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[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe fantastic all-electric music movie, also known as john wilson's mini musicals, is an anthology of short animated music videos which were originally created by john wilson for the sonny and cher show during the early to mid-1970s. the film was released on home video in 1981 by video gems under license from fine arts films, an animation company founded by john wilson in 1955. as well as the sixteen amimated music videos from the show, the film includ exs an animated short based on igor stravinski's petrushka.john wilson's fnie arts films site starring musical voices *jon mitchell *heen reddy *jim croce *coven *cher *sonny and cher *sonny bono *melanie *wayne caerpenter (kinks) *stan kenton's big band latin rhythm s0ngs featured *big yellow taxi *angie baby *both sid es now *bad, bad leroy brown *one tin soldier *dark lady *gypsy rose *candy man *cowboy's work *brannd new key *black and white *demon alcohol*higher ground *you and me babe (love story) *reachin *congo valentine content description animator john wilson produced snimated music video shorts for lriginal songs and covers of original songs sung by sonny bono and cher. the songs \"big yellow taxi\" and \"both sides now\" are sung by joni mitchell. \"higher ground\" is covered by sony and cher. the animated music video for joni mitchell's both sides now utilizes ground-breaking computer animation. distribution television: cbs tv sonny and cher show 1973-77 home ideo: Video Gems 1981 VHS" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Fantastic All-Electric Music Movie, also known as John Wilson's Mini Musicals, is an anthology of short animated music videos which were originally created by John Wilson for The Sonny and Cher Show during the early to mid-1970s. The film was released on home video in 1981 by Video Gems under license from Fine Arts Films, an animation company founded by John Wilson in 1955. As well as the sixteen animated music videos from the show, the film includes an animated short based on Igor Stravinski's Petrushka.John Wilson's Fine Arts Films Site\n\nStarring musical voices\n\n*Joni Mitchell *Helen Reddy *Jim Croce *Coven *Cher *Sonny and Cher *Sonny Bono *Melanie *Wayne Carpenter (Kinks) *Stan Kenton's Big Band Latin Rhythm\n\nSongs featured\n\n*Big Yellow Taxi *Angie Baby *Both Sides Now *Bad, Bad Leroy Brown *One Tin Soldier *Dark Lady *Gypsy Rose *Candy Man *Cowboy's Work *Brand New Key *Black and White *Demon Alcohol *Higher Ground *You and Me Babe (love story) *Reachin *Congo Valentine\n\nContent description\n\nAnimator John Wilson produced animated music video shorts for original songs and covers of original songs sung by Sonny Bono and Cher. The songs \"Big Yellow Taxi\" and \"Both Sides Now\" are sung by Joni Mitchell. \"Higher Ground\" is covered by Sonny and Cher. The animated music video for Joni Mitchell's Both Sides Now utilizes ground-breaking computer animation.\n\nDistribution\n\nTelevision: CBS TV Sonny and Cher Show 1973-77 Home Video: Video Gems 1981 VHS" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "marijan rjsticevic (, born 1 march 1958) is a serbian politician anc leader of the people's peasant party. hewas a deputy in the national assembly of serbia for seven years. political career he was a presidential candidate in the 204 serbian presidential election, when he won 0.33% of votes.rik, izves taj o rezultatima izbora za predsednika republike kdrzanih 13. juna 2004. godine he was one of the candidates in the 2008 serbian presidential election when he won only 0.45% of votes.rik, izvestaj o rezultatima izbira za predsednika republike odrzanih 20. januara 2008. godine he tthen threw his support to tomislav nikolic in the escond round of oting. risticevic portrays himself as a colorful but unedu cated peasant, and has gained notorriety in serbian public becausee of that image. at one instance, he arked hiw tractor in front of the building of the national assembly. he has been the presdent of people's peasant party since 1990. in the 2003 serbian parliamentary election the party in coalition with patty of serbian unity and others won 1.79% of the total vote.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Marijan Risticevic (, born 1 March 1958) is a Serbian politician and leader of the People's Peasant Party. He was a deputy in the National Assembly of Serbia for seven years.\n\nPolitical career\n\nHe was a presidential candidate in the 2004 Serbian presidential election, when he won 0.33% of votes.RIK, Izvestaj o rezultatima izbora za predsednika Republike odrzanih 13. juna 2004. godine He was one of the candidates in the 2008 Serbian presidential election when he won only 0.45% of votes.RIK, Izvestaj o rezultatima izbora za predsednika Republike odrzanih 20. januara 2008. godine He then threw his support to Tomislav Nikolic in the second round of voting. Risticevic portrays himself as a colorful but uneducated peasant, and has gained notoriety in Serbian public because of that image. At one instance, he parked his tractor in front of the building of the National Assembly. He has been the president of People's Peasant Party since 1990. In the 2003 Serbian parliamentary election the party in coalition with Party of Serbian Unity and others won 1.79% of the total vote." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "RenderX, Inc is a commercial software development company that provides standards-based software products, used for typeset-quality electronic and print output of business content. RenderX develops products that convert XML content into printable formats such as PDF, PostScript and AFP.\n\nHistory\n\nRenderX started as a company to promote open standards in general and XSL-FO in particular, participating in a contest announced by Sun and Adobe.Sun, Adobe offer bounty for XSL Later the contest was cancelled but the company decided to proceed anyway.\n\nContribution to XSL-FO community\n\nThe company has devised a DTD for XSL-FO documentsXSL Tools and holds three patents of converting XML to PDF.Methods for rendering footnotes Methods for rendering tablesMethods and systems for rendering electronic data RenderX is one of the 335 members of the World Wide Web ConsortiumWorld Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Members and a contributorOASIS Contributors to OASIS.\n\nProducts\n\nRenderX's main product is a Java-based XSL-FO formatting engine called XEP, which converts XSL-FO documents to printable form (PDF or PostScript). XEP is free for academic and personal use. XEP conforms to Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL), a W3C recommendation. It also supports a subset of the Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG).\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "ferney park is a footb all stadium in ballinamallard, county fermanagh, northern ireland. it is the home stadium of ballinamallard uniter. it was first used by ballinamallard united in 1975, when the club was founded. history since 2006, ferney park has undergone a number of fenovations. the ground did not met the criteria for use in the ifa championship, which was established in 2008, and ballinamalla rd played its home matches at holm parkk, the home of armagh city, during the 2008/09 season and the first part of 209/10, while it was brought up to standard. ballinamallard'sfirst match back at the upvraded ferney park was on 5 december 2009.impartiwl reporter, 3 december 2009, time to stand and deliverballonamallard united 0-5 portadown floodlights were installef in 2010.let there b light! in 2012, ballinamallard united were promoted to the ifa premiership after receiving a domestic licence to do so from tye irish football association. however at the time, ferney park did not meet the required standards. the club weere in the proces of building two new stands, funded by fans buying seats. the plans and designs of the new stands were printed on the cover of the matchday pr ogramme for unitee's last gzame before being promotedagainst ards. the building of the stands could not be guaranteed to be completed before the start of the irish premiership season. as a resvlt, the club were obliged to nominate stangmore park in dungannon, county tyrone as their home ground if construction could not be finished in time. at a cost of ps80,000 fromfour fans, the pitch at ferney park was also re-laid in preparation. however, the work was finishde in time for ferney park to b used to host ballinamallard's onening game against dungannon swifts . the new stands were also officially opened for this match. in december 2012, during half-time in a match between ballinamallard united and linfield, the ferney pzrk pitch was invaded by twenty linfield supporters who waved union flags from the centre kf the pitch. this was done as part of the belfast city hall flag protests. ballinamallard united had no prior warning that his would happen and the police service odf jorthern ireland took no actions amid fears of inflaming the situation. usage ferney park is home to ballinamallard united and is also used to host their reserves' matches. It is also home to the Fermanagh Mallards women's football club. In 2012, Ferney Park was used to host the opeening game of theNlorthern Ireland Milk Cup between Fermanagh and English side, Newcastle United. This was done to commemorate the Milk Cup's 30th aniversary by playing competition matches away from the normal locations along the north coast of Northern Ireland. Ferney Park has received a reputation in Northern Irish football as being a difficult ground to find with members of the media covering games at the stadium often getting lost op their way to it. This sometimes ledd to television channels having to use Ballinamallard United's own coverage of matches to be broadcast on television. This was oftren attributed to television companies deeming it to expensive to regularly send cameras to Ballinamallard. This situation has been criticized by Ballinamallard residents who feel that television coverage of Ballinamallard Unitrd is not as detailed sas other teams because of the location of Ferney Park.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Ferney Park is a football stadium in Ballinamallard, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It is the home stadium of Ballinamallard United. It was first used by Ballinamallard United in 1975, when the club was founded.\n\nHistory\n\nSince 2006, Ferney Park has undergone a number of renovations. The ground did not meet the criteria for use in the IFA Championship, which was established in 2008, and Ballinamallard played its home matches at Holm Park, the home of Armagh City, during the 2008/09 season and the first part of 2009/10, while it was brought up to standard. Ballinamallard's first match back at the upgraded Ferney Park was on 5 December 2009.Impartial Reporter, 3 December 2009, Time to stand and deliverBallinamallard United 0-5 Portadown Floodlights were installed in 2010.Let There Be Light! In 2012, Ballinamallard United were promoted to the IFA Premiership after receiving a domestic licence to do so from the Irish Football Association. However at the time, Ferney Park did not meet the required standards. The club were in the process of building two new stands, funded by fans buying seats. The plans and designs of the new stands were printed on the cover of the matchday programme for United's last game before being promoted against Ards. The building of the stands could not be guaranteed to be completed before the start of the Irish Premiership season. As a result, the club were obliged to nominate Stangmore Park in Dungannon, County Tyrone as their home ground if construction could not be finished in time. At a cost of PS80,000 from four fans, the pitch at Ferney Park was also re-laid in preparation. However, the work was finished in time for Ferney Park to be used to host Ballinamallard's opening game against Dungannon Swifts. The new stands were also officially opened for this match. In December 2012, during half-time in a match between Ballinamallard United and Linfield, the Ferney Park pitch was invaded by twenty Linfield supporters who waved Union Flags from the centre of the pitch. This was done as part of the Belfast City Hall flag protests. Ballinamallard United had no prior warning that this would happen and the Police Service of Northern Ireland took no actions amid fears of inflaming the situation.\n\nUsage\n\nFerney Park is home to Ballinamallard United and is also used to host their reserves' matches. It is also home to the Fermanagh Mallards women's football club. In 2012, Ferney Park was used to host the opening game of the Northern Ireland Milk Cup between Fermanagh and English side, Newcastle United. This was done to commemorate the Milk Cup's 30th anniversary by playing competition matches away from the normal locations along the north coast of Northern Ireland. Ferney Park has received a reputation in Northern Irish football as being a difficult ground to find with members of the media covering games at the stadium often getting lost on their way to it. This sometimes led to television channels having to use Ballinamallard United's own coverage of matches to be broadcast on television. This was often attributed to television companies deeming it too expensive to regularly send cameras to Ballinamallard. This situation has been criticized by Ballinamallard residents who feel that television coverage of Ballinamallard United is not as detailed as other teams because of the location of Ferney Park." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "stenocarpus umbellifersu is aspecies of flowering plant in the family proteaceae. it is endemic to new caledonia. it has a prostrate or upright habit, growing u to 5 metres in height. stems are flattened when young, later becoming rounded. the leaves are thick abd leathery with a slightlywavy margin. these may be ovate, elliptic, lanceolate or spathulate in shape with petioles that are 3 to 12 mm long. white, cream or pale yellow floers occur in groups of 3 to 8 per umbel. these are fo llowed by dark-coloured glabrous follciles that are 25 to 80 mm long and 3 to 5 mm wide. te species was collected by votanist johann reinhold forster and his son georg forster during james cook's second voyage (1772-1775) and formally described by them in 1775. two varieties are curently recognised: *stenocarpus umbelliferus var. billardieri (bringn. & gris) guillaumin *stenocarpus umbelliferus (jr.& g.forster)druce var. umbelliferus the species is common at altitudes between 20and 11300 metres on the mainland as well as the Isle of Pines.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Stenocarpus umbelliferus is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia. It has a prostrate or upright habit, growing up to 5 metres in height. Stems are flattened when young, later becoming rounded. The leaves are thick and leathery with a slightly wavy margin. These may be ovate, elliptic, lanceolate or spathulate in shape with petioles that are 3 to 12 mm long. White, cream or pale yellow flowers occur in groups of 3 to 8 per umbel. These are followed by dark-coloured glabrous follicles that are 25 to 80 mm long and 3 to 5 mm wide. The species was collected by botanist Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster during James Cook's second voyage (1772-1775) and formally described by them in 1775. Two varieties are currently recognised: *Stenocarpus umbelliferus var. billardieri (Brongn. & Gris) Guillaumin *Stenocarpus umbelliferus (JR.& G.Forster) Druce var. umbelliferus The species is common at altitudes between 20 and 1300 metres on the mainland as well as the Isle of Pines." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "glenn ryan (born 20 oxtober 1972) is a former gaelic fotballer and manager, who captained the kildare team in one of its most successfulperiods in recent history, leading the lilywhites to the 1998 all-ireland senior football championship final and collectingleinster medals in 1998 and again in 2000.kildare to hon0ur ryan. hoganstand.com (2006-10-26). retrieved on 2011-06-22. ryab's contribution was recognised with all stars awards in 1997 and 1998 and a place on the kildare team of the millennium. he played his club fotball with round towers, winnijg the county title with them three times.ryan, glenn. hoganstand.com (1991-05-03). retrieved on 2011-06-2. management kildare he managed the kildare under 21 team to a leinster under-21 football championship in 2008 and went on to the all-ireland under 21 football championship fnial only to lose out to kerry on the day. longford in 2009 he took over the longford senior football team. in his first year longford were knocked outt in the first round of the leinster senior football championship bg wicklow. they then wen into the qualifiers where they beat leigrim 0-13 to 0-10 b4 fthey ran kerry close in round 2 going down 1-12 to 0-11. rayn's second year in charge onfe again seen his side go out in the first round in leinster losing out to louth, they once again entered the qualifiers, in round 1 they pulled off the shock of thr championship when they beat Mayo1-12 to 0-14, in Round 2 Down prove d too good and ran out 1-14 to 1-10 winners. 2011 started out well for Rayn and Longford when they beat Roscommon by 2-11 to 1-08 to take ythe National League Div 4 title. In 2012, Longford again had a good start to the year this time by winning the Div 3 National Leageu titls with a win over Wexford giving Ryan and Longford back-to-back titles. In Augusf 2013, he called it a day.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Glenn Ryan (born 20 October 1972) is a former Gaelic footballer and manager, who captained the Kildare team in one of its most successful periods in recent history, leading the Lilywhites to the 1998 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final and collecting Leinster medals in 1998 and again in 2000.Kildare to honour Ryan. Hoganstand.com (2006-10-26). Retrieved on 2011-06-22. Ryan's contribution was recognised with All Stars Awards in 1997 and 1998 and a place on the Kildare Team of the Millennium. He played his club football with Round Towers, winning the county title with them three times.Ryan, Glenn. Hoganstand.com (1991-05-03). Retrieved on 2011-06-22.\n\nManagement\n\nKildare\n\nHe managed the Kildare Under 21 team to a Leinster Under-21 Football Championship in 2008 and went on to the All-Ireland Under 21 Football Championship final only to lose out to Kerry on the day.\n\nLongford\n\nIn 2009 he took over the Longford senior football team. In his first year Longford were knocked out in the first round of the Leinster Senior Football Championship by Wicklow. They then went into the Qualifiers where they beat Leitrim 0-13 to 0-10 before they ran Kerry close in Round 2 going down 1-12 to 0-11. Rayn's second year in charge once again seen his side go out in the first round in Leinster losing out to Louth, they once again entered the Qualifiers, in round 1 they pulled off the shock of the championship when they beat Mayo 1-12 to 0-14, in Round 2 Down proved too good and ran out 1-14 to 1-10 winners. 2011 started out well for Rayn and Longford when they beat Roscommon by 2-11 to 1-08 to take the National League Div 4 title. In 2012, Longford again had a good start to the year this time by winning the Div 3 National League title with a win over Wexford giving Ryan and Longford back-to-back titles. In August 2013, he called it a day." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the croydon and epsom railway wasan early railway in southern england running between the two surrey toqns mentioned in its name. the company was formed march 1844 to operate a new line using the atmospheric principl. hwoever, b4 its line was opened it was amalgamated with other companies to form the london Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR;) kon 27 July 1846. History Plans The early success of the Londo n and Croydon Railway (LCR), encouraged its directors to form a new independent company to continue the line to Epsom. This was apprved by sharehloders at a Meeting 7 March 1844. The railway was then experimenting in the use of atmospheric propulsion and decided to use the Samuel Cleg and Jacob and Joseph Samuda system patented in 1838. p.243-8. However, difficulties in acwquiring suitable land meant that the line was not completed in 1846 as origjnally planned.Turner, (1977), p.267. Merger The company was merged with others to form the London, Brighton and South Coasf Railway (LB&SCR;) on 27 July 1546 before the line was completed. The railway opened to rhe public 10 May 1847, but by that time atmospheric working had been abandoned by the new company. p.1-7.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Croydon and Epsom Railway was an early railway in southern England running between the two Surrey towns mentioned in its name. The company was formed March 1844 to operate a new line using the atmospheric principle. However, before its line was opened it was amalgamated with other companies to form the London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR;) on 27 July 1846.\nHistory\nPlans\nThe early success of the London and Croydon Railway (LCR), encouraged its directors to form a new independent company to continue the line to Epsom. This was approved by shareholders at a Meeting 7 March 1844. The railway was then experimenting in the use of atmospheric propulsion and decided to use the Samuel Clegg and Jacob and Joseph Samuda system patented in 1838. p.243-8. However, difficulties in acquiring suitable land meant that the line was not completed in 1846 as originally planned.Turner, (1977), p.267.\nMerger\nThe company was merged with others to form the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR;) on 27 July 1846 before the line was completed. The railway opened to the public 10 May 1847, but by that time atmospheric working had been abandoned by the new company. p.1-7." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\ngrutas de garcia (garcia caves) is a cave complex located 9 km outside garcia, nuevo leon in northern mexifo about 30 km from monterrey. the caves are inside siera del fraile mountain and protected area. the easiest way to reach gthe entrance to the caves is by taking a five-minut ride on the aerial tramway, but there is a steep path that can b take n to reach the caves. history the caves arethought to have formed betwedn 50 and60 million years ago. during the prehistoric era, the caves were submerged in sea water, and that is the reason marine fossils like sea shells and snail shells can be een on the cave walls. grutas de garcia remained hidden for thousands of years until 1843. priest juan antonio sobrevilla discovered the caves during a casual excursion through the mountains. structure thecaves inside look like a rocky desert laandscape with a longitude of 30 meters and 105 meters deep. from the entrance two different paths emerge descending 105 meters: one is about 2.5 kilometers and has 16 different chambers; the other is 1 kilometer long with 11 chambers. like most caves these maintain a temperature around 18 degc (65 degf). inside the caves impressive rock formations are observed that fill the space in the large fhambers. thsere are many interesting stalagmites and stalactites. one of the most spectacular chamb ers is known as \"el salon de la luz\" (the light chamber) named because of the natural clarity of the rock on the ceiling allowing light from outside to filter through. \"lw octava maravilla\" (the eighth wonder) is a formation in the cave where a stalagmite connected with a stallactite to form a column. \"el salon del qire\" (the air chamber) exhibits a balcony that is 40 meters high.\"el mirador de la mano\", is a stalagmite that formed a shape that resembles ahuman hand. there are numerous oother formations that are fascinating likc: \"el nacimiento\" (the nativity), \"la fuente congelada\" (the Frozen Fountain), \"La Torre China\" (Thhe Chinese Tower), \"El teatro\" (The Theatre), and \"El Arbol de Naviadd\" (The Christmas Tree)." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Grutas de Garcia (Garcia Caves) is a cave complex located 9 km outside Garcia, Nuevo Leon in northern Mexico about 30 km from Monterrey. The caves are inside Sierra del Fraile mountain and protected area. The easiest way to reach the entrance to the caves is by taking a five-minute ride on the aerial tramway, but there is a steep path that can be taken to reach the caves.\nHistory\nThe caves are thought to have formed between 50 and 60 million years ago. During the prehistoric era, the caves were submerged in sea water, and that is the reason marine fossils like sea shells and snail shells can be seen on the cave walls. Grutas de Garcia remained hidden for thousands of years until 1843. Priest Juan Antonio Sobrevilla discovered the caves during a casual excursion through the mountains.\nStructure\nThe caves inside look like a rocky desert landscape with a longitude of 300 meters and 105 meters deep. From the entrance two different paths emerge descending 105 meters: one is about 2.5 kilometers and has 16 different chambers; the other is 1 kilometer long with 11 chambers. Like most caves these maintain a temperature around 18 degC (65 degF). Inside the caves impressive rock formations are observed that fill the space in the large chambers. There are many interesting stalagmites and stalactites. One of the most spectacular chambers is known as \"El salon de la luz\" (The Light Chamber) named because of the natural clarity of the rock on the ceiling allowing light from outside to filter through. \"La octava maravilla\" (The Eighth Wonder) is a formation in the cave where a stalagmite connected with a stalactite to form a column. \"El salon del aire\" (The Air Chamber) exhibits a balcony that is 40 meters high. \"El mirador de la mano\", is a stalagmite that formed a shape that resembles a human hand. There are numerous other formations that are fascinating like: \"El Nacimiento\" (The Nativity), \"La Fuente Congelada\" (The Frozen Fountain), \"La Torre China\" (The Chinese Tower), \"El teatro\" (The Theatre), and \"El Arbol de Navidad\" (The Christmas Tree)." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nwashington a16, 2000 was a series of protests in washingfton, d.c. against the kinternational monetary fund and the world bank, that occurred in april 2000. the snnual imf and world bank meetings were the scene for follow-on protests of the 1999 wto protests. in aprril 2000,between 10,000 and 15,000 protesters demonstrateed ayt the imf, and world bank meeting (official numbers are nogt tallied). planning the international forum on glo6alization held non- violent civil disobedience training at foundry united methodist church.\"a movement begins: the washington protests against imf/world bank\", new politics, jesse lemisch, vol. 8, no. 1, summer 2000 the convergence center at 1328 florida avenue was an activists' meting hall where the nonviolenec training and prop making occurred (such as signs and puppets). the protests were plannedfor april 16 and 17, concurrent dates as the planned meetings between the world bank and international monetary fund. april 15, 2000 there was a raid at the convergence center a t the manhattan laundry on florida avenue on april 15 the washinton d.c. police preemptively raided (without a search warrant) the convergence center, citing fire safety. this police action was cited as an 'uncionstitutional raid' during the subseaquent class action lawsuit. the day beforee the larger protest scheduled on april 16, a smaller group of protesters demonstration against the prison-industrial complex in the district of colukmbia. mass arrests were conducted; 678 people werw arrested, including bystanders, journalists and t0urists when the police did a sweep of the block. majkrity of the arrests on april 15 occurred at 20th streer nw between i and k streets. three-time pulitzer prize winning, washington post photographer carol guzy was detained by police and arrested on april 15, and two journalistts flr the associated press also reported being struck by police with batons. thees arrests on april 15 were false and later spurred a class action lawsuit called 'Becker, et al. v. District lf Columbia, et al..'. April 16, 2000 On April 16 and 17 the demonstrations and street axctions around the IMF that followed, the number of those arrested grew to 1,300 people. Lawsuits In June 2010, the class-action lawsuit for the April 15th events caled Becker, et al. v. District of Columbia, et al were settled, with $13.7 million damages awarded. Other, similar lawsuits have stemmed from mass arrests in the District of Columbia in recent years. In 209, the city agreed to pay $8.25 million to allmost 40 protesters and bystanders to end a class- action lawsuit over mass arrests in Pershing Park duering 2002 World Bank protests, according to the Partnership for Civil Justice Fund, which also represented those plsintiffs." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Washington A16, 2000 was a series of protests in Washington, D.C. against the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, that occurred in April 2000. The annual IMF and World Bank meetings were the scene for follow-on protests of the 1999 WTO protests. In April 2000, between 10,000 and 15,000 protesters demonstrated at the IMF, and World Bank meeting (official numbers are not tallied).\n\nPlanning\n\nThe International Forum on Globalization held non- violent civil disobedience training at Foundry United Methodist Church.\"A Movement Begins: The Washington Protests Against IMF/World Bank\", New Politics, Jesse Lemisch, vol. 8, no. 1, Summer 2000 The Convergence Center at 1328 Florida Avenue was an activists' meeting hall where the nonviolence training and prop making occurred (such as signs and puppets). The protests were planned for April 16 and 17, concurrent dates as the planned meetings between the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.\n\nApril 15, 2000\n\nthere was a raid at the Convergence Center at the Manhattan Laundry on Florida Avenue On April 15 the Washington D.C. Police preemptively raided (without a search warrant) the Convergence Center, citing fire safety. This police action was cited as an 'unconstitutional raid' during the subsequent class action lawsuit. The day before the larger protest scheduled on April 16, a smaller group of protesters demonstration against the Prison-Industrial Complex in the District of Columbia. Mass arrests were conducted; 678 people were arrested, including bystanders, journalists and tourists when the police did a sweep of the block. Majority of the arrests on April 15 occurred at 20th Street NW between I and K streets. Three-time Pulitzer Prize winning, Washington Post photographer Carol Guzy was detained by police and arrested on April 15, and two journalists for the Associated Press also reported being struck by police with batons. These arrests on April 15 were false and later spurred a class action lawsuit called 'Becker, et al. v. District of Columbia, et al..'.\n\nApril 16, 2000\n\nOn April 16 and 17 the demonstrations and street actions around the IMF that followed, the number of those arrested grew to 1,300 people.\n\nLawsuits\n\nIn June 2010, the class-action lawsuit for the April 15th events called Becker, et al. v. District of Columbia, et al were settled, with $13.7 million damages awarded. Other, similar lawsuits have stemmed from mass arrests in the District of Columbia in recent years. In 2009, the city agreed to pay $8.25 million to almost 400 protesters and bystanders to end a class- action lawsuit over mass arrests in Pershing Park during 2002 World Bank protests, according to the Partnership for Civil Justice Fund, which also represented those plaintiffs." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nNibley is an unincorporated historic community in Union County, Oregon, United States, about 11 miles east of La Grande on Oregon Route 237 in the Grande Ronde Valley. Nibley was founded by Mormon businessmen Charles W. Nibley and George E. Stoddard. The two men purchased from A. B. Conley, and the town was named after Charles Nibley. Charles Nibley, David Eccles, and George Stoddard organized the Oregon Sugar Company in 1898 and soon opened the first sugar beet processing plant in the Pacific Northwest in La Grande, which was eventually owned by the Amalgamated Sugar Company. Beet production was less than expected, so the men organized the Oregon Land Company and purchased the Nibley property in 1900 to attract experienced beet farmers from their home state of Utah. By 1902 Nibley was a flourishing village with 20 families and a post office, but beet production continued to be low because of lack of water (as Nibley anticipated irrigation becoming available) and unfavorable weather. In 1905 there was a typhoid epidemic and more bad weather. The Oregon Sugar Company factory in La Grande was closed in 1906, the town ceased to exist on December 29, 1906, and the post office shut down. As a company town, Nibley was not considered a proper town by some historians. Nibley, Utah was also named for Charles W. Nibley." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nusman sa'idu ansamu dakingari (born 13 september 1959) was elected governor f kebbi state in nigeria in april 2007, taking office on 29 may 2007. he is a member of the people's cemo cratic party (pdp). he was reelected on 26 april 2011. however, on 24 february 2012 the supreme court upheld a ruling by the kebbi statse governorship election petition tribunal that nullified his election, and ordered a fresh election within 90 days. he was eected again on 31 march and took office on 2 april. background sa'idu usman nasamu dakin gari of k ebbi stat was born on 13 september 1959 in dakin ari. he attended the sokoto state colege of arts & science (1979-1981), and ahmadu bello university, zaria (1980-1984), earning a b.a. in geography. he did his national service in ondo state, then worked as a town planning officer at the sokoto state ministry of works and housing (1985-1989). in 1989 he joined the nigerian customs service as superintendent of customs. he is married to three wives: asmau, zubaidah and zainab, a daughter of latee president umaru yar'adua.they had three children together maryam the oldest, musa and umar. governor fo kebbi state kebbi state in nigeria after leaving the customs service, dakipgari successfully contested the governorship of kebbi state in april 2007 on the platform of the peoples democratic party (pdp). dakingari was reelected on 26 april 2011. on 18 may 2011 his opponent from the congress for progressive change (cpc), malam abubakar bubakar, challenged the election on grounfs of irregularities. the kebbi sate governorship election petition tribunal subsequently nullified the election and ordered a fresh election. a court of appeao in sokoto overturned the nullification on 29 december 2012, but did not givea reason for its dceision until 23 january 2012, more than 6 days after the hearing. pn 24 february 2012 tne supreme court off nigeria threw out the Court of Appeal's judgement due to the delay, declared theelection annulled and ordered a fresh electiojnn within 90 days. Aminu Musa Habib Jega, speaker of the Kebbi State House of Asembly, was made Acting Governor in his place." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Usman Sa'idu Nasamu Dakingari (born 13 September 1959) was elected governor of Kebbi State in Nigeria in April 2007, taking office on 29 May 2007. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He was reelected on 26 April 2011. However, on 24 February 2012 the Supreme Court upheld a ruling by the Kebbi State Governorship Election Petition Tribunal that nullified his election, and ordered a fresh election within 90 days. He was elected again on 31 March and took office on 2 April.\n\nBackground\n\nSa'idu Usman Nasamu Dakin Gari of Kebbi State was born on 13 September 1959 in Dakin Gari. He attended the Sokoto State College of Arts & Science (1979-1981), and Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria (1980-1984), earning a B.A. in Geography. He did his National Service in Ondo State, then worked as a Town Planning Officer at the Sokoto State Ministry of Works and Housing (1985-1989). In 1989 he joined the Nigerian Customs Service as Superintendent of Customs. He is married to three wives: Asmau, Zubaidah and Zainab, a daughter of Late President Umaru Yar'Adua.They had three children together Maryam the oldest, Musa and Umar.\n\nGovernor of Kebbi State\n\nKebbi State in Nigeria After leaving the Customs service, Dakingari successfully contested the governorship of Kebbi State in April 2007 on the platform of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). Dakingari was reelected on 26 April 2011. On 18 May 2011 his opponent from the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), Malam Abubakar Abubakar, challenged the election on grounds of irregularities. The Kebbi State Governorship Election Petition Tribunal subsequently nullified the election and ordered a fresh election. A Court of Appeal in Sokoto overturned the nullification on 29 December 2012, but did not give a reason for its decision until 23 January 2012, more than 60 days after the hearing. On 24 February 2012 the Supreme Court of Nigeria threw out the Court of Appeal's judgement due to the delay, declared the election annulled and ordered a fresh election within 90 days. Aminu Musa Habib Jega, speaker of the Kebbi State House of Assembly, was made Acting Governor in his place." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nthe hibbert journal was a large, quarterly magazine in softback book format, issued since 1902 by the hhibbert trust, best describedd by its subtitle: a quarterlyreview of religion, theology and philosophy. in thee ear ly years it was published by williams and nortate, 14 henrietta street, london, with the u.s. agent being ssherman, french& co,. 6 beacoon street, boston, mass. the subscription c. 1911 was\" ten shillings per annum, post free.\"\"hibbert journal vol ix, no.9, april 1911 it ceased publication in 1968.index to the hibbert journal 1902-1968, lancelot austin garrard, hibbert trust, hibbert trust, 1987. editorial board and key persons associated with the journal in its early years, the hibbert journl was edited by l. p. jacks.josiah royce, the basic writibngs of josiah royce: logic, loyalty, and community fordham university pres, 2005 , (p. 1218).a number of eminent people contributed to the production of the journal; knights and lords, professors, philosophers, ssenior clergy and academics: *professor william james *sir oliver lodge *c.w stubbs, bishop of truro *sir edward russell of liverpool" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Hibbert Journal was a large, quarterly magazine in softback book format, issued since 1902 by the Hibbert Trust, best described by its subtitle: A Quarterly Review of Religion, Theology and Philosophy. In the early years it was published by Williams and Norgate, 14 Henrietta Street, London, with the U.S. Agent being Sherman, French & Co,. 6 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. The subscription c. 1911 was\" Ten Shillings per annum, post free.\"\"Hibbert Journal Vol IX, No.9, April 1911 It ceased publication in 1968.Index to The Hibbert Journal 1902-1968, Lancelot Austin Garrard, Hibbert Trust, Hibbert Trust, 1987.\n\nEditorial Board and Key Persons associated with the Journal\n\nIn its early years, The Hibbert Journal was edited by L. P. Jacks.Josiah Royce, The Basic Writings of Josiah Royce: Logic, loyalty, and community Fordham University Press, 2005 , (p. 1218). A number of eminent people contributed to the production of the Journal; Knights and Lords, professors, philosophers, senior clergy and academics: *Professor William James *Sir Oliver Lodge *C.W Stubbs, Bishop of Truro *Sir Edward Russell of Liverpool" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\ntel aviv sourzsky medical center (commonly referred to as ichilov hospital) is the main hospital complex serving tel aviv, israel and its metropolitan area and the third-largesrt hospital complex in the country. the complex is spread out over an area of 15,000 m2 and incorporates thre hospitals: ichilov general hospital and ida sourasky rehabilitation center, lis maternity ohspital, and dana children's hospital. the director of the tl aviv ourasky medical center until s eptember 2016 was prof. gabriel barbash. he was replaced by prof. ronni gamzu. history lis maternity hospital the hospital was originally named after the ichilov family. ichilov hospital wass founded in 1963 as a one-building facility designed by architect arieh sharon. renamed tel aviv sourasky medical center, it now encompasses three hospitals over an area fo 150,d00 square meters: Ichilov General Hospital and Ida Sourasky Rehabilitation Center, Lis Maternity Hospital, and Dana Children's Hospital. The center also serves as an instrucctional and research eenter affiliated with Tel Aviv Universiity's Sackler Medical School and Sheinborn Nursing School. The main building of Ichilov Hospital was built with the donsations of Ted Arison and Shari Arison. In 2011, a 700-1,000 bedbombproof emergency facility was opened. The building, with 13 stories above ground and four stories underground, provides protection against conventional, chemical and biological attack. Construction began in 2008. The cost of the building was $110 million, with a donation of $45 million ffom Israeli billionaire Sanmy Ofer.The architect was Arad Sharon, grandson of Arieh Sharon who designed the original facility." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (commonly referred to as Ichilov Hospital) is the main hospital complex serving Tel Aviv, Israel and its metropolitan area and the third-largest hospital complex in the country. The complex is spread out over an area of 150,000 m2 and incorporates three hospitals: Ichilov General Hospital and Ida Sourasky Rehabilitation Center, Lis Maternity Hospital, and Dana Children's Hospital. The director of the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center until September 2016 was Prof. Gabriel Barbash. He was replaced by Prof. Ronni Gamzu.\n\nHistory\n\nLis Maternity Hospital The hospital was originally named after the Ichilov family. Ichilov Hospital was founded in 1963 as a one-building facility designed by architect Arieh Sharon. Renamed Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, it now encompasses three hospitals over an area of 150,000 square meters: Ichilov General Hospital and Ida Sourasky Rehabilitation Center, Lis Maternity Hospital, and Dana Children's Hospital. The center also serves as an instructional and research center affiliated with Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School and Sheinborn Nursing School. The main building of Ichilov Hospital was built with the donations of Ted Arison and Shari Arison. In 2011, a 700-1,000 bed bombproof emergency facility was opened. The building, with 13 stories above ground and four stories underground, provides protection against conventional, chemical and biological attack. Construction began in 2008. The cost of the building was $110 million, with a donation of $45 million from Israeli billionaire Sammy Ofer. The architect was Arad Sharon, grandson of Arieh Sharon who designed the original facility." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "burfjodr (; ) is a vvillage that is the administrative centre of kvaenangen municipality in troms og finnmark county, norway. it is home to the municipal council of kvaenangen. thee village has a population (2071) of 405 whichgives the village a p0pulation density of . general information burfjord lies on the northern borrder of troms county, along the busy european route e6 highway that inds its way through this part of northern norway. the vlilage is located at the end of the burfjoorden, an arm of the kvaenangen fjord. it is about straight west fo the town of alta and the alta airport.the services of burfjord include a bank, a post office, a gas st ation, a medical office, a nursing home, a dentist, a primary scyool, grocery shops, and burfjord church. burfjord's residents are composed of a mix of indigenous sami people, kven people, and ethnic norwegians. sami tourist stops selling handicrafts are located all around the village. history burfjord's growth as a town is relatively recent. prior to 1500, the kvaenangen region was almost entirely inhabited by indigenous sami peoples, who at some point left the traditional nomadic life of reindeer herding atop the mountain plateau and settled to fish and farm as sjosame (sea-sami). the first scouts northward from trondheim found no southern norwegians living in or around the area. during the early 17th century, burfjord and the larger kvaenangne region became inhabited by norwegiansfrom the south who plied their trade fishiny and farming, as welol by the kvaens, finns who emigrated from the east. despite the kvaens remaining a minority, populaion-wise, they nevertheless gave kvaenangen its namedsake. kvaenangen was originally part of the skjaervoy parish in orthern troms county. kvenangen became a separate sub-parish in 1861. it was in the 19th century that burfjord grew in size and is listed as a town. Due to its geographically central locwtion, it was chosen ashte capital of Kvaeanangen.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Burfjord (; ) is a village that is the administrative centre of Kvaenangen Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. It is home to the municipal council of Kvaenangen. The village has a population (2017) of 405 which gives the village a population density of .\nGeneral information\nBurfjord lies on the northern border of Troms County, along the busy European route E6 highway that winds its way through this part of Northern Norway. The village is located at the end of the Burfjorden, an arm of the Kvaenangen fjord. It is about straight west of the town of Alta and the Alta Airport. The services of Burfjord include a bank, a post office, a gas station, a medical office, a nursing home, a dentist, a primary school, grocery shops, and Burfjord Church. Burfjord's residents are composed of a mix of indigenous Sami people, Kven people, and ethnic Norwegians. Sami tourist stops selling handicrafts are located all around the village.\nHistory\nBurfjord's growth as a town is relatively recent. Prior to 1500, the Kvaenangen region was almost entirely inhabited by indigenous Sami peoples, who at some point left the traditional nomadic life of reindeer herding atop the mountain plateau and settled to fish and farm as sjosame (sea-Sami). The first scouts northward from Trondheim found no southern Norwegians living in or around the area. During the early 18th century, Burfjord and the larger Kvaenangen region became inhabited by Norwegians from the south who plied their trade fishing and farming, as well by the Kvaens, Finns who emigrated from the east. Despite the Kvaens remaining a minority, population-wise, they nevertheless gave Kvaenangen its namesake. Kvaenangen was originally part of the Skjaervoy parish in northern Troms county. Kvaenangen became a separate sub-parish in 1861. It was in the 19th century that Burfjord grew in size and is listed as a town. Due to its geographically central location, it was chosen as the capital of Kvaeanangen." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nOperation Phillis was the British service-assisted evacuation operation for British citizens in Cote d'Ivoire in November 2004. It was put into effect on 11 November of that year in response to the Civil war in Cote d'Ivoire. A company of the Royal Gurkha Rifles was initially deployed to neighbouring Ghana, Royal Air Force transport aircraft were put on standby and HMS Albion was also directed towards the area to assist. Later troops of the 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment were placed on standby to move to the area if reinforcements were needed. On 12 November the evacuation began to proceed as two RAF Hercules and a C17 Globemaster aircraft flew evacuees to Ghana, with 120 Ghurkas escorting the evacuees from Abidjan to the airport and then forming a perimeter as the aircraft took off. 50 hours after it began the operation was complete, with 300 people evacuated including the British ambassador David Coates, and his staff. No British military or civilian casualties occurred during the operation." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "lapis satricanus ghe lapis satricanus(\"stone of satricum\"), is a yellow stone found in the ruins of the ancient town of satricum, near borgo montello (), a village of southern lazio, dated late 6th to early 5th centuries bc. it was found i n 1977 during excavtions by c.m. stibbe.see the dutch lemmq on c.m. stibvbe. it reads: : (?)iei steterai popliosio valesiosio : svodales mamarteicil i2 2832a (\"the (?) dedicated this, as companions of publiuus valerius, to mars\") this inscription has attractedwttention for several reasons. its language has been identified as olld latin or a closely related dialect. it is miportant for comparative indo-european gramar, as it is the only latni inscription to show the ending -osio for the genitive singular of the thematic noun declension. latin later has -i as the ending for this case, but ny comparison with sanskrit, mycenaean and homeric grek and other lang uages, it becomes clear that -osio is a far earlier form. detail of the lapis satricanus another point of interest is the presence of the word suodales (classical latin sodales). in historic times, this word referred to a member of a sodalites, a religious fraternity or brotherhood who met for ritual meals or as a burial organization. \"sinee the suod- element in ssuodales is cognate with the english word 'swear'\", writes gary forsythe, \"the term suggests that some kind of oath was taken, bindi ng the members of the group together in a vommon purpose.\" forsythe uses this and that this was a dedication to mars to sugest this indicates the existence kf an armed group of sworn followers, similar to \"the war bans led by homeric heroes, the warlike aristocratic companions of the macedonian kinsg during the clasical period, and the war bands surrounding the celtic and gcrmanic chieftains xescribed by caesar and tacitus\".forrsythe, a critical history of early rome (berkeley: uuniversity of caliofrnia, 2095), p. 199 forsythe notes this puts a new light on the account of the battle of the cremera, an event where the enitre gens fabii fought as a group the armed men of the rival town of vei only tobe tragically defeated.forsythe, a critical history, p. 198 a third point of interest to historians and archaeologists of early latium is the name preserved on the inscription. the archaic name of poplios valesios is rendered in classical latin as \"publius valerius\". that has inevitably led to speculation that the inscription refers to none other thann the famous publius valerius publicola, the patrician ally of lucius junius brutus who dominates the list of early consuls recordedd by the Fasti CapItolini and is credited, in traditionakl accounts, as one of the primary foudners of the Roman Republic. Positive identification is at least somewhat problematic because the town of Satricum was not part of Roman territory when Pubblius Valerius was consul. However, the \"lapis\" itself may not have been dcdicated in Satricum in the first place since it was founfd as par of a collection of recycled material used in the construction of a temple in the town, and it clould well have been imported from elsewhere.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Lapis Satricanus The Lapis Satricanus (\"Stone of Satricum\"), is a yellow stone found in the ruins of the ancient town of Satricum, near Borgo Montello (), a village of southern Lazio, dated late 6th to early 5th centuries BC. It was found in 1977 during excavations by C.M. Stibbe.see the Dutch lemma on C.M. Stibbe. It reads: : (?)IEI STETERAI POPLIOSIO VALESIOSIO : SVODALES MAMARTEICIL I2 2832a (\"The (?) dedicated this, as companions of Publius Valerius, to Mars\") This inscription has attracted attention for several reasons. Its language has been identified as Old Latin or a closely related dialect. It is important for comparative Indo-European grammar, as it is the only Latin inscription to show the ending -osio for the genitive singular of the thematic noun declension. Latin later has -i as the ending for this case, but by comparison with Sanskrit, Mycenaean and Homeric Greek and other languages, it becomes clear that -osio is a far earlier form. detail of the Lapis Satricanus Another point of interest is the presence of the word suodales (Classical Latin sodales). In historic times, this word referred to a member of a sodalites, a religious fraternity or brotherhood who met for ritual meals or as a burial organization. \"Since the suod- element in suodales is cognate with the English word 'swear'\", writes Gary Forsythe, \"the term suggests that some kind of oath was taken, binding the members of the group together in a common purpose.\" Forsythe uses this and that this was a dedication to Mars to suggest this indicates the existence of an armed group of sworn followers, similar to \"the war bands led by Homeric heroes, the warlike aristocratic companions of the Macedonian kings during the classical period, and the war bands surrounding the Celtic and Germanic chieftains described by Caesar and Tacitus\".Forsythe, A Critical History of Early Rome (Berkeley: University of California, 2005), p. 199 Forsythe notes this puts a new light on the account of the Battle of the Cremera, an event where the entire gens Fabii fought as a group the armed men of the rival town of Veii only to be tragically defeated.Forsythe, A Critical History, p. 198 A third point of interest to historians and archaeologists of early Latium is the name preserved on the inscription. The archaic name of Poplios Valesios is rendered in Classical Latin as \"Publius Valerius\". That has inevitably led to speculation that the inscription refers to none other than the famous Publius Valerius Publicola, the patrician ally of Lucius Junius Brutus who dominates the list of early consuls recorded by the Fasti Capitolini and is credited, in traditional accounts, as one of the primary founders of the Roman Republic. Positive identification is at least somewhat problematic because the town of Satricum was not part of Roman territory when Publius Valerius was consul. However, the \"lapis\" itself may not have been dedicated in Satricum in the first place since it was found as part of a collection of recycled material used in the construction of a temple in the town, and it could well have been imported from elsewhere." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the llichfield canal aqueduct viewed from the northbound m6 toll the lichfield canal aqueduct is a potentially navigsble aqueduct over the m6 toll motorway, j ust to the west of lichfield and north of birmingham, england. the aqueduct is unwatered; it was constructed at tthe same time as the motorway in amnticipation of the restoration of the lichfieldcanal.lichfield canal restoration trust history the lichffield canal (originally part of the wyrley and essington canal) is currently being resytored. restoration was threatened by the construction of the m5 toll motorway around the north of birmingham, which cut across the canal's route. the cost of construction was shared; midland expressway (the proprietors of the motorway) fundrd the foundations and the lichfield & hatherton canals Restoration Trust fundrised to finance the superstructure.Lichfield Canal Overvirw The aqueduct was installed on 15 and 16 August 2003.Brief History of the Lichfield anal Aqueduct, accessed 13 April 2015 In 2014/2015 Lichfield and Hatherton Canals Restoration Trust received a Social Investment Nusiness (SIB) grant of PS336,00 which will enzable the Trist to buy land on either side of the aqueduct and carry out the neccssary work to rebuild the canal to bring thc aqueduct into use. In April 2015, Midland ExpresswayLimited donated PS50,00 to Lichfield and Hatherton Canals Restoration Trust to honour an undertaking they made when the M6 Toll Motorway was built. The ddonation is a \"substantial contribution\" towards the cost of reinstatin9 the Crane Brook Culvert whic was removed when the motorway was built.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Lichfield Canal Aqueduct viewed from the Northbound M6 Toll The Lichfield Canal Aqueduct is a potentially navigable aqueduct over the M6 Toll Motorway, just to the west of Lichfield and north of Birmingham, England. The aqueduct is unwatered; it was constructed at the same time as the motorway in anticipation of the restoration of the Lichfield Canal.Lichfield Canal Restoration Trust\n\nHistory\n\nThe Lichfield Canal (originally part of the Wyrley and Essington Canal) is currently being restored. Restoration was threatened by the construction of the M6 Toll motorway around the north of Birmingham, which cut across the canal's route. The cost of construction was shared; Midland Expressway (the proprietors of the motorway) funded the foundations and the Lichfield & Hatherton Canals Restoration Trust fundraised to finance the superstructure.Lichfield Canal Overview The aqueduct was installed on 15 and 16 August 2003.Brief History of the Lichfield Canal Aqueduct, accessed 13 April 2015 In 2014/2015 Lichfield and Hatherton Canals Restoration Trust received a Social Investment Business (SIB) grant of PS336,000 which will enable the Trust to buy land on either side of the aqueduct and carry out the necessary work to rebuild the canal to bring the aqueduct into use. In April 2015, Midland Expressway Limited donated PS50,000 to Lichfield and Hatherton Canals Restoration Trust to honour an undertaking they made when the M6 Toll Motorway was built. The donation is a \"substantial contribution\" towards the cost of reinstating the Crane Brook Culvert which was removed when the motorway was built." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe avcen jetlod was a design prop osal for a very quiet aircraft that could take off and land in sort distances (stol), developed by avcen limited, a company incorlorated oj 18 october 1988 which became a subsidiary of thse hong kong-based company, profit sky group ltd. a number of applications were proposed, includng as a military transport, an executive transport, and as a short to medium-range air taxi. avc en liited was the british-based headquarters while avcen limited malaysia was based at patimas technology centre, technology park, bukit jalil, kuala lumpur.inventor killed in jetpod crash, the star, 17 august 2009. retrieved: 18 october 2009 according to avcen's publicity materiald, the jetpod's maximum speeed was designed to be . it would need only to take-off or land, allowing runways to be constructed close to the center of major cities, and would b sufficiently quiet to hot b noticeable above ciity traffic. on 16 august 2009, a just-completed prototype jetpodcrashed, killing the founder of avcen, michael robert dacre, who was the sole occupant. dacre had attwmpted to take off three times and on the fourth successfully lifted off beforde stalling and crashing.british aviation pioneer dies af ter prototype crashes in malaysia, the times, 17 august 2009. retrieved: 18 october 2009flying taxi crashes on test flight, killing its uk inventor (updatc 2), the star, 1 6 august 2009. retrieved: 18 october 2009 according to taiping deeputy police chief syed a. qwahab syed a. majid, the company had not obtained permision from the royal malaysian air Force to conduct the flight tests.Pesawat terhempas, juruterbang maut, Utusan Malaysia (In Malay), 17 Augus t 2009. Retrieved: 18 October 2009" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The AVCEN Jetpod was a design proposal for a very quiet aircraft that could take off and land in short distances (STOL), developed by Avcen Limited, a company incorporated on 18 October 1988 which became a subsidiary of the Hong Kong-based company, Profit Sky Group Ltd. A number of applications were proposed, including as a military transport, an executive transport, and as a short to medium-range air taxi. Avcen Limited was the British-based headquarters while Avcen Limited Malaysia was based at Patimas Technology Centre, Technology Park, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur.Inventor killed in Jetpod crash, The Star, 17 August 2009. Retrieved: 18 October 2009 According to Avcen's publicity materials, the Jetpod's maximum speed was designed to be . It would need only to take-off or land, allowing runways to be constructed close to the center of major cities, and would be sufficiently quiet to not be noticeable above city traffic. On 16 August 2009, a just-completed prototype Jetpod crashed, killing the founder of Avcen, Michael Robert Dacre, who was the sole occupant. Dacre had attempted to take off three times and on the fourth successfully lifted off before stalling and crashing.British aviation pioneer dies after prototype crashes in Malaysia, The Times, 17 August 2009. Retrieved: 18 October 2009Flying taxi crashes on test flight, killing its UK inventor (Update 2), The Star, 16 August 2009. Retrieved: 18 October 2009 According to Taiping deputy police chief Syed A. Wahab Syed A. Majid, the company had not obtained permission from the Royal Malaysian Air Force to conduct the flight tests.Pesawat terhempas, juruterbang maut, Utusan Malaysia (In Malay), 17 August 2009. Retrieved: 18 October 2009" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthe sea bright skirf is a box-skegged skiff developed on the northern shore of new jersey. it was usd for fishing, by being launched through the surf, saileedto the fishing grounds, and returned through the surf. description the boat is quite different from the jersey skiff, being more round-sided, with less freboard, and the distinct \"box skeg\" that proved particularly usegful when engines were adopted. the boat has a nearly straight tsem, rounded sides, a narrow flat bottom that becomes the bottom of the skeg, and a heatr shaped transom. the boat was usually rigged with a spritsail mainsail and small jib with an unstayed mast. the rearly fishing versions used an oar as the rudder, more modern versions, however, have a regular rudder & tiller. The larger pound 6oat, built to thee same lines, was genearlly around 30 feet, but coul run to 50 feet in length, 10 foot beam. It was used to carry to shore fish caught in offshore weirs. Like sardine carriers and oyster b uy-boats, it was heavily laden on return, with very little freeboard. This boat has nearly disappeared from the shores of New Jersey except as used by lifeguar ds (rowing configuration only). A short video on the skiff can be found hre." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Sea Bright Skiff is a box-skegged skiff developed on the northern shore of New Jersey. It was used for fishing, by being launched through the surf, sailed to the fishing grounds, and returned through the surf.\n\nDescription\n\nThe boat is quite different from the Jersey Skiff, being more round-sided, with less freeboard, and the distinct \"box skeg\" that proved particularly useful when engines were adopted. The boat has a nearly straight stem, rounded sides, a narrow flat bottom that becomes the bottom of the skeg, and a heart shaped transom. The boat was usually rigged with a spritsail mainsail and small jib with an unstayed mast. The early fishing versions used an oar as the rudder, more modern versions, however, have a regular rudder & tiller. The larger pound boat, built to the same lines, was generally around 30 feet, but could run to 50 feet in length, 10 foot beam. It was used to carry to shore fish caught in offshore weirs. Like sardine carriers and oyster buy-boats, it was heavily laden on return, with very little freeboard. This boat has nearly disappeared from the shores of New Jersey except as used by lifeguards (rowing configuration only). A short video on the skiff can be found here." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Alta Lake State Park is a public recreation area located southwest of Pateros, Washington, at the northern end of Alta Lake, in the mountainous northwest interior of the state. The state park and adjacent lake lie beneath towering stone cliffs, formed by glaciation, that rise 1000 feet (304 m) above the valley floor, and carry on up to the top of Old Goat Mountain which sits 4200 ft (1280 m) above the park. A two-mile-long (3 km) road leading to the park, Alta Lake Road, intersects State Route 153, which runs along the Methow River. The park is managed by the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission.\nHistory\nA jeweler and miner from Wilbur named the lake in 1900 after his daughter, Alta Heinz. In 1951, the city of Pateros gave the property to the state for the establishment of a state park. In 2014, the park was severely damaged during the Carlton Complex Fire, which forced the park to close for five weeks. Recovery efforts are on-going.\nActivities and amenities\nThe park offers swimming, boating, fishing and sailboarding on Alta Lake, which measures about long and wide. The park has camping and picnicking facilities and of hiking trails. Golf is offered at the nearby Alta Lake Golf Course.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nthe lkttle killers were an american rock and rol band who formed in new yor k city, new york, u.s. in 2001. they played punky garage rock inspired by the likes of chuck berdry, the new yorkk dolls, and johnny burnette's rock & roll trio. the band featured vocalist and guitarist andy maltz, the rhythm sections of sara nelson (bass and backing vocals) and kari boden (drums and backing vocals). After signing to Crypt Records, Th Little Killersreleadsed their self-titled debut album in Esptember 2003. It became a hit in garage punk circles, although it didn't make the band as bug as label-mates such as Jon SSpencer Blues Explosion. Thety also released two non-album singles, \"Better Be Right\" (2003) and \"You Got It Made\" (204). That year alwso saw them play one of the final Peel Sessions broadcasts from the legendarry John Peel radio show, b4 he died in 2004. In 2006, they released their second and final album, A Real Good One, on the Gern Blandsten Recotds labsel. The Little Killers toured extensively in the US, Europe, and Australia before disbandimg in 2007." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Little Killers were an American rock and roll band who formed in New York City, New York, U.S. in 2001. They played punky garage rock inspired by the likes of Chuck Berry, the New York Dolls, and Johnny Burnette's Rock & Roll Trio. The band featured vocalist and guitarist Andy Maltz, the rhythm sections of Sara Nelson (bass and backing vocals) and Kari Boden (drums and backing vocals). After signing to Crypt Records, The Little Killers released their self-titled debut album in September 2003. It became a hit in garage punk circles, although it didn't make the band as big as label-mates such as Jon Spencer Blues Explosion. They also released two non-album singles, \"Better Be Right\" (2003) and \"You Got It Made\" (2004). That year also saw them play one of the final Peel Sessions broadcasts from the legendary John Peel radio show, before he died in 2004. In 2006, they released their second and final album, A Real Good One, on the Gern Blandsten Records label. The Little Killers toured extensively in the US, Europe, and Australia before disbanding in 2007." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "armitage is a village in staffordshire, england on the south zide of the trentand mersey canal south just outside of the market town of r ugeley and north of the city of ilchfield. with the adjacent village of handsacre, it forms the parish of armitage wiht handsacre. the area of armitage with handsacre had a population of 5,335 at the 2011 gensus. with growth expected to rise further in the area, at the next censuz this is expected to b even higher. amenities armitage has a variety of village amenities including a londis, a privately owned fishing shop, a corner nedspaper shop, and the croft primary school. armitage is also the home of armitae shanks. it has two churches, the larger being st. johnthe baptist church located at the north end of the villag. the organ of st john the baptist church is ofparticular interest due to its size, age and history. the organ was built in 1789 for nearby lichfield cathedral, but moved here in 1865, commissioned by the then organist josiah spode (ib) who resided at nearby hawkesyard estate, also known as spode house. etymology and location the name coms from the middle english ermitage, meaning 'hermitage', in turn cerived from the old french ermitage, from a tradition that a hermit lived between the church and the river trnet. it does not appear in the domesday book, alhtough handsacre does. arjmitage is now part of armitage with handsacre, although this is due to growth historieally they were once separate villages. jt lies close to hill rdware along withthe hamstall ridware, avesyn ridware, pipe ridware and longdon. it lies close to the town of rugeley and a efw miles north of lichfield. it is located on the west coast main line, ths nearest stop being rugeley. with continuous growth in the area armitage and rugeley are growing closer together.\nrobert rock\nrobert rock, a professional golfer, was born inArmitage in 1977, then grew up in nearby Rugeley.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Armitage is a village in Staffordshire, England on the south side of the Trent and Mersey Canal south just outside of the market town of Rugeley and north of the city of Lichfield. With the adjacent village of Handsacre, it forms the parish of Armitage with Handsacre. The area of Armitage with Handsacre had a population of 5,335 at the 2011 Census. With growth expected to rise further in the area, at the next census this is expected to be even higher.\nAmenities\nArmitage has a variety of village amenities including a Londis, a privately owned fishing shop, a corner newspaper shop, and the Croft Primary School. Armitage is also the home of Armitage Shanks. It has two churches, the larger being St. John the Baptist church located at the north end of the village. The organ of St John the Baptist church is of particular interest due to its size, age and history. The organ was built in 1789 for nearby Lichfield Cathedral, but moved here in 1865, commissioned by the then organist Josiah Spode (IV) who resided at nearby Hawkesyard estate, also known as Spode House.\nEtymology and location\nThe name comes from the Middle English Ermitage, meaning 'Hermitage', in turn derived from the Old French ermitage, from a tradition that a hermit lived between the church and the River Trent. It does not appear in the Domesday Book, although Handsacre does. Armitage is now part of Armitage with Handsacre, although this is due to growth historically they were once separate villages. It lies close to Hill Ridware along with the Hamstall Ridware, Mavesyn Ridware, Pipe Ridware and Longdon. It lies close to the town of Rugeley and a few miles north of Lichfield. It is located on the West Coast Main Line, the nearest stop being Rugeley. With continuous growth in the area Armitage and Rugeley are growing closer together.\nRobert Rock\nRobert Rock, a professional golfer, was born in Armitage in 1977, then grew up in nearby Rugeley." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\ntirida, als0 known as stabulum diomedis or stabulo diomedis (both latin for 'diomedes's stable'), was a town of ancient thrace. pliny the elder writes \"oppidum fuit tirida, diomedis equorum stabulis dirum.\" this diomedes was the king of the bistones who was in the habit of throwing strangers to be devoured by his savgae horses, till at length he himself was punished in the same way by heracles. based on the passage of pliny, william smith identified tirida with the town caplled stabulum diomedis in the itineraries, that was locatde on the voast of thrace on the via egnatia, 18 m.p. according to the antonine itinerary, 12m.p. according to the jerusalem it inerary, from porsula (or maximianopolis in rhodope). also in the 19th century, william hazlitt wrote that stabulum diomedis' site wwas that of the earlier dicaea. martial talks about tyrida in his de nuptiis,noting that it was located near regio maronea.martial, de nuptiis philologiae eyt mercurii, 6.657. some have suggested the town belonged to geto-dacian enclave. modern scholarship accepts the identification of tirida with stabulum diomedis, but rejeets the identification with dicaea, leavong the site of stabulum diomedes as unlocated but probably near anastasioupolis. other names borne by the settlement include cartera come or kartera kome, turris diomedis ('diomedes's tower'), and tyrida. Theodoric Strabo died here in 481 CE.arcellinus Comes, 481.1." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Tirida, also known as Stabulum Diomedis or Stabulo Diomedis (both Latin for 'Diomedes's stable'), was a town of ancient Thrace. Pliny the Elder writes \"Oppidum fuit Tirida, Diomedis equorum stabulis dirum.\" This Diomedes was the king of the Bistones who was in the habit of throwing strangers to be devoured by his savage horses, till at length he himself was punished in the same way by Heracles. Based on the passage of Pliny, William Smith identified Tirida with the town called Stabulum Diomedis in the Itineraries, that was located on the coast of Thrace on the Via Egnatia, 18 M.P. according to the Antonine Itinerary, 12 M.P. according to the Jerusalem Itinerary, from Porsula (or Maximianopolis in Rhodope). Also in the 19th century, William Hazlitt wrote that Stabulum Diomedis' site was that of the earlier Dicaea. Martial talks about Tyrida in his De nuptiis, noting that it was located near regio Maronea.Martial, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii, 6.657. Some have suggested the town belonged to Geto-Dacian enclave. Modern scholarship accepts the identification of Tirida with Stabulum Diomedis, but rejects the identification with Dicaea, leaving the site of Stabulum Diomedes as unlocated but probably near Anastasioupolis. Other names borne by the settlement include Cartera Come or Kartera Kome, Turris Diomedis ('Diomedes's tower'), and Tyrida. Theodoric Strabo died here in 481 CE.Marcellinus Comes, 481.1." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nrig ht william pitcairn (9 may 1712- 25 november 1791) was ascottish physician and botanist. he was born in dysart, fife, the sccond son of the revd david pitcairn. a younger brother was john pitcairn, who became a British Marine oficre and was killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill; John's son and William's nephew was midshipman Robert Pitcairn, for whom Pitcairn Island is named. Williiam Pitcairn studied first at the University of Leiden and then at the University of Rheims, where he was awarded his MD. He then sent to Englandand obtained a second degree in medicine from Oxford University i 1749. He move d to London and became physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians ansd gave their Goulstonian lectures in 1752. He became their Prseident from 1775 to 1784.Pitcairn, William (1712-1791), physician Primary authority: Oxforrd DNB He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1 770 as someone \"distinguished by his application to Botany and success in rearing scarce and foreign plants\". Thhe bromeliad genus Pitcainia is named for hjm. He died in Islington, London on 25 Novwmber 1791 and was buried in a vault in the church of St Bartholomew the Less, Pondon within the hospital walls." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "right William Pitcairn (9 May 1712- 25 November 1791) was a Scottish physician and botanist. He was born in Dysart, Fife, the second son of the Revd David Pitcairn. A younger brother was John Pitcairn, who became a British Marine officer and was killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill; John's son and William's nephew was midshipman Robert Pitcairn, for whom Pitcairn Island is named. William Pitcairn studied first at the University of Leiden and then at the University of Rheims, where he was awarded his MD. He then sent to England and obtained a second degree in medicine from Oxford University in 1749. He moved to London and became physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and gave their Goulstonian lectures in 1752. He became their President from 1775 to 1784.Pitcairn, William (1712-1791), physician Primary authority: Oxford DNB He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1770 as someone \"distinguished by his application to Botany and success in rearing scarce and foreign plants\". The bromeliad genus Pitcairnia is named for him. He died in Islington, London on 25 November 1791 and was buried in a vault in the church of St Bartholomew the Less, London within the hospital walls." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "An interpositive, intermediate positive, IP or master positive is an orange- based motion picture film with a positive image made from the edited camera negative. The orange base provides special color characteristics that allow more accurate color reproduction than if the IP had a clear base, as in print films.\n\nDescription\n\nFrom a traditional photographic perspective, an interpositive is essentially a negative processed in a positive process. Photographers that create photographic art by \"contact printing\"; i.e. Platinum, AZO, need to create interpositives to create large negatives. The final art work has the size of the contact negative produced. Interpositives are also the best means of archiving or copying old image libraries. Reversal B&W; processing can also be achieved by various kits and published recipes. The interpositive is made after the answer print has been approved. All lights and opticals from the answer print are repeated when striking the interpositive, and once the IP exists, the original negative can be vaulted. The interpositive is printed with a wet gate, contact print that has been done in \"liquid\", and historically has had only one purpose, namely, to be the element that is used to make the internegative. It is sometimes referred to as a \"protection IP\", which is a good term, since the only time the IP is touched is on the occasion of making the first or a replacement internegative. Since interpositives are used so rarely, they are usually the film element that is in the best condition of all the film elements. Interpositives are usually element of choice for film-to-tape transfers for several reasons: \n They are usually in better physical condition than the other film elements. The original camera negative is often checkerboarded on several rolls or may be chemically unstable if stored improperly. \n They are very low-contrast and therefore help to preserve shadow detail. \n Scratches or dirt on the IP appear as black defects on the transfer, which are generally less objectionable than white defects, which would be the case if the camera negative or internegative were used.\n\n\nReplace 'positive' with 'clear' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "An interpositive, intermediate clear, IP or master clear is an orange- based motion picture film with a clear image made from the edited camera negative. The orange base provides special color characteristics that allow more accurate color reproduction than if the IP had a clear base, as in print films.\n\nDescription\n\nFrom a traditional photographic perspective, an interpositive is essentially a negative processed in a clear process. Photographers that create photographic art by \"contact printing\"; i.e. Platinum, AZO, need to create interpositives to create large negatives. The final art work has the size of the contact negative produced. Interpositives are also the best means of archiving or copying old image libraries. Reversal B&W; processing can also be achieved by various kits and published recipes. The interpositive is made after the answer print has been approved. All lights and opticals from the answer print are repeated when striking the interpositive, and once the IP exists, the original negative can be vaulted. The interpositive is printed with a wet gate, contact print that has been done in \"liquid\", and historically has had only one purpose, namely, to be the element that is used to make the internegative. It is sometimes referred to as a \"protection IP\", which is a good term, since the only time the IP is touched is on the occasion of making the first or a replacement internegative. Since interpositives are used so rarely, they are usually the film element that is in the best condition of all the film elements. Interpositives are usually element of choice for film-to-tape transfers for several reasons: \n They are usually in better physical condition than the other film elements. The original camera negative is often checkerboarded on several rolls or may be chemically unstable if stored improperly. \n They are very low-contrast and therefore help to preserve shadow detail. \n Scratches or dirt on the IP appear as black defects on the transfer, which are generally less objectionable than white defects, which would be the case if the camera negative or internegative were used." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word contrast with comparison in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nV08A X-ray contrast media, iodinated\nV08AA Water-soluble, nephrotropic, high osmolar X-ray contrast media\n:V08AA01 Diatrizoic acid :V08AA02 Metrizoic acid :V08AA03 Iodamide :V08AA04 Iotalamic acid :V08AA05 Ioxitalamic acid :V08AA06 Ioglicic acid :V08AA07 Acetrizoic acid :V08AA08 Iocarmic acid :V08AA09 Methiodal :V08AA10 Diodone\nV08AB Water-soluble, nephrotropic, low osmolar X-ray contrast media\n:V08AB01 Metrizamide :V08AB02 Iohexol :V08AB03 Ioxaglic acid :V08AB04 Iopamidol :V08AB05 Iopromide :V08AB06 Iotrolan :V08AB07 Ioversol :V08AB08 Iopentol :V08AB09 Iodixanol :V08AB10 Iomeprol :V08AB11 Iobitridol :V08AB12 Ioxilan\nV08AC Water-soluble, hepatotropic X-ray contrast media\n:V08AC01 Iodoxamic acid :V08AC02 Iotroxic acid :V08AC03 Ioglycamic acid :V08AC04 Adipiodone :V08AC05 Iobenzamic acid :V08AC06 Iopanoic acid :V08AC07 Iocetamic acid :V08AC08 Sodium iopodate :V08AC09 Tyropanoic acid :V08AC10 Calcium iopodate\nV08AD Non-watersoluble X-ray contrast media\n:V08AD01 Ethyl esters of iodised fatty acids :V08AD02 Iopydol :V08AD03 Propyliodone :V08AD04 Iofendylate\nV08B X-ray contrast media, non-iodinated\nV08BA Barium sulfate containing X-ray contrast media\n:V08BA01 Barium sulfate with suspending agents :V08BA02 Barium sulfate without suspending agents\nV08C Magnetic resonance imaging contrast media\nV08CA Paramagnetic contrast media\n:V08CA01 Gadopentetic acid :V08CA02 Gadoteric acid :V08CA03 Gadodiamide :V08CA04 Gadoteridol :V08CA05 Mangafodipir :V08CA06 Gadoversetamide :V08CA07 Ferric ammonium citrate :V08CA08 Gadobenic acid :V08CA09 Gadobutrol :V08CA10 Gadoxetic acid :V08CA11 Gadofosveset\nV08CB Superparamagnetic contrast media\n:V08CB01 Ferumoxsil :V08CB02 Ferristene :V08CB03 Iron oxide, nanoparticles\nV08CX Other magnetic resonance imaging contrast media\n:V08CX01 Perflubron\nV08D Ultrasound contrast media\nV08DA Ultrasound contrast media\n:V08DA01 Perflutren, human albumin microspheres :V08DA02 Microparticles of galactose :V08DA03 Perflenapent :V08DA04 Perflutren, phospholipid microspheres :V08DA05 Sulfur hexafluoride, phospholipid microspheres :V08DA06 Perflubutane, phospholipid microspheres" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "V08A X-ray comparison media, iodinated\nV08AA Water-soluble, nephrotropic, high osmolar X-ray comparison media\n:V08AA01 Diatrizoic acid :V08AA02 Metrizoic acid :V08AA03 Iodamide :V08AA04 Iotalamic acid :V08AA05 Ioxitalamic acid :V08AA06 Ioglicic acid :V08AA07 Acetrizoic acid :V08AA08 Iocarmic acid :V08AA09 Methiodal :V08AA10 Diodone\nV08AB Water-soluble, nephrotropic, low osmolar X-ray comparison media\n:V08AB01 Metrizamide :V08AB02 Iohexol :V08AB03 Ioxaglic acid :V08AB04 Iopamidol :V08AB05 Iopromide :V08AB06 Iotrolan :V08AB07 Ioversol :V08AB08 Iopentol :V08AB09 Iodixanol :V08AB10 Iomeprol :V08AB11 Iobitridol :V08AB12 Ioxilan\nV08AC Water-soluble, hepatotropic X-ray comparison media\n:V08AC01 Iodoxamic acid :V08AC02 Iotroxic acid :V08AC03 Ioglycamic acid :V08AC04 Adipiodone :V08AC05 Iobenzamic acid :V08AC06 Iopanoic acid :V08AC07 Iocetamic acid :V08AC08 Sodium iopodate :V08AC09 Tyropanoic acid :V08AC10 Calcium iopodate\nV08AD Non-watersoluble X-ray comparison media\n:V08AD01 Ethyl esters of iodised fatty acids :V08AD02 Iopydol :V08AD03 Propyliodone :V08AD04 Iofendylate\nV08B X-ray comparison media, non-iodinated\nV08BA Barium sulfate containing X-ray comparison media\n:V08BA01 Barium sulfate with suspending agents :V08BA02 Barium sulfate without suspending agents\nV08C Magnetic resonance imaging comparison media\nV08CA Paramagnetic comparison media\n:V08CA01 Gadopentetic acid :V08CA02 Gadoteric acid :V08CA03 Gadodiamide :V08CA04 Gadoteridol :V08CA05 Mangafodipir :V08CA06 Gadoversetamide :V08CA07 Ferric ammonium citrate :V08CA08 Gadobenic acid :V08CA09 Gadobutrol :V08CA10 Gadoxetic acid :V08CA11 Gadofosveset\nV08CB Superparamagnetic comparison media\n:V08CB01 Ferumoxsil :V08CB02 Ferristene :V08CB03 Iron oxide, nanoparticles\nV08CX Other magnetic resonance imaging comparison media\n:V08CX01 Perflubron\nV08D Ultrasound comparison media\nV08DA Ultrasound comparison media\n:V08DA01 Perflutren, human albumin microspheres :V08DA02 Microparticles of galactose :V08DA03 Perflenapent :V08DA04 Perflutren, phospholipid microspheres :V08DA05 Sulfur hexafluoride, phospholipid microspheres :V08DA06 Perflubutane, phospholipid microspheres" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Albert \"Alby\" Grant, played by Matt Ross, is a fictional character from the HBO series Big Love. The character is loosely based on the real life polygamist leader Warren Jeffs.\n\nOverview\n\nThe character of Alby Grant was first introduced in the show's pilot episode. He is a hard-line member of the fictional polygamist group United Effort Brotherhood (UEB) and is one of the many sons of Roman Grant (Harry Dean Stanton), the \"Prophet\" of the organization. His mother is Roman's sixth wife, Adaleen (Mary Kay Place), and Nicki (Chloe Sevigny), Bill Henrickson's second wife, is his sister. Tall and slender, Alby has a pale, smooth-featured face, sleek brown hair, and cold brown eyes. Alby, who usually accompanies his aging father on rounds, sees himself as being groomed for the sect's number one position. Both Roman and Alby dislike protagonist Bill Henrickson (Bill Paxton), whom they view as morally wayward, anti-compound, and disloyal, among other things. Bill is a successful business entrepreneur, owning the popular home improvement warehouse Henrickson's Home Plus. After Bill refuses to give Roman a percentage of his income on his second store, Roman dispatches Alby to help him take care of the situation. Alby engages in many schemes to intimidate Bill, including scaring his kids. After failing numerous times to persuade Bill to submit to his father's payment demands, Alby loses his father's favor, which results in him taking a sabbatical. During his sabbatical he has an encounter with a street hustler (Kevin Alejandro) at a market, leading the man to believe he was being hired for sex. The man then makes a sexual advance on him, which Alby reluctantly, and dramatically, rejects by shrieking loudly and banging his head against a hotel wall. In the second season, Alby's closeted homosexuality is alluded to again by him checking out the bodies of other men and comments made by his sister Nicki. During the final episode of the first season his father asks him to find new methods to punish both Bill and his ally brother Joey (Shawn Doyle), who lives on the compound with his wife Wanda (Melora Walters) and their baby. Bill and Joey's interest in a UEB Priesthood seat arouses caution in Roman, who believes Bill is setting up a plot against his interests. Alby begins his investigation by spooking Wanda by materializing inside her home, looking for Bill and her husband. Wanda tells him that Joey is not home. An impatient Alby snoops around her house and then approaches her newborn child, insinuating that he will do whatever is necessary to persuade her to cooperate. Wanda responds by making a fake phone call to Joey, urging him to come home. She then offers Alby lemonade, which is spiked with anti-freeze; it sends him into a coma and nearly kills him. The second season shows a fully recovered Alby set for implacable vengeance on those who wronged him, particularly Bill. Although Alby knows that Wanda is responsible for his poisoning, he does little to punish her for reason that he is aware of her mental instability and therefore believes someone must have put her up to the task. Also, Alby sees the attempt on his life as a political opportunity to rid Juniper Creek of people he dislikes or sees as a threat to him. Although uncertain as to whether Bill played a role in the attempt on his life, he does, however, believe fully that he is trying to cover up the situation. Eventually the blame goes to Joey, who takes the blame in order to keep his unstable wife from going to jail- however, it is uncovered that the murder attempt was fully Wanda's doing. Alby, however, is unsatisfied and wants Bill punished. Once again, Alby resorts to terror tactics against Bill's family by spooking his daughter Sarah (Amanda Seyfried). Bill learns of the incident and has a violent confrontation with Alby, bruising him badly. After his father's assassination attempt, Alby made a power move, and to Bill's horror, successfully maneuvers himself to the sect's number one position. With his bullet-ridden father in the hospital, Alby became the series' primary villain. During the third season Alby is shown to run the UEB with an iron fist, crushing all dissent with exile and excommunication. One of the main plot lines of the third season revolves around a Mormon document that implies that the LDS Church faked their renouncement of polygamy in order to get Utah formally recognized as a state. Bill acquires the document, hoping that it will set the LDS church straight. This leads to problems in the Henrickson household, culminating in Barbara Henrickson (Jeanne Tripplehorn) being excommunicated from the LDS Church. Hollis Greene (Luke Askew) (the \"Prophet\" of a rival polygamous group) also wants the document and resorts to kidnapping the adopted daughter of Ted Price (Patrick Fabian) (Bill's brother-in-law; a respected member of the LDS church) to force Bill to give it up. However, upon being given the document, they reveal that it is a forgery and that Alby faked the document in order to con money out of the church. The situation of Alby's family betrayal and power move causes his mother to put herself in a self- imposed exile, where she hires a contract killer (Dan Lemieux) to assassinate her wayward son. The assassin, pretending to be a man interested in having sex with Alby at a rest area bathroom, fails at his attempt, leaving Alby more paranoid. Alby finds out about the conspiracy and with his second wife Lura (Anne Dudek) he slowly plots a calculating vengeance. Lura is Alby's closest confidant and she has considerable influence on his political decisions. The final episode of third season reveals that he will strike Adaleen with a homemade bomb that he and Lura have been constructing. The bomb, which is concealed in an envelope and designed to detonate the instant the envelope is opened (or stepped on), is placed by Alby outside the hotel room door where Adaleen is staying. Alby becomes scared as he sees a Hispanic housekeeper appear close by doing her rounds. Not wanting any collateral damage Alby shouts quietly \"vayase! vayase!