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[ { "from": "human", "value": "is a shonen manga series written and illustrated by Toru Naomura. It follows the story of Himoto Sora, a transfer student with a sense of justice and dreams of becoming a knight. Upon arriving at Utopia Academy, she learns of a virtual reality-like game played by the male students in which they use girls as weapons in battles for status and treat them as commodities. Seeing one of these girls being abused, she steps in and unwittingly becomes the first female participant of the game.\nCharacters\nSora and her Weapons\n; :The lone female participant in the Exaclan game, she is tasked with overthrowing male dominance. She is honorable, but not very bright. Wishing to be a knight and to protect the princesses, she even tells X, when asked to \"possess and protect,\" that there is no way she would own a princess. ; :Sora's first princess. She is wholly devoted to Sora and plans to help her. She has a docile and sweet personality, and is easily embarrassed. She is very fond of Sora, often becoming absorbed in vivid fantasies about her. Her habit of letting her imagination run away with her makes her the object of Yuki's teasing. She does not often accompany Sora out like Reiko or Tomoko, and spends much of her time in Yuki's room which becomes a hangout spot for the group. She is one of the six \"stars\" and her weapon is a long, dual-barreled rifle. ; :Sora's second princess. She was the first girl Sora observed in a battle, when Sora first arrived at Utopia Academy. She was afraid to stand up, but was given hope when she saw Sora and Koharu. She spends much of the series bed-ridden due to injuries inflicted by her former owner. She takes it upon herself to keep records and research the school system. She is quite mild- mannered and kind, but has a mischievous streak. Her warm exterior hides that she often lacks confidence and sees herself as weak. She is physically characterized by her long, twin braids. Her weapon is a dagger and is considered rather weak, but it later transforms into a katana (thanks to Tsuki's hacking skills) and gains a symbol. ; :The first girl who Sora gave to Karin. She did not want to be in the minority and could not handle being bullied so she asked Sora to release her. But El tells Mitarai to torture Tomoko until the very last moment before the final stage of the warning penalty. Later she is released by Karin and once again possessed by Sora after being rescued by her in the woods. She becomes very attached to Sora and occasionally possessive. She is often at ends with Reiko, mainly due to her closeness with Sora. She is one of the six \"stars\" and her weapon is a spear. ; :A girl previously owned by Sumita of the student council. Sumita loses a match against Sora on purpose in order to pass Reiko on to her. To the other girls' surprise, Reiko states that being owned by a student council member is what she wants. It is later revealed that for the last four years, Reiko has allowed herself to be passed from abusive owner to owner in order to become the companion of someone with influence in the school. She believed that by serving a powerful man, she would be able to manipulate things so that all the girls at Utopia Academy could be freed. However, when she returned to find Sumita she became Tougyu's possession and was severely tortured. Sora eventually found out, and decided to free her by using the warning penalty (though being hesitant to physically assault Reiko, she resigned herself to feigning a sexual assault). Despite the fact that no other girls wanted to help her when she decided to fight the system and the years of abuse she endured, she feels a strong desire to protect the weak and believes it is something she must achieve on her own. She finally breaks down when Sora tells her she no longer needs to be alone, and joins Sora's group. She feels a strong sense of responsibility as a senpai and embodies the tsundere character. She comes to trust Sora a great deal and often accompanies her. She is one of the six \"stars\" and her weapon is a flail. ; :A girl who was initially depicted as being madly in love with Sora after being rescued by her though this turned out to be an act. Hiyo has an older sister who always fought against men, resulting in injuries that forced her to drop out of school. Reiko mentions Sora was a lot like Hiyo's sister, because she was reckless and had similar ideals though this earns Sora Hiyo's contempt at her success. Eventually the gang finds out Hiyo stole the record of all the saved girls, ordering Tougyu to attack them. It later turns out she was manipulated by him to avoid the same fate as her sister. After Tougyu incapacitates himself, she becomes Sora's weapon. She is one of the six \"stars\", and her weapon is a large axe.\nStudent Council\n;El :The president of the student council. He is said to be cruel and cold-hearted, but this is only a persona to achieve harmony among the students; his real name is Karin, the heir to the company Iwahijiri. He is physically characterized by his mask, or when he is Karin, his eye-patch. He possesses one of the \"stars\". he has placed all his hopes in Sora and after revealing this to her, she is knocked out by the revelation as Karin is a kind and caring person who even taught her how to save the girls and taught her and Akane how to fight. He is also older than he appears, and merely posing as a student. ; :The vice-president of the student council. He wears a pair of black glasses. He does appear to have a kind side, as is demonstrated when he gets Tougyu to release Reiko, and in an omake chapter depicting him anonymously leaving a gift for Reiko while she is hospitalized. ; :A gay man who is madly in love with El. ; :As a child, he too idolized the Knight who Sora aspires to be, and when he first started attending Utopia Academy he wanted to rescue the girls who were being oppressed. However, he was caught by the school's staff and brainwashed to view everyone as trash. The one person he cares for is El, who he calls his \"god.\" ; :Always with El, but has some sort of connection to Kawazu. As shown in the 'Continued' chapter, Haruka is a woman and Kawazu's mother, and thus only posing as a student like Karin. ; :All talk and no power, although he secretly hates the systematic misogyny in the school. It is later revealed that he is Kuchinawa's son. He is distantly related to Tsuki through his father. ; :The first enemy who Sora defeated, he has lost several times to Sora. He seems to be in love with Koharu, yet sees her as a mere object to obtain. ; :He is insane and has destroyed many girls. He briefly had ownership over Reiko and had tortured her badly before Sora rescued her. Sora believes that he \"saved\" Hiyo by directing her anger away from Iwahijiri, so that she would not be destroyed as her sister had been.\nOthers\n; :Sora's closest and best friend. She is a mysterious figure, the brain behind Sora's brawn. She is owned by El and claims that this allows her to collect information about Exaclan, but in truth she is secretly the sub-chief of Exaclan and may be responsible for Sora being able to participate in Exaclan. On two occasions she disguised herself as \"Ix\", the princess of the legend; in this guise she wears a mask with a flower ornament and a long golden wig. Her weapon seems to be a blade that appears to be made of an extreme energy and is the most powerful weapon seen thus far, though this (as well as the fact that \"Ix\" was able to be used as Sora's weapon despite Tsuki's being owned by El) may be due to Tsuki's position in the Exaclan system and ability to rewrite the code of the game. Tsuki is determined to monopolize Sora as her knight, because she is the only one who understands her, and so convinces Sora from their childhood that she should only save the girls, because they are princesses. It was revealed that she is the one who originally wounded Karin's right eye. ; :One of Sora's allies. He seems to have some feelings for her. Wore a pair of glasses to 'hide', as Karin put it, but has now gotten rid of them, declaring that he's done hiding. Rather kind, if physically weak.\nExaclan\nis a virtual game in which male players possess females, who contain weapons. To use the weapons, the male players put on their gloves and remove the weapon from the girl's chest. A battle is held between two players and goes until one player or his girl faints, or he admits defeat. Despite being a virtual game, with no blood or the like, the players and weapons (girls) still feel pain. The player who wins the battle is given possession of the weapon of the loser. The game is also set up so that the weapons can only be harassed by their own possessor. Should another person try to harass a possessed weapon, a penalty will kick in. For fifteen minutes, a headache will affect the weapon, the harasser, and the owner of the weapon. The second stage, which also lasts fifteen minutes, a greater headache affects the weapon, the harasser, and the owner. At the end of the thirty total minutes of \"warning\", if the harasser does not stop or the owner does not rescue or release the weapon, the final punishment will be activated, leading to total social ruin. To win the game, one must collect all six \"stars\". The stars are weapons that, when used, display a bugged symbol consisting of a star and several Java code snippets. Sora has five stars, while El has the last one.