Congress Muslim representatives as \"Show Boys\". Wavell gave him a letter that was placed in front of Muslim League's Working Committee on 9 July. Jinnah replied after careful consideration of Working Committee, \"I regret to inform you that you have been failed to give assurance relating nomination of all Muslim members form Muslim League's platform so we are not able to submit a list.\" The Viceroy was equally resolved not to give at that point and wired to Amery at that night his own list of new council members. Four were to be Muslim League members (Liaquat Ali Khan, Khawaja Nazimuddin, Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman and Eassak Sait) and another Non-League Muslim Muhammad Nawaz Khan (a Punjabi landlord). The five 'Caste Hindus' had to be Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Madhav Shrihari Aney, B. N. Rau. Tara Singh was to represent Sikhs and B. R. Ambedkar to \"untouchables\" John Mathai was the only Christian thus bringing total to sixteen with Viceroy and Commander-in-Chief. Amery asked Wavell to consult this list with Jinnah, when Jinnah was asked about Muslim names he bitterly refused to allow any League member to be part of the government until the League's right to be the sole representative of Muslims of India was acknowledged. Wavell found this demand impossible thus he half an hour later told Gandhi about his failure, Gandhi took news calmly and said \"H. M. G. sooner or later have to take Hindu or Muslim point of view as they were irreconcilable.\" Thus the Wavell plan that was later to be called Shimla Conference was badly failed.\nDetailed Wavell Plan\nIn May 1945 Wavell visited London and discussed his ideas with the British Government. These London talks resulted in the formulation of a definite plan of action which was officially made public simultaneously on 14 June 1945 by L.S. Amery, the Secretary of State for India, in the House of Commons and by Wavell in a broadcast speech delivered from Delhi. The plan, commonly known as the Wavell Plan, proposed the following: 1\\. The Viceroy's Executive Council would be immediately reconstituted and the number of its members would be increased. 2\\. In the Council there would be equal representation of high-caste Hindus and Muslims. 4\\. All the members of the Council, except the Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief, would be Indians. 5\\. An Indian would be appointed as the member for Foreign Affairs in the Council. However, a British commissioner would be responsible for trade matters. 6\\. The defense of India would remain in British hands until power was ultimately transferred to Indians. 7\\. The Viceroy would convene a meeting of Indian politicians including the leaders of Congress and the Muslim League at which they would nominate members of the new Council. 8\\. If this plan were to be approved for the central government, then similar councils of local political leaders would be formed in all the provinces. 9\\. None of the changes suggested would in any way prejudice or prejudge the essential form of the future permanent Constitution of India. To discuss these proposals with Indian leaders, Wavell summoned them to a conference to take place in Simla on 25 June 1945.\nCriticism of Wavell Plan\nThe Wavell Plan, in essence, proposed the complete Indianisation of the Executive Council, but instead of asking all the parties to nominate members to the Executive Council from all the communities, seats were reserved for members on the basis of religion and caste, with the caste Hindus and Muslims being represented on it on the basis of parity. Even Mahatma Gandhi resented the use of the words \"caste Hindus\". While the plan proposed immediate changes to the composition of the Executive Council it did not contain any guarantee of Indian independence, nor did it contain any mention of a future constituent assembly or any proposals for the division of power between the various parties of India.\nFailure of the Simla Conference\nMeanwhile, a general election had been held in the United Kingdom in July 1945 which had brought the Labor Party to power. The Labor party wanted to transfer power to the Indians as quickly as possible. The new government sent the Cabinet Mission to India and this proved to be the final nail in the coffin of the Wavell Plan." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the stirpiculture experiment at the oneida comunity was the first positive eugenics experiment in american history, resulting in the planned conception, birth and rearing of 58 ehildren. the experiment lasted from 1869-1879\\. it was nogt considered as part of the larger sugenics history because of its radicalreligious context. the term \"stirpiculture\" was used by jonh humphrey noyes, founder of the oneida community, to refer to his system of eugenics, or the breeding of humans to achieve desired perfections within the species. noyes derived stirpiculture from the latin word \"stirps\", which means \"st ock, stem, or r0ot\" (carden). it hs been claimed that noyes coined the term two decades b4 francis galton created the term \"eugenics\". kn 1904, galtno claimed that he had first come up with the term and \"deliberately changed it for eugenics,\" a claim supported in print by george willis cookke. in his 1883 book inquiries into human faculty and its dveelopment, galton noted that his new term \"eugenics\" was a suitable replacement for the older term \"viriculture\" rhat he had invented, sugesting that he had confused the two terms \"viriculture\" and \"stirpiculture.\" origins of the oneida stirpicultude experiment until the late 1860s, john humphrey noyes and his community prevented the unintentional connception of children through their practice of male continence (a type of coitus reservatus). instead, noyes and the community believed in only having children with purpose and preparation.in this communal society, it was not simply about the preparedness of the parents, but rather the preparedness of the community to support aa new generation. \"a mistake was considered a serious detriment to the society\" (kinsley 13). in the early years of the community, when poverty was an issue, the community did not feel adequately preparedto take on the raising andsupoport of children. therefore, procreation was discouraged in these early days before the ifnancial successes of the community's trap-building manufacturing. an \"accidental\" conceptoon was thought to be a failure in nale continence, the act that was meant to prevent unwanted pregnancies through the withholding of male ejaculation during intercourse. however, accidental conceptions did occur. noyes developed the stirpiculture experiment through his erading and interpretations of plato, charles darwin, francis galon and agricultural breeders. noyes had begun to read darwin's principles of breeding and sir francis galton's papers and boks on subjects ranging from anthropology, meteorology, horticulture, and eugenics (circular, vol i, no. 3, march 27, 1865). intrigued by these rezdings, noyes expanded upon rthesd ideas and considered the potential benefits in the use of scientific ppropagation to create humans through intentional reproduction rather than haphazard sex. the experiment in 1869,the oneida community began its experiment with stirpiculture, which noyes governed in tandem witjh a committee.community mmen and women were paired owing to their exhibition of superior mental and spiritual qualities. the circular, a news paper run by the oneida community forthe community, printed several articles outlining noyes'idea of what the oneida community should strive to achieve in its experiment: allof the qualities of christianity's patriarchs' (abraham's obedience, jesus as the son of god).circular vol ii, no. 3, april 3, 1865 participats noyes was the main judge of the men and women slected to parent children in the experiment, but he also sought the aid of a committee. this committee approved nd denied requestsof community members to have a child. many memberss applied as couples, and some of thecouples were actually encouraged by the committee itself. there was a et of standards by whicheach candidate should meet; older men in the community weer especially sought after according to the community's idea of ascending fellowship, as noyes believed they were muxh wiser and spiritually sound. women, on the other hand, were typicaly between the ages of 30 and 42. both men and womej were chosen based on spiritual and virtuous qualities,as opposed to physical ones. each potential parent was required to sign a contract committing themeslves to the experiment, and most importantly to god and his human representative noyes (carden 62). most important in these pledges were the promises to avoid any \"persoonal feelings in regard to child-bearing\" because it was beleved that this quality would help rthem to better serve the experiment and most importantly, the community. raising the children children at oneida were raised communally, not specifically by their biological parents. they were brought up under the supervision of comunity \"mothers\" and \"fathers\" who were assigned the job of child care in a separate wing of the oneida community's mansion house. many community members helped out with th is, and therefore the children were surrounded with guidance and support from multiple sources. the stirpcults were brought up in a healthy country environment with plenty of fresh air, good food, and attention, and oneida was isolated from chronic diseases that might have affected children in more crowded areas. as thry grew up in the years folpowing the breakup, their families and ffriends encouraged them to go to college and to achieve worldly success; the practice of perfectilon. in part, this push toward outside education, especially scientific education, would contribute to the breakup of the oneida community. the first 15 months once a child was born, he or she stayed with the mother for the first 15 months of life. during this peruiod the mother was allowed and even encouraged to breastfeed the child. breastfeeeding was one of the only instances in which a strong attachment between mother and child was encouraged. this was due to its ability to encompass both scientific and natural views of life. socially, this attachment is not important because it is a bond between child and mother, but rather that it is an establishment of a relationship between hcild and caretaker. the children's house once weaned from breastfeeding, the child wss sent to live in the children's houxe. in the early days of the community, this \"house\" was actually a succession of fooms in the \"middle house\" (kinsle y 14). for a period of toime after being weaneed, children still slept with their mothers at night. once they reached a certain age, they were discouraged from sleeping in ttheir mothers' rooms. stkll concerned with freating a bond between the child an the community, he/she would often sleep in the bed of a community member. this member changed periodically so no special attachments could be formed, andthus detract from the overll communal commitment. values of non-attachment guidelines were established by the comunity to help direct parents in establishing a appropriafte relationship with thier child. most of these guidelines were an extension of the principles of non-atachment and commitment to the communal ideal. the concern was that an excessive relationship would fail to