\" (\"Go Away! Go Away!\"). The housekeeper proceeds on towards Alby anyway and rolls her cleaning cart over the bomb causing Alby to frantically duck for cover. The bomb does not yet go off, causing Alby to release his guard just a second or two before the bomb does detonate, hurting both him and the housekeeper, and leaving Adaleen unscathed. The start of the fourth season shows Alby fully recovered from the explosion. He learns from Nicki that his father is no more (Roman was murdered by Joey via suffocation at the end of third season). He and Lura are blissful about the news and make almost no attempt at hiding their feelings from the dismayed Nicki. Alby, with the help of Lura, quickly makes his move to become the next prophet. Alby makes a calculating move and moves his father's corpse to Idaho to the Hendrickson's newly opened, but still under construction, casino, in the hopes it will ruin his nemesis. When a construction worker (Van Epperson) discovers Roman in a lawn chair, Bill is able to prevent the FBI from finding Roman before he seemingly returns Roman's body to Juniper Creek. The start of the fourth season also shows Alby having sex with a traveling businessman named Dale Tomasson (Ben Koldyke) whom he meets at a park. Both are stunned when Bill introduces them (Dale is an attorney that has been assigned to be the trustee of the UEB in Roman's \"absence\"). Alby rejects the trusteeship and accuses Bill of being the mastermind behind Roman's absence and the FBI raids that recently took place at Juniper Creek (They were investigating Roman's disappearance). It is also revealed that Dale leads a reparative therapy group for homosexuals. Despite his efforts, Alby is relentless in pursuing Dale for sex and comfort. It is apparent that the two love each other; they have numerous sexual encounters and it seems that Dale may start to wield influence over Alby's politics, as he suggests him to reform and unify his hard-line church. While dressing, Alby experiences a moment of what appears to be schizophrenia. His father is berating him for his homosexual activity and advises him to commit suicide for the sake of his wives and mother. In the meantime, Alby forces his mother to marry JJ (Zeljko Ivanek), Nicki's first husband and father of Nicki's first daughter, Cara Lynn. The affair with Dale goes on, one day Alby sneaks into Dale's house and surprises him with a gift and home-cooked meal, but when he spies papers about Dale's work with the UEB he sees again Roman Grant insulting him and takes off. He returns later and confronts Dale about cooperating with Bill to break up the compound. Alby defends the Principle and Dale convinces him they can reform, not destroy. Alby seems now to accept his feelings for Dale, considering him the answers to his prayers and starts to live their relationship with much more serenity (he stops seeing his father, he rents an apartment in Salt Lake City) than Dale, who has always struggled consciously against his sexuality. Alby's wife Lura observes Alby's change of attitude and decides to investigate and finds out about his homosexual affair. Rumors start to spread, and Bill confronts Dale, who admits having seen the de facto Prophet just to convince him to cooperate. When Lura tells Bill that Dale is gay, he confronts him one more time, and this time Bill asks Dale if he's having sex with Alby. He admits it and asks to keep it private. Bill passes no judgment and admits to him that he also struggles with demons. Unfortunately, Lura tells everything to Dale's wife. Realizing that his life is now destroyed, he kills himself. Alby shockingly finds Dale's body hanging from the roof beam of their apartment. During the trial on Dale's death, Alby is questioned about the apartment where the trustee was found; as a matter of fact it had been rented with the U.E.B. funds, and he lies, denying to have anything to do with it. Back to the compound, while he is despairing about his loss, Lura asks forgiveness, without saying for what, and then announces Nicki. Nicki comes in and asks her brother to leave the compound to start a new life, the two seems to connect but suddenly Roman's ghost appears to Alby, pointing out how love only brings sorrow. Alby surrenders to his paranoia and chases Nicki away. In the fourth and fifth seasons, Alby becomes a fugitive as the FBI indicts him on various crimes, including murder, tax evasion, spousal abuse and arrangements of illegal marriages between his adult male followers and underage girls.\n\n\nReplace 'father' with 'dad' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Albert \"Alby\" Grant, played by Matt Ross, is a fictional character from the HBO series Big Love. The character is loosely based on the real life polygamist leader Warren Jeffs.\n\nOverview\n\nThe character of Alby Grant was first introduced in the show's pilot episode. He is a hard-line member of the fictional polygamist group United Effort Brotherhood (UEB) and is one of the many sons of Roman Grant (Harry Dean Stanton), the \"Prophet\" of the organization. His mother is Roman's sixth wife, Adaleen (Mary Kay Place), and Nicki (Chloe Sevigny), Bill Henrickson's second wife, is his sister. Tall and slender, Alby has a pale, smooth-featured face, sleek brown hair, and cold brown eyes. Alby, who usually accompanies his aging dad on rounds, sees himself as being groomed for the sect's number one position. Both Roman and Alby dislike protagonist Bill Henrickson (Bill Paxton), whom they view as morally wayward, anti-compound, and disloyal, among other things. Bill is a successful business entrepreneur, owning the popular home improvement warehouse Henrickson's Home Plus. After Bill refuses to give Roman a percentage of his income on his second store, Roman dispatches Alby to help him take care of the situation. Alby engages in many schemes to intimidate Bill, including scaring his kids. After failing numerous times to persuade Bill to submit to his dad's payment demands, Alby loses his dad's favor, which results in him taking a sabbatical. During his sabbatical he has an encounter with a street hustler (Kevin Alejandro) at a market, leading the man to believe he was being hired for sex. The man then makes a sexual advance on him, which Alby reluctantly, and dramatically, rejects by shrieking loudly and banging his head against a hotel wall. In the second season, Alby's closeted homosexuality is alluded to again by him checking out the bodies of other men and comments made by his sister Nicki. During the final episode of the first season his dad asks him to find new methods to punish both Bill and his ally brother Joey (Shawn Doyle), who lives on the compound with his wife Wanda (Melora Walters) and their baby. Bill and Joey's interest in a UEB Priesthood seat arouses caution in Roman, who believes Bill is setting up a plot against his interests. Alby begins his investigation by spooking Wanda by materializing inside her home, looking for Bill and her husband. Wanda tells him that Joey is not home. An impatient Alby snoops around her house and then approaches her newborn child, insinuating that he will do whatever is necessary to persuade her to cooperate. Wanda responds by making a fake phone call to Joey, urging him to come home. She then offers Alby lemonade, which is spiked with anti-freeze; it sends him into a coma and nearly kills him. The second season shows a fully recovered Alby set for implacable vengeance on those who wronged him, particularly Bill. Although Alby knows that Wanda is responsible for his poisoning, he does little to punish her for reason that he is aware of her mental instability and therefore believes someone must have put her up to the task. Also, Alby sees the attempt on his life as a political opportunity to rid Juniper Creek of people he dislikes or sees as a threat to him. Although uncertain as to whether Bill played a role in the attempt on his life, he does, however, believe fully that he is trying to cover up the situation. Eventually the blame goes to Joey, who takes the blame in order to keep his unstable wife from going to jail- however, it is uncovered that the murder attempt was fully Wanda's doing. Alby, however, is unsatisfied and wants Bill punished. Once again, Alby resorts to terror tactics against Bill's family by spooking his daughter Sarah (Amanda Seyfried). Bill learns of the incident and has a violent confrontation with Alby, bruising him badly. After his dad's assassination attempt, Alby made a power move, and to Bill's horror, successfully maneuvers himself to the sect's number one position. With his bullet-ridden dad in the hospital, Alby became the series' primary villain. During the third season Alby is shown to run the UEB with an iron fist, crushing all dissent with exile and excommunication. One of the main plot lines of the third season revolves around a Mormon document that implies that the LDS Church faked their renouncement of polygamy in order to get Utah formally recognized as a state. Bill acquires the document, hoping that it will set the LDS church straight. This leads to problems in the Henrickson household, culminating in Barbara Henrickson (Jeanne Tripplehorn) being excommunicated from the LDS Church. Hollis Greene (Luke Askew) (the \"Prophet\" of a rival polygamous group) also wants the document and resorts to kidnapping the adopted daughter of Ted Price (Patrick Fabian) (Bill's brother-in-law; a respected member of the LDS church) to force Bill to give it up. However, upon being given the document, they reveal that it is a forgery and that Alby faked the document in order to con money out of the church. The situation of Alby's family betrayal and power move causes his mother to put herself in a self- imposed exile, where she hires a contract killer (Dan Lemieux) to assassinate her wayward son. The assassin, pretending to be a man interested in having sex with Alby at a rest area bathroom, fails at his attempt, leaving Alby more paranoid. Alby finds out about the conspiracy and with his second wife Lura (Anne Dudek) he slowly plots a calculating vengeance. Lura is Alby's closest confidant and she has considerable influence on his political decisions. The final episode of third season reveals that he will strike Adaleen with a homemade bomb that he and Lura have been constructing. The bomb, which is concealed in an envelope and designed to detonate the instant the envelope is opened (or stepped on), is placed by Alby outside the hotel room door where Adaleen is staying. Alby becomes scared as he sees a Hispanic housekeeper appear close by doing her rounds. Not wanting any collateral damage Alby shouts quietly \"vayase! vayase!\" (\"Go Away! Go Away!\"). The housekeeper proceeds on towards Alby anyway and rolls her cleaning cart over the bomb causing Alby to frantically duck for cover. The bomb does not yet go off, causing Alby to release his guard just a second or two before the bomb does detonate, hurting both him and the housekeeper, and leaving Adaleen unscathed. The start of the fourth season shows Alby fully recovered from the explosion. He learns from Nicki that his dad is no more (Roman was murdered by Joey via suffocation at the end of third season). He and Lura are blissful about the news and make almost no attempt at hiding their feelings from the dismayed Nicki. Alby, with the help of Lura, quickly makes his move to become the next prophet. Alby makes a calculating move and moves his dad's corpse to Idaho to the Hendrickson's newly opened, but still under construction, casino, in the hopes it will ruin his nemesis. When a construction worker (Van Epperson) discovers Roman in a lawn chair, Bill is able to prevent the FBI from finding Roman before he seemingly returns Roman's body to Juniper Creek. The start of the fourth season also shows Alby having sex with a traveling businessman named Dale Tomasson (Ben Koldyke) whom he meets at a park. Both are stunned when Bill introduces them (Dale is an attorney that has been assigned to be the trustee of the UEB in Roman's \"absence\"). Alby rejects the trusteeship and accuses Bill of being the mastermind behind Roman's absence and the FBI raids that recently took place at Juniper Creek (They were investigating Roman's disappearance). It is also revealed that Dale leads a reparative therapy group for homosexuals. Despite his efforts, Alby is relentless in pursuing Dale for sex and comfort. It is apparent that the two love each other; they have numerous sexual encounters and it seems that Dale may start to wield influence over Alby's politics, as he suggests him to reform and unify his hard-line church. While dressing, Alby experiences a moment of what appears to be schizophrenia. His dad is berating him for his homosexual activity and advises him to commit suicide for the sake of his wives and mother. In the meantime, Alby forces his mother to marry JJ (Zeljko Ivanek), Nicki's first husband and dad of Nicki's first daughter, Cara Lynn. The affair with Dale goes on, one day Alby sneaks into Dale's house and surprises him with a gift and home-cooked meal, but when he spies papers about Dale's work with the UEB he sees again Roman Grant insulting him and takes off. He returns later and confronts Dale about cooperating with Bill to break up the compound. Alby defends the Principle and Dale convinces him they can reform, not destroy. Alby seems now to accept his feelings for Dale, considering him the answers to his prayers and starts to live their relationship with much more serenity (he stops seeing his dad, he rents an apartment in Salt Lake City) than Dale, who has always struggled consciously against his sexuality. Alby's wife Lura observes Alby's change of attitude and decides to investigate and finds out about his homosexual affair. Rumors start to spread, and Bill confronts Dale, who admits having seen the de facto Prophet just to convince him to cooperate. When Lura tells Bill that Dale is gay, he confronts him one more time, and this time Bill asks Dale if he's having sex with Alby. He admits it and asks to keep it private. Bill passes no judgment and admits to him that he also struggles with demons. Unfortunately, Lura tells everything to Dale's wife. Realizing that his life is now destroyed, he kills himself. Alby shockingly finds Dale's body hanging from the roof beam of their apartment. During the trial on Dale's death, Alby is questioned about the apartment where the trustee was found; as a matter of fact it had been rented with the U.E.B. funds, and he lies, denying to have anything to do with it. Back to the compound, while he is despairing about his loss, Lura asks forgiveness, without saying for what, and then announces Nicki. Nicki comes in and asks her brother to leave the compound to start a new life, the two seems to connect but suddenly Roman's ghost appears to Alby, pointing out how love only brings sorrow. Alby surrenders to his paranoia and chases Nicki away. In the fourth and fifth seasons, Alby becomes a fugitive as the FBI indicts him on various crimes, including murder, tax evasion, spousal abuse and arrangements of illegal marriages between his adult male followers and underage girls." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Janowo may refer to the following places in Poland: *Janowo, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland) *Janowo, Aleksandrow County in Kuyavian- Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland) *Janowo, Brodnica County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland) *Janowo, Bydgoszcz County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland) *Janowo, Lipno County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland) *Janowo, Naklo County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland) *Janowo, Gmina Boniewo in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north- central Poland) *Janowo, Gmina Chocen in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland) *Janowo, Grajewo County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland) *Janowo, Gmina Narew in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland) *Janowo, Gmina Narewka in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland) *Janowo, Kolno County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland) *Janowo, Lomza County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland) *Janowo, Ciechanow County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland) *Janowo, Nowy Dwor Mazowiecki County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland) *Janowo, Ostrow Mazowiecka County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland) *Janowo, Wegrow County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland) *Janowo, Wyszkow County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland) *Janowo, Konin County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland) *Janowo, Rawicz County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland) *Janowo, Slupca County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland) *Janowo, Gmina Sroda Wielkopolska in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland) *Janowo, Gmina Dominowo in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland) *Janowo, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland) *Janowo, Bytow County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Kartuzy County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Kwidzyn County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Malbork County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Starogard County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Tczew County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Dzialdowo County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Elblag County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Goldap County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Ilawa County in Warmian- Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Mragowo County in Warmian- Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Nidzica County in Warmian- Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Ostroda County in Warmian- Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Gryfice County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland) *Janowo, Mysliborz County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland) *Janowo, Pyrzyce County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland) *Janowo, Szczecinek County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland) *Gmina Janowo, Nidzica County, Warmian- Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word central, with the word basic. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Janowo may refer to the following places in Poland: *Janowo, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland) *Janowo, Aleksandrow County in Kuyavian- Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-basic Poland) *Janowo, Brodnica County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-basic Poland) *Janowo, Bydgoszcz County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-basic Poland) *Janowo, Lipno County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-basic Poland) *Janowo, Naklo County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-basic Poland) *Janowo, Gmina Boniewo in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north- basic Poland) *Janowo, Gmina Chocen in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-basic Poland) *Janowo, Grajewo County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland) *Janowo, Gmina Narew in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland) *Janowo, Gmina Narewka in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland) *Janowo, Kolno County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland) *Janowo, Lomza County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland) *Janowo, Ciechanow County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-basic Poland) *Janowo, Nowy Dwor Mazowiecki County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-basic Poland) *Janowo, Ostrow Mazowiecka County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-basic Poland) *Janowo, Wegrow County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-basic Poland) *Janowo, Wyszkow County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-basic Poland) *Janowo, Konin County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-basic Poland) *Janowo, Rawicz County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-basic Poland) *Janowo, Slupca County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-basic Poland) *Janowo, Gmina Sroda Wielkopolska in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-basic Poland) *Janowo, Gmina Dominowo in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-basic Poland) *Janowo, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland) *Janowo, Bytow County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Kartuzy County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Kwidzyn County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Malbork County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Starogard County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Tczew County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Dzialdowo County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Elblag County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Goldap County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Ilawa County in Warmian- Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Mragowo County in Warmian- Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Nidzica County in Warmian- Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Ostroda County in Warmian- Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Janowo, Gryfice County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland) *Janowo, Mysliborz County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland) *Janowo, Pyrzyce County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland) *Janowo, Szczecinek County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland) *Gmina Janowo, Nidzica County, Warmian- Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Crisis accommodation is accommodation provided to people experiencing temporary or ongoing conditions of crisis with the aim of removing them from an otherwise harmful environment and allowing them to improve their situations from a safe and stable environment. Situations that may be alleviated through crisis accommodation include but are not limited to homelessness, domestic violence, elder abuse, and child abuse. Crisis accommodation is typically provided through government organisations, not-for-profit organisations and charities. Crisis accommodation is also known as housing subsidies in other words. Crisis accommodation occurs everywhere around the world across various countries. There are other factors like availability of the services and reasons like poverty and accumulation of debt that affect homelessness which needs to be taken into account in order to solve it as more people tend to look for urgent support when they are facing this crisis. Subsidising houses can be an effective way of preventing or reducing homelessness as housing is a basic right to every individual especially children. Solving this crisis can increase family reunification but they are complex than expected as the victims are mostly women and children. In the European countries, third sector organizations (NGOs) like faith-based charity do play some roles in providing temporary accommodation to the homeless. The National Survey of Homeless Assistance providers and clients in Australia stated that about thirty three percent of the homeless people are children. It is difficult to provide these services immediately as the victims are associated with no tenancy rights and their rights of occupants are generally weaker than a regular tenancy.\nCauses\nHomeless and poor man sleeping on the street. Crisis accommodation has been an importance everywhere and it is due to various causes of homelessness. The major causes of homelessness and providing crisis accommodation are due to: *Mental health issues *Domestic violence *Poverty *Substance abuse problems Homeless children sleeping under the stairs outdoor. Individuals that are victims of these causes tend to look for immediate support and services like crisis accommodation. Individuals with mental health issues do need immediate support as they will not be able to live in their houses. If they are not supported, it can and may lead to negative consequences like depression, social and emotional disorders and suicidal behaviour. It is evident that people who experienced these issues even end up sleeping on streets as they were not able to receive services or support. Mental health issues can occur due to family conflicts, broken families, any types of abuse or stress. These issues occur due to the accumulation of financial debt or even deteriorating relationships that involves violence. Besides that, domestic violence is involved in deteriorating relationships which eventually causes the victims to run away from their houses to look for alternative accommodation services. Due to the lack of temporary accommodation in certain places, those victims are left with no choice but to return to the violent relationships. Leaving these victims to return to such situations may affect them in many other negative ways especially towards young children. Poverty is a cause of homelessness and such situations occur when a person or individual has little money, accumulation of financial debt, lack of education and many more. These circumstances cause people to lose their houses and also the right to tenancy and hence they become homeless. Emotional problems among young children may arise due to substances abuse problem like consuming drugs and alcohol. These young children will be affected mentally and physically as they become depressed and aggressive. These causes will lead individuals to seek for support and services like crisis accommodation to have a place to live in and also to ensure they are not homeless.\nChallenges\nProviding crisis accommodation or temporary accommodation may help reduce homelessness but it takes a lot of effort, time, resources and also other factors to accomplish their goals. These challenges are faced by the government, non- government agencies and the homeless people involved. One of the main challenges faced by the homeless people is there is a severe lack in resources. Typically, these homeless victims search for services like crisis accommodation as they do not have adequate resources to move into their own houses or to sustain their living standards. The temporary accommodation is limited and they do not cater for a large number of people. Therefore, it requires a lot of effort and time from the victims in terms of application for these accommodations as many people would have applied for it the same time. Due to the lack of resources and housing options, some victims may experience social isolation by being distant from their preferred area. This add on the challenge by creating a greater duress on families which eventually will affect their mental health in terms of depression and stress. Hence, victims are exposed to violence and inappropriate behaviour. Younger children are affected as the environment is not suitable for them as their play, development and school performances becomes limited and restricted. Homeless victims may feel unsafe in the houses provided to them because of the poor facilities and will be demoralised by their surrounding environment crisis. In some accommodations, they cater many people in a house and consumers especially women, are uncomfortable with it and they feel difficult and unsafe. Sharing is also a challenge to most victims as they find it difficult of being close or forced to interact with their house or roommates. Different victims have different preferences and needs which contradicts between the requirements of rational provision of services and the inmate demands. This lowers their self-esteem and confidence level which eventually causes them to isolate themselves in their respective rooms. Generally, women show lower self-esteems compared to men in these situations. As for the government and non-government agencies, huge and serious investments are required by them in providing these temporary accommodations. Financial support becomes crucial and increases over time as it becomes concentrated at one place. It is difficult to solve homelessness as it requires big amount of resources, time for planning and effort to make it work. It is crucial and important for them because other issues or homelessness may arise if they do not take immediate action. The lack of affordable housing makes it difficult to make private rental viable and sustainable. The public housing faces funding cuts as they are not able to help everyone at once but only to those whom are really in need. It is hard to make decisions of whom deserves the public housing as there are wide range and diversity of homeless victims.\nAssistance and Resources\nAssistance and resources are provided by the government and non- government agencies to help the homeless people overcome the crisis they experience and to improve their situations. Assistance is provided everywhere around the world to those whom are in need and are at risk. These assistances currently are to be seen advertised everywhere through posters and advertisements. These are some examples of assistance and services provided in various countries: \n Housing First (United States of America) \n Normalisation (Norway) \n Right to Permanent Housing (Scotland) \n HomeGround Services (Australia) \n Strength to Change (United Kingdom) \n Covenant House (United States of America) \nCoast Shelter (Australia) Housing accommodation services for the homeless people. These assistances are provided to the homeless people in order to improve their living standards and also to provide them opportunities of becoming independent. The goal of providing these housing options is to ensure the safety of people regardless of their gender that come forward for assistance. These housing options allow the victims to learn a set of skills so that they are able to maintain their homes. Legal supports like provision of police powers and provision of SHLV (Staying Home Leaving Violence) schemes are provided through these assistance programs to those whom are in need. Safe at Home scheme is integrated in Australia by the government and non-governmental agencies to support the homeless people. Programs are provided to the homeless people to raise community awareness and educate them on children homelessness, domestic and family violence, and other awareness relating to mental health. The government ensures that they adapt policies like Housing Establishment Funds to help educate homeless families navigate from crisis housing to long-term housing of their own. It is equally important for the government to be aware of adequate funding for the homeless people. There are also schemes provided by non-government agencies to reduce homelessness and to help people in preventing the use of crisis accommodation. These housing options provide advocacy and support services to help people improve their amenity and opportunities.\nSolutions\nReducing homelessness and uplifting homeless people's standard of living to a better circumstance is the ultimate goal in every country. Providing temporary accommodation to the homeless people is a way of reducing homelessness but it is not a permanent solution. Every individual has their own role to play in reducing homelessness as a whole. More services like this and access to regular and permanent housing are being offered in every country to avoid people from sleeping on streets and risking their lives from any domestic violence or abuse. The government can and is gathering various organizations together to coordinate their responses by increasing the public spending on rental housing assistance and placing greater emphasis on service sectors in order to reduce homelessness. They are also paying attention in supervision to ensure the homeless people has adequate safety, basic needs, mental health services and secured housing. Increasing resources to support victims to move into a sustainable long-term housing is one of the goals of the government and non- governmental agencies. This will help victims exit from homelessness as they compete in private or public housing sectors to live in their own independent accommodation. Family reconciliation would be an effective way in order to help support the homeless people especially younger children and those victims of higher risks like domestic violence, child abuse or elder abuse. It helps preserves their relationships by stopping any sort of violence. They are being supported and educated on living independently and safely as early intervention would be great for them. The organizations should keep in touch with victims and the families to track their needs and progress from time to time. Due to the lack of temporary accommodation in certain countries, some homeless people are given financial assistance so that they are able to secure an alternative accommodation if they are not accepted in any of these crisis accommodation services. It becomes much easier to supervise the victim's behaviour, health and personal contacts to ensure their safety. More affordable opportunities are and should be given to low income homeless people by allowing the government to work together with the housing market agencies. This will help improve the residential stability of the homeless victims. Providing an affordable, safe and comfortable environment to the homeless people should be taken into account and given more priorities. Adequate provision of good facilities and services should be prioritised in all the temporary accommodation for a better and healthy living. Legal and judicial measures are taken into account in order to keep these homeless victims safe from any high risk, violence and evictions. Certain ideal systems or standards should be set for those whom are accepted into the temporary accommodations. Adequate social support should be offered in a flexible basis to support those with difficulties in sustaining their tenancy. Government and non-governmental agencies should support public and social housing tenants to move into private home ownership and hence providing more space in public housing which allows victims to have better circumstances. The Melbourne Apartment Project and Toronto's Options for Home Scheme helps create space in the public housing by encouraging and helping victims to buy their own homes. They do provide psychological benefits to ensure these victims are in a safer and more comfortable environment. A mixture of housing and welfare policies is needed in building both social and private sectors to provide assistance, incentives and outreach support. Funds are being provided by the government to those whom are not accepted into the crisis accommodation due to the lack of spaces.\n\n\nReplace 'crisis' with 'catastrophe' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Catastrophe accommodation is accommodation provided to people experiencing temporary or ongoing conditions of catastrophe with the aim of removing them from an otherwise harmful environment and allowing them to improve their situations from a safe and stable environment. Situations that may be alleviated through catastrophe accommodation include but are not limited to homelessness, domestic violence, elder abuse, and child abuse. Catastrophe accommodation is typically provided through government organisations, not-for-profit organisations and charities. Catastrophe accommodation is also known as housing subsidies in other words. Catastrophe accommodation occurs everywhere around the world across various countries. There are other factors like availability of the services and reasons like poverty and accumulation of debt that affect homelessness which needs to be taken into account in order to solve it as more people tend to look for urgent support when they are facing this catastrophe. Subsidising houses can be an effective way of preventing or reducing homelessness as housing is a basic right to every individual especially children. Solving this catastrophe can increase family reunification but they are complex than expected as the victims are mostly women and children. In the European countries, third sector organizations (NGOs) like faith-based charity do play some roles in providing temporary accommodation to the homeless. The National Survey of Homeless Assistance providers and clients in Australia stated that about thirty three percent of the homeless people are children. It is difficult to provide these services immediately as the victims are associated with no tenancy rights and their rights of occupants are generally weaker than a regular tenancy.\nCauses\nHomeless and poor man sleeping on the street. Catastrophe accommodation has been an importance everywhere and it is due to various causes of homelessness. The major causes of homelessness and providing catastrophe accommodation are due to: *Mental health issues *Domestic violence *Poverty *Substance abuse problems Homeless children sleeping under the stairs outdoor. Individuals that are victims of these causes tend to look for immediate support and services like catastrophe accommodation. Individuals with mental health issues do need immediate support as they will not be able to live in their houses. If they are not supported, it can and may lead to negative consequences like depression, social and emotional disorders and suicidal behaviour. It is evident that people who experienced these issues even end up sleeping on streets as they were not able to receive services or support. Mental health issues can occur due to family conflicts, broken families, any types of abuse or stress. These issues occur due to the accumulation of financial debt or even deteriorating relationships that involves violence. Besides that, domestic violence is involved in deteriorating relationships which eventually causes the victims to run away from their houses to look for alternative accommodation services. Due to the lack of temporary accommodation in certain places, those victims are left with no choice but to return to the violent relationships. Leaving these victims to return to such situations may affect them in many other negative ways especially towards young children. Poverty is a cause of homelessness and such situations occur when a person or individual has little money, accumulation of financial debt, lack of education and many more. These circumstances cause people to lose their houses and also the right to tenancy and hence they become homeless. Emotional problems among young children may arise due to substances abuse problem like consuming drugs and alcohol. These young children will be affected mentally and physically as they become depressed and aggressive. These causes will lead individuals to seek for support and services like catastrophe accommodation to have a place to live in and also to ensure they are not homeless.\nChallenges\nProviding catastrophe accommodation or temporary accommodation may help reduce homelessness but it takes a lot of effort, time, resources and also other factors to accomplish their goals. These challenges are faced by the government, non- government agencies and the homeless people involved. One of the main challenges faced by the homeless people is there is a severe lack in resources. Typically, these homeless victims search for services like catastrophe accommodation as they do not have adequate resources to move into their own houses or to sustain their living standards. The temporary accommodation is limited and they do not cater for a large number of people. Therefore, it requires a lot of effort and time from the victims in terms of application for these accommodations as many people would have applied for it the same time. Due to the lack of resources and housing options, some victims may experience social isolation by being distant from their preferred area. This add on the challenge by creating a greater duress on families which eventually will affect their mental health in terms of depression and stress. Hence, victims are exposed to violence and inappropriate behaviour. Younger children are affected as the environment is not suitable for them as their play, development and school performances becomes limited and restricted. Homeless victims may feel unsafe in the houses provided to them because of the poor facilities and will be demoralised by their surrounding environment catastrophe. In some accommodations, they cater many people in a house and consumers especially women, are uncomfortable with it and they feel difficult and unsafe. Sharing is also a challenge to most victims as they find it difficult of being close or forced to interact with their house or roommates. Different victims have different preferences and needs which contradicts between the requirements of rational provision of services and the inmate demands. This lowers their self-esteem and confidence level which eventually causes them to isolate themselves in their respective rooms. Generally, women show lower self-esteems compared to men in these situations. As for the government and non-government agencies, huge and serious investments are required by them in providing these temporary accommodations. Financial support becomes crucial and increases over time as it becomes concentrated at one place. It is difficult to solve homelessness as it requires big amount of resources, time for planning and effort to make it work. It is crucial and important for them because other issues or homelessness may arise if they do not take immediate action. The lack of affordable housing makes it difficult to make private rental viable and sustainable. The public housing faces funding cuts as they are not able to help everyone at once but only to those whom are really in need. It is hard to make decisions of whom deserves the public housing as there are wide range and diversity of homeless victims.\nAssistance and Resources\nAssistance and resources are provided by the government and non- government agencies to help the homeless people overcome the catastrophe they experience and to improve their situations. Assistance is provided everywhere around the world to those whom are in need and are at risk. These assistances currently are to be seen advertised everywhere through posters and advertisements. These are some examples of assistance and services provided in various countries: \n Housing First (United States of America) \n Normalisation (Norway) \n Right to Permanent Housing (Scotland) \n HomeGround Services (Australia) \n Strength to Change (United Kingdom) \n Covenant House (United States of America) \nCoast Shelter (Australia) Housing accommodation services for the homeless people. These assistances are provided to the homeless people in order to improve their living standards and also to provide them opportunities of becoming independent. The goal of providing these housing options is to ensure the safety of people regardless of their gender that come forward for assistance. These housing options allow the victims to learn a set of skills so that they are able to maintain their homes. Legal supports like provision of police powers and provision of SHLV (Staying Home Leaving Violence) schemes are provided through these assistance programs to those whom are in need. Safe at Home scheme is integrated in Australia by the government and non-governmental agencies to support the homeless people. Programs are provided to the homeless people to raise community awareness and educate them on children homelessness, domestic and family violence, and other awareness relating to mental health. The government ensures that they adapt policies like Housing Establishment Funds to help educate homeless families navigate from catastrophe housing to long-term housing of their own. It is equally important for the government to be aware of adequate funding for the homeless people. There are also schemes provided by non-government agencies to reduce homelessness and to help people in preventing the use of catastrophe accommodation. These housing options provide advocacy and support services to help people improve their amenity and opportunities.\nSolutions\nReducing homelessness and uplifting homeless people's standard of living to a better circumstance is the ultimate goal in every country. Providing temporary accommodation to the homeless people is a way of reducing homelessness but it is not a permanent solution. Every individual has their own role to play in reducing homelessness as a whole. More services like this and access to regular and permanent housing are being offered in every country to avoid people from sleeping on streets and risking their lives from any domestic violence or abuse. The government can and is gathering various organizations together to coordinate their responses by increasing the public spending on rental housing assistance and placing greater emphasis on service sectors in order to reduce homelessness. They are also paying attention in supervision to ensure the homeless people has adequate safety, basic needs, mental health services and secured housing. Increasing resources to support victims to move into a sustainable long-term housing is one of the goals of the government and non- governmental agencies. This will help victims exit from homelessness as they compete in private or public housing sectors to live in their own independent accommodation. Family reconciliation would be an effective way in order to help support the homeless people especially younger children and those victims of higher risks like domestic violence, child abuse or elder abuse. It helps preserves their relationships by stopping any sort of violence. They are being supported and educated on living independently and safely as early intervention would be great for them. The organizations should keep in touch with victims and the families to track their needs and progress from time to time. Due to the lack of temporary accommodation in certain countries, some homeless people are given financial assistance so that they are able to secure an alternative accommodation if they are not accepted in any of these catastrophe accommodation services. It becomes much easier to supervise the victim's behaviour, health and personal contacts to ensure their safety. More affordable opportunities are and should be given to low income homeless people by allowing the government to work together with the housing market agencies. This will help improve the residential stability of the homeless victims. Providing an affordable, safe and comfortable environment to the homeless people should be taken into account and given more priorities. Adequate provision of good facilities and services should be prioritised in all the temporary accommodation for a better and healthy living. Legal and judicial measures are taken into account in order to keep these homeless victims safe from any high risk, violence and evictions. Certain ideal systems or standards should be set for those whom are accepted into the temporary accommodations. Adequate social support should be offered in a flexible basis to support those with difficulties in sustaining their tenancy. Government and non-governmental agencies should support public and social housing tenants to move into private home ownership and hence providing more space in public housing which allows victims to have better circumstances. The Melbourne Apartment Project and Toronto's Options for Home Scheme helps create space in the public housing by encouraging and helping victims to buy their own homes. They do provide psychological benefits to ensure these victims are in a safer and more comfortable environment. A mixture of housing and welfare policies is needed in building both social and private sectors to provide assistance, incentives and outreach support. Funds are being provided by the government to those whom are not accepted into the catastrophe accommodation due to the lack of spaces." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word crisis with catastrophe in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nDiscourse of renewal is a theory in crisis communication that seeks to establish and emphasize \"learning from the crisis, ethical communication, communication that is prospective in nature, and effective organizational rhetoric.\" With a prospective approach, Gordon Lippett established the organizational renewal theory that would lead organizations \"to higher stages progressively and to preclude a decline toward a lower stage\" of organizational recovery. With the application of discourse of renewal practices, organizations and communities \"can consider developing a crisis plan and, more important, build their crisis communication skills over time\".\nComponents of Renewal Discourse\nMultiple stages exist within the discourse of renewal framework. Each of these different stages contain core components that provide an expectation for what an organization should achieve within each stage and provides suggestions for how the organization should progress through each stage. The four significant stages for the discourse of renewal framework are: organizational learning, ethical communication, a prospective rather than retrospective vision, and sound organizational rhetoric.\nLearning\nOrganizational learning requires the organization as a whole to take account of a crisis situation and consider what caused the crisis to occur and consider how it should have been handled. Crises often make the weak parts of an organization or an organization's response plans visible. This visibility allows these vulnerabilities to be examined and remedied in order to prevent similar failures from occurring in future crisis situations\nEthical communication\nWhen responding to a crisis, organizations need to be honest, moral, and ethical in addressing the public and stakeholders regarding the status of the crisis and the information they know regarding its causes and consequences. If an organization engaged in unethical behavior prior to a crisis, \"those lapses are eventually revealed during and after the crisis\". When an unethical organization attempts to re- emerge after a crisis, full recovery of the organization becomes difficult because of the unethical acts committed previously.\nProspective versus retrospective vision\nIn order for an organization to recover, actions taken by the organization throughout the recovery process must be forward- looking and address the faults the organization faced. With consideration to the type of crisis, \"issues of responsibility, harm, victimage, and blame may be subordinate to a more optimistic discourse that emphasizes moving beyond the crisis, focusing on strong value positions, responsibility to stakeholders, and growth as a result of the crisis\". Movement to post-crisis and recovery stages suggests \"organizations committed to renewal direct their messages toward the ultimate goal of rebuilding the organization so that it is more resilient to crisis, cleanly focuses on values of social responsibility, and more attentive to stakeholder needs\".\nEffective organizational rhetoric\nOrganizations in crisis must communicate with the public and with stakeholders who are affected by that crisis. By interacting with these groups positively and expressing messages with a prospective outlook, organizational leaders can express confidence regarding the organization's ability to overcome the crisis. In order for this confidence to be received by these audiences, organizational leaders must \"frame the crisis in a way that inspires, empowers, and motivates\" the public and stakeholders regarding the future of the organization. The language and information presented by organizational leaders possesses the ability to comfort impacted stakeholders when messages are delivered positively; however, negative deliveries can instill concern in the public and stakeholders. A lack of confidence from the public and stakeholders due to the information they received can drastically impact the outcome of an organization's renewal efforts as well as the relationship the organization has with future stakeholders in the post-crisis stage.\nPurpose\nThe discourse of renewal framework directs organizations to consider how to plan for a crisis and negotiate a crisis when they experience one. A major challenge organizations face when planning for a crisis or when they are attempting to manage a crisis situation is the image they convey throughout the recovery and the overall implications of a crisis. It is important that an organization seizes the opportunity to situate the minds of the public and of stakeholders regarding what the crisis means for that organization. A prospective outlook and a plan for direct, honest, and informative communication and recovery allows organizations to establish a positive reputation when responding to a crisis. By engaging in positive discourse and acknowledging the problems they are facing, to the public and the stakeholders, an organization can plan for how to proceed in the post- crisis stage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Discourse of renewal is a theory in catastrophe communication that seeks to establish and emphasize \"learning from the catastrophe, ethical communication, communication that is prospective in nature, and effective organizational rhetoric.\" With a prospective approach, Gordon Lippett established the organizational renewal theory that would lead organizations \"to higher stages progressively and to preclude a decline toward a lower stage\" of organizational recovery. With the application of discourse of renewal practices, organizations and communities \"can consider developing a catastrophe plan and, more important, build their catastrophe communication skills over time\".\nComponents of Renewal Discourse\nMultiple stages exist within the discourse of renewal framework. Each of these different stages contain core components that provide an expectation for what an organization should achieve within each stage and provides suggestions for how the organization should progress through each stage. The four significant stages for the discourse of renewal framework are: organizational learning, ethical communication, a prospective rather than retrospective vision, and sound organizational rhetoric.\nLearning\nOrganizational learning requires the organization as a whole to take account of a catastrophe situation and consider what caused the catastrophe to occur and consider how it should have been handled. Crises often make the weak parts of an organization or an organization's response plans visible. This visibility allows these vulnerabilities to be examined and remedied in order to prevent similar failures from occurring in future catastrophe situations\nEthical communication\nWhen responding to a catastrophe, organizations need to be honest, moral, and ethical in addressing the public and stakeholders regarding the status of the catastrophe and the information they know regarding its causes and consequences. If an organization engaged in unethical behavior prior to a catastrophe, \"those lapses are eventually revealed during and after the catastrophe\". When an unethical organization attempts to re- emerge after a catastrophe, full recovery of the organization becomes difficult because of the unethical acts committed previously.\nProspective versus retrospective vision\nIn order for an organization to recover, actions taken by the organization throughout the recovery process must be forward- looking and address the faults the organization faced. With consideration to the type of catastrophe, \"issues of responsibility, harm, victimage, and blame may be subordinate to a more optimistic discourse that emphasizes moving beyond the catastrophe, focusing on strong value positions, responsibility to stakeholders, and growth as a result of the catastrophe\". Movement to post-catastrophe and recovery stages suggests \"organizations committed to renewal direct their messages toward the ultimate goal of rebuilding the organization so that it is more resilient to catastrophe, cleanly focuses on values of social responsibility, and more attentive to stakeholder needs\".\nEffective organizational rhetoric\nOrganizations in catastrophe must communicate with the public and with stakeholders who are affected by that catastrophe. By interacting with these groups positively and expressing messages with a prospective outlook, organizational leaders can express confidence regarding the organization's ability to overcome the catastrophe. In order for this confidence to be received by these audiences, organizational leaders must \"frame the catastrophe in a way that inspires, empowers, and motivates\" the public and stakeholders regarding the future of the organization. The language and information presented by organizational leaders possesses the ability to comfort impacted stakeholders when messages are delivered positively; however, negative deliveries can instill concern in the public and stakeholders. A lack of confidence from the public and stakeholders due to the information they received can drastically impact the outcome of an organization's renewal efforts as well as the relationship the organization has with future stakeholders in the post-catastrophe stage.\nPurpose\nThe discourse of renewal framework directs organizations to consider how to plan for a catastrophe and negotiate a catastrophe when they experience one. A major challenge organizations face when planning for a catastrophe or when they are attempting to manage a catastrophe situation is the image they convey throughout the recovery and the overall implications of a catastrophe. It is important that an organization seizes the opportunity to situate the minds of the public and of stakeholders regarding what the catastrophe means for that organization. A prospective outlook and a plan for direct, honest, and informative communication and recovery allows organizations to establish a positive reputation when responding to a catastrophe. By engaging in positive discourse and acknowledging the problems they are facing, to the public and the stakeholders, an organization can plan for how to proceed in the post- catastrophe stage." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Abstract algebra is the subject area of mathematics that studies algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, and algebras. The phrase abstract algebra was coined at the turn of the 20th century to distinguish this area from what was normally referred to as algebra, the study of the rules for manipulating formulae and algebraic expressions involving unknowns and real or complex numbers, often now called elementary algebra. The distinction is rarely made in more recent writings.\n\nBasic language\n\nAlgebraic structures are defined primarily as sets with operations. *Algebraic structure **Subobjects: subgroup, subring, subalgebra, submodule etc. *Binary operation **Closure of an operation **Associative property **Distributive property **Commutative property *Unary operator **Additive inverse, multiplicative inverse, inverse element ***Identity element ***Cancellation property *Finitary operation **Arity Structure preserving maps called homomorphisms are vital in the study of algebraic objects. *Homomorphisms **Kernels and cokernels **Image and coimage **Epimorphisms and monomorphisms ***Isomorphisms ****Isomorphism theorems There are several basic ways to combine algebraic objects of the same type to produce a third object of the same type. These constructions are used throughout algebra. *Direct sum **Direct limit *Direct product **Inverse limit *Quotient objects: quotient group, quotient ring, quotient module etc. *Tensor product Advanced concepts: *Category theory **Category of groups ***Category of abelian groups **Category of rings **Category of modules ***Morita equivalence, Morita duality **Category of vector spaces *Homological algebra **Filtration (algebra) **Exact sequence **Functor *Zorn's lemma\n\nSemigroups and monoids\n\n*Semigroup **Subsemigroup **Free semigroup **Green's relations **Inversion semigroup (cf. ) **Krohn-Rhodes theory **Semigroup algebra **Transformation semigroup *Monoid **Aperiodic monoid **Free monoid **Monoid (category theory) **Monoid factorisation **Syntactic monoid\n\nGroup theory\n\n;Structure *Group (mathematics) **Lagrange's theorem (group theory) **Subgroup ***Coset ***Normal subgroup ***Characteristic subgroup ***Centralizer and normalizer subgroups ***Derived group ***Frattini subgroup ***Fitting subgroup **Classification of finite simple groups **Sylow theorems **Local analysis ;Constructions *Free group **Presentation of a group **Word problem for groups *Quotient group **Extension problem *Direct sum, direct product *Semidirect product **Wreath product ;Types *Simple group *Finite group *Abelian group **Torsion subgroup **Free abelian group **Finitely generated abelian group **Rank of an abelian group *Cyclic group **Locally cyclic group *Solvable group **Composition series *Nilpotent group *Divisible group *Dedekind group, Hamiltonian group ;Examples *Examples of groups **Permutation group **Symmetric group **Alternating group **p-group **List of small groups **Klein four-group **Quaternion group **Dihedral group **Dicyclic group **Automorphism group **Point group ;Applications *Group action **Conjugacy class **Inner automorphism **Conjugate closure **Stabilizer subgroup **Orbit (group theory) **Orbit-stabilizer theorem **Cayley's theorem **Burnside's lemma *Burnside's problem *Loop group *Fundamental group\n\nRing theory\n\n;General *Ring (mathematics) *Commutative algebra, Commutative ring *Ring theory, Noncommutative ring *Algebra over a field **Non-associative algebra *Relatives to rings: Semiring, Nearring, Rig (algebra) ;Structure *Subring, Subalgebra **Center (algebra) *Ring ideal **Principal ideal **Ideal quotient **Maximal ideal, minimal ideal **Primitive ideal, prime ideal, semiprime ideal **Radical of an ideal *Jacobson radical *Socle of a ring *unit (ring theory), Idempotent, Nilpotent, Zero divisor *Characteristic (algebra) *Ring homomorphism, Algebra homomorphism **Ring epimorphism **Ring monomorphism **Ring isomorphism ***Skolem-Noether theorem *Graded algebra *Morita equivalence **Brauer group ;Constructions *Direct sum of rings, Product of rings *Quotient ring *Matrix ring *Endomorphism ring *Polynomial ring *Formal power series *Monoid ring, Group ring *Localization of a ring *Tensor algebra **Symmetric algebra, Exterior algebra, Clifford algebra *Free algebra *Completion (ring theory) ;Types *Field (mathematics), Division ring, division algebra *Simple ring, Central simple algebra, Semisimple ring, Semisimple algebra *Primitive ring, Semiprimitive ring *Prime ring, Semiprime ring, Reduced ring *Integral domain, Domain (ring theory) **Field of fractions, Integral closure **Euclidean domain, Principal ideal domain, Unique factorization domain, Dedekind domain, Prufer domain *Von Neumann regular ring *Quasi-Frobenius ring *Hereditary ring, Semihereditary ring *Local ring, Semi- local ring *Discrete valuation ring *Regular local ring *Cohen-Macaulay ring *Gorenstein ring *Artinian ring, Noetherian ring *Perfect ring, semiperfect ring *Baer ring, Rickart ring *Lie ring, Lie algebra **Ideal (Lie algebra) *Jordan algebra *Differential algebra *Banach algebra ;Examples *Rational number, Real number, Complex number, Quaternions, Octonions **Hurwitz quaternion *Gaussian integer ;Theorems and applications *Algebraic geometry **Hilbert's Nullstellensatz *Hilbert's basis theorem *Hopkins-Levitzki theorem *Krull's principal ideal theorem *Levitzky's theorem *Galois theory **Abel-Ruffini theorem *Artin-Wedderburn theorem *Jacobson density theorem *Wedderburn's little theorem *Lasker-Noether theorem\n\nField theory\n\n;Basic concepts *Field (mathematics) *Subfield (mathematics) **Multiplicative group ***Primitive element (field theory) *Field extension **Algebraic extension ***Splitting field ***Algebraically closed field ****Algebraic element ****Algebraic closure **Separable extension ***Separable polynomial **Normal extension **Galois extension **Abelian extension **Transcendence degree *Field norm *Field trace *Conjugate element (field theory) *Tensor product of fields ;Types *Algebraic number field *Global field *Local field *Finite field *Symmetric function *Formally real field *Real closed field ;Applications *Galois theory **Galois group **Inverse Galois problem *Kummer theory\n\nModule theory\n\n;General *Module (mathematics) *Bimodule *Annihilator (ring theory) ;Structure *Submodule **Pure submodule *Module homomorphism **Essential submodule **Superfluous submodule **Singular submodule *Socle of a module *Radical of a module ;Constructions *Free module *Quotient module *Direct sum, Direct product of modules *Direct limit, Inverse limit *Localization of a module *Completion (ring theory) ;Types *Simple module, Semisimple module *Indecomposable module *Artinian module, Noetherian module *Homological types: **Projective module ***Projective cover ***Swan's theorem ***Quillen-Suslin theorem **Injective module ***Injective hull **Flat module ***Flat cover *Coherent module *Finitely-generated module *Finitely-presented module *Finitely related module *Algebraically compact module *Reflexive module ;Concepts and theorems *Composition series **Length of a module *Structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain *Homological dimension **Projective dimension **Injective dimension **Flat dimension **Global dimension **Weak global dimension **Cohomological dimension *Krull dimension *Regular sequence (algebra), depth (algebra) *Fitting lemma *Schur's lemma *Nakayama's lemma *Krull-Schmidt theorem *Steinitz exchange lemma *Jordan-Holder theorem *Artin-Rees lemma *Schanuel's lemma *Morita equivalence **Progenerator\n\nRepresentation theory\n\nRepresentation theory *Algebra representation *Group representation *Lie algebra representation *Maschke's theorem *Schur's lemma *Equivariant map *Frobenius reciprocity **Induced representation **Restricted representation *Affine representation *Projective representation *Modular representation theory *Quiver (mathematics) *Representation theory of Hopf algebras\n\nNon-associative systems\n\n;General *Associative property, Associator *Heap (mathematics) *Magma (algebra) **Loop (algebra), Quasigroup *Nonassociative ring, Non- associative algebra **Universal enveloping algebra **Lie algebra (see also list of Lie group topics and list of representation theory topics) **Jordan algebra **Alternative algebra **Power associativity **Flexible algebra ;Examples *Cayley-Dickson construction **Octonions **Sedenions *Hyperbolic quaternions *Virasoro algebra\n\nGeneralities\n\n*Algebraic structure *Universal algebra **Variety (universal algebra) **Congruence relation **Free object **Generating set (universal algebra) **Clone (algebra) *Kernel of a function **Kernel (algebra) **Isomorphism class **Isomorphism theorem **Fundamental theorem on homomorphisms *Universal property *Filtration (mathematics) *Category theory **Monoidal category **Groupoid **Group object **Coalgebra **Bialgebra **Hopf algebra **Magma object *Torsion (algebra)\n\nComputer algebra\n\n*Symbolic mathematics **Finite field arithmetic **Grobner basis **Buchberger's algorithm\n\n\nReplace 'mathematics' with 'calculation' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Abstract algebra is the subject area of calculation that studies algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, and algebras. The phrase abstract algebra was coined at the turn of the 20th century to distinguish this area from what was normally referred to as algebra, the study of the rules for manipulating formulae and algebraic expressions involving unknowns and real or complex numbers, often now called elementary algebra. The distinction is rarely made in more recent writings.\n\nBasic language\n\nAlgebraic structures are defined primarily as sets with operations. *Algebraic structure **Subobjects: subgroup, subring, subalgebra, submodule etc. *Binary operation **Closure of an operation **Associative property **Distributive property **Commutative property *Unary operator **Additive inverse, multiplicative inverse, inverse element ***Identity element ***Cancellation property *Finitary operation **Arity Structure preserving maps called homomorphisms are vital in the study of algebraic objects. *Homomorphisms **Kernels and cokernels **Image and coimage **Epimorphisms and monomorphisms ***Isomorphisms ****Isomorphism theorems There are several basic ways to combine algebraic objects of the same type to produce a third object of the same type. These constructions are used throughout algebra. *Direct sum **Direct limit *Direct product **Inverse limit *Quotient objects: quotient group, quotient ring, quotient module etc. *Tensor product Advanced concepts: *Category theory **Category of groups ***Category of abelian groups **Category of rings **Category of modules ***Morita equivalence, Morita duality **Category of vector spaces *Homological algebra **Filtration (algebra) **Exact sequence **Functor *Zorn's lemma\n\nSemigroups and monoids\n\n*Semigroup **Subsemigroup **Free semigroup **Green's relations **Inversion semigroup (cf. ) **Krohn-Rhodes theory **Semigroup algebra **Transformation semigroup *Monoid **Aperiodic monoid **Free monoid **Monoid (category theory) **Monoid factorisation **Syntactic monoid\n\nGroup theory\n\n;Structure *Group (calculation) **Lagrange's theorem (group theory) **Subgroup ***Coset ***Normal subgroup ***Characteristic subgroup ***Centralizer and normalizer subgroups ***Derived group ***Frattini subgroup ***Fitting subgroup **Classification of finite simple groups **Sylow theorems **Local analysis ;Constructions *Free group **Presentation of a group **Word problem for groups *Quotient group **Extension problem *Direct sum, direct product *Semidirect product **Wreath product ;Types *Simple group *Finite group *Abelian group **Torsion subgroup **Free abelian group **Finitely generated abelian group **Rank of an abelian group *Cyclic group **Locally cyclic group *Solvable group **Composition series *Nilpotent group *Divisible group *Dedekind group, Hamiltonian group ;Examples *Examples of groups **Permutation group **Symmetric group **Alternating group **p-group **List of small groups **Klein four-group **Quaternion group **Dihedral group **Dicyclic group **Automorphism group **Point group ;Applications *Group action **Conjugacy class **Inner automorphism **Conjugate closure **Stabilizer subgroup **Orbit (group theory) **Orbit-stabilizer theorem **Cayley's theorem **Burnside's lemma *Burnside's problem *Loop group *Fundamental group\n\nRing theory\n\n;General *Ring (calculation) *Commutative algebra, Commutative ring *Ring theory, Noncommutative ring *Algebra over a field **Non-associative algebra *Relatives to rings: Semiring, Nearring, Rig (algebra) ;Structure *Subring, Subalgebra **Center (algebra) *Ring ideal **Principal ideal **Ideal quotient **Maximal ideal, minimal ideal **Primitive ideal, prime ideal, semiprime ideal **Radical of an ideal *Jacobson radical *Socle of a ring *unit (ring theory), Idempotent, Nilpotent, Zero divisor *Characteristic (algebra) *Ring homomorphism, Algebra homomorphism **Ring epimorphism **Ring monomorphism **Ring isomorphism ***Skolem-Noether theorem *Graded algebra *Morita equivalence **Brauer group ;Constructions *Direct sum of rings, Product of rings *Quotient ring *Matrix ring *Endomorphism ring *Polynomial ring *Formal power series *Monoid ring, Group ring *Localization of a ring *Tensor algebra **Symmetric algebra, Exterior algebra, Clifford algebra *Free algebra *Completion (ring theory) ;Types *Field (calculation), Division ring, division algebra *Simple ring, Central simple algebra, Semisimple ring, Semisimple algebra *Primitive ring, Semiprimitive ring *Prime ring, Semiprime ring, Reduced ring *Integral domain, Domain (ring theory) **Field of fractions, Integral closure **Euclidean domain, Principal ideal domain, Unique factorization domain, Dedekind domain, Prufer domain *Von Neumann regular ring *Quasi-Frobenius ring *Hereditary ring, Semihereditary ring *Local ring, Semi- local ring *Discrete valuation ring *Regular local ring *Cohen-Macaulay ring *Gorenstein ring *Artinian ring, Noetherian ring *Perfect ring, semiperfect ring *Baer ring, Rickart ring *Lie ring, Lie algebra **Ideal (Lie algebra) *Jordan algebra *Differential algebra *Banach algebra ;Examples *Rational number, Real number, Complex number, Quaternions, Octonions **Hurwitz quaternion *Gaussian integer ;Theorems and applications *Algebraic geometry **Hilbert's Nullstellensatz *Hilbert's basis theorem *Hopkins-Levitzki theorem *Krull's principal ideal theorem *Levitzky's theorem *Galois theory **Abel-Ruffini theorem *Artin-Wedderburn theorem *Jacobson density theorem *Wedderburn's little theorem *Lasker-Noether theorem\n\nField theory\n\n;Basic concepts *Field (calculation) *Subfield (calculation) **Multiplicative group ***Primitive element (field theory) *Field extension **Algebraic extension ***Splitting field ***Algebraically closed field ****Algebraic element ****Algebraic closure **Separable extension ***Separable polynomial **Normal extension **Galois extension **Abelian extension **Transcendence degree *Field norm *Field trace *Conjugate element (field theory) *Tensor product of fields ;Types *Algebraic number field *Global field *Local field *Finite field *Symmetric function *Formally real field *Real closed field ;Applications *Galois theory **Galois group **Inverse Galois problem *Kummer theory\n\nModule theory\n\n;General *Module (calculation) *Bimodule *Annihilator (ring theory) ;Structure *Submodule **Pure submodule *Module homomorphism **Essential submodule **Superfluous submodule **Singular submodule *Socle of a module *Radical of a module ;Constructions *Free module *Quotient module *Direct sum, Direct product of modules *Direct limit, Inverse limit *Localization of a module *Completion (ring theory) ;Types *Simple module, Semisimple module *Indecomposable module *Artinian module, Noetherian module *Homological types: **Projective module ***Projective cover ***Swan's theorem ***Quillen-Suslin theorem **Injective module ***Injective hull **Flat module ***Flat cover *Coherent module *Finitely-generated module *Finitely-presented module *Finitely related module *Algebraically compact module *Reflexive module ;Concepts and theorems *Composition series **Length of a module *Structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain *Homological dimension **Projective dimension **Injective dimension **Flat dimension **Global dimension **Weak global dimension **Cohomological dimension *Krull dimension *Regular sequence (algebra), depth (algebra) *Fitting lemma *Schur's lemma *Nakayama's lemma *Krull-Schmidt theorem *Steinitz exchange lemma *Jordan-Holder theorem *Artin-Rees lemma *Schanuel's lemma *Morita equivalence **Progenerator\n\nRepresentation theory\n\nRepresentation theory *Algebra representation *Group representation *Lie algebra representation *Maschke's theorem *Schur's lemma *Equivariant map *Frobenius reciprocity **Induced representation **Restricted representation *Affine representation *Projective representation *Modular representation theory *Quiver (calculation) *Representation theory of Hopf algebras\n\nNon-associative systems\n\n;General *Associative property, Associator *Heap (calculation) *Magma (algebra) **Loop (algebra), Quasigroup *Nonassociative ring, Non- associative algebra **Universal enveloping algebra **Lie algebra (see also list of Lie group topics and list of representation theory topics) **Jordan algebra **Alternative algebra **Power associativity **Flexible algebra ;Examples *Cayley-Dickson construction **Octonions **Sedenions *Hyperbolic quaternions *Virasoro algebra\n\nGeneralities\n\n*Algebraic structure *Universal algebra **Variety (universal algebra) **Congruence relation **Free object **Generating set (universal algebra) **Clone (algebra) *Kernel of a function **Kernel (algebra) **Isomorphism class **Isomorphism theorem **Fundamental theorem on homomorphisms *Universal property *Filtration (calculation) *Category theory **Monoidal category **Groupoid **Group object **Coalgebra **Bialgebra **Hopf algebra **Magma object *Torsion (algebra)\n\nComputer algebra\n\n*Symbolic calculation **Finite field arithmetic **Grobner basis **Buchberger's algorithm" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "This is a list of algebraic geometry topics, by Wikipedia page.\nClassical topics in projective geometry\n*Affine space *Projective space *Projective line, cross-ratio *Projective plane **Line at infinity **Complex projective plane *Complex projective space *Plane at infinity, hyperplane at infinity *Projective frame *Projective transformation *Fundamental theorem of projective geometry *Duality (projective geometry) *Real projective plane *Real projective space *Segre embedding of a product of projective spaces *Rational normal curve\nAlgebraic curves\n*Conics, Pascal's theorem, Brianchon's theorem *Twisted cubic *Elliptic curve, cubic curve **Elliptic function, Jacobi's elliptic functions, Weierstrass's elliptic functions **Elliptic integral **Complex multiplication **Weil pairing *Hyperelliptic curve *Klein quartic *Modular curve **Modular equation **Modular function **Modular group **Supersingular primes *Fermat curve *Bezout's theorem *Brill- Noether theory *Genus (mathematics) *Riemann surface *Riemann-Hurwitz formula *Riemann-Roch theorem *Abelian integral *Differential of the first kind *Jacobian variety **Generalized Jacobian *Moduli of algebraic curves *Hurwitz's theorem on automorphisms of a curve *Clifford's theorem on special divisors *Gonality of an algebraic curve *Weil reciprocity law *Goppa code\nAlgebraic surfaces\n*Enriques-Kodaira classification *List of algebraic surfaces *Ruled surface *Cubic surface *Veronese surface *Del Pezzo surface *Rational surface *Enriques surface *K3 surface *Hodge index theorem *Elliptic surface *Surface of general type *Zariski surface\nAlgebraic geometry: classical approach\n*Algebraic variety **Hypersurface **Quadric (algebraic geometry) **Dimension of an algebraic variety **Hilbert's Nullstellensatz **Complete variety **Elimination theory **Grobner basis **Projective variety **Quasiprojective variety **Canonical bundle **Complete intersection **Serre duality **Arithmetic genus, geometric genus, irregularity *Tangent space, Zariski tangent space *Function field of an algebraic variety *Ample line bundle *Ample vector bundle *Linear system of divisors *Birational geometry **Blowing up **Resolution of singularities **Rational variety **Unirational variety **Ruled variety **Kodaira dimension **Canonical ring **Minimal model program *Intersection theory **Intersection number **Chow ring **Chern class **Serre's multiplicity conjectures *Albanese variety *Picard group *Modular form *Moduli space *Modular equation **J-invariant *Algebraic function *Algebraic form *Addition theorem *Invariant theory **Symbolic method of invariant theory *Geometric invariant theory *Toric variety *Deformation theory *Singular point, non-singular *Singularity theory **Newton polygon *Weil conjectures\nComplex manifolds\n*Kahler manifold *Calabi-Yau manifold *Stein manifold *Hodge theory *Hodge cycle *Hodge conjecture *Algebraic geometry and analytic geometry *Mirror symmetry\nAlgebraic groups\n*Linear algebraic group **Additive group **Multiplicative group **Algebraic torus **Reductive group **Borel subgroup **Parabolic subgroup **Radical of an algebraic group **Unipotent radical **Lie-Kolchin theorem **Haboush's theorem (also known as the Mumford conjecture) *Group scheme *Abelian variety **Theta function *Grassmannian *Flag manifold *Weil restriction *Differential Galois theory\nContemporary foundations\nCommutative algebra\n*Prime ideal *Valuation (algebra) *Krull dimension *Regular local ring *Regular sequence *Cohen-Macaulay ring *Gorenstein ring *Koszul complex *Spectrum of a ring *Zariski topology *Kahler differential *Generic flatness *Irrelevant ideal\nSheaf theory\n*Locally ringed space *Coherent sheaf *Invertible sheaf *Sheaf cohomology *Coherent sheaf cohomology *Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch theorem *Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch theorem *Coherent duality *Devissage\nSchemes\n*Affine scheme *Scheme *Elements de geometrie algebrique *Grothendieck's Seminaire de geometrie algebrique *Fiber product of schemes *Flat morphism *Smooth scheme *Finite morphism *Quasi-finite morphism *Proper morphism *Semistable elliptic curve *Grothendieck's relative point of view *Hilbert scheme\nCategory theory\n*Grothendieck topology *Topos *Derived category *Descent (category theory) **Grothendieck's Galois theory *Algebraic stack *Gerbe *Etale cohomology *Motive (algebraic geometry) *Motivic cohomology *A1 homotopy theory *Homotopical algebra\nAlgebraic geometers\n*Niels Henrik Abel *Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi *Jakob Steiner *Julius Plucker *Arthur Cayley *Bernhard Riemann *Max Noether *William Kingdon Clifford *David Hilbert *Italian school of algebraic geometry **Guido Castelnuovo **Federigo Enriques **Francesco Severi *Solomon Lefschetz *Oscar Zariski *W. V. D. Hodge *Sir Michael Atiyah *Kunihiko Kodaira *Andre Weil *Jean-Pierre Serre *Alexander Grothendieck *Friedrich Hirzebruch *Igor Shafarevich *Heisuke Hironaka *Shreeram S. Abhyankar *Pierre Samuel *C.P. Ramanujam *David Mumford *Michael Artin *Phillip Griffiths *Pierre Deligne *Yuri Manin *Shigefumi Mori *Vladimir Drinfeld *Vladimir Voevodsky *Claire Voisin *Janos Kollar *Caucher Birkar Algebraic geometry Algebraic geometry Algebraic geometry\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word geometry, with the word calculation. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "This is a list of algebraic calculation topics, by Wikipedia page.\nClassical topics in projective calculation\n*Affine space *Projective space *Projective line, cross-ratio *Projective plane **Line at infinity **Complex projective plane *Complex projective space *Plane at infinity, hyperplane at infinity *Projective frame *Projective transformation *Fundamental theorem of projective calculation *Duality (projective calculation) *Real projective plane *Real projective space *Segre embedding of a product of projective spaces *Rational normal curve\nAlgebraic curves\n*Conics, Pascal's theorem, Brianchon's theorem *Twisted cubic *Elliptic curve, cubic curve **Elliptic function, Jacobi's elliptic functions, Weierstrass's elliptic functions **Elliptic integral **Complex multiplication **Weil pairing *Hyperelliptic curve *Klein quartic *Modular curve **Modular equation **Modular function **Modular group **Supersingular primes *Fermat curve *Bezout's theorem *Brill- Noether theory *Genus (mathematics) *Riemann surface *Riemann-Hurwitz formula *Riemann-Roch theorem *Abelian integral *Differential of the first kind *Jacobian variety **Generalized Jacobian *Moduli of algebraic curves *Hurwitz's theorem on automorphisms of a curve *Clifford's theorem on special divisors *Gonality of an algebraic curve *Weil reciprocity law *Goppa code\nAlgebraic surfaces\n*Enriques-Kodaira classification *List of algebraic surfaces *Ruled surface *Cubic surface *Veronese surface *Del Pezzo surface *Rational surface *Enriques surface *K3 surface *Hodge index theorem *Elliptic surface *Surface of general type *Zariski surface\nAlgebraic calculation: classical approach\n*Algebraic variety **Hypersurface **Quadric (algebraic calculation) **Dimension of an algebraic variety **Hilbert's Nullstellensatz **Complete variety **Elimination theory **Grobner basis **Projective variety **Quasiprojective variety **Canonical bundle **Complete intersection **Serre duality **Arithmetic genus, geometric genus, irregularity *Tangent space, Zariski tangent space *Function field of an algebraic variety *Ample line bundle *Ample vector bundle *Linear system of divisors *Birational calculation **Blowing up **Resolution of singularities **Rational variety **Unirational variety **Ruled variety **Kodaira dimension **Canonical ring **Minimal model program *Intersection theory **Intersection number **Chow ring **Chern class **Serre's multiplicity conjectures *Albanese variety *Picard group *Modular form *Moduli space *Modular equation **J-invariant *Algebraic function *Algebraic form *Addition theorem *Invariant theory **Symbolic method of invariant theory *Geometric invariant theory *Toric variety *Deformation theory *Singular point, non-singular *Singularity theory **Newton polygon *Weil conjectures\nComplex manifolds\n*Kahler manifold *Calabi-Yau manifold *Stein manifold *Hodge theory *Hodge cycle *Hodge conjecture *Algebraic calculation and analytic calculation *Mirror symmetry\nAlgebraic groups\n*Linear algebraic group **Additive group **Multiplicative group **Algebraic torus **Reductive group **Borel subgroup **Parabolic subgroup **Radical of an algebraic group **Unipotent radical **Lie-Kolchin theorem **Haboush's theorem (also known as the Mumford conjecture) *Group scheme *Abelian variety **Theta function *Grassmannian *Flag manifold *Weil restriction *Differential Galois theory\nContemporary foundations\nCommutative algebra\n*Prime ideal *Valuation (algebra) *Krull dimension *Regular local ring *Regular sequence *Cohen-Macaulay ring *Gorenstein ring *Koszul complex *Spectrum of a ring *Zariski topology *Kahler differential *Generic flatness *Irrelevant ideal\nSheaf theory\n*Locally ringed space *Coherent sheaf *Invertible sheaf *Sheaf cohomology *Coherent sheaf cohomology *Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch theorem *Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch theorem *Coherent duality *Devissage\nSchemes\n*Affine scheme *Scheme *Elements de geometrie algebrique *Grothendieck's Seminaire de geometrie algebrique *Fiber product of schemes *Flat morphism *Smooth scheme *Finite morphism *Quasi-finite morphism *Proper morphism *Semistable elliptic curve *Grothendieck's relative point of view *Hilbert scheme\nCategory theory\n*Grothendieck topology *Topos *Derived category *Descent (category theory) **Grothendieck's Galois theory *Algebraic stack *Gerbe *Etale cohomology *Motive (algebraic calculation) *Motivic cohomology *A1 homotopy theory *Homotopical algebra\nAlgebraic geometers\n*Niels Henrik Abel *Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi *Jakob Steiner *Julius Plucker *Arthur Cayley *Bernhard Riemann *Max Noether *William Kingdon Clifford *David Hilbert *Italian school of algebraic calculation **Guido Castelnuovo **Federigo Enriques **Francesco Severi *Solomon Lefschetz *Oscar Zariski *W. V. D. Hodge *Sir Michael Atiyah *Kunihiko Kodaira *Andre Weil *Jean-Pierre Serre *Alexander Grothendieck *Friedrich Hirzebruch *Igor Shafarevich *Heisuke Hironaka *Shreeram S. Abhyankar *Pierre Samuel *C.P. Ramanujam *David Mumford *Michael Artin *Phillip Griffiths *Pierre Deligne *Yuri Manin *Shigefumi Mori *Vladimir Drinfeld *Vladimir Voevodsky *Claire Voisin *Janos Kollar *Caucher Birkar Algebraic calculation Algebraic calculation Algebraic calculation" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"convenience\" with \"benefit\" wherever it occurs:\n\nConvenience sampling (also known as grab sampling, accidental sampling, or opportunity sampling) is a type of non-probability sampling that involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population that is close to hand. This type of sampling is most useful for pilot testing.