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"though\" with \"nevertheless\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "is a shonen manga series written and illustrated by Toru Naomura. It follows the story of Himoto Sora, a transfer student with a sense of justice and dreams of becoming a knight. Upon arriving at Utopia Academy, she learns of a virtual reality-like game played by the male students in which they use girls as weapons in battles for status and treat them as commodities. Seeing one of these girls being abused, she steps in and unwittingly becomes the first female participant of the game.\nCharacters\nSora and her Weapons\n; :The lone female participant in the Exaclan game, she is tasked with overthrowing male dominance. She is honorable, but not very bright. Wishing to be a knight and to protect the princesses, she even tells X, when asked to \"possess and protect,\" that there is no way she would own a princess. ; :Sora's first princess. She is wholly devoted to Sora and plans to help her. She has a docile and sweet personality, and is easily embarrassed. She is very fond of Sora, often becoming absorbed in vivid fantasies about her. Her habit of letting her imagination run away with her makes her the object of Yuki's teasing. She does not often accompany Sora out like Reiko or Tomoko, and spends much of her time in Yuki's room which becomes a hangout spot for the group. She is one of the six \"stars\" and her weapon is a long, dual-barreled rifle. ; :Sora's second princess. She was the first girl Sora observed in a battle, when Sora first arrived at Utopia Academy. She was afraid to stand up, but was given hope when she saw Sora and Koharu. She spends much of the series bed-ridden due to injuries inflicted by her former owner. She takes it upon herself to keep records and research the school system. She is quite mild- mannered and kind, but has a mischievous streak. Her warm exterior hides that she often lacks confidence and sees herself as weak. She is physically characterized by her long, twin braids. Her weapon is a dagger and is considered rather weak, but it later transforms into a katana (thanks to Tsuki's hacking skills) and gains a symbol. ; :The first girl who Sora gave to Karin. She did not want to be in the minority and could not handle being bullied so she asked Sora to release her. But El tells Mitarai to torture Tomoko until the very last moment before the final stage of the warning penalty. Later she is released by Karin and once again possessed by Sora after being rescued by her in the woods. She becomes very attached to Sora and occasionally possessive. She is often at ends with Reiko, mainly due to her closeness with Sora. She is one of the six \"stars\" and her weapon is a spear. ; :A girl previously owned by Sumita of the student council. Sumita loses a match against Sora on purpose in order to pass Reiko on to her. To the other girls' surprise, Reiko states that being owned by a student council member is what she wants. It is later revealed that for the last four years, Reiko has allowed herself to be passed from abusive owner to owner in order to become the companion of someone with influence in the school. She believed that by serving a powerful man, she would be able to manipulate things so that all the girls at Utopia Academy could be freed. However, when she returned to find Sumita she became Tougyu's possession and was severely tortured. Sora eventually found out, and decided to free her by using the warning penalty (nevertheless being hesitant to physically assault Reiko, she resigned herself to feigning a sexual assault). Despite the fact that no other girls wanted to help her when she decided to fight the system and the years of abuse she endured, she feels a strong desire to protect the weak and believes it is something she must achieve on her own. She finally breaks down when Sora tells her she no longer needs to be alone, and joins Sora's group. She feels a strong sense of responsibility as a senpai and embodies the tsundere character. She comes to trust Sora a great deal and often accompanies her. She is one of the six \"stars\" and her weapon is a flail. ; :A girl who was initially depicted as being madly in love with Sora after being rescued by her nevertheless this turned out to be an act. Hiyo has an older sister who always fought against men, resulting in injuries that forced her to drop out of school. Reiko mentions Sora was a lot like Hiyo's sister, because she was reckless and had similar ideals nevertheless this earns Sora Hiyo's contempt at her success. Eventually the gang finds out Hiyo stole the record of all the saved girls, ordering Tougyu to attack them. It later turns out she was manipulated by him to avoid the same fate as her sister. After Tougyu incapacitates himself, she becomes Sora's weapon. She is one of the six \"stars\", and her weapon is a large axe.\nStudent Council\n;El :The president of the student council. He is said to be cruel and cold-hearted, but this is only a persona to achieve harmony among the students; his real name is Karin, the heir to the company Iwahijiri. He is physically characterized by his mask, or when he is Karin, his eye-patch. He possesses one of the \"stars\". he has placed all his hopes in Sora and after revealing this to her, she is knocked out by the revelation as Karin is a kind and caring person who even taught her how to save the girls and taught her and Akane how to fight. He is also older than he appears, and merely posing as a student. ; :The vice-president of the student council. He wears a pair of black glasses. He does appear to have a kind side, as is demonstrated when he gets Tougyu to release Reiko, and in an omake chapter depicting him anonymously leaving a gift for Reiko while she is hospitalized. ; :A gay man who is madly in love with El. ; :As a child, he too idolized the Knight who Sora aspires to be, and when he first started attending Utopia Academy he wanted to rescue the girls who were being oppressed. However, he was caught by the school's staff and brainwashed to view everyone as trash. The one person he cares for is El, who he calls his \"god.\" ; :Always with El, but has some sort of connection to Kawazu. As shown in the 'Continued' chapter, Haruka is a woman and Kawazu's mother, and thus only posing as a student like Karin. ; :All talk and no power, although he secretly hates the systematic misogyny in the school. It is later revealed that he is Kuchinawa's son. He is distantly related to Tsuki through his father. ; :The first enemy who Sora defeated, he has lost several times to Sora. He seems to be in love with Koharu, yet sees her as a mere object to obtain. ; :He is insane and has destroyed many girls. He briefly had ownership over Reiko and had tortured her badly before Sora rescued her. Sora believes that he \"saved\" Hiyo by directing her anger away from Iwahijiri, so that she would not be destroyed as her sister had been.\nOthers\n; :Sora's closest and best friend. She is a mysterious figure, the brain behind Sora's brawn. She is owned by El and claims that this allows her to collect information about Exaclan, but in truth she is secretly the sub-chief of Exaclan and may be responsible for Sora being able to participate in Exaclan. On two occasions she disguised herself as \"Ix\", the princess of the legend; in this guise she wears a mask with a flower ornament and a long golden wig. Her weapon seems to be a blade that appears to be made of an extreme energy and is the most powerful weapon seen thus far, nevertheless this (as well as the fact that \"Ix\" was able to be used as Sora's weapon despite Tsuki's being owned by El) may be due to Tsuki's position in the Exaclan system and ability to rewrite the code of the game. Tsuki is determined to monopolize Sora as her knight, because she is the only one who understands her, and so convinces Sora from their childhood that she should only save the girls, because they are princesses. It was revealed that she is the one who originally wounded Karin's right eye. ; :One of Sora's allies. He seems to have some feelings for her. Wore a pair of glasses to 'hide', as Karin put it, but has now gotten rid of them, declaring that he's done hiding. Rather kind, if physically weak.\nExaclan\nis a virtual game in which male players possess females, who contain weapons. To use the weapons, the male players put on their gloves and remove the weapon from the girl's chest. A battle is held between two players and goes until one player or his girl faints, or he admits defeat. Despite being a virtual game, with no blood or the like, the players and weapons (girls) still feel pain. The player who wins the battle is given possession of the weapon of the loser. The game is also set up so that the weapons can only be harassed by their own possessor. Should another person try to harass a possessed weapon, a penalty will kick in. For fifteen minutes, a headache will affect the weapon, the harasser, and the owner of the weapon. The second stage, which also lasts fifteen minutes, a greater headache affects the weapon, the harasser, and the owner. At the end of the thirty total minutes of \"warning\", if the harasser does not stop or the owner does not rescue or release the weapon, the final punishment will be activated, leading to total social ruin. To win the game, one must collect all six \"stars\". The stars are weapons that, when used, display a bugged symbol consisting of a star and several Java code snippets. Sora has five stars, while El has the last one." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'company' with 'club'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nAn artistic director is the executive of an arts organization, particularly in a theatre or dance company, who handles the organization's artistic direction. They are generally a producer and director, but not in the sense of a mogul, since the organization is generally a non-profit organization. The artistic director of a theatre company is the individual with the overarching artistic control of the theatre's production choices, directorial choices, and overall artistic vision. In smaller theatres, the artistic director may be the founder of the theatre and the primary director of its plays. In larger non-profit theatres (often known in Canada and the United States as regional theatres), the artistic director may be appointed by the board of directors.\nOverview\nThe artistic director of a performing arts company is similar to the musical director of an orchestra, the primary person responsible for planning a company's season. The artistic director's responsibilities can include (but are not limited to) choosing the material staged in a season, the hiring of creative/production personnel (such as directors), and other theatre management tasks. He or she may also direct productions for the company. Artistic directors work closely with the general manager of the theatre, and contribute the artistic evaluation of projects and productions to be included in promotional, funding, and press materials. An artistic director also functions as a resource for the directors who are working to mount productions at the theatre and can provide support, counsel, and/or artistic input where requested. The artistic director is usually prepared to assume the production should the director become unable to complete his/her duties. Artistic directors are frequently regarded as the artistic representatives of theatre companies and are often required to speak about their theatre to the press. In the United States, artistic directors often have fundraising responsibilities as well. In some ensemble companies, the artistic director is responsible for recruiting performers to act as a talent pool for the company's productions. This ensemble may include actors and artists of various disciplines. The artistic director functions as leader of this group, with the aim to create and/or realize various new and established works. In ballet, the artistic director is the head of a ballet company. They have overall responsibility for training the dancers as well as selecting and mounting productions. They are almost always a retired dancer. Often they also choreograph some of the company's productions. In some companies, the artistic director may also manage the day-to-day operations of the company, but in many (particularly larger) companies, the artistic director is often exempt from routine administrative duties, freeing him or her to concentrate on the art. In those cases, decisions about administration, business issues, finances, fundraising, board relations, donor relations, publicity, and marketing devolve to the responsibility of the general manager, chief operating officer, managing director, etc. or are discussed collaboratively." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "An artistic director is the executive of an arts organization, particularly in a theatre or dance club, who handles the organization's artistic direction. They are generally a producer and director, but not in the sense of a mogul, since the organization is generally a non-profit organization. The artistic director of a theatre club is the individual with the overarching artistic control of the theatre's production choices, directorial choices, and overall artistic vision. In smaller theatres, the artistic director may be the founder of the theatre and the primary director of its plays. In larger non-profit theatres (often known in Canada and the United States as regional theatres), the artistic director may be appointed by the board of directors.\nOverview\nThe artistic director of a performing arts club is similar to the musical director of an orchestra, the primary person responsible for planning a club's season. The artistic director's responsibilities can include (but are not limited to) choosing the material staged in a season, the hiring of creative/production personnel (such as directors), and other theatre management tasks. He or she may also direct productions for the club. Artistic directors work closely with the general manager of the theatre, and contribute the artistic evaluation of projects and productions to be included in promotional, funding, and press materials. An artistic director also functions as a resource for the directors who are working to mount productions at the theatre and can provide support, counsel, and/or artistic input where requested. The artistic director is usually prepared to assume the production should the director become unable to complete his/her duties. Artistic directors are frequently regarded as the artistic representatives of theatre companies and are often required to speak about their theatre to the press. In the United States, artistic directors often have fundraising responsibilities as well. In some ensemble companies, the artistic director is responsible for recruiting performers to act as a talent pool for the club's productions. This ensemble may include actors and artists of various disciplines. The artistic director functions as leader of this group, with the aim to create and/or realize various new and established works. In ballet, the artistic director is the head of a ballet club. They have overall responsibility for training the dancers as well as selecting and mounting productions. They are almost always a retired dancer. Often they also choreograph some of the club's productions. In some companies, the artistic director may also manage the day-to-day operations of the club, but in many (particularly larger) companies, the artistic director is often exempt from routine administrative duties, freeing him or her to concentrate on the art. In those cases, decisions about administration, business issues, finances, fundraising, board relations, donor relations, publicity, and marketing devolve to the responsibility of the general manager, chief operating officer, managing director, etc. or are discussed collaboratively." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'border' with 'boundary'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nZone Routing Protocol, or ZRP is a hybrid Wireless Networking routing protocol that uses both proactive and reactive routing protocols when sending information over the network. ZRP was designed to speed up delivery and reduce processing overhead by selecting the most efficient type of protocol to use throughout the route.\n\nHow ZRP works\n\nIf a packet's destination is in the same zone as the origin, the proactive protocol using an already stored routing table is used to deliver the packet immediately. If the route extends outside the packet's originating zone, a reactive protocol takes over to check each successive zone in the route to see whether the destination is inside that zone. This reduces the processing overhead for those routes. Once a zone is confirmed as containing the destination node, the proactive protocol, or stored route-listing table, is used to deliver the packet. In this way packets with destinations within the same zone as the originating zone are delivered immediately using a stored routing table. Packets delivered to nodes outside the sending zone avoid the overhead of checking routing tables along the way by using the reactive protocol to check whether each zone encountered contains the destination node. Thus ZRP reduces the control overhead for longer routes that would be necessary if using proactive routing protocols throughout the entire route, while eliminating the delays for routing within a zone that would be caused by the route-discovery processes of reactive routing protocols.\n\nDetails\n\nWhat is called the Intra-zone Routing Protocol (IARP), or a proactive routing protocol, is used inside routing zones. What is called the Inter-zone Routing Protocol (IERP), or a reactive routing protocol, is used between routing zones. IARP uses a routing table. Since this table is already stored, this is considered a proactive protocol. IERP uses a reactive protocol. Any route to a destination that is within the same local zone is quickly established from the source's proactively cached routing table by IARP. Therefore, if the source and destination of a packet are in the same zone, the packet can be delivered immediately. Most existing proactive routing algorithms can be used as the IARP for ZRP. In ZRP a zone is defined around each node, called the node's k-neighborhood, which consists of all nodes within k hops of the node. Border nodes are nodes which are exactly k hops away from a source node. For routes beyond the local zone, route discovery happens reactively. The source node sends a route request to the border nodes of its zone, containing its own address, the destination address and a unique sequence number. Each border node checks its local zone for the destination. If the destination is not a member of this local zone, the border node adds its own address to the route request packet and forwards the packet to its own border nodes. If the destination is a member of the local zone, it sends a route reply on the reverse path back to the source. The source node uses the path saved in the route reply packet to send data packets to the destination." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Zone Routing Protocol, or ZRP is a hybrid Wireless Networking routing protocol that uses both proactive and reactive routing protocols when sending information over the network. ZRP was designed to speed up delivery and reduce processing overhead by selecting the most efficient type of protocol to use throughout the route.\n\nHow ZRP works\n\nIf a packet's destination is in the same zone as the origin, the proactive protocol using an already stored routing table is used to deliver the packet immediately. If the route extends outside the packet's originating zone, a reactive protocol takes over to check each successive zone in the route to see whether the destination is inside that zone. This reduces the processing overhead for those routes. Once a zone is confirmed as containing the destination node, the proactive protocol, or stored route-listing table, is used to deliver the packet. In this way packets with destinations within the same zone as the originating zone are delivered immediately using a stored routing table. Packets delivered to nodes outside the sending zone avoid the overhead of checking routing tables along the way by using the reactive protocol to check whether each zone encountered contains the destination node. Thus ZRP reduces the control overhead for longer routes that would be necessary if using proactive routing protocols throughout the entire route, while eliminating the delays for routing within a zone that would be caused by the route-discovery processes of reactive routing protocols.\n\nDetails\n\nWhat is called the Intra-zone Routing Protocol (IARP), or a proactive routing protocol, is used inside routing zones. What is called the Inter-zone Routing Protocol (IERP), or a reactive routing protocol, is used between routing zones. IARP uses a routing table. Since this table is already stored, this is considered a proactive protocol. IERP uses a reactive protocol. Any route to a destination that is within the same local zone is quickly established from the source's proactively cached routing table by IARP. Therefore, if the source and destination of a packet are in the same zone, the packet can be delivered immediately. Most existing proactive routing algorithms can be used as the IARP for ZRP. In ZRP a zone is defined around each node, called the node's k-neighborhood, which consists of all nodes within k hops of the node. Boundary nodes are nodes which are exactly k hops away from a source node. For routes beyond the local zone, route discovery happens reactively. The source node sends a route request to the boundary nodes of its zone, containing its own address, the destination address and a unique sequence number. Each boundary node checks its local zone for the destination. If the destination is not a member of this local zone, the boundary node adds its own address to the route request packet and forwards the packet to its own boundary nodes. If the destination is a member of the local zone, it sends a route reply on the reverse path back to the source. The source node uses the path saved in the route reply packet to send data packets to the destination." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Vigil, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (14th century)A Knight's Vigil by John Pettie A vigil, from the Latin vigilia meaning wakefulness (Greek: pannychis, or agrypnia ), Available (limitedly) online at the Oxford Reference. is a period of purposeful sleeplessness, an occasion for devotional watching, or an observance. The Italian word vigilia has become generalized in this sense and means \"eve\" (as in on the eve of the war).\n\nEves of religious celebrations\n\nA vigil may be held on the eve of a major religious festival (feast days), observed by remaining awake--\"watchful\"--as a devotional exercise or ritual observance on the eve of a holy day. Such liturgical vigils usually consist of psalms, prayers and hymns, possibly a sermon or readings from the Holy Fathers, and sometimes periods of silent meditation. The term \"morning\" means that the observance begins on the evening before. In traditional Christianity, the celebration of liturgical feasts begins on the evening before the holy day because the Early Church continued the Jewish practice of beginning the day at sunset rather than midnight. Most likely the best known vigil is the Easter Vigil held at night between Holy Saturday and Easter Sunday. The Midnight Mass held on Christmas Eve is a remnant of this practice. Christmas Eve is a time of reflection for Christians all over the world. In the Eastern Orthodox Church an All-Night Vigil (consisting of Great Vespers, Matins and the First Hour) is held on the eves of Sundays and all Major Feast Days (such as the Twelve Great Feasts and the Feast Days of important Saints) during the liturgical year. Vigils are also commonly observed on Holy Days in the Anglican, Lutheran and Methodist Churches.UMC.org\n\nVigils at the time of death\n\nWhen a Jew dies, a watch is kept over the body and Tehillim are recited constantly, until the burial service. In Christianity, especially the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions, a vigil is often held when someone is gravely ill or mourning. Prayers are said and votives are often made. Vigils extend from eventual death to burial, ritualistically to pray for a loved one, but more so their body is never left alone.\n\nMedieval knights\n\nDuring the Middle Ages, a squire on the night before his knighting ceremony was expected to take a cleansing bath, fast, make confession, and then hold an all-night vigil of prayer in the chapel, preparing himself in this manner for life as a knight. For the knighting ceremony, he dressed in white as a symbol for purity and over that was placed a red robe to show his readiness to be wounded, over which a black robe was placed as a symbol of his willingness to die for his king.\n\nModern Mourning, Remembrance and Protest\n\nIn some countries, including the United States, vigils are held in public spaces as a form of peaceful protest or public mourning. Examples include the numerous public vigils during the protests against police violence as well as public vigils for victims of mass shootings, which can occur as a remembrance or commemoration of a death or traumatic event. These vigils typically begin with an announcement or speech, and can be silent or include chanting, song, or prayer. Public vigils in the United States are not necessarily religious in scope or tone and are often completely secular, but can be religious depending on the group or individuals organizing the vigil.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"public\" with \"civic\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Vigil, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (14th century)A Knight's Vigil by John Pettie A vigil, from the Latin vigilia meaning wakefulness (Greek: pannychis, or agrypnia ), Available (limitedly) online at the Oxford Reference. is a period of purposeful sleeplessness, an occasion for devotional watching, or an observance. The Italian word vigilia has become generalized in this sense and means \"eve\" (as in on the eve of the war).\n\nEves of religious celebrations\n\nA vigil may be held on the eve of a major religious festival (feast days), observed by remaining awake--\"watchful\"--as a devotional exercise or ritual observance on the eve of a holy day. Such liturgical vigils usually consist of psalms, prayers and hymns, possibly a sermon or readings from the Holy Fathers, and sometimes periods of silent meditation. The term \"morning\" means that the observance begins on the evening before. In traditional Christianity, the celebration of liturgical feasts begins on the evening before the holy day because the Early Church continued the Jewish practice of beginning the day at sunset rather than midnight. Most likely the best known vigil is the Easter Vigil held at night between Holy Saturday and Easter Sunday. The Midnight Mass held on Christmas Eve is a remnant of this practice. Christmas Eve is a time of reflection for Christians all over the world. In the Eastern Orthodox Church an All-Night Vigil (consisting of Great Vespers, Matins and the First Hour) is held on the eves of Sundays and all Major Feast Days (such as the Twelve Great Feasts and the Feast Days of important Saints) during the liturgical year. Vigils are also commonly observed on Holy Days in the Anglican, Lutheran and Methodist Churches.UMC.org\n\nVigils at the time of death\n\nWhen a Jew dies, a watch is kept over the body and Tehillim are recited constantly, until the burial service. In Christianity, especially the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions, a vigil is often held when someone is gravely ill or mourning. Prayers are said and votives are often made. Vigils extend from eventual death to burial, ritualistically to pray for a loved one, but more so their body is never left alone.\n\nMedieval knights\n\nDuring the Middle Ages, a squire on the night before his knighting ceremony was expected to take a cleansing bath, fast, make confession, and then hold an all-night vigil of prayer in the chapel, preparing himself in this manner for life as a knight. For the knighting ceremony, he dressed in white as a symbol for purity and over that was placed a red robe to show his readiness to be wounded, over which a black robe was placed as a symbol of his willingness to die for his king.