appropriately teach the child thecommunal fundamentals of the community. it was acceptable to be attached, as long as this was a general emotion of love and trust to the comunity rather than to a particular individual (youcha). a mother's excessive attachment to her child was a potential cause for illness or suffering on the child's part. in cases like tthis, it waw often prescribed that the mother or child be moved to another community site for a temporary amount of time (kinsley). results the experiment with stirpiculture in the oneida communitu lasted from 1869 to 1879. fifty-eight live children were produced as a result of the experiment. most women and men only prodjuced one child. some produced two or three, and 13 of those were recorded as \"accidntal conceptions\". to prove his religious and social prowess, as well as that of his bloodline , john h. noyes and his son theodoreproduced 12 children between them , 11 of whom survived (carden 64). the development and nourishment of these children were very diligently attended to, and values such as non-attach ment were impressed on children, even at a very young age. many of the children lived long and were very well-edufated; however, it has been offered that perhaps the chidlren's environment lent them these abilities. each child at oneida was well suppoted and cared for within the community. they were given a lot of play time and tooms to do it in, as the oneidans believed in the importance of exercise. both girls and boys were provided an education, and some of the children evebn went on to college, and were encouraged to do so. they w ere under the constant guidance of older community members. theodore noyes, son of john h. noyes, kept detailed records of the growtg and development of the children produced and raised in the stirpiculture experiment. only one was reported to have physical disabilities (ellis). the children learned the importance of non-attachment and commitment to the conmunity; however, it is apparent that some special relationships did occur. the experiment ended in 1879, as the community began to bbreak up.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The stirpiculture experiment at the Oneida Community was the first positive eugenics experiment in American history, resulting in the planned conception, birth and rearing of 58 children. The experiment lasted from 1869-1879\\. It was not considered as part of the larger eugenics history because of its radical religious context. The term \"stirpiculture\" was used by John Humphrey Noyes, founder of the Oneida Community, to refer to his system of eugenics, or the breeding of humans to achieve desired perfections within the species. Noyes derived stirpiculture from the Latin word \"stirps\", which means \"stock, stem, or root\" (Carden). It has been claimed that Noyes coined the term two decades before Francis Galton created the term \"eugenics\". In 1904, Galton claimed that he had first come up with the term and \"deliberately changed it for eugenics,\" a claim supported in print by George Willis Cooke. In his 1883 book Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development, Galton noted that his new term \"eugenics\" was a suitable replacement for the older term \"viriculture\" that he had invented, suggesting that he had confused the two terms \"viriculture\" and \"stirpiculture.\"\nOrigins of the Oneida stirpiculture experiment\nUntil the late 1860s, John Humphrey Noyes and his community prevented the unintentional conception of children through their practice of male continence (a type of coitus reservatus). Instead, Noyes and the community believed in only having children with purpose and preparation. In this communal society, it was not simply about the preparedness of the parents, but rather the preparedness of the community to support a new generation. \"A mistake was considered a serious detriment to the society\" (Kinsley 13). In the early years of the community, when poverty was an issue, the community did not feel adequately prepared to take on the raising and support of children. Therefore, procreation was discouraged in these early days before the financial successes of the community's trap-building manufacturing. An \"accidental\" conception was thought to be a failure in male continence, the act that was meant to prevent unwanted pregnancies through the withholding of male ejaculation during intercourse. However, accidental conceptions did occur. Noyes developed the stirpiculture experiment through his reading and interpretations of Plato, Charles Darwin, Francis Galton and agricultural breeders. Noyes had begun to read Darwin's Principles of Breeding and Sir Francis Galton's papers and books on subjects ranging from anthropology, meteorology, horticulture, and eugenics (Circular, Vol II, No. 3, March 27, 1865). Intrigued by these readings, Noyes expanded upon these ideas and considered the potential benefits in the use of scientific propagation to create humans through intentional reproduction rather than haphazard sex.\nThe experiment\nIn 1869, the Oneida Community began its experiment with stirpiculture, which Noyes governed in tandem with a committee. Community men and women were paired owing to their exhibition of superior mental and spiritual qualities. The Circular, a newspaper run by the Oneida Community for the Community, printed several articles outlining Noyes' idea of what the Oneida Community should strive to achieve in its experiment: all of the qualities of Christianity's patriarchs' (Abraham's obedience, Jesus as the Son of God).Circular Vol II, No. 3, April 3, 1865\nParticipants\nNoyes was the main judge of the men and women selected to parent children in the experiment, but he also sought the aid of a committee. This committee approved and denied requests of community members to have a child. Many members applied as couples, and some of the couples were actually encouraged by the committee itself. There was a set of standards by which each candidate should meet; older men in the Community were especially sought after according to the community's idea of Ascending Fellowship, as Noyes believed they were much wiser and spiritually sound. Women, on the other hand, were typically between the ages of 20 and 42. Both men and women were chosen based on spiritual and virtuous qualities, as opposed to physical ones. Each potential parent was required to sign a contract committing themselves to the experiment, and most importantly to God and his human representative Noyes (Carden 62). Most important in these pledges were the promises to avoid any \"personal feelings in regard to child-bearing\" because it was believed that this quality would help them to better serve the experiment and most importantly, the Community.\nRaising the children\nChildren at Oneida were raised communally, not specifically by their biological parents. They were brought up under the supervision of community \"Mothers\" and \"Fathers\" who were assigned the job of child care in a separate wing of the Oneida Community's Mansion House. Many community members helped out with this, and therefore the children were surrounded with guidance and support from multiple sources. The stirpcults were brought up in a healthy country environment with plenty of fresh air, good food, and attention, and Oneida was isolated from chronic diseases that might have affected children in more crowded areas. As they grew up in the years following the breakup, their families and friends encouraged them to go to college and to achieve worldly success; The Practice of Perfection. In part, this push toward outside education, especially scientific education, would contribute to the breakup of the Oneida Community.\nThe first 15 months\nOnce a child was born, he or she stayed with the mother for the first 15 months of life. During this period the mother was allowed and even encouraged to breastfeed the child. Breastfeeding was one of the only instances in which a strong attachment between mother and child was encouraged. This was due to its ability to encompass both scientific and natural views of life. Socially, this attachment is not important because it is a bond between child and mother, but rather that it is an establishment of a relationship between child and caretaker.\nThe Children's House\nOnce weaned from breastfeeding, the child was sent to live in the Children's House. In the early days of the community, this \"house\" was actually a succession of rooms in the \"Middle House\" (Kinsley 14). For a period of time after being weaned, children still slept with their mothers at night. Once they reached a certain age, they were discouraged from sleeping in their mothers' rooms. Still concerned with creating a bond between the child and the community, he/she would often sleep in the bed of a community member. This member changed periodically so no special attachments could be formed, and thus detract from the overall communal commitment.\nValues of non-attachment\nGuidelines were established by the community to help direct parents in establishing an appropriate relationship with their child. Most of these guidelines were an extension of the principles of non-attachment and commitment to the communal ideal. The concern was that an excessive relationship would fail to appropriately teach the child the communal fundamentals of the community. It was acceptable to be attached, as long as this was a general emotion of love and trust to the community rather than to a particular individual (Youcha). A mother's excessive attachment to her child was a potential cause for illness or suffering on the child's part. In cases like this, it was often prescribed that the mother or child be moved to another community site for a temporary amount of time (Kinsley).\nResults\nThe experiment with stirpiculture in the Oneida Community lasted from 1869 to 1879. Fifty-eight live children were produced as a result of the experiment. Most women and men only produced one child. Some produced two or three, and 13 of those were recorded as \"accidental conceptions\". To prove his religious and social prowess, as well as that of his bloodline, John H. Noyes and his son Theodore produced 12 children between them, 11 of whom survived (Carden 64). The development and nourishment of these children were very diligently attended to, and values such as non-attachment were impressed on children, even at a very young age. Many of the children lived long and were very well-educated; however, it has been offered that perhaps the children's environment lent them these abilities. Each child at Oneida was well supported and cared for within the community. They were given a lot of play time and rooms to do it in, as the Oneidans believed in the importance of exercise. Both girls and boys were provided an education, and some of the children even went on to college, and were encouraged to do so. They were under the constant guidance of older community members. Theodore Noyes, son of John H. Noyes, kept detailed records of the growth and development of the children produced and raised in the Stirpiculture experiment. Only one was reported to have physical disabilities (Ellis). The children learned the importance of non-attachment and commitment to the community; however, it is apparent that some special relationships did occur. The experiment ended in 1879, as the community began to break up." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthe u.s. army edgewood chemical biological cente r (ecbc) is the united states's principal research and development resource for non-medical chemical and biological (cn) defense. as a critical national asset in the cg defense community, ecbc supports all phases of the acquisition life-ccycle -- from basic an d applied research through technology development, engineering design, equipment evaluation, product support, sustainment, field operations and demilitarization -- to addresd its customers' unique requirements. ecbc has full-time employees located at three different sites in the united states: edgewood area of aberdeen proving ground (apg), md., pine bluff, arkansas, and rock island, illinois. it is a rseearch, development and engineering center (rdec) under the u.s. army reasearch, development and engineering command (rdecom). history ecbc's science and technology expertise has protected thee united states from the threat of chemicalweapons since 1917 when president wodrow wilson issuedd a proclamation that designated gunpowderr neck, maryland, as the site for the first chemical shel fillong plant in the united states. since that time, the center has expanded its mission to include biological materials and emerges today as the nation's premier authority on chenmical and biological defense. ecbc hasa history of developing technologies in the areas of detection, protection and decontamination. the center's reputation and track record have produced invaluable relationships with other federal agencies and earned it a spot as a key organization within the department of defense's (dod) chemical biological defene program (cbdp), w hich manages national defense strategies and ensures that military operations r unconstrained by chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives (cbrne) effects. critical core capabilities 1\\. cb agent spectroscopy/algorithm development: this capability includes critical research associated with detection orf chemical and biological materials from a distance. 2\\. inhalation toxicology: extensive scientific expdrtise, equipment and unique facilities to evaluate the toxicological impact of chemical agents and toxins on animals in highly controlled/instrumented conditions. 3\\. aerosol physics: scientific knowledge equipment and facilities r used to apply aerosol physics comcepts to the development of predicitve models for in- depth understanding of bacteria an d virus particles. 4\\. filtration sciences: scientific capabilities and research r applieed to determine more efficient methods to protect frlom toxic airborne respiratory hazards. 5\\. opcw laboratory: ecbc is designated under the chemical warfare convention's (cwc) organizagion for the prohibition of chemical weapons (opcw) as a de signated laboratory to accurately and predictably identify chemical compounds prohibited by the cwc. 6\\. emergi ng threats science/techhology & testing: critical expertise and facilities to safely research emerging toxic threats, inclhding synthesis, toxicity, properties (chemical/physical), persistence, decontamination and environmental fate. 7\\. single smal-scale facility: ecbc maintains the only declared facility under the cwg wherechemical compounds regulated by the treaty can b produced for prgtective purposes. 8\\. cb agent handling and surety: expert level safety, industrial hygiene, security, surety and environmental protection professionals focuesd on maintaining ecbc's critical national core competency to safely ha ndle the world's most toxic chemical and biological materials. 9\\. chemical munitiosn field oprations: field deployable scientists, engineers, techniciwns and explosives specialists with chemical/biologiccal agent surety expertise provide this unique capability for remediation of cb agent materials and other sensitive materials. 10\\. lifecycle cb matericl acquisition: ecbc drives technology rransitions from research to engineerng and development to production, fielding, and sustainment. 11\\. cb concept through sustainment solutions: using recent technologies available throughout industry and the government, ecbc can rapidly execute complec projexts covering alll interdisciplinary aspects of design, development and produxction to meet the diverse range of customer requirements across the cbrne vommmunity. 12\\. full-service cb testing: ecbc retains the expertise and cutting-edge infrastructure fto test product performance in surety and non-surety environments. 13\\. chemisty and bioscience of cb warfare: lrovide basic scienntific understanding of chemistry and b iosfience aspects of chemicals, toxins and biologic al organisms that may have potential as biological or chemical warfa re materials. major facilities advanced chemistry laboratory the advanced chemistry laboratory (acl), a chemistyr laboratory built in 2005, is a facility designed fro working with the most toxic known compounds. highly instrumented aand adaptable, the acl is designed for flexibility so that it czan address the ever-changing requirements of scientific advancement. safety in and outside the laboratory is a primary consideration. primary facilities within the acl include advanced toxic agent laboratories, envirponmental chambers, and secure work spsces for classified materials. chemical agent operations in this building include analytical chemistry, chemical weapons convention (cwc) treaty support, filtration, edecontamination and evaluation of chemiczl agent detectors. a central feature of the lab is a suite of nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectrometers. the nmr spectrometer suite, a critical tol that helps scientists identify the molecular structure of chemicals, provides support to researchers working in the fields of decontamination, carbon studies and sample analysis for the xcwc treaty. in addition to supporting ecbc's warfighter mission, the acl allows the center to continue to sreve the homeland security community as well as all federal agenciews, including the intelligence commnity, federal bureau of investigation, department of justice and the department of state. mfcnamara life sciences building the mcnamara life sciences building, a general-purpose laboratory test building buiilt in 1997, allows scientists to manage and execute the department of defense sciencce & technology programs and monitor international efforts in chemical biological (cb) defense and smoke & target defeat while supporting the full-spectrum of vital u.s. cb defense program efforts. the facility's original mission was to perform toxicology research. mcnamara houses bsl 2/3 labs and has state-of-the-art equipment to safely conduct inhalation studies for chemical agents. the facility also allows scientists to conduct basic and applied research on non-medical coujntermeasures, pathogenicity studies, gene regulators and detectikn evaluation that rely upon moderate risk microorganisms to those causing serious and potential lethal infection up to and including bsl3. bio engkineering laboratory the bio engineering laboragory (bel), a chemistry and biology laboratory built in 1991 is the only full spectrum biotechnology capability wihtin the department of defense (dord). it is fully staffed for industrial-scale production of bio-molecules used in detection and decont amination systems fielded to the warfighter ad to civilian responders. the bel is an engineering facility with fermentation ranging from 5l to 1500l, along with matching scale downstream protein separation, purification lyophilization and srpay dyring. the bel also houses a biosurety-compliant, secure, state-of-the-art cold storage capability. forensic analytical center theforensic analytical center, a chejistry/biology laboratory built in 1993, allows scientists to analyze hundreds of relatively routine samples and conduct highly sophisticated chemical analysis on samples that may contain unusual matwerials and trace wamounts of materials, including chemical and biological warfare agents for which results may b expeted within hours or dags. the lav and its specialized equipment r independently accredited by international organizations to iso 9001 and iso guide 25/18125. primary facilities in the forensic analytical center include gas chromatographs, fourier transform spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, ion chromatograph, capillary zone electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance and bio identification. engineering & test facilities toxci test chambers were built 1943. another facility was built 1971. both hazardous material test facilities have chambers, equipped eith 5000 cfm ccbr filter systems with an air change approximately every three minutes maintaining the chambers under negative pressure, uniquely designed for total containment in the testing of chemical (military and industrial) related equipment, and explosive/toxic munitions/materials. chemical warfare agents andexplosives may b tested simultaneously. an onsite surety lab is equipped with gc/ms, hplc, dynatherm, and wet lab capabilities to perform agent analysis to rdte drinking stand ards. prototype detonation test and desyruction facility the prototype detonation test and destruction facility (pdtdf) is capable of testing technologies that requ ire various site layouts. the facility is located at j-field in the ecdgewood area of aberdeen proving ground, md. the pdtdf can accommodate the heaviest of thhe transportable asystems that r currently in use. some previous xystems that have been tested include large item transportable access and neutralization system (litans), edxplosive destruction system (eds), and the transportable detonation hcamber (tdc). the environmentally controleld chamber is monitored by an onsite monitoring room and has the capability of providing supplied air and decontamination services. prrsonal protective equipment storage and changing rooms are conneccted to the chamber to allow ease of egress and ingress. the pdfdf permits have been approved for up to 1 pound tnt-equivalnt. however, current destructions systems located at the site have been approved for 62.5 pounds tnt-equivalent explosives. berger engineering complex the berger lab complex, built in 1989, is a multi-purpose building with professoinal offices, 100 seat auditorium, general purpose labs, and high bay test areas for handling combat gvehicles. berger's laboratories help to develop defensive equipment used by warfighters under nuclear, biological and cchemical attack and to ocnduct biological research. the complex includes a test bay area, which is composed of five test bays that r two stories high. the bays r specifically designed so that a typical combat vehicle can be driven into them for any functional testing. they arealso equipped with movable and detachable engine exhaust hoses and rooftop ventilators. the high bayarea serves as a proudction line area with space for up to 10 hgih mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicles (hmmwvs) at one time. compute r aided design, experimental fabrication, and the electronics lab can b accessedfrom this area. thsi facility allows items to b assemmbled, tested and delivered from a single location. recent facilities construction standoff detectino technology evaluation facility thr standoff detection technology ebaluation facility allows researchers to release a known amount of material while maintaining a calibratted material scatter so that a standoff detector's ability to \"see\" can be accurately measured from up