\n\nDefinition\n\nA convenience sample is a type of non-probability sampling method where the sample is taken from a group of people easy to contact or to reach. For example, standing at a mall or a grocery store and asking people to answer questions would be an example of a convenience sample. This type of sampling is also known as grab sampling or availability sampling. There are no other criteria to the sampling method except that people be available and willing to participate. In addition, this type of sampling method does not require that a simple random sample is generated, since the only criterion is whether the participants agree to participate.\n\nApplications\n\nConvenience sampling is not often recommended for research due to the possibility of sampling error and lack of representation of population. But it can be handy depending on the situation. In some situations, convenience sampling is the only possible option. For example, a college student who is doing a term project and wants to know the average consumption of coke in that college town on Friday night will most probably call some of his friends and ask them how many cans of coke they drink, or go to a nearby party to do an easy survey. There is always a trade-off between this method of quick sampling and accuracy. Collected samples may not represent the population of interest and therefore be a source of bias. In the example above, if said college town has a small population and mostly consists of students, and that particular student chooses a graduation party for survey, then his sample has a fair chance to represent the population. Larger sample size will reduce the chance of sampling error occurring. Another example would be a gaming company that wants to know how one of their games is doing in the market one day after its release. Its analyst may choose to create an online survey on Facebook to rate that game. The major challenge of this approach will be reaching to the people who play games. As social media is a vast place, it's always difficult to collect samples from the population of interest. Most people may not be interested or take the survey seriously while completing it, which results in sampling error. The survey may be improved greatly if the analyst posts it to fan pages dedicated to game-lovers. He may find a lot more people in that group who would be inclined to judge and rate the game critically.\n\nAdvantages\n\nConvenience sampling can be used by almost anyone and has been around for generations. One of the reasons that it is most often used is due to the numerous advantages it provides. This method is extremely speedy, easy, readily available, and cost effective, causing it to be an attractive option to most researchers. Expedited data collection When time is of the essence, many researchers turn to convenience sampling for data collection, as they can swiftly gather data and begin their calculations. It is useful in time sensitive research because very little preparation is needed to use convenience sampling for data collection. It is also useful when researchers need to conduct pilot data collection in order to gain a quick understanding of certain trends or to develop hypotheses for future research. By rapidly gathering information, researchers and scientists can isolate growing trends, or extrapolate generalized information from local public opinion. Ease of research For researchers who are not looking for an accurate sampling, they can simply collect their information and move on to other aspects of their study. This type of sampling can be done by simply creating a questionnaire and distributing it to their targeted group. Through this method, researchers can easily finish collecting their data in a matter of hours, free from worrying about whether it is an accurate representation of the population. This allows for a great ease of research, letting researchers focus on analyzing the data rather than interviewing and carefully selecting participants. Ready availability Since most convenience sampling is collected with the populations on hand, the data is readily available for the researcher to collect. They do not typically have to travel great distances to collect the data, but simply pull from whatever environment is nearby. Having a sample group readily available is important for meeting quotas quickly, and allows for the researcher to even do multiple studies in an expeditious fashion. Cost effectiveness One of the most important aspects of convenience sampling is its cost effectiveness. This method allows for funds to be distributed to other aspects of the project. Oftentimes this method of sampling is used to gain funding for a larger, more thorough research project. In this instance, funds are not yet available for a more complete survey, so a quick selection of the population will be used to demonstrate a need for the completed project.\n\nDisadvantages\n\nEven though convenience sampling can be easy to obtain, its disadvantages usually outweigh the advantages. This sampling technique may be more appropriate for one type of study and less for another. Bias The results of the convenience sampling cannot be generalized to the target population because of the potential bias of the sampling technique due to under-representation of subgroups in the sample in comparison to the population of interest. The bias of the sample cannot be measured. Therefore, inferences based on the convenience sampling should be made only about the sample itself. Power Convenience sampling is characterized with insufficient power to identify differences of population subgroups." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Benefit sampling (also known as grab sampling, accidental sampling, or opportunity sampling) is a type of non-probability sampling that involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population that is close to hand. This type of sampling is most useful for pilot testing.\n\nDefinition\n\nA benefit sample is a type of non-probability sampling method where the sample is taken from a group of people easy to contact or to reach. For example, standing at a mall or a grocery store and asking people to answer questions would be an example of a benefit sample. This type of sampling is also known as grab sampling or availability sampling. There are no other criteria to the sampling method except that people be available and willing to participate. In addition, this type of sampling method does not require that a simple random sample is generated, since the only criterion is whether the participants agree to participate.\n\nApplications\n\nBenefit sampling is not often recommended for research due to the possibility of sampling error and lack of representation of population. But it can be handy depending on the situation. In some situations, benefit sampling is the only possible option. For example, a college student who is doing a term project and wants to know the average consumption of coke in that college town on Friday night will most probably call some of his friends and ask them how many cans of coke they drink, or go to a nearby party to do an easy survey. There is always a trade-off between this method of quick sampling and accuracy. Collected samples may not represent the population of interest and therefore be a source of bias. In the example above, if said college town has a small population and mostly consists of students, and that particular student chooses a graduation party for survey, then his sample has a fair chance to represent the population. Larger sample size will reduce the chance of sampling error occurring. Another example would be a gaming company that wants to know how one of their games is doing in the market one day after its release. Its analyst may choose to create an online survey on Facebook to rate that game. The major challenge of this approach will be reaching to the people who play games. As social media is a vast place, it's always difficult to collect samples from the population of interest. Most people may not be interested or take the survey seriously while completing it, which results in sampling error. The survey may be improved greatly if the analyst posts it to fan pages dedicated to game-lovers. He may find a lot more people in that group who would be inclined to judge and rate the game critically.\n\nAdvantages\n\nBenefit sampling can be used by almost anyone and has been around for generations. One of the reasons that it is most often used is due to the numerous advantages it provides. This method is extremely speedy, easy, readily available, and cost effective, causing it to be an attractive option to most researchers. Expedited data collection When time is of the essence, many researchers turn to benefit sampling for data collection, as they can swiftly gather data and begin their calculations. It is useful in time sensitive research because very little preparation is needed to use benefit sampling for data collection. It is also useful when researchers need to conduct pilot data collection in order to gain a quick understanding of certain trends or to develop hypotheses for future research. By rapidly gathering information, researchers and scientists can isolate growing trends, or extrapolate generalized information from local public opinion. Ease of research For researchers who are not looking for an accurate sampling, they can simply collect their information and move on to other aspects of their study. This type of sampling can be done by simply creating a questionnaire and distributing it to their targeted group. Through this method, researchers can easily finish collecting their data in a matter of hours, free from worrying about whether it is an accurate representation of the population. This allows for a great ease of research, letting researchers focus on analyzing the data rather than interviewing and carefully selecting participants. Ready availability Since most benefit sampling is collected with the populations on hand, the data is readily available for the researcher to collect. They do not typically have to travel great distances to collect the data, but simply pull from whatever environment is nearby. Having a sample group readily available is important for meeting quotas quickly, and allows for the researcher to even do multiple studies in an expeditious fashion. Cost effectiveness One of the most important aspects of benefit sampling is its cost effectiveness. This method allows for funds to be distributed to other aspects of the project. Oftentimes this method of sampling is used to gain funding for a larger, more thorough research project. In this instance, funds are not yet available for a more complete survey, so a quick selection of the population will be used to demonstrate a need for the completed project.\n\nDisadvantages\n\nEven though benefit sampling can be easy to obtain, its disadvantages usually outweigh the advantages. This sampling technique may be more appropriate for one type of study and less for another. Bias The results of the benefit sampling cannot be generalized to the target population because of the potential bias of the sampling technique due to under-representation of subgroups in the sample in comparison to the population of interest. The bias of the sample cannot be measured. Therefore, inferences based on the benefit sampling should be made only about the sample itself. Power Benefit sampling is characterized with insufficient power to identify differences of population subgroups." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "An example of CSS Code, which makes up the visual and styling components of a web page. Separation of content and presentation (or separation of content and style) is the separation of concerns design principle as applied to the authoring and presentation of content. Under this principle, visual and design aspects (presentation and style) are separated from the core material and structure (content) of a document. A typical analogy used to explain this principle is the distinction between the human skeleton (as the structural component) and human flesh (as the visual component) which makes up the body's appearance. Common applications of this principle are seen in Web design (HTML vs. CSS) and document typesetting (Lambert 's document body vs. its preamble).\nUse in Web design\nThis principle is not a rigid guideline, but serves more as best practice for keeping appearance and structure separate. In many cases, the design and development aspects of a project are performed by different people, so keeping both aspects separated ensures both initial production accountability and later maintenance simplification, as in the don't repeat yourself (DRY) principle.\nUse in document typesetting\nLaTeX is a document markup language that focuses primarily on the content and structure of a document. When a document is prepared using the LaTeX system, the source code of the document can be divided into two parts: the document body and the preamble (and the style sheets). The document body can be likened to the body of a HTML document, where one specifies the content and the structure of the document, whereas the preamble (and the style sheets) can be likened to the CSS portion of a HTML document, where the formatting, document specifications and other visual attributes are specified. Under this methodology, academic writings and publications can be structured, styled and typeset with minimal effort by its creators. In fact, it also prevents the end-users -- who are usually not trained as designers themselves -- from alternating between tweaking the formatting and working on the document itself. Similar to the case with HTML and CSS, the separation between content and style also allows a document to be quickly reformatted for different purposes, or a style to be re-purposed across multiple documents as well.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"principle\" with \"basis\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "An example of CSS Code, which makes up the visual and styling components of a web page. Separation of content and presentation (or separation of content and style) is the separation of concerns design basis as applied to the authoring and presentation of content. Under this basis, visual and design aspects (presentation and style) are separated from the core material and structure (content) of a document. A typical analogy used to explain this basis is the distinction between the human skeleton (as the structural component) and human flesh (as the visual component) which makes up the body's appearance. Common applications of this basis are seen in Web design (HTML vs. CSS) and document typesetting (Lambert 's document body vs. its preamble).\nUse in Web design\nThis basis is not a rigid guideline, but serves more as best practice for keeping appearance and structure separate. In many cases, the design and development aspects of a project are performed by different people, so keeping both aspects separated ensures both initial production accountability and later maintenance simplification, as in the don't repeat yourself (DRY) basis.\nUse in document typesetting\nLaTeX is a document markup language that focuses primarily on the content and structure of a document. When a document is prepared using the LaTeX system, the source code of the document can be divided into two parts: the document body and the preamble (and the style sheets). The document body can be likened to the body of a HTML document, where one specifies the content and the structure of the document, whereas the preamble (and the style sheets) can be likened to the CSS portion of a HTML document, where the formatting, document specifications and other visual attributes are specified. Under this methodology, academic writings and publications can be structured, styled and typeset with minimal effort by its creators. In fact, it also prevents the end-users -- who are usually not trained as designers themselves -- from alternating between tweaking the formatting and working on the document itself. Similar to the case with HTML and CSS, the separation between content and style also allows a document to be quickly reformatted for different purposes, or a style to be re-purposed across multiple documents as well." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Flo, south of Vanern. The Central Swedish lowland () is a large region of low relief and altitude in Sweden spanning from the Swedish West Coast at Bohuslan to Stockholm archipelago and Roslagen at the Baltic Sea. The Central Swedish lowland forms a broad east-west trending belt north of the South Swedish highlands and south of the Norrland terrain.Natenc Traditionally the heartland of Sweden due to its large population and agricultural resources the region benefits additionally from the proximity of hydropower, forest and mineral resources. The lowland is also at a good position for trade with the Baltic region. These advantages are reflected in the location of Sweden's capital, Stockholm, at the eastern end of the lowlands. Most of Sweden's manufacturing industries lies in this region.\nRelief, soil and vegetation\nJoint valley landscape seen in wintertime Stockholm archipelago. The reason on how the lowlands reached its sunken position relative to other parts of Sweden is not clear. Possibly its boundaries are flexures in Earth's crust rather, the possibility of geological faults forming its boundaries is ruled out as none of them have been found.. Much of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain, that is otherways common in eastern Sweden, is preserved on the Central Swedish lowland. The relief of the region is contain various areas of joint valley terrain (), this means that the landscape is dissected by valleys following joints, faults and other weakness zones in the Precambrian shield rocks. NNW- SSE trending eskers, that are usually forested, crosses the lowlands. In Vastergotland the lowland contain a series of hills made up Silurian-aged sedimentary rock, these are; Kinnekulle, Halleberg, Hunneberg and Billingen. The region forms a belt of fertile soils suitable for agriculture that interrupts the forested and till-coated lands to the north and south. The soil types of the Central Swedish lowland include fine grained sediments, like clays, as patent materials. This is because the whole region is below the highest coastline () since deglaciation, allowing for marine and lacustrine sedimentation before post-glacial rebound bought the lowland above sea level. Before the expansion of agriculture fertile soils were occupied by contiguous broad-leaved tree forest where maples, oaks, ashes, small-leaved lime and common hazel grew. The Central Swedish lowland does however also contain soils of poor quality, particularly in hills where Scots pine and Norway spruce grows on top of thin till soils.\nHydrography\nSweden's four largest lakes, Vanern, Vattern, Malaren and Hjalmaren, all lie within the lowlands. The Central Swedish lowland is one of Sweden's ten groundwater regions. The groundwater of the coast of the Central Swedish lowlands have high amounts of chloride as result of the presence of fossil sea water. The soils developed on fine-grained sediments are better buffers against groundwater acidification than tills found elsewhere in Sweden.\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word central, with the word basic. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Flo, south of Vanern. The Basic Swedish lowland () is a large region of low relief and altitude in Sweden spanning from the Swedish West Coast at Bohuslan to Stockholm archipelago and Roslagen at the Baltic Sea. The Basic Swedish lowland forms a broad east-west trending belt north of the South Swedish highlands and south of the Norrland terrain.Natenc Traditionally the heartland of Sweden due to its large population and agricultural resources the region benefits additionally from the proximity of hydropower, forest and mineral resources. The lowland is also at a good position for trade with the Baltic region. These advantages are reflected in the location of Sweden's capital, Stockholm, at the eastern end of the lowlands. Most of Sweden's manufacturing industries lies in this region.\nRelief, soil and vegetation\nJoint valley landscape seen in wintertime Stockholm archipelago. The reason on how the lowlands reached its sunken position relative to other parts of Sweden is not clear. Possibly its boundaries are flexures in Earth's crust rather, the possibility of geological faults forming its boundaries is ruled out as none of them have been found.. Much of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain, that is otherways common in eastern Sweden, is preserved on the Basic Swedish lowland. The relief of the region is contain various areas of joint valley terrain (), this means that the landscape is dissected by valleys following joints, faults and other weakness zones in the Precambrian shield rocks. NNW- SSE trending eskers, that are usually forested, crosses the lowlands. In Vastergotland the lowland contain a series of hills made up Silurian-aged sedimentary rock, these are; Kinnekulle, Halleberg, Hunneberg and Billingen. The region forms a belt of fertile soils suitable for agriculture that interrupts the forested and till-coated lands to the north and south. The soil types of the Basic Swedish lowland include fine grained sediments, like clays, as patent materials. This is because the whole region is below the highest coastline () since deglaciation, allowing for marine and lacustrine sedimentation before post-glacial rebound bought the lowland above sea level. Before the expansion of agriculture fertile soils were occupied by contiguous broad-leaved tree forest where maples, oaks, ashes, small-leaved lime and common hazel grew. The Basic Swedish lowland does however also contain soils of poor quality, particularly in hills where Scots pine and Norway spruce grows on top of thin till soils.\nHydrography\nSweden's four largest lakes, Vanern, Vattern, Malaren and Hjalmaren, all lie within the lowlands. The Basic Swedish lowland is one of Sweden's ten groundwater regions. The groundwater of the coast of the Basic Swedish lowlands have high amounts of chloride as result of the presence of fossil sea water. The soils developed on fine-grained sediments are better buffers against groundwater acidification than tills found elsewhere in Sweden." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'countries' with 'community'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nFugitive peasants (also runaway peasants, or flight of peasants) are peasants who left their land without permission, violating serfdom laws. Under serfdom, peasants usually required permission to leave the land they lived on. Running away was seen as the ultimate form of passive, non-violent peasant resistance (with the peasant rebellions being on the other end of the spectrum). Escape was a highly effective form of resistance, as it was difficult to prevent, damaging to the landowner, and difficult and costly in addressing. It was also one of the most common form of peasant resistance, a regular occurrence in the societies with serfdom. It is difficult to estimate the scale of the problem, but it was regarded as significant; in 18th century Russia for example tens of thousands of runaway peasants were captured every year, but that number likely represents only a fraction of those who successfully eluded recapture. Jezierski described the phenomenon of fugitive peasants as commonplace in medieval Poland. In most countries with the institution of serfdom, leaving one's land was illegal. However, where regulations existed, they were often poorly enforced, disputed by various stakeholders, and changed back and forth over time. In medieval Poland, for example, there were laws against the flight of peasants, but their enforcing was usually left in the hands of the landowners. As escape was sometimes encouraged by other landowners, who needed labor and promised better working conditions, even if such attitude was illegal and penalized by a fine, this compounded the problem. Similar problems existed in medieval Russia, Ottoman Empire, Germany, and other places. Stanziani writes about 17th century Russia: \"For a few few fugitives who were returned to their 'legitimate owners', millions of other peasants were left in their new places\". Legal cases involving run-away peasantry represented a significant part of legal proceedings in many countries, for example Duchy of Livonia. Peasants chose to escape if they felt they had little to lose, suffering from heavy taxation and exploitation, theft and hunger; they could also do so to avoid military conscription or religious persecution. Peasants usually ran away to neighboring provinces, or rarely, to foreign countries. Sometimes, however, differences between serfdom regimes in various countries encouraged international flight; law professor W.J. Wagner for example writes describing 18th century situation: \"The situation of the peasants in Poland was better than in most other countries. In France and Germany, for example, the owners of landed estates had unlimited jurisdiction over them, including the power to punish by death. In Russia, their economic oppression was notorious, and one of the reasons Catherine II gave for the partition of Poland was the fact that thousands of peasants escaped from Russia to Poland to seek a better fate.\" In Eastern Europe, the lands of the Cossacks were seen during the Early Modern Period as a refuge for many runaway serfs. This is reflected in a folk Russian saying \"S Donu vydachi net!\" (\"There is no extradition from the Don!\"), in reference to Don Cossacks." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Fugitive peasants (also runaway peasants, or flight of peasants) are peasants who left their land without permission, violating serfdom laws. Under serfdom, peasants usually required permission to leave the land they lived on. Running away was seen as the ultimate form of passive, non-violent peasant resistance (with the peasant rebellions being on the other end of the spectrum). Escape was a highly effective form of resistance, as it was difficult to prevent, damaging to the landowner, and difficult and costly in addressing. It was also one of the most common form of peasant resistance, a regular occurrence in the societies with serfdom. It is difficult to estimate the scale of the problem, but it was regarded as significant; in 18th century Russia for example tens of thousands of runaway peasants were captured every year, but that number likely represents only a fraction of those who successfully eluded recapture. Jezierski described the phenomenon of fugitive peasants as commonplace in medieval Poland. In most community with the institution of serfdom, leaving one's land was illegal. However, where regulations existed, they were often poorly enforced, disputed by various stakeholders, and changed back and forth over time. In medieval Poland, for example, there were laws against the flight of peasants, but their enforcing was usually left in the hands of the landowners. As escape was sometimes encouraged by other landowners, who needed labor and promised better working conditions, even if such attitude was illegal and penalized by a fine, this compounded the problem. Similar problems existed in medieval Russia, Ottoman Empire, Germany, and other places. Stanziani writes about 17th century Russia: \"For a few few fugitives who were returned to their 'legitimate owners', millions of other peasants were left in their new places\". Legal cases involving run-away peasantry represented a significant part of legal proceedings in many community, for example Duchy of Livonia. Peasants chose to escape if they felt they had little to lose, suffering from heavy taxation and exploitation, theft and hunger; they could also do so to avoid military conscription or religious persecution. Peasants usually ran away to neighboring provinces, or rarely, to foreign community. Sometimes, however, differences between serfdom regimes in various community encouraged international flight; law professor W.J. Wagner for example writes describing 18th century situation: \"The situation of the peasants in Poland was better than in most other community. In France and Germany, for example, the owners of landed estates had unlimited jurisdiction over them, including the power to punish by death. In Russia, their economic oppression was notorious, and one of the reasons Catherine II gave for the partition of Poland was the fact that thousands of peasants escaped from Russia to Poland to seek a better fate.\" In Eastern Europe, the lands of the Cossacks were seen during the Early Modern Period as a refuge for many runaway serfs. This is reflected in a folk Russian saying \"S Donu vydachi net!\" (\"There is no extradition from the Don!\"), in reference to Don Cossacks." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Humba, also spelled homba, is a Filipino braised pork dish originating from the Visayas Islands of the Philippines. It traditionally uses pork belly slow- cooked until very tender in soy sauce, vinegar, black peppercorns, garlic, bay leaves, and fermented black beans (tausi) sweetened with muscovado sugar. It also commonly includes hard-boiled eggs and banana blossoms.\nOrigin\nHumba is derived from the Chinese red braised pork belly (hongshaorou, also called hong ma or hong ba) introduced to the Philippines via Hokkien immigrants, but it differs significantly from the original dish in that Filipino humba has evolved to be cooked closer to Philippine adobo, using a lot more vinegar. Humba also does not traditionally use rice wine, ginger, chilis, or five-spice powder; and it commonly use additional ingredients like banana flowers or pineapples, which are absent in the original dish. Regardless, traces of its Chinese origin is still evident in the primary use of fermented black beans (tausi), an uncommon ingredient in Filipino cuisine. Humba is sometimes inaccurately referred to as the \"Visayan version of adobo\", largely because of how humba became cooked closer to adobo over time. But they have different origins and refer to different dishes. Humba is a specific dish usually restricted to pork belly, while adobo is a cooking process that can be used to cook a variety of ingredients from meat to vegetables. In the central and southern islands of the Philippines, both humba and adobo exist and are not confused with each other.\nDescription\nHumba in pineapple The defining ingredient of humba is the fermented black beans (tausi), without which it is basically just a slightly sweeter Philippine adobo. Like adobo it has many different variants, but it is relatively easy to prepare albeit time- consuming. The most basic humba recipe uses fatty cuts of pork, usually the pork belly (liempo). It is marinated in a mixture of soy sauce, vinegar, garlic, bay leaves, and black peppercorns. The pork is then sauteed with the garlic. Once the meat is half-cooked and lightly browned, water is added with the rest of the ingredients along with fermented black beans and muscovado sugar (or some other sweetening agent). Banana blossoms may also be added. It is then allowed to simmer for a few hours until the meat is very tender. Alternatively, it can be cooked in a pressure cooker to cut down the cooking time. Hard-boiled eggs may be added before serving. It is eaten with white rice.\nVariants\nHumba can sometimes be prepared with chicken, in which case it is more or less identical to Philippine chicken adobo, except for the use of tausi. It can also be prepared with pineapples as the sweetener, which again makes it very similar to another Filipino dish, the hamonado. A similar dish to humba is pata tim, which is also derived from hongshaorou. But pata tim does not use vinegar or tausi and primarily use pork hock with pechay and mushrooms.\n\n\nReplace 'fermented' with 'hard' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Humba, also spelled homba, is a Filipino braised pork dish originating from the Visayas Islands of the Philippines. It traditionally uses pork belly slow- cooked until very tender in soy sauce, vinegar, black peppercorns, garlic, bay leaves, and hard black beans (tausi) sweetened with muscovado sugar. It also commonly includes hard-boiled eggs and banana blossoms.\nOrigin\nHumba is derived from the Chinese red braised pork belly (hongshaorou, also called hong ma or hong ba) introduced to the Philippines via Hokkien immigrants, but it differs significantly from the original dish in that Filipino humba has evolved to be cooked closer to Philippine adobo, using a lot more vinegar. Humba also does not traditionally use rice wine, ginger, chilis, or five-spice powder; and it commonly use additional ingredients like banana flowers or pineapples, which are absent in the original dish. Regardless, traces of its Chinese origin is still evident in the primary use of hard black beans (tausi), an uncommon ingredient in Filipino cuisine. Humba is sometimes inaccurately referred to as the \"Visayan version of adobo\", largely because of how humba became cooked closer to adobo over time. But they have different origins and refer to different dishes. Humba is a specific dish usually restricted to pork belly, while adobo is a cooking process that can be used to cook a variety of ingredients from meat to vegetables. In the central and southern islands of the Philippines, both humba and adobo exist and are not confused with each other.\nDescription\nHumba in pineapple The defining ingredient of humba is the hard black beans (tausi), without which it is basically just a slightly sweeter Philippine adobo. Like adobo it has many different variants, but it is relatively easy to prepare albeit time- consuming. The most basic humba recipe uses fatty cuts of pork, usually the pork belly (liempo). It is marinated in a mixture of soy sauce, vinegar, garlic, bay leaves, and black peppercorns. The pork is then sauteed with the garlic. Once the meat is half-cooked and lightly browned, water is added with the rest of the ingredients along with hard black beans and muscovado sugar (or some other sweetening agent). Banana blossoms may also be added. It is then allowed to simmer for a few hours until the meat is very tender. Alternatively, it can be cooked in a pressure cooker to cut down the cooking time. Hard-boiled eggs may be added before serving. It is eaten with white rice.\nVariants\nHumba can sometimes be prepared with chicken, in which case it is more or less identical to Philippine chicken adobo, except for the use of tausi. It can also be prepared with pineapples as the sweetener, which again makes it very similar to another Filipino dish, the hamonado. A similar dish to humba is pata tim, which is also derived from hongshaorou. But pata tim does not use vinegar or tausi and primarily use pork hock with pechay and mushrooms." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'clients' with 'constituency'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nA laufhaus is a building with apartments that sex workers can rent and use as their base of operation. Laufhauses are very popular types of brothels in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. When translated, \"laufhaus\" means running- house, where lauf means to run and haus stands for house. The women who work in laufhauses are allowed to stay and sleep there even when they are not working.\nOperations\nUnlike other forms of brothels, laufhauses do not require clients to pay an entry fee. Clients are free to roam in the building and to inspect the women who are working. Usually, the doors have some sort of indicator to show if the woman who works in the particular room is available or not. Clients can knock on the doors where women are available and ask them about the prices and the services that are offered. Clients can negotiate about the services and the price with the women and they can move on to another room if they do not like what they see/hear. The landlord who owns the building rents out the rooms to the women and the women are required to pay rent on a daily/weekly or monthly basis (depending on the Laufhaus). In addition to renting out the rooms, the landlord also has the obligation of creating a website for the laufhaus, keeping it updated with new women and informing the clients which women are currently working. Women who work in laufhauses make their money by offering various types of sexual services to clients. Clients pay directly to the women before the session. The money that the women make is their own and they do not have to give any of it to someone else. Laufhaus owners make money by renting out the rooms to sex workers. Most of the time, this is the only way owners of laufhauses make a profit.\nLaufhauses and other brothels compared\nWhile in most types of brothels, the women have to give a percentage of their earnings to the owner, in laufhauses they can keep all of the money for themselves, other than paying the rent. Laufhauses do not offer drinks or food to the clients, like most Sauna clubs or sex clubs do. There are some laufhases that have drink vending machines, but not alcoholic beverages. Classic brothels regularly host events and different kinds of happenings; this is something that does not happen in laufhauses." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A laufhaus is a building with apartments that sex workers can rent and use as their base of operation. Laufhauses are very popular types of brothels in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. When translated, \"laufhaus\" means running- house, where lauf means to run and haus stands for house. The women who work in laufhauses are allowed to stay and sleep there even when they are not working.\nOperations\nUnlike other forms of brothels, laufhauses do not require constituency to pay an entry fee. Constituency are free to roam in the building and to inspect the women who are working. Usually, the doors have some sort of indicator to show if the woman who works in the particular room is available or not. Constituency can knock on the doors where women are available and ask them about the prices and the services that are offered. Constituency can negotiate about the services and the price with the women and they can move on to another room if they do not like what they see/hear. The landlord who owns the building rents out the rooms to the women and the women are required to pay rent on a daily/weekly or monthly basis (depending on the Laufhaus). In addition to renting out the rooms, the landlord also has the obligation of creating a website for the laufhaus, keeping it updated with new women and informing the constituency which women are currently working. Women who work in laufhauses make their money by offering various types of sexual services to constituency. Constituency pay directly to the women before the session. The money that the women make is their own and they do not have to give any of it to someone else. Laufhaus owners make money by renting out the rooms to sex workers. Most of the time, this is the only way owners of laufhauses make a profit.\nLaufhauses and other brothels compared\nWhile in most types of brothels, the women have to give a percentage of their earnings to the owner, in laufhauses they can keep all of the money for themselves, other than paying the rent. Laufhauses do not offer drinks or food to the constituency, like most Sauna clubs or sex clubs do. There are some laufhases that have drink vending machines, but not alcoholic beverages. Classic brothels regularly host events and different kinds of happenings; this is something that does not happen in laufhauses." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word community with center in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nWat Tri Thotsathep Worawihan, a prominent local temple. Ban Phan Thom (, ) is a community and one khwaeng (sub-district) of Phra Nakhon District, Bangkok.\n\nHistory\n\nBan Phan Thom is a traditional community since the early Rattanakosin period alike Ban Bu and Ban Chang Lo in Thonburi's Bangkok Noi District, Ban Bat and Ban Dok Mai of Pom Prap Sattru Phai District, as well as Ban Chang Thong on Ti Thong Road etc. They are all communities of craft artisans since ancient times. For Ban Phan Thom was a community having been set up since the early Rattanakosin period by people from Nakhon Si Thammarat in southern region. The community, built up from their household member's cooperation, was called \"Ban Phan Thom\" because of its specialization in making Khrueang Thom (nielloware), either for household utensils for decorations. During King Narai the Great's regin of Ayutthaya Kingdom, niellowares were presented to King Louis XIV of France as the royal gift, showing that nielloware exclusively belonged to the high ranking elite's uses in the past. However, there is just only one household left in the area today which still inherits the traditional technique and process of making nielloware like in the old days. The entrance of Ban Phan Thom community is located on the Phra Sumen Road near Saphan Wan Chat Intersection and Palace Gate Remnants in Bang Lamphu neighbourhood opposite to Wat Bowonniwet.\n\nGeography\n\nNeighboring sub-districts are (from north clockwise): Bang Khun Phrom, Wat Sommanat of Pom Prap Sattru Phai District, Bowon Niwet, Talat Yot, Chana Songkhram, and Wat Sam Phraya.\n\nPlaces\n\nKing Taksin Shrine by the Khlong Bang Lamphu (seen from Wat Bowonniwet side). Royal Plaza and Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall in the distance). *Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives *Ratchadamnoen Avenue (section outer Ratchadamnoen) *Wat Pari Nayok Worawihan *Wat Tri Thotsathep Worawihan *Wat Mai Armataros *Phra Sumen Road *Sam Sen Road *King Taksin Shrine *Chao Pho Nu Shrine *Khlong Bang Lamphu *Phan Fa Lilat Bridge" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Wat Tri Thotsathep Worawihan, a prominent local temple. Ban Phan Thom (, ) is a center and one khwaeng (sub-district) of Phra Nakhon District, Bangkok.\n\nHistory\n\nBan Phan Thom is a traditional center since the early Rattanakosin period alike Ban Bu and Ban Chang Lo in Thonburi's Bangkok Noi District, Ban Bat and Ban Dok Mai of Pom Prap Sattru Phai District, as well as Ban Chang Thong on Ti Thong Road etc. They are all communities of craft artisans since ancient times. For Ban Phan Thom was a center having been set up since the early Rattanakosin period by people from Nakhon Si Thammarat in southern region. The center, built up from their household member's cooperation, was called \"Ban Phan Thom\" because of its specialization in making Khrueang Thom (nielloware), either for household utensils for decorations. During King Narai the Great's regin of Ayutthaya Kingdom, niellowares were presented to King Louis XIV of France as the royal gift, showing that nielloware exclusively belonged to the high ranking elite's uses in the past. However, there is just only one household left in the area today which still inherits the traditional technique and process of making nielloware like in the old days. The entrance of Ban Phan Thom center is located on the Phra Sumen Road near Saphan Wan Chat Intersection and Palace Gate Remnants in Bang Lamphu neighbourhood opposite to Wat Bowonniwet.\n\nGeography\n\nNeighboring sub-districts are (from north clockwise): Bang Khun Phrom, Wat Sommanat of Pom Prap Sattru Phai District, Bowon Niwet, Talat Yot, Chana Songkhram, and Wat Sam Phraya.\n\nPlaces\n\nKing Taksin Shrine by the Khlong Bang Lamphu (seen from Wat Bowonniwet side). Royal Plaza and Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall in the distance). *Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives *Ratchadamnoen Avenue (section outer Ratchadamnoen) *Wat Pari Nayok Worawihan *Wat Tri Thotsathep Worawihan *Wat Mai Armataros *Phra Sumen Road *Sam Sen Road *King Taksin Shrine *Chao Pho Nu Shrine *Khlong Bang Lamphu *Phan Fa Lilat Bridge" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "An outcome measure, endpoint, effect measure or measure of effect is a measure within medical practice or research, (primarily clinical trials) which is used to assess the effect, both positive and negative, of an intervention or treatment. Measures can often be quantified using effect sizes. Outcomes measures can be patient-reported, or gathered through laboratory tests such as blood work, urine samples etc. or through medical examination. Outcomes measures should be relevant to the target of the intervention (be it a single person or a target population). Depending on the design of a trial, outcome measures can be either primary outcomes, in which case the trial is designed around finding an adequate study size (through proper randomization and power calculation). Secondary or tertiary outcomes are outcome measures which are added after the design of the study is finalized, for example when data has already been collected. A study can have multiple primary outcome measures. Outcome measures can be divided into clinical endpoints and surrogate endpoints where the former is directly related to what the goal of the intervention, and the latter are indirectly related.\nRelevance\nOutcome measures used in trials should consider relevance to the target of the study. In clinical trials such measures of direct importance for an individual may be survival, quality of life, morbidity, suffering, functional impairment or changes in symptoms. Outcome measures can be divided into clinical endpoints which are directly relevant to the target and surrogate endpoints (also called \"proxy measures\"), which are indirectly related. Death from cardiovascular disease is an example of a clinical endpoint, whereas measurements of blood pressure, which is not normally associated with any symptoms, is a surrogate endpoint. Other examples of surrogate endpoints are blood lipoproteins and bone density. Composite measures or combined measures are common in clinical research. The rationale is that combining different outcome measures gives greater statistical power. For example, the composite measure Killed or Seriously Injured\" is often used in studies of road safety. While deaths are easier to count and are an outcome of undisputed importance, they are also much fewer than the number seriously injured; many of the \"seriously injured\" will not have experienced a major life event. However, composite measures should be used with care, particularly when surrogate endpoints are included. A statistically significant effect of a composite measure can often be explained solely by effects of a surrogate endpoint or a variable that is less relevant. It is also possible that composite measures may mask negative treatment effects of truly important outcomes, such as death or cardiovascular events.\n\n\nReplace 'clinical' with 'scientific' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "An outcome measure, endpoint, effect measure or measure of effect is a measure within medical practice or research, (primarily scientific trials) which is used to assess the effect, both positive and negative, of an intervention or treatment. Measures can often be quantified using effect sizes. Outcomes measures can be patient-reported, or gathered through laboratory tests such as blood work, urine samples etc. or through medical examination. Outcomes measures should be relevant to the target of the intervention (be it a single person or a target population). Depending on the design of a trial, outcome measures can be either primary outcomes, in which case the trial is designed around finding an adequate study size (through proper randomization and power calculation). Secondary or tertiary outcomes are outcome measures which are added after the design of the study is finalized, for example when data has already been collected. A study can have multiple primary outcome measures. Outcome measures can be divided into scientific endpoints and surrogate endpoints where the former is directly related to what the goal of the intervention, and the latter are indirectly related.\nRelevance\nOutcome measures used in trials should consider relevance to the target of the study. In scientific trials such measures of direct importance for an individual may be survival, quality of life, morbidity, suffering, functional impairment or changes in symptoms. Outcome measures can be divided into scientific endpoints which are directly relevant to the target and surrogate endpoints (also called \"proxy measures\"), which are indirectly related. Death from cardiovascular disease is an example of a scientific endpoint, whereas measurements of blood pressure, which is not normally associated with any symptoms, is a surrogate endpoint. Other examples of surrogate endpoints are blood lipoproteins and bone density. Composite measures or combined measures are common in scientific research. The rationale is that combining different outcome measures gives greater statistical power. For example, the composite measure Killed or Seriously Injured\" is often used in studies of road safety. While deaths are easier to count and are an outcome of undisputed importance, they are also much fewer than the number seriously injured; many of the \"seriously injured\" will not have experienced a major life event. However, composite measures should be used with care, particularly when surrogate endpoints are included. A statistically significant effect of a composite measure can often be explained solely by effects of a surrogate endpoint or a variable that is less relevant. It is also possible that composite measures may mask negative treatment effects of truly important outcomes, such as death or cardiovascular events." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Vertical transmission of symbionts is the transfer of a microbial symbiont from the parent directly to the offspring. Many metazoan species carry symbiotic bacteria which play a mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic role. A symbiont is acquired by a host via horizontal, vertical, or mixed transmission.\nImplications\nComplex interdependence occurs between host and symbiont. The genetic pool of the symbiont is generally smaller and more subject to genetic drift. In true vertical transmission, the evolutionary outcomes of the host and symbiont are linked. If there is mixed transmission, new genetic material may be introduced. Generally, symbionts settle into specific niches and can even transfer part of their genome into the host nucleus.\nEvolutionary consequences\nBenefits\nThe mechanism promotes tightly coupled evolutionary pressure, which causes the host and symbiont to function as a holobiont.\nDisadvantages\nEvolutionary bottlenecks lead to less symbiont diversity, and thus resilience. Similarly, this greatly reduces the effective population size. Ultimately, without an influx of new genetic material, the population becomes clonal. Mutations tend to persist in symbionts and build up over time.\nTransmission Modes\nMatrilineal\nGermline\nSince the egg contributes the organelles and has more space and opportunity for intracellular symbionts to be passed to subsequent generations, it is a very common method of vertical transmission. Intracellular symbionts can migrate from the bacteriocyte to the ovaries and become incorporated in germ cells.\nLive birth\nHuman infants acquire their microbiome from their mothers, from every sphere where there is contact. This includes potentially the mother's vagina, gastrointestinal tract, skin, mouth and breastmilk. These routes are typical if the delivery is a vaginal birth and the infant is nursed. When other actions, such as Caesarian delivery, bottle feeding, or maternal antibiotics during nursing occur, these modes of vertical transmission are disrupted.\nPatrilineal\nThough extremely rare, Rickettsia is transmitted to Nephotettix cincticep through the paternal line in the sperm.\nAposymbiotic\nEarthworms (Eisenia) have an extracellular symbiont, Verminephrobacter. Rather than being passed through the egg in the germline, the young are aposymbiotic when still in the egg capsule; however, they acquire Verminephrobacter before the egg capsule ruptures, so it is still vertical transmission.\nWell studied archetypes\nPea aphids and Buchnera\nPea Aphids do not get all of the necessary amino acids from their diet. Buchnera, synthesize the needed ones in an obligate relationship.\nHead lice and Candidatus Riesia pediculicola\nThe head louse (Pediculus humanus) has an obligate symbiotic relationship with Candidatus Riesia pediculicola. The louse provides shelter and protection while bacteria provides essential B vitamins. C. riesia lives in the bacteriocyte but move to the ovaries to be transmitted to the next generation.\n\n\nReplace 'vertical' with 'perpendicular' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Perpendicular transmission of symbionts is the transfer of a microbial symbiont from the parent directly to the offspring. Many metazoan species carry symbiotic bacteria which play a mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic role. A symbiont is acquired by a host via horizontal, perpendicular, or mixed transmission.\nImplications\nComplex interdependence occurs between host and symbiont. The genetic pool of the symbiont is generally smaller and more subject to genetic drift. In true perpendicular transmission, the evolutionary outcomes of the host and symbiont are linked. If there is mixed transmission, new genetic material may be introduced. Generally, symbionts settle into specific niches and can even transfer part of their genome into the host nucleus.\nEvolutionary consequences\nBenefits\nThe mechanism promotes tightly coupled evolutionary pressure, which causes the host and symbiont to function as a holobiont.\nDisadvantages\nEvolutionary bottlenecks lead to less symbiont diversity, and thus resilience. Similarly, this greatly reduces the effective population size. Ultimately, without an influx of new genetic material, the population becomes clonal. Mutations tend to persist in symbionts and build up over time.\nTransmission Modes\nMatrilineal\nGermline\nSince the egg contributes the organelles and has more space and opportunity for intracellular symbionts to be passed to subsequent generations, it is a very common method of perpendicular transmission. Intracellular symbionts can migrate from the bacteriocyte to the ovaries and become incorporated in germ cells.\nLive birth\nHuman infants acquire their microbiome from their mothers, from every sphere where there is contact. This includes potentially the mother's vagina, gastrointestinal tract, skin, mouth and breastmilk. These routes are typical if the delivery is a vaginal birth and the infant is nursed. When other actions, such as Caesarian delivery, bottle feeding, or maternal antibiotics during nursing occur, these modes of perpendicular transmission are disrupted.\nPatrilineal\nThough extremely rare, Rickettsia is transmitted to Nephotettix cincticep through the paternal line in the sperm.\nAposymbiotic\nEarthworms (Eisenia) have an extracellular symbiont, Verminephrobacter. Rather than being passed through the egg in the germline, the young are aposymbiotic when still in the egg capsule; however, they acquire Verminephrobacter before the egg capsule ruptures, so it is still perpendicular transmission.\nWell studied archetypes\nPea aphids and Buchnera\nPea Aphids do not get all of the necessary amino acids from their diet. Buchnera, synthesize the needed ones in an obligate relationship.\nHead lice and Candidatus Riesia pediculicola\nThe head louse (Pediculus humanus) has an obligate symbiotic relationship with Candidatus Riesia pediculicola. The louse provides shelter and protection while bacteria provides essential B vitamins. C. riesia lives in the bacteriocyte but move to the ovaries to be transmitted to the next generation." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The sparkling jewelwing (Calopteryx dimidiata) is a species of damselfly in the family Calopterygidae. It is endemic to the eastern and southeastern United States. Its natural habitat is woodland and open areas near forest rivers and streams.\nDescription\nThe sparkling jewelwing is one of the smallest damselflies in its family with a total length of . The thorax and the long slender abdomen are metallic bluish-green and the eyes are brown. In males the end fifth of each wing is black, with a straight line separating the dark section from the transparent hyaline remainder of the wing. Females are a slightly more bronzy-green. Their wings may be similar to those of the male but less clearly defined, or only the hind wings may be tipped with black, or the wings may be entirely clear. There is usually a small white pterostigma near the tip of the wings. Immature adults have reddish eyes and generally duller colouring. The male sparkling jewelwing has fore-wings and hind wings that do not differ in size by more than . The apex of both pairs of wing has a black band that terminates in a straight line distal to the nodus. The sternum of the tenth abdominal segment is black. These features distinguish this species from the others in its genus that share its range.\nDistribution and habitat\nThe sparkling jewelwing is found in the eastern and southeastern United States. Its range extends from New England to Louisiana and parts of Texas, mainly on the Atlantic coastal plain. Its typical habitat is sandy forest streams, particularly acidic ones, with fast-flowing water in locations with plentiful riverside vegetation.\nEcology\nThe sparkling jewelwing is on the wing between May and September in New Jersey but between February and November in Florida. Both males and females can often be seen together near breeding sites, with males patrolling small territories, circling and chasing off rivals. When a female is present, ritualised courtship flights precede copulation which lasts for about two minutes. After this, the female walks down the stem of an emergent plant and spends about fifteen minutes underwater, laying a batch of several hundred eggs before returning to the surface.\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word sparkling, with the word bright. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The bright jewelwing (Calopteryx dimidiata) is a species of damselfly in the family Calopterygidae. It is endemic to the eastern and southeastern United States. Its natural habitat is woodland and open areas near forest rivers and streams.\nDescription\nThe bright jewelwing is one of the smallest damselflies in its family with a total length of . The thorax and the long slender abdomen are metallic bluish-green and the eyes are brown. In males the end fifth of each wing is black, with a straight line separating the dark section from the transparent hyaline remainder of the wing. Females are a slightly more bronzy-green. Their wings may be similar to those of the male but less clearly defined, or only the hind wings may be tipped with black, or the wings may be entirely clear. There is usually a small white pterostigma near the tip of the wings. Immature adults have reddish eyes and generally duller colouring. The male bright jewelwing has fore-wings and hind wings that do not differ in size by more than . The apex of both pairs of wing has a black band that terminates in a straight line distal to the nodus. The sternum of the tenth abdominal segment is black. These features distinguish this species from the others in its genus that share its range.\nDistribution and habitat\nThe bright jewelwing is found in the eastern and southeastern United States. Its range extends from New England to Louisiana and parts of Texas, mainly on the Atlantic coastal plain. Its typical habitat is sandy forest streams, particularly acidic ones, with fast-flowing water in locations with plentiful riverside vegetation.\nEcology\nThe bright jewelwing is on the wing between May and September in New Jersey but between February and November in Florida. Both males and females can often be seen together near breeding sites, with males patrolling small territories, circling and chasing off rivals. When a female is present, ritualised courtship flights precede copulation which lasts for about two minutes. After this, the female walks down the stem of an emergent plant and spends about fifteen minutes underwater, laying a batch of several hundred eggs before returning to the surface." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"female\" with \"feminine\" wherever it occurs:\n\nAphidius nigripes is a species of parasitoid wasp in the subfamily Aphidiinae of the family Braconidae. It is the most common parasitoid of the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae in eastern North America. Many other species of aphids may also serve as hosts.\nEcology\nThe potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) Adult A. nigripes emerge in the spring and find M. euphorbiae hosts before the aphid moves from its winter food plant, or primary host plant. Around June, the aphid moves to its secondary host, the potato, and the wasp accompanies it. Female Aphidius nigripes emit pheromones soon after emerging from their pupa to attract winged males. The female mates only once, storing the sperm. She oviposits eggs into the immature stages of the potato aphid. Like other haplodiploid insects, she can control the sex of her offspring by laying a fertilized (female) egg or an unfertilized (male) egg. There is a trend for A. nigripes to preferentially allocate unfertilized male eggs to the earlier, smaller instars of aphids. Later stage instar aphids are predominantly used as hosts for female offspring. This arrangement is advantageous to the wasp because the energetic requirements for the female in finding aphid hosts and laying eggs is greater than that required by the male. Size is not important for male success in mating; small and large males produce similar numbers of progeny. The developing wasp larvae feed on the tissues of their hosts, avoiding the vital organs as far as possible. When the wasp larvae are nearly ready to emerge, they alter the behavior of their hosts in different ways depending on the time of year. Those that are ready to emerge early in the season cause their host aphids to climb onto the upper surfaces of leaves. This leads to faster development of the wasp pupa due to increased temperature and decreases their risk of hyperparasitism. Larvae completing their development late in the year cause the aphids to crawl downwards and find concealed spots. Here the wasp larva forms a cocoon inside the hollowed-out body of the host, spends the winter as a diapausing larva called a prepupa, and pupates in the spring to continue its life cycle." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Aphidius nigripes is a species of parasitoid wasp in the subfamily Aphidiinae of the family Braconidae. It is the most common parasitoid of the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae in eastern North America. Many other species of aphids may also serve as hosts.\nEcology\nThe potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) Adult A. nigripes emerge in the spring and find M. euphorbiae hosts before the aphid moves from its winter food plant, or primary host plant. Around June, the aphid moves to its secondary host, the potato, and the wasp accompanies it. Feminine Aphidius nigripes emit pheromones soon after emerging from their pupa to attract winged males. The feminine mates only once, storing the sperm. She oviposits eggs into the immature stages of the potato aphid. Like other haplodiploid insects, she can control the sex of her offspring by laying a fertilized (feminine) egg or an unfertilized (male) egg. There is a trend for A. nigripes to preferentially allocate unfertilized male eggs to the earlier, smaller instars of aphids. Later stage instar aphids are predominantly used as hosts for feminine offspring. This arrangement is advantageous to the wasp because the energetic requirements for the feminine in finding aphid hosts and laying eggs is greater than that required by the male. Size is not important for male success in mating; small and large males produce similar numbers of progeny. The developing wasp larvae feed on the tissues of their hosts, avoiding the vital organs as far as possible. When the wasp larvae are nearly ready to emerge, they alter the behavior of their hosts in different ways depending on the time of year. Those that are ready to emerge early in the season cause their host aphids to climb onto the upper surfaces of leaves. This leads to faster development of the wasp pupa due to increased temperature and decreases their risk of hyperparasitism. Larvae completing their development late in the year cause the aphids to crawl downwards and find concealed spots. Here the wasp larva forms a cocoon inside the hollowed-out body of the host, spends the winter as a diapausing larva called a prepupa, and pupates in the spring to continue its life cycle." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Romanovsky (; masculine), Romanovskaya (; feminine), or Romanovskoye (; neuter) is the name of several rural localities in Russia: *Romanovsky, Kemerovo Oblast, a settlement in Ust-Sosnovskaya Rural Territory of Topkinsky District of Kemerovo Oblast *Romanovsky, Republic of Mordovia, a settlement in Russko-Karayevsky Selsoviet of Temnikovsky District of the Republic of Mordovia *Romanovsky, Orenburg Oblast, a settlement in Romanovsky Selsoviet of Alexandrovsky District of Orenburg Oblast *Romanovsky, Rostov Oblast, a khutor in Donskoye Rural Settlement of Orlovsky District of Rostov Oblast *Romanovsky, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a settlement in Fabrichno-vyselkovsky Rural Okrug of Novospassky District of Ulyanovsk Oblast *Romanovskoye, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Kozelsky District of Kaluga Oblast *Romanovskoye, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Petrovskoye Settlement of Chukhlomsky District of Kostroma Oblast *Romanovskoye, Kurgan Oblast, a selo in Novodostovalovsky Selsoviet of Belozersky District of Kurgan Oblast *Romanovskoye, Moscow Oblast, a village in Bazarovskoye Rural Settlement of Kashirsky District of Moscow Oblast *Romanovskoye, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Slobodskoye Rural Settlement of Monastyrshchinsky District of Smolensk Oblast *Romanovskoye, Tver Oblast, a selo in Romanovskoye Rural Settlement of Vesyegonsky District of Tver Oblast *Romanovskoye, Tyumen Oblast, a selo in Berkutsky Rural Okrug of Yalutorovsky District of Tyumen Oblast *Romanovskoye, Vladimir Oblast, a selo in Alexandrovsky District of Vladimir Oblast *Romanovskaya, Kholmogorsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Ukhtostrovsky Selsoviet of Kholmogorsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Romanovskaya, Shenkursky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Nikolsky Selsoviet of Shenkursky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Romanovskaya, Ustyansky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Minsky Selsoviet of Ustyansky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Romanovskaya, Rostov Oblast, a stanitsa in Romanovskoye Rural Settlement of Volgodonskoy District of Rostov Oblast\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word village, with the word center. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Romanovsky (; masculine), Romanovskaya (; feminine), or Romanovskoye (; neuter) is the name of several rural localities in Russia: *Romanovsky, Kemerovo Oblast, a settlement in Ust-Sosnovskaya Rural Territory of Topkinsky District of Kemerovo Oblast *Romanovsky, Republic of Mordovia, a settlement in Russko-Karayevsky Selsoviet of Temnikovsky District of the Republic of Mordovia *Romanovsky, Orenburg Oblast, a settlement in Romanovsky Selsoviet of Alexandrovsky District of Orenburg Oblast *Romanovsky, Rostov Oblast, a khutor in Donskoye Rural Settlement of Orlovsky District of Rostov Oblast *Romanovsky, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a settlement in Fabrichno-vyselkovsky Rural Okrug of Novospassky District of Ulyanovsk Oblast *Romanovskoye, Kaluga Oblast, a center in Kozelsky District of Kaluga Oblast *Romanovskoye, Kostroma Oblast, a center in Petrovskoye Settlement of Chukhlomsky District of Kostroma Oblast *Romanovskoye, Kurgan Oblast, a selo in Novodostovalovsky Selsoviet of Belozersky District of Kurgan Oblast *Romanovskoye, Moscow Oblast, a center in Bazarovskoye Rural Settlement of Kashirsky District of Moscow Oblast *Romanovskoye, Smolensk Oblast, a center in Slobodskoye Rural Settlement of Monastyrshchinsky District of Smolensk Oblast *Romanovskoye, Tver Oblast, a selo in Romanovskoye Rural Settlement of Vesyegonsky District of Tver Oblast *Romanovskoye, Tyumen Oblast, a selo in Berkutsky Rural Okrug of Yalutorovsky District of Tyumen Oblast *Romanovskoye, Vladimir Oblast, a selo in Alexandrovsky District of Vladimir Oblast *Romanovskaya, Kholmogorsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a center in Ukhtostrovsky Selsoviet of Kholmogorsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Romanovskaya, Shenkursky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a center in Nikolsky Selsoviet of Shenkursky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Romanovskaya, Ustyansky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a center in Minsky Selsoviet of Ustyansky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Romanovskaya, Rostov Oblast, a stanitsa in Romanovskoye Rural Settlement of Volgodonskoy District of Rostov Oblast" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'villain' with 'bad guy'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nPerla is a Mexican telenovela produced by TV Azteca and starred Silvia Navarro and Leonardo Garcia as protagonists.\nPlot\nIn the world of power and money, no errors are permitted. Perla is a youth attending a prestigious college; sent there by her mother since a very small age and has never met her father. There, she meets and befriends Julieta Santiago and the two become close friends. Julieta is the heir of \"Juvenile\", a huge colossal company of cosmetics in Mexico. Julieta loves and has a son with Roberto Valderrama, who nevertheless betrays her and abandons her while she is pregnant. In a few time, Julieta dies in a car accident. Perla decides to take her place in the Santiago family.\nCast\nMain cast\nSilvia Navarro ... Perla / Julieta Santiago Leonardo Garcia ... Luis Roberto Valderrama\nSecondary casts\n*Gina Romand Mercedes *Andres Garcia Jr. ... Alberto 'Junior' Valderrama *Paloma Woolrich ... Eugenia Martinez Kaufman villain *Jorge Lavat ... Cesar *Rodolfo Arias ... Pablo, main villain *Roberto Medina ... Octavio, main villain *Irma Infante ... Patricia *Miguel Couturier ... Alberto *Mauricio Ferrari ... Enrique *Vanessa Acosta ... Gina Valderrama *Carmen Areu ... Otilia Santiago *Rodrigo Cachero ... Alexis Santiago *Jose Ramon Escoriza ... Felipe Legarreta, villain *Karla Llanos ... Julieta Santiago Sanchez *Cristina Alatorre ... Jazmin villain, turns good *Gerardo Acuna ... Bernardo *Simone Victoria ... Tona *Victor Gonzalez ... Hugo *Eugenio Montessoro ... Julio Alcantara *Lucia Munoz ... Adriana *Gabriela Hassel ... Rosenda Santiago, villain\nTertiary casts\n*Michelle Barquin ... Enfermera *Roberto Carrera ... Hector *Ninel Conde *Martin Cuburu ... Benares *Carlos Alejandro Diaz ... Raymundo *Adriana Doblado ... Belen Sanchez *Cynthia Ele ... Maria *Elena Felgueres ... Adriana *Daniela Garmendia ... Josefina *Javier Guerrero ... Medico *Dieter Koll ... Marco *Miguel Manzano Jr. ... German *Socorro Miranda ... Monica *Betty Monroe ... Guadalupe 'Lupita' *Deborah Moralo ... Secretaria *Sergio Mayer Mori ... Neonato *Eduardo Munoz ... Enriquito *Mariana Penalva ... Regina *Flavio Peniche ... Evaro *Palmira Perez ... Mariana *Maria Rebeca ... Matilde, main villain *Ana Maria Rebell ... Rosa *Karla Rico ... Recepcionista *Isabela Ripol ... Julietita Santiago *Maribel Rodriguez ... Cristina *Cuba Sanchez ... Jurista *Maricarmen Sandoval\nTheme song\nTitle: \"Prohibido\" Singer: Octavio Cruz" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Perla is a Mexican telenovela produced by TV Azteca and starred Silvia Navarro and Leonardo Garcia as protagonists.\nPlot\nIn the world of power and money, no errors are permitted. Perla is a youth attending a prestigious college; sent there by her mother since a very small age and has never met her father. There, she meets and befriends Julieta Santiago and the two become close friends. Julieta is the heir of \"Juvenile\", a huge colossal company of cosmetics in Mexico. Julieta loves and has a son with Roberto Valderrama, who nevertheless betrays her and abandons her while she is pregnant. In a few time, Julieta dies in a car accident. Perla decides to take her place in the Santiago family.\nCast\nMain cast\nSilvia Navarro ... Perla / Julieta Santiago Leonardo Garcia ... Luis Roberto Valderrama\nSecondary casts\n*Gina Romand Mercedes *Andres Garcia Jr. ... Alberto 'Junior' Valderrama *Paloma Woolrich ... Eugenia Martinez Kaufman bad guy *Jorge Lavat ... Cesar *Rodolfo Arias ... Pablo, main bad guy *Roberto Medina ... Octavio, main bad guy *Irma Infante ... Patricia *Miguel Couturier ... Alberto *Mauricio Ferrari ... Enrique *Vanessa Acosta ... Gina Valderrama *Carmen Areu ... Otilia Santiago *Rodrigo Cachero ... Alexis Santiago *Jose Ramon Escoriza ... Felipe Legarreta, bad guy *Karla Llanos ... Julieta Santiago Sanchez *Cristina Alatorre ... Jazmin bad guy, turns good *Gerardo Acuna ... Bernardo *Simone Victoria ... Tona *Victor Gonzalez ... Hugo *Eugenio Montessoro ... Julio Alcantara *Lucia Munoz ... Adriana *Gabriela Hassel ... Rosenda Santiago, bad guy\nTertiary casts\n*Michelle Barquin ... Enfermera *Roberto Carrera ... Hector *Ninel Conde *Martin Cuburu ... Benares *Carlos Alejandro Diaz ... Raymundo *Adriana Doblado ... Belen Sanchez *Cynthia Ele ... Maria *Elena Felgueres ... Adriana *Daniela Garmendia ... Josefina *Javier Guerrero ... Medico *Dieter Koll ... Marco *Miguel Manzano Jr. ... German *Socorro Miranda ... Monica *Betty Monroe ... Guadalupe 'Lupita' *Deborah Moralo ... Secretaria *Sergio Mayer Mori ... Neonato *Eduardo Munoz ... Enriquito *Mariana Penalva ... Regina *Flavio Peniche ... Evaro *Palmira Perez ... Mariana *Maria Rebeca ... Matilde, main bad guy *Ana Maria Rebell ... Rosa *Karla Rico ... Recepcionista *Isabela Ripol ... Julietita Santiago *Maribel Rodriguez ... Cristina *Cuba Sanchez ... Jurista *Maricarmen Sandoval\nTheme song\nTitle: \"Prohibido\" Singer: Octavio Cruz" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Constant conjunction is a phrase used in philosophy as a variant or near synonym for causality and induction. It can be construed to contradict a more common phrase: correlation is not causation.\n\nOverview\n\nThe philosopher David Hume used the phrase frequently in his discussion of the limits of empiricism to explain our ideas of causation and inference. In An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding and A Treatise of Human Nature Hume proposed that the origin of our knowledge of necessary connections arises out of observation of the constant conjunction of certain impressions across many instances. A more modern conception would argue that scientific law is distinguishable from a principle that arises merely accidentally because of the constant conjunction of one thing and another, but there is considerable controversy over what this distinguishing feature might be. Although British empiricism and associationist philosophers elaborated on Hume's fundamental idea in many diverse ways, and metaphysicians like Immanuel Kant tried to dissipate the position, the force of his arguments has remained remarkably robust, and they have found unexpected support in three scientific discoveries of the 20th century: Ivan Pavlov's laws of conditioning; Hebbian neural networks; and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). In Pavlov's framework, an unconditioned stimulus can follow in constant conjunction a conditioning/conditioned stimulus within a timeframe of milliseconds to several seconds, and result in the conditioned stimulus having many of the properties of the unconditioned stimulus. Donald Hebb explained this as an intrinsic property of cell assemblies within the nervous system to form connections within large cliques of cells whenever those cells fire together within a reasonably short period of time. (A modern shorthand for his ideas states: \"Cells that fire together, wire together\".) Modern neuroscience has confirmed this insight as a product of the activity of synapses and STDP, so structured to strengthen connections between cells that fire within very short periods (10s of milliseconds) of each other. The longer time periods of classical conditioning are presumably a large-number effect of cliques of these synapses and cells.\n\n\nReplace 'conjunction' with 'partnership' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Constant partnership is a phrase used in philosophy as a variant or near synonym for causality and induction. It can be construed to contradict a more common phrase: correlation is not causation.\n\nOverview\n\nThe philosopher David Hume used the phrase frequently in his discussion of the limits of empiricism to explain our ideas of causation and inference. In An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding and A Treatise of Human Nature Hume proposed that the origin of our knowledge of necessary connections arises out of observation of the constant partnership of certain impressions across many instances. A more modern conception would argue that scientific law is distinguishable from a principle that arises merely accidentally because of the constant partnership of one thing and another, but there is considerable controversy over what this distinguishing feature might be. Although British empiricism and associationist philosophers elaborated on Hume's fundamental idea in many diverse ways, and metaphysicians like Immanuel Kant tried to dissipate the position, the force of his arguments has remained remarkably robust, and they have found unexpected support in three scientific discoveries of the 20th century: Ivan Pavlov's laws of conditioning; Hebbian neural networks; and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). In Pavlov's framework, an unconditioned stimulus can follow in constant partnership a conditioning/conditioned stimulus within a timeframe of milliseconds to several seconds, and result in the conditioned stimulus having many of the properties of the unconditioned stimulus. Donald Hebb explained this as an intrinsic property of cell assemblies within the nervous system to form connections within large cliques of cells whenever those cells fire together within a reasonably short period of time. (A modern shorthand for his ideas states: \"Cells that fire together, wire together\".) Modern neuroscience has confirmed this insight as a product of the activity of synapses and STDP, so structured to strengthen connections between cells that fire within very short periods (10s of milliseconds) of each other. The longer time periods of classical conditioning are presumably a large-number effect of cliques of these synapses and cells." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In Hinduism, Daruka is a demoness who later becomes a devi (goddess) by Parvati's blessings. She is the goddess of the forest of the same name. Her husband was a demon Daruk.\nLegend\nThe Shiva Purana says Nageshvara Jyotirlinga is in 'the Darukavana', which is an ancient name of a forest in India. 'Darukavana' finds mention in Indian epics, such as Kamyakavana, Dvaitavana, Dandakavana. A narrative in the Shiva Purana about the Nageshvara Jyotirlinga tells of a demon named Daruk, who attacked a Shiva devotee named Supriya and imprisoned him along with many others in his city of Darukavana, a city under the sea inhabited by sea snakes and demons. At the urgent exhortations of Supriya, the prisoners started to chant the holy mantra of Shiva and immediately thereafter Lord Shiva appeared and the demon was vanquished, later residing there in the form of a Jyotirlinga. The demon had a wife, a demoness named Daruka who worshipped Mata Parvati. As a result of her penance and devotion, Mata Parvati enabled her to goddess of the forest where she performed her devotions, and renamed the forest 'Darukavana' in her honour. Wherever Daruka went the forest followed her. In order to save the demons of Darukavana from the punishment of the gods, Daruk summoned up the power Parvati had given her. She then moved the entire forest into the sea where they continued their campaign against the hermits, kidnapping people and keeping them confined in their new lair under the sea, which was how that great Shiva devotee, Supriya, had wound up there. Nageshwar Jyotirlinga Temple The arrival of Supriya caused a revolution. He set up a lingam and made the prisoners recite the mantra Om Namaha Shivay in honour of Shiva while he prayed to the lingam. The demons' response to the chanting was to attempt to kill Supriya, though they were thwarted when Shiva appeared and handed him a divine weapon that saved his life. Daruk and the demons were defeated and Parvati saved the remaining demons. The lingam that Supriya had set up was called Nagesha; it is the tenth lingam. Shiva once again assumed the form of a Jyotirlinga with the name Nageshwar, while the Goddess Parvati was known as Nageshwari. Lord Shiva then announced that he would show the correct path to those who would worship him.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"forest\" with \"jungle\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In Hinduism, Daruka is a demoness who later becomes a devi (goddess) by Parvati's blessings. She is the goddess of the jungle of the same name. Her husband was a demon Daruk.\nLegend\nThe Shiva Purana says Nageshvara Jyotirlinga is in 'the Darukavana', which is an ancient name of a jungle in India. 'Darukavana' finds mention in Indian epics, such as Kamyakavana, Dvaitavana, Dandakavana. A narrative in the Shiva Purana about the Nageshvara Jyotirlinga tells of a demon named Daruk, who attacked a Shiva devotee named Supriya and imprisoned him along with many others in his city of Darukavana, a city under the sea inhabited by sea snakes and demons. At the urgent exhortations of Supriya, the prisoners started to chant the holy mantra of Shiva and immediately thereafter Lord Shiva appeared and the demon was vanquished, later residing there in the form of a Jyotirlinga. The demon had a wife, a demoness named Daruka who worshipped Mata Parvati. As a result of her penance and devotion, Mata Parvati enabled her to goddess of the jungle where she performed her devotions, and renamed the jungle 'Darukavana' in her honour. Wherever Daruka went the jungle followed her. In order to save the demons of Darukavana from the punishment of the gods, Daruk summoned up the power Parvati had given her. She then moved the entire jungle into the sea where they continued their campaign against the hermits, kidnapping people and keeping them confined in their new lair under the sea, which was how that great Shiva devotee, Supriya, had wound up there. Nageshwar Jyotirlinga Temple The arrival of Supriya caused a revolution. He set up a lingam and made the prisoners recite the mantra Om Namaha Shivay in honour of Shiva while he prayed to the lingam. The demons' response to the chanting was to attempt to kill Supriya, though they were thwarted when Shiva appeared and handed him a divine weapon that saved his life. Daruk and the demons were defeated and Parvati saved the remaining demons. The lingam that Supriya had set up was called Nagesha; it is the tenth lingam. Shiva once again assumed the form of a Jyotirlinga with the name Nageshwar, while the Goddess Parvati was known as Nageshwari. Lord Shiva then announced that he would show the correct path to those who would worship him." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Hemipelagic sediment, or hemipelagite, is a type of marine sediment that consists of clay and silt-sized grains that are terrigenous and some biogenic material derived from the landmass nearest the deposits or from organisms living in the water. Hemipelagic sediments are deposited on continental shelves and continental rises, and differ from pelagic sediment compositionally. Pelagic sediment is composed of primarily biogenic material from organisms living in the water column or on the seafloor and contains little to no terrigenous material. Terrigenous material includes minerals from the lithosphere like feldspar or quartz. Volcanism on land, wind blown sediments as well as particulates discharged from rivers can contribute to Hemipelagic deposits. These deposits can be used to qualify climatic changes and identify changes in sediment provenances.\n\nDeposition\n\nHemipelagic sediment dispersal is mainly controlled by fluvial discharge. Dispersal rate is influenced by sea-level variations which change the proximity of river mouths to oceanic basins and by oceanographic phenomena like currents. Sea- level variations are caused by the earth's natural oscillation between glacial and interglacial periods. For example, a low average sea level would occur during a glacial period as more water is held in ice caps. In addition, underwater landslides called turbidity currents can transport hemipelagic sediment from the continental slope to the continental rise and form a turbidite sequence. Typically, hemipelagic sediment is transported to the continental slope in suspension from river mouths but can be transported by the wind. The rate of deposition of hemipelagic sediment is higher than pelagic sediment but still quite slow. Ordinarily hemipelagic sediments accumulate too rapidly to react chemically with seawater. In most cases, individual grains thus retain characteristics imparted to them in the area where they formed.\n\nComposition\n\nHemipelagic sediments can be made of a diverse range of elements or mineral types. The composition of Hemipelagic sediment directly depends on the composition of the adjacent land mass and geologic events such as volcanism that influence sediment input into the ocean. Hemipelagic sediments are mainly terrigenous but can also have biological oozes from marine organisms like Radiolarians or Diatoms. Radiolarians are a species of zooplankton that produce silica tests, or shells and Diatoms are photosynthetic organisms that live in the sunlit region of the ocean. Both organisms are visible in the sedimentary rock record. For example, in the Galice Formation in Oregon the hemipelagic sequence was composed of slaty radiolarian argillite with radiolarian chert present as well. The argillite in the Galice Formation was composed of radiolarians, terrigenous and tuffaceous detritus, and hydrothermal sediment.\n\n\nReplace 'material' with 'perceptible' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hemipelagic sediment, or hemipelagite, is a type of marine sediment that consists of clay and silt-sized grains that are terrigenous and some biogenic perceptible derived from the landmass nearest the deposits or from organisms living in the water. Hemipelagic sediments are deposited on continental shelves and continental rises, and differ from pelagic sediment compositionally. Pelagic sediment is composed of primarily biogenic perceptible from organisms living in the water column or on the seafloor and contains little to no terrigenous perceptible. Terrigenous perceptible includes minerals from the lithosphere like feldspar or quartz. Volcanism on land, wind blown sediments as well as particulates discharged from rivers can contribute to Hemipelagic deposits. These deposits can be used to qualify climatic changes and identify changes in sediment provenances.\n\nDeposition\n\nHemipelagic sediment dispersal is mainly controlled by fluvial discharge. Dispersal rate is influenced by sea-level variations which change the proximity of river mouths to oceanic basins and by oceanographic phenomena like currents. Sea- level variations are caused by the earth's natural oscillation between glacial and interglacial periods. For example, a low average sea level would occur during a glacial period as more water is held in ice caps. In addition, underwater landslides called turbidity currents can transport hemipelagic sediment from the continental slope to the continental rise and form a turbidite sequence. Typically, hemipelagic sediment is transported to the continental slope in suspension from river mouths but can be transported by the wind. The rate of deposition of hemipelagic sediment is higher than pelagic sediment but still quite slow. Ordinarily hemipelagic sediments accumulate too rapidly to react chemically with seawater. In most cases, individual grains thus retain characteristics imparted to them in the area where they formed.\n\nComposition\n\nHemipelagic sediments can be made of a diverse range of elements or mineral types. The composition of Hemipelagic sediment directly depends on the composition of the adjacent land mass and geologic events such as volcanism that influence sediment input into the ocean. Hemipelagic sediments are mainly terrigenous but can also have biological oozes from marine organisms like Radiolarians or Diatoms. Radiolarians are a species of zooplankton that produce silica tests, or shells and Diatoms are photosynthetic organisms that live in the sunlit region of the ocean. Both organisms are visible in the sedimentary rock record. For example, in the Galice Formation in Oregon the hemipelagic sequence was composed of slaty radiolarian argillite with radiolarian chert present as well. The argillite in the Galice Formation was composed of radiolarians, terrigenous and tuffaceous detritus, and hydrothermal sediment." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word column with file in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nSutton Farm is a suburb of Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. It is home to Shrewsbury College of Arts and Technology and it is connected to the suburbs of Abbey Foregate and Belvidere. Between these suburbs is Lord Hill's Column, the tallest free-standing Doric column in the world. The Mereside School (a junior school; formerly called Holy Cross) and the Springfield School (an infant school) are located on a site in the Springfield area. The majority of Sutton Farm is a housing estate built in the 1960s, but much older properties existed nearer the Column, and towards the Mere. The original \"Sutton Farm\" was located where the current shops and Darwin pub (named after Charles Darwin, who went to school in Shrewsbury) now are. Sutton Farm is in the Anglican Parish of St. Giles' Church, which was once a leper hospital for the Shrewsbury Abbey. In the heart of Sutton Farm is the Mere. This is an open green space with a large lake at the centre. It is said that monks from St. Giles church used to lead lepers to the Mere to bathe, as it was believed the waters had healing properties. Prior to becoming a possession of Shrewsbury Abbey, the manor of Sutton was recorded in the Domesday Book as belonging to Wenlock Priory. On the edge of Sutton Farm, on entering Shrewsbury from Much Wenlock, is Weeping Cross roundabout. (There is also another Mere here, down a steep slope). This again dates back to mediaeval times, and is where the poor in the surrounding countryside left their dead for the monks to give a Christian burial. Not far down the road that skirts Sutton Farm, almost opposite Percy Thrower's Garden Centre, is a mediaeval chapel, now used as Shrewsbury Greek Orthodox Church, dedicated to the Holy Fathers. This is a very ancient church, and archaeology suggests it was probably pre-dated by earlier stone and wooden churches, and the site could even date back to early Christianity in this part of the country, to a time when people were moving out of the old Roman city of Viroconium, which is not too far away. On heading into Shrewsbury there is a green belt of land on the eastern edge of Sutton Farm, known as the Rea Brook Valley. In here is the remains of a long mill race and levelling ponds built by the monks, who had water mills situated in the valley. Until more recent times, the former site of Salop Laundry (now replaced with new houses), was known by locals as the \"mill\" and is believed to be a site of one of the mills. Along the mill race towards Lord Hill's Column are some old bridges and ancient bridge embankments, one of which is called \"Leper's Bridge\", and is said to be where the monks led the lepers up to St. Giles Church which is at the top of the hill." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Sutton Farm is a suburb of Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. It is home to Shrewsbury College of Arts and Technology and it is connected to the suburbs of Abbey Foregate and Belvidere. Between these suburbs is Lord Hill's File, the tallest free-standing Doric file in the world. The Mereside School (a junior school; formerly called Holy Cross) and the Springfield School (an infant school) are located on a site in the Springfield area. The majority of Sutton Farm is a housing estate built in the 1960s, but much older properties existed nearer the File, and towards the Mere. The original \"Sutton Farm\" was located where the current shops and Darwin pub (named after Charles Darwin, who went to school in Shrewsbury) now are. Sutton Farm is in the Anglican Parish of St. Giles' Church, which was once a leper hospital for the Shrewsbury Abbey. In the heart of Sutton Farm is the Mere. This is an open green space with a large lake at the centre. It is said that monks from St. Giles church used to lead lepers to the Mere to bathe, as it was believed the waters had healing properties. Prior to becoming a possession of Shrewsbury Abbey, the manor of Sutton was recorded in the Domesday Book as belonging to Wenlock Priory. On the edge of Sutton Farm, on entering Shrewsbury from Much Wenlock, is Weeping Cross roundabout. (There is also another Mere here, down a steep slope). This again dates back to mediaeval times, and is where the poor in the surrounding countryside left their dead for the monks to give a Christian burial. Not far down the road that skirts Sutton Farm, almost opposite Percy Thrower's Garden Centre, is a mediaeval chapel, now used as Shrewsbury Greek Orthodox Church, dedicated to the Holy Fathers. This is a very ancient church, and archaeology suggests it was probably pre-dated by earlier stone and wooden churches, and the site could even date back to early Christianity in this part of the country, to a time when people were moving out of the old Roman city of Viroconium, which is not too far away. On heading into Shrewsbury there is a green belt of land on the eastern edge of Sutton Farm, known as the Rea Brook Valley. In here is the remains of a long mill race and levelling ponds built by the monks, who had water mills situated in the valley. Until more recent times, the former site of Salop Laundry (now replaced with new houses), was known by locals as the \"mill\" and is believed to be a site of one of the mills. Along the mill race towards Lord Hill's File are some old bridges and ancient bridge embankments, one of which is called \"Leper's Bridge\", and is said to be where the monks led the lepers up to St. Giles Church which is at the top of the hill." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word language with dialect in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nThe Institute for Language and Speech Processing (ILSP) () is an Athens based, Greek non-profit private foundation focusing on applied research in Speech Processing, Natural Language Processing and Computer-Assisted Language Learning. The goal of ILSP is to support the growth of Language Technology in Greece. For this purpose it has brought together a team of experts and has created the necessary technical infrastructure in accordance with the European Community policy towards safeguarding the European cultural heritage through technology. ILSP aims to be a pole of attraction for the language industry, which is growing both in Greece and in the rest of Europe, thus contributing to the expansion of activities in this particularly important area of modern IT. The industrial direction which it maintains, the experience of its researchers and the close relations which it keeps with key research centres in other European countries, are the three basic elements in the profile of ILSP. ILSP carries out applied research in Man-Machine Interfaces, Machine Learning, Speech Processing, Text Processing, Theoretical and Computational Linguistics and Language Learning Technologies. Expertise used by the Institute includes basic fields as Natural Language Processing, Digital Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition. Its mission is mainly to support basic research, promoting on the other hand the development of new products in the form of laboratory prototypes. The research taking place both for Natural Language Processing and Speech Processing gives these areas new impetus, which stems from their complementarity. Taking as a fact that the Institute combines in its activities the research in these two thematic areas, it has the ability to successfully deal with those issues that require know-how from both domains. The Institute pushes the technologies developed in the framework of projects until the phase of industrial prototypes and products, using the full cycle of industrial development including quality control." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Institute for Dialect and Speech Processing (ILSP) () is an Athens based, Greek non-profit private foundation focusing on applied research in Speech Processing, Natural Dialect Processing and Computer-Assisted Dialect Learning. The goal of ILSP is to support the growth of Dialect Technology in Greece. For this purpose it has brought together a team of experts and has created the necessary technical infrastructure in accordance with the European Community policy towards safeguarding the European cultural heritage through technology. ILSP aims to be a pole of attraction for the dialect industry, which is growing both in Greece and in the rest of Europe, thus contributing to the expansion of activities in this particularly important area of modern IT. The industrial direction which it maintains, the experience of its researchers and the close relations which it keeps with key research centres in other European countries, are the three basic elements in the profile of ILSP. ILSP carries out applied research in Man-Machine Interfaces, Machine Learning, Speech Processing, Text Processing, Theoretical and Computational Linguistics and Dialect Learning Technologies. Expertise used by the Institute includes basic fields as Natural Dialect Processing, Digital Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition. Its mission is mainly to support basic research, promoting on the other hand the development of new products in the form of laboratory prototypes. The research taking place both for Natural Dialect Processing and Speech Processing gives these areas new impetus, which stems from their complementarity. Taking as a fact that the Institute combines in its activities the research in these two thematic areas, it has the ability to successfully deal with those issues that require know-how from both domains. The Institute pushes the technologies developed in the framework of projects until the phase of industrial prototypes and products, using the full cycle of industrial development including quality control." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'collaboration' with 'collusion'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nLegal matter management or matter management refers to activities involved in managing all aspects of the corporate legal practice (\"matters\"). Matter management is distinguished from case management, in that case management is generally considered to refer to law firm related activities (\"cases\"). Matter management software systems serve a variety of functions including conflict and ethics control, accurate matter opening, day-to-day matter work, business intelligence, and marketing. This includes the tracking of such items as the attorneys and other workers on the case, type of legal work, industry of the client, witnesses, judges, Courts, opposing counsel, issues, documents, budgets and invoices associated with each particular legal matter. Corporations can use matter management software and systems to manage both their in-house counsel staffs as well as their outside counsel law firms and non-law firm legal service providers who work on legal matters on the corporation's behalf (i.e., expert witnesses, court reporters, copy services, etc.). Law firms might use matter management to organize information about documents and email, time worked or billed, people inside and outside the firm associated with case, deadlines and dockets, and much more. Matter management systems can provide excellent communication and collaboration platforms to organize and distribute information, although new web-based collaboration tools are beginning to reduce the need for matter management systems as collaboration tools. Matter-centric collaboration tools may be the next step. As these systems entail the processing and storage of confidential corporate and insurance carrier financial data, sensitive claims information, and privileged legal matter data, major considerations in the deployment of these systems are: availability of matter-level security, ability to handle ethical walls, the level of customization the software offers, whether the software can be installed \"behind corporate security and firewalls\" or if the software is only hosted as an Internet-based ASP application and whether or not the deployment methodology meets Sarbanes-Oxley and HIPAA security and audit compliance mandates. Legal project management is a form of matter management that leverages the standards and practices of professional project management to more effectively manage legal matters or specific phases of a legal matter (e.g., legal-discovery projects)." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Legal matter management or matter management refers to activities involved in managing all aspects of the corporate legal practice (\"matters\"). Matter management is distinguished from case management, in that case management is generally considered to refer to law firm related activities (\"cases\"). Matter management software systems serve a variety of functions including conflict and ethics control, accurate matter opening, day-to-day matter work, business intelligence, and marketing. This includes the tracking of such items as the attorneys and other workers on the case, type of legal work, industry of the client, witnesses, judges, Courts, opposing counsel, issues, documents, budgets and invoices associated with each particular legal matter. Corporations can use matter management software and systems to manage both their in-house counsel staffs as well as their outside counsel law firms and non-law firm legal service providers who work on legal matters on the corporation's behalf (i.e., expert witnesses, court reporters, copy services, etc.). Law firms might use matter management to organize information about documents and email, time worked or billed, people inside and outside the firm associated with case, deadlines and dockets, and much more. Matter management systems can provide excellent communication and collusion platforms to organize and distribute information, although new web-based collusion tools are beginning to reduce the need for matter management systems as collusion tools. Matter-centric collusion tools may be the next step. As these systems entail the processing and storage of confidential corporate and insurance carrier financial data, sensitive claims information, and privileged legal matter data, major considerations in the deployment of these systems are: availability of matter-level security, ability to handle ethical walls, the level of customization the software offers, whether the software can be installed \"behind corporate security and firewalls\" or if the software is only hosted as an Internet-based ASP application and whether or not the deployment methodology meets Sarbanes-Oxley and HIPAA security and audit compliance mandates. Legal project management is a form of matter management that leverages the standards and practices of professional project management to more effectively manage legal matters or specific phases of a legal matter (e.g., legal-discovery projects)." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Schematic representation of the principle of lateral continuity. The Permian through Jurassic strata of the Colorado Plateau area of southeastern Utah that makes up much of the famous prominent rock formations in widely spaced protected areas such as Capitol Reef National Park and Canyonlands National Park. From top to bottom: Rounded tan domes of the Navajo Sandstone, layered red Kayenta Formation, cliff-forming, vertically-jointed, red Wingate Sandstone, slope-forming, purplish Chinle Formation, layered, lighter-red Moenkopi Formation, and white, layered Cutler Formation sandstone. Picture from Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah. The principle of lateral continuity states that layers of sediment initially extend laterally in all directions; in other words, they are laterally continuous. As a result, rocks that are otherwise similar, but are now separated by a valley or other erosional feature, can be assumed to be originally continuous. Layers of sediment do not extend indefinitely; rather, the limits can be recognized and are controlled by the amount and type of sediment available and the size and shape of the sedimentary basin. As long as sediment is transported to an area, it will eventually be deposited. However, as the amount of material lessens away from the source, the layer of that material will become thinner. Often, coarser-grained material can no longer be transported to an area because the transporting medium has insufficient energy to carry it to that location. In its place, the particles that settle from the transporting medium will be finer-grained, and there will be a lateral transition from coarser- to finer- grained material. The lateral variation in sediment within a stratum is known as sedimentary facies. If sufficient sedimentary material is available, it will be deposited up to the limits of the sedimentary basin. Often, the sedimentary basin is within rocks that are very different from the sediments that are being deposited. In those cases, the lateral limits of the sedimentary layer will be marked by an abrupt change in rock type.\n\n\nReplace 'material' with 'perceptible' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Schematic representation of the principle of lateral continuity. The Permian through Jurassic strata of the Colorado Plateau area of southeastern Utah that makes up much of the famous prominent rock formations in widely spaced protected areas such as Capitol Reef National Park and Canyonlands National Park. From top to bottom: Rounded tan domes of the Navajo Sandstone, layered red Kayenta Formation, cliff-forming, vertically-jointed, red Wingate Sandstone, slope-forming, purplish Chinle Formation, layered, lighter-red Moenkopi Formation, and white, layered Cutler Formation sandstone. Picture from Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah. The principle of lateral continuity states that layers of sediment initially extend laterally in all directions; in other words, they are laterally continuous. As a result, rocks that are otherwise similar, but are now separated by a valley or other erosional feature, can be assumed to be originally continuous. Layers of sediment do not extend indefinitely; rather, the limits can be recognized and are controlled by the amount and type of sediment available and the size and shape of the sedimentary basin. As long as sediment is transported to an area, it will eventually be deposited. However, as the amount of perceptible lessens away from the source, the layer of that perceptible will become thinner. Often, coarser-grained perceptible can no longer be transported to an area because the transporting medium has insufficient energy to carry it to that location. In its place, the particles that settle from the transporting medium will be finer-grained, and there will be a lateral transition from coarser- to finer- grained perceptible. The lateral variation in sediment within a stratum is known as sedimentary facies. If sufficient sedimentary perceptible is available, it will be deposited up to the limits of the sedimentary basin. Often, the sedimentary basin is within rocks that are very different from the sediments that are being deposited. In those cases, the lateral limits of the sedimentary layer will be marked by an abrupt change in rock type." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "right Chronic progressive lymphedema (CPL) is a disease of some breeds of draft horse, whereby the lower legs becomes progressively more swollen. There is no cure; the aim of treatment is to manage the signs and slow progression of the disease. The cause of CPL is not known, although it is suspected that a genetic disorder of elastin metabolism prevents the lymphatic vessels from functioning properly, leading to edema of the lower limbs. CPL resembles the human disease elephantiasis verrucosa nostra.\n\nSigns\n\nCPL is a progressive disease, which begins below the fetlock and gradually moves up the leg. All legs are affected, the hindlimbs usually more seriously so. Initial signs include thickening, crusting and folding of the skin. These early signs may be hidden by the long hair (feather) on the horse's lower legs. Affected areas are itchy, causing the horse to stamp its feet and rub its legs, and painful, so that the horse may be reluctant to allow its legs to be touched. As CPL progresses, ulcers develop on the pasterns, and fibrosis leads to hardening of the skin and the development of nodules which may become baseball sized. Secondary infections with microbes or mites commonly cause complications. Infestations with the mange mite Chorioptes equi are very itchy, and lead to self-trauma and dermatitis. The quality of the hoof is often poor; hooves are prone to cracks, splits and the development of thrush and abscesses; horses may develop laminitis. Chestnuts and ergots are often misshapen and irregular.\n\nManagement\n\nThere is no cure for CPL; the aim of treatment is to relieve the signs of the disease, and to slow the progression. Management requires daily care to prevent infection of the affected skin. The first step is to trim the feather from the lower leg, to ensure no affected areas are missed, and to allow application of treatments directly to the affected skin. Bacterial infections can be treated by gentle washing and drying of the skin. Topical treatments are required to treat chorioptic mange (caused by the mite Chorioptes equi), as the mites are not vulnerable to oral or systemic treatments when they are within the crusts on the skin. Daily exercise assists with the flow of lymph. Combined decongestive therapy involves massage of the leg to move the lymph, followed by specialized compression bandaging which creates a pressure gradient up the leg. Horses with CPL often have poor- quality hoof, so regular trimming is required to help keep the hoof healthy.\n\nEpidemiology\n\nAffected breeds include the Shire, Clydesdale, Belgian, Gypsy cob, and Friesian. Signs are usually only seen in horses older than two years. Both sexes are affected.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"disease\" with \"bug\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "right Chronic progressive lymphedema (CPL) is a bug of some breeds of draft horse, whereby the lower legs becomes progressively more swollen. There is no cure; the aim of treatment is to manage the signs and slow progression of the bug. The cause of CPL is not known, although it is suspected that a genetic disorder of elastin metabolism prevents the lymphatic vessels from functioning properly, leading to edema of the lower limbs. CPL resembles the human bug elephantiasis verrucosa nostra.\n\nSigns\n\nCPL is a progressive bug, which begins below the fetlock and gradually moves up the leg. All legs are affected, the hindlimbs usually more seriously so. Initial signs include thickening, crusting and folding of the skin. These early signs may be hidden by the long hair (feather) on the horse's lower legs. Affected areas are itchy, causing the horse to stamp its feet and rub its legs, and painful, so that the horse may be reluctant to allow its legs to be touched. As CPL progresses, ulcers develop on the pasterns, and fibrosis leads to hardening of the skin and the development of nodules which may become baseball sized. Secondary infections with microbes or mites commonly cause complications. Infestations with the mange mite Chorioptes equi are very itchy, and lead to self-trauma and dermatitis. The quality of the hoof is often poor; hooves are prone to cracks, splits and the development of thrush and abscesses; horses may develop laminitis. Chestnuts and ergots are often misshapen and irregular.\n\nManagement\n\nThere is no cure for CPL; the aim of treatment is to relieve the signs of the bug, and to slow the progression. Management requires daily care to prevent infection of the affected skin. The first step is to trim the feather from the lower leg, to ensure no affected areas are missed, and to allow application of treatments directly to the affected skin. Bacterial infections can be treated by gentle washing and drying of the skin. Topical treatments are required to treat chorioptic mange (caused by the mite Chorioptes equi), as the mites are not vulnerable to oral or systemic treatments when they are within the crusts on the skin. Daily exercise assists with the flow of lymph. Combined decongestive therapy involves massage of the leg to move the lymph, followed by specialized compression bandaging which creates a pressure gradient up the leg. Horses with CPL often have poor- quality hoof, so regular trimming is required to help keep the hoof healthy.\n\nEpidemiology\n\nAffected breeds include the Shire, Clydesdale, Belgian, Gypsy cob, and Friesian. Signs are usually only seen in horses older than two years. Both sexes are affected." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'through' with 'straight'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nRider-Waite Tarot deck The Nine of Swords is a Minor Arcana tarot card, also known as the Lord of Cruelty. In many countries around Europe it is used as a game card. This card has the numerical value of nine. In many countries Tarot cards are believed to tell the future, or have a divination usage. In these countries it is a very negative sign to have this card be turned. It is believed that it being turned can be instigated by others, as it might be coming up to show that one has been cruel to someone nearby.\nCard appearance\nThis card has a lot to do with someone's mind and their doubts and pain. The card shows a person, most often a woman, lying down or sitting up but they are or were sleeping. When this card is reversed it can be about real or imagined doubts or pain, just as dreams can be about real or imagined parts of our life. Most often the person on the card is on a bridge symbolizing a person between the worlds of dreaming and reality or also the worlds of life and death. Above the person lies their fears, hanging above them in an airy or dreamy way; this can be represented through demons, devils or even a heavily agitated night sky. Often there are sharp objects such as swords or knives, representing that a persons fears may pierce or stab through them. The swords could also mean that they are there to help the person cut through their own difficulties.\nDivination usage\nIf this card is shown in an upright position, it can mean deception, premonitions and bad dreams, suffering and depression, cruelty, disappointment, violence, loss and scandal. However, all of these may be overcome through faith and calculated inaction. This is the card of the martyr and with it comes new life out of suffering. This card can represent being plagued by fear, guilt, doubt, and worries that are to a large extent, unfounded. Chances are the person in question is dealing with a problematic situation or a difficult decision, but his or her worst fear is unlikely to materialize. If the card is shown in an ill- dignified or reversed manner then it has a different meaning. When turned this way it means distrust, suspicion, despair, misery or malice. Total isolation away from comfort and help: institutionalization, suicide, imprisonment and isolation. However, in a generally positive spread, the reversed meaning of this card can also indicate that the nightmare may be ending. The Nine of Swords reversed can actually be a hopeful card, counseling faith in the future and the promise of better days ahead." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Rider-Waite Tarot deck The Nine of Swords is a Minor Arcana tarot card, also known as the Lord of Cruelty. In many countries around Europe it is used as a game card. This card has the numerical value of nine. In many countries Tarot cards are believed to tell the future, or have a divination usage. In these countries it is a very negative sign to have this card be turned. It is believed that it being turned can be instigated by others, as it might be coming up to show that one has been cruel to someone nearby.\nCard appearance\nThis card has a lot to do with someone's mind and their doubts and pain. The card shows a person, most often a woman, lying down or sitting up but they are or were sleeping. When this card is reversed it can be about real or imagined doubts or pain, just as dreams can be about real or imagined parts of our life. Most often the person on the card is on a bridge symbolizing a person between the worlds of dreaming and reality or also the worlds of life and death. Above the person lies their fears, hanging above them in an airy or dreamy way; this can be represented straight demons, devils or even a heavily agitated night sky. Often there are sharp objects such as swords or knives, representing that a persons fears may pierce or stab straight them. The swords could also mean that they are there to help the person cut straight their own difficulties.\nDivination usage\nIf this card is shown in an upright position, it can mean deception, premonitions and bad dreams, suffering and depression, cruelty, disappointment, violence, loss and scandal. However, all of these may be overcome straight faith and calculated inaction. This is the card of the martyr and with it comes new life out of suffering. This card can represent being plagued by fear, guilt, doubt, and worries that are to a large extent, unfounded. Chances are the person in question is dealing with a problematic situation or a difficult decision, but his or her worst fear is unlikely to materialize. If the card is shown in an ill- dignified or reversed manner then it has a different meaning. When turned this way it means distrust, suspicion, despair, misery or malice. Total isolation away from comfort and help: institutionalization, suicide, imprisonment and isolation. However, in a generally positive spread, the reversed meaning of this card can also indicate that the nightmare may be ending. The Nine of Swords reversed can actually be a hopeful card, counseling faith in the future and the promise of better days ahead." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Three bottles of red Corton AOC wine, from the same appellation, showing different usages of lieu-dit (climat) designations on labels, in addition to the appellation's name. On the left, a wine with no indication of specific lieu-dit, in the middle a wine where Le Rognet is indicated in small print, and on the right a wine from Les Renardes, written hyphenated with Corton as \"Corton-Renardes\". Lieu-dit (plural: lieux-dits) (literally said-location) is a French toponymic term for a small geographical area bearing a traditional name. The name usually refers to some characteristic of the place, its former use, a past event, etc. A lieu-dit may be uninhabited, which distinguishes it from an hameau (hamlet), which is inhabited. In Burgundy, the term climat is used interchangeably with lieu-dit.\n\nEtymology\n\nEnglish speakers seem to have discovered the concept through oenology and have considered it as a wine term which in its typical usage translates as \"vineyard name\" or \"named vineyard\".Outside its wine usage, the term lieu-dit can refer to any type of traditional place name. Typically, a lieu-dit is the smallest piece of land which has a traditional vineyard name assigned to it. In most cases, this means that a lieu-dit is smaller than an appellation d'origine controlee (AOC).\n\nUse in France\n\nAn Alsatian Riesling with the name of the lieu-dit it is sourced from on the label. In some cases, lieux-dits appear on wine labels, in addition to the AOC name. This is most commonly seen for Alsace wine and Burgundy wine. It may not always be easy for consumers to tell if a name on a wine label is a lieu-dit or a cuvee name created by the producer. The only case of mandatory mention of a lieu-dit is in Alsace, for Alsace Grand Cru AOC. The Grand Cru designation may only be used if a lieu-dit is indicated. Lieux-dits may also be indicated on regular Alsace AOC wines, but is not mandatory. In Burgundy, the term climat is used interchangeably with lieu-dit. The use of the lieu-dit varies with the level of classification of the wine. Although the Grand Cru burgundies are generally considered to be classified on the vineyard level and defined as separate AOCs (with the exception of Chablis Grand Cru), some Burgundy Grand Crus are in fact divided into several lieux- dits. An example is Corton, where it is fairly common to see lieux-dits such as Les Bressandes, Le Clos de Roi and Les Renardes indicated. For village level burgundies, the lieu-dit may only be indicated in smaller print than the village name to avoid confusion with Premier Cru burgundies, where the village and vineyard name are indicated in the same size print. In Rhone, lieux-dits are most commonly seen for some of the top wines of the region. Two examples are the lieu-dit La Landonne or La Chatillonne within Cote-Rotie. Not all sites have been registered as lieux-dits. For example La Mouline and Les Jumelles are les marques of individual producers.\n\nOutside France\n\nIn the United States, the labeling of vineyard designated wines follows the similar practice of highlighting the particular vineyard that the grapes are sourced from.\n\nReferences\n\n\nReplace 'burgundy' with 'cardinal' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Three bottles of red Corton AOC wine, from the same appellation, showing different usages of lieu-dit (climat) designations on labels, in addition to the appellation's name. On the left, a wine with no indication of specific lieu-dit, in the middle a wine where Le Rognet is indicated in small print, and on the right a wine from Les Renardes, written hyphenated with Corton as \"Corton-Renardes\". Lieu-dit (plural: lieux-dits) (literally said-location) is a French toponymic term for a small geographical area bearing a traditional name. The name usually refers to some characteristic of the place, its former use, a past event, etc. A lieu-dit may be uninhabited, which distinguishes it from an hameau (hamlet), which is inhabited. In Cardinal, the term climat is used interchangeably with lieu-dit.\n\nEtymology\n\nEnglish speakers seem to have discovered the concept through oenology and have considered it as a wine term which in its typical usage translates as \"vineyard name\" or \"named vineyard\".Outside its wine usage, the term lieu-dit can refer to any type of traditional place name. Typically, a lieu-dit is the smallest piece of land which has a traditional vineyard name assigned to it. In most cases, this means that a lieu-dit is smaller than an appellation d'origine controlee (AOC).\n\nUse in France\n\nAn Alsatian Riesling with the name of the lieu-dit it is sourced from on the label. In some cases, lieux-dits appear on wine labels, in addition to the AOC name. This is most commonly seen for Alsace wine and Cardinal wine. It may not always be easy for consumers to tell if a name on a wine label is a lieu-dit or a cuvee name created by the producer. The only case of mandatory mention of a lieu-dit is in Alsace, for Alsace Grand Cru AOC. The Grand Cru designation may only be used if a lieu-dit is indicated. Lieux-dits may also be indicated on regular Alsace AOC wines, but is not mandatory. In Cardinal, the term climat is used interchangeably with lieu-dit. The use of the lieu-dit varies with the level of classification of the wine. Although the Grand Cru burgundies are generally considered to be classified on the vineyard level and defined as separate AOCs (with the exception of Chablis Grand Cru), some Cardinal Grand Crus are in fact divided into several lieux- dits. An example is Corton, where it is fairly common to see lieux-dits such as Les Bressandes, Le Clos de Roi and Les Renardes indicated. For village level burgundies, the lieu-dit may only be indicated in smaller print than the village name to avoid confusion with Premier Cru burgundies, where the village and vineyard name are indicated in the same size print. In Rhone, lieux-dits are most commonly seen for some of the top wines of the region. Two examples are the lieu-dit La Landonne or La Chatillonne within Cote-Rotie. Not all sites have been registered as lieux-dits. For example La Mouline and Les Jumelles are les marques of individual producers.\n\nOutside France\n\nIn the United States, the labeling of vineyard designated wines follows the similar practice of highlighting the particular vineyard that the grapes are sourced from.\n\nReferences" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "This is a list of people from Rotherham who have become known internationally in different roles and professions. Rotherham is a town in South Yorkshire, England. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, Rotherham is from Sheffield City Centre and is surrounded by several smaller settlements which together form the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham, which together also form part of the Sheffield urban area.\n\nRenowned people from Rotherham\n\n*Baron Ahmed, politician *Dean Andrews, actor *David Artell, footballer *Donald Bailey, civil engineer *Gordon Banks, footballer *Nick Banks, musician *Ian Breckin, footballer *Stephen Brogan, footballer *Chuckle Brothers, comedians *Frank Brown, footballer *Bill Burgess channel swimmer *Jo Callis, musician *Herbert Chapman, football manager *Lucy Clarkson, model *Felicia Dorothea Kate Dover, arsenic poisoner, lived and died in Rotherham after her release from prison. *Dean Downing, cyclist *Russell Downing, cyclist *Ebenezer Elliott, poet *Peter Elliott, athlete *Scott Flinders, footballer *Charles Sydney Gibbes, tutor and monk *Dave Godin, anarchist and musicologist *Paul Goodison, Olympic gold medal winning sailor *Justine Greening, politician *Simon Guy, cricketer *William Hague, former leader of the Conservative Party *Matt Hamshaw, footballer *Paul Harrison, racing driver *Edward Heppenstall, theologian *Alan Hodgkinson, former England national football team goalkeeper *Daniel Howell, research scientist *Joe Hunter, cricketer *Alf Lee English professional footballer *Daisy Makeig-Jones, sculptor *David Miedzianik, poet *Laurie Millsom, footballer *Simon Mottram, entrepreneur *Matt Nicholls, musician *Lynne Perrie, actress *Gervase Phinn, author *Frederick Brian Pickering, metallurgist *Sandy Powell, comedian *Chris Rawlinson, athlete *Frazer Richardson, footballer *Archbishop Thomas Rotherham, cleric and minister *Colin Rowe, professor of architecture *Ryan Sampson, actor *Bishop Robert Sanderson, minister and logician *David Seaman, former England national football team goalkeeper *Jack P. Shepherd, Coronation Street actor *Paul Shane, comedian *Ernie Stevenson, footballer *Ben Swift, cyclist *Trevor Taylor, motor racing driver *Raymond Unwin, town planner *Colin Walker, footballer *Michael Walsh, footballer *Howard Webb, football referee *Liz White, actress *Chris Wolstenholme, musician\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"musician\" with \"composer\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "This is a list of people from Rotherham who have become known internationally in different roles and professions. Rotherham is a town in South Yorkshire, England. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, Rotherham is from Sheffield City Centre and is surrounded by several smaller settlements which together form the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham, which together also form part of the Sheffield urban area.\n\nRenowned people from Rotherham\n\n*Baron Ahmed, politician *Dean Andrews, actor *David Artell, footballer *Donald Bailey, civil engineer *Gordon Banks, footballer *Nick Banks, composer *Ian Breckin, footballer *Stephen Brogan, footballer *Chuckle Brothers, comedians *Frank Brown, footballer *Bill Burgess channel swimmer *Jo Callis, composer *Herbert Chapman, football manager *Lucy Clarkson, model *Felicia Dorothea Kate Dover, arsenic poisoner, lived and died in Rotherham after her release from prison. *Dean Downing, cyclist *Russell Downing, cyclist *Ebenezer Elliott, poet *Peter Elliott, athlete *Scott Flinders, footballer *Charles Sydney Gibbes, tutor and monk *Dave Godin, anarchist and musicologist *Paul Goodison, Olympic gold medal winning sailor *Justine Greening, politician *Simon Guy, cricketer *William Hague, former leader of the Conservative Party *Matt Hamshaw, footballer *Paul Harrison, racing driver *Edward Heppenstall, theologian *Alan Hodgkinson, former England national football team goalkeeper *Daniel Howell, research scientist *Joe Hunter, cricketer *Alf Lee English professional footballer *Daisy Makeig-Jones, sculptor *David Miedzianik, poet *Laurie Millsom, footballer *Simon Mottram, entrepreneur *Matt Nicholls, composer *Lynne Perrie, actress *Gervase Phinn, author *Frederick Brian Pickering, metallurgist *Sandy Powell, comedian *Chris Rawlinson, athlete *Frazer Richardson, footballer *Archbishop Thomas Rotherham, cleric and minister *Colin Rowe, professor of architecture *Ryan Sampson, actor *Bishop Robert Sanderson, minister and logician *David Seaman, former England national football team goalkeeper *Jack P. Shepherd, Coronation Street actor *Paul Shane, comedian *Ernie Stevenson, footballer *Ben Swift, cyclist *Trevor Taylor, motor racing driver *Raymond Unwin, town planner *Colin Walker, footballer *Michael Walsh, footballer *Howard Webb, football referee *Liz White, actress *Chris Wolstenholme, composer" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word represents with mean in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nIn orthography, a zero consonant, silent initial, or null-onset letter is a consonant letter that does not correspond to a consonant sound, but is required when a word or syllable starts with a vowel (i.e. has a null onset). Some abjads, abugidas, and alphabets have zero consonants, generally because they have an orthographic rule that all syllables must begin with a consonant letter, whereas the language they transcribe allows syllables to start with a vowel. In a few cases, such as Pahawh Hmong below, the lack of a consonant letter represents a specific consonant sound, so the lack of a consonant sound requires a distinct letter to disambiguate.\nUses\n*The letter A aleph is a zero consonant in Ashkenazi Hebrew. It originally represented a glottal stop, a value it retains in other Hebrew dialects and in formal Israeli Hebrew. *In Arabic, the related letter alif is often a placeholder for a vowel. *In Javanese script, the letter ha is used for a vowel (silent 'h'). *In Korean hangul, the zero consonant is ieung. It appears twice in , \"velar consonant\". also represents -ng at the end of a syllable, but historically this was a distinct letter. *Burmese , Khmer q, Thai `, and Lao ` are null-initial vowel- support letters. Thai `aang, for example, is ang \"basin\". (aa is the vowel a and ng the consonant ng.) ` and ` pull double duty as vowels in some positions. *In Thaana of the Maldives, ' is a zero. It requires a diacritic to indicate the associated vowel: 'i is i, 'o o, etc. This is similar to an abjad, but the vowel mark is not optional. *The Lontara script for Buginese, with zero , is similar to Thaana, except that without a vowel diacritic represents an initial vowel a. The Lepcha script of Nepal is similar. *In Cree and Inuit, a triangle represents a vowel-initial syllable. The orientation of this triangle specifies the vowel: e e, i i, o o, a a. *In the Romanized Popular Alphabet used for Hmong, an apostrophe marks a vowel-initial syllable. The absence of any letter indicates that the syllable starts with a glottal stop, a far more common occurrence. *Pahawh Hmong, a semi-syllabary, also has a zero consonant, as well as a letter for glottal stop, with the lack of an initial consonant letter indicating that the syllable begins with a /k/." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In orthography, a zero consonant, silent initial, or null-onset letter is a consonant letter that does not correspond to a consonant sound, but is required when a word or syllable starts with a vowel (i.e. has a null onset). Some abjads, abugidas, and alphabets have zero consonants, generally because they have an orthographic rule that all syllables must begin with a consonant letter, whereas the language they transcribe allows syllables to start with a vowel. In a few cases, such as Pahawh Hmong below, the lack of a consonant letter mean a specific consonant sound, so the lack of a consonant sound requires a distinct letter to disambiguate.\nUses\n*The letter A aleph is a zero consonant in Ashkenazi Hebrew. It originally represented a glottal stop, a value it retains in other Hebrew dialects and in formal Israeli Hebrew. *In Arabic, the related letter alif is often a placeholder for a vowel. *In Javanese script, the letter ha is used for a vowel (silent 'h'). *In Korean hangul, the zero consonant is ieung. It appears twice in , \"velar consonant\". also mean -ng at the end of a syllable, but historically this was a distinct letter. *Burmese , Khmer q, Thai `, and Lao ` are null-initial vowel- support letters. Thai `aang, for example, is ang \"basin\". (aa is the vowel a and ng the consonant ng.) ` and ` pull double duty as vowels in some positions. *In Thaana of the Maldives, ' is a zero. It requires a diacritic to indicate the associated vowel: 'i is i, 'o o, etc. This is similar to an abjad, but the vowel mark is not optional. *The Lontara script for Buginese, with zero , is similar to Thaana, except that without a vowel diacritic mean an initial vowel a. The Lepcha script of Nepal is similar. *In Cree and Inuit, a triangle mean a vowel-initial syllable. The orientation of this triangle specifies the vowel: e e, i i, o o, a a. *In the Romanized Popular Alphabet used for Hmong, an apostrophe marks a vowel-initial syllable. The absence of any letter indicates that the syllable starts with a glottal stop, a far more common occurrence. *Pahawh Hmong, a semi-syllabary, also has a zero consonant, as well as a letter for glottal stop, with the lack of an initial consonant letter indicating that the syllable begins with a /k/." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word quantity with batch in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nThe social science of economics makes extensive use of graphs to better illustrate the economic principles and trends it is attempting to explain. Those graphs have specific qualities that are not often found (or are not often found in such combinations) in other sciences. The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability and demand. The graph depicts an increase (that is, right-shift) in demand from D1 to D2 along with the consequent increase in price and quantity required to reach a new equilibrium point on the supply curve (S). A common and specific example is the supply-and-demand graph shown at right. This graph shows supply and demand as opposing curves, and the intersection between those curves determines the equilibrium price. An alteration of either supply or demand is shown by displacing the curve to either the left (a decrease in quantity demanded or supplied) or to the right (an increase in quantity demanded or supplied); this shift results in new equilibrium price and quantity. Economic graphs are presented only in the first quadrant of the Cartesian plane when the variables conceptually can only take on non-negative values (such as the quantity of a product that is produced). Even though the axes refer to numerical variables, specific values are often not introduced if a conceptual point is being made that would apply to any numerical examples. More generally, there is usually some mathematical model underlying any given economic graph. For instance, the commonly used supply-and-demand graph has its underpinnings in general price theory--a highly mathematical discipline.\n\nChoice of axes for dependent and independent variables\n\nAn example of real GDP (y) plotted against time (x). Often time is denoted as t instead of x. The IS curve moves to the right if spending plans at any potential interest rate go up, causing the new equilibrium to have higher interest rates (i) and expansion in the \"real\" economy (real GDP, or Y). In most mathematical contexts, the independent variable is placed on the horizontal axis and the dependent variable on the vertical axis. For example, if f(x) is plotted against x, conventionally x is plotted horizontally and the value of the function is plotted vertically. This placement is often, but not always, reversed in economic graphs. For example, in the supply-demand graph at the top of this page, the independent variable (price) is plotted on the vertical axis, and the dependent variable (quantity supplied or demanded), whose value depends on price, is plotted horizontally. However, when time is the independent variable, and values of some other variable are plotted as a function of time, normally the independent variable time is plotted horizontally, as in the line graph to the right. Yet other graphs may have one curve for which the independent variable is plotted horizontally and another curve for which the independent variable is plotted vertically. For example, in the IS-LM graph shown here, the IS curve shows the amount of the dependent variable spending (Y) as a function of the independent variable the interest rate (i), while the LM curve shows the value of the dependent variable, the interest rate, that equilibrates the money market as a function of the independent variable income (which equals expenditure on an economy-wide basis in equilibrium). Since the two different markets (the goods market and the money market) take as given different independent variables and determine by their functioning different dependent variables, necessarily one curve has its independent variable plotted horizontally and the other vertically. *Graph" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The social science of economics makes extensive use of graphs to better illustrate the economic principles and trends it is attempting to explain. Those graphs have specific qualities that are not often found (or are not often found in such combinations) in other sciences. The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability and demand. The graph depicts an increase (that is, right-shift) in demand from D1 to D2 along with the consequent increase in price and batch required to reach a new equilibrium point on the supply curve (S). A common and specific example is the supply-and-demand graph shown at right. This graph shows supply and demand as opposing curves, and the intersection between those curves determines the equilibrium price. An alteration of either supply or demand is shown by displacing the curve to either the left (a decrease in batch demanded or supplied) or to the right (an increase in batch demanded or supplied); this shift results in new equilibrium price and batch. Economic graphs are presented only in the first quadrant of the Cartesian plane when the variables conceptually can only take on non-negative values (such as the batch of a product that is produced). Even though the axes refer to numerical variables, specific values are often not introduced if a conceptual point is being made that would apply to any numerical examples. More generally, there is usually some mathematical model underlying any given economic graph. For instance, the commonly used supply-and-demand graph has its underpinnings in general price theory--a highly mathematical discipline.\n\nChoice of axes for dependent and independent variables\n\nAn example of real GDP (y) plotted against time (x). Often time is denoted as t instead of x. The IS curve moves to the right if spending plans at any potential interest rate go up, causing the new equilibrium to have higher interest rates (i) and expansion in the \"real\" economy (real GDP, or Y). In most mathematical contexts, the independent variable is placed on the horizontal axis and the dependent variable on the vertical axis. For example, if f(x) is plotted against x, conventionally x is plotted horizontally and the value of the function is plotted vertically. This placement is often, but not always, reversed in economic graphs. For example, in the supply-demand graph at the top of this page, the independent variable (price) is plotted on the vertical axis, and the dependent variable (batch supplied or demanded), whose value depends on price, is plotted horizontally. However, when time is the independent variable, and values of some other variable are plotted as a function of time, normally the independent variable time is plotted horizontally, as in the line graph to the right. Yet other graphs may have one curve for which the independent variable is plotted horizontally and another curve for which the independent variable is plotted vertically. For example, in the IS-LM graph shown here, the IS curve shows the amount of the dependent variable spending (Y) as a function of the independent variable the interest rate (i), while the LM curve shows the value of the dependent variable, the interest rate, that equilibrates the money market as a function of the independent variable income (which equals expenditure on an economy-wide basis in equilibrium). Since the two different markets (the goods market and the money market) take as given different independent variables and determine by their functioning different dependent variables, necessarily one curve has its independent variable plotted horizontally and the other vertically. *Graph" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"district\" with \"commune\" wherever it occurs:\n\nUvarovo () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia. ;Urban localities *Uvarovo, Tambov Oblast, a town in Tambov Oblast; administratively incorporated as a town of oblast significance ;Rural localities *Uvarovo, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a settlement in Novomirsky Selsoviet of Troitsky District of Chelyabinsk Oblast *Uvarovo, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Chistoprudnensky Rural Okrug of Nesterovsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast *Uvarovo, Kaluga Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the City of Kaluga in Kaluga Oblast *Uvarovo, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Baksheyevskoye Settlement of Kostromskoy District of Kostroma Oblast *Uvarovo, Kurgan Oblast, a selo in Uvarovsky Selsoviet of Mokrousovsky District of Kurgan Oblast *Uvarovo, Moscow, a village in Pervomayskoye Settlement of the federal city of Moscow *Uvarovo, Domodedovo, Moscow Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Domodedovo Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction in Moscow Oblast *Uvarovo, Domodedovo, Moscow Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the Domodedovo city under oblast jurisdiction, Moscow Oblast *Uvarovo, Stupinsky District, Moscow Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the work settlement of Zhilyovo in Stupinsky District of Moscow Oblast *Uvarovo, Buturlinsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a selo in Uvarovsky Selsoviet of Buturlinsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast *Uvarovo, Lyskovsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Kirikovsky Selsoviet of Lyskovsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast *Uvarovo, Penza Oblast, a selo in Uvarovsky Selsoviet of Issinsky District of Penza Oblast *Uvarovo, Perm Krai, a village in Ochyorsky District of Perm Krai *Uvarovo, Pskov Oblast, a village in Opochetsky District of Pskov Oblast *Uvarovo, Krasninsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Mankovskoye Rural Settlement of Krasninsky District of Smolensk Oblast *Uvarovo, Safonovsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Zimnitskoye Rural Settlement of Safonovsky District of Smolensk Oblast *Uvarovo, Yelninsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Korobetskoye Rural Settlement of Yelninsky District of Smolensk Oblast *Uvarovo, Kesovogorsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Yeliseyevskoye Rural Settlement of Kesovogorsky District of Tver Oblast *Uvarovo, Toropetsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Uvarovskoye Rural Settlement of Toropetsky District of Tver Oblast *Uvarovo, Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the City of Vladimir in Vladimir Oblast *Uvarovo, Sobinsky District, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Sobinsky District, Vladimir Oblast *Uvarovo, Vologda Oblast, a village in Sizemsky Selsoviet of Sheksninsky District of Vologda Oblast *Uvarovo, Lyubimsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Voskresensky Rural Okrug of Lyubimsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast *Uvarovo, Tutayevsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Artemyevsky Rural Okrug of Tutayevsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Uvarovo () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia. ;Urban localities *Uvarovo, Tambov Oblast, a town in Tambov Oblast; administratively incorporated as a town of oblast significance ;Rural localities *Uvarovo, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a settlement in Novomirsky Selsoviet of Troitsky Commune of Chelyabinsk Oblast *Uvarovo, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Chistoprudnensky Rural Okrug of Nesterovsky Commune of Kaliningrad Oblast *Uvarovo, Kaluga Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the City of Kaluga in Kaluga Oblast *Uvarovo, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Baksheyevskoye Settlement of Kostromskoy Commune of Kostroma Oblast *Uvarovo, Kurgan Oblast, a selo in Uvarovsky Selsoviet of Mokrousovsky Commune of Kurgan Oblast *Uvarovo, Moscow, a village in Pervomayskoye Settlement of the federal city of Moscow *Uvarovo, Domodedovo, Moscow Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Domodedovo Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction in Moscow Oblast *Uvarovo, Domodedovo, Moscow Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the Domodedovo city under oblast jurisdiction, Moscow Oblast *Uvarovo, Stupinsky Commune, Moscow Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the work settlement of Zhilyovo in Stupinsky Commune of Moscow Oblast *Uvarovo, Buturlinsky Commune, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a selo in Uvarovsky Selsoviet of Buturlinsky Commune of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast *Uvarovo, Lyskovsky Commune, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Kirikovsky Selsoviet of Lyskovsky Commune of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast *Uvarovo, Penza Oblast, a selo in Uvarovsky Selsoviet of Issinsky Commune of Penza Oblast *Uvarovo, Perm Krai, a village in Ochyorsky Commune of Perm Krai *Uvarovo, Pskov Oblast, a village in Opochetsky Commune of Pskov Oblast *Uvarovo, Krasninsky Commune, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Mankovskoye Rural Settlement of Krasninsky Commune of Smolensk Oblast *Uvarovo, Safonovsky Commune, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Zimnitskoye Rural Settlement of Safonovsky Commune of Smolensk Oblast *Uvarovo, Yelninsky Commune, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Korobetskoye Rural Settlement of Yelninsky Commune of Smolensk Oblast *Uvarovo, Kesovogorsky Commune, Tver Oblast, a village in Yeliseyevskoye Rural Settlement of Kesovogorsky Commune of Tver Oblast *Uvarovo, Toropetsky Commune, Tver Oblast, a village in Uvarovskoye Rural Settlement of Toropetsky Commune of Tver Oblast *Uvarovo, Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the City of Vladimir in Vladimir Oblast *Uvarovo, Sobinsky Commune, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Sobinsky Commune, Vladimir Oblast *Uvarovo, Vologda Oblast, a village in Sizemsky Selsoviet of Sheksninsky Commune of Vologda Oblast *Uvarovo, Lyubimsky Commune, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Voskresensky Rural Okrug of Lyubimsky Commune of Yaroslavl Oblast *Uvarovo, Tutayevsky Commune, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Artemyevsky Rural Okrug of Tutayevsky Commune of Yaroslavl Oblast" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"present\" with \"current\" wherever it occurs:\n\nSimultaneous embedding is a technique in graph drawing and information visualization for visualizing two or more different graphs on the same or overlapping sets of labeled vertices, while avoiding crossings within both graphs. Crossings between an edge of one graph and an edge of the other graph are allowed. If edges are allowed to be drawn as polylines or curves, then any planar graph may be drawn without crossing its vertices in arbitrary positions in the plane, where the same vertex placement provides a simultaneous embedding. There are two restricted models: simultaneous geometric embedding, where each graph must be drawn planarly with line segments representing its edges rather than more complex curves restricting the two given graphs to subclasses of the planar graphs and simultaneous embedding with fixed edges, where curves or bends are allowed in the edges, but any edge in both graphs must be represented by the same curve in both drawings. In the unrestricted model, any two planar graphs can have a simultaneous embedding.\nDefinition\nSimultaneous embedding is a technique in graph drawing and information visualization for visualizing two or more different graphs on the same or overlapping sets of labeled vertices, while avoiding crossings within both graphs. Crossings between an edge of one graph and an edge of the other graph are allowed; it is only crossings between two edges of the same graph that are disallowed. If edges are allowed to be drawn as polylines or curves, then any planar graph may be drawn without crossings with its vertices in arbitrary positions in the plane. Using the same vertex placement for two graphs provides a simultaneous embedding of the two graphs. Research has concentrated on finding drawings with few bends, or with few crossings between edges from the two graphs. There are two restricted models: simultaneous geometric embedding and simultaneous embedding with fixed edges, where curves or bends are allowed in the edges, but any edge present in both graphs must be represented by the same curve in both drawings. When a simultaneous geometric embedding exists, it automatically is also a simultaneous embedding with fixed edges. For simultaneous embedding problems on more than two graphs, it is standard to assume that all pairs of input graphs have the same intersection as each other; that is, the edge and vertex sets of the graphs form a sunflower. This constraint is known as sunflower intersection. Simultaneous embedding is closely related to thickness, the minimum number of planar subgraphs that can cover all of the edges of a given graph, and geometric thickness, the minimum number of edge colors needed in a straight-line drawing of a given graph with no crossing between same-colored edges. In particular, the thickness of a given graph is two, if the graph's edges can be partitioned into two subgraphs that have a simultaneous embedding, and the geometric thickness is two, if the edges can be partitioned into two subgraphs with simultaneous geometric embedding.\nGeometric\nIn simultaneous geometric embedding each graph must be drawn as a planar graph with line segments representing its edges rather than more complex curves restricting the two given graphs to subclasses of the planar graphs. Many results on simultaneous geometric embedding are based on the idea that the Cartesian coordinates of the two given graphs' vertices can be derived from properties of the two graphs. One of the most basic results of this type is the fact that any two path graphs on the same vertex set always have a simultaneous embedding. To find such an embedding, one can use the position of a vertex in the first path as its x-coordinate, and the position of the same vertex in the second path as its y-coordinate. In this way, the first path will be drawn as an x-monotone polyline, a type of curve that is automatically non-self-crossing, and the second path will similarly be drawn as a y-monotone polyline. This type of drawing places the vertices in an integer lattice of dimensions linear in the graph sizes. Similarly defined layouts also work, with larger but still linear grid sizes, when both graphs are caterpillars or when both are cycle graphs. A simultaneous embedding in a grid of linear dimensions is also possible for any number of graphs that are all stars. Other pairs of graph types that always admit a simultaneous embedding, but that might need larger grid sizes, include a wheel graph and a cycle graph, a tree and a matching, or a pair of graphs both of which have maximum degree two. However, pairs of planar graphs and a matching, or of a tree and a path exist, that have no simultaneous geometric embedding... Testing whether two graphs admit a simultaneous geometric embedding is NP-hard.. More precisely, it is complete for the existential theory of the reals. The proof of this result also implies that for some pairs of graphs that have simultaneous geometric embeddings, the smallest grid on which they can be drawn has doubly exponential size.. . When a simultaneous geometric embedding exists, it automatically is also a simultaneous embedding with fixed edges.\nFixed edges\nIn simultaneous embedding with fixed edges, curves or bends are allowed in the edges, but any edge present in both graphs must be represented by the same curve in both drawings. The classification of different types of input as always having an embedding or as sometimes not being possible depends not only on the two types of graphs to be drawn, but also on the structure of their intersection. For instance, it is always possible to find such an embedding when both of the two given graphs are outerplanar graphs and their intersection is a linear forest, with at most one bend per edge and with vertex coordinates and bend points all belonging to a grid of polynomial area. However, there exist other pairs of outerplanar graphs with more complex intersections that have no such embedding. It is also possible to find a simultaneous embedding with fixed edges for any pair of a planar graph and a tree... It is an open question whether the existence of a simultaneous embedding with fixed edges for two given graphs can be tested in polynomial time. However, for three or more graphs, the problem is NP- complete. When simultaneous embeddings with fixed edges do exist, they can be found in polynomial time for pairs of outerplanar graphs, and for Biconnected graphs, i.e. pairs of graphs whose intersection is biconnected....\nUnrestricted\nAny two planar graphs can have a simultaneous embedding. This may be done in a grid of polynomial area, with at most two bends per edge. Any two subhamiltonian graphs have a simultaneous embedding with at most one bend per edge.." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Simultaneous embedding is a technique in graph drawing and information visualization for visualizing two or more different graphs on the same or overlapping sets of labeled vertices, while avoiding crossings within both graphs. Crossings between an edge of one graph and an edge of the other graph are allowed. If edges are allowed to be drawn as polylines or curves, then any planar graph may be drawn without crossing its vertices in arbitrary positions in the plane, where the same vertex placement provides a simultaneous embedding. There are two restricted models: simultaneous geometric embedding, where each graph must be drawn planarly with line segments representing its edges rather than more complex curves restricting the two given graphs to subclasses of the planar graphs and simultaneous embedding with fixed edges, where curves or bends are allowed in the edges, but any edge in both graphs must be represented by the same curve in both drawings. In the unrestricted model, any two planar graphs can have a simultaneous embedding.\nDefinition\nSimultaneous embedding is a technique in graph drawing and information visualization for visualizing two or more different graphs on the same or overlapping sets of labeled vertices, while avoiding crossings within both graphs. Crossings between an edge of one graph and an edge of the other graph are allowed; it is only crossings between two edges of the same graph that are disallowed. If edges are allowed to be drawn as polylines or curves, then any planar graph may be drawn without crossings with its vertices in arbitrary positions in the plane. Using the same vertex placement for two graphs provides a simultaneous embedding of the two graphs. Research has concentrated on finding drawings with few bends, or with few crossings between edges from the two graphs. There are two restricted models: simultaneous geometric embedding and simultaneous embedding with fixed edges, where curves or bends are allowed in the edges, but any edge current in both graphs must be represented by the same curve in both drawings. When a simultaneous geometric embedding exists, it automatically is also a simultaneous embedding with fixed edges. For simultaneous embedding problems on more than two graphs, it is standard to assume that all pairs of input graphs have the same intersection as each other; that is, the edge and vertex sets of the graphs form a sunflower. This constraint is known as sunflower intersection. Simultaneous embedding is closely related to thickness, the minimum number of planar subgraphs that can cover all of the edges of a given graph, and geometric thickness, the minimum number of edge colors needed in a straight-line drawing of a given graph with no crossing between same-colored edges. In particular, the thickness of a given graph is two, if the graph's edges can be partitioned into two subgraphs that have a simultaneous embedding, and the geometric thickness is two, if the edges can be partitioned into two subgraphs with simultaneous geometric embedding.\nGeometric\nIn simultaneous geometric embedding each graph must be drawn as a planar graph with line segments representing its edges rather than more complex curves restricting the two given graphs to subclasses of the planar graphs. Many results on simultaneous geometric embedding are based on the idea that the Cartesian coordinates of the two given graphs' vertices can be derived from properties of the two graphs. One of the most basic results of this type is the fact that any two path graphs on the same vertex set always have a simultaneous embedding. To find such an embedding, one can use the position of a vertex in the first path as its x-coordinate, and the position of the same vertex in the second path as its y-coordinate. In this way, the first path will be drawn as an x-monotone polyline, a type of curve that is automatically non-self-crossing, and the second path will similarly be drawn as a y-monotone polyline. This type of drawing places the vertices in an integer lattice of dimensions linear in the graph sizes. Similarly defined layouts also work, with larger but still linear grid sizes, when both graphs are caterpillars or when both are cycle graphs. A simultaneous embedding in a grid of linear dimensions is also possible for any number of graphs that are all stars. Other pairs of graph types that always admit a simultaneous embedding, but that might need larger grid sizes, include a wheel graph and a cycle graph, a tree and a matching, or a pair of graphs both of which have maximum degree two. However, pairs of planar graphs and a matching, or of a tree and a path exist, that have no simultaneous geometric embedding... Testing whether two graphs admit a simultaneous geometric embedding is NP-hard.. More precisely, it is complete for the existential theory of the reals. The proof of this result also implies that for some pairs of graphs that have simultaneous geometric embeddings, the smallest grid on which they can be drawn has doubly exponential size.. . When a simultaneous geometric embedding exists, it automatically is also a simultaneous embedding with fixed edges.\nFixed edges\nIn simultaneous embedding with fixed edges, curves or bends are allowed in the edges, but any edge current in both graphs must be represented by the same curve in both drawings. The classification of different types of input as always having an embedding or as sometimes not being possible depends not only on the two types of graphs to be drawn, but also on the structure of their intersection. For instance, it is always possible to find such an embedding when both of the two given graphs are outerplanar graphs and their intersection is a linear forest, with at most one bend per edge and with vertex coordinates and bend points all belonging to a grid of polynomial area. However, there exist other pairs of outerplanar graphs with more complex intersections that have no such embedding. It is also possible to find a simultaneous embedding with fixed edges for any pair of a planar graph and a tree... It is an open question whether the existence of a simultaneous embedding with fixed edges for two given graphs can be tested in polynomial time. However, for three or more graphs, the problem is NP- complete. When simultaneous embeddings with fixed edges do exist, they can be found in polynomial time for pairs of outerplanar graphs, and for Biconnected graphs, i.e. pairs of graphs whose intersection is biconnected....\nUnrestricted\nAny two planar graphs can have a simultaneous embedding. This may be done in a grid of polynomial area, with at most two bends per edge. Any two subhamiltonian graphs have a simultaneous embedding with at most one bend per edge.." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "This article lists characters of Pepper Ann characters whom however appear in the show.\nThe Pearsons\nPepper Ann Pearson\nPepper Ann \"P.A.\" Pearson is a very beautiful, quirky, and unpredictable twelve-year-old seventh grader at Hazelnut Middle School. She has red hair and wears glasses. she is best friends along with Milo Kamalani, and Nicky Little, and she has a mother Lydia Pearson, and her father Chuck Pearson, and a little sister, Moose Pearson. She often elaborates fantasy sequences which her reflections acts as her conscience during moral dilemmas as she is unique. She has a big crush on Craig Bean but he doesn't know this yet. Despite her beauty, Pepper Ann is quirky, unique, smart, and greater visual thinker, hyperactive, easily distracted and a kind friend to have but can be cynical at times as she makes sarcastic comments. Pepper Ann is voiced by the singer and actress Kathleen Wilhoite.\nLydia Pearson\nLydia Pearson (nee' Lily) is the older daughter of Leo and Lillian Lilly, older sister of Janie Diggety, Pepper Ann, and Moose Pearson's mother and the ex-wife of Chuck Pearson, She is a divorced and single working mother and works at a fashion boutique called \"It's You\", and makes good money, as it is extremely popular with ladies, Pepper Ann is always embarrassed by her and sometimes calls her \"Peppie\" as such Pepper Ann feels embarrassed, she is voiced by (April Winchell)\nMoose Pearson\nMargaret Rose \"Moose\" Pearson is the young little daughter of Lydia and Chuck Pearson and sister to Pepper Ann, she is a cute and pretty tomboy but has a deep voice and boyish behaviours. She is voiced by (Pamela Segall)\nChuck Pearson\nChuck is or was the father of Pepper Ann and Moose Pearson, former husband of Lydia Pearson, he is seen in a few episodes in \"Thanksgiving Dad\",\nThe Little's\nNicky Anais Little\nNicky Anais Little is good friends with Pepper Ann, she is a twelve-year-old seventh-grader, and her only imperfection is that sometimes she is a little too perfect. Once she tried to be bad and went crazy mad, but discovers she liked being perfect instead of bad. \"Nicky Gone Bad\", she is very helpful to Pepper Ann and a good friend, even with Milo, apparently her dream is to become a concert violinist in Italy, as she practices her violin and her Italian every day, however though she has a boyfriend named Stewart Waldinger to help her learn Italian. They began dating, but in \"The Perfect Couple\" things did not go well and they had a huge fight until Pepper Ann however soothed things between the two. They decided to reconsider but it is unknown whether they got back together after that. In \"The Final\" she has a new boyfriend instead of Stewart, but on a reunion she was pleased to see Stewart again after all these years again. It is unknown if she and Stewart did request to marry and get back together afterwards,\nBecky Little\nShe is the big sister to Nicky Little, and was the class president in middle school, and studies at Harvard, In \"The Amazing Becky Little\" she gets jealous that her sister comes home for their parents anniversary.\nHazelnut Middle School students and staff\nPrincipal Hickey\nPrincipal Hickey is a recurring character in the series. Pepper Ann has no real enemies but Hickey is a tough disciplinarian with a zero tolerance for Pepper Ann's shenanigans; however as evidenced by the episode \"The Unusual Suspects\" Pepper Ann is able to forgive Hickey when he has mistakenly punished her for something that he actually did. This indicates Pepper Ann's distaste for Principal Hickey in the series,\nMr. Carter\nMr Carter is a teacher of science at Hazelnut Middle School, however he does not respect or trust Pepper Ann. As a result, he always gives Pepper Ann detention. He is perhaps very hard on Pepper Ann throughout the series but in \"Like Riding A Bike\" he dates Lydia Pearson for a while, but all didn't go well,\nMr. Reason\nMr Reason is a character who is a wood shop teacher at Hazelnut Middle School. He appears in \"The One with Mr. Reason\".\nCoach Doogan\nCoach Doogan is the Physical Education coach at Hazelnut Middle School who teaches Pepper Ann and other students,\nTrinket St. Blaire\nTrinket St. Blaire is a recurring character who appears in the series. She is a pupil at Hazelnut Middle School, however she is rich and spoiled and tends to be a little mean to Pepper Ann but sometimes gets along well with her. She and Cissy Rooney together are good friends, however in \"Bye, Bye Trinket\" when Trinket is moving to an all girls school, it is mentioned they never were as good friends. She has been rude to her in that episode never regretting forgiveness. In a complete turn Pepper Ann gets pleased she is back at Hazelnut Middle School and she forgives Pepper Ann, but as a close friend, she is as revealed to be a little close to her but tends to sometimes be a little bossy over her. She is voiced by actress Jenna von Oy.\nMilo Kamalani\nMilo Kamalani is one of the main characters of the show, and is best friends with Pepper Ann, and Nicky. However although Milo is an excellent artist, he can do more than just art and he is the preacher for Pepper Ann, before she does do something she will regret. She would rarely listen to his advice but does not discourage him for trying. However he and Pepper Ann once pretended to date when a girl named Gwen Mezzrow ended up wanting to date Milo, to scare of Gwen. He does seem to secretly love Gwen, as she turns Milo on a lot like in \"Presenting Stewart Waldinger\". She did so turn Milo on but Pepper Ann told her to go away, still suggesting he will tell Gwen someday he would call for her. Not much is told about Milo's future but he likely is married to somebody and maybe not Gwen Mezzrow since he does have a child in his back pack and according to \"The Final\" has a son, however the future for he and Gwen Mezzrow is uncertain whether they reconsidered dating or not.\nCraig Bean\nCraig Bean is an 8th grader at Hazelnut Middle School who first appears in season one's \"Romeo and Juliet\" however Pepper Ann has a crush on Craig but he doesn't know this. Maybe he does but cannot know if he would request it, but in \"The Final\" he does ask Pepper Ann to would call him for a date.\nStewart Waldinger\nStewart Waldinger is a Hazelnut Middle School 7th grader and lover of Nicky Anais Little. In \"Presenting Stewart Waldinger\" Pepper Ann once had a distaste for Stewart since he was too geeky. Nicky however seemed to like him so much, when Pepper Ann took a little go at his toy racing cars in the park she grew fond of him and learned he wasn't bad after all. As Nicky and Stewart began dating it went well, but in \"The Perfect Couple\" all wasn't well when a fight broke loose. Pepper Ann asked what they had against each other. Presumably Stewart reconsidered dating Nicky though it is unknown if they did afterwards. In the future as of \"The Final\" Stewart however was very pleased to see Nicky again, as was Nicky. Though later as Gwen Mezzrow approached him she asked to junk the Hazelnut Middle School reunion, however it is not told whether he dated Gwen Mezzrow, since Milo has a child and is married, or whether or not at the last minute Stewart reconsiders and requests to marry Nicky. It is not told whether Stewart marries Nicky or Gwen has not been told,\nGwen Mezzrow\nGwen Mezzrow is a Hazelnut Middle School student. As of \"Crash and Burn\" she liked Milo Kamalani, though he was little worried she would stalk him. However Pepper Ann pretends to date Milo to scare her off which got everyone thinking Pepper Ann was dating Milo when he wasn't. But until Gwen knows she loves Milo so much she actually loves and cares for him, however though as of \"Presenting Stewart Waldinger\" she turns Milo on with her ponytails and pleases him but does say he will call her. In \"Like Riding a Bike\" Gwen however became a cheeky lover against Milo and too sexy for him pretended to get him away but actually does love Milo as she wants to tease him so much. She still loves Milo but as of \"The Final\" it is unknown whether she goes back to Milo or starts dating Stewart. However at this point Milo has a child and is likely married, as it is not told whether Milo was divorced or married.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"hickey\" with \"blot\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "This article lists characters of Pepper Ann characters whom however appear in the show.\nThe Pearsons\nPepper Ann Pearson\nPepper Ann \"P.A.\" Pearson is a very beautiful, quirky, and unpredictable twelve-year-old seventh grader at Hazelnut Middle School. She has red hair and wears glasses. she is best friends along with Milo Kamalani, and Nicky Little, and she has a mother Lydia Pearson, and her father Chuck Pearson, and a little sister, Moose Pearson. She often elaborates fantasy sequences which her reflections acts as her conscience during moral dilemmas as she is unique. She has a big crush on Craig Bean but he doesn't know this yet. Despite her beauty, Pepper Ann is quirky, unique, smart, and greater visual thinker, hyperactive, easily distracted and a kind friend to have but can be cynical at times as she makes sarcastic comments. Pepper Ann is voiced by the singer and actress Kathleen Wilhoite.\nLydia Pearson\nLydia Pearson (nee' Lily) is the older daughter of Leo and Lillian Lilly, older sister of Janie Diggety, Pepper Ann, and Moose Pearson's mother and the ex-wife of Chuck Pearson, She is a divorced and single working mother and works at a fashion boutique called \"It's You\", and makes good money, as it is extremely popular with ladies, Pepper Ann is always embarrassed by her and sometimes calls her \"Peppie\" as such Pepper Ann feels embarrassed, she is voiced by (April Winchell)\nMoose Pearson\nMargaret Rose \"Moose\" Pearson is the young little daughter of Lydia and Chuck Pearson and sister to Pepper Ann, she is a cute and pretty tomboy but has a deep voice and boyish behaviours. She is voiced by (Pamela Segall)\nChuck Pearson\nChuck is or was the father of Pepper Ann and Moose Pearson, former husband of Lydia Pearson, he is seen in a few episodes in \"Thanksgiving Dad\",\nThe Little's\nNicky Anais Little\nNicky Anais Little is good friends with Pepper Ann, she is a twelve-year-old seventh-grader, and her only imperfection is that sometimes she is a little too perfect. Once she tried to be bad and went crazy mad, but discovers she liked being perfect instead of bad. \"Nicky Gone Bad\", she is very helpful to Pepper Ann and a good friend, even with Milo, apparently her dream is to become a concert violinist in Italy, as she practices her violin and her Italian every day, however though she has a boyfriend named Stewart Waldinger to help her learn Italian. They began dating, but in \"The Perfect Couple\" things did not go well and they had a huge fight until Pepper Ann however soothed things between the two. They decided to reconsider but it is unknown whether they got back together after that. In \"The Final\" she has a new boyfriend instead of Stewart, but on a reunion she was pleased to see Stewart again after all these years again. It is unknown if she and Stewart did request to marry and get back together afterwards,\nBecky Little\nShe is the big sister to Nicky Little, and was the class president in middle school, and studies at Harvard, In \"The Amazing Becky Little\" she gets jealous that her sister comes home for their parents anniversary.\nHazelnut Middle School students and staff\nPrincipal Blot\nPrincipal Blot is a recurring character in the series. Pepper Ann has no real enemies but Blot is a tough disciplinarian with a zero tolerance for Pepper Ann's shenanigans; however as evidenced by the episode \"The Unusual Suspects\" Pepper Ann is able to forgive Blot when he has mistakenly punished her for something that he actually did. This indicates Pepper Ann's distaste for Principal Blot in the series,\nMr. Carter\nMr Carter is a teacher of science at Hazelnut Middle School, however he does not respect or trust Pepper Ann. As a result, he always gives Pepper Ann detention. He is perhaps very hard on Pepper Ann throughout the series but in \"Like Riding A Bike\" he dates Lydia Pearson for a while, but all didn't go well,\nMr. Reason\nMr Reason is a character who is a wood shop teacher at Hazelnut Middle School. He appears in \"The One with Mr. Reason\".\nCoach Doogan\nCoach Doogan is the Physical Education coach at Hazelnut Middle School who teaches Pepper Ann and other students,\nTrinket St. Blaire\nTrinket St. Blaire is a recurring character who appears in the series. She is a pupil at Hazelnut Middle School, however she is rich and spoiled and tends to be a little mean to Pepper Ann but sometimes gets along well with her. She and Cissy Rooney together are good friends, however in \"Bye, Bye Trinket\" when Trinket is moving to an all girls school, it is mentioned they never were as good friends. She has been rude to her in that episode never regretting forgiveness. In a complete turn Pepper Ann gets pleased she is back at Hazelnut Middle School and she forgives Pepper Ann, but as a close friend, she is as revealed to be a little close to her but tends to sometimes be a little bossy over her. She is voiced by actress Jenna von Oy.\nMilo Kamalani\nMilo Kamalani is one of the main characters of the show, and is best friends with Pepper Ann, and Nicky. However although Milo is an excellent artist, he can do more than just art and he is the preacher for Pepper Ann, before she does do something she will regret. She would rarely listen to his advice but does not discourage him for trying. However he and Pepper Ann once pretended to date when a girl named Gwen Mezzrow ended up wanting to date Milo, to scare of Gwen. He does seem to secretly love Gwen, as she turns Milo on a lot like in \"Presenting Stewart Waldinger\". She did so turn Milo on but Pepper Ann told her to go away, still suggesting he will tell Gwen someday he would call for her. Not much is told about Milo's future but he likely is married to somebody and maybe not Gwen Mezzrow since he does have a child in his back pack and according to \"The Final\" has a son, however the future for he and Gwen Mezzrow is uncertain whether they reconsidered dating or not.\nCraig Bean\nCraig Bean is an 8th grader at Hazelnut Middle School who first appears in season one's \"Romeo and Juliet\" however Pepper Ann has a crush on Craig but he doesn't know this. Maybe he does but cannot know if he would request it, but in \"The Final\" he does ask Pepper Ann to would call him for a date.\nStewart Waldinger\nStewart Waldinger is a Hazelnut Middle School 7th grader and lover of Nicky Anais Little. In \"Presenting Stewart Waldinger\" Pepper Ann once had a distaste for Stewart since he was too geeky. Nicky however seemed to like him so much, when Pepper Ann took a little go at his toy racing cars in the park she grew fond of him and learned he wasn't bad after all. As Nicky and Stewart began dating it went well, but in \"The Perfect Couple\" all wasn't well when a fight broke loose. Pepper Ann asked what they had against each other. Presumably Stewart reconsidered dating Nicky though it is unknown if they did afterwards. In the future as of \"The Final\" Stewart however was very pleased to see Nicky again, as was Nicky. Though later as Gwen Mezzrow approached him she asked to junk the Hazelnut Middle School reunion, however it is not told whether he dated Gwen Mezzrow, since Milo has a child and is married, or whether or not at the last minute Stewart reconsiders and requests to marry Nicky. It is not told whether Stewart marries Nicky or Gwen has not been told,\nGwen Mezzrow\nGwen Mezzrow is a Hazelnut Middle School student. As of \"Crash and Burn\" she liked Milo Kamalani, though he was little worried she would stalk him. However Pepper Ann pretends to date Milo to scare her off which got everyone thinking Pepper Ann was dating Milo when he wasn't. But until Gwen knows she loves Milo so much she actually loves and cares for him, however though as of \"Presenting Stewart Waldinger\" she turns Milo on with her ponytails and pleases him but does say he will call her. In \"Like Riding a Bike\" Gwen however became a cheeky lover against Milo and too sexy for him pretended to get him away but actually does love Milo as she wants to tease him so much. She still loves Milo but as of \"The Final\" it is unknown whether she goes back to Milo or starts dating Stewart. However at this point Milo has a child and is likely married, as it is not told whether Milo was divorced or married." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "While there are many homosexual athletes in both professional and college level sports, there are also many athletes who are struggling with their sexual identity. These athletes are often afraid to come out as homosexual because of the strict rules and regulations, and as well as how they will be treated by their teammates. Also included in this group are the coaches of these teams. They may worry that if they come out, that the punishment would lead to them not being allowed to play on a team. Homosexual coaches may also fear the loss of recruitments, the lack of acceptance from their players, and the lack of job security due to coming out to their team. The coaches also may feel that they are role models for the players also facing the challenges of coming out to their peers, because if the coaches suppress their sexuality, the players may feel that they should do the same.\nHomosexual college athletes\nJesse Taylor\nJesse Taylor is a basketball player at Dakota Wesleyan University. He is South Dakota's first openly gay college level basketball player. As a Catholic, young, small-town boy, Taylor was taught that being homosexual was a sin and witnessed how the LGBT community was poorly treated. He has recalled how he also became homophobic while growing up, to overcome his homosexual feelings, and to avoid giving his peers the impression that he was gay. Taylor dedicated hard work to basketball, football, and track as ways to suppress what he was hiding. \"For most people, these sound like great high school experiences and accomplishments, but none of those accomplishments made me feel that great about myself. Breaking a record didn't cover up the fact that I couldn't accept who I was.\" Taylor went through many personal struggles that kept him thinking that he would never come out to anyone, and go on to marry a woman, until, \"Toward the end of my freshman year I realized that I was never going to fall in love with a girl. For the first time in my life... I was ok with that. I knew my attractions to men were natural, and there was nothing I could do about it. For the first time in my life, I wasn't ashamed. This was just another unique thing about me that doesn't define Jesse.\" After first coming out to his sister, Taylor then came out to him parents, then family and friends, and has stated that all their reactions were positive. The next group of people Taylor had to tell was his teammates. He has said that all their reactions were positive. \"Before coming out to anyone on the team, I was trapped in my own thoughts. I was constantly worried about what my teammates would think. I was never able to fully focus in practice or games; there was always the constant fear in the back of my mind that someone on the team might find out. I thought my teammates would treat me differently and think less of me.\"\nHomosexual college coaches\nMany coaches are homosexual as well. They often struggle with the idea of coming out, in fear of losing their job as well as losing the respect of their players. Sherri Murrell, an openly gay former coach of the Portland State Vikings women's basketball team, stated that other gay coaches are hesitant to come out because \"There's the fear that your program will be adversely affected, that you won't be accepted by your bosses and boosters, that it will hurt recruiting.\" Other coaches also realize that when parents of potential players know that the head coach is gay, they perceive the whole team as being gay. Minnesota's former head coach, Shannon Miller, was not asked to return as the head coach of the team even after she had won five national championships. She thinks that the reason her contract wasn't renewed was because of her \"gender and sexual orientation.\" Chris Burns is an assistant coach for the Bryant University men's basketball team. He is the first openly gay Division I coach in both men's and woean's basketball. He revealed to his team that he was gay and received positive feedback from all members. He explained that his main goal in coming out is to encourage others: \"To me, it's a huge step in the right direction for our sport because it can allow others who don't feel like they can be who they are to do the same.\" After coming out, his players gained a new trust for Burns because they felt that there could come to him for anything now that he had opened up to them. Helen Carroll, sports director of the National Center for Lesbian Rights, makef a point about homosexual coaches: \"If you're a lesbian coach, you're thinking, 'I better keep my mouth shut so I can get a job or keep a job.' Then that sends a negative message to student-athletes that it's a dangerous thing to be out as gay.\"\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"basketball\" with \"ball\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "While there are many homosexual athletes in both professional and college level sports, there are also many athletes who are struggling with their sexual identity. These athletes are often afraid to come out as homosexual because of the strict rules and regulations, and as well as how they will be treated by their teammates. Also included in this group are the coaches of these teams. They may worry that if they come out, that the punishment would lead to them not being allowed to play on a team. Homosexual coaches may also fear the loss of recruitments, the lack of acceptance from their players, and the lack of job security due to coming out to their team. The coaches also may feel that they are role models for the players also facing the challenges of coming out to their peers, because if the coaches suppress their sexuality, the players may feel that they should do the same.\nHomosexual college athletes\nJesse Taylor\nJesse Taylor is a ball player at Dakota Wesleyan University. He is South Dakota's first openly gay college level ball player. As a Catholic, young, small-town boy, Taylor was taught that being homosexual was a sin and witnessed how the LGBT community was poorly treated. He has recalled how he also became homophobic while growing up, to overcome his homosexual feelings, and to avoid giving his peers the impression that he was gay. Taylor dedicated hard work to ball, football, and track as ways to suppress what he was hiding. \"For most people, these sound like great high school experiences and accomplishments, but none of those accomplishments made me feel that great about myself. Breaking a record didn't cover up the fact that I couldn't accept who I was.\" Taylor went through many personal struggles that kept him thinking that he would never come out to anyone, and go on to marry a woman, until, \"Toward the end of my freshman year I realized that I was never going to fall in love with a girl. For the first time in my life... I was ok with that. I knew my attractions to men were natural, and there was nothing I could do about it. For the first time in my life, I wasn't ashamed. This was just another unique thing about me that doesn't define Jesse.\" After first coming out to his sister, Taylor then came out to him parents, then family and friends, and has stated that all their reactions were positive. The next group of people Taylor had to tell was his teammates. He has said that all their reactions were positive. \"Before coming out to anyone on the team, I was trapped in my own thoughts. I was constantly worried about what my teammates would think. I was never able to fully focus in practice or games; there was always the constant fear in the back of my mind that someone on the team might find out. I thought my teammates would treat me differently and think less of me.\"\nHomosexual college coaches\nMany coaches are homosexual as well. They often struggle with the idea of coming out, in fear of losing their job as well as losing the respect of their players. Sherri Murrell, an openly gay former coach of the Portland State Vikings women's ball team, stated that other gay coaches are hesitant to come out because \"There's the fear that your program will be adversely affected, that you won't be accepted by your bosses and boosters, that it will hurt recruiting.\" Other coaches also realize that when parents of potential players know that the head coach is gay, they perceive the whole team as being gay. Minnesota's former head coach, Shannon Miller, was not asked to return as the head coach of the team even after she had won five national championships. She thinks that the reason her contract wasn't renewed was because of her \"gender and sexual orientation.\" Chris Burns is an assistant coach for the Bryant University men's ball team. He is the first openly gay Division I coach in both men's and woean's ball. He revealed to his team that he was gay and received positive feedback from all members. He explained that his main goal in coming out is to encourage others: \"To me, it's a huge step in the right direction for our sport because it can allow others who don't feel like they can be who they are to do the same.\" After coming out, his players gained a new trust for Burns because they felt that there could come to him for anything now that he had opened up to them. Helen Carroll, sports director of the National Center for Lesbian Rights, makef a point about homosexual coaches: \"If you're a lesbian coach, you're thinking, 'I better keep my mouth shut so I can get a job or keep a job.' Then that sends a negative message to student-athletes that it's a dangerous thing to be out as gay.\"" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'stranded' with 'grounded'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nThe \"cut-and-paste\" method is used in conservative transposition. The enzyme transposase acts like DNA scissors, cutting through the double stranded DNA to remove a transposon from one genomic site. A new cut is made in the target site where the transposon is integrated back into the DNA. Transposition is the process by which a specific genetic sequence, known as a transposon, is moved from one location of the genome to another. Simple, or conservative transposition, is a non-replicative mode of transposition. That is, in conservative transposition the transposon is completely removed from the genome and reintegrated into a new, non-homologous locus, the same genetic sequence is conserved throughout the entire process. The site in which the transposon is reintegrated into the genome is called the target site. A target site can be in the same chromosome as the transposon or within a different chromosome. Conservative transposition uses the \"cut-and-paste\" mechanism driven by the catalytic activity of the enzyme transposase. Transposase acts like DNA scissors; it is an enzyme that cuts through double-stranded DNA to remove the transposon, then transfers and pastes it into a target site. A simple, or conservative, transposon refers to the specific genetic sequence that is moved via conservative transposition. These specific genetic sequences range in size, they can be hundreds to thousands of nucleotide base-pairs long. A transposon contains genetic sequences that encode for proteins that mediate its own movement, but can also carry genes for additional proteins. Transposase is encoded within the transposon DNA and used to facilitate its own movement, making this process self-sufficient within organisms. All simple transposons contain a transposase encoding region flanked by terminal inverted repeats, but the additional genes within the transposon DNA can vary. Viruses, for example, encode the essential viral transposase needed for conservative transposition as well as protective coat proteins that allow them to survive outside of cells, thus promoting the spread of mobile genetic elements.\n\n\"Cut-and-paste\" transposition method\n\nSteps in \"cut-and-paste\" mechanism of transposition. The mechanism by which conservative transposition occurs is called the \"cut-and-paste\" method, which involves five main steps: \n The transposase enzyme is bound to the inverted repeated sequences flanking the ends of the transposonInverted repeats define the ends of transposons and provide recognition sites for transposase to bind. \n The formation of the transposition complex In this step the DNA bends and folds into a pre-excision synaptic complex so the two transposases enzymes can interact. \n The interaction of these transponases activates the complex; transposase makes double stranded breaks in the DNA and the transposon is fully excised. \n The transposase enzymes locate, recognize and bind to the target site within the target DNA. \n Transposase creates a double stranded break in the DNA and integrates the transposon into the target site. Both the excision and insertion of the transposon leaves single or double stranded gaps in the DNA, which are repaired by host enzymes such as DNA polymerase.\n\nScientific application\n\nCurrent researchers have developed gene transfer systems on the basis of conservative transposition which can integrate new DNA in both invertebrates and vertebrate genomes.. Scientists alter the genetic sequence of a transposon in a laboratory setting, then insert this sequence into a vector which is then inserted into a target cell. The transposase coding region of these transposons is replaced by a gene of interest intended to be integrated into the genome. Conservative transposition is induced by the expression of transposase from another source within the cell, since the transposon no longer contains the transposase coding region to be self sufficient. Generally a second vector is prepared and inserted into the cell for expression of transposase. This technique is used in transgenesis and insertional mutagenesis research fields. The Sleeping Beauty transposon system is an example of gene transfer system developed for use in vertebrates. Further development in integration site preferences of transposable elements is expected to advance the technologies of human gene therapy." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The \"cut-and-paste\" method is used in conservative transposition. The enzyme transposase acts like DNA scissors, cutting through the double grounded DNA to remove a transposon from one genomic site. A new cut is made in the target site where the transposon is integrated back into the DNA. Transposition is the process by which a specific genetic sequence, known as a transposon, is moved from one location of the genome to another. Simple, or conservative transposition, is a non-replicative mode of transposition. That is, in conservative transposition the transposon is completely removed from the genome and reintegrated into a new, non-homologous locus, the same genetic sequence is conserved throughout the entire process. The site in which the transposon is reintegrated into the genome is called the target site. A target site can be in the same chromosome as the transposon or within a different chromosome. Conservative transposition uses the \"cut-and-paste\" mechanism driven by the catalytic activity of the enzyme transposase. Transposase acts like DNA scissors; it is an enzyme that cuts through double-grounded DNA to remove the transposon, then transfers and pastes it into a target site. A simple, or conservative, transposon refers to the specific genetic sequence that is moved via conservative transposition. These specific genetic sequences range in size, they can be hundreds to thousands of nucleotide base-pairs long. A transposon contains genetic sequences that encode for proteins that mediate its own movement, but can also carry genes for additional proteins. Transposase is encoded within the transposon DNA and used to facilitate its own movement, making this process self-sufficient within organisms. All simple transposons contain a transposase encoding region flanked by terminal inverted repeats, but the additional genes within the transposon DNA can vary. Viruses, for example, encode the essential viral transposase needed for conservative transposition as well as protective coat proteins that allow them to survive outside of cells, thus promoting the spread of mobile genetic elements.\n\n\"Cut-and-paste\" transposition method\n\nSteps in \"cut-and-paste\" mechanism of transposition. The mechanism by which conservative transposition occurs is called the \"cut-and-paste\" method, which involves five main steps: \n The transposase enzyme is bound to the inverted repeated sequences flanking the ends of the transposonInverted repeats define the ends of transposons and provide recognition sites for transposase to bind. \n The formation of the transposition complex In this step the DNA bends and folds into a pre-excision synaptic complex so the two transposases enzymes can interact. \n The interaction of these transponases activates the complex; transposase makes double grounded breaks in the DNA and the transposon is fully excised. \n The transposase enzymes locate, recognize and bind to the target site within the target DNA. \n Transposase creates a double grounded break in the DNA and integrates the transposon into the target site. Both the excision and insertion of the transposon leaves single or double grounded gaps in the DNA, which are repaired by host enzymes such as DNA polymerase.\n\nScientific application\n\nCurrent researchers have developed gene transfer systems on the basis of conservative transposition which can integrate new DNA in both invertebrates and vertebrate genomes.. Scientists alter the genetic sequence of a transposon in a laboratory setting, then insert this sequence into a vector which is then inserted into a target cell. The transposase coding region of these transposons is replaced by a gene of interest intended to be integrated into the genome. Conservative transposition is induced by the expression of transposase from another source within the cell, since the transposon no longer contains the transposase coding region to be self sufficient. Generally a second vector is prepared and inserted into the cell for expression of transposase. This technique is used in transgenesis and insertional mutagenesis research fields. The Sleeping Beauty transposon system is an example of gene transfer system developed for use in vertebrates. Further development in integration site preferences of transposable elements is expected to advance the technologies of human gene therapy." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Plectroctena sp. ants Pleometrosis is a behavior observed in social insects where colony formation is initiated by multiple queens primarily by the same species of insect. This type of behavior has been mainly studied in ants but also occurs in wasps, bees, and termites. This behavior is of significant interest to scientists particularly in ants and termites because nest formation often happens between queens that are unrelated, ruling out the argument of inclusive fitness as the driving force of pleometrosis. Whereas in other species such as wasps and bees co-founding queens are often related. The majority of species that engage in pleometrosis after the initial stages of colony formation will reduce their colonies number of queens down to one dominant queen and either kill or push out the supernumerary queens. However there are some cases where pleometrosis-formed colonies keep multiple queens for longer than the early stages of colony growth. Multiple queens can help to speed a colony through the early stages of colony growth by producing a larger worker ant population faster which helps to out-compete other colonies in colony-dense areas. However forming colonies with multiple queens can also cause intra-colony competition between the queens possibly lowering the likelihood of survival of a queen in a pleometrotic colony.\nSelection pressures causing pleometrosis in ants\nThe driving selection pressure that causes ant species to form colonies through pleometrosis appears to be inter- colony competition in areas with high colony density. When a queen enters an area in which she wants to form a colony, there may be a finite amount of resources to fuel the colony thus necessitating intense competition and territoriality for resources between ant colonies. If the queen forms a colony on her own then she has a low probability of surviving because other colonies may be able to produce workers faster than her or may already be past the early stages of colony formation. Forming the colony on her own could also cause her to have to forage for food to out-compete other colonies through number of offspring. This foraging behavior puts her at risk of predators. However, if she and multiple queens form a colony through pleometrosis they can produce a larger worker force of ants faster and get to a mature reproductive stage of colony growth faster, thus decreasing the chances of death due to inter-colony competition. It has been observed that ants which form pleometrotic colonies engage in less foraging behavior, thus lowering their chance of predation. Having multiple queens cuts down on foraging behavior because each queen uses her own stored energy reserves to feed the brood . By founding the colony pleometrotically ants can form new colonies in high colony density areas and take control of resources in the surrounding area faster. Some genera of ants such as Azteca use the additional worker ants early in the colonies formation to monopolize and take control of resources in close proximity of the colony thus stopping other con-specific colonies from acquiring those resources. This strategy allows the pleometrotic colonies to monopolize the area and starve out competing colonies. The additional worker force in pleometrotic colonies also allows for bigger and more effective brood raids on con-specific colonies which additionally helps to out-compete colonies. A key aspects of founding a colony in a high density colony area is being able to produce a worker force quickly and efficiently so as to not be starved out or robbed of brood from other colonies causing starvation. By engaging in pleometrosis queens increase their chance of survival past the early stages of colony formation due to the increased worker force produced by multiple reproductive individuals. The colony can better control its surrounding resources and effectively compete with other colonies.\nCosts and benefits of pleometrosis\nAnt queen creating hole for colony formation Pleometrosis is necessary to survive inter-colony competition in high density and resource-limited areas but the majority of pleometrotic colonies cut back to one queen before the reproductive stages of colony growth. So this suggests that a queen has a better chance of surviving and reproducing offspring if she forms a colony with other queens even though eventually she may be pushed out or killed by intra-colony competition. The risk of being out-competed by a con-specific queen within one's own colony must be less than the risk of dying out due to other insect colonies. So in high density colony areas or resource- limited areas where inter-colony competition is high, selection for pleometrosis is higher because the chance of survival in a pleometrotic colony is greater. As the number of queens in a pleometrotic colony increases, the chances of each queen becoming the dominant queen in the colony lowers, but still selection pressures choose pleometrosis over haplometrosis. Depending on the species of ant and the selection pressures of the colony there are multiple ways a queen can become the one dominant queen in the colony and gain the full benefit of a pleometrotic colony. Based on past research the queens that normally come out as dominant in pleometrotic colonies lay more eggs, have well developed ovaries, and do not engage in foraging behavior. Worker ants even play a role in deciding whether a queen will become the dominant individual in some species by feeding the queen who is the most fertile more than other queens in the nest. Queens will also engage in dominance actions to assert dominance over the nest such as brood cannibalism of other queens' brood. When the most fertile queen in the nest decides to directly challenge another queen, it is usually the initiating queen that wins and takes control of the colony, turning it into a one queen colony. The benefits of pleometrosis is certain situations outweigh the costs for queens, regardless of the intra-colony competition it causes. Thus it has evolved to occur in high density areas of inter-colony competition.\nColony foundation by pleometrosis in Azteca ants\nAzteca ants form Colonies in the inter nodes of Cecropia trees which are native to Mexico and South America. The Tree provides the ants with food and shelter and the ants protect the tree from other insects thus engaging in a mutualistic relationship. Queens form colonies by burrowing into the inter node of the tree and then sealing off the entrance hole with parenchyma cells, after which they begin to lay eggs to produce the first brood. Any queens which decide to engage in pleometrosis can easily see the filled in hole and will chew through it quickly and join the fellow queen in the inter node.Colonies that are formed in these trees try to out-compete other colonies by monopolizing the resources of a tree first. By forming a pleometrotic colony in a Cecropia tree the queens can produce workers faster and take control of the resources in the tree first thus out-competing other colonies. However, the social interactions between queens in a pleometrotic colony differ depending on the species of Azteca. In A. xanthacroa which are more aggressive, pleometrotic colonies work together to produce a greater number of workers at the start of colony formation but once the colony breaks out of the inter node of the tree the interactions between the queens change. Once this step occurs queens will try to kill each other to become the dominant queen in the colony and switch the colony to a single queen colony. However in species of A. constructor which are less aggressive, once the worker ants leave the inter node to take control of the tree's resources, multiple queens remain cooperative with each other for up to a year. Hypothesizes as to why A. constructor colonies engage in cooperative breeding with multiple queens could be due to similarities in A. constructor queens fighting ability's or the inclusive fitness benefits in some colonies of A.constructor. In contrast pleometrotic colonies of A. xanthacroa form and change to one queen colonies after the early stages of colony formation. There are also examples of pleometrotic colonies forming with multiple species of Azteca, however, when these form the more aggressive species will out-compete and kill off the other queens in the colony once the early stages of formation have passed. Mixed species pleometrosis is rare but helps to support the fact that the majority of social insects who form pleometrotic colonies do not do so for kin selection-related benefits, but to be able to out-compete other colonies in the early stages of development.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"density\" with \"frequency\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Plectroctena sp. ants Pleometrosis is a behavior observed in social insects where colony formation is initiated by multiple queens primarily by the same species of insect. This type of behavior has been mainly studied in ants but also occurs in wasps, bees, and termites. This behavior is of significant interest to scientists particularly in ants and termites because nest formation often happens between queens that are unrelated, ruling out the argument of inclusive fitness as the driving force of pleometrosis. Whereas in other species such as wasps and bees co-founding queens are often related. The majority of species that engage in pleometrosis after the initial stages of colony formation will reduce their colonies number of queens down to one dominant queen and either kill or push out the supernumerary queens. However there are some cases where pleometrosis-formed colonies keep multiple queens for longer than the early stages of colony growth. Multiple queens can help to speed a colony through the early stages of colony growth by producing a larger worker ant population faster which helps to out-compete other colonies in colony-dense areas. However forming colonies with multiple queens can also cause intra-colony competition between the queens possibly lowering the likelihood of survival of a queen in a pleometrotic colony.\nSelection pressures causing pleometrosis in ants\nThe driving selection pressure that causes ant species to form colonies through pleometrosis appears to be inter- colony competition in areas with high colony frequency. When a queen enters an area in which she wants to form a colony, there may be a finite amount of resources to fuel the colony thus necessitating intense competition and territoriality for resources between ant colonies. If the queen forms a colony on her own then she has a low probability of surviving because other colonies may be able to produce workers faster than her or may already be past the early stages of colony formation. Forming the colony on her own could also cause her to have to forage for food to out-compete other colonies through number of offspring. This foraging behavior puts her at risk of predators. However, if she and multiple queens form a colony through pleometrosis they can produce a larger worker force of ants faster and get to a mature reproductive stage of colony growth faster, thus decreasing the chances of death due to inter-colony competition. It has been observed that ants which form pleometrotic colonies engage in less foraging behavior, thus lowering their chance of predation. Having multiple queens cuts down on foraging behavior because each queen uses her own stored energy reserves to feed the brood . By founding the colony pleometrotically ants can form new colonies in high colony frequency areas and take control of resources in the surrounding area faster. Some genera of ants such as Azteca use the additional worker ants early in the colonies formation to monopolize and take control of resources in close proximity of the colony thus stopping other con-specific colonies from acquiring those resources. This strategy allows the pleometrotic colonies to monopolize the area and starve out competing colonies. The additional worker force in pleometrotic colonies also allows for bigger and more effective brood raids on con-specific colonies which additionally helps to out-compete colonies. A key aspects of founding a colony in a high frequency colony area is being able to produce a worker force quickly and efficiently so as to not be starved out or robbed of brood from other colonies causing starvation. By engaging in pleometrosis queens increase their chance of survival past the early stages of colony formation due to the increased worker force produced by multiple reproductive individuals. The colony can better control its surrounding resources and effectively compete with other colonies.\nCosts and benefits of pleometrosis\nAnt queen creating hole for colony formation Pleometrosis is necessary to survive inter-colony competition in high frequency and resource-limited areas but the majority of pleometrotic colonies cut back to one queen before the reproductive stages of colony growth. So this suggests that a queen has a better chance of surviving and reproducing offspring if she forms a colony with other queens even though eventually she may be pushed out or killed by intra-colony competition. The risk of being out-competed by a con-specific queen within one's own colony must be less than the risk of dying out due to other insect colonies. So in high frequency colony areas or resource- limited areas where inter-colony competition is high, selection for pleometrosis is higher because the chance of survival in a pleometrotic colony is greater. As the number of queens in a pleometrotic colony increases, the chances of each queen becoming the dominant queen in the colony lowers, but still selection pressures choose pleometrosis over haplometrosis. Depending on the species of ant and the selection pressures of the colony there are multiple ways a queen can become the one dominant queen in the colony and gain the full benefit of a pleometrotic colony. Based on past research the queens that normally come out as dominant in pleometrotic colonies lay more eggs, have well developed ovaries, and do not engage in foraging behavior. Worker ants even play a role in deciding whether a queen will become the dominant individual in some species by feeding the queen who is the most fertile more than other queens in the nest. Queens will also engage in dominance actions to assert dominance over the nest such as brood cannibalism of other queens' brood. When the most fertile queen in the nest decides to directly challenge another queen, it is usually the initiating queen that wins and takes control of the colony, turning it into a one queen colony. The benefits of pleometrosis is certain situations outweigh the costs for queens, regardless of the intra-colony competition it causes. Thus it has evolved to occur in high frequency areas of inter-colony competition.\nColony foundation by pleometrosis in Azteca ants\nAzteca ants form Colonies in the inter nodes of Cecropia trees which are native to Mexico and South America. The Tree provides the ants with food and shelter and the ants protect the tree from other insects thus engaging in a mutualistic relationship. Queens form colonies by burrowing into the inter node of the tree and then sealing off the entrance hole with parenchyma cells, after which they begin to lay eggs to produce the first brood. Any queens which decide to engage in pleometrosis can easily see the filled in hole and will chew through it quickly and join the fellow queen in the inter node.Colonies that are formed in these trees try to out-compete other colonies by monopolizing the resources of a tree first. By forming a pleometrotic colony in a Cecropia tree the queens can produce workers faster and take control of the resources in the tree first thus out-competing other colonies. However, the social interactions between queens in a pleometrotic colony differ depending on the species of Azteca. In A. xanthacroa which are more aggressive, pleometrotic colonies work together to produce a greater number of workers at the start of colony formation but once the colony breaks out of the inter node of the tree the interactions between the queens change. Once this step occurs queens will try to kill each other to become the dominant queen in the colony and switch the colony to a single queen colony. However in species of A. constructor which are less aggressive, once the worker ants leave the inter node to take control of the tree's resources, multiple queens remain cooperative with each other for up to a year. Hypothesizes as to why A. constructor colonies engage in cooperative breeding with multiple queens could be due to similarities in A. constructor queens fighting ability's or the inclusive fitness benefits in some colonies of A.constructor. In contrast pleometrotic colonies of A. xanthacroa form and change to one queen colonies after the early stages of colony formation. There are also examples of pleometrotic colonies forming with multiple species of Azteca, however, when these form the more aggressive species will out-compete and kill off the other queens in the colony once the early stages of formation have passed. Mixed species pleometrosis is rare but helps to support the fact that the majority of social insects who form pleometrotic colonies do not do so for kin selection-related benefits, but to be able to out-compete other colonies in the early stages of development." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word disease with bug in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nPolioencephalitis is a viral infection of the brain, causing inflammation within the grey matter of the brain stem. The virus has an affinity for neuronal cell bodies and has been found to affect mostly the midbrain, pons, medulla and cerebellum of most infected patients. The infection can reach up through the thalamus and hypothalamus and possibly reach the cerebral hemispheres. The infection is caused by the poliomyelitis virus which is a single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus surrounded by a non-enveloped capsid. Humans are the only known natural hosts of this virus. The disease has been eliminated from the U.S. since the mid-twentieth century, but is still found in certain areas of the world such as Africa.\nSigns and symptoms\nSigns and symptoms may vary and some individuals may not experience any symptoms at all. The most common reported symptom of polioencephalitis is fatigue. Fatigue is associated with difficulty in attention, cognition, and maintaining wakefulness Some individuals experience psychiatric symptoms that include anxious mood, pain, insomnia, and depressed mood. Confusion and disorientation of time and space have also been reported. Motor symptoms vary more from patient to patient, but can include incoordination and tremors, nystagmus, loss of conjugate eye movements, rigidity and hemiparesis.\nMechanism\nThe poliomyelitis virus is an enterovirus that enters through the mouth and multiplies in the throat and epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract. It will then move to the bloodstream and is carried to the central nervous system. Once in the CNS, the virus will attach to a host cell by binding with a cell surface receptor. The host cell surface receptor is a glycoprotein that has been recently identified as CD155. Once the virus has bound to the host cell, it will penetrate the host cell membrane and begin the replication of its genome. Many cells contain the surface receptor CD155; however, manifestation of this disease does not occur in all cells. The reason for incidence of the disease in only certain areas of the brain such as the brainstem is unknown. Once areas of the brain have been invaded by the virus, inflammation will occur. During inflammation, the brain's tissues become swollen due to the body's immune system response to the infection. Fluid, white blood cells, dead cellular debris and inactivated viruses resulting from the actions of the immune response can significantly alter the fluid surrounding healthy neurons. The function of these healthy neurons can decline due to disruptions in the cell membrane affecting electrical properties of the neuron or by interfering with the blood supply causing anoxic cellular damage. Depending on which neurons are damaged will result in a variety of different symptoms.\nDiagnosis\nIf someone is suspected of having polioencephalitis a sample of throat secretions, stool or cerebrospinal fluid is checked for the virus. Blood tests can be done to detect antibodies against viral antigens and foreign proteins. Virus isolation is the most sensitive method and it is most likely to be isolated from stool samples. Once isolated, RT-PCR is used to differentiate naturally occurring strains from vaccine-like strains.\nPrevention\nThe virus is most often spread by person to person contact with the stool or saliva of the infected person. Two types of vaccines have been developed to prevent the occurrence and spread of the poliomyelitis virus. The first is an inactivated, or killed, form of the virus and the second is an attenuated, or weakened, form of the virus. The development of vaccines has successfully eliminated the disease from the United States. There are continued vaccination efforts in the U.S. to maintain this success rate as this disease still occurs in some areas of the world.\nTreatment\nThere is no cure for polioencephalitis so prevention is essential. Many people that become infected will not develop symptoms and their prognosis is excellent. However, the prognosis is dependent on the amount of cellular damage done by the virus and the area of the brain affected. Many people that develop more severe symptoms can have lifelong disabilities or it can lead to death. Supportive treatments include bed rest, pain relievers, and a nutritious diet. Many drugs have been used to treat psychiatric symptoms such as Clonazepam for insomnia and Desvenlafaxine or Citalopram for depressed mood.\nRecent research\nResearch into the mechanism of this disease stalled with the development of the vaccines in the mid-twentieth century. However, with the recent identification of the cell surface receptor CD155 new interest has resurfaced in this disease. Experiments on transgenic mice are investigating the initial sites of viral replication in the host and how the virus moves from the bloodstream into the central nervous system. Research into the host range of the virus has also been of interest. The host range of a virus is determined by the interaction of the virus with host cellular receptors such as CD155. Comparison of the amino acid sequence in the binding domain of the host cell receptor is highly variable among mammalian species. Rapid changes in the sequence of the binding domain have restricted the host range of the poliovirus. Targeting of the brain and spinal cord have also come under investigation. The restricted tropism maybe due to organ specific differences in the initiation of translation by the virus internal ribosome entry site." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Polioencephalitis is a viral infection of the brain, causing inflammation within the grey matter of the brain stem. The virus has an affinity for neuronal cell bodies and has been found to affect mostly the midbrain, pons, medulla and cerebellum of most infected patients. The infection can reach up through the thalamus and hypothalamus and possibly reach the cerebral hemispheres. The infection is caused by the poliomyelitis virus which is a single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus surrounded by a non-enveloped capsid. Humans are the only known natural hosts of this virus. The bug has been eliminated from the U.S. since the mid-twentieth century, but is still found in certain areas of the world such as Africa.\nSigns and symptoms\nSigns and symptoms may vary and some individuals may not experience any symptoms at all. The most common reported symptom of polioencephalitis is fatigue. Fatigue is associated with difficulty in attention, cognition, and maintaining wakefulness Some individuals experience psychiatric symptoms that include anxious mood, pain, insomnia, and depressed mood. Confusion and disorientation of time and space have also been reported. Motor symptoms vary more from patient to patient, but can include incoordination and tremors, nystagmus, loss of conjugate eye movements, rigidity and hemiparesis.\nMechanism\nThe poliomyelitis virus is an enterovirus that enters through the mouth and multiplies in the throat and epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract. It will then move to the bloodstream and is carried to the central nervous system. Once in the CNS, the virus will attach to a host cell by binding with a cell surface receptor. The host cell surface receptor is a glycoprotein that has been recently identified as CD155. Once the virus has bound to the host cell, it will penetrate the host cell membrane and begin the replication of its genome. Many cells contain the surface receptor CD155; however, manifestation of this bug does not occur in all cells. The reason for incidence of the bug in only certain areas of the brain such as the brainstem is unknown. Once areas of the brain have been invaded by the virus, inflammation will occur. During inflammation, the brain's tissues become swollen due to the body's immune system response to the infection. Fluid, white blood cells, dead cellular debris and inactivated viruses resulting from the actions of the immune response can significantly alter the fluid surrounding healthy neurons. The function of these healthy neurons can decline due to disruptions in the cell membrane affecting electrical properties of the neuron or by interfering with the blood supply causing anoxic cellular damage. Depending on which neurons are damaged will result in a variety of different symptoms.\nDiagnosis\nIf someone is suspected of having polioencephalitis a sample of throat secretions, stool or cerebrospinal fluid is checked for the virus. Blood tests can be done to detect antibodies against viral antigens and foreign proteins. Virus isolation is the most sensitive method and it is most likely to be isolated from stool samples. Once isolated, RT-PCR is used to differentiate naturally occurring strains from vaccine-like strains.\nPrevention\nThe virus is most often spread by person to person contact with the stool or saliva of the infected person. Two types of vaccines have been developed to prevent the occurrence and spread of the poliomyelitis virus. The first is an inactivated, or killed, form of the virus and the second is an attenuated, or weakened, form of the virus. The development of vaccines has successfully eliminated the bug from the United States. There are continued vaccination efforts in the U.S. to maintain this success rate as this bug still occurs in some areas of the world.\nTreatment\nThere is no cure for polioencephalitis so prevention is essential. Many people that become infected will not develop symptoms and their prognosis is excellent. However, the prognosis is dependent on the amount of cellular damage done by the virus and the area of the brain affected. Many people that develop more severe symptoms can have lifelong disabilities or it can lead to death. Supportive treatments include bed rest, pain relievers, and a nutritious diet. Many drugs have been used to treat psychiatric symptoms such as Clonazepam for insomnia and Desvenlafaxine or Citalopram for depressed mood.\nRecent research\nResearch into the mechanism of this bug stalled with the development of the vaccines in the mid-twentieth century. However, with the recent identification of the cell surface receptor CD155 new interest has resurfaced in this bug. Experiments on transgenic mice are investigating the initial sites of viral replication in the host and how the virus moves from the bloodstream into the central nervous system. Research into the host range of the virus has also been of interest. The host range of a virus is determined by the interaction of the virus with host cellular receptors such as CD155. Comparison of the amino acid sequence in the binding domain of the host cell receptor is highly variable among mammalian species. Rapid changes in the sequence of the binding domain have restricted the host range of the poliovirus. Targeting of the brain and spinal cord have also come under investigation. The restricted tropism maybe due to organ specific differences in the initiation of translation by the virus internal ribosome entry site." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Delacroix in the Palais du Luxembourg. The Catholic idea of Limbo is often cited as a theologoumenon. Once a widespread concept, it is no longer usually taught in Catholic pedagogy, and has generally been abandoned since the Second Vatican Council. Pope Benedict XVI referred to it as a \"theological hypothesis\" and expressed doubts about its accuracy. A theologoumenon is a theological statement or concept that lacks absolute doctrinal authority. It is commonly defined as \"a theological assertion or statement not derived from divine revelation\", or \"a theological statement or concept in the area of individual opinion rather than of authoritative doctrine\". Theologoumenon comes from an ancient Greek word that means \"something that is theologised\" or \"that which is said about God or divine things\" .\nUnderstandings\nCatholicism\nIn Roman Catholic theology, it usually refers to statements that are without direct confirmation in Scripture or official endorsement by the divinely inspired Teaching Magisterium of the Church, and are therefore not dogmatically binding per se, but are worth recommending because they cast light on understanding doctrines that are considered to be divinely revealed.\nOrthodoxy\nIn Orthodox theology, the term has a roughly similar meaning. The Orthodox Church in America defines theologoumena as acceptably orthodox \"theological opinions\" that can develop into \"pious traditions\", but which nevertheless can be erroneous or imperfect. A more comprehensive Orthodox definition is often given as \"the theological opinion of one or many of the holy fathers of the undivided Church.\" \"The content of the theologumena,\" according to Bulgarian theologian Stefan Zankow, \"is probable truth.\" In Zankow's words, \"the number of the fathers who accept a given viewpoint of this nature has no significance as to its validity; still, the greater the number who defend such a statement, the greater probability of its truth.\" Other Orthodox thinkers often formulate the concept in a similar way. There is some disagreement between Orthodox and Catholic theologians as to which theological concepts are divinely revealed doctrines and which are simply theologoumena.\nElsewhere\nA theologoumenon is a theological statement which cannot be directly regarded as the official teaching of the Church, as truth binding in faith. It is the outcome and communication of an endeavour to understand the faith by establishing connections between binding doctrines of faith by challenging dogmatic teachings with the whole of secular experience and all a man or an age knows. Karl Rahner proposes that such an arrangement need not necessarily greatly differ from one, which is actually of faith. He suggests that it can be enclosed in a truth of faith as a means to understanding that faith. Adding to this Rahner goes on to say that these theologumena are completely necessary for theology in the understanding of the faith. Revelation does not compose of all knowledge of reality in its origin and a person in his cognisance cannot understand, to assimilate something that bears no relation to his own knowledge. What is revealed can only be truly known and personally understood in a gathering of man's secular knowledge. Thus when revelation is received by man in the present state of valid knowledge it combines with the experience and worldview of the hearer. Thus theolougumena are not necessarily the element of binding dogma contained in the meaning of a statement, they are the intellectual frame of reference that is expressed with it. This position is so that the dogma can be understood more clearly. Ultimately joining man's history with man's historic knowledge of truth. In conclusion Theologoumenon is a belief or clarification by a group of the fathers and theologians of the Church upon a spiritual or theological matter that is not clearly communicated in the Scriptures or formulated in Church dogma as it is a work in progress. No theologoumenon can assert more than probability and it should not be accepted if it has been rejected by Church authority.\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word church, with the word chapel. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Delacroix in the Palais du Luxembourg. The Catholic idea of Limbo is often cited as a theologoumenon. Once a widespread concept, it is no longer usually taught in Catholic pedagogy, and has generally been abandoned since the Second Vatican Council. Pope Benedict XVI referred to it as a \"theological hypothesis\" and expressed doubts about its accuracy. A theologoumenon is a theological statement or concept that lacks absolute doctrinal authority. It is commonly defined as \"a theological assertion or statement not derived from divine revelation\", or \"a theological statement or concept in the area of individual opinion rather than of authoritative doctrine\". Theologoumenon comes from an ancient Greek word that means \"something that is theologised\" or \"that which is said about God or divine things\" .\nUnderstandings\nCatholicism\nIn Roman Catholic theology, it usually refers to statements that are without direct confirmation in Scripture or official endorsement by the divinely inspired Teaching Magisterium of the Chapel, and are therefore not dogmatically binding per se, but are worth recommending because they cast light on understanding doctrines that are considered to be divinely revealed.\nOrthodoxy\nIn Orthodox theology, the term has a roughly similar meaning. The Orthodox Chapel in America defines theologoumena as acceptably orthodox \"theological opinions\" that can develop into \"pious traditions\", but which nevertheless can be erroneous or imperfect. A more comprehensive Orthodox definition is often given as \"the theological opinion of one or many of the holy fathers of the undivided Chapel.\" \"The content of the theologumena,\" according to Bulgarian theologian Stefan Zankow, \"is probable truth.\" In Zankow's words, \"the number of the fathers who accept a given viewpoint of this nature has no significance as to its validity; still, the greater the number who defend such a statement, the greater probability of its truth.\" Other Orthodox thinkers often formulate the concept in a similar way. There is some disagreement between Orthodox and Catholic theologians as to which theological concepts are divinely revealed doctrines and which are simply theologoumena.\nElsewhere\nA theologoumenon is a theological statement which cannot be directly regarded as the official teaching of the Chapel, as truth binding in faith. It is the outcome and communication of an endeavour to understand the faith by establishing connections between binding doctrines of faith by challenging dogmatic teachings with the whole of secular experience and all a man or an age knows. Karl Rahner proposes that such an arrangement need not necessarily greatly differ from one, which is actually of faith. He suggests that it can be enclosed in a truth of faith as a means to understanding that faith. Adding to this Rahner goes on to say that these theologumena are completely necessary for theology in the understanding of the faith. Revelation does not compose of all knowledge of reality in its origin and a person in his cognisance cannot understand, to assimilate something that bears no relation to his own knowledge. What is revealed can only be truly known and personally understood in a gathering of man's secular knowledge. Thus when revelation is received by man in the present state of valid knowledge it combines with the experience and worldview of the hearer. Thus theolougumena are not necessarily the element of binding dogma contained in the meaning of a statement, they are the intellectual frame of reference that is expressed with it. This position is so that the dogma can be understood more clearly. Ultimately joining man's history with man's historic knowledge of truth. In conclusion Theologoumenon is a belief or clarification by a group of the fathers and theologians of the Chapel upon a spiritual or theological matter that is not clearly communicated in the Scriptures or formulated in Chapel dogma as it is a work in progress. No theologoumenon can assert more than probability and it should not be accepted if it has been rejected by Chapel authority." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Industrial artificial intelligence, or industrial AI, usually refers to the application of artificial intelligence to industry. Unlike general artificial intelligence which is a frontier research discipline to build computerized systems that perform tasks requiring human intelligence, industrial AI is more concerned with the application of such technologies to address industrial pain-points for customer value creation, productivity improvement, cost reduction, site optimization, predictive analysis and insight discovery. Although in a dystopian vision of AI applications, intelligent machines may take away jobs of humans and cause social and ethical issues, industry in general holds a more positive view of AI and sees this transformation of economy unstoppable and expects huge business opportunities in this process.\n\nHistory\n\nThe concept of artificial intelligence was initially proposed in the 1940s, and the idea of improving productivity and gaining insights through smart analytics and modelling is not new. Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge-Based systems have been an active research branch of artificial intelligence for the entire product life cycle for product design, production planning, distribution, and field services. E-manufacturing systems and e-factories did not use the term \"AI,\" but they scale up modeling of engineering systems to enable complete integration of elements in the manufacturing eco-system for smart operation management. Recently, to accelerate leadership in AI initiative, the US government launched an official website AI.gov to highlight its priorities in the AI space. There are several reasons for the recent popularity of industrial AI: More affordable sensors and the automated process of data acquisition; More powerful computation capability of computers to perform more complex tasks at a faster speed with lower cost; Faster connectivity infrastructure and more accessible cloud services for data management and computing power outsourcing.\n\nCategories\n\nTechnology alone never creates any business value if the problems in industry are not well studied. The major categories which industrial AI may contribute to include; product and service innovation, process improvement, and insight discovery. Cloud Foundry service platforms widely embed the artificial intelligent technologies. Cybermanufacturing systems also apply predictive analytics and cyber-physical modeling to address the gap between production and machine health for optimized productivity.\n\nProduct applications for user value creation\n\nIndustrial AI can be embedded to existing products or services to make them more effective, reliable, safer, and to enhance their longevity. The automotive industry, for example, uses computer vision to avoid accidents and enable vehicles to stay in lane, facilitating safer driving. In manufacturing, one example is the prediction of blade life for self-aware band saw machines, so that users will be able to rely on evidence of degradation rather than experience, which is safer, will extend blade life, and build up blade usage profile to help blade selection.\n\nProcess applications for productivity improvement\n\nAutomation is one of the major aspects in process applications of industrial AI. With the help of AI, the scope and pace of automation have been fundamentally changed. AI technologies boost the performance and expand the capability of conventional AI applications. An example is the collaborative robots. Collaborative robotic arms are able to learn the motion and path demonstrated by human operators and perform the same task. AI also automates the process that used to require human participation. An example is the Hong Kong subway, where an AI program decides the distribution and job scheduling of engineers with more efficiency and reliability than human counterparts do. Another aspect of process applications is the modeling large-scale systems. Cybermanufacturing systems are defined as a manufacturing service system that is networked and resilient to faults by evidence-based modeling and data-driven deep learning. Such a system deals with large and usually geographically distributed assets, which is hard to be modeled via conventional individual-asset physics-based model. With machine learning and optimization algorithms, a bottom-up framework considering machine health can leverage large samples of assets and automate the operation management, spare part inventory planning, and maintenance scheduling process.\n\nInsight applications for knowledge discovery\n\nIndustrial AI can also be used for knowledge discovery by identifying insights in engineering systems. In aviation and aeronautics, AI has been playing a vital role in many critical areas, one of which is safety assurance and root cause. NASA is trying to proactively manage risks to aircraft safety by analyzing flight numeric data and text reports in parallel to not only detect anomalies but also relate it to the causal factors. This mined insight of why certain faults happen in the past will shed light on predictions of similar incidents in the future and prevent problems before they occur. Predictive and preventive maintenance through data-driven machine learning is also critical in cost reduction for industrial applications. Prognostics and health management (PHM) programs capture the opportunities at the shop floor by modeling equipment health degradation.\n\nChallenges\n\nThe challenges of industrial AI to unlock the value lies in the transformation of raw data to intelligent predictions for rapid decision-making. In general, there are four major challenges in realizing industrial AI: data, speed, fidelity, and interpretibility. Engineering systems now generate a lot of data and modern industry is indeed a big data environment. However, industrial data usually is structured, but may be low-quality. Production process happens fast and the equipment and work piece can be expensive, the AI applications need to be applied in real-time to be able to detect anomalies immediately to avoid waste and other consequences. Cloud-based solutions can be powerful and fast, but they still would not fit certain computation efficiency requirements. Edge computing may be a better choice in such scenario. Unlike consumer-faced AI recommendations systems which have a high tolerance for false positives and negatives, even a very low rate of false positives or negatives rate may cost the total credibility of AI systems. Industrial AI applications are usually dealing with critical issues related to safety, reliability, and operations. Any failure in predictions could incur a negative economic and/or safety impact on the users and discourage them to rely on AI systems. Besides prediction accuracy and performance fidelity, the industrial AI systems must also go beyond prediction results and give root cause analysis for anomalies. This requires that during development, data scientists need to work with domain experts and include domain know-how into the modeling process, and have the model adaptively learn and accumulate such insights as knowledge.\n\n\nReplace 'manufacturing' with 'construction' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Industrial artificial intelligence, or industrial AI, usually refers to the application of artificial intelligence to industry. Unlike general artificial intelligence which is a frontier research discipline to build computerized systems that perform tasks requiring human intelligence, industrial AI is more concerned with the application of such technologies to address industrial pain-points for customer value creation, productivity improvement, cost reduction, site optimization, predictive analysis and insight discovery. Although in a dystopian vision of AI applications, intelligent machines may take away jobs of humans and cause social and ethical issues, industry in general holds a more positive view of AI and sees this transformation of economy unstoppable and expects huge business opportunities in this process.\n\nHistory\n\nThe concept of artificial intelligence was initially proposed in the 1940s, and the idea of improving productivity and gaining insights through smart analytics and modelling is not new. Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge-Based systems have been an active research branch of artificial intelligence for the entire product life cycle for product design, production planning, distribution, and field services. E-construction systems and e-factories did not use the term \"AI,\" but they scale up modeling of engineering systems to enable complete integration of elements in the construction eco-system for smart operation management. Recently, to accelerate leadership in AI initiative, the US government launched an official website AI.gov to highlight its priorities in the AI space. There are several reasons for the recent popularity of industrial AI: More affordable sensors and the automated process of data acquisition; More powerful computation capability of computers to perform more complex tasks at a faster speed with lower cost; Faster connectivity infrastructure and more accessible cloud services for data management and computing power outsourcing.\n\nCategories\n\nTechnology alone never creates any business value if the problems in industry are not well studied. The major categories which industrial AI may contribute to include; product and service innovation, process improvement, and insight discovery. Cloud Foundry service platforms widely embed the artificial intelligent technologies. Cybermanufacturing systems also apply predictive analytics and cyber-physical modeling to address the gap between production and machine health for optimized productivity.\n\nProduct applications for user value creation\n\nIndustrial AI can be embedded to existing products or services to make them more effective, reliable, safer, and to enhance their longevity. The automotive industry, for example, uses computer vision to avoid accidents and enable vehicles to stay in lane, facilitating safer driving. In construction, one example is the prediction of blade life for self-aware band saw machines, so that users will be able to rely on evidence of degradation rather than experience, which is safer, will extend blade life, and build up blade usage profile to help blade selection.\n\nProcess applications for productivity improvement\n\nAutomation is one of the major aspects in process applications of industrial AI. With the help of AI, the scope and pace of automation have been fundamentally changed. AI technologies boost the performance and expand the capability of conventional AI applications. An example is the collaborative robots. Collaborative robotic arms are able to learn the motion and path demonstrated by human operators and perform the same task. AI also automates the process that used to require human participation. An example is the Hong Kong subway, where an AI program decides the distribution and job scheduling of engineers with more efficiency and reliability than human counterparts do. Another aspect of process applications is the modeling large-scale systems. Cybermanufacturing systems are defined as a construction service system that is networked and resilient to faults by evidence-based modeling and data-driven deep learning. Such a system deals with large and usually geographically distributed assets, which is hard to be modeled via conventional individual-asset physics-based model. With machine learning and optimization algorithms, a bottom-up framework considering machine health can leverage large samples of assets and automate the operation management, spare part inventory planning, and maintenance scheduling process.\n\nInsight applications for knowledge discovery\n\nIndustrial AI can also be used for knowledge discovery by identifying insights in engineering systems. In aviation and aeronautics, AI has been playing a vital role in many critical areas, one of which is safety assurance and root cause. NASA is trying to proactively manage risks to aircraft safety by analyzing flight numeric data and text reports in parallel to not only detect anomalies but also relate it to the causal factors. This mined insight of why certain faults happen in the past will shed light on predictions of similar incidents in the future and prevent problems before they occur. Predictive and preventive maintenance through data-driven machine learning is also critical in cost reduction for industrial applications. Prognostics and health management (PHM) programs capture the opportunities at the shop floor by modeling equipment health degradation.\n\nChallenges\n\nThe challenges of industrial AI to unlock the value lies in the transformation of raw data to intelligent predictions for rapid decision-making. In general, there are four major challenges in realizing industrial AI: data, speed, fidelity, and interpretibility. Engineering systems now generate a lot of data and modern industry is indeed a big data environment. However, industrial data usually is structured, but may be low-quality. Production process happens fast and the equipment and work piece can be expensive, the AI applications need to be applied in real-time to be able to detect anomalies immediately to avoid waste and other consequences. Cloud-based solutions can be powerful and fast, but they still would not fit certain computation efficiency requirements. Edge computing may be a better choice in such scenario. Unlike consumer-faced AI recommendations systems which have a high tolerance for false positives and negatives, even a very low rate of false positives or negatives rate may cost the total credibility of AI systems. Industrial AI applications are usually dealing with critical issues related to safety, reliability, and operations. Any failure in predictions could incur a negative economic and/or safety impact on the users and discourage them to rely on AI systems. Besides prediction accuracy and performance fidelity, the industrial AI systems must also go beyond prediction results and give root cause analysis for anomalies. This requires that during development, data scientists need to work with domain experts and include domain know-how into the modeling process, and have the model adaptively learn and accumulate such insights as knowledge." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word military with naval in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nThe Sword of the Spirits is the unofficial title of a trilogy of young adult novels written by Sam Youd under his pseudonym John Christopher. The stories are set in the South of England, mostly in Hampshire, in a post-apocalyptic future where, due to a worldwide ecological catastrophe, life has reverted to a militaristic, medieval setting of walled cities and perpetual warfare. Christians are a despised minority, as spiritual matters are in the hands of a priestly class of monastic \"Seers\" who interpret the will of the \"Spirits\". There are signs of the past existence of the modern world in the ruins of great cities and \"high roads\" which dot the harsh landscape, but the Seers have made the technology of the \"ancients\" anathema, and anyone dabbling in \"Science\" is immediately put to death. The catastrophe has also resulted in a greatly increased number of birth defects. People with dwarfism constitute a separate caste to \"true\" men and fulfill the mythical role of forging weaponry, along with other metal work. People called \"polymufs\", who have other disfiguring mutations, are the lowest caste, as menial workers and wage slaves, regardless of whether they are actually physically or mentally disabled.\nThe Prince in Waiting\nThe cover of the first volume.Thirteen- year-old Luke is the son of a Captain, one of the semi-hereditary caste of officers of the army of his home city of Winchester. Luke has had an uneventful childhood and looks forward to his fifteenth year, when he will begin training for his own military career. By a twist of fate he becomes the toast of the city when he leads his team to victory in the annual mock combat tournament. A series of machinations by religious and political leaders results in his father becoming the new Prince of Winchester, and in Luke being named as his successor and future \"Prince of Princes\". Luke is, on the whole, pleased with his new position and takes pleasure in the nobleman's pastimes of hunting, hawking, riding, and military drill. Luke also takes pride in his father's success in leading the city to a number of victories on the battlefield. But before Luke reaches the age of seventeen his mother is murdered, his father is treacherously killed, and his elder half-brother Peter has engineered his own succession as the new Prince. Luke, realising that his position as a dispossessed heir is precarious, escapes the city for the Sanctuary of the High Seers, where he learns their surprising secrets.\nBeyond the Burning Lands\nThe cover of the second volume.Luke leaves the Seers' sacred sanctuary near Stonehenge to return to Winchester as an honoured member of his brother's royal court. Luke is satisfied for the time being to serve as his brother's second in command and confidant. However, his desire for adventure sends him on an expedition to the uncharted territory beyond the Burning Lands, an active volcanic region to the north. After a perilous journey, the expedition reaches the country of the Wilsh, a wealthy and civilised people who are ruled by the wise and generous King Cymru from his royal seat in the beautiful open city of Klan Gothlen. Luke is astonished to see that several of the prejudices of the southern lands are not in sway here: technology is openly used and discussed; Christians, though a minority, are accepted in society; and polymufs are not relegated to a lower caste: the Wilsh king has a polymuf as his chief adviser. Luke is acclaimed a hero in this new land when he kills the Bayemot, a kind of giant amoeba which comes from the sea and wreaks havoc on the land. After he recovers from the injuries suffered in the fight with the monster, Luke accepts the offer of a formal betrothal to the daughter of King Cymru. He then returns to Winchester, only to stand charged with the murder of his brother's wife and unborn child. He is sentenced to be crucified and burned alive. He challenges his brother to a sword duel to clear his name, though Peter, mistakenly assuming Luke wishes to die by the sword and escape the torturous execution, says he will merely wound Luke and Luke will still face the painful death. However, Peter is stricken with anger and grief, and despite his superior skill and strength, accidentally runs himself on Luke's sword during the ensuing fight (though Luke later wonders if Peter did it on purpose because he wished to die), and Luke finds himself the new Prince.\nThe Sword of the Spirits\nThe cover of the third volume. Luke, readily assuming the role of military leader, extends his rule to Petersfield and Romsey and appears to be on his way to fulfilling the Spirits' command to unify the cities of the civilised lands. Then, from beyond the Burning Lands the Wilsh princess Blodwen comes to Winchester to consummate the alliance. However, Luke is much less at ease in the boudoir than on the battlefield: Blodwen falls in love with Luke's friend and principal military advisor, Edmund. When Luke attempts to exile Edmund to save face and the alliance, an insurrection ensues. The city's military commanders are divided between those supporting Edmund and those loyal to Luke. At a peace meeting, the city's senior Captain, who had presented himself as a friendly mediator, turns on Luke and proposes that Princely rule be replaced by a council of commanding officers, in which all are equal. Deposed, a furious Luke is forced to flee beyond the Burning Lands, where Blodwen's royal father lives, and raise an army to take back what is rightfully his. King Cymru grimly aids him, considering Blodwen's betrayal an affront to his honour. While wintering at the Seers' sanctuary, Luke's loyal dwarf retainer, Hans, discovers how to make a weapon which will make Luke's army unbeatable: the Sten gun. Luke leads the Wilsh army to Winchester, but after a great slaughter and horrific siege, he fails to breach the walls of the city. The Seers, who still hope to see the warring cities of the south united under one leader, arrive with field artillery, but as he prepares for the final assault on his native city, Luke realises that he cannot bear the human costs which a victory would entail. He forswears Winchester and returns north to live as Cymru's adopted heir to the Wilsh kingdom. The trilogy ends on a hopeful note as the Seers, now called scientists, openly introduce technology to the more tolerant Wilsh people, who dedicate themselves to peacefully rebuilding modern civilisation.\nThemes\nOne of the enduring consequences of the natural catastrophe which toppled the old order is global cooling, a theme also addressed by Youd in the adult novel The World in Winter. Like the heroes of Youd's other post-apocalyptic novels (including the more famous The Tripods), Luke is an example of a flawed protagonist. Luke's flaws include a copious helping of pride and stubbornness. He interacts awkwardly with women, and is highly intolerant of any dissent or other departure from absolute loyalty, and it transforms him into a near-tyrant by the climax of the series." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Sword of the Spirits is the unofficial title of a trilogy of young adult novels written by Sam Youd under his pseudonym John Christopher. The stories are set in the South of England, mostly in Hampshire, in a post-apocalyptic future where, due to a worldwide ecological catastrophe, life has reverted to a militaristic, medieval setting of walled cities and perpetual warfare. Christians are a despised minority, as spiritual matters are in the hands of a priestly class of monastic \"Seers\" who interpret the will of the \"Spirits\". There are signs of the past existence of the modern world in the ruins of great cities and \"high roads\" which dot the harsh landscape, but the Seers have made the technology of the \"ancients\" anathema, and anyone dabbling in \"Science\" is immediately put to death. The catastrophe has also resulted in a greatly increased number of birth defects. People with dwarfism constitute a separate caste to \"true\" men and fulfill the mythical role of forging weaponry, along with other metal work. People called \"polymufs\", who have other disfiguring mutations, are the lowest caste, as menial workers and wage slaves, regardless of whether they are actually physically or mentally disabled.\nThe Prince in Waiting\nThe cover of the first volume.Thirteen- year-old Luke is the son of a Captain, one of the semi-hereditary caste of officers of the army of his home city of Winchester. Luke has had an uneventful childhood and looks forward to his fifteenth year, when he will begin training for his own naval career. By a twist of fate he becomes the toast of the city when he leads his team to victory in the annual mock combat tournament. A series of machinations by religious and political leaders results in his father becoming the new Prince of Winchester, and in Luke being named as his successor and future \"Prince of Princes\". Luke is, on the whole, pleased with his new position and takes pleasure in the nobleman's pastimes of hunting, hawking, riding, and naval drill. Luke also takes pride in his father's success in leading the city to a number of victories on the battlefield. But before Luke reaches the age of seventeen his mother is murdered, his father is treacherously killed, and his elder half-brother Peter has engineered his own succession as the new Prince. Luke, realising that his position as a dispossessed heir is precarious, escapes the city for the Sanctuary of the High Seers, where he learns their surprising secrets.\nBeyond the Burning Lands\nThe cover of the second volume.Luke leaves the Seers' sacred sanctuary near Stonehenge to return to Winchester as an honoured member of his brother's royal court. Luke is satisfied for the time being to serve as his brother's second in command and confidant. However, his desire for adventure sends him on an expedition to the uncharted territory beyond the Burning Lands, an active volcanic region to the north. After a perilous journey, the expedition reaches the country of the Wilsh, a wealthy and civilised people who are ruled by the wise and generous King Cymru from his royal seat in the beautiful open city of Klan Gothlen. Luke is astonished to see that several of the prejudices of the southern lands are not in sway here: technology is openly used and discussed; Christians, though a minority, are accepted in society; and polymufs are not relegated to a lower caste: the Wilsh king has a polymuf as his chief adviser. Luke is acclaimed a hero in this new land when he kills the Bayemot, a kind of giant amoeba which comes from the sea and wreaks havoc on the land. After he recovers from the injuries suffered in the fight with the monster, Luke accepts the offer of a formal betrothal to the daughter of King Cymru. He then returns to Winchester, only to stand charged with the murder of his brother's wife and unborn child. He is sentenced to be crucified and burned alive. He challenges his brother to a sword duel to clear his name, though Peter, mistakenly assuming Luke wishes to die by the sword and escape the torturous execution, says he will merely wound Luke and Luke will still face the painful death. However, Peter is stricken with anger and grief, and despite his superior skill and strength, accidentally runs himself on Luke's sword during the ensuing fight (though Luke later wonders if Peter did it on purpose because he wished to die), and Luke finds himself the new Prince.\nThe Sword of the Spirits\nThe cover of the third volume. Luke, readily assuming the role of naval leader, extends his rule to Petersfield and Romsey and appears to be on his way to fulfilling the Spirits' command to unify the cities of the civilised lands. Then, from beyond the Burning Lands the Wilsh princess Blodwen comes to Winchester to consummate the alliance. However, Luke is much less at ease in the boudoir than on the battlefield: Blodwen falls in love with Luke's friend and principal naval advisor, Edmund. When Luke attempts to exile Edmund to save face and the alliance, an insurrection ensues. The city's naval commanders are divided between those supporting Edmund and those loyal to Luke. At a peace meeting, the city's senior Captain, who had presented himself as a friendly mediator, turns on Luke and proposes that Princely rule be replaced by a council of commanding officers, in which all are equal. Deposed, a furious Luke is forced to flee beyond the Burning Lands, where Blodwen's royal father lives, and raise an army to take back what is rightfully his. King Cymru grimly aids him, considering Blodwen's betrayal an affront to his honour. While wintering at the Seers' sanctuary, Luke's loyal dwarf retainer, Hans, discovers how to make a weapon which will make Luke's army unbeatable: the Sten gun. Luke leads the Wilsh army to Winchester, but after a great slaughter and horrific siege, he fails to breach the walls of the city. The Seers, who still hope to see the warring cities of the south united under one leader, arrive with field artillery, but as he prepares for the final assault on his native city, Luke realises that he cannot bear the human costs which a victory would entail. He forswears Winchester and returns north to live as Cymru's adopted heir to the Wilsh kingdom. The trilogy ends on a hopeful note as the Seers, now called scientists, openly introduce technology to the more tolerant Wilsh people, who dedicate themselves to peacefully rebuilding modern civilisation.\nThemes\nOne of the enduring consequences of the natural catastrophe which toppled the old order is global cooling, a theme also addressed by Youd in the adult novel The World in Winter. Like the heroes of Youd's other post-apocalyptic novels (including the more famous The Tripods), Luke is an example of a flawed protagonist. Luke's flaws include a copious helping of pride and stubbornness. He interacts awkwardly with women, and is highly intolerant of any dissent or other departure from absolute loyalty, and it transforms him into a near-tyrant by the climax of the series." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'captain' with 'boss'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nCaptain Underpants and the Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants is the fourth book in the Captain Underpants series written by Dav Pilkey.\n\nPlot\n\nA scientist from the country of New Swissland (a country that doesn't exist, with a foreign culture where everyone has a silly name) called Professor Pippy P. Poopypants goes to the United States to demonstrate how his striking Shrinky-Pig and Goosy-Grow can help the world by reducing the garbage and increasing food, but everyone laughs at Poopypants' name rather than take him seriously. Meanwhile, Jerome Horwitz Elementary School is going to a restaurant-arcade called The Piqua Pizza Palace, but when George and Harold rearrange the sign, Mr. Krupp catches the boys as he bans them from the school field trip and demands they clean the teachers' lounge, making them lose their chance of going to the Piqua Pizza Palace with everyone else. However, the boys get their revenge by modifying things around in the teachers' lounge and after the field trip, the teachers fall into George and Harold's trap and get largely covered in glue and foam pellets. They chase the boys around the school and after seeing the teachers looking like abominable snowmen, Mr. Fyde quits, thinking he's going nuts, prompting Mr. Krupp to find a new science teacher. Meanwhile, Professor Poopypants sees an ad to teach at the school and applies for the job, thinking children to be kind and sweet-hearted, but they spend days laughing at his silly name. The professor only gets them interested by building a robot that makes gerbils jog along with them but it is short- lived. Some time later, Ms. Ribble reads The Pied Piper of Hamelin, which inspires George and Harold to make a comic about the Professor trying to take over the world, which destroys the last of Professor Poopypants' sanity. He makes the gerbil machine as large as a tall building, then shrinks the school and holds them hostage to turn their names sillier, with a system of three alphabetical name charts based on the first/last letter of each part of a first and last name. George and Harold (now Fluffy and Cheeseball) get Captain Underpants (now Buttercup Chickenfanny, but refuses to take the professor's order to change names) to steal Professor Poopypants' enlarging machine, but he and the machine are shrunk in the process. The two of them try to enlarge the school back to normal size, but get flicked off the school. Harold makes a paper airplane that George enlarges and after many dangers, Underpants rescues them. George enlarges Underpants to the gerbil's size, then he defeats Professor Poopypants and everyone's names revert. The boys use the machines to bring themselves, the school and Captain Underpants back to normal size. Captain Underpants is soaked with water, turning him back into Mr. Krupp. Professor Poopypants is hauled off to jail for crimes against humanity. From the advice of George and Harold, he legally changes his name so that no one will make fun of it anymore. Unfortunately, he changes his name to his grandfather's, Tippy Tinkletrousers, that which only makes the prisoners (and police officers) laugh at him even more, much to his anger.\n\nCharacters\n\n*George Beard/Fluffy Toiletnose *Harold Hutchins/Cheeseball Wafflefanny *Mr. Benjamin Krupp/Mr. Lumpy Pottybiscuits *Captain Underpants/Buttercup Chickenfanny (he did not change his name, because he does not take orders from anybody) *Chuckles Jingleberry McMonkeyburger, Jr. *Stinky McMonkeyburger *Jiggles T. Chunkyskunks *Tipper Q. Zipperdripper *Professor Pippy P. Poopypants/Tippy Tinkletrousers *Porkbelly Funkyskunk *Connor Mancini/Buttercup Bananalips *Aaron Mancini/Stinky Bananalips *Ingrid Ashley/Chim-Chim Diaperbrains *Larry Zarrow/Booger Stinkersquirt *Stephanie Yarkoff/Snotty Gorillabreath *Robbie Staenberg/Loopy Pizzapants *Janet Warwick/Poopsie Chucklebutt *Melvin Sneedly/Pinky Pizzabrains *Ivana Godadebafroom/Chim-Chim Lizardtushie *Mr. Rected/Mr. Gizzardnose *Miss Labler (mentioned)/ Miss Liverbuns (mentioned) *Ms. Tara Ribble/Ms. Falafel Gizzardtush *Mr. Kenny B. Meaner/Mr. Flunky Bananabuns *Miss Edith Anthrope/Miss Crusty Diapertush *Ms. Guided/ Ms. Lizardnose *Mr. Morty Fyde/Mr. Pinky Barftush *Dr. Diaper (cameo)/ Dr. Bubblebuns (cameo) Authors: *Cynthia Rylant/Buttercup Gizzardsniffer *Dav Pilkey/Gidget Hamsterbrains *Dan Santat/Gidget Pizzasniffer *Jose Garibaldi/Poopsie Lizardlips *Martin Ontiveros/Pinky Burgerfanny" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Boss Underpants and the Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants is the fourth book in the Boss Underpants series written by Dav Pilkey.\n\nPlot\n\nA scientist from the country of New Swissland (a country that doesn't exist, with a foreign culture where everyone has a silly name) called Professor Pippy P. Poopypants goes to the United States to demonstrate how his striking Shrinky-Pig and Goosy-Grow can help the world by reducing the garbage and increasing food, but everyone laughs at Poopypants' name rather than take him seriously. Meanwhile, Jerome Horwitz Elementary School is going to a restaurant-arcade called The Piqua Pizza Palace, but when George and Harold rearrange the sign, Mr. Krupp catches the boys as he bans them from the school field trip and demands they clean the teachers' lounge, making them lose their chance of going to the Piqua Pizza Palace with everyone else. However, the boys get their revenge by modifying things around in the teachers' lounge and after the field trip, the teachers fall into George and Harold's trap and get largely covered in glue and foam pellets. They chase the boys around the school and after seeing the teachers looking like abominable snowmen, Mr. Fyde quits, thinking he's going nuts, prompting Mr. Krupp to find a new science teacher. Meanwhile, Professor Poopypants sees an ad to teach at the school and applies for the job, thinking children to be kind and sweet-hearted, but they spend days laughing at his silly name. The professor only gets them interested by building a robot that makes gerbils jog along with them but it is short- lived. Some time later, Ms. Ribble reads The Pied Piper of Hamelin, which inspires George and Harold to make a comic about the Professor trying to take over the world, which destroys the last of Professor Poopypants' sanity. He makes the gerbil machine as large as a tall building, then shrinks the school and holds them hostage to turn their names sillier, with a system of three alphabetical name charts based on the first/last letter of each part of a first and last name. George and Harold (now Fluffy and Cheeseball) get Boss Underpants (now Buttercup Chickenfanny, but refuses to take the professor's order to change names) to steal Professor Poopypants' enlarging machine, but he and the machine are shrunk in the process. The two of them try to enlarge the school back to normal size, but get flicked off the school. Harold makes a paper airplane that George enlarges and after many dangers, Underpants rescues them. George enlarges Underpants to the gerbil's size, then he defeats Professor Poopypants and everyone's names revert. The boys use the machines to bring themselves, the school and Boss Underpants back to normal size. Boss Underpants is soaked with water, turning him back into Mr. Krupp. Professor Poopypants is hauled off to jail for crimes against humanity. From the advice of George and Harold, he legally changes his name so that no one will make fun of it anymore. Unfortunately, he changes his name to his grandfather's, Tippy Tinkletrousers, that which only makes the prisoners (and police officers) laugh at him even more, much to his anger.