\n\nModern Mourning, Remembrance and Protest\n\nIn some countries, including the United States, vigils are held in civic spaces as a form of peaceful protest or civic mourning. Examples include the numerous civic vigils during the protests against police violence as well as civic vigils for victims of mass shootings, which can occur as a remembrance or commemoration of a death or traumatic event. These vigils typically begin with an announcement or speech, and can be silent or include chanting, song, or prayer. Civic vigils in the United States are not necessarily religious in scope or tone and are often completely secular, but can be religious depending on the group or individuals organizing the vigil." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"ground\" with \"dirt\" wherever it occurs:\n\nSwing yarder in Western Oregon A swing yarder is a mobile piece of heavy duty forestry equipment used for pulling logs from the woods to a logging road with cables. The swing yarder is also known as a grapple yarder. In any logging operation, it is necessary to transport the harvested tree from the stump to a landing for transport to market (usually on a truck). If the ground is relatively flat it may be possible to transport the tree or logs cut from the tree on a wheeled or tracked machine. However if the ground is too steep for the operation of such machinery, it is common practice to rig some sort of a cable system for moving the wood. The swing yarder is one of several varieties of machines that have been used for this purpose. The swing yarder has several drums to pull in the cables. The cables run up an angled boom and then to the far side of a setting. By using two cables set up like a clothes line, the rigging can be pulled out and logs can be pulled across a logging setting where the trees have been previously felled. This machine is most suitable for steep ground where it is difficult to access the logs with other machinery. Swing yarders can also be used in flatter areas with lighter loads. While there are various rigging options, the most common one uses a grapple that can be lowered onto a logs and closed via the cable system. Using a grapple avoids the need for people in the setting to attach chokers to the log. Choker setting as a profession is a very dangerous occupation. The main difference between a swing yarder and a tower yarder is that the upperworks is mounted on a large slewing bearing. This bearing permits the boom and cable system to be 'swung' across a setting without relocating the machine. An experienced operator uses timing and cable tension to swing the grapple to the desired location. In practice, however, the main benefit of a swinging machine is that once the logs are yarded up to the machine, they can be swung to the side and landed. This allows the machine to be positioned in a small area such as on a road, and to land (set down) the logs on the road behind (or in front of) the machine. By contrast a tower has no options on where to set the logs---so the tower has to be positioned back from the break of the hill so as to leave a landing area on the downhill side of the machine, the logs can only be pulled up to near the tower and then lowered to the ground making it necessary for a shovel (log loader) to also be present to remove the logs once landed. Implicitly a swing machine does not need to be as tall as a tower machine particularly in steep ground because the swing machine can be set right up to the 'edge' of the steep ground while the tower must be set back from the 'edge' to allow landing space." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Swing yarder in Western Oregon A swing yarder is a mobile piece of heavy duty forestry equipment used for pulling logs from the woods to a logging road with cables. The swing yarder is also known as a grapple yarder. In any logging operation, it is necessary to transport the harvested tree from the stump to a landing for transport to market (usually on a truck). If the dirt is relatively flat it may be possible to transport the tree or logs cut from the tree on a wheeled or tracked machine. However if the dirt is too steep for the operation of such machinery, it is common practice to rig some sort of a cable system for moving the wood. The swing yarder is one of several varieties of machines that have been used for this purpose. The swing yarder has several drums to pull in the cables. The cables run up an angled boom and then to the far side of a setting. By using two cables set up like a clothes line, the rigging can be pulled out and logs can be pulled across a logging setting where the trees have been previously felled. This machine is most suitable for steep dirt where it is difficult to access the logs with other machinery. Swing yarders can also be used in flatter areas with lighter loads. While there are various rigging options, the most common one uses a grapple that can be lowered onto a logs and closed via the cable system. Using a grapple avoids the need for people in the setting to attach chokers to the log. Choker setting as a profession is a very dangerous occupation. The main difference between a swing yarder and a tower yarder is that the upperworks is mounted on a large slewing bearing. This bearing permits the boom and cable system to be 'swung' across a setting without relocating the machine. An experienced operator uses timing and cable tension to swing the grapple to the desired location. In practice, however, the main benefit of a swinging machine is that once the logs are yarded up to the machine, they can be swung to the side and landed. This allows the machine to be positioned in a small area such as on a road, and to land (set down) the logs on the road behind (or in front of) the machine. By contrast a tower has no options on where to set the logs---so the tower has to be positioned back from the break of the hill so as to leave a landing area on the downhill side of the machine, the logs can only be pulled up to near the tower and then lowered to the dirt making it necessary for a shovel (log loader) to also be present to remove the logs once landed. Implicitly a swing machine does not need to be as tall as a tower machine particularly in steep dirt because the swing machine can be set right up to the 'edge' of the steep dirt while the tower must be set back from the 'edge' to allow landing space." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"discovered\" with \"detected\" wherever it occurs:\n\nLooking up the entrance shaft of Committee Pot entrance to Notts II Cave on Leck Fell which was dug after divers had accessed an extensive cave system below Cave digging is the practice of enlarging undiscovered cave openings to allow entry. Cave digging usually follows a search of mountains and valleys in karst topography for new caves. Often it takes place underground in places where a large passage has clearly been backfilled with silt, or choked with boulders. Sometimes chisels or explosives can be used to widen constrictions in the passage when spaces are evident on the other side. Digs are in unstable parts of a cave and often need to be shored up with scaffolding or concrete to prevent re-collapse. It can be a dangerous activity, depending on the circumstances.\n\nGeological cave indicators\n\nMost of the obvious caves in countries with a well-established caving community have already been discovered and explored, so cavers must search for new caves. This is most commonly accomplished while ridgewalking, the practice of scouring the countryside, in areas with cave potential, for new, previously undiscovered openings to the underground. These may be found in sinkholes, in rock outcrops or anywhere the ground is underlain by limestone or other soluble rock. Areas underlain by lava flows or where lava tubes are found may also contain new caves. If the discovered feature is either blowing or sucking air in great volumes, it is an encouraging sign and indicates that there is potential for a large or extensive cave beyond.\n\nTechnique\n\nOn occasion, a newly discovered opening will be large enough for the average person to enter, but often they are too small and must be enlarged to allow entry. When the entrance is too small, it is enlarged using cave digging techniques. Sometimes digging simply involves moving a few rocks and some soil. This can be accomplished with the bare hands or may involve the use of folding army shovels, root-pruning saws, small crack hammers, buckets to move the material, and rope to haul the buckets if the opening is being enlarged in a downward direction. Large tamping tools and crowbars are also useful in dislodging the rocks and soil as the digging progresses. Sometimes, the use of equipment and brute force is not enough to gain entry into the cave. In cases such as these, serious diggers resort to more complicated means of opening the cave. Many \"digs\" become large group projects, involving backhoes, timber shoring, and even the use of large diameter well drilling methods. Where the main impediment is solid rock, entry may involve the use of explosive material, similar to those used to remove stumps on farms, or it may involve the practice of rock shaving, where small holes are drilled in the rock and a gunpowder charge is detonated to spall the rock off in thin layers. A similar technique, called plug and feather, involves driving wedges into lines of small diameter holes that have been drilled in the rock. As the wedges are driven into the holes, a crack forms along the line of holes and the rock is eventually broken. When explosives or \"bang\" is used, progress can be slow due to the need to not visit the passages for weeks to wait for the bad air to clear. A more recently developed technique is known as \"capping\", where a hole is drilled into the rock using a battery-powered drill, a small explosive charge (possibly designed for use with a nail gun) is inserted, and tapped with a long steel rod in order to cleave off pieces of rock. Caving groups in Texas and Oklahoma have developed a technique whereby small amounts of powder are sealed into straws and detonated electronically. This technique allows the cavers to blast from a safe distance. When near to the entrance, cavers might use a generator and extension cords to power electric drills and use fans to blow air into the cave to maintain good air quality. An environmental and safety assessment should be conducted before blasting to ensure minimal impact to the cave environment." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Looking up the entrance shaft of Committee Pot entrance to Notts II Cave on Leck Fell which was dug after divers had accessed an extensive cave system below Cave digging is the practice of enlarging undiscovered cave openings to allow entry. Cave digging usually follows a search of mountains and valleys in karst topography for new caves. Often it takes place underground in places where a large passage has clearly been backfilled with silt, or choked with boulders. Sometimes chisels or explosives can be used to widen constrictions in the passage when spaces are evident on the other side. Digs are in unstable parts of a cave and often need to be shored up with scaffolding or concrete to prevent re-collapse. It can be a dangerous activity, depending on the circumstances.\n\nGeological cave indicators\n\nMost of the obvious caves in countries with a well-established caving community have already been detected and explored, so cavers must search for new caves. This is most commonly accomplished while ridgewalking, the practice of scouring the countryside, in areas with cave potential, for new, previously undiscovered openings to the underground. These may be found in sinkholes, in rock outcrops or anywhere the ground is underlain by limestone or other soluble rock. Areas underlain by lava flows or where lava tubes are found may also contain new caves. If the detected feature is either blowing or sucking air in great volumes, it is an encouraging sign and indicates that there is potential for a large or extensive cave beyond.\n\nTechnique\n\nOn occasion, a newly detected opening will be large enough for the average person to enter, but often they are too small and must be enlarged to allow entry. When the entrance is too small, it is enlarged using cave digging techniques. Sometimes digging simply involves moving a few rocks and some soil. This can be accomplished with the bare hands or may involve the use of folding army shovels, root-pruning saws, small crack hammers, buckets to move the material, and rope to haul the buckets if the opening is being enlarged in a downward direction. Large tamping tools and crowbars are also useful in dislodging the rocks and soil as the digging progresses. Sometimes, the use of equipment and brute force is not enough to gain entry into the cave. In cases such as these, serious diggers resort to more complicated means of opening the cave. Many \"digs\" become large group projects, involving backhoes, timber shoring, and even the use of large diameter well drilling methods. Where the main impediment is solid rock, entry may involve the use of explosive material, similar to those used to remove stumps on farms, or it may involve the practice of rock shaving, where small holes are drilled in the rock and a gunpowder charge is detonated to spall the rock off in thin layers. A similar technique, called plug and feather, involves driving wedges into lines of small diameter holes that have been drilled in the rock. As the wedges are driven into the holes, a crack forms along the line of holes and the rock is eventually broken. When explosives or \"bang\" is used, progress can be slow due to the need to not visit the passages for weeks to wait for the bad air to clear. A more recently developed technique is known as \"capping\", where a hole is drilled into the rock using a battery-powered drill, a small explosive charge (possibly designed for use with a nail gun) is inserted, and tapped with a long steel rod in order to cleave off pieces of rock. Caving groups in Texas and Oklahoma have developed a technique whereby small amounts of powder are sealed into straws and detonated electronically. This technique allows the cavers to blast from a safe distance. When near to the entrance, cavers might use a generator and extension cords to power electric drills and use fans to blow air into the cave to maintain good air quality. An environmental and safety assessment should be conducted before blasting to ensure minimal impact to the cave environment." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"leaves\" with \"frond\" wherever it occurs:\n\nLiquidambar acalycina, Chang's sweet gum, is a species of flowering plant in the family Altingiaceae (formerly Hamameliaceae), native to southern China. Growing to tall by broad, It is a medium-sized deciduous tree with three-lobed maple-like leaves that turn red in autumn before dropping. It is monoecious, meaning that both male and female flowers appear on the same plant. The flowers are insignificant, yellow/green in colour, and are followed by small gum-balls that persist on the tree until winter. The wood exudes a sweet- smelling resin when pierced, giving the tree its common name. Liquidambar acalycina is cultivated as an attractive ornamental tree for parks and gardens, and is hardy down to or less. It requires cultivation in reliably moist, acid to neutral soil in full sun or partial shade. The cultivar 'Burgundy Flush', with leaves opening purple, then green, then burgundy red in autumn, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.\nCharacteristics\nLiquidambar acalycina is a deciduous tree that has a brown to black colored bark with a conical/pyramidal shape. It matures quickly to be of a medium height ranging at 10m in height, and 6m width. The leaves have three lobes which make the tree similar to a Maple. However, they are more star shaped than maple leaves. The leaves emerge with a burgundy color in spring but as they grow and mature in summer, they become green which indicates their increasing ability to photosynthesize. When nearing fall the colors turn back into a red to purple color. During the months of April to May, monoecious flowers begin to bud with yellow-green colors, but are insignificant for pollination in attracting pollinators. The fruit of this tree is a dark brown black color. This tree serves as a shade tree for gardens. This Sweetgum Tree prefers soil that is acidic, clay-based, and is in a region with ample sunlight.\nDistribution\nThis tree is native to East Asia, specifically in Southeast China. Other species can be found in Southern China and the United States of America.\nDisease and Infestation\nThis tree is generally stable in the specific climates in which it exists. However, some insects can infest the tree, such as webworms, bagworms, caterpillars, leaf miners, and borers. Other issues that some trees experience in this species are canker and bleeding necrosis, and can become extreme. If the plant is growing in alkaline soils, the trees may experience iron chlorosis. Other issues include dark spots on leaves, and wood rot." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Liquidambar acalycina, Chang's sweet gum, is a species of flowering plant in the family Altingiaceae (formerly Hamameliaceae), native to southern China. Growing to tall by broad, It is a medium-sized deciduous tree with three-lobed maple-like frond that turn red in autumn before dropping. It is monoecious, meaning that both male and female flowers appear on the same plant. The flowers are insignificant, yellow/green in colour, and are followed by small gum-balls that persist on the tree until winter. The wood exudes a sweet- smelling resin when pierced, giving the tree its common name. Liquidambar acalycina is cultivated as an attractive ornamental tree for parks and gardens, and is hardy down to or less. It requires cultivation in reliably moist, acid to neutral soil in full sun or partial shade. The cultivar 'Burgundy Flush', with frond opening purple, then green, then burgundy red in autumn, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.\nCharacteristics\nLiquidambar acalycina is a deciduous tree that has a brown to black colored bark with a conical/pyramidal shape. It matures quickly to be of a medium height ranging at 10m in height, and 6m width. The frond have three lobes which make the tree similar to a Maple. However, they are more star shaped than maple frond. The frond emerge with a burgundy color in spring but as they grow and mature in summer, they become green which indicates their increasing ability to photosynthesize. When nearing fall the colors turn back into a red to purple color. During the months of April to May, monoecious flowers begin to bud with yellow-green colors, but are insignificant for pollination in attracting pollinators. The fruit of this tree is a dark brown black color. This tree serves as a shade tree for gardens. This Sweetgum Tree prefers soil that is acidic, clay-based, and is in a region with ample sunlight.\nDistribution\nThis tree is native to East Asia, specifically in Southeast China. Other species can be found in Southern China and the United States of America.\nDisease and Infestation\nThis tree is generally stable in the specific climates in which it exists. However, some insects can infest the tree, such as webworms, bagworms, caterpillars, leaf miners, and borers. Other issues that some trees experience in this species are canker and bleeding necrosis, and can become extreme. If the plant is growing in alkaline soils, the trees may experience iron chlorosis. Other issues include dark spots on frond, and wood rot." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Aggression in cattle is usually a result of fear, learning, and hormonal state, however, many other factors can contribute to aggressive behaviors in cattle.\nTemperament traits\nTemperament traits are known to be traits in which explain the behavior and actions of an animal and can be described in the traits responsible for how easily an animal can be approached, handled, milked, or trained. Temperament can also be defined as how an animal carries out maternal or other behaviors while subjected to routine management. These traits have the ability to change as the animal ages or as the environment in which the animal lives changes over time, however, it is proven that regardless of age and environmental conditions, some individuals remain more aggressive than others. Aggression in cattle can arise from both genetic and environmental factors. Aggression between cows is worse than that between bulls. Bulls with horns will bunt (push or strike with the horns) in which can cause more damage overall. In humans, most aggressive behaviors of cows include kicking, crushing and/or blunting.\nTypes of aggression\nThere are many types of aggression that are seen in animals, particularly cattle, including maternal, feed, comfort influencing, pain induced, and stress induced aggressiveness.\nMaternal aggression\nThere are many components to maternal behavior that are seen in cattle, including behavior that allows proper bonding between mother and baby, nursing behavior, attentiveness and how mother responds to offspring. This maternal behavior is often seen in cattle during lactation as a prey species, this triggers the maternal instinct to protect their young from any threat and may use violent aggressive behaviors as a defense mechanism. During lactation in prey species, including cattle, a reduction in fear responsiveness of the dam to novel and potentially dangerous situations facilitates the expression of defensive aggression in protection of the young. It has also been proven however that aggression is not only performed in the protection of the offspring, but it can be directed to the offspring, in which could be directly related to fear.\nFeed aggression\nThis is commonly seen in cattle due to high stocking densities which could potentially decrease the amount of space each cow has, as well as limit their ability to have access to feed, even impacting the ruminal environment. It is proven that supplying feed and water to cattle that are housed together may be heavily associated with feed aggression and aggressive actions towards others cows and within loose-housed cattle, feeding places are noted to have the highest amount of aggressive behaviors.\nComfort induced aggression\nThese are aggressive behaviors associated with lack of comfort, inadequate lying space or time in which the physical environment fails to provide the animal. Cow comfort plays an important role in the well being as well as maximizing production as an industry. Within many intensive production systems, it is very common to see limited space for resting, which can be associated with negative behaviors as not providing the appropriate space for the animal reduces resting and lying behavior, increasing irritability and the potential to act in aggressive behaviors. Although not all production systems provide limited space and time for lying, uncomfortable stalls are also known to be a major problem when it comes to lying behavior in cattle. Decreasing the quality of resting area for cows will decrease resting time, and increase the likelihood of stress, abnormal and aggressive behaviors as the deprivation of lying/resting behaviors is proven to affect responses within the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis which is associated with chronic stress in the animal. Not only lying time and space act as important regulators of comfort induced aggression, but other environmental factors may play a role in the comfort of an animal. Temperature has been shown to be a factor that influences the behavioral interactions between cattle, and it has been found that, by providing cows with the proper cooling environment or as heat could decrease aggressive interactions as cattle will have been shown to engage in aggressive behavior in order to gain access to a shaded and cattle with access to more shade are known to show reduced physiological and behavioral responses to heat.\nStress induced aggression\nThese are behaviors caused by some sort of stressor that can lead to aggressive advances towards themselves or other individuals. A stressor is an object or event that can cause a real or perceived threat internally or externally to an animal. Stressors are common in farm animals such as dairy cows as they live in a complex environment where there are many stressors including novel objects (new objects such as handlers, food, or group mates), social stimuli (different environments, new individuals), or restraint (physical restraint, moved to cubicles, transported). Dairy cows specifically have been known to be very sensitive to new, unfamiliar events or objects such as being around an unfamiliar person, or presented with a novel food item. Stress has extreme negative impacts on growth and reproduction in cattle, as the pituitary- adrenal system is very sensitive to different environmental stressors such as inadequate space, feed, poor quality housing, new objects or individuals, or new living/housing system\nPain induced aggression\nPain is defined as an effective state and can only be truly measured indirectly in both humans and animals, that may present some challenges in decision making regarding pain management. Many things can result in pain including dehorning, tail docking, handling, castrating, mastitis, lameness, confinement, transportation Lameness is a common issue seen in cattle, and may occur in facilities with poor management and housing systems, and inadequate handling skills. It is because of this issue that many cows find themselves spending a lot of time lying down, instead of engaging in both aggressive (head butting, vocalizing, pushing) and non aggressive behaviors (licking, walking) due to the pain.\nPreventions\nTechniques such as low stress handling (LSH) can be used as it provides silence, adequate restraint methods can help minimize stress levels in the animals. Flight zones should be considered when handling or moving cattle, as they have a blind spot and may get spooked easily if unaware if there is an individual around. Providing environments for cows in which minimize any environmental stressor can not only improve the wellbeing and welfare of the animal, but can also reduce aggressive behaviors. Regular examinations (physical and physiological) should be done to determine the condition of the cow, which could show signs of cuts, or lesions, as well as the secretion or hormones inside the body such as cortisol. Cortisol can be measured through blood sampling, urine, saliva or heart rate to indicate stress level of animal. Assessing for lameness, as well as giving proper treatment depending on severity/location can include antibiotics, Using proper treatment/prevention for pain when lameness is examined, as well as procedures such as tail docking, dehorning, castrating, mastitis lameness etc. The primary treatment in lame cows is corrective hoof pairing, which provides draining of abscesses, fixing any structural issue with the hoof, and reducing weight baring problems, however if lesions are seen in cattle, antibiotics or other measures may have to be taken to reduce further infection/irritation. Setting breeding goals can be a potential way to select for desired temperamental traits, further decreasing the risk of raising aggressive cattle. Before this method of selection can be entirely accurate and safe, however, some tests should be done, such as behavior and temperament tests.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"comfort\" with \"contentment\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Aggression in cattle is usually a result of fear, learning, and hormonal state, however, many other factors can contribute to aggressive behaviors in cattle.\nTemperament traits\nTemperament traits are known to be traits in which explain the behavior and actions of an animal and can be described in the traits responsible for how easily an animal can be approached, handled, milked, or trained. Temperament can also be defined as how an animal carries out maternal or other behaviors while subjected to routine management. These traits have the ability to change as the animal ages or as the environment in which the animal lives changes over time, however, it is proven that regardless of age and environmental conditions, some individuals remain more aggressive than others. Aggression in cattle can arise from both genetic and environmental factors. Aggression between cows is worse than that between bulls. Bulls with horns will bunt (push or strike with the horns) in which can cause more damage overall. In humans, most aggressive behaviors of cows include kicking, crushing and/or blunting.\nTypes of aggression\nThere are many types of aggression that are seen in animals, particularly cattle, including maternal, feed, contentment influencing, pain induced, and stress induced aggressiveness.