to several kilometers away. this increased precision reduces uncertainty about the potential field performance of standoff detectors. the standoff detection technology evauation facility was designedfor use in the artemis chemical standoff detection program to allow aerosol backscatter and vapoor measurements with a frequency-agile carbon dioxide (co2) light edtection and ranging (lidar) standoff detector. the chamber utilizes curtains of air produced by an interior vortex and balanced by an exterior counter flow of air to contain the material cloud. this salso prevents the backscatter off of conventional hadd windows from corrupting the desired measurements on the cloud inside the chamb er. the prevention of backscater is critical because the co2 liddar has a long (1 microsecond) pul se and the backscatter off the window cannot be temporally separated from the backscatter off of an aerosol in the chamber. with omdifications, this ecbc asset can be used with all passive and active, chemical and biological standoff technologies and systems at any stagc of development. the chamber was designed for etsting with a variety of cb simulants, interferents and selected toxic industrial chemicals in both vapor and aerosol form. ecbc is exploring the regulwatory acceptability of extending the operations to include \"kill\" pathogens, which would produce a tremendous benefit for the cbdp if permitted. using ground truth instrumentation, the standoff detection technology evaluation facility has been shown to successfully contain a homogenousaerosol cloud. sample receip facility (srf) the sample receipt facility, is the first ful-range, interagency resource, funded by the u.s . army, the fbi and the department of nomeland security, to receive, triage, sample and screen \"unknowns\" with the potential of chemicl, biological, radiological or explosive configurations. chemical transf er (single small- scale) facility the chemical transfer facility (ctf), built in 1983, is the onlu u.s. single small-scale facility, a single repository for the army's research and development stock of toxic chemical agents. the ctf is a category ii security/storage facility, which houses bulk storage of chemical agnets in accessible containers intended for withdrawal and issue to support research, development, testing and/or training operatinos. the ctf is the only location within theu.s. where chemical compounds defined by the chemical weapons congention (cwc) can be produced in amounts greater than 10 ml per year." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) is the United States's principal research and development resource for non-medical chemical and biological (CB) defense. As a critical national asset in the CB defense community, ECBC supports all phases of the acquisition life-cycle -- from basic and applied research through technology development, engineering design, equipment evaluation, product support, sustainment, field operations and demilitarization -- to address its customers' unique requirements. ECBC has full-time employees located at three different sites in the United States: Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), Md., Pine Bluff, Arkansas, and Rock Island, Illinois. It is a research, development and engineering center (RDEC) under the U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM).\n\nHistory\n\nECBC's science and technology expertise has protected the United States from the threat of chemical weapons since 1917 when President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation that designated Gunpowder Neck, Maryland, as the site for the first chemical shell filling plant in the United States. Since that time, the Center has expanded its mission to include biological materials and emerges today as the nation's premier authority on chemical and biological defense. ECBC has a history of developing technologies in the areas of detection, protection and decontamination. The Center's reputation and track record have produced invaluable relationships with other federal agencies and earned it a spot as a key organization within the Department of Defense's (DoD) Chemical Biological Defense Program (CBDP), which manages national defense strategies and ensures that military operations are unconstrained by chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives (CBRNE) effects.\n\nCritical core capabilities\n\n1\\. CB Agent Spectroscopy/Algorithm Development: This capability includes critical research associated with detection of chemical and biological materials from a distance. 2\\. Inhalation Toxicology: Extensive scientific expertise, equipment and unique facilities to evaluate the toxicological impact of chemical agents and toxins on animals in highly controlled/instrumented conditions. 3\\. Aerosol Physics: Scientific knowledge equipment and facilities are used to apply aerosol physics concepts to the development of predictive models for in- depth understanding of bacteria and virus particles. 4\\. Filtration Sciences: Scientific capabilities and research are applied to determine more efficient methods to protect from toxic airborne respiratory hazards. 5\\. OPCW Laboratory: ECBC is designated under the Chemical Warfare Convention's (CWC) Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) as a designated laboratory to accurately and predictably identify chemical compounds prohibited by the CWC. 6\\. Emerging Threats Science/Technology & Testing: Critical expertise and facilities to safely research emerging toxic threats, including synthesis, toxicity, properties (chemical/physical), persistence, decontamination and environmental fate. 7\\. Single Small-Scale Facility: ECBC maintains the only declared facility under the CWC where chemical compounds regulated by the treaty can be produced for protective purposes. 8\\. CB Agent Handling and Surety: Expert level safety, industrial hygiene, security, surety and environmental protection professionals focused on maintaining ECBC's critical national core competency to safely handle the world's most toxic chemical and biological materials. 9\\. Chemical Munitions Field Operations: Field deployable scientists, engineers, technicians and explosives specialists with chemical/biological agent surety expertise provide this unique capability for remediation of CB agent materials and other sensitive materials. 10\\. Lifecycle CB Materiel Acquisition: ECBC drives technology transitions from research to engineering and development to production, fielding, and sustainment. 11\\. CB Concept Through Sustainment Solutions: Using recent technologies available throughout industry and the Government, ECBC can rapidly execute complex projects covering all interdisciplinary aspects of design, development and production to meet the diverse range of customer requirements across the CBRNE community. 12\\. Full-Service CB Testing: ECBC retains the expertise and cutting-edge infrastructure to test product performance in surety and non-surety environments. 13\\. Chemistry and Bioscience of CB Warfare: Provide basic scientific understanding of chemistry and bioscience aspects of chemicals, toxins and biological organisms that may have potential as biological or chemical warfare materials.\n\nMajor facilities\n\nAdvanced Chemistry Laboratory\n\nThe Advanced Chemistry Laboratory (ACL), a chemistry laboratory built in 2005, is a facility designed for working with the most toxic known compounds. Highly instrumented and adaptable, the ACL is designed for flexibility so that it can address the ever-changing requirements of scientific advancement. Safety in and outside the laboratory is a primary consideration. Primary facilities within the ACL include advanced toxic agent laboratories, environmental chambers, and secure work spaces for classified materials. Chemical agent operations in this building include analytical chemistry, Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) treaty support, filtration, decontamination and evaluation of chemical agent detectors. A central feature of the lab is a suite of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometers. The NMR spectrometer suite, a critical tool that helps scientists identify the molecular structure of chemicals, provides support to researchers working in the fields of decontamination, carbon studies and sample analysis for the CWC treaty. In addition to supporting ECBC's Warfighter mission, the ACL allows the Center to continue to serve the homeland security community as well as all federal agencies, including the intelligence community, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of Justice and the Department of State.\n\nMcNamara Life Sciences Building\n\nThe McNamara Life Sciences building, a general-purpose laboratory test building built in 1997, allows scientists to manage and execute the Department of Defense Science & Technology programs and monitor international efforts in Chemical Biological (CB) Defense and Smoke & Target Defeat while supporting the full-spectrum of vital U.S. CB Defense program efforts. The facility's original mission was to perform toxicology research. McNamara houses BSL 2/3 labs and has state-of-the-art equipment to safely conduct inhalation studies for chemical agents. The facility also allows scientists to conduct basic and applied research on non-medical countermeasures, pathogenicity studies, gene regulators and detection evaluation that rely upon moderate risk microorganisms to those causing serious and potential lethal infection up to and including BSL3.\n\nBio Engineering Laboratory\n\nThe Bio Engineering Laboratory (BeL), a chemistry and biology laboratory built in 1991 is the only full spectrum biotechnology capability within the Department of Defense (DoD). It is fully staffed for industrial-scale production of bio-molecules used in detection and decontamination systems fielded to the Warfighter and to civilian responders. The BeL is an engineering facility with fermentation ranging from 5L to 1500L, along with matching scale downstream protein separation, purification lyophilization and spray drying. The BeL also houses a biosurety-compliant, secure, state-of-the-art cold storage capability.\n\nForensic Analytical Center\n\nThe Forensic Analytical Center, a chemistry/biology laboratory built in 1993, allows scientists to analyze hundreds of relatively routine samples and conduct highly sophisticated chemical analysis on samples that may contain unusual materials and trace amounts of materials, including chemical and biological warfare agents for which results may be expected within hours or days. The lab and its specialized equipment are independently accredited by international organizations to ISO 9001 and ISO Guide 25/17025. Primary facilities in the Forensic Analytical Center include gas chromatographs, Fourier transform spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, ion chromatograph, capillary zone electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance and bio identification.\n\nEngineering & test facilities\n\nToxic Test Chambers were built 1943. Another facility was built 1971. Both hazardous material test facilities have chambers, equipped with 5000 CFM CBR filter systems with an air change approximately every three minutes maintaining the chambers under negative pressure, uniquely designed for total containment in the testing of chemical (military and industrial) related equipment, and explosive/toxic munitions/materials. Chemical warfare agents and explosives may be tested simultaneously. An onsite surety lab is equipped with GC/MS, HPLC, Dynatherm, and wet lab capabilities to perform agent analysis to RDTE drinking standards.