\n\nCharacters\n\n*George Beard/Fluffy Toiletnose *Harold Hutchins/Cheeseball Wafflefanny *Mr. Benjamin Krupp/Mr. Lumpy Pottybiscuits *Boss Underpants/Buttercup Chickenfanny (he did not change his name, because he does not take orders from anybody) *Chuckles Jingleberry McMonkeyburger, Jr. *Stinky McMonkeyburger *Jiggles T. Chunkyskunks *Tipper Q. Zipperdripper *Professor Pippy P. Poopypants/Tippy Tinkletrousers *Porkbelly Funkyskunk *Connor Mancini/Buttercup Bananalips *Aaron Mancini/Stinky Bananalips *Ingrid Ashley/Chim-Chim Diaperbrains *Larry Zarrow/Booger Stinkersquirt *Stephanie Yarkoff/Snotty Gorillabreath *Robbie Staenberg/Loopy Pizzapants *Janet Warwick/Poopsie Chucklebutt *Melvin Sneedly/Pinky Pizzabrains *Ivana Godadebafroom/Chim-Chim Lizardtushie *Mr. Rected/Mr. Gizzardnose *Miss Labler (mentioned)/ Miss Liverbuns (mentioned) *Ms. Tara Ribble/Ms. Falafel Gizzardtush *Mr. Kenny B. Meaner/Mr. Flunky Bananabuns *Miss Edith Anthrope/Miss Crusty Diapertush *Ms. Guided/ Ms. Lizardnose *Mr. Morty Fyde/Mr. Pinky Barftush *Dr. Diaper (cameo)/ Dr. Bubblebuns (cameo) Authors: *Cynthia Rylant/Buttercup Gizzardsniffer *Dav Pilkey/Gidget Hamsterbrains *Dan Santat/Gidget Pizzasniffer *Jose Garibaldi/Poopsie Lizardlips *Martin Ontiveros/Pinky Burgerfanny" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The antidoron (, ') is ordinary leavened bread which is blessed but not consecrated and distributed in Eastern Orthodox Churches and Eastern Catholic Churches that use the Byzantine Rite. It comes from the remains of the loaves of bread (prosphora) from which portions are cut for consecration as the Eucharist during the Divine Liturgy. The word Antidoron means \"instead of gifts\", i.e., \"instead of the Eucharistic gifts\".\nPractice\nEastern Orthodox Christianity\nThe faithful preparing to receive Holy Communion. In the foreground are wine and antidoron which the communicants will partake of after receiving the Body and Blood of Christ. In the Orthodox Church, blessed antidoron is distributed after every Divine Liturgy. During the Prothesis (Liturgy of Preparation, at which the wine and bread are prepared on the Table of Oblation), the priest will bless each prosphoron as he takes it up to remove particles and place them on the diskos (paten). The remainder of the prosphora is cut into fragments and kept aside in a bowl or salver. In some jurisdictions it is the custom at the end of the Anaphora for the altar server to hand the bowl of antidoron to the priest who will make the Sign of the Cross with it over the chalice and diskos during the hymn, It is Truly Meet. Since the Eucharist is essentially a meal, in the Russian Orthodox tradition some of the antidoron is placed on a tray together with ordinary wine and is consumed by the communicants immediately after they receive Holy Communion. At the conclusion of the liturgy, the antidoron is distributed to the faithful as they come up to kiss the blessing cross. Antidoron is not considered a sacrament and is explicitly not consecrated during the Eucharist. Therefore, non-Orthodox present at the liturgy, who are not admitted to partake of the consecrated bread and wine, are often encouraged to receive the antidoron as an expression of Christian fellowship and love. Because the antidoron is blessed, some jurisdictions and customs mandate that it be consumed only after fasting. The canonical regulations of the Eastern Orthodox Church state that the antidoron should be consumed before leaving the church, and that it should not be distributed to unbelievers or to persons undergoing penance before absolution, but variances are allowed. For instance, it is the custom in many Orthodox parishes to distribute the antidoron to visitors and catechumens as a sign of fellowship, or to bring a few pieces home to a relative who could not attend the liturgy. On Bright Saturday, in place of (or in addition to) the normal antidoron, the Paschal Artos is cut up and distributed at the end of the liturgy.\nEastern Catholicism\nIn the Greek Catholic (Byzantine) churches of Austria and Hungary, the antidoron is presently given only on rare occasions during the year, chiefly on the Bright Saturday (Saturday in Easter week); while among the Greek (Roman) Catholics of Italy and Sicily it is usually given only on Holy Thursday, the Feast of the Assumption, that of Saint Nicolas of Myra, and at certain week-day services in Lent; although according to some local customs it is given on other days. In other Eastern Catholic churches of the Byzantine Rite it is distributed as in the Orthodox churches.\nHistory\nThe earliest historical references to this custom are in fact found in the Western Church. It is mentioned in the 118th letter of St. Augustine to Januarius (now known as the 54th letter in the new order), and in the canons of a local council in Gaul in the seventh century. Originally it was a substitute, or solatium, for such of the faithful as were not properly prepared to receive Holy Communion or were unable to get to the eucharistic sacrifice. If they could not partake of the sacrament, for instance because of not having fulfilled the obligatory fast or for being in a state of mortal sin, they had the consolation of partaking of the non-consecrated liturgical bread which had been blessed and from which the portions for the consecration had been taken. In the Eastern Church, mention of the antidoron began to appear in about the ninth and tenth centuries. Germanus of Constantinople mentions it in his treatise \"The Explanation of the Liturgy\". Subsequent to him, many writers of the Eastern Church (Balsamon, Colina, Pachemeros) have written on the custom of giving the antidoron. While the practice of blessing and distributing antidoron still continues in the East, the practice was largely abandoned by the Western Church, and now only survives in the Roman Rite in the ' given in French churches and cathedrals after High Mass, as well as in certain churches of Quebec, and occasionally in Italy, on certain feasts (e.g. of Saint Hubert, Saint Anthony of Padua). A similar custom also survives among the Syrian Christians (Christians of Saint Thomas) of the Malabar coast in India.\nHoly loaf\nPrior to the English Reformation, there was a tradition within the English Catholic Church where households took turns to bake and present a \"holy loaf\" to the parish church. This was blessed and distributed at the end of mass, sometimes in sizes corresponding to the social status of the recipient. Historian Peter Marshall describes the baking of this bread as a \"quasi-liturgical role for local women\".\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"liturgy\" with \"rite\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The antidoron (, ') is ordinary leavened bread which is blessed but not consecrated and distributed in Eastern Orthodox Churches and Eastern Catholic Churches that use the Byzantine Rite. It comes from the remains of the loaves of bread (prosphora) from which portions are cut for consecration as the Eucharist during the Divine Rite. The word Antidoron means \"instead of gifts\", i.e., \"instead of the Eucharistic gifts\".\nPractice\nEastern Orthodox Christianity\nThe faithful preparing to receive Holy Communion. In the foreground are wine and antidoron which the communicants will partake of after receiving the Body and Blood of Christ. In the Orthodox Church, blessed antidoron is distributed after every Divine Rite. During the Prothesis (Rite of Preparation, at which the wine and bread are prepared on the Table of Oblation), the priest will bless each prosphoron as he takes it up to remove particles and place them on the diskos (paten). The remainder of the prosphora is cut into fragments and kept aside in a bowl or salver. In some jurisdictions it is the custom at the end of the Anaphora for the altar server to hand the bowl of antidoron to the priest who will make the Sign of the Cross with it over the chalice and diskos during the hymn, It is Truly Meet. Since the Eucharist is essentially a meal, in the Russian Orthodox tradition some of the antidoron is placed on a tray together with ordinary wine and is consumed by the communicants immediately after they receive Holy Communion. At the conclusion of the rite, the antidoron is distributed to the faithful as they come up to kiss the blessing cross. Antidoron is not considered a sacrament and is explicitly not consecrated during the Eucharist. Therefore, non-Orthodox present at the rite, who are not admitted to partake of the consecrated bread and wine, are often encouraged to receive the antidoron as an expression of Christian fellowship and love. Because the antidoron is blessed, some jurisdictions and customs mandate that it be consumed only after fasting. The canonical regulations of the Eastern Orthodox Church state that the antidoron should be consumed before leaving the church, and that it should not be distributed to unbelievers or to persons undergoing penance before absolution, but variances are allowed. For instance, it is the custom in many Orthodox parishes to distribute the antidoron to visitors and catechumens as a sign of fellowship, or to bring a few pieces home to a relative who could not attend the rite. On Bright Saturday, in place of (or in addition to) the normal antidoron, the Paschal Artos is cut up and distributed at the end of the rite.\nEastern Catholicism\nIn the Greek Catholic (Byzantine) churches of Austria and Hungary, the antidoron is presently given only on rare occasions during the year, chiefly on the Bright Saturday (Saturday in Easter week); while among the Greek (Roman) Catholics of Italy and Sicily it is usually given only on Holy Thursday, the Feast of the Assumption, that of Saint Nicolas of Myra, and at certain week-day services in Lent; although according to some local customs it is given on other days. In other Eastern Catholic churches of the Byzantine Rite it is distributed as in the Orthodox churches.\nHistory\nThe earliest historical references to this custom are in fact found in the Western Church. It is mentioned in the 118th letter of St. Augustine to Januarius (now known as the 54th letter in the new order), and in the canons of a local council in Gaul in the seventh century. Originally it was a substitute, or solatium, for such of the faithful as were not properly prepared to receive Holy Communion or were unable to get to the eucharistic sacrifice. If they could not partake of the sacrament, for instance because of not having fulfilled the obligatory fast or for being in a state of mortal sin, they had the consolation of partaking of the non-consecrated liturgical bread which had been blessed and from which the portions for the consecration had been taken. In the Eastern Church, mention of the antidoron began to appear in about the ninth and tenth centuries. Germanus of Constantinople mentions it in his treatise \"The Explanation of the Rite\". Subsequent to him, many writers of the Eastern Church (Balsamon, Colina, Pachemeros) have written on the custom of giving the antidoron. While the practice of blessing and distributing antidoron still continues in the East, the practice was largely abandoned by the Western Church, and now only survives in the Roman Rite in the ' given in French churches and cathedrals after High Mass, as well as in certain churches of Quebec, and occasionally in Italy, on certain feasts (e.g. of Saint Hubert, Saint Anthony of Padua). A similar custom also survives among the Syrian Christians (Christians of Saint Thomas) of the Malabar coast in India.\nHoly loaf\nPrior to the English Reformation, there was a tradition within the English Catholic Church where households took turns to bake and present a \"holy loaf\" to the parish church. This was blessed and distributed at the end of mass, sometimes in sizes corresponding to the social status of the recipient. Historian Peter Marshall describes the baking of this bread as a \"quasi-liturgical role for local women\"." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'generally' with 'broadly'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nRetro-bolting is a term used within the rock climbing community to refer to the addition of new bolts to an existing climb. Retro-bolting can be contrasted with re-bolting, which is the replacement of existing bolts on a climb with new bolts. There are many ethical issues relating to retro-bolting which can divide climbers into two camps, those for and those against.\nBackground\nNew climbing routes are produced by a First Ascentionist (FA) scoping out an unclimbed line, deciding to climb a certain section of rock and ultimately climbing it. Typically this first person then gets to name the climb and give it a grading. The route is then generally recorded in a guidebook for posterity. The climb is defined by the style that this person did the climb in, that is, how much protection did they use, was it traditional, did they use bolts or was there a mix of both. Climbing ethics dictate that a climber should attempt to complete the climb in the same style as the FA, or better. This means that they should use the same type of protection without adding any extra bolts. Retro-bolting is the act of adding additional bolts to a climb that the first ascentionist never needed/added hence making the route either easier or less dangerous.\nArgument\nFor\nProponents of retro-bolting generally cite safety and enjoyment of climbs by all as their major motivations. The FA may have put up a climb that has few options for traditional protection, and did not add any bolts for extra protection. This means that a fall at certain points of the climb could result in a ground fall. These type of climbs will generally only be climbed by people confident in their abilities and mentally prepared for the challenge. This means the climb may get very little traffic. Climbs should be enjoyed by everyone, and just because a climber is not as proficient as the FA, does not mean that they should not enjoy the climb as well. If new bolts are added, more people will be able to enjoy the climb as it is safer. People that wish to do the climb in the original way can just not use the bolts.\nAgainst\nOpponents of retro-bolting cite the adventure aspect of climbing and respect for the FA as reasons for not going ahead. Climbing is an adventure sport that is inherently risky. A climber should understand and accept this risk. If the FA is exceptionally skilled and put up a climb that was both difficult and dangerous, then that is to be respected. The climb should not be \"brought down to your level\" by the addition of extra bolts which will ruin the adventure aspect of the climb for someone who is proficient enough to complete the climb in its original state. If a route is climbed very often then it can quickly become polished. This is where the rock becomes smooth as the friction of people shoes and hands wears it away. This can be seen in clear evidence on well travelled routes such as \"Saul's Crack\" (HVS 5a) on the Upper Tier of The Roaches, Peak District, UK. The retro bolting of a route makes it accessible to more climbers which will result in the loss of quality of the rock through polishing. The first ascent of a bolt-free climb will have caused no deliberate damage. For subsequent climbers to then deliberately drill that piece of rock; cliff or crag to placing expansion bolts, to bring the grade of the climb down to their level, is unacceptable.\nOutcomes\nThe practise of retro-bolting remains controversial in many areas. In some areas it is more accepted. As bolts tends to get old and need to be replace anyway, the new bolter normally moves the bolts and bolts as it fit for a more modern style of bolting. The First Ascentionist has accepted some \"moral rights\" for their climb so it is might be reasonable for that person to allow retro-bolting of their climb. The FA may feel that at the time they ascended the climb, the conditions were right for a scary climb, but now they wish to open the line up to more people and let the route have more traffic. Some of the climbers in the For camp may feel that action is needed and bolts are added to the climb without consensus. This will generally result in the bolts being chopped (removed), but sometimes the bolts remain intact and the climb becomes accepted in its new form. This is generally rare." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Retro-bolting is a term used within the rock climbing community to refer to the addition of new bolts to an existing climb. Retro-bolting can be contrasted with re-bolting, which is the replacement of existing bolts on a climb with new bolts. There are many ethical issues relating to retro-bolting which can divide climbers into two camps, those for and those against.\nBackground\nNew climbing routes are produced by a First Ascentionist (FA) scoping out an unclimbed line, deciding to climb a certain section of rock and ultimately climbing it. Typically this first person then gets to name the climb and give it a grading. The route is then broadly recorded in a guidebook for posterity. The climb is defined by the style that this person did the climb in, that is, how much protection did they use, was it traditional, did they use bolts or was there a mix of both. Climbing ethics dictate that a climber should attempt to complete the climb in the same style as the FA, or better. This means that they should use the same type of protection without adding any extra bolts. Retro-bolting is the act of adding additional bolts to a climb that the first ascentionist never needed/added hence making the route either easier or less dangerous.\nArgument\nFor\nProponents of retro-bolting broadly cite safety and enjoyment of climbs by all as their major motivations. The FA may have put up a climb that has few options for traditional protection, and did not add any bolts for extra protection. This means that a fall at certain points of the climb could result in a ground fall. These type of climbs will broadly only be climbed by people confident in their abilities and mentally prepared for the challenge. This means the climb may get very little traffic. Climbs should be enjoyed by everyone, and just because a climber is not as proficient as the FA, does not mean that they should not enjoy the climb as well. If new bolts are added, more people will be able to enjoy the climb as it is safer. People that wish to do the climb in the original way can just not use the bolts.\nAgainst\nOpponents of retro-bolting cite the adventure aspect of climbing and respect for the FA as reasons for not going ahead. Climbing is an adventure sport that is inherently risky. A climber should understand and accept this risk. If the FA is exceptionally skilled and put up a climb that was both difficult and dangerous, then that is to be respected. The climb should not be \"brought down to your level\" by the addition of extra bolts which will ruin the adventure aspect of the climb for someone who is proficient enough to complete the climb in its original state. If a route is climbed very often then it can quickly become polished. This is where the rock becomes smooth as the friction of people shoes and hands wears it away. This can be seen in clear evidence on well travelled routes such as \"Saul's Crack\" (HVS 5a) on the Upper Tier of The Roaches, Peak District, UK. The retro bolting of a route makes it accessible to more climbers which will result in the loss of quality of the rock through polishing. The first ascent of a bolt-free climb will have caused no deliberate damage. For subsequent climbers to then deliberately drill that piece of rock; cliff or crag to placing expansion bolts, to bring the grade of the climb down to their level, is unacceptable.\nOutcomes\nThe practise of retro-bolting remains controversial in many areas. In some areas it is more accepted. As bolts tends to get old and need to be replace anyway, the new bolter normally moves the bolts and bolts as it fit for a more modern style of bolting. The First Ascentionist has accepted some \"moral rights\" for their climb so it is might be reasonable for that person to allow retro-bolting of their climb. The FA may feel that at the time they ascended the climb, the conditions were right for a scary climb, but now they wish to open the line up to more people and let the route have more traffic. Some of the climbers in the For camp may feel that action is needed and bolts are added to the climb without consensus. This will broadly result in the bolts being chopped (removed), but sometimes the bolts remain intact and the climb becomes accepted in its new form. This is broadly rare." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"funding\" with \"backing\" wherever it occurs:\n\nEmptying of segregated rubbish containers in Polish medium-sized city Tomaszow Mazowiecki Municipal services or city services refer to basic services that residents of a city expect the city government to provide in exchange for the taxes which citizens pay. Basic city services may include sanitation (both sewer and refuse), water, streets, the public library, schools, food inspection, fire department, police, ambulance, and other health department issues and transportation. City governments often operate or contract for additional utilities like electricity, gas and cable television. Mumbai even provides a lighthouse service. The available municipal services for any individual municipality will depend on location, history, geography, statutes and tradition. Provided services may vary from country to country or even within a country. Services may be run directly by a department of the municipality or be sub-contracted to a third party.\nFunding\nFunding for the services provided varies with the municipality in question. Funding can include tax revenue (property tax, income tax, municipal sales tax), fees (such as building permits), Grants from other Governments, fines such as speeding or parking violations, usage fees for optional services, or other sources such as profits from municipally owned or operated utilities. Probably the greatest influence is the country in which the municipality is located. In the UK, a combination of local taxation based on property value and central government grants is the main means of funding core services. This is supplemented by nominal fees for services provided (e.g. leisure facilities). For some services, a competitive fee is charged compared to commercial concerns that which allows a profit to be made. For other services, full commercial rates may be charged with municipally owned utilities or commercial property, for example. For the most part, services will be part subsidized by the municipality or fully subsidized by the municipality. In recent years, UK councils have been given some leeway in finding alternative funding which can be the simple sponsorship of flower baskets to the trading of surplus buildings and land for services from private firms. In certain notorious cases, local councils have used council funds to speculate on the money markets. Municipalities in other countries may have other methods of funding (e.g. local income taxes or even from the profits of utilities or industrial concerns fully owned by the municipality).\nUnited Kingdom\nIn the United Kingdom, until their abolishment, Municipal Corporations were powerful organizations. In their Victorian heyday, with the growth of urbanization and industrialization, they could be responsible for the promotion, organization, funding, building and management of everything from housing to water supplies, power in the form of both gas and electricity, to the introduction of electric trams; almost any activity that the city fathers thought was necessary to promote the economic, social and environmental well-being of their municipality. However, special powers needed to be granted through Local Acts in Parliament (for example, the Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act needed for the construction of Manchester's reservoirs). As times changed, the Municipal Corporations continued to try to advance the cause of their municipalities. For example, in the 1930s aviation was the new technological frontier and municipalities worked to promote themselves with the development of municipal airports. For the most part, UK municipalities lost their in- house utilities to the nationalisation and centralisation of public utilities. One notable exception is Kingston upon Hull, which still has a municipally- owned telephone company known as Kingston Communications. One trend in the UK, (in the name of efficiency) has been the privatisation of departments, the transfer of staff and assets to the new organisation and the contracting with the new organization for services to the council. This model has been used for services from road cleaning to social housing, to leisure facilities, though no council yet seems to dare to do so for more high-profile services such as schools and social services. In the UK, fire and police services are not under direct municipal control, even when a force can be closely identified with a specific municipal area such as Greater London. However, fire and police services are in part paid for by a surcharge to local taxation, and although they have no say in operational matters, local government appoints members to a committee to oversee the running of each force.\nGeography\nWhere there is a substantial industrial urban population isolated from other conurbations, or when and where the growth in demand is so great that it becomes uneconomic or impractical for commercial organisations to provide, the municipalities concerned may assume functions necessary for the growth and functioning of the city. This was the case in Victorian England also today in Mumbai, for example, the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai and Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport are the major municipal organizations which are needed to allow the city to function. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power is a legacy of Los Angeles, which found itself in a similar position of rapid growth at the beginning of the last century. The similarly isolated Johannesburg has chosen to run its services as standalone and self-funding, corporate entities." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Emptying of segregated rubbish containers in Polish medium-sized city Tomaszow Mazowiecki Municipal services or city services refer to basic services that residents of a city expect the city government to provide in exchange for the taxes which citizens pay. Basic city services may include sanitation (both sewer and refuse), water, streets, the public library, schools, food inspection, fire department, police, ambulance, and other health department issues and transportation. City governments often operate or contract for additional utilities like electricity, gas and cable television. Mumbai even provides a lighthouse service. The available municipal services for any individual municipality will depend on location, history, geography, statutes and tradition. Provided services may vary from country to country or even within a country. Services may be run directly by a department of the municipality or be sub-contracted to a third party.\nBacking\nBacking for the services provided varies with the municipality in question. Backing can include tax revenue (property tax, income tax, municipal sales tax), fees (such as building permits), Grants from other Governments, fines such as speeding or parking violations, usage fees for optional services, or other sources such as profits from municipally owned or operated utilities. Probably the greatest influence is the country in which the municipality is located. In the UK, a combination of local taxation based on property value and central government grants is the main means of backing core services. This is supplemented by nominal fees for services provided (e.g. leisure facilities). For some services, a competitive fee is charged compared to commercial concerns that which allows a profit to be made. For other services, full commercial rates may be charged with municipally owned utilities or commercial property, for example. For the most part, services will be part subsidized by the municipality or fully subsidized by the municipality. In recent years, UK councils have been given some leeway in finding alternative backing which can be the simple sponsorship of flower baskets to the trading of surplus buildings and land for services from private firms. In certain notorious cases, local councils have used council funds to speculate on the money markets. Municipalities in other countries may have other methods of backing (e.g. local income taxes or even from the profits of utilities or industrial concerns fully owned by the municipality).\nUnited Kingdom\nIn the United Kingdom, until their abolishment, Municipal Corporations were powerful organizations. In their Victorian heyday, with the growth of urbanization and industrialization, they could be responsible for the promotion, organization, backing, building and management of everything from housing to water supplies, power in the form of both gas and electricity, to the introduction of electric trams; almost any activity that the city fathers thought was necessary to promote the economic, social and environmental well-being of their municipality. However, special powers needed to be granted through Local Acts in Parliament (for example, the Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act needed for the construction of Manchester's reservoirs). As times changed, the Municipal Corporations continued to try to advance the cause of their municipalities. For example, in the 1930s aviation was the new technological frontier and municipalities worked to promote themselves with the development of municipal airports. For the most part, UK municipalities lost their in- house utilities to the nationalisation and centralisation of public utilities. One notable exception is Kingston upon Hull, which still has a municipally- owned telephone company known as Kingston Communications. One trend in the UK, (in the name of efficiency) has been the privatisation of departments, the transfer of staff and assets to the new organisation and the contracting with the new organization for services to the council. This model has been used for services from road cleaning to social housing, to leisure facilities, though no council yet seems to dare to do so for more high-profile services such as schools and social services. In the UK, fire and police services are not under direct municipal control, even when a force can be closely identified with a specific municipal area such as Greater London. However, fire and police services are in part paid for by a surcharge to local taxation, and although they have no say in operational matters, local government appoints members to a committee to oversee the running of each force.\nGeography\nWhere there is a substantial industrial urban population isolated from other conurbations, or when and where the growth in demand is so great that it becomes uneconomic or impractical for commercial organisations to provide, the municipalities concerned may assume functions necessary for the growth and functioning of the city. This was the case in Victorian England also today in Mumbai, for example, the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai and Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport are the major municipal organizations which are needed to allow the city to function. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power is a legacy of Los Angeles, which found itself in a similar position of rapid growth at the beginning of the last century. The similarly isolated Johannesburg has chosen to run its services as standalone and self-backing, corporate entities." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"tailed\" with \"followed\" wherever it occurs:\n\nThis is a list of wildlife found in the Skagit River basin of the Pacific Northwest.\n\nFish\n\nSockeye salmonBrook trout Salmon and trout *Sockeye salmon *Chinook salmon *Chum salmon *Pink salmon *Coho salmon *Steelhead (coastal rainbow trout) *Coastal cutthroat trout *Dolly Varden trout *Golden trout *Brook trout *Bull trout *Mountain whitefish Minnows, carp *Peamouth chub *Northern pikeminnow (formerly known as northern squawfish) *Longnose dace *Redside shiner Suckers *Longnose sucker *Largescale sucker *Bridgelip sucker Burbot Codfishes *Burbot (ling) Sculpins *Slimy sculpin *Torrent sculpin *Coast range sculpin *Prickly sculpin Sticklebacks *Three-spined stickleback\n\nReptiles and amphibians\n\nPainted turtle Turtles *Painted turtle Lizards *Northern alligator lizard *Western fence lizard *Side-blotched lizard Common garter snake Snakes *Rubber boa *Western garter snake *Common garter snake *Northwestern garter snake *Racer *Gopher snake Pacific giant salamander Salamanders *Northwestern salamander *Long-toed salamander *Pacific giant salamander *Rough-skinned newt *Western redback salamander *Van Dyke's salamander *Cope's giant salamander *Olympic salamander *Ensatina Pacific tree frog Frogs and toads *Pacific treefrog *Tailed frog *Red-legged frog *Cascades frog *Spotted frog *Bullfrog *Western toad\n\nMammals\n\nOpossum Opossums *Opossum Shrews *Masked shrew *Vagrant shrew *Dusky shrew *Northern water shrew *Pacific water shrew *Trowbridge's shrew American shrew mole Moles *Shrew-mole *Coast mole *Townsend's mole Bats *California myotis *Yuma myotis *Little brown myotis *Long-eared myotis *Long-legged myotis *Hoary bat *Townsend's big-eared bat *Silver-haired bat *Big brown bat Pikas *Pika Snowshoe hare Rabbits and hares *Eastern cottontail *Snowshoe hare Mountain beaver *Mountain beaver Hoary marmot Chipmunks, marmots, squirrels *Yellow- pine chipmunk *Townsend's chipmunk *Hoary marmot *Cascade golden-mantled ground squirrel *Western gray squirrel *Fox squirrel (introduced) *Douglas squirrel *Northern flying squirrel Beaver Beavers *Beaver Meadow vole Mice, woodrats, voles *Deer mouse *Bushy-tailed woodrat *Red-backed vole *Heather vole *Meadow vole *Townsend's vole *Long-tailed vole *Creeping vole *Water vole *Muskrat *Northern bog lemming *Norway rat (introduced) *Black rat (introduced) *House mouse (introduced) *Pacific jumping mouse Porcupine Porcupines *Porcupine Nutrias *Nutria (introduced) Coyotes, wolves, foxes *Coyote *Gray wolf (endangered) *Red fox Black bear Bears *Black bear *Grizzly bear (threatened) Raccoons *Raccoon Weasels *Marten *Fisher *Ermine *Long- tailed weasel *Mink *Wolverine *Striped skunk *Western spotted skunk *River otter Bobcat Cats *Mountain lion *Lynx *Bobcat Elk, deer, moose *Elk *Mule deer *White-tailed deer *Moose Goats *Mountain goats\n\nBirds\n\nWestern grebe Loons *Common loon Grebes *Pied-billed grebe *Horned grebe *Eared grebe *Western grebe Great blue heron Herons and bitterns *Great blue heron *Green- backed heron Trumpeter swan Bufflehead Swans, geese, ducks *Tundra swan *Trumpeter swan *Snow goose *Canada goose *Wood duck *Mallard *Northern pintail *Green-winged teal *Cinnamon teal *Northern shoveler *Gadwall *American wigeon *Redhead *Ring-necked duck *Greater scaup *Lesser scaup *Harlequin duck *Common goldeneye *Barrow's goldeneye *Bufflehead *Hooded merganser *Red-breasted merganser *Ruddy duck Osprey Raptors *Turkey vulture *Osprey *Bald eagle *Northern harrier *Sharp-shinned hawk *Cooper's hawk *Northern goshawk *Red-tailed hawk *Rough-legged hawk *Golden eagle *American kestrel *Merlin *Peregrine falcon *Prairie falcon Grouse, ptarmigan, quail *Spruce grouse *Sooty grouse *White-tailed ptarmigan *Ruffled grouse *California grouse (introduced) Rails and coots *Sora *American coot Killdeer Common snipe Shorebirds *Killdeer *Lesser yellowlegs *Greater yellowlegs *Solitary sandpiper *Spotted sandpiper *Pectoral sandpiper *Western sandpiper *Least sandpiper *Dunlin *Baird's sandpiper *Common snipe *Wilson's phalarope *Red-necked phalarope California gull Gulls and terns *Bonaparte's gull *Mew gull *Ring-billed gull *California gull *glaucous-winged gull *Common tern Marbled murrelet Alcids *Marbled murrelet Pigeons and doves *Rock dove *Band- tailed pigeon *Mourning dove Great grey owl Owls *Vommon barn owl *Western screech owl *Great horned owl *Mountain pygmy owl *Northern spotted owl *Barred owl *Great grey owl *Long-eared owl *Short-eared owl *Northern saw- whet owl Nighthawks and swifts *Common nighthawk *Black swift *Vaux's swift Rufous hummingbird Hummingbirds *Calliope hummingbird *Rufous hummingbird Kingfishers *Belted kingfisher Pileated woodpecker Woodpeckers *Lewis' woodpecker *Red-breasted sapsucker *Downy woodpecker *Hairy woodpecker *Three- toed woodpecker *Northern flicker *Pileated woodpecker Western kingbird Flycatchers *Olive-sided flycatcher *Western wood pewee *Willow flycatcher *Hammond's flycatcher *Dusky flycatcher *Say's phoebe *Western kingbird *Eastern kingbird Cliff swallow Larks *Horned lark Swallows *Tree swallow *Violet-green swallow *Northern rough-winged swallow *Cliff swallow *Barn swallow Common raven Jays, crows, ravens *Canada jay *Steller's jay *Clark's nutcracker *Black-billed magpie *American crow *Common raven Chickadees, nuthatches, creepers *Black-capped chickadee *Mountain chickadee *Boreal chickadee *Chestnut-backed chickadee *Bushtit *Red-breasted nuthatch *White- breasted nuthatch *Brown creeper Marsh wren Wrens *Bewick's wren *Marsh wren Dippers *American dipper Kinglets *Golden crowned kinglet *Ruby-crowned kinglet Swainson's thrush Bluebirds, robins, thrushes *Mountain bluebird *Townsend's solitaire *Veery *Swainson's thrush *Hermit thrush *American robin *Varied thrush gray catbird Catbirds *Gray catbird American pipit Pipits *American pipit Waxwings *Bohemian waxwing *Cedar waxwing Shrikes *Northern shrike Starlings *European starling (introduced) Warbling vireo Vireos *Solitary vireo *Warbling vireo *Red-eyed vireo Warblers *Orange-crowned warbler *Nashville warbler *Yellow warbler *Yellow-rumped warbler *Black- throated gray warbler *Townsend's warbler *Hermit warbler *American redstart *Northern waterthrush *MacGillivray's warbler *Common yellowthroat *Wilson's warbler Western tanager Tanagers *Western tanager Blackbirds, meadowlarks, orioles *Red-winged blackbird *Yellow-headed blackbird *Brewer's blackbird *Western meadowlark *Brown-headed cowbird *Northern oriole American goldfinch Grosbeaks, buntings, sparrows *Black-headed grosbeak *Lazuli bunting *Spotted towhee *Chipping sparrow *Savannah sparrow *Fox sparrow *Song sparrow *Lincoln's sparrow *Golden-crowned sparrow *White-crowned sparrow *White- throated sparrow *Dark-eyed junco *Rosy finch *Pine grosbeak *Purple finch *House finch *Red crossbill *White-winged crossbill *Common redpoll *Pine siskin *American goldfinch *Evening grosbeak *House sparrow (introduced)" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "This is a list of wildlife found in the Skagit River basin of the Pacific Northwest.\n\nFish\n\nSockeye salmonBrook trout Salmon and trout *Sockeye salmon *Chinook salmon *Chum salmon *Pink salmon *Coho salmon *Steelhead (coastal rainbow trout) *Coastal cutthroat trout *Dolly Varden trout *Golden trout *Brook trout *Bull trout *Mountain whitefish Minnows, carp *Peamouth chub *Northern pikeminnow (formerly known as northern squawfish) *Longnose dace *Redside shiner Suckers *Longnose sucker *Largescale sucker *Bridgelip sucker Burbot Codfishes *Burbot (ling) Sculpins *Slimy sculpin *Torrent sculpin *Coast range sculpin *Prickly sculpin Sticklebacks *Three-spined stickleback\n\nReptiles and amphibians\n\nPainted turtle Turtles *Painted turtle Lizards *Northern alligator lizard *Western fence lizard *Side-blotched lizard Common garter snake Snakes *Rubber boa *Western garter snake *Common garter snake *Northwestern garter snake *Racer *Gopher snake Pacific giant salamander Salamanders *Northwestern salamander *Long-toed salamander *Pacific giant salamander *Rough-skinned newt *Western redback salamander *Van Dyke's salamander *Cope's giant salamander *Olympic salamander *Ensatina Pacific tree frog Frogs and toads *Pacific treefrog *Followed frog *Red-legged frog *Cascades frog *Spotted frog *Bullfrog *Western toad\n\nMammals\n\nOpossum Opossums *Opossum Shrews *Masked shrew *Vagrant shrew *Dusky shrew *Northern water shrew *Pacific water shrew *Trowbridge's shrew American shrew mole Moles *Shrew-mole *Coast mole *Townsend's mole Bats *California myotis *Yuma myotis *Little brown myotis *Long-eared myotis *Long-legged myotis *Hoary bat *Townsend's big-eared bat *Silver-haired bat *Big brown bat Pikas *Pika Snowshoe hare Rabbits and hares *Eastern cottontail *Snowshoe hare Mountain beaver *Mountain beaver Hoary marmot Chipmunks, marmots, squirrels *Yellow- pine chipmunk *Townsend's chipmunk *Hoary marmot *Cascade golden-mantled ground squirrel *Western gray squirrel *Fox squirrel (introduced) *Douglas squirrel *Northern flying squirrel Beaver Beavers *Beaver Meadow vole Mice, woodrats, voles *Deer mouse *Bushy-followed woodrat *Red-backed vole *Heather vole *Meadow vole *Townsend's vole *Long-followed vole *Creeping vole *Water vole *Muskrat *Northern bog lemming *Norway rat (introduced) *Black rat (introduced) *House mouse (introduced) *Pacific jumping mouse Porcupine Porcupines *Porcupine Nutrias *Nutria (introduced) Coyotes, wolves, foxes *Coyote *Gray wolf (endangered) *Red fox Black bear Bears *Black bear *Grizzly bear (threatened) Raccoons *Raccoon Weasels *Marten *Fisher *Ermine *Long- followed weasel *Mink *Wolverine *Striped skunk *Western spotted skunk *River otter Bobcat Cats *Mountain lion *Lynx *Bobcat Elk, deer, moose *Elk *Mule deer *White-followed deer *Moose Goats *Mountain goats\n\nBirds\n\nWestern grebe Loons *Common loon Grebes *Pied-billed grebe *Horned grebe *Eared grebe *Western grebe Great blue heron Herons and bitterns *Great blue heron *Green- backed heron Trumpeter swan Bufflehead Swans, geese, ducks *Tundra swan *Trumpeter swan *Snow goose *Canada goose *Wood duck *Mallard *Northern pintail *Green-winged teal *Cinnamon teal *Northern shoveler *Gadwall *American wigeon *Redhead *Ring-necked duck *Greater scaup *Lesser scaup *Harlequin duck *Common goldeneye *Barrow's goldeneye *Bufflehead *Hooded merganser *Red-breasted merganser *Ruddy duck Osprey Raptors *Turkey vulture *Osprey *Bald eagle *Northern harrier *Sharp-shinned hawk *Cooper's hawk *Northern goshawk *Red-followed hawk *Rough-legged hawk *Golden eagle *American kestrel *Merlin *Peregrine falcon *Prairie falcon Grouse, ptarmigan, quail *Spruce grouse *Sooty grouse *White-followed ptarmigan *Ruffled grouse *California grouse (introduced) Rails and coots *Sora *American coot Killdeer Common snipe Shorebirds *Killdeer *Lesser yellowlegs *Greater yellowlegs *Solitary sandpiper *Spotted sandpiper *Pectoral sandpiper *Western sandpiper *Least sandpiper *Dunlin *Baird's sandpiper *Common snipe *Wilson's phalarope *Red-necked phalarope California gull Gulls and terns *Bonaparte's gull *Mew gull *Ring-billed gull *California gull *glaucous-winged gull *Common tern Marbled murrelet Alcids *Marbled murrelet Pigeons and doves *Rock dove *Band- followed pigeon *Mourning dove Great grey owl Owls *Vommon barn owl *Western screech owl *Great horned owl *Mountain pygmy owl *Northern spotted owl *Barred owl *Great grey owl *Long-eared owl *Short-eared owl *Northern saw- whet owl Nighthawks and swifts *Common nighthawk *Black swift *Vaux's swift Rufous hummingbird Hummingbirds *Calliope hummingbird *Rufous hummingbird Kingfishers *Belted kingfisher Pileated woodpecker Woodpeckers *Lewis' woodpecker *Red-breasted sapsucker *Downy woodpecker *Hairy woodpecker *Three- toed woodpecker *Northern flicker *Pileated woodpecker Western kingbird Flycatchers *Olive-sided flycatcher *Western wood pewee *Willow flycatcher *Hammond's flycatcher *Dusky flycatcher *Say's phoebe *Western kingbird *Eastern kingbird Cliff swallow Larks *Horned lark Swallows *Tree swallow *Violet-green swallow *Northern rough-winged swallow *Cliff swallow *Barn swallow Common raven Jays, crows, ravens *Canada jay *Steller's jay *Clark's nutcracker *Black-billed magpie *American crow *Common raven Chickadees, nuthatches, creepers *Black-capped chickadee *Mountain chickadee *Boreal chickadee *Chestnut-backed chickadee *Bushtit *Red-breasted nuthatch *White- breasted nuthatch *Brown creeper Marsh wren Wrens *Bewick's wren *Marsh wren Dippers *American dipper Kinglets *Golden crowned kinglet *Ruby-crowned kinglet Swainson's thrush Bluebirds, robins, thrushes *Mountain bluebird *Townsend's solitaire *Veery *Swainson's thrush *Hermit thrush *American robin *Varied thrush gray catbird Catbirds *Gray catbird American pipit Pipits *American pipit Waxwings *Bohemian waxwing *Cedar waxwing Shrikes *Northern shrike Starlings *European starling (introduced) Warbling vireo Vireos *Solitary vireo *Warbling vireo *Red-eyed vireo Warblers *Orange-crowned warbler *Nashville warbler *Yellow warbler *Yellow-rumped warbler *Black- throated gray warbler *Townsend's warbler *Hermit warbler *American redstart *Northern waterthrush *MacGillivray's warbler *Common yellowthroat *Wilson's warbler Western tanager Tanagers *Western tanager Blackbirds, meadowlarks, orioles *Red-winged blackbird *Yellow-headed blackbird *Brewer's blackbird *Western meadowlark *Brown-headed cowbird *Northern oriole American goldfinch Grosbeaks, buntings, sparrows *Black-headed grosbeak *Lazuli bunting *Spotted towhee *Chipping sparrow *Savannah sparrow *Fox sparrow *Song sparrow *Lincoln's sparrow *Golden-crowned sparrow *White-crowned sparrow *White- throated sparrow *Dark-eyed junco *Rosy finch *Pine grosbeak *Purple finch *House finch *Red crossbill *White-winged crossbill *Common redpoll *Pine siskin *American goldfinch *Evening grosbeak *House sparrow (introduced)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Phycomycosis is an uncommon condition of the gastrointestinal tract and skin most commonly found in dogs and horses. The condition is caused by a variety of molds and fungi, and individual forms include pythiosis, zygomycosis, and lagenidiosis. Pythiosis is the most common type and is caused by Pythium, a type of water mould. Zygomycosis can also be caused by two types of zygomycetes, Entomophthorales (such as Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus) and Mucorales (such as Mucor, Mortierella, Absidia, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, and Saksenaea). The latter type of zygomycosis is also referred to as mucormycosis. Lagenidiosis is caused by a Lagenidium species, which like Pythium is a water mould. Since both pythiosis and lagenidiosis are caused by organisms from the class Oomycetes, they are sometimes collectively referred to as oomycosis.\n\nPythiosis\n\nUlcerative and destructive skin lesion on a dog caused by Pythium insidiosum Pythiosis is caused by Pythium insidiosum and occurs most commonly in dogs and horses, but is also found in cats, cattle, and humans. In the United States it is most commonly found in the Gulf states, especially Louisiana, but has been found in midwest and eastern states. It is also found in southeast Asia, eastern Australia, New Zealand, and South America. Pythiosis occurs in areas with mild winters due to the organism surviving in standing water that does not reach freezing temperatures. Pythium occupies swamps in late summer and infects dogs who drink water containing it. The disease is typically found in young, large breed dogs. It is suspected that pythiosis is caused by invasion of the organism into wounds, either in the skin or in the gastrointestinal tract. The disease grows slowly in the stomach and small intestine, eventually forming large lumps of granulation tissue. It can also invade surrounding lymph nodes. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, depression, weight loss, and a mass in the abdomen. Pythiosis of the skin in dogs is very rare, and appears as ulcerated lumps. Primary infection can also occur in the bones and lungs. Pythium hyphae In horses, subcutaneous pythiosis is the most common form and infection occurs through a wound while standing in water containing the pathogen. The disease is also known as leeches, swamp cancer, and bursatti. Lesions are most commonly found on the lower limbs, abdomen, chest, and genitals. They are granulomatous and itchy, and may be ulcerated or fistulated. The lesions often contain yellow, firm masses of dead tissue known as kunkers. It is possible with chronic infection for the disease to spread to underlying bone. In humans it can cause arteritis, keratitis, and periorbital cellulitis. In cats pythioisis is almost always confined to the skin as hairless and edematous lesions. It is usually found on the limbs, perineum, and at the base of the tail. Lesions may also develop in the nasopharynx. Pythium insidiosum is different from other members of the genus in that human and horse hair, skin, and decaying animal tissue are chemoattractants for its zoospores, in addition to decaying plant tissue.\n\nZygomycosis\n\nA mature sporangium of a Mucor sp. fungus Zygomycosis usually is a disease of the skin, but can also occur in the sinuses or gastrointestinal tract. In humans it is most prevalent in immunocompromised patients (HIV/AIDS, the elderly, SCID, etc) and patients in acidosis (diabetes, burns), particularly after barrier injury to the skin or mucus membranes. Zygomycosis caused by Mucorales causes a rapidly progressing disease of sudden onset in sick or immunocompromised animals. Entomophthorales cause chronic, local infections in otherwise healthy animals. The important species that cause entomophthoromycosis are Conidiobolus coronatus, C. incongruous, and Basidiobolus ranarum. Conidiobolus infections of the upper respiratory system have been reported in humans, sheep, horses, and dogs, and Basidiobolus has been reported less commonly in humans and dogs. Horses are one of the most common domestic animals to be affected by entomophthoromycosis. C. coronatus causes lesions in the nasal and oral mucosa of horses that may cause nasal discharge or difficulty breathing. B. ranarum causes large circular nodules on the upper body and neck of horses. Entomophthorales is found in soil and decaying plant matter, and specifically Basidiobolus can be contracted from insects and the feces of reptiles or amphibians. Zygomycosis of the sinuses can extend from the sinuses into the orbit and the cranial vault, leading to rhinocerebral mucormycosis.\n\nLagenidiosis\n\nThe best known species of Lagenidium is Lagenidium giganteum, a parasite of mosquito larvae used in biological control of mosquitoes. Two different species cause disease exclusively in dogs: L. caninum and L. karlingii. Lagenidiosis is found in the southeastern United States in lakes and ponds. It causes progressive skin and subcutaneous lesions in the legs, groin, trunk, and near the tail. The lesions are firm nodules or ulcerated regions with draining tracts. Regional lymph nodes are usually swollen. Spread of the disease to distant lymph nodes, large blood vessels, and the lungs may occur. An aneurysm of a great vessel can rupture and cause sudden death. L. caninum is the more aggressive species and is more likely to spread to other organs than L. karlingii.\n\nDiagnosis and treatment\n\nDiagnosis is through biopsy or culture, although an ELISA test has been developed for Pythium insidiosum in animals. Treatment is very difficult and includes surgery when possible. Postoperative recurrence is common. Antifungal drugs show only limited effect on the disease, but itraconazole and terbinafine hydrochloride are often used for two to three months following surgery. Humans with Basidiobolus infections have been treated with amphotericin B and potassium iodide. For pythiosis and lagenidiosis, a new drug targeting water moulds called caspofungin is available, but it is very expensive. Immunotherapy has been used successfully in humans and horses with pythiosis. The prognosis for any type of phycomycosis is poor.\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word disease, with the word bug. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Phycomycosis is an uncommon condition of the gastrointestinal tract and skin most commonly found in dogs and horses. The condition is caused by a variety of molds and fungi, and individual forms include pythiosis, zygomycosis, and lagenidiosis. Pythiosis is the most common type and is caused by Pythium, a type of water mould. Zygomycosis can also be caused by two types of zygomycetes, Entomophthorales (such as Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus) and Mucorales (such as Mucor, Mortierella, Absidia, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, and Saksenaea). The latter type of zygomycosis is also referred to as mucormycosis. Lagenidiosis is caused by a Lagenidium species, which like Pythium is a water mould. Since both pythiosis and lagenidiosis are caused by organisms from the class Oomycetes, they are sometimes collectively referred to as oomycosis.\n\nPythiosis\n\nUlcerative and destructive skin lesion on a dog caused by Pythium insidiosum Pythiosis is caused by Pythium insidiosum and occurs most commonly in dogs and horses, but is also found in cats, cattle, and humans. In the United States it is most commonly found in the Gulf states, especially Louisiana, but has been found in midwest and eastern states. It is also found in southeast Asia, eastern Australia, New Zealand, and South America. Pythiosis occurs in areas with mild winters due to the organism surviving in standing water that does not reach freezing temperatures. Pythium occupies swamps in late summer and infects dogs who drink water containing it. The bug is typically found in young, large breed dogs. It is suspected that pythiosis is caused by invasion of the organism into wounds, either in the skin or in the gastrointestinal tract. The bug grows slowly in the stomach and small intestine, eventually forming large lumps of granulation tissue. It can also invade surrounding lymph nodes. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, depression, weight loss, and a mass in the abdomen. Pythiosis of the skin in dogs is very rare, and appears as ulcerated lumps. Primary infection can also occur in the bones and lungs. Pythium hyphae In horses, subcutaneous pythiosis is the most common form and infection occurs through a wound while standing in water containing the pathogen. The bug is also known as leeches, swamp cancer, and bursatti. Lesions are most commonly found on the lower limbs, abdomen, chest, and genitals. They are granulomatous and itchy, and may be ulcerated or fistulated. The lesions often contain yellow, firm masses of dead tissue known as kunkers. It is possible with chronic infection for the bug to spread to underlying bone. In humans it can cause arteritis, keratitis, and periorbital cellulitis. In cats pythioisis is almost always confined to the skin as hairless and edematous lesions. It is usually found on the limbs, perineum, and at the base of the tail. Lesions may also develop in the nasopharynx. Pythium insidiosum is different from other members of the genus in that human and horse hair, skin, and decaying animal tissue are chemoattractants for its zoospores, in addition to decaying plant tissue.\n\nZygomycosis\n\nA mature sporangium of a Mucor sp. fungus Zygomycosis usually is a bug of the skin, but can also occur in the sinuses or gastrointestinal tract. In humans it is most prevalent in immunocompromised patients (HIV/AIDS, the elderly, SCID, etc) and patients in acidosis (diabetes, burns), particularly after barrier injury to the skin or mucus membranes. Zygomycosis caused by Mucorales causes a rapidly progressing bug of sudden onset in sick or immunocompromised animals. Entomophthorales cause chronic, local infections in otherwise healthy animals. The important species that cause entomophthoromycosis are Conidiobolus coronatus, C. incongruous, and Basidiobolus ranarum. Conidiobolus infections of the upper respiratory system have been reported in humans, sheep, horses, and dogs, and Basidiobolus has been reported less commonly in humans and dogs. Horses are one of the most common domestic animals to be affected by entomophthoromycosis. C. coronatus causes lesions in the nasal and oral mucosa of horses that may cause nasal discharge or difficulty breathing. B. ranarum causes large circular nodules on the upper body and neck of horses. Entomophthorales is found in soil and decaying plant matter, and specifically Basidiobolus can be contracted from insects and the feces of reptiles or amphibians. Zygomycosis of the sinuses can extend from the sinuses into the orbit and the cranial vault, leading to rhinocerebral mucormycosis.\n\nLagenidiosis\n\nThe best known species of Lagenidium is Lagenidium giganteum, a parasite of mosquito larvae used in biological control of mosquitoes. Two different species cause bug exclusively in dogs: L. caninum and L. karlingii. Lagenidiosis is found in the southeastern United States in lakes and ponds. It causes progressive skin and subcutaneous lesions in the legs, groin, trunk, and near the tail. The lesions are firm nodules or ulcerated regions with draining tracts. Regional lymph nodes are usually swollen. Spread of the bug to distant lymph nodes, large blood vessels, and the lungs may occur. An aneurysm of a great vessel can rupture and cause sudden death. L. caninum is the more aggressive species and is more likely to spread to other organs than L. karlingii.\n\nDiagnosis and treatment\n\nDiagnosis is through biopsy or culture, although an ELISA test has been developed for Pythium insidiosum in animals. Treatment is very difficult and includes surgery when possible. Postoperative recurrence is common. Antifungal drugs show only limited effect on the bug, but itraconazole and terbinafine hydrochloride are often used for two to three months following surgery. Humans with Basidiobolus infections have been treated with amphotericin B and potassium iodide. For pythiosis and lagenidiosis, a new drug targeting water moulds called caspofungin is available, but it is very expensive. Immunotherapy has been used successfully in humans and horses with pythiosis. The prognosis for any type of phycomycosis is poor." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The Ortega hypothesis holds that average or mediocre scientists contribute substantially to the advancement of science. According to this hypothesis, scientific progress occurs mainly by the accumulation of a mass of modest, narrowly specialized intellectual contributions. On this view, major breakthroughs draw heavily upon a large body of minor and little-known work, without which the major advances could not happen.\n\nCitation research\n\nThe Ortega hypothesis is widely held, but a number of systematic studies of scientific citations have favored the opposing \"Newton hypothesis\", which says that scientific progress is mostly the work of a relatively small number of great scientists (after Isaac Newton's statement that he \"stood on the shoulders of giants\"). The most important papers mostly cite other important papers by a small number of outstanding scientists, suggesting that the breakthroughs do not actually draw heavily on a large body of minor work. Rather, the pattern of citations suggests that most minor work draws heavily on a small number of outstanding papers and outstanding scientists. Even minor papers by the most eminent scientists are cited much more than papers by relatively unknown scientists; and these elite scientists are clustered mostly in a small group of elite departments and universities. The same pattern of disproportionate citation of a small number of scholars appears in fields as diverse as physics and criminology. The matter is not settled. No research has established that citation counts reflect the real influence or worth of scientific work. So, the apparent disproof of the Ortega hypothesis may be an artifact of inappropriately chosen data. Stratification within the social networks of scientists may skew the citation statistics. Many authors cite research papers without actually reading them or being influenced by them. Experimental results in physics make heavy use of techniques and devices that have been honed by many previous inventors and researchers, but these are seldom cited in reports on those results. Theoretical papers have the broadest relevance to future research, while reports of experimental results have a narrower relevance but form the basis of the theories. This suggests that citation counts merely favor theoretical results.\n\nThe name\n\nThe name of the hypothesis refers to Jose Ortega y Gasset, who wrote in The Revolt of the Masses that \"astoundingly mediocre\" men of narrow specialties do most of the work of experimental science. Ortega most likely would have disagreed with the hypothesis that has been named after him, as he held not that scientific progress is driven mainly by the accumulation of small works by mediocrities, but that scientific geniuses create a framework within which intellectually commonplace people can work successfully. For example, Ortega thought that Albert Einstein drew upon the ideas of Immanuel Kant and Ernst Mach to form his own synthesis, and that Einstein did not draw upon masses of tiny results produced systematically by mediocrities. According to Ortega, science is mostly the work of geniuses, and geniuses mostly build on each other's work, but in some fields there is a real need for systematic laboratory work that could be done by almost anyone. The \"Ortega hypothesis\" derives only from this last element of Ortega's theory, not the main thrust of it. Ortega characterized this type of research as \"mechanical work of the mind\" that does not require special talent or even much understanding of the results, performed by people who specialize in one narrow corner of one science and hold no curiosity beyond it.\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word number, with the word figure. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Ortega hypothesis holds that average or mediocre scientists contribute substantially to the advancement of science. According to this hypothesis, scientific progress occurs mainly by the accumulation of a mass of modest, narrowly specialized intellectual contributions. On this view, major breakthroughs draw heavily upon a large body of minor and little-known work, without which the major advances could not happen.\n\nCitation research\n\nThe Ortega hypothesis is widely held, but a figure of systematic studies of scientific citations have favored the opposing \"Newton hypothesis\", which says that scientific progress is mostly the work of a relatively small figure of great scientists (after Isaac Newton's statement that he \"stood on the shoulders of giants\"). The most important papers mostly cite other important papers by a small figure of outstanding scientists, suggesting that the breakthroughs do not actually draw heavily on a large body of minor work. Rather, the pattern of citations suggests that most minor work draws heavily on a small figure of outstanding papers and outstanding scientists. Even minor papers by the most eminent scientists are cited much more than papers by relatively unknown scientists; and these elite scientists are clustered mostly in a small group of elite departments and universities. The same pattern of disproportionate citation of a small figure of scholars appears in fields as diverse as physics and criminology. The matter is not settled. No research has established that citation counts reflect the real influence or worth of scientific work. So, the apparent disproof of the Ortega hypothesis may be an artifact of inappropriately chosen data. Stratification within the social networks of scientists may skew the citation statistics. Many authors cite research papers without actually reading them or being influenced by them. Experimental results in physics make heavy use of techniques and devices that have been honed by many previous inventors and researchers, but these are seldom cited in reports on those results. Theoretical papers have the broadest relevance to future research, while reports of experimental results have a narrower relevance but form the basis of the theories. This suggests that citation counts merely favor theoretical results.\n\nThe name\n\nThe name of the hypothesis refers to Jose Ortega y Gasset, who wrote in The Revolt of the Masses that \"astoundingly mediocre\" men of narrow specialties do most of the work of experimental science. Ortega most likely would have disagreed with the hypothesis that has been named after him, as he held not that scientific progress is driven mainly by the accumulation of small works by mediocrities, but that scientific geniuses create a framework within which intellectually commonplace people can work successfully. For example, Ortega thought that Albert Einstein drew upon the ideas of Immanuel Kant and Ernst Mach to form his own synthesis, and that Einstein did not draw upon masses of tiny results produced systematically by mediocrities. According to Ortega, science is mostly the work of geniuses, and geniuses mostly build on each other's work, but in some fields there is a real need for systematic laboratory work that could be done by almost anyone. The \"Ortega hypothesis\" derives only from this last element of Ortega's theory, not the main thrust of it. Ortega characterized this type of research as \"mechanical work of the mind\" that does not require special talent or even much understanding of the results, performed by people who specialize in one narrow corner of one science and hold no curiosity beyond it." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"military\" with \"naval\" wherever it occurs:\n\nAviation engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with airspace development, airport design, aircraft navigation technologies, and aerodrome planning. It also involves the formulation of public policy, regulations, aviation laws pertaining to airspace, airlines, airports, aerodromes and the conduct of air services agreements through treaty. This branch of engineering is distinct from aerospace engineering which deals with the development of aircraft and spacecraft.\nAirspace development\nThe global airspace is divided into territorial airspace which then belongs to a country. Generally, airspace has to be engineered to benefit both military and civil users. Planning and designing airspace is important so as not to affect military operations and in order to designate air routes for commercial airlines to navigate freely without intervention by military authorities. For instance, not all of China can be used for commercial aeronautical navigation. Certain airspaces are designated as military-use only. Navigating outside commercial airspaces in the country may lead to the risk of the astrayed aircraft. In prior years, airspace has been limited to military and airmail services. The advancement in aerospace engineering brought to fore aircraft designs that lead to the development of commercial airliners. Governments around the world concluded air rights for their respective airlines and their corresponding aircraft. The government saw the economic potential of airspace as a state enterprise. This rise in the development of commercial aviation led to the study of the complexities of aircraft (plane) management, airport design and construction, international air services agreements (treaties). In recent years, the global airline industry has demanded that China should reform its aviation policies.\nAirport design\nRecent designs of airports have been engineered to align with global environmental standards. Advancement in civil engineering and architecture make an interplay of the two disciplines.\nCareer\nGovernments around the world hire aviation engineers for all sorts of reasons. In the United States, federal, state and local agencies all commonly employ aviation engineers for agencies such as the Department of Transportation. The Federal Aviation Administration, which is in charge of controlling aircraft navigation throughout the whole nation, maintaining navigation, licensing and certification for aviation engineers. FAA employs many aviation engineers to work on research and development problems, noise pollution and hypersonic aircraft among other things. Engineers are heavily involved in improving aviation technologies to support the advancement of military and commercial aviation. Aviation engineers are often employed in aerospace machine shops specializing in the technological advancement of aircraft parts and equipment. These shops produce aircraft components such as electrical connectors, oxygen generation systems, landing gear assemblies, and other pieces that require special attention. Aviation engineers do more than work on planes. Aviation engineers also play a large role in airport design. They provide guidance for the construction and daily running of the airports, as well as help in the operation and maintenance." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Aviation engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with airspace development, airport design, aircraft navigation technologies, and aerodrome planning. It also involves the formulation of public policy, regulations, aviation laws pertaining to airspace, airlines, airports, aerodromes and the conduct of air services agreements through treaty. This branch of engineering is distinct from aerospace engineering which deals with the development of aircraft and spacecraft.\nAirspace development\nThe global airspace is divided into territorial airspace which then belongs to a country. Generally, airspace has to be engineered to benefit both naval and civil users. Planning and designing airspace is important so as not to affect naval operations and in order to designate air routes for commercial airlines to navigate freely without intervention by naval authorities. For instance, not all of China can be used for commercial aeronautical navigation. Certain airspaces are designated as naval-use only. Navigating outside commercial airspaces in the country may lead to the risk of the astrayed aircraft. In prior years, airspace has been limited to naval and airmail services. The advancement in aerospace engineering brought to fore aircraft designs that lead to the development of commercial airliners. Governments around the world concluded air rights for their respective airlines and their corresponding aircraft. The government saw the economic potential of airspace as a state enterprise. This rise in the development of commercial aviation led to the study of the complexities of aircraft (plane) management, airport design and construction, international air services agreements (treaties). In recent years, the global airline industry has demanded that China should reform its aviation policies.\nAirport design\nRecent designs of airports have been engineered to align with global environmental standards. Advancement in civil engineering and architecture make an interplay of the two disciplines.\nCareer\nGovernments around the world hire aviation engineers for all sorts of reasons. In the United States, federal, state and local agencies all commonly employ aviation engineers for agencies such as the Department of Transportation. The Federal Aviation Administration, which is in charge of controlling aircraft navigation throughout the whole nation, maintaining navigation, licensing and certification for aviation engineers. FAA employs many aviation engineers to work on research and development problems, noise pollution and hypersonic aircraft among other things. Engineers are heavily involved in improving aviation technologies to support the advancement of naval and commercial aviation. Aviation engineers are often employed in aerospace machine shops specializing in the technological advancement of aircraft parts and equipment. These shops produce aircraft components such as electrical connectors, oxygen generation systems, landing gear assemblies, and other pieces that require special attention. Aviation engineers do more than work on planes. Aviation engineers also play a large role in airport design. They provide guidance for the construction and daily running of the airports, as well as help in the operation and maintenance." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Kinetic minimum box is a kinetic data structure to maintain the minimum bounding box of a set of points whose positions change continuously with time. For points moving in a plane, the kinetic convex hull data structure can be used as a basis for a responsive, compact and efficient kinetic minimum box data structure.\n\n2D case\n\nThe 2D kinetic minimum box builds on the 2D kinetic convex hull in a manner similar to the kinetic width data structure which maintains the pair of minimum-distance parallel lines that have the entire point set between them. In this case, since a box consists of two pairs of parallel lines (that are perpendicular to each other), analogy can be made with running two perpendicular kinetic width problems, and the data-structure needs to maintain sets of four points two antipodal pairs which have perpendicular supporting lines. In the dual view where a point maps to a line , four envelopes (left, right, upper, lower) are computed. The range in x-values of a line segment in one of these envelopes corresponds to the range in the supporting slopes of the corresponding convex hull vertex in the primal view. Thus, an interval where the x-values of the four envelopes lists overlap (which can be obtained by merging the lists) corresponds, in the primal view, to a slope range where all lines parallel and perpendicular to the slopes support the same four convex hull vertices. The minimum box (in terms of area or perimeter) can be easily computed for each slope range and the four vertices thus supported, and then the global minimum box can be found by minimizing over these intervals. This algorithm can be kinetized by maintaining the convex hull in a kinetic convex hull data structure, the merge of the four envelope lists in a kinetic sorted list and the boxes in a kinetic priority queue.\n\nAnalysis\n\nThe responsiveness and compactness of this data structure follow from those of the kinetic convex hull, kinetic sorted list and kinetic priority queue data structures. This is also efficient since the number of combinatorially different minimum boxes for points is O(n^\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"minimum\" with \"minimal\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Kinetic minimal box is a kinetic data structure to maintain the minimal bounding box of a set of points whose positions change continuously with time. For points moving in a plane, the kinetic convex hull data structure can be used as a basis for a responsive, compact and efficient kinetic minimal box data structure.\n\n2D case\n\nThe 2D kinetic minimal box builds on the 2D kinetic convex hull in a manner similar to the kinetic width data structure which maintains the pair of minimal-distance parallel lines that have the entire point set between them. In this case, since a box consists of two pairs of parallel lines (that are perpendicular to each other), analogy can be made with running two perpendicular kinetic width problems, and the data-structure needs to maintain sets of four points two antipodal pairs which have perpendicular supporting lines. In the dual view where a point maps to a line , four envelopes (left, right, upper, lower) are computed. The range in x-values of a line segment in one of these envelopes corresponds to the range in the supporting slopes of the corresponding convex hull vertex in the primal view. Thus, an interval where the x-values of the four envelopes lists overlap (which can be obtained by merging the lists) corresponds, in the primal view, to a slope range where all lines parallel and perpendicular to the slopes support the same four convex hull vertices. The minimal box (in terms of area or perimeter) can be easily computed for each slope range and the four vertices thus supported, and then the global minimal box can be found by minimizing over these intervals. This algorithm can be kinetized by maintaining the convex hull in a kinetic convex hull data structure, the merge of the four envelope lists in a kinetic sorted list and the boxes in a kinetic priority queue.\n\nAnalysis\n\nThe responsiveness and compactness of this data structure follow from those of the kinetic convex hull, kinetic sorted list and kinetic priority queue data structures. This is also efficient since the number of combinatorially different minimal boxes for points is O(n^" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"traditional\" with \"classic\" wherever it occurs:\n\nPunjabi folk music (in Punjabi pnjby lwkh mwsyqy ) is the traditional music on the traditional musical instruments of the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. There is a great repertoire of music from the time of birth through the different stages of joy and sorrow till death. The folk music invokes the traditions as well as the hardworking nature, bravery and many more things that the people of Punjab get from its gateway-to-India geographical location. Due to the large area with many sub-regions, the folk music has minor lingual differences but invokes the same feelings. The sub- regions, Malwa, Doaba, Majha, Pothohar, and hills areas, have numerous folk songs. Punjabi dance OP Bhangra music which is a genre of Punjabi modern music invented in Britain by the Punjabi diaspora.\nGeneral features of musical style\nRhythm\nThe rhythm of Punjabi folk music is very simple. unlike the rhythms of Bhangra music which are generally complex\nMelody\nSome songs like Heer and Mirza are sung using the traditional compositions. Due to the lack of musicianship Punjabi folk genre is committed to re using melodies created hundreds of years ago albeit with new lyrics\nFolk songs\nPunjab has folk songs on birth, marriage, funeral, death, love, separation, beauty, social and economical status, village lifestyle, food, nature, bravery, folklores and folktales, folk romances, folk and historical heroes, festivals and many more. The songs of professional castes of Punjab are also included in the folk songs. They can be divided into the following categories:\nOccasions for singing\nControversy\nPunjabi folk music is associated with a traditional lifestyle and culture. Many of the themes associated with the songs involve the promotion of the ills of Punjabi society such as the caste system and substance abuse as well as superstitious beliefs. Many revolutions in Punjab such as the Sikh revolution were in direct opposition of Punjabi folk songs.\nLife-cycle rituals\nA large part of Punjabi folk songs presents the picture of incidents from birth to death relations, relatives also including the songs on other occasions, festivals and fairs. The songs by women represents their soft feelings, nature, hobbies and lower social status in limited circle while the songs by men represents their freedom, strength and hardworking. The folk songs starts from the birth of a child then name ceremony, marriage, relations, relatives and much more. There are many songs on the different stages of a marriage like Suhag, Ghorhian, Sehra, Sithnian. Suhag is related to bride while Ghorhian and Sehra are related to groom. A daughter's feelings have a special place in the Punjabi folk songs in which she address to his father asking to find her a better home, good people (in-laws) and many more. By length and mood, the different kinds of songs includes Suhag, Ghorhian, Bolian, Tappe, Sithnian, Chhand, Heara, Lorian etc.\nFairs and festivals\nEvery festive occasion has music associated with it. Lohri and Maghi are associated with the change of season while Visakhi is a harvest festival. Men dance Bhangra and women dance Giddha. The month of Sawan is one of great joy for females in which they celebrate the festival of Teeyan. The married ones come back to their parents' home and meet their family and friends and in an open ground they dance Giddha. They wear colorful dresses like Phulkari, and adorn their hands with Mehndi and glass bangles.\nTypes of textual themes\nRomantic\nJugni, Mahia, Tappe, Jindua, Dhola, Kafian, Dohre, Bolian, Sadda, Jhokan and the folk romances of Punjab region like Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahiwal, Sassi Punnun are main folk love songs. Heer and Mirza are sung using traditional compositions.\nHeroic\nIn heroic or bravery, the folk song includes about the Punjabi heroes like Dulla Bhatti, Raja Rasalu, Jagga Jatt, S. Bhagat Singh, S. Udham Singh, Sucha Soorma and Jeona Morh.\nReligious\nSongs about worship, religious ceremonies and festivals represents the religious feelings. Sikhism is closely related with music. The sixth Sikh guru, Guru Hargobind, established the singers called Dhadis to sing the Gurbani, Vaars (English: heroic ballads) and other folk genres using the normally two folk instruments, Dhad and Sarangi. The other religions like Islam have Qawwalis, Naats and Hamds and Hinduism have Bhajans and Punjabi have Punjabi songs and Hindi songs.\nList of folk songs\n*Heer Ranjha\nMIRZA\nKalliyan\nWedding Songs\nLohri songs\nVishaki Songs\nSufi Songs\nVaar Songs\nDulla Bhatti\nPunjabiTappe\nMahiya\nBoloyaan\nBhangra Gidha Shand Jugni ( talk of culture problems) Bari Barsi style\nInstruments\nTwo dhols Punjabi singers may sing unaccompanied or along with such traditional instruments as dhol, tumbi, dhadd, sarangi, gharha, gagar, chimta, or algoze." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Punjabi folk music (in Punjabi pnjby lwkh mwsyqy ) is the classic music on the classic musical instruments of the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. There is a great repertoire of music from the time of birth through the different stages of joy and sorrow till death. The folk music invokes the traditions as well as the hardworking nature, bravery and many more things that the people of Punjab get from its gateway-to-India geographical location. Due to the large area with many sub-regions, the folk music has minor lingual differences but invokes the same feelings. The sub- regions, Malwa, Doaba, Majha, Pothohar, and hills areas, have numerous folk songs. Punjabi dance OP Bhangra music which is a genre of Punjabi modern music invented in Britain by the Punjabi diaspora.\nGeneral features of musical style\nRhythm\nThe rhythm of Punjabi folk music is very simple. unlike the rhythms of Bhangra music which are generally complex\nMelody\nSome songs like Heer and Mirza are sung using the classic compositions. Due to the lack of musicianship Punjabi folk genre is committed to re using melodies created hundreds of years ago albeit with new lyrics\nFolk songs\nPunjab has folk songs on birth, marriage, funeral, death, love, separation, beauty, social and economical status, village lifestyle, food, nature, bravery, folklores and folktales, folk romances, folk and historical heroes, festivals and many more. The songs of professional castes of Punjab are also included in the folk songs. They can be divided into the following categories:\nOccasions for singing\nControversy\nPunjabi folk music is associated with a classic lifestyle and culture. Many of the themes associated with the songs involve the promotion of the ills of Punjabi society such as the caste system and substance abuse as well as superstitious beliefs. Many revolutions in Punjab such as the Sikh revolution were in direct opposition of Punjabi folk songs.\nLife-cycle rituals\nA large part of Punjabi folk songs presents the picture of incidents from birth to death relations, relatives also including the songs on other occasions, festivals and fairs. The songs by women represents their soft feelings, nature, hobbies and lower social status in limited circle while the songs by men represents their freedom, strength and hardworking. The folk songs starts from the birth of a child then name ceremony, marriage, relations, relatives and much more. There are many songs on the different stages of a marriage like Suhag, Ghorhian, Sehra, Sithnian. Suhag is related to bride while Ghorhian and Sehra are related to groom. A daughter's feelings have a special place in the Punjabi folk songs in which she address to his father asking to find her a better home, good people (in-laws) and many more. By length and mood, the different kinds of songs includes Suhag, Ghorhian, Bolian, Tappe, Sithnian, Chhand, Heara, Lorian etc.\nFairs and festivals\nEvery festive occasion has music associated with it. Lohri and Maghi are associated with the change of season while Visakhi is a harvest festival. Men dance Bhangra and women dance Giddha. The month of Sawan is one of great joy for females in which they celebrate the festival of Teeyan. The married ones come back to their parents' home and meet their family and friends and in an open ground they dance Giddha. They wear colorful dresses like Phulkari, and adorn their hands with Mehndi and glass bangles.\nTypes of textual themes\nRomantic\nJugni, Mahia, Tappe, Jindua, Dhola, Kafian, Dohre, Bolian, Sadda, Jhokan and the folk romances of Punjab region like Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahiwal, Sassi Punnun are main folk love songs. Heer and Mirza are sung using classic compositions.\nHeroic\nIn heroic or bravery, the folk song includes about the Punjabi heroes like Dulla Bhatti, Raja Rasalu, Jagga Jatt, S. Bhagat Singh, S. Udham Singh, Sucha Soorma and Jeona Morh.\nReligious\nSongs about worship, religious ceremonies and festivals represents the religious feelings. Sikhism is closely related with music. The sixth Sikh guru, Guru Hargobind, established the singers called Dhadis to sing the Gurbani, Vaars (English: heroic ballads) and other folk genres using the normally two folk instruments, Dhad and Sarangi. The other religions like Islam have Qawwalis, Naats and Hamds and Hinduism have Bhajans and Punjabi have Punjabi songs and Hindi songs.\nList of folk songs\n*Heer Ranjha\nMIRZA\nKalliyan\nWedding Songs\nLohri songs\nVishaki Songs\nSufi Songs\nVaar Songs\nDulla Bhatti\nPunjabiTappe\nMahiya\nBoloyaan\nBhangra Gidha Shand Jugni ( talk of culture problems) Bari Barsi style\nInstruments\nTwo dhols Punjabi singers may sing unaccompanied or along with such classic instruments as dhol, tumbi, dhadd, sarangi, gharha, gagar, chimta, or algoze." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The lock at Neue Muhle near Konigs Wusterhausen The junction of the Zeuthener See (lower left) Seddinsee (right) and Langer See (upper left) at Schmockwitz (centre). The Muggelsee can be seen in the distance. The Dahme is a river that flows through the German states of Brandenburg and Berlin. It is a left bank tributary of the River Spree and is approximately long.\n\nCourse\n\nThe source of the Dahme is near the eponymous town Dahme. The river flows north through the towns of Markisch Buchholz and Prieros. At Markisch Buchholz the river is joined by the Dahme Flood Relief Canal that diverts water from the upper reaches of the River Spree at Leibsch. At Prieros the Dahme is joined by two tributaries, the Storkower Gewasser on the right bank and the Teupitzer Gewasser on the left bank. Both of these tributaries comprise a chain of linked lakes. North of Prieros the Dahme flows through a number of lakes, including the Dolgenzee, Krupelsee and Krimnicksee before reaching the city of Konigs Wusterhausen. The fjord-like Zernsdorfer Lankensee joins the Krupelsee as a right-bank tributary. A short section of the Dahme downstream of the Krimnicksee is also called Staabe. At Konigs Wusterhausen the River Notte joins as a left-bank tributary. Downstream of Konigs Wusterhausen the river is linked to the Mollenzugsee on the right bank, and shortly thereafter by the linked Grosser Zug and Krossinsee on the same bank. The Dahme then flows into the Zeuthener See, which links to the Seddinsee and Langer See at the outer Berlin suburb of Schmockwitz. The Dahme flows out of the Langer See at its north-western end, shortly before it confluence with the River Spree at Kopenick, a historic town that is now a suburb of Berlin.\n\nNavigation\n\nThe Dahme is navigable as far upstream as Markisch Buchholz, although the reach above Prieros is shallow and generally only used by leisure craft. Canoes and similar craft can by-pass a weir near Markisch Buchholz and enter the Dahme Flood Relief Canal which is then navigable to its junction with the upper Spree. The Storkower Gewasser is navigable as far as the Scharmutzelsee, the Teupitzer Gewasser as far as Teupitzersee. The River Notte is also navigable, as are most of the lakes linked to, or traversed by, the river downstream of Prieros. The Oder-Spree Canal links with the Seddinsee near Schmockwitz, with the Oder river, at Eisenhuttenstadt, thus providing a navigable connection between Berlin and the Oder, and hence Poland. The Gosen Canal also links the Sedinsee with the Spree, and thus provides a shorter route to the Muggelsee, Woltersdorf and Rudersdorf for traffic coming downstream.