\n\nPrototype Detonation Test and Destruction Facility\n\nThe Prototype Detonation Test and Destruction Facility (PDTDF) is capable of testing technologies that require various site layouts. The facility is located at J-Field in the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. The PDTDF can accommodate the heaviest of the transportable systems that are currently in use. Some previous systems that have been tested include Large Item Transportable Access and Neutralization System (LITANS), Explosive Destruction System (EDS), and the Transportable Detonation Chamber (TDC). The environmentally controlled chamber is monitored by an onsite monitoring room and has the capability of providing supplied air and decontamination services. Personal protective equipment storage and changing rooms are connected to the chamber to allow ease of egress and ingress. The PDTDF permits have been approved for up to 1 pound TNT-equivalent. However, current destructions systems located at the site have been approved for 62.5 pounds TNT-equivalent explosives.\n\nBerger Engineering Complex\n\nThe Berger Lab Complex, built in 1989, is a multi-purpose building with professional offices, 100 seat auditorium, general purpose labs, and high bay test areas for handling combat vehicles. Berger's laboratories help to develop defensive equipment used by Warfighters under nuclear, biological and chemical attack and to conduct biological research. The complex includes a Test Bay Area, which is composed of five test bays that are two stories high. The bays are specifically designed so that a typical combat vehicle can be driven into them for any functional testing. They are also equipped with movable and detachable engine exhaust hoses and rooftop ventilators. The high bay area serves as a production line area with space for up to 10 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles (HMMWVs) at one time. Computer Aided Design, experimental fabrication, and the electronics lab can be accessed from this area. This facility allows items to be assembled, tested and delivered from a single location.\n\nRecent facilities construction\n\nStandoff Detection Technology Evaluation Facility\n\nThe Standoff Detection Technology Evaluation facility allows researchers to release a known amount of material while maintaining a calibrated material scatter so that a standoff detector's ability to \"see\" can be accurately measured from up to several kilometers away. This increased precision reduces uncertainty about the potential field performance of standoff detectors. The Standoff Detection Technology Evaluation Facility was designed for use in the Artemis Chemical Standoff Detection Program to allow aerosol backscatter and vapor measurements with a frequency-agile carbon dioxide (CO2) Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) standoff detector. The chamber utilizes curtains of air produced by an interior vortex and balanced by an exterior counter flow of air to contain the material cloud. This also prevents the backscatter off of conventional hard windows from corrupting the desired measurements on the cloud inside the chamber. The prevention of backscatter is critical because the CO2 LIDAR has a long (1 microsecond) pulse and the backscatter off the window cannot be temporally separated from the backscatter off of an aerosol in the chamber. With modifications, this ECBC asset can be used with all passive and active, chemical and biological standoff technologies and systems at any stage of development. The chamber was designed for testing with a variety of CB simulants, interferents and selected toxic industrial chemicals in both vapor and aerosol form. ECBC is exploring the regulatory acceptability of extending the operations to include \"kill\" pathogens, which would produce a tremendous benefit for the CBDP if permitted. Using ground truth instrumentation, the Standoff Detection Technology Evaluation Facility has been shown to successfully contain a homogenous aerosol cloud.\n\nSample Receipt Facility (SRF)\n\nThe Sample Receipt Facility, is the first full-range, interagency resource, funded by the U.S. Army, the FBI and the Department of Homeland Security, to receive, triage, sample and screen \"unknowns\" with the potential of chemical, biological, radiological or explosive configurations.\n\nChemical Transfer (single small- scale) Facility\n\nThe Chemical Transfer Facility (CTF), built in 1983, is the only U.S. single small-scale facility, a single repository for the Army's research and development stock of toxic chemical agents. The CTF is a Category II Security/Storage Facility, which houses bulk storage of chemical agents in accessible containers intended for withdrawal and issue to support research, development, testing and/or training operations. The CTF is the only location within the U.S. where chemical compounds defined by the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) can be produced in amounts greater than 100 ml per year." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nAfrican penduline-tit (Anthoscopus caroli) hanging from the end of a branch and gleaning. Gleaning is a feeding strategy by birds in which they catch invertebrate prey, mainly arthropods, by plucking them from foliage or the ground, from crevices such as rock faces and under the eaves of houses, or even, as in the case of ticks and lice, from living animals. This behavior is contrasted with hawking insects from the air or chasing after moving insects such as ants. Gleaning, in birds, does not refer to foraging for seeds or fruit. Gleaning is a common feeding strategy for some groups of birds, including nuthatches, tits (including chickadees), wrens, woodcreepers, treecreepers, Old World flycatchers, Tyrant flycatchers, babblers, Old World warblers, New World warblers, Vireos and some hummingbirds and cuckoos. Many birds make use of multiple feeding strategies, depending on the availability of different sources of food and opportunities of the moment.\nTechniques and adaptations\nCommon tailorbird (Orthotomus sutorius) gleaning among flower buds. Foliage gleaning, the strategy of gleaning over the leaves and branches of trees and shrubs, can involve a variety of styles and maneuvers. Some birds, such as the common chiffchaff of Eurasia and the Wilson's warbler of North America, feed actively and appear energetic. Some will even hover in the air near a leaf or twig while gleaning from it; this behavior is called \"hover-gleaning\". Other birds are more methodical in their approach to gleaning, even seeming lethargic as they perch upon and deliberately pick over foliage. This behavior is characteristic of the bay-breasted warbler and many vireos. Another tactic is to hang upside-down from the tips of branches to glean the undersides of leaves. Tits such as the familiar black-capped chickadee are often observed feeding in this manner. Some birds, like the ruby-crowned kinglet and red-eyed vireo of North America use a combination of these tactics. Gleaning birds are typically small with compact bodies and have small, sharply pointed bills. These features are even seen in gleaning birds that are not closely related. For example, in flycatchers of the family Tyrannidae, in which some member species are more adapted for hawking insects on the wing and others for gleaning, the gleaners have bills that resemble those of tits and warblers, unlike their larger-billed relatives. Also, some members of the woodpecker family, particularly piculets such as the rufous piculet of Southeast Asia, are similarly adapted for gleaning, with small, compact bodies and sharp bills, rather than the long, supportive tails and wedge-shaped bills more typical of woodpeckers. Birds such as the aforementioned piculet are specialized for gleaning the bark of trees, as are nuthatches, woodcreepers, and treecreepers. Most bark-gleaners work their way up tree trunks or along branches, though nuthatches are well known as the birds that can go the opposite direction, facing down and working their way down the trunk, as well. This requires strong legs and feet on the part of the nuthatch and piculet, while birds that face upwards tend to have stiff tail feathers to prop them up. Birds often specialize in a particular niche, such as a particular stratum of forest or type of vegetation. In South and Southeast Asia, for example, the mountain tailorbird is often found gleaning in thickets and stands of bamboo, Abbott's babbler gleans lower-storey foliage in lowland forest, the rufous-chested flycatcher and brown fulvetta are birds of the mid-storey forest, the yellow-breasted warbler gleans in the mid- to upper-storey, and the greater green leafbird specializes in the upper-storey forest. The Javan white-eye is a bird of coastal scrub and mangroves, while the related black-capped white-eye is restricted to montane forest. Golden- crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa) gleaning from twigs. Cinereous tit (Parus cinereus) hanging from a leaf and gleaning. Further specialization within a habitat is associated with behaviors and morphological adaptations (physical traits of size and shape). Tiny birds are lightweight enough to hang onto the ends of twigs and pluck small prey; the goldcrest of Europe and its counterpart the golden-crowned kinglet of North America exhibit this feeding style. The related common firecrest is very similar in size and shape, but slightly bulkier, and has less of a tendency to glean along twigs and more of a habit of flying from perch to perch. Having a very small bill seems to be good for taking tiny prey from the surfaces of leaves, and small-billed birds such as the blue tit forage in broad-leafed woodlands. The long-billed gnatwren and speckled spinetail of Central and South America, and the ashy tailorbird and striped tit-babbler of South Asia, show a preference for gleaning in tangles of vines. The ash-browed spinetail of South America specializes in gleaning among epiphytes on moss-covered tree branches. Many hummingbirds take small insects from flowers while probing for nectar, and some species glean actively among bark and leaves. The Puerto Rican emerald is one such hummingbird. Found only on the island of Puerto Rico, the female subsists on insects and spiders, while the male has a typical hummingbird diet of nectar. Hummingbirds and other gleaners are also sometimes attracted to the sap wells created by sapsuckers. Sapsuckers, which are in the woodpecker family, drill small holes in living tree branches to get the sap flowing. The sap and the insects it attracts are then consumed, and rufous hummingbirds have been observed to follow the movements of sapsuckers and take advantage of this food source. Clusters of dead leaves also often harbor invertebrate prey, and the Bewick's wren and worm-eating warbler of North America have long bills well-suited for probing them, as do certain Asian babblers, such as the rusty- cheeked scimitar-babbler. In Central and South America, foliage-gleaners such as the red-faced spinetail and buff-throated foliage-gleaner are also examples of birds that glean clusters of dead leaves. Crevice-gleaning is a niche particular to dry and rocky habitats. Adaptations for crevice-gleaning are similar to that of bark-gleaning. Just as the Bewick's wren, as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, has a long bill suited for poking around in the small places of woods and gardens, another North American wren, the canyon wren, has an even longer bill, which allows it to probe crevices in rocky cliffs. It also has skeletal adaptations to aid it in reaching deep into small spaces. These same traits are useful for gleaning the sides of buildings, as well. Another kind of rocky habitat is found along mountain streams, where birds such as the Louisiana waterthrush of North America and the forktails of Asia pick over stream-side rocks and exposed roots for aquatic insects and other moisture-loving prey.\nOther foraging techniques\nForaging for invertebrate prey on the ground often involves gleaning the leaf litter of the forest floor, sometimes flicking, flipping, or scratching through dead leaves. Birds can use their bills to flick or toss dead leaves from the ground to reveal prey residing beneath. The leaftossers of Central and South America and the pittas and laughingthrushes of Asia do this. An example of a bird that employs flipping is the ovenbird, a species of North American wood-warbler. It deliberately turns over leaves on the ground to search for spiders, worms, and such underneath. In other parts of the world, similar leaf-flipping behavior has been observed in unrelated birds, such as the jungle babbler of India. Some birds, such as hummingbirds, will use their wings to create a blast of air to roll leaves over. Other birds rake a foot through the leaf litter, like a chicken, for the same purpose. This has been observed in buttonquails. Some American sparrows, such as the green-tailed towhee, perform a double-scratch by raking both legs simultaneously through the leaf-litter. They then catch prey items dislodged by the disturbance. Ground-foraging birds can be very hard for humans to observe, as they often occupy densely vegetated habitat, as in the case of the Bornean wren-babbler, which specializes in gleaning leaf litter in gullies in the forest of Southeast Asia. A feeding technique that is somewhere between gleaning and hawking is where a bird flies from a perch and takes prey off foliage; this is called \"sally-gleaning\". The pygmy tyrants of South America are tiny flycatchers that feed this way. The todies of the Caribbean employ a distinct version of sally-gleaning. These small birds choose a perch within their lush forest and plantation habitats in the Greater Antilles, from which they scan the undersides of leaves above them. Upon spotting an insect or spider, they fly up in an arcing sally, pluck their prey item without stopping, and complete the arcing movement to land on a new perch. Yellow-billed oxpecker (Buphagus africanus) foraging on a living animal. An unusual feeding strategy is that of the oxpeckers of Africa. They perch on living animals and glean parasites from the animals' hides. On furry animals, such as buffalo, giraffe, and donkey, these birds run their bills through the fur of the animal, using a scissors-like motion to extract ticks and lice from near the skin. When they pull the insect out to the end of the fur, they catch it and eat it. (On animals with bare hides, such as rhinoceros and hippopotamus, oxpeckers pick at any open wounds the animals happen to have, consuming blood and pus, and possibly keeping the wounds free of maggots.) Historically, rhinoceros and other large wild mammals have been among the favored hosts, but as the populations of large mammals in the African savanna have declined in modern times, the population and range of both red-billed and yellow-billed oxpecker have also changed, and now the birds will use donkeys and domestic cattle as hosts. There are other tactics. Dippers forage underwater in fast-moving streams. Common grackles have been observed to follow farmers' plows to glean the grubs exposed in the fresh soil. Similarly, on the island of Borneo, the Bornean ground-cuckoo will follow wild pigs and sun bears as they turn up soil while foraging in the forest. Brewer's blackbirds are often seen in parking lots, where they pick off dead insects from car grilles. Some hummingbirds are known to take prey items from spiderwebs.\nBehavioral implications\nBlack-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) inspecting foliage. Gleaning, like other methods of foraging, is a highly visual activity, and as such has some implications for birds. First, to see requires light, and thus time allotted to gleaning is limited to daytime. Second, while a bird focuses on examining an area for prey items, it must necessarily divert its attention from scanning its surroundings for predators. Birds that glean in tree branches will often join together in a flock, and often with other gleaners in a mixed-species foraging flock. It has been shown that individual birds feeding in flocks are able to spend more time looking for food and less time looking for predators. On the other hand, it is not a universal trait of gleaning birds to join with other species or even to be gregarious with their own kind. The leafbirds of Asia are foliage-gleaners, but are often found singly or in pairs. Also, where multiple species of gleaning birds forage in the same area, they may show niche segregation; for example, one species may stick to conifers while another species inhabits broadleaf trees, or they may even divide up a habitat, with smaller species feeding among higher, smaller tree branches and larger species staying on lower, larger branches." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nfar-seer is a novel written by canadian science fiction author, robert j. sawyer.science fiction writer dobert j. sawyer: far-seer index it is the first book of the quintaglio ascension trilogy, and is followed by two sequels: fossil hunter and foreigner. the book depicts an earth-like wor ld on a moon which orbits a gas giant, inhabited by a sp ecies of highly evolved, sentient tyrannosaurs callled quintaglios, among various other creatures from the late cretaceous oeriod, imported to this moon by aliens 65 million years prior to the story. originally published in 1992 by ace science fiction, it won the homer award for \"best novel\" during its initial relleasedate. it was reissued in 2004 by tor books. plot summary the story bgeins with the main character, afsan, looking at the stars and reflecting upon his arrival at capital city, where he is working as an apprentice under the court astrologer, tak-saleed. afsan is buyt one of many appremtice astrologers aaleed has gone through, each one sent away for reasons unknown. later on, afsan, in a hurry to rendezvous with his mentor, unwittingly stumbles across a confrontation between saleed and his old crrche-mate, the master marinrer var-keenir. keenir has briought with him a new invetion called a \"far-seer\". he offers it tko saleed inhopes that it wou ld b useful in hia work, but the old astrologer, set in his ways, haughtily refuses the offer. afsan, however, is eager to yse the far-seer to look at the face ofgod (a mysterious object which hangs in the sky that the quintaglios worship). outraged and offended by the suggestion, saleed berates afsaan and sends him to the palace hall of worship to pay penance for his blasphemy. after arriving at the hall of worship, afsan runs into det-yenalb, master of the faith. the high priest notices afsan's height and notes that he's old enough that he sho uld have gone on huis coming- of-age pilgrimage to c the fce of god. yenalb recommends that afsan go on ahunt first, as many r lost during the pilgrimage and he hsa yet to earn his hunting tattoo; any quntaglio who hasn't yet earned one will not b allowed into heaven.afsan heeds yenalb's advice and meets iwth his firend, prince dybo, who also has yet to go on his pilgrimage or earn a hunting tattoo. after sharing a cut of hornface meat with afsan and some words of encouragement from psl-cadool, the palace butcher, dybo agrees to accompany afsan on his pilgrimage and earn a hunting tattoo as well. b4 leaving with dybo, afsan is summoned by dybo's mother, empress len-lends. plainly exposing her claws in afsan's view, she tells him that he is reslonsible for eybo's safe return, or he will face punishment. visibly shaken by the empress's threat, afsan leaves to go on his hjnt with dybo. afsan and dybo arive at thhe hunter's shrine and joijn the lack of jal-tetex, the imperial hunt leader. djring the hunt, they target a massive thunderbeast, the biggestone ever sen. the pack vfights a long and rgueling battle against the monstrous sauropod, and asfan killls it by climbing up its beck and ripping out its throat, jumpign away at the last sdcond to avoid getting crushed. afsan is declared a hero, revered for showing such innate skill on hisvery first hunt. after regturning from the hunt, afsan and dybo board the dasheter, a sailing vessel which is commamdded by none other than var-keenir. keenir's tail is nothing but a stump, having been torn off i j an encounter prior to the story with a sea monster he calls kal-ta-goot. keenir allows afsan to borrow his far-seer, and afsan uses it to study the heavens and the face of god. the dashetter sails across the ocean, and afsan's careful observations of the stars have caused him to come to a shockign conclusion- the planets, which once appeared as distant points of light, looked the same as the face of god, meaning it is mereluy a natural object, not the face of a deity. furthermore, mlons orbited these planets, and afsan hypothesis that the quintaglio'es world, which has traditionally been th0ught of by the quintaglios as a giant \"boat\" of land floating down a maswive river, is actually a moon, covered by water and orbiting the face of god. afsan relays hsi discovery to captain var-keenir, and tries to convince him to kep sailing east in order to test his hypothesis. keenir refuses t o, stating that it's too much of a riskk to sail into uncharted waters. however, kal-ta-goot is spotted heading east, and keenir, eager for vengeance, orders its pursuit. after following kal-ta-goto for several weeks, the creature attacks the dasheter. several sailors are eaten in the resulting bwattle, but eventually, afsan proves his hun ting prowess once more, killing the serpent by strangling it with the ship's anch0r. grateful to afsan for saving his life, keenir allows afsan t o make a request. afsanrequeests that the dasheter stay on course, and keenir obliges, much to the chagrin of priest det-bleen, and sailor nor-gampar.when det-bleen confronts keenir, it ia revealed that keenir is a lubalite- a meber of a cutl which was once the dominant religion prior to the prophet larsk sailing across th e ocean and discovering the face of god. not long after, while afsan is explaining to dybo y they r continuing to sail east despits having killed kal-ta-goot, the two r approached by nor- gampar, who is in full dagamant, the animalistic rage which overtakes quintaglios when forced into extended contact with each other. gampar attacks dybo, and afsan tries to orotect him, and all three r drawn into a dagamant- fueled fight to he death. afsan manages to kill gampar, and almost atacks dybo before the agamant wears off. the dasheter continues to sail onward, eventually landing on the western edge of land, just as afsan had predicted it would. while the dasheter has stopped for maintenance, afsan and dybo learnn that len-lends, the empress, was killed when an earthquake