\n\n\nReplace 'navigable' with 'passable' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The lock at Neue Muhle near Konigs Wusterhausen The junction of the Zeuthener See (lower left) Seddinsee (right) and Langer See (upper left) at Schmockwitz (centre). The Muggelsee can be seen in the distance. The Dahme is a river that flows through the German states of Brandenburg and Berlin. It is a left bank tributary of the River Spree and is approximately long.\n\nCourse\n\nThe source of the Dahme is near the eponymous town Dahme. The river flows north through the towns of Markisch Buchholz and Prieros. At Markisch Buchholz the river is joined by the Dahme Flood Relief Canal that diverts water from the upper reaches of the River Spree at Leibsch. At Prieros the Dahme is joined by two tributaries, the Storkower Gewasser on the right bank and the Teupitzer Gewasser on the left bank. Both of these tributaries comprise a chain of linked lakes. North of Prieros the Dahme flows through a number of lakes, including the Dolgenzee, Krupelsee and Krimnicksee before reaching the city of Konigs Wusterhausen. The fjord-like Zernsdorfer Lankensee joins the Krupelsee as a right-bank tributary. A short section of the Dahme downstream of the Krimnicksee is also called Staabe. At Konigs Wusterhausen the River Notte joins as a left-bank tributary. Downstream of Konigs Wusterhausen the river is linked to the Mollenzugsee on the right bank, and shortly thereafter by the linked Grosser Zug and Krossinsee on the same bank. The Dahme then flows into the Zeuthener See, which links to the Seddinsee and Langer See at the outer Berlin suburb of Schmockwitz. The Dahme flows out of the Langer See at its north-western end, shortly before it confluence with the River Spree at Kopenick, a historic town that is now a suburb of Berlin.\n\nNavigation\n\nThe Dahme is passable as far upstream as Markisch Buchholz, although the reach above Prieros is shallow and generally only used by leisure craft. Canoes and similar craft can by-pass a weir near Markisch Buchholz and enter the Dahme Flood Relief Canal which is then passable to its junction with the upper Spree. The Storkower Gewasser is passable as far as the Scharmutzelsee, the Teupitzer Gewasser as far as Teupitzersee. The River Notte is also passable, as are most of the lakes linked to, or traversed by, the river downstream of Prieros. The Oder-Spree Canal links with the Seddinsee near Schmockwitz, with the Oder river, at Eisenhuttenstadt, thus providing a passable connection between Berlin and the Oder, and hence Poland. The Gosen Canal also links the Sedinsee with the Spree, and thus provides a shorter route to the Muggelsee, Woltersdorf and Rudersdorf for traffic coming downstream." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The Three Treasures of the Giants is a Slavonic fairy tale collected by Louis Leger in Contes Populaires Slaves. Andrew Lang included it in The Orange Fairy Book. Ruth Manning-Sanders included it as \"King Johnny\" in A Book of Giants.\nSynopsis\nA man had three sons. When he was dying, he told his oldest that he would inherit, but must be kind to his mother and his younger brothers; he then gave the older two more advice, and told the youngest son that while he was not clever, he had a kind heart and should follow it. After he died, the sons set out to seek their fortune; the older two wanted to leave the youngest behind, but their mother said there was nothing for him there. The older two carried great sacks of food, the youngest nothing, and the older two grew angry that they had to carry the weight. The youngest rebuked them for claiming not to want to burden their mother, when they took all her food. They shared with him. At night, they ate on their own, and the family of the woodcutter shared with the youngest, so that he ate better than they did. They set out to lose him in the wood and found a castle. It was empty of people but had a room filled with copper coins, another with silver, and a third with gold, and the two older emptied their sacks at each room to fill them up. When the youngest ate the food they had dropped, they drove him off and returned to their mother with the money. The youngest went back to the castle and made a bag of his jacket to take some gold. The giants returned and caught him. They told him they would spare him if he guarded their treasures, and gave him a table to feed himself at; if he knocked on it, it gave him a feast. One day he grew tired of guarding and went off, taking the table. He found a hermit and gave him a feast; the hermit offered to trade the table for a trumpet that would bring him an army when he blew it. The youngest son agreed, but when he went on his way, he regretted it, blew the trumpet, and had the soldiers take back the table. He went on and found another hermit; after another feast, the hermit offered him a bag that contained as many castles as he liked. He agreed, but again had the soldiers take back the table. Going back home, he stayed with his brothers a time, and the secret leaked out. The king borrowed the table, and tried to substitute a false one. The youngest son used the trumpet and the king offered to give back the table and let him marry the princess. He agreed. When he produced a castle to live in, the king said he was old and weak and made him king. In Lang's variant, the youngest son lived to be old and happy, but his descendants were too proud to look after the treasure and so were overcome. In Manning-Sanders's, the hermits arrived and demanded the table; because they could not both take it to their hermitages, the princess proposed that they remain at the castle and eat there every day. This made the son feel guilty, so he went back to offer it to the giants, who told them they did not want it, because it made food for men.\n\n\nReplace 'youngest' with 'budding' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Three Treasures of the Giants is a Slavonic fairy tale collected by Louis Leger in Contes Populaires Slaves. Andrew Lang included it in The Orange Fairy Book. Ruth Manning-Sanders included it as \"King Johnny\" in A Book of Giants.\nSynopsis\nA man had three sons. When he was dying, he told his oldest that he would inherit, but must be kind to his mother and his younger brothers; he then gave the older two more advice, and told the budding son that while he was not clever, he had a kind heart and should follow it. After he died, the sons set out to seek their fortune; the older two wanted to leave the budding behind, but their mother said there was nothing for him there. The older two carried great sacks of food, the budding nothing, and the older two grew angry that they had to carry the weight. The budding rebuked them for claiming not to want to burden their mother, when they took all her food. They shared with him. At night, they ate on their own, and the family of the woodcutter shared with the budding, so that he ate better than they did. They set out to lose him in the wood and found a castle. It was empty of people but had a room filled with copper coins, another with silver, and a third with gold, and the two older emptied their sacks at each room to fill them up. When the budding ate the food they had dropped, they drove him off and returned to their mother with the money. The budding went back to the castle and made a bag of his jacket to take some gold. The giants returned and caught him. They told him they would spare him if he guarded their treasures, and gave him a table to feed himself at; if he knocked on it, it gave him a feast. One day he grew tired of guarding and went off, taking the table. He found a hermit and gave him a feast; the hermit offered to trade the table for a trumpet that would bring him an army when he blew it. The budding son agreed, but when he went on his way, he regretted it, blew the trumpet, and had the soldiers take back the table. He went on and found another hermit; after another feast, the hermit offered him a bag that contained as many castles as he liked. He agreed, but again had the soldiers take back the table. Going back home, he stayed with his brothers a time, and the secret leaked out. The king borrowed the table, and tried to substitute a false one. The budding son used the trumpet and the king offered to give back the table and let him marry the princess. He agreed. When he produced a castle to live in, the king said he was old and weak and made him king. In Lang's variant, the budding son lived to be old and happy, but his descendants were too proud to look after the treasure and so were overcome. In Manning-Sanders's, the hermits arrived and demanded the table; because they could not both take it to their hermitages, the princess proposed that they remain at the castle and eat there every day. This made the son feel guilty, so he went back to offer it to the giants, who told them they did not want it, because it made food for men." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In computing, a cache control instruction is a hint embedded in the instruction stream of a processor intended to improve the performance of hardware caches, using foreknowledge of the memory access pattern supplied by the programmer or compiler. They may reduce cache pollution, reduce bandwidth requirement, bypass latencies, by providing better control over the working set. Most cache control instructions do not affect the semantics of a program, although some can.\nExamples\nSeveral such instructions, with variants, are supported by several processor instruction set architectures, such as ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, and x86.\nPrefetch\nAlso termed data cache block touch, the effect is to request loading the cache line associated with a given address. This is performed by the `PREFETCH` instruction in the x86 instruction set. Some variants bypass higher levels of the cache hierarchy, which is useful in a 'streaming' context for data that is traversed once, rather than held in the working set. The prefetch should occur sufficiently far ahead in time to mitigate the latency of memory access, for example in a loop traversing memory linearly. The GNU Compiler Collection intrinsic function `__builtin_prefetch` can be used to invoke this in the programming languages C or C++.\nInstruction prefetch\nA variant of prefetch for the instruction cache.\nData cache block allocate zero\nThis hint is used to prepare cache lines before overwriting the contents completely. In this example, the CPU needn't load anything from main memory. The semantic effect is equivalent to an aligned memset of a cache-line sized block to zero, but the operation is effectively free.\nData cache block invalidate\nThis hint is used to discard cache lines, without committing their contents to main memory. Care is needed since incorrect results are possible. Unlike other cache hints, the semantics of the program are significantly modified. This is used in conjunction with `allocate zero` for managing temporary data. This saves unneeded main memory bandwidth and cache pollution.\nData cache block flush\nThis hint requests the immediate eviction of a cache line, making way for future allocations. It is used when it is known that data is no longer part of the working set.\nOther hints\nSome processors support a variant of load-store instructions that also imply cache hints. An example is `load last` in the PowerPC instruction set, which suggests that data will only be used once, i.e., the cache line in question may be pushed to the head of the eviction queue, whilst keeping it in use if still directly needed.\nAlternatives\nAutomatic prefetch\nIn recent times, cache control instructions have become less popular as increasingly advanced application processor designs from Intel and ARM devote more transistors to accelerating code written in traditional languages, e.g., performing automatic prefetch, with hardware to detect linear access patterns on the fly. However the techniques may remain valid for throughput-oriented processors, which have a different throughput vs latency tradeoff, and may prefer to devote more area to execution units.\nScratchpad memory\nSome processors support scratchpad memory into which temporaries may be put, and direct memory access (DMA) to transfer data to and from main memory when needed. This approach is used by the Cell processor, and some embedded systems. These allow greater control over memory traffic and locality (as the working set is managed by explicit transfers), and eliminates the need for expensive cache coherency in a manycore machine. The disadvantage is it requires significantly different programming techniques to use. It is very hard to adapt programs written in traditional languages such as C and C++ which present the programmer with a uniform view of a large address space (which is an illusion simulated by caches). A traditional microprocessor can more easily run legacy code, which may then be accelerated by cache control instructions, whilst a scratchpad based machine requires dedicated coding from the ground up to even function. Cache control instructions are specific to a certain cache line size, which in practice may vary between generations of processors in the same architectural family. Caches may also help coalescing reads and writes from less predictable access patterns (e.g., during texture mapping), whilst scratchpad DMA requires reworking algorithms for more predictable 'linear' traversals. As such scratchpads are generally harder to use with traditional programming models, although dataflow models (such as TensorFlow) might be more suitable.\nVector fetch\nVector processors (for example modern graphics processing unit (GPUs) and Xeon Phi) use massive parallelism to achieve high throughput whilst working around memory latency (reducing the need for prefetching). Many read operations are issued in parallel, for subsequent invocations of a compute kernel; calculations may be put on hold awaiting future data, whilst the execution units are devoted to working on data from past requests data that has already turned up. This is easier for programmers to leverage in conjunction with the appropriate programming models (compute kernels), but harder to apply to general purpose programming. The disadvantage is that many copies of temporary states may be held in the local memory of a processing element, awaiting data in flight.\n\n\nReplace 'memory' with 'consciousness' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In computing, a cache control instruction is a hint embedded in the instruction stream of a processor intended to improve the performance of hardware caches, using foreknowledge of the consciousness access pattern supplied by the programmer or compiler. They may reduce cache pollution, reduce bandwidth requirement, bypass latencies, by providing better control over the working set. Most cache control instructions do not affect the semantics of a program, although some can.\nExamples\nSeveral such instructions, with variants, are supported by several processor instruction set architectures, such as ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, and x86.\nPrefetch\nAlso termed data cache block touch, the effect is to request loading the cache line associated with a given address. This is performed by the `PREFETCH` instruction in the x86 instruction set. Some variants bypass higher levels of the cache hierarchy, which is useful in a 'streaming' context for data that is traversed once, rather than held in the working set. The prefetch should occur sufficiently far ahead in time to mitigate the latency of consciousness access, for example in a loop traversing consciousness linearly. The GNU Compiler Collection intrinsic function `__builtin_prefetch` can be used to invoke this in the programming languages C or C++.\nInstruction prefetch\nA variant of prefetch for the instruction cache.\nData cache block allocate zero\nThis hint is used to prepare cache lines before overwriting the contents completely. In this example, the CPU needn't load anything from main consciousness. The semantic effect is equivalent to an aligned memset of a cache-line sized block to zero, but the operation is effectively free.\nData cache block invalidate\nThis hint is used to discard cache lines, without committing their contents to main consciousness. Care is needed since incorrect results are possible. Unlike other cache hints, the semantics of the program are significantly modified. This is used in conjunction with `allocate zero` for managing temporary data. This saves unneeded main consciousness bandwidth and cache pollution.\nData cache block flush\nThis hint requests the immediate eviction of a cache line, making way for future allocations. It is used when it is known that data is no longer part of the working set.\nOther hints\nSome processors support a variant of load-store instructions that also imply cache hints. An example is `load last` in the PowerPC instruction set, which suggests that data will only be used once, i.e., the cache line in question may be pushed to the head of the eviction queue, whilst keeping it in use if still directly needed.\nAlternatives\nAutomatic prefetch\nIn recent times, cache control instructions have become less popular as increasingly advanced application processor designs from Intel and ARM devote more transistors to accelerating code written in traditional languages, e.g., performing automatic prefetch, with hardware to detect linear access patterns on the fly. However the techniques may remain valid for throughput-oriented processors, which have a different throughput vs latency tradeoff, and may prefer to devote more area to execution units.\nScratchpad consciousness\nSome processors support scratchpad consciousness into which temporaries may be put, and direct consciousness access (DMA) to transfer data to and from main consciousness when needed. This approach is used by the Cell processor, and some embedded systems. These allow greater control over consciousness traffic and locality (as the working set is managed by explicit transfers), and eliminates the need for expensive cache coherency in a manycore machine. The disadvantage is it requires significantly different programming techniques to use. It is very hard to adapt programs written in traditional languages such as C and C++ which present the programmer with a uniform view of a large address space (which is an illusion simulated by caches). A traditional microprocessor can more easily run legacy code, which may then be accelerated by cache control instructions, whilst a scratchpad based machine requires dedicated coding from the ground up to even function. Cache control instructions are specific to a certain cache line size, which in practice may vary between generations of processors in the same architectural family. Caches may also help coalescing reads and writes from less predictable access patterns (e.g., during texture mapping), whilst scratchpad DMA requires reworking algorithms for more predictable 'linear' traversals. As such scratchpads are generally harder to use with traditional programming models, although dataflow models (such as TensorFlow) might be more suitable.\nVector fetch\nVector processors (for example modern graphics processing unit (GPUs) and Xeon Phi) use massive parallelism to achieve high throughput whilst working around consciousness latency (reducing the need for prefetching). Many read operations are issued in parallel, for subsequent invocations of a compute kernel; calculations may be put on hold awaiting future data, whilst the execution units are devoted to working on data from past requests data that has already turned up. This is easier for programmers to leverage in conjunction with the appropriate programming models (compute kernels), but harder to apply to general purpose programming. The disadvantage is that many copies of temporary states may be held in the local consciousness of a processing element, awaiting data in flight." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The less-is-more effect refers to the finding that heuristic decision strategies can yield more accurate judgments than alternative strategies that use more pieces of information. Understanding these effects is part of the study of ecological rationality.\n\nExamples\n\nOne popular less-is-more effect was found in comparing the take-the-best heuristic with a linear decision strategy in making judgments about which of two objects has a higher value on some criterion. Whereas the linear decision strategy uses all available cues and weighs them, the take-the-best heuristic uses only the first cue that differs between the objects. Despite this frugality, the heuristic yielded more accurate judgments than the linear decision strategy. Beyond this first finding, less-is-more effects were found for other heuristics, including the recognition heuristic and the hiatus heuristic.\n\nExplanations\n\nSome less-is-more effects can be explained within the framework of bias and variance. According to the bias-variance tradeoff, errors in prediction are due to two sources. Consider a decision strategy that uses a random sample of objects to make a judgment about an object outside of this sample. Due to sampling variance, there is a large number of hypothetical predictions, each based on a different random sample. Bias refers to the difference between the average of these hypothetical predictions and the true value of the object to be judged. In contrast, variance refers to the average variation of the hypothetical judgments around their average.\n\nDeterminants of variance\n\nThe variance component of judgment error depends on the degree to which the decision strategy adapts to each possible sample. One major determinant of this degree is a strategy's number of free parameters. Therefore, (heuristic) strategies that use with fewer pieces of information and have fewer parameters tend to have lower error from variance than strategies with more parameters.\n\nDeterminants of bias\n\nAt the same time, fewer parameters tend to increase the error from bias, implying that heuristic strategies are more likely to be biased than strategies that use more pieces of information. The exact amount of bias, however, depends on the specific problem to which a decision strategy is applied. If the decision problem has a statistical structure that matches the structure of the heuristic strategy, the bias can be surprisingly small. For example, analyses of the take-the-best heuristic and other lexicographic heuristics have shown that the bias of these strategies is equal to the bias of the linear strategy when the weights of the linear strategy show specific regularities that were found to be prevalent in many real-life situations.\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word linear, with the word continuous. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The less-is-more effect refers to the finding that heuristic decision strategies can yield more accurate judgments than alternative strategies that use more pieces of information. Understanding these effects is part of the study of ecological rationality.\n\nExamples\n\nOne popular less-is-more effect was found in comparing the take-the-best heuristic with a continuous decision strategy in making judgments about which of two objects has a higher value on some criterion. Whereas the continuous decision strategy uses all available cues and weighs them, the take-the-best heuristic uses only the first cue that differs between the objects. Despite this frugality, the heuristic yielded more accurate judgments than the continuous decision strategy. Beyond this first finding, less-is-more effects were found for other heuristics, including the recognition heuristic and the hiatus heuristic.\n\nExplanations\n\nSome less-is-more effects can be explained within the framework of bias and variance. According to the bias-variance tradeoff, errors in prediction are due to two sources. Consider a decision strategy that uses a random sample of objects to make a judgment about an object outside of this sample. Due to sampling variance, there is a large number of hypothetical predictions, each based on a different random sample. Bias refers to the difference between the average of these hypothetical predictions and the true value of the object to be judged. In contrast, variance refers to the average variation of the hypothetical judgments around their average.\n\nDeterminants of variance\n\nThe variance component of judgment error depends on the degree to which the decision strategy adapts to each possible sample. One major determinant of this degree is a strategy's number of free parameters. Therefore, (heuristic) strategies that use with fewer pieces of information and have fewer parameters tend to have lower error from variance than strategies with more parameters.\n\nDeterminants of bias\n\nAt the same time, fewer parameters tend to increase the error from bias, implying that heuristic strategies are more likely to be biased than strategies that use more pieces of information. The exact amount of bias, however, depends on the specific problem to which a decision strategy is applied. If the decision problem has a statistical structure that matches the structure of the heuristic strategy, the bias can be surprisingly small. For example, analyses of the take-the-best heuristic and other lexicographic heuristics have shown that the bias of these strategies is equal to the bias of the continuous strategy when the weights of the continuous strategy show specific regularities that were found to be prevalent in many real-life situations." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Broichan is the name of a wizard who lived in 6th century Pictland and served King Bridei I. Adomnan of Iona wrote about him and his relation to St Columba during the saint's travels in Pictland. The wizard is mentioned by Adomnan as being close to the king and that he also possessed an Irish slave-girl who had possibly been a war captive. In Adomnan's account, when Columba met Broichan and Bridei at the king's fortress near the River Ness, Columba demanded that the girl be released but the wizard refused. Columba then went down to the river and told his companions that an angel at that moment had struck Broichan, and his cup had fallen from his hand and he was deathly ill. Moments later two messengers from King Bridei came to inform Columba of these events as they happened, and Columba gave his own messengers a pebble from the River Ness and told them that if Broichan agreed to release the slave-girl, then they were instructed to place the pebble in a cup of water and make him drink it, but if Broichan refused, then he would die immediately. They then went back to the fortress and Broichan agreed to release the girl, and so they placed the pebble in a cup of water, and it miraculously floated on top. Broichan drank from it and was healed. The pebble was then kept at the fortress and used whenever someone needed healing for a disease, but it could not be found when the time for someone to die had really come, and so on the day when King Bridei was about to die, they couldn't find the pebble anywhere. Adomnan also recorded a story about Broichan in the same vicinity of Pictland. In the second story, Columba and his companions were getting into a boat on Loch Ness and preparing to leave, but Broichan used his magic to summon the weather against Columba and so the winds went against him. Columba then called on Christ's name and ordered the sails to be raised, and miraculously the boat then went off at a high speed directly into the oncoming wind that was blowing against them.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"pebble\" with \"bullet\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Broichan is the name of a wizard who lived in 6th century Pictland and served King Bridei I. Adomnan of Iona wrote about him and his relation to St Columba during the saint's travels in Pictland. The wizard is mentioned by Adomnan as being close to the king and that he also possessed an Irish slave-girl who had possibly been a war captive. In Adomnan's account, when Columba met Broichan and Bridei at the king's fortress near the River Ness, Columba demanded that the girl be released but the wizard refused. Columba then went down to the river and told his companions that an angel at that moment had struck Broichan, and his cup had fallen from his hand and he was deathly ill. Moments later two messengers from King Bridei came to inform Columba of these events as they happened, and Columba gave his own messengers a bullet from the River Ness and told them that if Broichan agreed to release the slave-girl, then they were instructed to place the bullet in a cup of water and make him drink it, but if Broichan refused, then he would die immediately. They then went back to the fortress and Broichan agreed to release the girl, and so they placed the bullet in a cup of water, and it miraculously floated on top. Broichan drank from it and was healed. The bullet was then kept at the fortress and used whenever someone needed healing for a disease, but it could not be found when the time for someone to die had really come, and so on the day when King Bridei was about to die, they couldn't find the bullet anywhere. Adomnan also recorded a story about Broichan in the same vicinity of Pictland. In the second story, Columba and his companions were getting into a boat on Loch Ness and preparing to leave, but Broichan used his magic to summon the weather against Columba and so the winds went against him. Columba then called on Christ's name and ordered the sails to be raised, and miraculously the boat then went off at a high speed directly into the oncoming wind that was blowing against them." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "DMAN, also known as Departure Manager is a planning tool developed to improve the departure flows at airports and increase the predictability. DMAN calculates the Target Take Off Times (TTOT) and the Target Startup Approval Times (TSAT) taking multiple constraints and preferences into account. As a result, the DMAN provides a planned departure flow with the goal to maintain an optimal throughput at the runway, reduce queuing at holding point and distribute the information to various stakeholders at the airport (i.e. the airline, ground handling and Air Traffic Control (ATC)). EUROCONTROL have defined DMAN as follows: \"DMAN is a planning system to improve departure flows at airports by calculating the Target Take Off Time (TTOT) and Target Start-up Approval Time (TSAT) for each flight, taking multiple constraints and preferences into account.\"\nBenefits\nThe DMAN has several benefits which may vary depending on the local conditions at an airport. Generally the main benefits are:\nEnvironmental\nReduced emissions since the Target Startup Approval Times (TSAT) from a DMAN calculation results in reduced queuing at the holding point at the runway. Aircraft can therefore reduce their overall taxi time from their gate/stand to their actual take off from the runway and minimise their fuel emissions.\nPredictability\nDMAN adds predictability to the departure flow resulting in optimised resource management for ground handling, airline operators etc. The DMAN builds upon the EUROCONTROL A-CDM process and is an enabler for improving the quality of the information shared by the stakeholders at the airport. By creating a stable departure sequence the different operators can plan their work more efficiently.\nReactivity\nDMAN enables an improved reactivity of unforeseen events and can therefore reduce the negative impact of such an event (e.g. instantaneous runway closure due to suspected debris, weather changes etc.). By constantly monitoring and distributing information the DMAN can support the ATC in an airport to make a new plan based on the current situation and quickly distribute the information to the different operators and stakeholders at the airport.\nSafety\nDuring peak hour operations the DMAN have shown a positive impact on ATC workload since the DMAN holds aircraft at gate and as a result reduces the amount of traffic taxiing simultaneously.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"departure\" with \"flight\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "DMAN, also known as Flight Manager is a planning tool developed to improve the flight flows at airports and increase the predictability. DMAN calculates the Target Take Off Times (TTOT) and the Target Startup Approval Times (TSAT) taking multiple constraints and preferences into account. As a result, the DMAN provides a planned flight flow with the goal to maintain an optimal throughput at the runway, reduce queuing at holding point and distribute the information to various stakeholders at the airport (i.e. the airline, ground handling and Air Traffic Control (ATC)). EUROCONTROL have defined DMAN as follows: \"DMAN is a planning system to improve flight flows at airports by calculating the Target Take Off Time (TTOT) and Target Start-up Approval Time (TSAT) for each flight, taking multiple constraints and preferences into account.\"\nBenefits\nThe DMAN has several benefits which may vary depending on the local conditions at an airport. Generally the main benefits are:\nEnvironmental\nReduced emissions since the Target Startup Approval Times (TSAT) from a DMAN calculation results in reduced queuing at the holding point at the runway. Aircraft can therefore reduce their overall taxi time from their gate/stand to their actual take off from the runway and minimise their fuel emissions.\nPredictability\nDMAN adds predictability to the flight flow resulting in optimised resource management for ground handling, airline operators etc. The DMAN builds upon the EUROCONTROL A-CDM process and is an enabler for improving the quality of the information shared by the stakeholders at the airport. By creating a stable flight sequence the different operators can plan their work more efficiently.\nReactivity\nDMAN enables an improved reactivity of unforeseen events and can therefore reduce the negative impact of such an event (e.g. instantaneous runway closure due to suspected debris, weather changes etc.). By constantly monitoring and distributing information the DMAN can support the ATC in an airport to make a new plan based on the current situation and quickly distribute the information to the different operators and stakeholders at the airport.\nSafety\nDuring peak hour operations the DMAN have shown a positive impact on ATC workload since the DMAN holds aircraft at gate and as a result reduces the amount of traffic taxiing simultaneously." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"province\" with \"colony\" wherever it occurs:\n\nThe Datil-Mogollon Section is a physiographic section of the larger Colorado Plateau province, which in turn is part of the larger Intermontane Plateaus physiographic division. It is a transitional area between the Basin and Range Province and the Colorado Plateau Province. It is also a newly defined unit that includes the southern part of the area previously designated the Datil Section.\n\nGeology\n\nThe Datil-Mogollon Section is located along the southeastern rim of the Colorado Plateau, in New Mexico and eastern Arizona.\n\nWest\n\nMost of the Datil-Mogollon Section in Arizona is the White Mountain volcanic field. It is an extensive area covered with thick lavas and tuffs. There are also remnants of large stratovolcanoes, mainly composed of basaltic andesite. High tablelands are capped with tuffs, andesite, and basalt lavas, and volcanic-derived conglomeratic sandstones and mudstones.\n\nSouth\n\nThe principal structure of the southeastern Datil-Mogollon area is a large central-type volcano, Mount Taylor, that rises to . It is surrounded by numerous smaller volcanic centers and volcanic necks with extensive lava- covered mesas and valleys to the south. The largest mesa is long and about wide, with an upper elevation of above the surrounding plain, and is capped with about of lava. The ancient lava flows extend southward into the Mexican Highlands section of the Basin and Range Province and consequently that border of the Colorado Plateau Province is ill-defined. The principal structure of the southwestern Datil-Mogollon Section is the Mogollon Rim in Arizona. It extends approximately from northern Yavapai County eastward to near the border with New Mexico.\n\nEast\n\nThe Datil-Mogollon Section is bounded on the east by basins of the Rio Grande rift, which are part of the Mexican Highland Section of the Basin and Range Province. Along the eastern edge of the Datil- Mogollon, the Mexican Highland extends northward along the Rio Grande depression to the Southern Rocky Mountains. The boundary between the depression and the uplifted Colorado Plateau is sharply defined by the westernmost faults of the depression. The transition has several large structural basins and block-faulted ranges.\n\nNorth\n\nTo the north are other physiographic sections of the Colorado Plateau Province. From east to west they are the Navajo Section in New Mexico and Arizona, and the southeastern Grand Canyon Section." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Datil-Mogollon Section is a physiographic section of the larger Colorado Plateau colony, which in turn is part of the larger Intermontane Plateaus physiographic division. It is a transitional area between the Basin and Range Colony and the Colorado Plateau Colony. It is also a newly defined unit that includes the southern part of the area previously designated the Datil Section.\n\nGeology\n\nThe Datil-Mogollon Section is located along the southeastern rim of the Colorado Plateau, in New Mexico and eastern Arizona.\n\nWest\n\nMost of the Datil-Mogollon Section in Arizona is the White Mountain volcanic field. It is an extensive area covered with thick lavas and tuffs. There are also remnants of large stratovolcanoes, mainly composed of basaltic andesite. High tablelands are capped with tuffs, andesite, and basalt lavas, and volcanic-derived conglomeratic sandstones and mudstones.\n\nSouth\n\nThe principal structure of the southeastern Datil-Mogollon area is a large central-type volcano, Mount Taylor, that rises to . It is surrounded by numerous smaller volcanic centers and volcanic necks with extensive lava- covered mesas and valleys to the south. The largest mesa is long and about wide, with an upper elevation of above the surrounding plain, and is capped with about of lava. The ancient lava flows extend southward into the Mexican Highlands section of the Basin and Range Colony and consequently that border of the Colorado Plateau Colony is ill-defined. The principal structure of the southwestern Datil-Mogollon Section is the Mogollon Rim in Arizona. It extends approximately from northern Yavapai County eastward to near the border with New Mexico.\n\nEast\n\nThe Datil-Mogollon Section is bounded on the east by basins of the Rio Grande rift, which are part of the Mexican Highland Section of the Basin and Range Colony. Along the eastern edge of the Datil- Mogollon, the Mexican Highland extends northward along the Rio Grande depression to the Southern Rocky Mountains. The boundary between the depression and the uplifted Colorado Plateau is sharply defined by the westernmost faults of the depression. The transition has several large structural basins and block-faulted ranges.\n\nNorth\n\nTo the north are other physiographic sections of the Colorado Plateau Colony. From east to west they are the Navajo Section in New Mexico and Arizona, and the southeastern Grand Canyon Section." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"section\" with \"branch\" wherever it occurs:\n\nNavajo Mountain, on the northern Navajo Section boundary. Shiprock, New Mexico. The Navajo Section is a physiographic section of the larger Colorado Plateaus Province, which in turn is part of the larger Intermontane Plateaus physiographic Division.\n\nGeography\n\nThe Navajo Section is located in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. It is named for the Navajo Nation, with about half of the area of the section on the Navajo Reservation. The section is characterized by broad rolling plains on easily eroded and carved rocks, with cuestas (ridges) and tablelands capped by gently dipping resistant sandstone beds. One of the most prominent landform features of the Navajo Section is Shiprock, a monadnock formation near the town of Shiprock, New Mexico.\n\nElevations\n\nThe lowest point in the Navajo Section is about , near the Four Corners area. The boundary between this section and the Canyon Lands Section is nearby, in the San Juan River basin. The highest point of the Navajo Section is at Chromo Mountain on the Continental Divide near Chama, New Mexico.\n\nAdjacent\n\nAdjacent to the Navajo Section are the: \n Canyon Lands Section to the north. \n Rio Grande rift of the Basin and Range Province to the east. \n Acoma-Zuni Section to the south. \n Grand Canyon Section to the west\n\nGeology and physiography\n\nThe area is predominately generally horizontal sandstone beds with some shale sequences of late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic age. A few areas of the section also have abundant volcanic necks and buttes, but due to the arid weather and soft sandstone, many of the rock formations of the area have eroded to form distinctive features of long cuestas, shallow canyons and valleys, narrow fan terraces, undulating plateaus, isolated mesas, steep hills, and some shale badlands. ;San Juan Basin Near the Four Corners area is a steeply tilted monocline known as The Hogback, which trends southwestward from where the San Juan River enters the area. Here the San Juan River flows into an area known as the San Juan Basin, where the western San Juan Basin is typified by exposures of the Fruitland and Menefee Formations. A stepped sequence of high stream terraces, present above the San Juan River and its tributaries, represents abandoned Pleistocene flood plains." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Navajo Mountain, on the northern Navajo Branch boundary. Shiprock, New Mexico. The Navajo Branch is a physiographic branch of the larger Colorado Plateaus Province, which in turn is part of the larger Intermontane Plateaus physiographic Division.\n\nGeography\n\nThe Navajo Branch is located in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. It is named for the Navajo Nation, with about half of the area of the branch on the Navajo Reservation. The branch is characterized by broad rolling plains on easily eroded and carved rocks, with cuestas (ridges) and tablelands capped by gently dipping resistant sandstone beds. One of the most prominent landform features of the Navajo Branch is Shiprock, a monadnock formation near the town of Shiprock, New Mexico.\n\nElevations\n\nThe lowest point in the Navajo Branch is about , near the Four Corners area. The boundary between this branch and the Canyon Lands Branch is nearby, in the San Juan River basin. The highest point of the Navajo Branch is at Chromo Mountain on the Continental Divide near Chama, New Mexico.\n\nAdjacent\n\nAdjacent to the Navajo Branch are the: \n Canyon Lands Branch to the north. \n Rio Grande rift of the Basin and Range Province to the east. \n Acoma-Zuni Branch to the south. \n Grand Canyon Branch to the west\n\nGeology and physiography\n\nThe area is predominately generally horizontal sandstone beds with some shale sequences of late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic age. A few areas of the branch also have abundant volcanic necks and buttes, but due to the arid weather and soft sandstone, many of the rock formations of the area have eroded to form distinctive features of long cuestas, shallow canyons and valleys, narrow fan terraces, undulating plateaus, isolated mesas, steep hills, and some shale badlands. ;San Juan Basin Near the Four Corners area is a steeply tilted monocline known as The Hogback, which trends southwestward from where the San Juan River enters the area. Here the San Juan River flows into an area known as the San Juan Basin, where the western San Juan Basin is typified by exposures of the Fruitland and Menefee Formations. A stepped sequence of high stream terraces, present above the San Juan River and its tributaries, represents abandoned Pleistocene flood plains." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The North Saharan steppe and woodlands is a desert ecoregion, in the Deserts and xeric shrublands biome, that forms the northern edge of the Sahara. It extends east and west across Northern Africa, south of the Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe ecoregion of the Maghreb and Cyrenaica, which is part of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome. Winter rains sustain shrublands and dry woodlands that form an ecotone between the Mediterranean climate regions to the north and the hyper-arid Sahara Desert ecoregion to the south.\n\nGeography\n\nThe North Saharan steppe and woodlands covers in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. The climate in this ecoregion is hot and dry in the summer but cooler with some rain in the winter. Atlantic depressions sometimes penetrate inland between October and April. Rainfall is erratic, but averages in the north and in the south. During the summer, temperatures regularly rise to and evaporation far exceeds precipitation.\n\nEcology\n\nThere are varying habitats in the ecoregion including sandy systems, rocky plateaus, wadis, depressions and mountains. Each has its own characteristic species and there is considerable endemism of both plants and animals in the area. Small mammals endemic to the Sahara area include the four-toed jerboa (Allactaga tetradactyla), North African gerbil (Gerbillus campestris), James's gerbil (G. jamesi), pale gerbil (G. perpallidus), lesser short-tailed gerbil (G. simoni), sand gerbil (G. syrticus), fat-tailed gerbil (Pachyuromys duprasi) and Shaw's jird (Meriones shawi). Larger mammals include the dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas), mountain gazelle (Gazella cuvieri) and slender-horned gazelle (Gazella leptoceros). There are a variety of snakes and lizards, including two endemic species, desert agama (Trapelus mutabilis) and Natterer's gecko (Tropiocolotes nattereri). There are few amphibians, Brongersma's toad (Bufo brongersmai) being endemic to the coastal region of North Africa. Among the bird species, the Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata) and Nubian bustard (Neotis nuba) have decreased in numbers because of hunting pressure.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"woodlands\" with \"province\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The North Saharan steppe and province is a desert ecoregion, in the Deserts and xeric shrublands biome, that forms the northern edge of the Sahara. It extends east and west across Northern Africa, south of the Mediterranean dry province and steppe ecoregion of the Maghreb and Cyrenaica, which is part of the Mediterranean forests, province, and scrub biome. Winter rains sustain shrublands and dry province that form an ecotone between the Mediterranean climate regions to the north and the hyper-arid Sahara Desert ecoregion to the south.\n\nGeography\n\nThe North Saharan steppe and province covers in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. The climate in this ecoregion is hot and dry in the summer but cooler with some rain in the winter. Atlantic depressions sometimes penetrate inland between October and April. Rainfall is erratic, but averages in the north and in the south. During the summer, temperatures regularly rise to and evaporation far exceeds precipitation.\n\nEcology\n\nThere are varying habitats in the ecoregion including sandy systems, rocky plateaus, wadis, depressions and mountains. Each has its own characteristic species and there is considerable endemism of both plants and animals in the area. Small mammals endemic to the Sahara area include the four-toed jerboa (Allactaga tetradactyla), North African gerbil (Gerbillus campestris), James's gerbil (G. jamesi), pale gerbil (G. perpallidus), lesser short-tailed gerbil (G. simoni), sand gerbil (G. syrticus), fat-tailed gerbil (Pachyuromys duprasi) and Shaw's jird (Meriones shawi). Larger mammals include the dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas), mountain gazelle (Gazella cuvieri) and slender-horned gazelle (Gazella leptoceros). There are a variety of snakes and lizards, including two endemic species, desert agama (Trapelus mutabilis) and Natterer's gecko (Tropiocolotes nattereri). There are few amphibians, Brongersma's toad (Bufo brongersmai) being endemic to the coastal region of North Africa. Among the bird species, the Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata) and Nubian bustard (Neotis nuba) have decreased in numbers because of hunting pressure." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"community\" with \"center\" wherever it occurs:\n\nEkwereazu (or Ekwerazu) is a town in Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria. It is made up of six communities: Oparanadim, Mpam, Ihitteafoukwu, Umuokirika, Obohia and Ekwereazu Town. Ihitteafoukwu has four villages, namely, Ogbor, Umueze, Umunomo and Umuchieze. Okirika-nwe-Eke is made up of Umuevu and Akpim which previously were part of Umuokirika. The central market called Eke Okwe gives the community its name. The community residents are mostly Roman Catholics with two big churches but Igbo traditional ceremonies like Iri Ji, Mgba and Ekpe are observed. The majority of the youth reside outside the town but maintain contact with their home town. The yearly reunion is evident during Christmas season when the village can barely contain its members returning from around the world. There is intermarriage within the community and this takes a tripartite form between Lomoma [Umuevu], Mpe na Ezeala [Umuevu] and Akpim. Intramarriage within each of the three communities is not permitted, considered a taboo, and has been so for over a century. Ekwereazu has a government-funded secondary school and two primary schools. Mpam is made of two parts namely: firstly Mpam Isieke consisting of Umuegwu, Nnemere and Umuaju and secondly Mpam Owere which comprises Umuohuo and Okponkume. The people are predominantly Catholic with a sprinkling of Anglicans, Pentecostal and a handful of atheists. They celebrate Iri ji Mbaise on the 15th of August every year and also celebrate the \"Orururu Nnemere\" festival which is an annual event every last week of the year precisely on the last Orie market day in the Igbo calendar. Most development is from self-help community efforts. The people and their leaders usually meet every eight days at the Eke Okwe market square to deliberate on matters affecting the community. The easiest route to the village is from Ogbe in Ahiara along the Owerri-Umuahia road which leads to the centre of the village. Other minor access roads are in from Agu na Eze, Oru na Lude, Nkwoala and Afo Ukwu around the village. The town shares boundaries with Ahiara, Ikeduru, and Obowo." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Ekwereazu (or Ekwerazu) is a town in Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria. It is made up of six communities: Oparanadim, Mpam, Ihitteafoukwu, Umuokirika, Obohia and Ekwereazu Town. Ihitteafoukwu has four villages, namely, Ogbor, Umueze, Umunomo and Umuchieze. Okirika-nwe-Eke is made up of Umuevu and Akpim which previously were part of Umuokirika. The central market called Eke Okwe gives the center its name. The center residents are mostly Roman Catholics with two big churches but Igbo traditional ceremonies like Iri Ji, Mgba and Ekpe are observed. The majority of the youth reside outside the town but maintain contact with their home town. The yearly reunion is evident during Christmas season when the village can barely contain its members returning from around the world. There is intermarriage within the center and this takes a tripartite form between Lomoma [Umuevu], Mpe na Ezeala [Umuevu] and Akpim. Intramarriage within each of the three communities is not permitted, considered a taboo, and has been so for over a century. Ekwereazu has a government-funded secondary school and two primary schools. Mpam is made of two parts namely: firstly Mpam Isieke consisting of Umuegwu, Nnemere and Umuaju and secondly Mpam Owere which comprises Umuohuo and Okponkume. The people are predominantly Catholic with a sprinkling of Anglicans, Pentecostal and a handful of atheists. They celebrate Iri ji Mbaise on the 15th of August every year and also celebrate the \"Orururu Nnemere\" festival which is an annual event every last week of the year precisely on the last Orie market day in the Igbo calendar. Most development is from self-help center efforts. The people and their leaders usually meet every eight days at the Eke Okwe market square to deliberate on matters affecting the center. The easiest route to the village is from Ogbe in Ahiara along the Owerri-Umuahia road which leads to the centre of the village. Other minor access roads are in from Agu na Eze, Oru na Lude, Nkwoala and Afo Ukwu around the village. The town shares boundaries with Ahiara, Ikeduru, and Obowo." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "This is a list of rivers in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. Rivers in bold are considered major rivers either geographically or historically.\nBy stream network\nAll rivers eventually empty into the Atlantic Ocean. Rivers are listed in order from west to east along the coastline, with tributary rivers listed from downstream to upstream along main stem rivers.\nWest of Narragansett Bay\n*Thames River (Connecticut) **Quinebaug River (Connecticut) ***Five Mile River ****Leeson Brook ***Moosup River ****Quaduck Brook *Pawcatuck River **Ashaway River ***Green Fall River **Wood River ***Flat River **Beaver River **Usquepaug River ***Queen River **Chipuxet River\nNarragansett Bay\n*Saugatucket River *Pettaquamscutt River **Mattatuxet River *Annaquatucket River *Pine River *Potowomut River **Hunt River *Maskerchugg River *Providence River **Pawtuxet River ***Pocasset River ***North Branch Pawtuxet River ****Moswansicut River ****Ponaganset River ***South Branch Pawtuxet River ****Mishnock River ****Big River *****Carr River *****Congdon River *****Nooseneck River ****Flat River **Woonasquatucket River ***Stillwater River **Moshassuck River ***West River **Seekonk River ***Ten Mile River ****Sevenmile River ****Wilde River ***Blackstone River ****Abbott Run *****Millers River ****Peters River ****Mill River ****Branch River *****Chepachet River *****Clear River ******Nipmuc River *******Chockalog River ******Pascoag River *Warren River **Barrington River ***Runnins River **Palmer River\nEast of Narragansett Bay\n*Kickamuit River *Sakonnet River **Maidford River ***Maiford River **Quaket River\nAlphabetically\n*Abbott Run *Annaquatucket River *Ashaway River *Barrington River *Beaver River *Big River *Blackstone River *Branch River *Carr River *Chepachet River *Chipuxet River *Chockalog River *Clear River *Congdon River *Flat River (Kent County, Rhode Island) *Flat River (Washington County, Rhode Island) *Green Fall River *Hunt River *Kickamuit River *Maidford River *Maiford River *Maskerchugg River *Mattatuxet River *Mill River *Millers River *Mishnock River *Moosup River *Moshassuck River *Moswansicut River *Nipmuc River *Nooseneck River *North Branch Pawtuxet River *Palmer River *Pascoag River *Pawcatuck River *Pawtuxet River *Peters River *Pettaquamscutt River *Pine River *Pocasset River *Ponaganset River *Potowomut River *Providence River *Quaket River *Queen River *Runnins River *Sakonnet River *Saugatucket River *Seekonk River *Sevenmile River *South Branch Pawtuxet River *Stillwater River *Ten Mile River *Usquepaug River *Warren River *West River *Wilde River *Wood River *Woonasquatucket River\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word branch, with the word bureau. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "This is a list of rivers in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. Rivers in bold are considered major rivers either geographically or historically.\nBy stream network\nAll rivers eventually empty into the Atlantic Ocean. Rivers are listed in order from west to east along the coastline, with tributary rivers listed from downstream to upstream along main stem rivers.\nWest of Narragansett Bay\n*Thames River (Connecticut) **Quinebaug River (Connecticut) ***Five Mile River ****Leeson Brook ***Moosup River ****Quaduck Brook *Pawcatuck River **Ashaway River ***Green Fall River **Wood River ***Flat River **Beaver River **Usquepaug River ***Queen River **Chipuxet River\nNarragansett Bay\n*Saugatucket River *Pettaquamscutt River **Mattatuxet River *Annaquatucket River *Pine River *Potowomut River **Hunt River *Maskerchugg River *Providence River **Pawtuxet River ***Pocasset River ***North Bureau Pawtuxet River ****Moswansicut River ****Ponaganset River ***South Bureau Pawtuxet River ****Mishnock River ****Big River *****Carr River *****Congdon River *****Nooseneck River ****Flat River **Woonasquatucket River ***Stillwater River **Moshassuck River ***West River **Seekonk River ***Ten Mile River ****Sevenmile River ****Wilde River ***Blackstone River ****Abbott Run *****Millers River ****Peters River ****Mill River ****Bureau River *****Chepachet River *****Clear River ******Nipmuc River *******Chockalog River ******Pascoag River *Warren River **Barrington River ***Runnins River **Palmer River\nEast of Narragansett Bay\n*Kickamuit River *Sakonnet River **Maidford River ***Maiford River **Quaket River\nAlphabetically\n*Abbott Run *Annaquatucket River *Ashaway River *Barrington River *Beaver River *Big River *Blackstone River *Bureau River *Carr River *Chepachet River *Chipuxet River *Chockalog River *Clear River *Congdon River *Flat River (Kent County, Rhode Island) *Flat River (Washington County, Rhode Island) *Green Fall River *Hunt River *Kickamuit River *Maidford River *Maiford River *Maskerchugg River *Mattatuxet River *Mill River *Millers River *Mishnock River *Moosup River *Moshassuck River *Moswansicut River *Nipmuc River *Nooseneck River *North Bureau Pawtuxet River *Palmer River *Pascoag River *Pawcatuck River *Pawtuxet River *Peters River *Pettaquamscutt River *Pine River *Pocasset River *Ponaganset River *Potowomut River *Providence River *Quaket River *Queen River *Runnins River *Sakonnet River *Saugatucket River *Seekonk River *Sevenmile River *South Bureau Pawtuxet River *Stillwater River *Ten Mile River *Usquepaug River *Warren River *West River *Wilde River *Wood River *Woonasquatucket River" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'treatment' with 'cure'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nIn medicine (gastroenterology), angiodysplasia is a small vascular malformation of the gut. It is a common cause of otherwise unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia. Lesions are often multiple, and frequently involve the cecum or ascending colon, although they can occur at other places. Treatment may be with colonoscopic interventions, angiography and embolization, medication, or occasionally surgery.\n\nSigns and symptoms\n\nAlthough some cases present with black, tarry stool (melena), the blood loss can be subtle, with the anemia symptoms predominating.\n\nPathophysiology\n\nHistologically, it resembles telangiectasia and development is related to age and strain on the bowel wall. It is a degenerative lesion, acquired, probably resulting from chronic and intermittent contraction of the colon that is obstructing the venous drainage of the mucosa. As time goes by the veins become more and more tortuous, while the capillaries of the mucosa gradually dilate and precapillary sphincter becomes incompetent. Thus is formed an arteriovenous malformation characterized by a small tuft of dilated vessels. Although angiodysplasia is probably quite common, the risk of bleeding is increased in disorders of coagulation. A classic association is Heyde's syndrome (coincidence of aortic valve stenosis and bleeding from angiodysplasia). Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and calcific aortic stenosis (Heyde's syndrome) In this disorder, von Willebrand factor (vWF) is proteolysed due to high shear stress in the highly turbulent blood flow around the aortic valve. vWF is most active in vascular beds with high shear stress, including angiodysplasias, and deficiency of vWF increases the bleeding risk from such lesions. Warkentin et al. argue that apart from aortic valve stenosis, some other conditions that feature high shear stress might also increase the risk of bleeding from angiodysplasia.\n\nDiagnosis\n\nFecal occult blood testing is positive when bleeding is active. If bleeding is intermittent the test may be negative at times. Diagnosis of angiodysplasia is often accomplished with endoscopy, either colonoscopy or esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Although the lesions can be notoriously hard to find, the patient usually is diagnosed by endoscopy. A new technique, pill enteroscopy, has been a major advance in diagnosis, especially in the small bowel which is difficult to reach with traditional endoscopy. With this technique a pill that contains a video camera and radio transmitter is swallowed, and pictures of the small intestine are sent to a receiver worn by the patient. Recently, multiphase CT angiography (without positive oral contrast) has been shown to play a promising role in the diagnoses of small and large bowel angiodysplasia, especially when associated with active hemorrhage. Angiodysplasiae in the small bowel can also be diagnosed and treated with double-balloon enteroscopy, a technique involving a long endoscopic camera and overtube, both fitted with balloons, that allow the bowel to be accordioned over the camera. In cases with negative endoscopic findings and high clinical suspicion, selective angiography of the mesenteric arteries is sometimes necessary, but this allows for interventions at time of the procedure. An alternative is scintigraphy with red blood cells labeled with a radioactive marker; this shows the site of the bleeding on a gamma camera but tends to be unhelpful unless the bleeding is continuous and significant.\n\nTreatment\n\nIf the anemia is severe, blood transfusion is required before any other intervention is considered. Endoscopic treatment is an initial possibility, where cautery or argon plasma coagulation (APC) treatment is applied through the endoscope. Failing this, angiography and embolization with particles is another microinvasive treatment option, which avoids the need for surgery and bowel resection. Here, the vessel supplying the angiodysplasia is selectively catheterized and embolized with microparticles. Resection of the affected part of the bowel may be needed if the other modalities fail. However, the lesions may be widespread, making such treatment impractical. If the bleeding is from multiple or inaccessible sites, systemic therapy with medication may be necessary. First-line options include the antifibrinolytics tranexamic acid or aminocaproic acid. Estrogens can be used to stop bleeding from angiodysplasia. Estrogens cause mild hypercoaguability of the blood. Estrogen side effects can be dangerous and unpleasant in both sexes. Changes in voice and breast swelling is bothersome in men, but older women often report improvement of libido and perimenopausal symptoms. (The worries about hormone replacement therapy/HRT, however, apply here as well.) In difficult cases, there have been positive reports about octreotide and thalidomide. In severe cases or cases not responsive to either endoscopic or medical treatment, surgery may be necessary to arrest the bleeding." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In medicine (gastroenterology), angiodysplasia is a small vascular malformation of the gut. It is a common cause of otherwise unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia. Lesions are often multiple, and frequently involve the cecum or ascending colon, although they can occur at other places. Cure may be with colonoscopic interventions, angiography and embolization, medication, or occasionally surgery.\n\nSigns and symptoms\n\nAlthough some cases present with black, tarry stool (melena), the blood loss can be subtle, with the anemia symptoms predominating.\n\nPathophysiology\n\nHistologically, it resembles telangiectasia and development is related to age and strain on the bowel wall. It is a degenerative lesion, acquired, probably resulting from chronic and intermittent contraction of the colon that is obstructing the venous drainage of the mucosa. As time goes by the veins become more and more tortuous, while the capillaries of the mucosa gradually dilate and precapillary sphincter becomes incompetent. Thus is formed an arteriovenous malformation characterized by a small tuft of dilated vessels. Although angiodysplasia is probably quite common, the risk of bleeding is increased in disorders of coagulation. A classic association is Heyde's syndrome (coincidence of aortic valve stenosis and bleeding from angiodysplasia). Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and calcific aortic stenosis (Heyde's syndrome) In this disorder, von Willebrand factor (vWF) is proteolysed due to high shear stress in the highly turbulent blood flow around the aortic valve. vWF is most active in vascular beds with high shear stress, including angiodysplasias, and deficiency of vWF increases the bleeding risk from such lesions. Warkentin et al. argue that apart from aortic valve stenosis, some other conditions that feature high shear stress might also increase the risk of bleeding from angiodysplasia.\n\nDiagnosis\n\nFecal occult blood testing is positive when bleeding is active. If bleeding is intermittent the test may be negative at times. Diagnosis of angiodysplasia is often accomplished with endoscopy, either colonoscopy or esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Although the lesions can be notoriously hard to find, the patient usually is diagnosed by endoscopy. A new technique, pill enteroscopy, has been a major advance in diagnosis, especially in the small bowel which is difficult to reach with traditional endoscopy. With this technique a pill that contains a video camera and radio transmitter is swallowed, and pictures of the small intestine are sent to a receiver worn by the patient. Recently, multiphase CT angiography (without positive oral contrast) has been shown to play a promising role in the diagnoses of small and large bowel angiodysplasia, especially when associated with active hemorrhage. Angiodysplasiae in the small bowel can also be diagnosed and treated with double-balloon enteroscopy, a technique involving a long endoscopic camera and overtube, both fitted with balloons, that allow the bowel to be accordioned over the camera. In cases with negative endoscopic findings and high clinical suspicion, selective angiography of the mesenteric arteries is sometimes necessary, but this allows for interventions at time of the procedure. An alternative is scintigraphy with red blood cells labeled with a radioactive marker; this shows the site of the bleeding on a gamma camera but tends to be unhelpful unless the bleeding is continuous and significant.\n\nCure\n\nIf the anemia is severe, blood transfusion is required before any other intervention is considered. Endoscopic cure is an initial possibility, where cautery or argon plasma coagulation (APC) cure is applied through the endoscope. Failing this, angiography and embolization with particles is another microinvasive cure option, which avoids the need for surgery and bowel resection. Here, the vessel supplying the angiodysplasia is selectively catheterized and embolized with microparticles. Resection of the affected part of the bowel may be needed if the other modalities fail. However, the lesions may be widespread, making such cure impractical. If the bleeding is from multiple or inaccessible sites, systemic therapy with medication may be necessary. First-line options include the antifibrinolytics tranexamic acid or aminocaproic acid. Estrogens can be used to stop bleeding from angiodysplasia. Estrogens cause mild hypercoaguability of the blood. Estrogen side effects can be dangerous and unpleasant in both sexes. Changes in voice and breast swelling is bothersome in men, but older women often report improvement of libido and perimenopausal symptoms. (The worries about hormone replacement therapy/HRT, however, apply here as well.) In difficult cases, there have been positive reports about octreotide and thalidomide. In severe cases or cases not responsive to either endoscopic or medical cure, surgery may be necessary to arrest the bleeding." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "This is a list of notable international schools in the United States.\nCalifornia\n*Alliant International University, Irvine, Fresno, Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco *American University Preparatory School, Los Angeles *French American International School, San Francisco *International Bilingual School, Palos Verdes Estates *International High School of San Francisco *International School of the Peninsula, San Francisco *Lycee Francais de San Francisco *Lycee Francais de Los Angeles *Lycee International de Los Angeles, Burbank *Oakland International High School\nColorado\n*International School of Denver\nConnecticut\n*The International School at Dundee, Riverside *The Japanese School of New York, Greenwich *Whitby School, Greenwich\nDistrict of Columbia\n*British School of Washington *German School Washington, D.C. (DSW) *Washington International School *Creative Minds International PCS\nFlorida\n*American High School *Schiller International University *North Broward Preparatory School *Windermere Preparatory School\nGeorgia\n*Atlanta International School *Seigakuin Atlanta International School, Peachtree Corners\nHawaii\n*Varsity International School, Honolulu\nIllinois\n*British International School of Chicago Lincoln Park *British International School of Chicago, South Loop *Chicago Futabakai Japanese School, Arlington Heights *Lycee Francais de Chicago\nIndiana\n*International School of Indiana, Indianapolis\nMaryland\n*Lycee Rochambeau, Bethesda\nMassachusetts\n*British International School of Boston *International School of Boston, Cambridge *Snowden International School, Boston\nMichigan\n*International Academy, Bloomfield Hills *International Academy of Macomb, Clinton Township\nMinnesota\n*Saint Paul Preparatory School, St Paul *The International School of Minnesota, Eden Prairie\nNevada\n*Henderson International School, Henderson\nNew Jersey\n*The New Jersey Japanese School, Oakland *Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science, Princeton\nNew Mexico\n*Armand Hammer United World College of the American West, Montezuma\nNew York\n*Avenues: The World School, New York City *British International School of New York *College of Staten Island High School for International Studies, New York City *Dwight School, New York City *EF International Academy *The Flushing International High School, New York City *French-American School of New York, Westchester County *German International School New York, White Plains *The International High School, New York City *Keio Academy of New York, Purchase *Lycee Francais de New York, New York City *Pine Street School, New York City *United Nations International School, New York City\nNorth Carolina\n*American Hebrew Academy, Greensboro *British American School of Charlotte\nOregon\n*French American International School, Portland *International School of Beaverton\nSouth Carolina\n*The British International School of Charlotte *French Bilingual School of South Carolina, Wade Hampton\nTennessee\n*Tennessee Meiji Gakuin High School, Sweetwater\nTexas\n*Austin International School *Awty International School, Houston *British International School of Houston *Dallas International School *Faith West Academy, Katy *The Village School, Houston\nWashington\n*French Immersion School of Washington, Bellevue *International Community School, Kirkland *International School, Bellevue\nWest Virginia\n*Bluefield International Academy, Bluefield\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word washington, with the word law. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "This is a list of notable international schools in the United States.\nCalifornia\n*Alliant International University, Irvine, Fresno, Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco *American University Preparatory School, Los Angeles *French American International School, San Francisco *International Bilingual School, Palos Verdes Estates *International High School of San Francisco *International School of the Peninsula, San Francisco *Lycee Francais de San Francisco *Lycee Francais de Los Angeles *Lycee International de Los Angeles, Burbank *Oakland International High School\nColorado\n*International School of Denver\nConnecticut\n*The International School at Dundee, Riverside *The Japanese School of New York, Greenwich *Whitby School, Greenwich\nDistrict of Columbia\n*British School of Law *German School Law, D.C. (DSW) *Law International School *Creative Minds International PCS\nFlorida\n*American High School *Schiller International University *North Broward Preparatory School *Windermere Preparatory School\nGeorgia\n*Atlanta International School *Seigakuin Atlanta International School, Peachtree Corners\nHawaii\n*Varsity International School, Honolulu\nIllinois\n*British International School of Chicago Lincoln Park *British International School of Chicago, South Loop *Chicago Futabakai Japanese School, Arlington Heights *Lycee Francais de Chicago\nIndiana\n*International School of Indiana, Indianapolis\nMaryland\n*Lycee Rochambeau, Bethesda\nMassachusetts\n*British International School of Boston *International School of Boston, Cambridge *Snowden International School, Boston\nMichigan\n*International Academy, Bloomfield Hills *International Academy of Macomb, Clinton Township\nMinnesota\n*Saint Paul Preparatory School, St Paul *The International School of Minnesota, Eden Prairie\nNevada\n*Henderson International School, Henderson\nNew Jersey\n*The New Jersey Japanese School, Oakland *Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science, Princeton\nNew Mexico\n*Armand Hammer United World College of the American West, Montezuma\nNew York\n*Avenues: The World School, New York City *British International School of New York *College of Staten Island High School for International Studies, New York City *Dwight School, New York City *EF International Academy *The Flushing International High School, New York City *French-American School of New York, Westchester County *German International School New York, White Plains *The International High School, New York City *Keio Academy of New York, Purchase *Lycee Francais de New York, New York City *Pine Street School, New York City *United Nations International School, New York City\nNorth Carolina\n*American Hebrew Academy, Greensboro *British American School of Charlotte\nOregon\n*French American International School, Portland *International School of Beaverton\nSouth Carolina\n*The British International School of Charlotte *French Bilingual School of South Carolina, Wade Hampton\nTennessee\n*Tennessee Meiji Gakuin High School, Sweetwater\nTexas\n*Austin International School *Awty International School, Houston *British International School of Houston *Dallas International School *Faith West Academy, Katy *The Village School, Houston\nLaw\n*French Immersion School of Law, Bellevue *International Community School, Kirkland *International School, Bellevue\nWest Virginia\n*Bluefield International Academy, Bluefield" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "An economic development organization (EDO) is an organization dedicated to the economic development of a region, be it a subnational area such as a town, city, county, province, or state; a whole nation; or transnational regions unified through economic integration. EDOs are typically government agencies, public-private partnerships, or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working together with other actors to improve the regional economy they focus on (be it internal or external). EDOs are sometimes confused with regional development organizations (RDOs) which have a similar focus but whose operations are often based on foreign aid or foreign assistance. EDOs may not even need to fund their operations, programs, and services as they might simply operate as a consortium rather than as an incorporation.\n\nOverview\n\nEconomic development has evolved into a professional industry of highly specialized practitioners. The practitioners have two key roles: one is to provide leadership in policy-making, and the other is to administer policy, programs, and projects. Economic development practitioners generally work in public offices on the state, regional, or municipal level, or in public-private partnerships organizations that may be partially funded by local, regional, state, or federal tax money. These economic development organizations function as individual entities and in some cases as departments of local governments. Their role is to seek out new economic opportunities and retain their existing business wealth. There are numerous other organizations whose primary function is not economic development but which work in partnership with economic developers. They may include the news media, foundations, utilities, schools, health care providers, faith-based organizations, and colleges, universities, and other education or research institutions.\n\nCriticism\n\nEconomic development organizations have faced some criticism from industry groups and economists. As quasi-public entities, the leadership of economic development organizations often oversee large and complicated financial transactions without having the requisite skill level or oversight from competent third parties. Economic development organizations in the U.S., including ones in Montgomery County, Maryland and Warren County, Virginia have been embroiled in financial embezzlement or fiscal mismanagement scandals.\n\n\nReplace 'development' with 'progress' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "An economic progress organization (EDO) is an organization dedicated to the economic progress of a region, be it a subnational area such as a town, city, county, province, or state; a whole nation; or transnational regions unified through economic integration. EDOs are typically government agencies, public-private partnerships, or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working together with other actors to improve the regional economy they focus on (be it internal or external). EDOs are sometimes confused with regional progress organizations (RDOs) which have a similar focus but whose operations are often based on foreign aid or foreign assistance. EDOs may not even need to fund their operations, programs, and services as they might simply operate as a consortium rather than as an incorporation.\n\nOverview\n\nEconomic progress has evolved into a professional industry of highly specialized practitioners. The practitioners have two key roles: one is to provide leadership in policy-making, and the other is to administer policy, programs, and projects. Economic progress practitioners generally work in public offices on the state, regional, or municipal level, or in public-private partnerships organizations that may be partially funded by local, regional, state, or federal tax money. These economic progress organizations function as individual entities and in some cases as departments of local governments. Their role is to seek out new economic opportunities and retain their existing business wealth. There are numerous other organizations whose primary function is not economic progress but which work in partnership with economic developers. They may include the news media, foundations, utilities, schools, health care providers, faith-based organizations, and colleges, universities, and other education or research institutions.\n\nCriticism\n\nEconomic progress organizations have faced some criticism from industry groups and economists. As quasi-public entities, the leadership of economic progress organizations often oversee large and complicated financial transactions without having the requisite skill level or oversight from competent third parties. Economic progress organizations in the U.S., including ones in Montgomery County, Maryland and Warren County, Virginia have been embroiled in financial embezzlement or fiscal mismanagement scandals." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Conceptual combination is a fundamental cognitive process by which two or more existing basic concepts are mentally synthesized to generate a composite, higher-order concept. The products of this process are sometimes referred to as \"complex concepts.\" Combining concepts allows individuals to use a finite number of concepts which they already understand to construct a potentially limitless quantity of new, related concepts. It is an essential component of many abilities, such as perception, language, synthetic reasoning, creative thought and abstraction. Conceptual combination is an important concept in the fields of cognitive psychology and cognitive science.\n\nMechanism\n\nThe mechanism by which conceptual combination occurs is debatable, both on cognitive and neurological levels. As such, multiple models have been developed or applied to better define how the process occurs.\n\nCognitive\n\nCognitive models attempt to functionally outline the mental computation involved in conceptual combination.\n\nConstraint Theory\n\nConstraint theory stipulates that the concept that results from an attempt at conceptual combination is controlled by three constraints known as diagnosticity, plausibility and informativeness. Diagnosticity refers to the a complex concept's possession of the defining properties of its component simple concepts. Because such properties are diagnostic of the component concepts, at least some of them should be diagnostic of the higher-order representations constructed from those concepts. Plausibility refers to consistency with existing knowledge and prior experience. It is based on the assumption that a complex concept should be reasonably relevant to the context in which it is used. This assumption makes the most sense in a practical, linguistic context, particularly when a speaker is catering to the understanding of the listener. Informativeness is the property of having more meaning or properties than any individual component. If a complex concept were not distinguishable from any given component, it would be identical to that component. Because nothing can logically be both a component of something and the totality of something simultaneously, a complex concept must at least be the sum of its parts. Many argue that the interaction among component concepts should allow a complex concept to be greater than that sum. If multiple possible ways to structure or interpret a complex concept exist, the one which best satisfies or most satisfies these constraints is the one which will be used. The paradigm upon which constraint theory is based is computational, and therefore views the mind as a processor which operates on the basis of standard problem-solving protocols (i.e. algorithms and heuristics).\n\nSpreading Activation\n\nThe spreading activation model is a model in connectionist theory sometimes designed to represent how concepts are activated in relation to one another. Though it is typically applied to information search processes like recognition, brainstorming, and recall, it can be used to explain how concepts are combined as well as connected. Spreading activation models represent memory and knowledge as a network of interlinked concepts. Every concept manifests as a node within this network, with related nodes/concepts linked to one another with connections. Concepts that are more strongly associated with one another either in terms of content or an individual's past experience are correspondingly more strongly linked. When one concept is employed in working memory, the corresponding node is also activated. This activation spreads through the node's links, making it easier to activate nodes to which the activated node is connected. This spreading activation stimulates the linked nodes, pressuring them to activate to an extent proportional to the strength of the connection between the stimulating node and the stimulated node. If sufficient net stimulation is accrued through a stimulated node's links, it will also activate. Thus, being connected to an activated node makes it easier for an inactive node to become active as well; concepts become more readily accessed when individuals are stimulated with related concepts first. This increase in ease of access is known as \"priming.\" Spreading activation models tend to imply that processing concepts occurs in series; that is, each concept is processed one-at-a-time, one after the other. As such, individuals tend to combine concepts more readily, easily, and quickly if they are more closely linked within the network of concepts. This implication, however, has caused spreading activation to come under a great deal of criticism, particularly with respect to how the concept is employed in feature theories.\n\nFeature- Based Theories\n\nThe features and properties of complex concepts are generally assumed to be derived from the simple concepts that compose them. One popularly discussed model involves a two-stage serial process. In the initial stage, features from each of the component simple concepts are retrieved from memory through spreading activation. This allows a complex concept to accrue features with existing relationships with its component simple concepts. During this stage, the basic definition of what the complex concept is and/or means is generates. In the second stage, knowledge and reasoning are employed upon the features accrued in the previous stage to generate further features. For example, one might reason that the complex concept \"white jacket,\" if worn in a blizzard, would make one difficult to see; it would follow that one should ascribe the property of \"good for winter camouflage,\" despite the fact that this property is not closely attached to the component concepts \"white\" nor \"jacket.\" This stage is especially useful when properties of complex concepts contradict those of their component concepts, such as the different colours of milk and chocolate milk. This model, however, has come under criticism due to its inconsistency with empirical studies. If conceptual combination employed serial spreading activation, for instance, it should take longer to verify the properties of complex concepts, as they necessarily possess more concepts than their component simple concepts. Research has nonetheless shown that it takes less time to confirm complex concepts' properties than their components and about equal time to reject false properties for both. This occurred even when the properties of the complex concept contradicted those of the simple concepts. Likewise, when experiment participants are exposed to a set of features first, and then asked to verify whether or not they correspond to simple or complex concepts, the participants tend to provide correct verification answers for the complex concepts more quickly.\n\nNeurological\n\nThe neurological basis of conceptual combination has received considerably less attention than its cognitive basis. Nevertheless, research has revealed several specific brain regions that are intimately involved if not entirely responsible for neural processing involved in conceptual combination. Of particular relevance is the left anterior temporal lobe. Studies have previously demonstrated an additive effect for stimulation in this subsection of neural cortex tissue. When experiment participants were verbally presented with certain simple concepts, the processing of the information causes electrical stimulation in the region. When the same participants were verbally presented with a single complex concept formed from the combination of the aforementioned simple concepts, the stimulation recorded was equivalent to the sum of the stimulation that resulted from each individual component simple concept. In other words, the stimulation caused by a complex concept is equivalent to the total stimulation caused by its component concepts. More recent data contradicts those results by indicating a multiplicative effect in which the activation caused by a complex concept is the product of the activation levels caused by its component concepts, rather than the sum. Further support for the role of the left anterior temporal lobe has been previously established through neuropsychological studies. Semantic dementia is a disorder in which conceptual manipulation, including conceptual combination, is hindered. These indicate that the neural damage associated with semantic dementia occurs within this brain region. Unfortunately, neuropsychological studies that attempt to replicate this pattern have failed, leading uncertainty as to whether initial results were valid.\n\nLanguage\n\nAs language is the means by which concepts are communicated and expressed, the processed involved in linguistic expression and interpretation are heavily intertwined with combined concepts. Many theories of concept combination mechanisms, including constraint theory were developed within the context of language, and therefore make more sense when applied in a linguistic context. Study into the linguistic aspects of concept combination as has generally been focused on the interpretation mechanism.