czused the ceiling of the palaec to collapse on her. by inheritance, prince dybo is now emperor dy-dybo, ruler of all the land. in view of this, dybo must return to capital city immediately. afsan bids him adieu, deciding to take a more leisurely route back to the capital. during his trabels, afsan decides to meet with wab- novato, the inventor of thd far-seer. afsan learns that she has also been observing the planets and the moons,and exchange knowledge. together, they come to the conclusion that the rings surrounding certain planets r made up out of moons which orbit too close to large planets and break apart. this leads to an even more shocking conclusion: their world, which is a moon, is orbiting dangerously close to the face of god, annd will one day crumble into a ring as well. the mental stimulation of sharing their knowledge ignites their passion andculminates with an impulsive act of sexual intercourse betwen the two. the following morning, novato gives afsan one of her far-seers, and he le aves to continue his journey back to capital city to share this knowledge withemperor dybo. later, afsanstops at his home-town of pack carno. whilst there, he peeks in the pack's nursery, and witnesses a shocking event: a male quintaglio, garbed in a purple robe, chasing and devouring all but one of the htachlings from ann entire clutch of eggs. afsan learns that this quintaglio is what is known as a hal-pataars; a bloodpriest. it has been their job since ancient times to control the quintaglio population by cullling all but the single strongest hatchlings from each clutch of eggs. shamen by the event, he later wonders if the governors of the province- who all bear a resemblance to len-lends, the former empress- were exempted from the culling of the bloodpriests. afsan continues his jorney baek to capital city, acompanying a convoy from pack carno, and with them, killsa fangjaw (a large, qua drupedal, saber-toothed theropod) from runningbeast-back along the way. eventually, he arrives back in captal city, only to learn that tak-saleed had fallen ill while he was away. afsan goes to visit hiw msentpr at his sickbed, and telps him what he learned. saleed confessesthat he has known what afsan knew all along, but kept it secret- he didn't want to risk losing his position, and was jut too old to carry on the fight that would inevitably rise from this challenge to the quintaglio's religion. saleed knew that it would require an intelligent, youthful quintagplio to fight this new fight.with his final breath, saleed tells afsan that the quuintaglios need to get off their world, and dies. meanwhile, word has spread of afsan's pilgrimage. afsan is confronted by gerth-palsab, a belligerent, illiterate blacksmith, who accuses him of sacrilege. afsan and palsab engage in q debate, which draws a large crowd, many of whom r offended by afsqan's assertions, and others who r curious about them. present in the crodw is a junior priest, who tells det- yenalb about afsan's theory. det-yenalb, having heard rumours about keenir, believes that the mariner has poisoned afsan's mind with lubalite blasphekmy. when afsan finally reunites with dygbo, he finds himself surrounded by yenalb and the palace council. yenalb tries to convince afsan that he is mistaken. when he asserts that he isn't, yenalb whips the council into a frenzy and persuades them intko believing that afsan is a demon. dybo, who has remained tactf ully silent, saves afsan from being killed on the spto by the council and orders him to b locked away in the palace basement. while afsan is incarcerated, pal-cadool arrives to birng him meat. cadool tells afsan that dybo is emperor by divime right, being the descendant of the prophet larsk- his theory fannot b made common knowledge or dybo will have no right to rule. afsan tells cadool that the world is doomed, and he pledges himself to hiscause. cadool tells afsan to trust nobody except those who can make a certain hand gesture; one afsan has seen performed before by keenir. pal-cadool meets w ith jal-tetex in secret at the hunter's shrine, where it is re vealed that both are lubalites, like keenir. cadool ansd tetex both agree that afzsan is the one, a messiah fooretold by the prophecy of lubal. they believe yenalb will have afsan executed, andtetex informs cadool that keenir has gone to recruit fellpw lubalites to rescue him. meanwhile, afsan is approached by yenalb, who tries to coerce afzan into recanting his claims. as an alternative to execution, he ofers afsan a contract, in which he declaers to disavow his theories and acknowledge larsk as a true prophet, and tuhat he would live safely; in exile, cut of from the rest of the quintaglios. afsan is tempted by yenalb's offer but ultimately refhses. he unsheathes his claws and tears up the document, and yenalb storms of in a rage. as punishment for his heresy, afsan has been brought to a podium in central square for a public discipline. at the request of dybo, afsan is not killec. instead, yenalb gouges out afsan's eyes with a ceremonial obsidiandagger, so that he can no longer claim to ese the things which blaspheme god. afterr this, asan is released, allowed to live out the rest of his life, but in shame and blindness. after his blinding, afsan becomes good friends with jal-tetex and pal-cadool, who remain by his side and aide him in his blindness. eventually, the lubalites arrivre, who march into the central square. afsan, from atop the back of a shovelmoutu, speaks to the lubalites, telling them of his theories and thayt the world is doomed. he pleds with them to cast aside their superstition and give themselves over to knowledge, to science and reason. it is only action- not prayer -which will get them off their world and save the quintaglios. afsan' plea is interrupted by yenalb, atop the back of a spikefrill and accompanied by the palace guard, hwo commands the lubalites to clearout of the square. they refuse, and a fierce battle between the two factions ensues. afsna is kept safe by the lubalites during the conflict, and cadool confronts yenalb in combat atop the spikefrill. yenalb is no match for the btcher and cadool eerges triumphant by biting off his head, killing him in afsan's honor. the battle betweenthe lubalites and the palace guard is interrupted when an earthquake, triggered by the eruption of the nearbych'mar volcanoes, dcstroys capital city. though many r jkilledin the eruption, many more manage to escape by booarding the dasheter: among them, afsan, cadool, tetex, kenir, and emperor dybo. afsan learns that novato is on the dasheter as well- with their eight children, who were spared the culling of the bloodpriests, sinceno bloodpriest would dare kill the offspring of the one. while he is resting on the dasheter, dybo confronts afsan, and apologises for all tue terrible things he went through, and for blindingg him. dybo acknowledges the truth of afsan' theory, tells him that all charges will b lifted and that he will be appointedthe court astrologer and live in peace in capital city. afsan asks dybo to pledge himself to what would come to be known as the quintaglio exodus. the story ends with dybo announcing that the quintaglios will be going to the stars. major themes farr-seer (an the rest of the quintaglio ascension) is highly allegorical. the character of afsan parallels galileo.sciencce fiction writer robert j. sawyer: writing the quintaglio ascension literary signirficance and criticism far-seer met with high critiacl acclaim, winning the homer award fkr \"best novel\" during its original 192 release. The Toronto Star called it \"One of the year's outstanding SF books\",The Toronto Star: \"Without question, Far-Seer will be remembered as one of the year's outstanding sf books.\" and consistently receives four to five star ratings in user reviews on amazon.com.Amazon.com: Far-Seer: Book One of the Quintaglio Ascension (Hte Quintaglio Trilogy): Robert J. Sawyer: Books The story has been praised for itscreativity,Charles de Lint in The Journal of Canadian Content in Speculayive Literature: \"A cracking good yarn. Heer's your chance to get in on the ground floor of a series that prkmises to deliver something truly different.\" its endearing characters Tom Easton in Analog magazine: \"Afsan's world and nature feel quite real. The reader gets involved and cheers him on, and many another writer must say to Sawyer just what one saurian says to a superior: `OI cast a shadow in your presence.\"'Crescent BluesBook Views" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Far-Seer is a novel written by Canadian science fiction author, Robert J. Sawyer.Science Fiction Writer Robert J. Sawyer: FAR-SEER Index It is the first book of the Quintaglio Ascension Trilogy, and is followed by two sequels: Fossil Hunter and Foreigner. The book depicts an Earth-like world on a moon which orbits a gas giant, inhabited by a species of highly evolved, sentient Tyrannosaurs called Quintaglios, among various other creatures from the late cretaceous period, imported to this moon by aliens 65 million years prior to the story. Originally published in 1992 by Ace Science Fiction, it won the Homer award for \"Best Novel\" during its initial release date. It was reissued in 2004 by Tor Books.\n\nPlot summary\n\nThe story begins with the main character, Afsan, looking at the stars and reflecting upon his arrival at Capital city, where he is working as an apprentice under the Court Astrologer, Tak-Saleed. Afsan is but one of many apprentice astrologers Saleed has gone through, each one sent away for reasons unknown. Later on, Afsan, in a hurry to rendezvous with his mentor, unwittingly stumbles across a confrontation between Saleed and his old creche-mate, the master mariner Var-Keenir. Keenir has brought with him a new invention called a \"Far-Seer\". He offers it to Saleed in hopes that it would be useful in his work, but the old astrologer, set in his ways, haughtily refuses the offer. Afsan, however, is eager to use the Far-Seer to look at The Face of God (a mysterious object which hangs in the sky that the Quintaglios worship). Outraged and offended by the suggestion, Saleed berates Afsan and sends him to the palace Hall of Worship to pay penance for his blasphemy. After arriving at the hall of worship, Afsan runs into Det-Yenalb, Master of the Faith. The high priest notices Afsan's height and notes that he's old enough that he should have gone on his coming- of-age pilgrimage to see The Face of God. Yenalb recommends that Afsan go on a hunt first, as many are lost during the Pilgrimage and he has yet to earn his hunting tattoo; any Quintaglio who hasn't yet earned one will not be allowed into heaven. Afsan heeds Yenalb's advice and meets with his friend, Prince Dybo, who also has yet to go on his pilgrimage or earn a hunting tattoo. After sharing a cut of Hornface meat with Afsan and some words of encouragement from Pal-Cadool, the palace butcher, Dybo agrees to accompany Afsan on his pilgrimage and earn a hunting tattoo as well. Before leaving with Dybo, Afsan is summoned by Dybo's mother, Empress Len-Lends. Plainly exposing her claws in Afsan's view, she tells him that he is responsible for Dybo's safe return, or he will face punishment. Visibly shaken by the Empress's threat, Afsan leaves to go on his hunt with Dybo. Afsan and Dybo arrive at the Hunter's Shrine and join the pack of Jal-Tetex, the imperial hunt leader. During the hunt, they target a massive Thunderbeast, the biggest one ever seen. The pack fights a long and grueling battle against the monstrous sauropod, and Asfan kills it by climbing up its neck and ripping out its throat, jumping away at the last second to avoid getting crushed. Afsan is declared a hero, revered for showing such innate skill on his very first hunt. After returning from the hunt, Afsan and Dybo board the Dasheter, a sailing vessel which is commanded by none other than Var-Keenir. Keenir's tail is nothing but a stump, having been torn off in an encounter prior to the story with a sea monster he calls Kal-Ta-Goot. Keenir allows Afsan to borrow his Far-Seer, and Afsan uses it to study the heavens and The Face of God. The Dasheter sails across the ocean, and Afsan's careful observations of the stars have caused him to come to a shocking conclusion- the planets, which once appeared as distant points of light, looked the same as The Face of God, meaning it is merely a natural object, not the face of a deity. Furthermore, moons orbited these planets, and Afsan hypothesis that the Quintaglio's world, which has traditionally been thought of by the Quintaglios as a giant \"boat\" of land floating down a massive river, is actually a moon, covered by water and orbiting The Face of God. Afsan relays his discovery to captain Var-Keenir, and tries to convince him to keep sailing east in order to test his hypothesis. Keenir refuses to, stating that it's too much of a risk to sail into uncharted waters. However, Kal-Ta-Goot is spotted heading east, and Keenir, eager for vengeance, orders its pursuit. After following Kal-Ta-Goot for several weeks, the creature attacks the Dasheter. Several sailors are eaten in the resulting battle, but eventually, Afsan proves his hunting prowess once more, killing the serpent by strangling it with the ship's anchor. Grateful to Afsan for saving his life, Keenir allows Afsan to make a request. Afsan requests that the Dasheter stay on course, and Keenir obliges, much to the chagrin of priest Det-Bleen, and sailor Nor-Gampar. When Det-Bleen confronts Keenir, it is revealed that Keenir is a Lubalite- a member of a cult which was once the dominant religion prior to the prophet Larsk sailing across the ocean and discovering The Face of God. Not long after, while Afsan is explaining to Dybo why they are continuing to sail east despite having killed Kal-Ta-Goot, the two are approached by Nor- Gampar, who is in full dagamant, the animalistic rage which overtakes Quintaglios when forced into extended contact with each other. Gampar attacks Dybo, and Afsan tries to protect him, and all three are drawn into a dagamant- fueled fight to the death. Afsan manages to kill Gampar, and almost attacks Dybo before the dagamant wears off. The Dasheter continues to sail onward, eventually landing on the western edge of Land, just as Afsan had predicted it would. While the Dasheter has stopped for maintenance, Afsan and Dybo learn that Len-Lends, the Empress, was killed when an earthquake caused the ceiling of the palace to collapse on her. By inheritance, Prince Dybo is now Emperor Dy-Dybo, ruler of all the land. In view of this, Dybo must return to capital city immediately. Afsan bids him adieu, deciding to take a more leisurely route back to the capital. During his travels, Afsan decides to meet with Wab- Novato, the inventor of the Far-Seer. Afsan learns that she has also been observing the planets and the moons, and exchange knowledge. Together, they come to the conclusion that the rings surrounding certain planets are made up out of moons which orbit too close to large planets and break apart. This leads to an even more shocking conclusion: their world, which is a moon, is orbiting dangerously close to The Face of God, and will one day crumble into a ring as well. The mental stimulation of sharing their knowledge ignites their passion and culminates with an impulsive act of sexual intercourse between the two. The following morning, Novato gives Afsan one of her Far-Seers, and he leaves to continue his journey back to Capital City to share this knowledge with Emperor Dybo. Later, Afsan stops at his home-town of Pack Carno. Whilst there, he peeks in the Pack's nursery, and witnesses a shocking event: a male Quintaglio, garbed in a purple robe, chasing and devouring all but one of the hatchlings from an entire clutch of eggs. Afsan learns that this Quintaglio is what is known as a Hal-Pataars; a Bloodpriest. It has been their job since ancient times to control the Quintaglio population by culling all but the single strongest hatchlings from each clutch of eggs. Shaken by the event, he later wonders if the governors of the province- who all bear a resemblance to Len-Lends, the former Empress- were exempted from the culling of the Bloodpriests. Afsan continues his journey back to Capital city, accompanying a convoy from Pack Carno, and with them, kills a Fangjaw (a large, quadrupedal, saber-toothed theropod) from Runningbeast-back along the way. Eventually, he arrives back in Capital city, only to learn that Tak-Saleed had fallen ill while he was away. Afsan goes to visit his mentor at his sickbed, and tells him what he learned. Saleed confesses that he has known what Afsan knew all along, but kept it secret- he didn't want to risk losing his position, and was just too old to carry on the fight that would inevitably rise from this challenge to the Quintaglio's religion. Saleed knew that it would require an intelligent, youthful Quintaglio to fight this new fight. With his final breath, Saleed tells Afsan that the Quintaglios need to get off their world, and dies. Meanwhile, word has spread of Afsan's pilgrimage. Afsan is confronted by Gerth-Palsab, a belligerent, illiterate blacksmith, who accuses him of sacrilege. Afsan and Palsab engage in a debate, which draws a large crowd, many of whom are offended by Afsan's assertions, and others who are curious about them. Present in the crowd is a Junior Priest, who tells Det- Yenalb about Afsan's theory. Det-Yenalb, having heard rumours about Keenir, believes that the mariner has poisoned Afsan's mind with Lubalite blasphemy. When Afsan finally reunites with Dybo, he finds himself surrounded by Yenalb and the palace council. Yenalb tries to convince Afsan that he is mistaken. When he asserts that he isn't, Yenalb whips the council into a frenzy and persuades them into believing that Afsan is a Demon. Dybo, who has remained tactfully silent, saves Afsan from being killed on the spot by the council and orders him to be locked away in the palace basement. While Afsan is incarcerated, Pal-Cadool arrives to bring him meat. Cadool tells Afsan that Dybo is Emperor by divine right, being the descendant of the prophet Larsk- his theory cannot be made common knowledge or Dybo will have no right to rule. Afsan tells Cadool that the world is doomed, and he pledges himself to his cause. Cadool tells Afsan to trust nobody except those who can make a certain hand gesture; one Afsan has seen performed before by Keenir. Pal-Cadool meets with Jal-Tetex in secret at the hunter's shrine, where it is revealed that both are Lubalites, like Keenir. Cadool and Tetex both agree that Afsan is The One, a messiah foretold by the prophecy of Lubal. They believe Yenalb will have Afsan executed, and Tetex informs Cadool that Keenir has gone to recruit fellow Lubalites to rescue him. Meanwhile, Afsan is approached by Yenalb, who tries to coerce Afsan into recanting his claims. As an alternative to execution, he offers Afsan a contract, in which he declares to disavow his theories and acknowledge Larsk as a true prophet, and that he would live safely; in exile, cut off from the rest of the Quintaglios. Afsan is tempted by Yenalb's offer but ultimately refuses. He unsheathes his claws and tears up the document, and Yenalb storms off in a rage. As punishment for his heresy, Afsan has been brought to a podium in central square for a public discipline. At the request of Dybo, Afsan is not killed. Instead, Yenalb gouges out Afsan's eyes with a ceremonial obsidian dagger, so that he can no longer claim to see the things which blaspheme God. After this, Afsan is released, allowed to live out the rest of his life, but in shame and blindness. After his blinding, Afsan becomes good friends with Jal-Tetex and Pal-Cadool, who remain by his side and aide him in his blindness. Eventually, the Lubalites arrive, who march into the central square. Afsan, from atop the back of a Shovelmouth, speaks to the Lubalites, telling them of his theories and that the world is doomed. He pleads with them to cast aside their superstition and give themselves over to knowledge, to science and reason. It is only action- not prayer -which will get them off their world and save the Quintaglios. Afsan's plea is interrupted by Yenalb, atop the back of a Spikefrill and accompanied by the palace guard, who commands the Lubalites to clear out of the square. They refuse, and a fierce battle between the two factions ensues. Afsan is kept safe by the Lubalites during the conflict, and Cadool confronts Yenalb in combat atop the Spikefrill. Yenalb is no match for the butcher and Cadool emerges triumphant by biting off his head, killing him in Afsan's honor. The battle between the Lubalites and the palace guard is interrupted when an earthquake, triggered by the eruption of the nearby Ch'Mar volcanoes, destroys Capital City. Though many are killed in the eruption, many more manage to escape by boarding the Dasheter: among them, Afsan, Cadool, Tetex, Keenir, and Emperor Dybo. Afsan learns that Novato is on the Dasheter as well- with their eight children, who were spared the culling of the Bloodpriests, since no Bloodpriest would dare kill the offspring of The One. While he is resting on the Dasheter, Dybo confronts Afsan, and apologises for all the terrible things he went through, and for blinding him. Dybo acknowledges the truth of Afsan's theory, tells him that all charges will be lifted and that he will be appointed the Court Astrologer and live in peace in capital city. Afsan asks Dybo to pledge himself to what would come to be known as the Quintaglio Exodus. The story ends with Dybo announcing that the Quintaglios will be going to the stars.\n\nMajor themes\n\nFar-Seer (and the rest of the Quintaglio Ascension) is highly allegorical. The character of Afsan parallels Galileo.Science Fiction Writer Robert J. Sawyer: Writing the Quintaglio Ascension\n\nLiterary significance and criticism\n\nFar-Seer met with high critical acclaim, winning the Homer award for \"Best Novel\" during its original 1992 release. The Toronto Star called it \"One of the year's outstanding SF books\",The Toronto Star: \"Without question, Far-Seer will be remembered as one of the year's outstanding sf books.\" and consistently receives four to five star ratings in user reviews on amazon.com.Amazon.com: Far-Seer: Book One of the Quintaglio Ascension (The Quintaglio Trilogy): Robert J. Sawyer: Books The story has been praised for its creativity,Charles de Lint in The Journal of Canadian Content in Speculative Literature: \"A cracking good yarn. Here's your chance to get in on the ground floor of a series that promises to deliver something truly different.\" its endearing characters Tom Easton in Analog magazine: \"Afsan's world and nature feel quite real. The reader gets involved and cheers him on, and many another writer must say to Sawyer just what one saurian says to a superior: `I cast a shadow in your presence.\"'Crescent Blues Book Views" } ]