\n\nLexical Concepts\n\nA concept that can be expressed using a single word is called a lexical concept. A lexical concept is usually treated as a basic concept, although it can just as easily be a complex concept. Two lexical concepts are often used together as phrases to represent a combined concept of greater specificity. This is most readily seen in the use of adjectives to modify nouns and the use of adverbs to modify verbs and adjectives. Consider, for example, phrases such as \"burnt toast,\" \"eat roughly,\" and \"readily loved.\" Multiple noun lexical concepts can also be used together in order to represent combined concepts. Through this process, a limited pool of nouns can be used to produce an exponentially larger pool of phrases such as \"sound wave,\" \"video game,\" and \"sleeping pill.\"\n\nInterpretation\n\nIn addition to constraint theory, there are two principal theories surrounding the mechanism by which noun-noun combinations are interpreted. The first of these is dual-process theory. Dual-process theory proposed that there are two means by which people interpreted noun-noun phrases. Relational interpretation attempts to establish a relationship between the nouns and interprets the combined phrase in terms of that relationship. For example, one might relationally interpret the phrase \"snake mouse\" to refer to a mouse meant to be eaten by snakes, as the two concepts have a predatory relationship. Property interpretation identifies properties associated with the first noun and then applies them onto the second noun. In this case the phrase \"snake mouse\" might be interpreted as a mouse with poisonous fangs or an elongated body. The second principal theory is known as the Competition in Relations among Nominals theory. It states that the assumed modification effect of a noun on its partner in a novel noun-noun combination is the one which it has been seen to employ most often in the past. For example, \"chocolate cat\" is usually interpreted as \"a cat made of chocolate\" rather than \"a chocolate-eating cat\" simply because the \"made of\" modifier is heavily conditioned to be associated with \"chocolate.\" Explanations of linguistic expression of complex concepts have been linked to spreading activation models. When an individual identifies a lexical concept through vision or hearing, the corresponding node in that individual's cognitive network is said to activate. This makes it easier for lexical concepts linked to the activated concept to be comprehended, as they are primed. This is consistent with current empirical data, which shows that when individuals are interpreting sentences, they process the linguistic content more quickly when several related words follow one another. In turn, it becomes easier for people to combine these related concepts together and understand them as a relationship, rather than two distinct entities. For example, consider the example, \"John spread butter on a bagel.\" In this sentence, the lexical concepts \"spread,\" \"butter,\" and \"bagel\" are associated with one another and easy to combine into a mental representation of a breakfast scenario. Conversely, consider the example, \"John baked a computer.\" Because \"baked\" and \"computer\" are not related lexical concepts, it takes more effort and time to build a mental representation of this unusual scenario. However, spreading activation models of conceptual combination have been criticized in light of how humans have been observed to combined languages. Those who claim that the theory provides an insufficient account of linguistic conceptual combination refer to the ability of humans to readily understand lexical concept combinations with seemingly no apparent connection with one another. One example of this would be the sentence \"John saw an elephant cloud.\" \"Elephant\" and \"cloud\" do not shared a close association, but it takes little effort to comprehend that the term \"elephant cloud\" refers to a cloud shaped like an elephant. This has led some to conclude that the combination of lexical concepts does not wholly rely on the simultaneous activation of linked lexical concepts alone. Rather, they claim that the process involves the use of existing nodes to generate entirely new concepts independent of their parent concepts. Recently, within the interpretation framework of concept combination, in the context of cognitive modelling and cognitively inspired AI systems, it has been developed a probabilistic logical framework, embedding the head-modifier cognitive heuristics, able to account for complex human-like noun-noun concept combinations (like the PET-FISH problem). Such a framework has been used and tested as a generative tool for autonomous systems.\n\nSocial Context\n\nAlthough many theories of novel noun-noun combination interpretation ignore the effect of social environment, some theorists have attempted to account for any contingencies social context may cause. When lexical concept combinations are interpreted without the influence of social context, the interpretation carried out is termed sense generation. This includes all processes that would normally occur excepting those dependent on a conversation partner. The generation hypothesis accordingly states that the interpretation mechanism of a noun-noun combination is essentially the same regardless of context. This does not rule out the possibility that social context can affect sense generation in some way, but it does assert that the basic structure of the process is unaffected. As seen above, debate as to what sense generation entails and how many sub-processes into which it should be divided is a contentious matter in cognitive science. The anaphor resolution hypothesis instead asserts that before sense generation occurs, interpreters first search their memory of recent communication to see if the combination refers to something previously discussed. This process is termed anaphor resolution'.' If a referent is identified, interpretation occurs without sense generation in light of that referent. Even if an explicit referent does not exist, anaphor resolution can help facilitate sense generation by providing more information that might hint at the combination's intended meaning. The dual-process hypothesis not to be confused with dual-process theory, states that sense generation and anaphor resolution occur in parallel. Both processes begin to work once the noun-noun combination is presented. Proponents of this hypothesis disagree as to how the interpretation is eventually resolves. Some believe that whichever process reaches a conclusion first provides the answer. Others believe that both provide continuous input to a third, mediating process that eventually makes a decision based on input from both.\n\nCreativity\n\nCreativity necessitates the employment of existing concepts in novel ways, and therefore requires conceptual combination. Surprisingly, this contribution seems to be limited. Conceptual combination is a significant contributor to convergent thinking, but not divergent thinking. For example, practice with generating new concepts through combination does not improve brainstorming. It does, however, assist in devising creative problem solving methods.\n\nEducational applications\n\nThe psychological community's growing understanding of how concepts are manipulated has allowed educators to teach new concepts more effectively. Tools that are developed based on conceptual combination theory attempt to teach individual tasks, and then challenge students to exercise them together in order to promote both base subject skills and the critical thinking needed to apply them simultaneously to solve new problems. Mader & Vajda, for instance, developed a three-dimensional grid with cells of adjustable height which has been successfully used in numerous activities capable of improving the effectiveness of high school mathematics education.\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word properties, with the word backdrop. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Conceptual combination is a fundamental cognitive process by which two or more existing basic concepts are mentally synthesized to generate a composite, higher-order concept. The products of this process are sometimes referred to as \"complex concepts.\" Combining concepts allows individuals to use a finite number of concepts which they already understand to construct a potentially limitless quantity of new, related concepts. It is an essential component of many abilities, such as perception, language, synthetic reasoning, creative thought and abstraction. Conceptual combination is an important concept in the fields of cognitive psychology and cognitive science.\n\nMechanism\n\nThe mechanism by which conceptual combination occurs is debatable, both on cognitive and neurological levels. As such, multiple models have been developed or applied to better define how the process occurs.\n\nCognitive\n\nCognitive models attempt to functionally outline the mental computation involved in conceptual combination.\n\nConstraint Theory\n\nConstraint theory stipulates that the concept that results from an attempt at conceptual combination is controlled by three constraints known as diagnosticity, plausibility and informativeness. Diagnosticity refers to the a complex concept's possession of the defining backdrop of its component simple concepts. Because such backdrop are diagnostic of the component concepts, at least some of them should be diagnostic of the higher-order representations constructed from those concepts. Plausibility refers to consistency with existing knowledge and prior experience. It is based on the assumption that a complex concept should be reasonably relevant to the context in which it is used. This assumption makes the most sense in a practical, linguistic context, particularly when a speaker is catering to the understanding of the listener. Informativeness is the property of having more meaning or backdrop than any individual component. If a complex concept were not distinguishable from any given component, it would be identical to that component. Because nothing can logically be both a component of something and the totality of something simultaneously, a complex concept must at least be the sum of its parts. Many argue that the interaction among component concepts should allow a complex concept to be greater than that sum. If multiple possible ways to structure or interpret a complex concept exist, the one which best satisfies or most satisfies these constraints is the one which will be used. The paradigm upon which constraint theory is based is computational, and therefore views the mind as a processor which operates on the basis of standard problem-solving protocols (i.e. algorithms and heuristics).\n\nSpreading Activation\n\nThe spreading activation model is a model in connectionist theory sometimes designed to represent how concepts are activated in relation to one another. Though it is typically applied to information search processes like recognition, brainstorming, and recall, it can be used to explain how concepts are combined as well as connected. Spreading activation models represent memory and knowledge as a network of interlinked concepts. Every concept manifests as a node within this network, with related nodes/concepts linked to one another with connections. Concepts that are more strongly associated with one another either in terms of content or an individual's past experience are correspondingly more strongly linked. When one concept is employed in working memory, the corresponding node is also activated. This activation spreads through the node's links, making it easier to activate nodes to which the activated node is connected. This spreading activation stimulates the linked nodes, pressuring them to activate to an extent proportional to the strength of the connection between the stimulating node and the stimulated node. If sufficient net stimulation is accrued through a stimulated node's links, it will also activate. Thus, being connected to an activated node makes it easier for an inactive node to become active as well; concepts become more readily accessed when individuals are stimulated with related concepts first. This increase in ease of access is known as \"priming.\" Spreading activation models tend to imply that processing concepts occurs in series; that is, each concept is processed one-at-a-time, one after the other. As such, individuals tend to combine concepts more readily, easily, and quickly if they are more closely linked within the network of concepts. This implication, however, has caused spreading activation to come under a great deal of criticism, particularly with respect to how the concept is employed in feature theories.\n\nFeature- Based Theories\n\nThe features and backdrop of complex concepts are generally assumed to be derived from the simple concepts that compose them. One popularly discussed model involves a two-stage serial process. In the initial stage, features from each of the component simple concepts are retrieved from memory through spreading activation. This allows a complex concept to accrue features with existing relationships with its component simple concepts. During this stage, the basic definition of what the complex concept is and/or means is generates. In the second stage, knowledge and reasoning are employed upon the features accrued in the previous stage to generate further features. For example, one might reason that the complex concept \"white jacket,\" if worn in a blizzard, would make one difficult to see; it would follow that one should ascribe the property of \"good for winter camouflage,\" despite the fact that this property is not closely attached to the component concepts \"white\" nor \"jacket.\" This stage is especially useful when backdrop of complex concepts contradict those of their component concepts, such as the different colours of milk and chocolate milk. This model, however, has come under criticism due to its inconsistency with empirical studies. If conceptual combination employed serial spreading activation, for instance, it should take longer to verify the backdrop of complex concepts, as they necessarily possess more concepts than their component simple concepts. Research has nonetheless shown that it takes less time to confirm complex concepts' backdrop than their components and about equal time to reject false backdrop for both. This occurred even when the backdrop of the complex concept contradicted those of the simple concepts. Likewise, when experiment participants are exposed to a set of features first, and then asked to verify whether or not they correspond to simple or complex concepts, the participants tend to provide correct verification answers for the complex concepts more quickly.\n\nNeurological\n\nThe neurological basis of conceptual combination has received considerably less attention than its cognitive basis. Nevertheless, research has revealed several specific brain regions that are intimately involved if not entirely responsible for neural processing involved in conceptual combination. Of particular relevance is the left anterior temporal lobe. Studies have previously demonstrated an additive effect for stimulation in this subsection of neural cortex tissue. When experiment participants were verbally presented with certain simple concepts, the processing of the information causes electrical stimulation in the region. When the same participants were verbally presented with a single complex concept formed from the combination of the aforementioned simple concepts, the stimulation recorded was equivalent to the sum of the stimulation that resulted from each individual component simple concept. In other words, the stimulation caused by a complex concept is equivalent to the total stimulation caused by its component concepts. More recent data contradicts those results by indicating a multiplicative effect in which the activation caused by a complex concept is the product of the activation levels caused by its component concepts, rather than the sum. Further support for the role of the left anterior temporal lobe has been previously established through neuropsychological studies. Semantic dementia is a disorder in which conceptual manipulation, including conceptual combination, is hindered. These indicate that the neural damage associated with semantic dementia occurs within this brain region. Unfortunately, neuropsychological studies that attempt to replicate this pattern have failed, leading uncertainty as to whether initial results were valid.\n\nLanguage\n\nAs language is the means by which concepts are communicated and expressed, the processed involved in linguistic expression and interpretation are heavily intertwined with combined concepts. Many theories of concept combination mechanisms, including constraint theory were developed within the context of language, and therefore make more sense when applied in a linguistic context. Study into the linguistic aspects of concept combination as has generally been focused on the interpretation mechanism.\n\nLexical Concepts\n\nA concept that can be expressed using a single word is called a lexical concept. A lexical concept is usually treated as a basic concept, although it can just as easily be a complex concept. Two lexical concepts are often used together as phrases to represent a combined concept of greater specificity. This is most readily seen in the use of adjectives to modify nouns and the use of adverbs to modify verbs and adjectives. Consider, for example, phrases such as \"burnt toast,\" \"eat roughly,\" and \"readily loved.\" Multiple noun lexical concepts can also be used together in order to represent combined concepts. Through this process, a limited pool of nouns can be used to produce an exponentially larger pool of phrases such as \"sound wave,\" \"video game,\" and \"sleeping pill.\"\n\nInterpretation\n\nIn addition to constraint theory, there are two principal theories surrounding the mechanism by which noun-noun combinations are interpreted. The first of these is dual-process theory. Dual-process theory proposed that there are two means by which people interpreted noun-noun phrases. Relational interpretation attempts to establish a relationship between the nouns and interprets the combined phrase in terms of that relationship. For example, one might relationally interpret the phrase \"snake mouse\" to refer to a mouse meant to be eaten by snakes, as the two concepts have a predatory relationship. Property interpretation identifies backdrop associated with the first noun and then applies them onto the second noun. In this case the phrase \"snake mouse\" might be interpreted as a mouse with poisonous fangs or an elongated body. The second principal theory is known as the Competition in Relations among Nominals theory. It states that the assumed modification effect of a noun on its partner in a novel noun-noun combination is the one which it has been seen to employ most often in the past. For example, \"chocolate cat\" is usually interpreted as \"a cat made of chocolate\" rather than \"a chocolate-eating cat\" simply because the \"made of\" modifier is heavily conditioned to be associated with \"chocolate.\" Explanations of linguistic expression of complex concepts have been linked to spreading activation models. When an individual identifies a lexical concept through vision or hearing, the corresponding node in that individual's cognitive network is said to activate. This makes it easier for lexical concepts linked to the activated concept to be comprehended, as they are primed. This is consistent with current empirical data, which shows that when individuals are interpreting sentences, they process the linguistic content more quickly when several related words follow one another. In turn, it becomes easier for people to combine these related concepts together and understand them as a relationship, rather than two distinct entities. For example, consider the example, \"John spread butter on a bagel.\" In this sentence, the lexical concepts \"spread,\" \"butter,\" and \"bagel\" are associated with one another and easy to combine into a mental representation of a breakfast scenario. Conversely, consider the example, \"John baked a computer.\" Because \"baked\" and \"computer\" are not related lexical concepts, it takes more effort and time to build a mental representation of this unusual scenario. However, spreading activation models of conceptual combination have been criticized in light of how humans have been observed to combined languages. Those who claim that the theory provides an insufficient account of linguistic conceptual combination refer to the ability of humans to readily understand lexical concept combinations with seemingly no apparent connection with one another. One example of this would be the sentence \"John saw an elephant cloud.\" \"Elephant\" and \"cloud\" do not shared a close association, but it takes little effort to comprehend that the term \"elephant cloud\" refers to a cloud shaped like an elephant. This has led some to conclude that the combination of lexical concepts does not wholly rely on the simultaneous activation of linked lexical concepts alone. Rather, they claim that the process involves the use of existing nodes to generate entirely new concepts independent of their parent concepts. Recently, within the interpretation framework of concept combination, in the context of cognitive modelling and cognitively inspired AI systems, it has been developed a probabilistic logical framework, embedding the head-modifier cognitive heuristics, able to account for complex human-like noun-noun concept combinations (like the PET-FISH problem). Such a framework has been used and tested as a generative tool for autonomous systems.\n\nSocial Context\n\nAlthough many theories of novel noun-noun combination interpretation ignore the effect of social environment, some theorists have attempted to account for any contingencies social context may cause. When lexical concept combinations are interpreted without the influence of social context, the interpretation carried out is termed sense generation. This includes all processes that would normally occur excepting those dependent on a conversation partner. The generation hypothesis accordingly states that the interpretation mechanism of a noun-noun combination is essentially the same regardless of context. This does not rule out the possibility that social context can affect sense generation in some way, but it does assert that the basic structure of the process is unaffected. As seen above, debate as to what sense generation entails and how many sub-processes into which it should be divided is a contentious matter in cognitive science. The anaphor resolution hypothesis instead asserts that before sense generation occurs, interpreters first search their memory of recent communication to see if the combination refers to something previously discussed. This process is termed anaphor resolution'.' If a referent is identified, interpretation occurs without sense generation in light of that referent. Even if an explicit referent does not exist, anaphor resolution can help facilitate sense generation by providing more information that might hint at the combination's intended meaning. The dual-process hypothesis not to be confused with dual-process theory, states that sense generation and anaphor resolution occur in parallel. Both processes begin to work once the noun-noun combination is presented. Proponents of this hypothesis disagree as to how the interpretation is eventually resolves. Some believe that whichever process reaches a conclusion first provides the answer. Others believe that both provide continuous input to a third, mediating process that eventually makes a decision based on input from both.\n\nCreativity\n\nCreativity necessitates the employment of existing concepts in novel ways, and therefore requires conceptual combination. Surprisingly, this contribution seems to be limited. Conceptual combination is a significant contributor to convergent thinking, but not divergent thinking. For example, practice with generating new concepts through combination does not improve brainstorming. It does, however, assist in devising creative problem solving methods.\n\nEducational applications\n\nThe psychological community's growing understanding of how concepts are manipulated has allowed educators to teach new concepts more effectively. Tools that are developed based on conceptual combination theory attempt to teach individual tasks, and then challenge students to exercise them together in order to promote both base subject skills and the critical thinking needed to apply them simultaneously to solve new problems. Mader & Vajda, for instance, developed a three-dimensional grid with cells of adjustable height which has been successfully used in numerous activities capable of improving the effectiveness of high school mathematics education." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"temple\" with \"chapel\" wherever it occurs:\n\nJain tirthankars in Cave Vellore Vallimalai is a village in Katpadi taluk ( Vellore North Taluk ) of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located from Vellore City and it is near Ponnai. It is known for Subramaniyar temple, a Hindu temple for Murugan. (; ; ). is the place where , the daughter of Lord Vishnu and Lakshmi was born (according to legends, via the sweat drop from Lakshmi that fell on the grass at this place, and later on consumed by a female deer, thereafter was born to the Deer). Raised up by the Chief of the tribe, grew up to be a beautiful damsel. Narada muni recounted about to thereafter went to woo the damsel . After several vain attempts and finally with Lord Ganesha's help, and are united. They elope from and get married, settle down at Thanigai (Thirutthani). There is another place by name Vellimalai, near Kanyakumari and Nagercoil bordering with Kerala State, which subscribes to the same story, where in Valli was born to marry with Murugan in a love marriage. is a dear place to and thus , and Deyvaanai (; ; ) live eternally at this place. There is the Thiruppugazh aashramam atop , where the tradition of lives on. During the Pallava dynasty's regime, they built the Subramaniyar temple, a rock cut temple dedicated to . The temple is one of the monuments of national importance in Tamil Nadu. Another legend about how came to the involves lord Vishnu. In the foot of hill is the Sri Thenvenkatachalapathy temple, where Vishnu's moorthy looks like a saint. According to history when Vishnu was in deep meditation, Lakshmi came in the form of a deer and she plays in front of him. At that time Vishnu's meditation was disturbed and he saw that deer. Due to his holy glory a beautiful daughter was born. Both of them left their daughter for the sake of their devotee king. After that, the king found this infant in a Vallikilanku field so, she was called . In Sri Then Venkatachalapathy temple the temple, there is an idol which is Swayambu murthi. There is a belief that childless devotees will get children after praying in this temple.\n\nVallimalai Jain caves\n\nWestern Ganga dynasty king Raja Mallan-I carved caves for Jain monks who lived here to spread their religion in Tamilakam." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Jain tirthankars in Cave Vellore Vallimalai is a village in Katpadi taluk ( Vellore North Taluk ) of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located from Vellore City and it is near Ponnai. It is known for Subramaniyar chapel, a Hindu chapel for Murugan. (; ; ). is the place where , the daughter of Lord Vishnu and Lakshmi was born (according to legends, via the sweat drop from Lakshmi that fell on the grass at this place, and later on consumed by a female deer, thereafter was born to the Deer). Raised up by the Chief of the tribe, grew up to be a beautiful damsel. Narada muni recounted about to thereafter went to woo the damsel . After several vain attempts and finally with Lord Ganesha's help, and are united. They elope from and get married, settle down at Thanigai (Thirutthani). There is another place by name Vellimalai, near Kanyakumari and Nagercoil bordering with Kerala State, which subscribes to the same story, where in Valli was born to marry with Murugan in a love marriage. is a dear place to and thus , and Deyvaanai (; ; ) live eternally at this place. There is the Thiruppugazh aashramam atop , where the tradition of lives on. During the Pallava dynasty's regime, they built the Subramaniyar chapel, a rock cut chapel dedicated to . The chapel is one of the monuments of national importance in Tamil Nadu. Another legend about how came to the involves lord Vishnu. In the foot of hill is the Sri Thenvenkatachalapathy chapel, where Vishnu's moorthy looks like a saint. According to history when Vishnu was in deep meditation, Lakshmi came in the form of a deer and she plays in front of him. At that time Vishnu's meditation was disturbed and he saw that deer. Due to his holy glory a beautiful daughter was born. Both of them left their daughter for the sake of their devotee king. After that, the king found this infant in a Vallikilanku field so, she was called . In Sri Then Venkatachalapathy chapel the chapel, there is an idol which is Swayambu murthi. There is a belief that childless devotees will get children after praying in this chapel.\n\nVallimalai Jain caves\n\nWestern Ganga dynasty king Raja Mallan-I carved caves for Jain monks who lived here to spread their religion in Tamilakam." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "This is a list of types of swords. The term sword used here is a narrow definition. This is not a general List of premodern combat weapons and does not include the machete or similar \"sword-like\" weapons.\nAfrican swords\nNorth African swords\n*Flyssa (19th century Algeria) *Kaskara (19th century Sudan) *Khopesh (Egyptian) *Mameluke sword (18th to 19th century Egyptian) *Nimcha (18th century Morocco and Algeria) *Takoba (Tuareg sword)\nEast African swords\n*Billao (Somali) *Shotel (Eritrea and Ethiopian)\nWest African swords\n*Akrafena (Akan, specifically big with the Ashante (i,ee)) *Ida (Yoruban)\nCentral African swords\n*Mambele\nAsian swords\nEast Asian swords\n;China *Dao (Dao pinyin dao) \"sabre\" **Baguadao (Ba Gua Dao ) **Butterfly sword (Hu Die Shuang Dao ) **Changdao (Chang Dao ) **Dadao (Da Dao ) **Liuyedao (Liu Zhen Dao ) **Miao dao (Miao Dao ) **Nandao (Nan Dao ) **Piandao (Pian Dao ) **Wodao (Wei Dao ) **Yanmaodao (Yan Ling Dao ) **Zhanmadao (Zhan Ma Dao ) *Jian (Jian pinyin jian) **Shuangshou jian (Shuang Shou Jian ) *Hook sword (Gou ) ;Japan *Nihonto (Ri Ben Dao ) **Bokken (Mu Jian ) **Chisakatana **Chokuto (Zhi Dao ) **Hachiwara(Bo Ge ) **Iaito (Ju He Dao ) **Jintachi **Katana (Dao ; katana) **Kodachi (Xiao Tai Dao ) **Nagamaki (Chang Juan ) **Ninjato (Ren Zhe to) **Nodachi (Ye Tai Dao ) **Odachi (Da Tai Dao ) **Okatana **Shinai (Zhu Dao ) **Shinken (Zhen Jian ) **Shikomizue **Tachi (Tai Dao ; tachi) **Tsurugi **Uchigatana **Wakizashi (Xie Chai ; wakizashi) *Dotanuki ;Korea *Hwandudaedo (hwandudaedo; Huan Shou Da Dao ) *Saingeom (saingeom)\nSoutheast Asian swords\nSwords and knives found in Southeast Asia are influenced by Indian, Chinese as well as Middle Eastern and European forms. ;Indonesia & Malaysia *Alamang *Amanremu *Badik *Balato (sword) *Blakas *Celurit *Gari (sword) *Golok *Kabeala *Karambit *Keris *Klewang *Kujang *Langgai Tinggang *Luwuk (sword) *Mandau *Niabor *Palitai *Pandat *Parang *Rencong *Sewar *Si Euli *Sikin Panjang *Trisula ;Myanmar *Dha ;Philippines *Balasiong *Balisword *Bangkung *Banyal *Barong *Batangas *Bolo *Dahong Palay *Gayang *Gulok *Kalis *Kampilan *Panabas *Pinuti *Pirah *Sundang *Susuwat *Utak ;Thailand *Krabi\nSouth Asian Swords\n;Bhutan *Patag ;India *Asi *Firangi *Hengdang *Talwar *Kayamkulam vaal *Khanda *Malappuram Kathi *Moplah *Pata *Urumi ;Bangladesh *Ram-dao ;Sri Lanka *Kastane\nWest and Central Asian swords\n*Acinaces (Scythian short sword) All of the Islamic world during the 16th to 18th century, including the Ottoman Empire and Persia were influenced by the \"scimitar\" type of single-edged curved sword. Via the Mameluke sword this also gave rise to the European cavalry sabre. Terms for the \"scimitar\" curved sword: *Kilij (Turkish) *Pulwar (Afghanistan) *Shamshir (Persia) *Talwar (Indo-Pakistani) *Yataghan (Turkish) *Khanjar (Arabian) *Saif (Arabian) *Scimitar (Arabian) *Zulfiqar (Arabian)\nEuropean swords\nAncient history\n*Falchion *Falx *Gladius *Harpe (Greek mythology) *Iron Age sword **Falcata/Kopis (swords with forward-curving blade) **Makhaira (Ancient Greek sabre) **Xiphos (Greek term for the Iron Age sword) *Migration period sword *Spatha [Greek-Roman sword]\nPost-classical history\n*Arming sword (high medieval knightly sword) *Curtana (a medieval term for a ceremonial sword) *Longsword (late medieval) **Estoc (thrust-oriented) **Claymore (late medieval Scottish) *Paramerion (Eastern Roman Byzantine sword) *Seax *Viking sword (early medieval spatha)\nModern history\n*Early modern fencing **Rapier **Sabre *Modern fencing (sport equipment) **Epee **Foil (fencing) **Sabre (fencing)\nNorth American swords\n*U.S. regulation swords (sabres, and in some instances fascine knives shaped like short swords)\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"medieval\" with \"feudal\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "This is a list of types of swords. The term sword used here is a narrow definition. This is not a general List of premodern combat weapons and does not include the machete or similar \"sword-like\" weapons.\nAfrican swords\nNorth African swords\n*Flyssa (19th century Algeria) *Kaskara (19th century Sudan) *Khopesh (Egyptian) *Mameluke sword (18th to 19th century Egyptian) *Nimcha (18th century Morocco and Algeria) *Takoba (Tuareg sword)\nEast African swords\n*Billao (Somali) *Shotel (Eritrea and Ethiopian)\nWest African swords\n*Akrafena (Akan, specifically big with the Ashante (i,ee)) *Ida (Yoruban)\nCentral African swords\n*Mambele\nAsian swords\nEast Asian swords\n;China *Dao (Dao pinyin dao) \"sabre\" **Baguadao (Ba Gua Dao ) **Butterfly sword (Hu Die Shuang Dao ) **Changdao (Chang Dao ) **Dadao (Da Dao ) **Liuyedao (Liu Zhen Dao ) **Miao dao (Miao Dao ) **Nandao (Nan Dao ) **Piandao (Pian Dao ) **Wodao (Wei Dao ) **Yanmaodao (Yan Ling Dao ) **Zhanmadao (Zhan Ma Dao ) *Jian (Jian pinyin jian) **Shuangshou jian (Shuang Shou Jian ) *Hook sword (Gou ) ;Japan *Nihonto (Ri Ben Dao ) **Bokken (Mu Jian ) **Chisakatana **Chokuto (Zhi Dao ) **Hachiwara(Bo Ge ) **Iaito (Ju He Dao ) **Jintachi **Katana (Dao ; katana) **Kodachi (Xiao Tai Dao ) **Nagamaki (Chang Juan ) **Ninjato (Ren Zhe to) **Nodachi (Ye Tai Dao ) **Odachi (Da Tai Dao ) **Okatana **Shinai (Zhu Dao ) **Shinken (Zhen Jian ) **Shikomizue **Tachi (Tai Dao ; tachi) **Tsurugi **Uchigatana **Wakizashi (Xie Chai ; wakizashi) *Dotanuki ;Korea *Hwandudaedo (hwandudaedo; Huan Shou Da Dao ) *Saingeom (saingeom)\nSoutheast Asian swords\nSwords and knives found in Southeast Asia are influenced by Indian, Chinese as well as Middle Eastern and European forms. ;Indonesia & Malaysia *Alamang *Amanremu *Badik *Balato (sword) *Blakas *Celurit *Gari (sword) *Golok *Kabeala *Karambit *Keris *Klewang *Kujang *Langgai Tinggang *Luwuk (sword) *Mandau *Niabor *Palitai *Pandat *Parang *Rencong *Sewar *Si Euli *Sikin Panjang *Trisula ;Myanmar *Dha ;Philippines *Balasiong *Balisword *Bangkung *Banyal *Barong *Batangas *Bolo *Dahong Palay *Gayang *Gulok *Kalis *Kampilan *Panabas *Pinuti *Pirah *Sundang *Susuwat *Utak ;Thailand *Krabi\nSouth Asian Swords\n;Bhutan *Patag ;India *Asi *Firangi *Hengdang *Talwar *Kayamkulam vaal *Khanda *Malappuram Kathi *Moplah *Pata *Urumi ;Bangladesh *Ram-dao ;Sri Lanka *Kastane\nWest and Central Asian swords\n*Acinaces (Scythian short sword) All of the Islamic world during the 16th to 18th century, including the Ottoman Empire and Persia were influenced by the \"scimitar\" type of single-edged curved sword. Via the Mameluke sword this also gave rise to the European cavalry sabre. Terms for the \"scimitar\" curved sword: *Kilij (Turkish) *Pulwar (Afghanistan) *Shamshir (Persia) *Talwar (Indo-Pakistani) *Yataghan (Turkish) *Khanjar (Arabian) *Saif (Arabian) *Scimitar (Arabian) *Zulfiqar (Arabian)\nEuropean swords\nAncient history\n*Falchion *Falx *Gladius *Harpe (Greek mythology) *Iron Age sword **Falcata/Kopis (swords with forward-curving blade) **Makhaira (Ancient Greek sabre) **Xiphos (Greek term for the Iron Age sword) *Migration period sword *Spatha [Greek-Roman sword]\nPost-classical history\n*Arming sword (high feudal knightly sword) *Curtana (a feudal term for a ceremonial sword) *Longsword (late feudal) **Estoc (thrust-oriented) **Claymore (late feudal Scottish) *Paramerion (Eastern Roman Byzantine sword) *Seax *Viking sword (early feudal spatha)\nModern history\n*Early modern fencing **Rapier **Sabre *Modern fencing (sport equipment) **Epee **Foil (fencing) **Sabre (fencing)\nNorth American swords\n*U.S. regulation swords (sabres, and in some instances fascine knives shaped like short swords)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Bridal Veil Falls, Bridalveil Falls or Bridalveil Fall is a frequently-used name for waterfalls that observers fancy resemble a bride's veil:\nAustralia\n*Bridal Veil Falls, Leura, in the Blue Mountains National Park, New South Wales *Govetts Leap Falls, also called the Bridal Veil Falls, in the Blue Mountains National Park, New South Wales\nCanada\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Banff), Banff National Park, Alberta *Bridal Veil Falls, in Bridal Veil Falls Provincial Park, Fraser Valley, British Columbia *Bridal Veil Falls (Manitoulin Island), Kagawong River, Manitoulin Island, Ontario\nFrance, Reunion (Indian Ocean)\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Salazie), Salazie *Bridal Veil Falls (Voile de la Mariee), Le Tampon\nNew Zealand\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Waikato), Waikato, North Island *Bridal Veil Falls (Rotorua), a geothermal formation in Waiotapu, near Rotorua, North Island *Bridal Veil Falls (Canterbury), Arthur's Pass, South Island *Bridal Veil Falls (Skippers Canyon, Otago), Skippers Canyon, Central Otago, South Island *Bridal Veil Falls (Routeburn, Otago), Routeburn, Queenstown-Lakes District, South Island\nNorway\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Geirangerfjord), Geirangerfjord.\nPeru\n*Catarata Velo de la Novia, Chanchamayo Province\nPhilippines\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Iligan City), Iligan City\nPortugal\n*Cascata do Veu da Noiva, Madeira\nSouth Africa\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Sabie), Mpumalanga\nUnited States\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Skagway, Alaska), a waterfall in Alaska *Bridal Veil Falls (Valdez-Cordova Census Area, Alaska), in Keystone Canyon, flowing into the Lowe River *Bridal Veil Falls (Arkansas), in Cleburne County outside of Heber Springs *Bridal Veil Falls (Catskill Mountains), Catskill Mountains, New York *Bridal Veil Falls (Colorado Springs), Colorado Springs, Colorado *Bridal Veil Falls (DuPont State Forest), DuPont State Forest, North Carolina *Bridal Veil Falls (Eldorado), Eldorado National Forest, California *Bridal Veil Falls (Glenwood Springs), Glenwood Springs, Colorado *Bridal Veil Falls (Idaho Springs), Idaho Springs, Colorado *Bridal Veil Falls (Macon County), Highlands, North Carolina *Bridalveil Falls (Michigan) at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan *Bridal Veil Falls (Minnesota), Minneapolis, Minnesota *Bridal Veil Falls (New Hampshire), Franconia, New Hampshire *Bridal Veil Falls (Niagara Falls), New York, one of the Niagara Falls *Bridal Veil Falls (Plattekill Creek), Catskill Mountains, New York *Bridal Veil Falls (Ohio), Bedford, Ohio *Bridal Veil Falls (Oregon), Bridal Veil Falls State Park, Oregon *Bridal Veil Falls (Pennsylvania), Bushkill Falls, Pennsylvania *Bridal Veil Falls (Rocky Mountain National Park), Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado *Bridal Veil Falls (South Dakota), Spearfish, South Dakota *Bridal Veil Falls (Telluride), Telluride, Colorado *Bridal Veil Falls (Tennessee), Monteagle, Tennessee *Bridal Veil Falls (University of the South), University of the South in Sewanee campus *Bridal Veil Falls (Utah), Provo Canyon, Utah County, Utah *Bridal Veil Falls (Washington), Gold Bar, Washington *Bridalveil Fall, Yosemite National Park, California\nZimbabwe\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Zimbabwe), Chimanimani, Zimbabwe\n\n\nReplace 'national' with 'civil' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Bridal Veil Falls, Bridalveil Falls or Bridalveil Fall is a frequently-used name for waterfalls that observers fancy resemble a bride's veil:\nAustralia\n*Bridal Veil Falls, Leura, in the Blue Mountains Civil Park, New South Wales *Govetts Leap Falls, also called the Bridal Veil Falls, in the Blue Mountains Civil Park, New South Wales\nCanada\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Banff), Banff Civil Park, Alberta *Bridal Veil Falls, in Bridal Veil Falls Provincial Park, Fraser Valley, British Columbia *Bridal Veil Falls (Manitoulin Island), Kagawong River, Manitoulin Island, Ontario\nFrance, Reunion (Indian Ocean)\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Salazie), Salazie *Bridal Veil Falls (Voile de la Mariee), Le Tampon\nNew Zealand\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Waikato), Waikato, North Island *Bridal Veil Falls (Rotorua), a geothermal formation in Waiotapu, near Rotorua, North Island *Bridal Veil Falls (Canterbury), Arthur's Pass, South Island *Bridal Veil Falls (Skippers Canyon, Otago), Skippers Canyon, Central Otago, South Island *Bridal Veil Falls (Routeburn, Otago), Routeburn, Queenstown-Lakes District, South Island\nNorway\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Geirangerfjord), Geirangerfjord.\nPeru\n*Catarata Velo de la Novia, Chanchamayo Province\nPhilippines\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Iligan City), Iligan City\nPortugal\n*Cascata do Veu da Noiva, Madeira\nSouth Africa\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Sabie), Mpumalanga\nUnited States\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Skagway, Alaska), a waterfall in Alaska *Bridal Veil Falls (Valdez-Cordova Census Area, Alaska), in Keystone Canyon, flowing into the Lowe River *Bridal Veil Falls (Arkansas), in Cleburne County outside of Heber Springs *Bridal Veil Falls (Catskill Mountains), Catskill Mountains, New York *Bridal Veil Falls (Colorado Springs), Colorado Springs, Colorado *Bridal Veil Falls (DuPont State Forest), DuPont State Forest, North Carolina *Bridal Veil Falls (Eldorado), Eldorado Civil Forest, California *Bridal Veil Falls (Glenwood Springs), Glenwood Springs, Colorado *Bridal Veil Falls (Idaho Springs), Idaho Springs, Colorado *Bridal Veil Falls (Macon County), Highlands, North Carolina *Bridalveil Falls (Michigan) at Pictured Rocks Civil Lakeshore, Michigan *Bridal Veil Falls (Minnesota), Minneapolis, Minnesota *Bridal Veil Falls (New Hampshire), Franconia, New Hampshire *Bridal Veil Falls (Niagara Falls), New York, one of the Niagara Falls *Bridal Veil Falls (Plattekill Creek), Catskill Mountains, New York *Bridal Veil Falls (Ohio), Bedford, Ohio *Bridal Veil Falls (Oregon), Bridal Veil Falls State Park, Oregon *Bridal Veil Falls (Pennsylvania), Bushkill Falls, Pennsylvania *Bridal Veil Falls (Rocky Mountain Civil Park), Rocky Mountain Civil Park, Colorado *Bridal Veil Falls (South Dakota), Spearfish, South Dakota *Bridal Veil Falls (Telluride), Telluride, Colorado *Bridal Veil Falls (Tennessee), Monteagle, Tennessee *Bridal Veil Falls (University of the South), University of the South in Sewanee campus *Bridal Veil Falls (Utah), Provo Canyon, Utah County, Utah *Bridal Veil Falls (Washington), Gold Bar, Washington *Bridalveil Fall, Yosemite Civil Park, California\nZimbabwe\n*Bridal Veil Falls (Zimbabwe), Chimanimani, Zimbabwe" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'rather' with 'comparatively'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nStyli used in writing in the Fourteenth Century. A writing implement or writing instrument is an object used to produce writing. Writing consists of different figures, lines, and or forms. Most of these items can be also used for other functions such as painting, drawing and technical drawing, but writing instruments generally have the ordinary requirement to create a smooth, controllable line. Another writing implement employed by a smaller population, is the stylus used by blind users in conjunction with the slate for punching out the dots in Braille.\nAutonomous\nThese have an inherent functionality in that their useful life corresponds to the length of their physical existence, i.e. they cannot \"run out\" and persist as useless objects.\nWithout pigment\nThe oldest known examples were created by incising a flat surface with a rigid tool rather than applying pigment with a secondary object, e.g., Chinese jiaguwen carved into turtle shells. However, this may simply represent the relative durability of such artifacts rather than truly representing the evolution of techniques, as the meaningful application of pigment is attested in prehistoric cave paintings such as the ones at Lascaux. The ancient Sumerians and their successor cultures, such as the Babylonians, produced their cuneiform writing by pressing a triangular stylus into soft clay tablets, creating characteristic wedge-shaped marks. The clay tablets were then baked to harden them and permanently preserve the marks. Several other ancient cultures such as Mycenaean Greece also inscribed their records into clay tablets but did not routinely bake them; much of the Linear B corpus from Minoan Crete was accidentally preserved by a catastrophic fire which hard-baked those tablets. The Romans used lead styli with wax tablets which could be \"erased\" by rubbing the beeswax surface smooth again. In the modern era, hand held computers and certain other computer input devices use a stylus to enter information onto a screen by applying pressure rather than by depositing pigment. Words and names are still commonly inscribed into commemorative objects, such as the engraved winners' names on the silver Stanley Cup or the Gettysburg Address carved into the stone wall of the Lincoln Memorial, but the requisite tools are not exclusively considered to be writing instruments.\nWith inherent pigment\nThe 3rd-4th-century writing implements from Mtskheta, Georgia. The original form of \"lead pencil\" was the leaden stylus used by the ancient Romans, who also used it to write on wood or papyrus by leaving dark streaks where the soft metal rubbed off onto the surface. The concept has been revived in recent times as the core of the \"inkless pen\": a lead-based metal alloy that leaves dark markings on paper by abrading small pieces of core onto the surface. However, most modern \"lead pencils\" have a nonpoisonous core of greyish-black graphite mixed with various proportions of clay for consistency, enclosed within an outer wooden casing to protect the fragile graphite from being snapped apart or from leaving marks on the user's hand. White chalk has been traditionally used in schoolrooms to write on a main blackboard at the front of the room. In the 19th century, and indeed well into the 20th century, when paper was less readily available, individual students also wrote with chalk on their own small slates. Both pencils and chalk exist in variants which can create marks in other colors, but colored pencils and colored chalk are generally considered to be art supplies rather than writing instruments. Similarly, although very young children may use colorful wax crayons to write words into their pictures, writing is not considered to be the primary use of crayons. A wax pencil resembles both a crayon and a pencil in that it contains a brightly colored wax core within a protective paper casing, but its proportions are closer to that of a standard pencil. Wax pencils are primarily used to write onto nonporous surfaces such as porcelain or glass. Normal pencils, chalk, and crayons all share the characteristic that they cannot \"run out\". The useful life of these implements is closely linked to their physical existence. However, specialized accessories such as pencil sharpeners may be required to reshape the working end of the pigment core or to remove the outer casing from around the tip.\nAssisted\nThese require the presence of an added pigment in order to write, and are useless when \"empty\".\nPens\nThe pen is the most common form of writing implement. It has a hard tip which applies ink to a surface.\nCapillary-action dip pens\nInitially, pens were made by slicing a suitable nib point from the end of a thin, hollow natural material which could retain a small reservoir of ink by capillary action. However, these ink reservoirs were relatively small, requiring the pen to be periodically dipped back into an external inkwell for replenishing. Reed pens were used by the ancient Egyptians to write on papyrus. Quill pens were standard in Europe and the United States up through the 18th and 19th centuries, and are still used in various contexts, such as calligraphy and formal settings such as major bank transactions. The most common quills were taken from the wings of geese or ravens, although the feathers of swans and peacocks were sometimes favored for prestige. A dip pen has a steel nib (the pen proper) and a pen-holder. Dip pens are very versatile, as the pen-holder can accommodate a wide variety of nibs that are specialized for different purposes: copperplate writing, mapping pens, and five-pointed nibs for drawing music staves. They can be used with most types of ink, some of which are incompatible with other types of pen. Automatic pens are a category of dip pen, in which the nib is in two parts and can hold a larger quantity of ink. However, like all of its precursors, the steel-nibbed dip pens had a limited ink reservoir and a tendency to drip inkblots on the page.\nFountain pens\nA letter written with fountain pen. Fountain pens were developed in the 19th century. These consist of the nib unit, an ink reservoir chamber, and an external casing. The casing usually includes a cover for the nib, in order to protect its shape and keep the ink from evaporating dry or wicking into the user's pocket. Depending on the design of the pen, the ink reservoir can be filled in several different ways: direct addition by eyedropper, suction from an internal mechanism, or disposable pre-filled cartridges. Some cartridge- based fountain pens can be fitted with \"converters\", which are separate piston/suction reservoirs of the same dimensions as the pen's usual refill cartridge; these allow the pen to refill from bottled ink. Only certain types of ink can be used in a fountain pen, to avoid clogging up the nib unit mechanism. Although the larger reservoir of fountain pens requires less frequent ink replenishment, the ink may inconveniently spill out in certain contexts to stain the paper, fingers, or clothing of an unwary writer. Differences in air pressure may cause spectacular effects when travelling by airplane.\nDisposable pens\nA large number of new pen types were popularized in the 20th century. Some of them are not constructed to be refilled with ink after they run dry; although others can theoretically have their internal ink compartment replaced, the widespread custom is to simply throw away the entire pen when its ink is no longer accessible. These types include the ballpoint pen (often called a biro in many Commonwealth countries) and the felt tip pen. Both of these have subtypes which are popularly called by their own specific names, usually based on the type of their ink, such as the fluorescent highlighter, the rollerball pen, and the gel pen.\nMechanical pencils\nUnlike the construction of a traditional wooden pencil around a solid graphite core, a mechanical pencil feeds a small, mobile piece of graphite through its tip. An internal mechanism controls the position of the graphite by friction, so that although it remains steady while writing, the graphite can be advanced forward to compensate for gradual wear or retracted to protect it when not in use. The graphite in mechanical pencils is typically much narrower than in wooden pencils, frequently in sub-millimeter diameters. This makes them particularly useful for fine diagrams or small handwriting, although different sizes of refill leads cannot be interchanged in the same pencil unless it has been specially designed for that purpose.\nBrushes\nAlthough in Western civilization writing is usually done with some form of pencil or pen, other cultures have used other instruments. Chinese characters are traditionally written with a brush, which is perceived as lending itself to a graceful, flowing stroke. A brush differs from a pen in that instead of a rigid nib, the brush is tipped with soft bristles. The bristles are gently swept across the paper with just enough pressure to allow ink to wick onto the surface, rather than mashing down the brush to the extent of substantial friction resistance. Although pens with semi-flexible nibs and liquid ink can also vary their stroke width depending on the degree of applied pressure, their variation range is far less obvious. Traditionally, brushes have been loaded with ink by dipping the bristles into an external pool of ink on an inkstone, analogous to a traditional dip pen with an inkwell. Some companies now make \"brush pens\" which in that regard resemble a fountain pen, with an internal ink reservoir built into the handle which can be refilled with preloaded cartridges or a bottle-fill converter.\nAccessories\nA wooden pencil extender. Other implements indirectly associated with writing include erasers for pen and pencil, pencil sharpeners, pencil extenders, inkwells, blotter paper, and rulers and related drawing instruments. Pounce pots were a precursor of blotting paper, being a dispenser for powdery material for drying the paper. Stencils can be used to create standardised letters, patterns or signatures. There are also pencil sharpeners that can exclusively be used with wooden pencils." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Styli used in writing in the Fourteenth Century. A writing implement or writing instrument is an object used to produce writing. Writing consists of different figures, lines, and or forms. Most of these items can be also used for other functions such as painting, drawing and technical drawing, but writing instruments generally have the ordinary requirement to create a smooth, controllable line. Another writing implement employed by a smaller population, is the stylus used by blind users in conjunction with the slate for punching out the dots in Braille.\nAutonomous\nThese have an inherent functionality in that their useful life corresponds to the length of their physical existence, i.e. they cannot \"run out\" and persist as useless objects.\nWithout pigment\nThe oldest known examples were created by incising a flat surface with a rigid tool comparatively than applying pigment with a secondary object, e.g., Chinese jiaguwen carved into turtle shells. However, this may simply represent the relative durability of such artifacts comparatively than truly representing the evolution of techniques, as the meaningful application of pigment is attested in prehistoric cave paintings such as the ones at Lascaux. The ancient Sumerians and their successor cultures, such as the Babylonians, produced their cuneiform writing by pressing a triangular stylus into soft clay tablets, creating characteristic wedge-shaped marks. The clay tablets were then baked to harden them and permanently preserve the marks. Several other ancient cultures such as Mycenaean Greece also inscribed their records into clay tablets but did not routinely bake them; much of the Linear B corpus from Minoan Crete was accidentally preserved by a catastrophic fire which hard-baked those tablets. The Romans used lead styli with wax tablets which could be \"erased\" by rubbing the beeswax surface smooth again. In the modern era, hand held computers and certain other computer input devices use a stylus to enter information onto a screen by applying pressure comparatively than by depositing pigment. Words and names are still commonly inscribed into commemorative objects, such as the engraved winners' names on the silver Stanley Cup or the Gettysburg Address carved into the stone wall of the Lincoln Memorial, but the requisite tools are not exclusively considered to be writing instruments.\nWith inherent pigment\nThe 3rd-4th-century writing implements from Mtskheta, Georgia. The original form of \"lead pencil\" was the leaden stylus used by the ancient Romans, who also used it to write on wood or papyrus by leaving dark streaks where the soft metal rubbed off onto the surface. The concept has been revived in recent times as the core of the \"inkless pen\": a lead-based metal alloy that leaves dark markings on paper by abrading small pieces of core onto the surface. However, most modern \"lead pencils\" have a nonpoisonous core of greyish-black graphite mixed with various proportions of clay for consistency, enclosed within an outer wooden casing to protect the fragile graphite from being snapped apart or from leaving marks on the user's hand. White chalk has been traditionally used in schoolrooms to write on a main blackboard at the front of the room. In the 19th century, and indeed well into the 20th century, when paper was less readily available, individual students also wrote with chalk on their own small slates. Both pencils and chalk exist in variants which can create marks in other colors, but colored pencils and colored chalk are generally considered to be art supplies comparatively than writing instruments. Similarly, although very young children may use colorful wax crayons to write words into their pictures, writing is not considered to be the primary use of crayons. A wax pencil resembles both a crayon and a pencil in that it contains a brightly colored wax core within a protective paper casing, but its proportions are closer to that of a standard pencil. Wax pencils are primarily used to write onto nonporous surfaces such as porcelain or glass. Normal pencils, chalk, and crayons all share the characteristic that they cannot \"run out\". The useful life of these implements is closely linked to their physical existence. However, specialized accessories such as pencil sharpeners may be required to reshape the working end of the pigment core or to remove the outer casing from around the tip.\nAssisted\nThese require the presence of an added pigment in order to write, and are useless when \"empty\".\nPens\nThe pen is the most common form of writing implement. It has a hard tip which applies ink to a surface.\nCapillary-action dip pens\nInitially, pens were made by slicing a suitable nib point from the end of a thin, hollow natural material which could retain a small reservoir of ink by capillary action. However, these ink reservoirs were relatively small, requiring the pen to be periodically dipped back into an external inkwell for replenishing. Reed pens were used by the ancient Egyptians to write on papyrus. Quill pens were standard in Europe and the United States up through the 18th and 19th centuries, and are still used in various contexts, such as calligraphy and formal settings such as major bank transactions. The most common quills were taken from the wings of geese or ravens, although the feathers of swans and peacocks were sometimes favored for prestige. A dip pen has a steel nib (the pen proper) and a pen-holder. Dip pens are very versatile, as the pen-holder can accommodate a wide variety of nibs that are specialized for different purposes: copperplate writing, mapping pens, and five-pointed nibs for drawing music staves. They can be used with most types of ink, some of which are incompatible with other types of pen. Automatic pens are a category of dip pen, in which the nib is in two parts and can hold a larger quantity of ink. However, like all of its precursors, the steel-nibbed dip pens had a limited ink reservoir and a tendency to drip inkblots on the page.\nFountain pens\nA letter written with fountain pen. Fountain pens were developed in the 19th century. These consist of the nib unit, an ink reservoir chamber, and an external casing. The casing usually includes a cover for the nib, in order to protect its shape and keep the ink from evaporating dry or wicking into the user's pocket. Depending on the design of the pen, the ink reservoir can be filled in several different ways: direct addition by eyedropper, suction from an internal mechanism, or disposable pre-filled cartridges. Some cartridge- based fountain pens can be fitted with \"converters\", which are separate piston/suction reservoirs of the same dimensions as the pen's usual refill cartridge; these allow the pen to refill from bottled ink. Only certain types of ink can be used in a fountain pen, to avoid clogging up the nib unit mechanism. Although the larger reservoir of fountain pens requires less frequent ink replenishment, the ink may inconveniently spill out in certain contexts to stain the paper, fingers, or clothing of an unwary writer. Differences in air pressure may cause spectacular effects when travelling by airplane.\nDisposable pens\nA large number of new pen types were popularized in the 20th century. Some of them are not constructed to be refilled with ink after they run dry; although others can theoretically have their internal ink compartment replaced, the widespread custom is to simply throw away the entire pen when its ink is no longer accessible. These types include the ballpoint pen (often called a biro in many Commonwealth countries) and the felt tip pen. Both of these have subtypes which are popularly called by their own specific names, usually based on the type of their ink, such as the fluorescent highlighter, the rollerball pen, and the gel pen.\nMechanical pencils\nUnlike the construction of a traditional wooden pencil around a solid graphite core, a mechanical pencil feeds a small, mobile piece of graphite through its tip. An internal mechanism controls the position of the graphite by friction, so that although it remains steady while writing, the graphite can be advanced forward to compensate for gradual wear or retracted to protect it when not in use. The graphite in mechanical pencils is typically much narrower than in wooden pencils, frequently in sub-millimeter diameters. This makes them particularly useful for fine diagrams or small handwriting, although different sizes of refill leads cannot be interchanged in the same pencil unless it has been specially designed for that purpose.\nBrushes\nAlthough in Western civilization writing is usually done with some form of pencil or pen, other cultures have used other instruments. Chinese characters are traditionally written with a brush, which is perceived as lending itself to a graceful, flowing stroke. A brush differs from a pen in that instead of a rigid nib, the brush is tipped with soft bristles. The bristles are gently swept across the paper with just enough pressure to allow ink to wick onto the surface, comparatively than mashing down the brush to the extent of substantial friction resistance. Although pens with semi-flexible nibs and liquid ink can also vary their stroke width depending on the degree of applied pressure, their variation range is far less obvious. Traditionally, brushes have been loaded with ink by dipping the bristles into an external pool of ink on an inkstone, analogous to a traditional dip pen with an inkwell. Some companies now make \"brush pens\" which in that regard resemble a fountain pen, with an internal ink reservoir built into the handle which can be refilled with preloaded cartridges or a bottle-fill converter.\nAccessories\nA wooden pencil extender. Other implements indirectly associated with writing include erasers for pen and pencil, pencil sharpeners, pencil extenders, inkwells, blotter paper, and rulers and related drawing instruments. Pounce pots were a precursor of blotting paper, being a dispenser for powdery material for drying the paper. Stencils can be used to create standardised letters, patterns or signatures. There are also pencil sharpeners that can exclusively be used with wooden pencils." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word remainder with rest in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nIn the common law of England, the doctrine of worthier title was a legal doctrine that preferred taking title to real estate by descent over taking title by devise or by purchase. It essentially provides that a remainder cannot be created in the grantor's heirs, at least not by those words. The rule provided that where a testator undertook to convey an heir the same estate in land that the heir would take under the laws of inheritance, the heir would be adjudged to have taken title to the land by inheritance rather than by the conveyance, because descent through the bloodline was held to be \"worthier\" than a conveyance through a legal instrument.\n\nHistory of the doctrine\n\nThe doctrine of worthier title, like the Rule in Shelley's Case, had its origin in attempts by royal courts to defeat various devices contrived by lawyers during the era of feudalism to retain lands in their families while avoiding feudal duties, and to secure its free alienability. The creation of family settlements designed to preserve land within the family, transfer it without feudal duties due to the lords of the fee upon transfer at death, and preserve it from claims of creditors, occupied the ingenuity of many common lawyers during the late Middle Ages. So did efforts to undo the restrictions placed by ancestors once they became inconvenient. These concerns underlie the explanation given in Coke on Littleton: The law deemed that since no one is an \"heir\" until the person he or she inherits from dies, an attempt to create a remainder interest in the heir created no present interest at all. This interpretation draws strength by analogy from the common words of a conveyance in fee simple, \"to N. and his heirs.\" This conveyance creates no present interest in any heir; why should a remainder do the same?\n\nWhy it makes a difference\n\nBut if the heir receives the same interest in the property that he would have received either way, the doctrine of worthier title would appear at first impression to be a distinction without a difference.\n\nThe rule divests heirs of interests they seem to have under instruments\n\nThe rule makes a difference when property owners make inter vivos gifts of less than fee simple interests. Suppose Adam owns title to lands, is married to Beulah, and executes a deed \"to Beulah for life, and then to Adam's heirs\", Caleb and Dinah. Adam's intent in these words of conveyance would appear to be to grant Beulah a life estate, and then create a vested remainder interest in his apparent heirs Caleb and Dinah. The remainder interest is vested because Beulah is mortal; her death is certain to happen. But, since Caleb and Dinah are already Adam's apparent heirs, their interest under the laws of descent is \"worthier\" than the interest they take under the instrument, and the deed is construed as if Adam had stopped with \"to Beulah for life.\" This doctrine is further complicated by the fact that although Caleb and Dinah are Adam's heirs apparent, it is legally impossible to determine who is an heir until the death of the grantor. The remainder interest Caleb and Dinah were meant to have in the land subject to Beulah's life estate would have been a vested interest as the conveyance was written, but that vested interest is wiped out by the doctrine of worthier title. Imagine then that Adam then falls on hard times, and his creditors take judgments against him. If the deed were given effect as written, Caleb and Dinah's vested rights to the remainder interest would have existed prior to any judgment liens, and would therefore be prior in right to the claims of Adam's creditors. The doctrine of worthier title, preferring title by intestate succession over title by the instrument, wipes out that vested interest and prefers the rights of Adam's creditors over the rights of Adam's heirs. This illustrates that although the doctrine of worthier title, by its terms, does not affect the right passed from the ancestor to the heir, it can operate to cut off rights of the heirs against third parties.\n\nIt makes a difference who one's heirs are\n\nThe doctrine of worthier title can also affect estates created by will, when those estates are in people who would not take by intestate succession. Suppose once more that Adam is a testator; Adam's good friends in life were Edward and Fran, and Adam's surviving child is Dinah. Under applicable state laws of intestate succession, Dinah would be Adam's heir if Adam had no will. But Adam does have a will: It firstly leaves his land \"to Edward for life, then to Adam's heirs\", and it also contains a residuary clause that leaves the remainder of Adam's estate to Fran. By the operation of the instrument, Edward would have a life estate in the land, while Fran would inherit the rest of the estate immediately; then \"Adam's heirs\"i.e., Dinahwould have a vested remainder interest in the land, and expect to inherit it upon Edward's death. The doctrine of worthier title intervenes, however, with unexpected results. The doctrine prefers the interest \"Adam's heirs\" would have taken to the interest created by an instrument. Here, however, Adam's will designates Fran as his heir at law. Instead of a life estate in Edward, followed by a vested remainder in Dinah, the doctrine of worthier title operates to disinherit Dinah completely, treats the interest of the heirs as a mere reversion, and upon Edward's death gives the land, as well, to Fran.\n\nObsolescence of the doctrine\n\nThe doctrine of worthier title can be avoided by naming specific people, or classes of people (e.g. \"my children\"), instead of using the phrase \"my heirs\". As such, the doctrine of worthier title seldom comes into play. The doctrine has also been abolished, either by statute or by judicial decisions, in many common law jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, the rule survives, but only as a presumption or a rule of construction, that can be rebutted by evidence that the grantor meant otherwise." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In the common law of England, the doctrine of worthier title was a legal doctrine that preferred taking title to real estate by descent over taking title by devise or by purchase. It essentially provides that a rest cannot be created in the grantor's heirs, at least not by those words. The rule provided that where a testator undertook to convey an heir the same estate in land that the heir would take under the laws of inheritance, the heir would be adjudged to have taken title to the land by inheritance rather than by the conveyance, because descent through the bloodline was held to be \"worthier\" than a conveyance through a legal instrument.\n\nHistory of the doctrine\n\nThe doctrine of worthier title, like the Rule in Shelley's Case, had its origin in attempts by royal courts to defeat various devices contrived by lawyers during the era of feudalism to retain lands in their families while avoiding feudal duties, and to secure its free alienability. The creation of family settlements designed to preserve land within the family, transfer it without feudal duties due to the lords of the fee upon transfer at death, and preserve it from claims of creditors, occupied the ingenuity of many common lawyers during the late Middle Ages. So did efforts to undo the restrictions placed by ancestors once they became inconvenient. These concerns underlie the explanation given in Coke on Littleton: The law deemed that since no one is an \"heir\" until the person he or she inherits from dies, an attempt to create a rest interest in the heir created no present interest at all. This interpretation draws strength by analogy from the common words of a conveyance in fee simple, \"to N. and his heirs.\" This conveyance creates no present interest in any heir; why should a rest do the same?\n\nWhy it makes a difference\n\nBut if the heir receives the same interest in the property that he would have received either way, the doctrine of worthier title would appear at first impression to be a distinction without a difference.\n\nThe rule divests heirs of interests they seem to have under instruments\n\nThe rule makes a difference when property owners make inter vivos gifts of less than fee simple interests. Suppose Adam owns title to lands, is married to Beulah, and executes a deed \"to Beulah for life, and then to Adam's heirs\", Caleb and Dinah. Adam's intent in these words of conveyance would appear to be to grant Beulah a life estate, and then create a vested rest interest in his apparent heirs Caleb and Dinah. The rest interest is vested because Beulah is mortal; her death is certain to happen. But, since Caleb and Dinah are already Adam's apparent heirs, their interest under the laws of descent is \"worthier\" than the interest they take under the instrument, and the deed is construed as if Adam had stopped with \"to Beulah for life.\" This doctrine is further complicated by the fact that although Caleb and Dinah are Adam's heirs apparent, it is legally impossible to determine who is an heir until the death of the grantor. The rest interest Caleb and Dinah were meant to have in the land subject to Beulah's life estate would have been a vested interest as the conveyance was written, but that vested interest is wiped out by the doctrine of worthier title. Imagine then that Adam then falls on hard times, and his creditors take judgments against him. If the deed were given effect as written, Caleb and Dinah's vested rights to the rest interest would have existed prior to any judgment liens, and would therefore be prior in right to the claims of Adam's creditors. The doctrine of worthier title, preferring title by intestate succession over title by the instrument, wipes out that vested interest and prefers the rights of Adam's creditors over the rights of Adam's heirs. This illustrates that although the doctrine of worthier title, by its terms, does not affect the right passed from the ancestor to the heir, it can operate to cut off rights of the heirs against third parties.\n\nIt makes a difference who one's heirs are\n\nThe doctrine of worthier title can also affect estates created by will, when those estates are in people who would not take by intestate succession. Suppose once more that Adam is a testator; Adam's good friends in life were Edward and Fran, and Adam's surviving child is Dinah. Under applicable state laws of intestate succession, Dinah would be Adam's heir if Adam had no will. But Adam does have a will: It firstly leaves his land \"to Edward for life, then to Adam's heirs\", and it also contains a residuary clause that leaves the rest of Adam's estate to Fran. By the operation of the instrument, Edward would have a life estate in the land, while Fran would inherit the rest of the estate immediately; then \"Adam's heirs\"i.e., Dinahwould have a vested rest interest in the land, and expect to inherit it upon Edward's death. The doctrine of worthier title intervenes, however, with unexpected results. The doctrine prefers the interest \"Adam's heirs\" would have taken to the interest created by an instrument. Here, however, Adam's will designates Fran as his heir at law. Instead of a life estate in Edward, followed by a vested rest in Dinah, the doctrine of worthier title operates to disinherit Dinah completely, treats the interest of the heirs as a mere reversion, and upon Edward's death gives the land, as well, to Fran.\n\nObsolescence of the doctrine\n\nThe doctrine of worthier title can be avoided by naming specific people, or classes of people (e.g. \"my children\"), instead of using the phrase \"my heirs\". As such, the doctrine of worthier title seldom comes into play. The doctrine has also been abolished, either by statute or by judicial decisions, in many common law jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, the rule survives, but only as a presumption or a rule of construction, that can be rebutted by evidence that the grantor meant otherwise." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "An astral spirit is a term used in spiritualism and holism. Depending on the time period and culture, the term can have several meanings. During the Renaissance time period it was used in a Platonic format to designate the \"aetheric vehicle or starlike garment surrounding the soul which descended from heaven and entered the individual body\". It was thought to be one of the three parts of the human soul that contained the \"thoughts, cogitations, desires, imaginations that were impressed upon the mind at the time of death\" as well as lust and anger. The philosopher Marsilio Ficino considered it to be a link between the physical body and the incorporeal soul while others such as Jean Fernel associated it more with animal spirits. Philosopher Henry More introduced the term into the medical setting and considered the astral spirit to be a part of the body that was separate from the \"rational soul\". More's viewpoint was criticized as \"[reducing] spiritual phenomena ... to pseudo- physical explanations\". Astral spirits have also been associated with the familiar spirit and witchcraft, specifically black magic, and was considered at one point to be demonic in origin. This definition of astral spirits considered the entities to be completely separate from the concept of the astral spirit as something that was considered to be part of or attached to the human body or soul. The term was also used in relation to the concept of ghosts and vampirism, as spiritualists in the nineteenth century believed that the astral spirit would rise from the grave of the deceased in order to steal the blood and vitality of the living while the physical body would remain in the grave. This form of the astral spirit, while sometimes considered to be harmful, fell into the Platonic definition as it was considered to be a remnant of the deceased in some form. Astral spirits were also considered to be potentially capable of fathering a child, as there were some tales of astral spirits reportedly impregnating the wife of a deceased hajduk.\n\n\nReplace 'considered' with 'studied' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "An astral spirit is a term used in spiritualism and holism. Depending on the time period and culture, the term can have several meanings. During the Renaissance time period it was used in a Platonic format to designate the \"aetheric vehicle or starlike garment surrounding the soul which descended from heaven and entered the individual body\". It was thought to be one of the three parts of the human soul that contained the \"thoughts, cogitations, desires, imaginations that were impressed upon the mind at the time of death\" as well as lust and anger. The philosopher Marsilio Ficino studied it to be a link between the physical body and the incorporeal soul while others such as Jean Fernel associated it more with animal spirits. Philosopher Henry More introduced the term into the medical setting and studied the astral spirit to be a part of the body that was separate from the \"rational soul\". More's viewpoint was criticized as \"[reducing] spiritual phenomena ... to pseudo- physical explanations\". Astral spirits have also been associated with the familiar spirit and witchcraft, specifically black magic, and was studied at one point to be demonic in origin. This definition of astral spirits studied the entities to be completely separate from the concept of the astral spirit as something that was studied to be part of or attached to the human body or soul. The term was also used in relation to the concept of ghosts and vampirism, as spiritualists in the nineteenth century believed that the astral spirit would rise from the grave of the deceased in order to steal the blood and vitality of the living while the physical body would remain in the grave. This form of the astral spirit, while sometimes studied to be harmful, fell into the Platonic definition as it was studied to be a remnant of the deceased in some form. Astral spirits were also studied to be potentially capable of fathering a child, as there were some tales of astral spirits reportedly impregnating the wife of a deceased hajduk." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Carotid ultrasonography is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique to evaluate structural details of the carotid arteries. Carotid ultrasound is used to diagnose carotid artery stenosis (CAS) and can assess atherosclerotic plaque morphology and characteristics. Carotid duplex and contrast-enhanced ultrasound are two of the most common imaging techniques used to evaluate carotid artery disease.\nMedical Uses\nCarotid ultrasound is a low-cost, noninvasive, and accurate diagnostic imaging modality used to evaluate diseases of the carotid arteries. It is most often used to diagnose carotid artery stenosis, a form of atherosclerosis, and has the capability to assess plaque morphology and characteristics. Carotid artery stenosis is a major risk factor for stroke, and risk assessment of atherosclerotic carotid plaques is a critical component of stroke prevention. Advances in imaging have allowed for risk stratification including degree of stenosis and how vulnerable the atherosclerotic plaque is to rupture. Other plaque features that contribute to stroke risk and can be evaluated by imaging are: intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque ulceration and neovascularization, fibrous cap thickness, and presence of a lipid-rich necrotic core (LNRC). Carotid ultrasound is the preferred initial diagnostic test to evaluate carotid artery stenosis, and can also be used to monitor response to lipid-lowering therapy.\nAlternative imaging modalities\nDigital subtraction angiography (DSA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and CT angiography (CTA) are confirmatory imaging techniques typically employed after ultrasound and prior to therapeutic intervention. DSA is the gold standard for evaluating CAS, and MRI is the gold standard for carotid plaque imaging.\nImaging Techniques\nDuplex ultrasound\nDuplex ultrasound (duplex) combines standard B-mode ultrasound and Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate both structural details of the carotid arteries and blood flow through the arteries. During carotid duplex evaluation, the 2D B-mode structural image is superimposed with the doppler flow data, which provides a more realistic anatomical assessment. B-mode ultrasound is able to assess the structure of the carotid arteries and can identify areas of stenosis. B-mode is used identify stenotic lesions and to assess the echogenicity of plaques -- strong correlation has been established between sonographic and histopathologic features of plaques. Plaque echolucency can signal an at-risk plaque, as it is the sonographic equivalent of a LNRC. Doppler ultrasound allows for assessment of carotid arterial blood flow. Blood flow velocity is increased in areas of stenosis compared to normal. Therefore doppler imaging substantially aids in the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis by ultrasound.\nContrast-enhanced ultrasound\nContrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is valuable because the contrast does not diffuse into surrounding tissues, and therefore all signals are intravascular. CEUS is used to assess plaque neovascularization and ulceration. Plaque enhancement on ultrasound has been proven to correlate with neovascularization, inflammation, and inflammation, and these features are associated with symptomatic carotid plaques. Intravenous contrast is able to improve the performance of carotid ultrasound in diagnosing carotid artery stenosis. Contraindications to the ultrasound contrast include allergy, heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, endocarditis, ventricular arrhythmia, and unstable respiration.\nLimitations\nWhile ultrasound is able to assess plaque morphology, it is limited in both specificity and sensitivity in assessing lipid-rich necrotic core, plaque hemorrhage, and ulceration when compared to the gold standard. When diagnosing carotid artery stenosis, carotid ultrasound has a lower sensitivity than MRA but is more sensitive than CTA. However, both CTA and MRA have a higher specificity. A major limitation of carotid ultrasound is a high degree of inter-/intraobserver variability; however, computerized algorithms used for evaluation of the intima-media thickness (IMT), a measure of plaque morphology, have helped minimize the degree of variability. Carotid ultrasound is dependent on operator skill, and other noted areas of limitation are poor insonation angle, poor blood flow, and deep artery location. CEUS is prone to overinterpretation of vessel wall abnormalities, known as pseudoenhancement.\n\n\nReplace 'stenosis' with 'narrowing' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Carotid ultrasonography is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique to evaluate structural details of the carotid arteries. Carotid ultrasound is used to diagnose carotid artery narrowing (CAS) and can assess atherosclerotic plaque morphology and characteristics. Carotid duplex and contrast-enhanced ultrasound are two of the most common imaging techniques used to evaluate carotid artery disease.\nMedical Uses\nCarotid ultrasound is a low-cost, noninvasive, and accurate diagnostic imaging modality used to evaluate diseases of the carotid arteries. It is most often used to diagnose carotid artery narrowing, a form of atherosclerosis, and has the capability to assess plaque morphology and characteristics. Carotid artery narrowing is a major risk factor for stroke, and risk assessment of atherosclerotic carotid plaques is a critical component of stroke prevention. Advances in imaging have allowed for risk stratification including degree of narrowing and how vulnerable the atherosclerotic plaque is to rupture. Other plaque features that contribute to stroke risk and can be evaluated by imaging are: intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque ulceration and neovascularization, fibrous cap thickness, and presence of a lipid-rich necrotic core (LNRC). Carotid ultrasound is the preferred initial diagnostic test to evaluate carotid artery narrowing, and can also be used to monitor response to lipid-lowering therapy.\nAlternative imaging modalities\nDigital subtraction angiography (DSA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and CT angiography (CTA) are confirmatory imaging techniques typically employed after ultrasound and prior to therapeutic intervention. DSA is the gold standard for evaluating CAS, and MRI is the gold standard for carotid plaque imaging.\nImaging Techniques\nDuplex ultrasound\nDuplex ultrasound (duplex) combines standard B-mode ultrasound and Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate both structural details of the carotid arteries and blood flow through the arteries. During carotid duplex evaluation, the 2D B-mode structural image is superimposed with the doppler flow data, which provides a more realistic anatomical assessment. B-mode ultrasound is able to assess the structure of the carotid arteries and can identify areas of narrowing. B-mode is used identify stenotic lesions and to assess the echogenicity of plaques -- strong correlation has been established between sonographic and histopathologic features of plaques. Plaque echolucency can signal an at-risk plaque, as it is the sonographic equivalent of a LNRC. Doppler ultrasound allows for assessment of carotid arterial blood flow. Blood flow velocity is increased in areas of narrowing compared to normal. Therefore doppler imaging substantially aids in the diagnosis of carotid artery narrowing by ultrasound.\nContrast-enhanced ultrasound\nContrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is valuable because the contrast does not diffuse into surrounding tissues, and therefore all signals are intravascular. CEUS is used to assess plaque neovascularization and ulceration. Plaque enhancement on ultrasound has been proven to correlate with neovascularization, inflammation, and inflammation, and these features are associated with symptomatic carotid plaques. Intravenous contrast is able to improve the performance of carotid ultrasound in diagnosing carotid artery narrowing. Contraindications to the ultrasound contrast include allergy, heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, endocarditis, ventricular arrhythmia, and unstable respiration.\nLimitations\nWhile ultrasound is able to assess plaque morphology, it is limited in both specificity and sensitivity in assessing lipid-rich necrotic core, plaque hemorrhage, and ulceration when compared to the gold standard. When diagnosing carotid artery narrowing, carotid ultrasound has a lower sensitivity than MRA but is more sensitive than CTA. However, both CTA and MRA have a higher specificity. A major limitation of carotid ultrasound is a high degree of inter-/intraobserver variability; however, computerized algorithms used for evaluation of the intima-media thickness (IMT), a measure of plaque morphology, have helped minimize the degree of variability. Carotid ultrasound is dependent on operator skill, and other noted areas of limitation are poor insonation angle, poor blood flow, and deep artery location. CEUS is prone to overinterpretation of vessel wall abnormalities, known as pseudoenhancement." } ]