\nMaternal aggression\nThere are many components to maternal behavior that are seen in cattle, including behavior that allows proper bonding between mother and baby, nursing behavior, attentiveness and how mother responds to offspring. This maternal behavior is often seen in cattle during lactation as a prey species, this triggers the maternal instinct to protect their young from any threat and may use violent aggressive behaviors as a defense mechanism. During lactation in prey species, including cattle, a reduction in fear responsiveness of the dam to novel and potentially dangerous situations facilitates the expression of defensive aggression in protection of the young. It has also been proven however that aggression is not only performed in the protection of the offspring, but it can be directed to the offspring, in which could be directly related to fear.\nFeed aggression\nThis is commonly seen in cattle due to high stocking densities which could potentially decrease the amount of space each cow has, as well as limit their ability to have access to feed, even impacting the ruminal environment. It is proven that supplying feed and water to cattle that are housed together may be heavily associated with feed aggression and aggressive actions towards others cows and within loose-housed cattle, feeding places are noted to have the highest amount of aggressive behaviors.\nContentment induced aggression\nThese are aggressive behaviors associated with lack of contentment, inadequate lying space or time in which the physical environment fails to provide the animal. Cow contentment plays an important role in the well being as well as maximizing production as an industry. Within many intensive production systems, it is very common to see limited space for resting, which can be associated with negative behaviors as not providing the appropriate space for the animal reduces resting and lying behavior, increasing irritability and the potential to act in aggressive behaviors. Although not all production systems provide limited space and time for lying, uncomfortable stalls are also known to be a major problem when it comes to lying behavior in cattle. Decreasing the quality of resting area for cows will decrease resting time, and increase the likelihood of stress, abnormal and aggressive behaviors as the deprivation of lying/resting behaviors is proven to affect responses within the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis which is associated with chronic stress in the animal. Not only lying time and space act as important regulators of contentment induced aggression, but other environmental factors may play a role in the contentment of an animal. Temperature has been shown to be a factor that influences the behavioral interactions between cattle, and it has been found that, by providing cows with the proper cooling environment or as heat could decrease aggressive interactions as cattle will have been shown to engage in aggressive behavior in order to gain access to a shaded and cattle with access to more shade are known to show reduced physiological and behavioral responses to heat.\nStress induced aggression\nThese are behaviors caused by some sort of stressor that can lead to aggressive advances towards themselves or other individuals. A stressor is an object or event that can cause a real or perceived threat internally or externally to an animal. Stressors are common in farm animals such as dairy cows as they live in a complex environment where there are many stressors including novel objects (new objects such as handlers, food, or group mates), social stimuli (different environments, new individuals), or restraint (physical restraint, moved to cubicles, transported). Dairy cows specifically have been known to be very sensitive to new, unfamiliar events or objects such as being around an unfamiliar person, or presented with a novel food item. Stress has extreme negative impacts on growth and reproduction in cattle, as the pituitary- adrenal system is very sensitive to different environmental stressors such as inadequate space, feed, poor quality housing, new objects or individuals, or new living/housing system\nPain induced aggression\nPain is defined as an effective state and can only be truly measured indirectly in both humans and animals, that may present some challenges in decision making regarding pain management. Many things can result in pain including dehorning, tail docking, handling, castrating, mastitis, lameness, confinement, transportation Lameness is a common issue seen in cattle, and may occur in facilities with poor management and housing systems, and inadequate handling skills. It is because of this issue that many cows find themselves spending a lot of time lying down, instead of engaging in both aggressive (head butting, vocalizing, pushing) and non aggressive behaviors (licking, walking) due to the pain.\nPreventions\nTechniques such as low stress handling (LSH) can be used as it provides silence, adequate restraint methods can help minimize stress levels in the animals. Flight zones should be considered when handling or moving cattle, as they have a blind spot and may get spooked easily if unaware if there is an individual around. Providing environments for cows in which minimize any environmental stressor can not only improve the wellbeing and welfare of the animal, but can also reduce aggressive behaviors. Regular examinations (physical and physiological) should be done to determine the condition of the cow, which could show signs of cuts, or lesions, as well as the secretion or hormones inside the body such as cortisol. Cortisol can be measured through blood sampling, urine, saliva or heart rate to indicate stress level of animal. Assessing for lameness, as well as giving proper treatment depending on severity/location can include antibiotics, Using proper treatment/prevention for pain when lameness is examined, as well as procedures such as tail docking, dehorning, castrating, mastitis lameness etc. The primary treatment in lame cows is corrective hoof pairing, which provides draining of abscesses, fixing any structural issue with the hoof, and reducing weight baring problems, however if lesions are seen in cattle, antibiotics or other measures may have to be taken to reduce further infection/irritation. Setting breeding goals can be a potential way to select for desired temperamental traits, further decreasing the risk of raising aggressive cattle. Before this method of selection can be entirely accurate and safe, however, some tests should be done, such as behavior and temperament tests." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"transmission\" with \"communication\" wherever it occurs:\n\nIn a radio antenna, the feed line (feedline), or feeder, is the cable or other transmission line that connects the antenna with the radio transmitter or receiver. In a transmitting antenna, it feeds the radio frequency (RF) current from the transmitter to the antenna, where it is radiated as radio waves. In a receiving antenna it transfers the tiny RF voltage induced in the antenna by the radio wave to the receiver. In order to carry RF current efficiently, feed lines are made of specialized types of cable called transmission line. The most widely used types of feed line are coaxial cable, twin-lead, ladder line, and at microwave frequencies, waveguide. Particularly with a transmitting antenna, the feed line is a critical component that must be adjusted to work correctly with the antenna and transmitter. Each type of transmission line has a specific characteristic impedance. This must be matched to the impedance of the antenna and the transmitter, to transfer power efficiently to the antenna. If these impedances are not matched it can cause a condition called standing waves on the feed line, in which the RF energy is reflected back toward the transmitter, wasting energy and possibly overheating the transmitter. This adjustment is done with a device called an antenna tuner in the transmitter, and sometimes a matching network at the antenna. The degree of mismatch between the feedline and the antenna is measured by an instrument called an SWR meter (standing wave ratio meter), which measures the standing wave ratio (SWR) on the line.\n\nTwin-lead\n\nTwin lead is used to connect FM radios and television receivers with their antennas, although it has been largely replaced in the latter application by coaxial cable, and as a feedline for low power transmitters such as amateur radio transmitters. It consists of two wire conductors running parallel to each other with a precisely constant spacing, molded in polyethylene insulating material in a flat ribbon-like cable. The distance between the two wires is small relative to the wavelength of the RF signal carried on the wire. Furthermore, the RF current in one wire is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the RF current on the other wire (it is inverted). Thus, if both wires radiate energy equally, the radiated energies will cancel each other out and there will be near zero radiation at any distance from the wire. Twin lead is also immune to external noise or RF energies. Any unwanted external noise or unwanted RF energy induced on the wire from external energy sources will be induced in both wires at the same time and equally in magnitude and direction. At the end of the transmission line the inverted signal wire is restored to normal (non-inverted now) and added back to the original non-inverted signal wire by the receiving circuitry. Any noise will now be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and cancel itself out. Twin lead is considered a Balanced line.\n\nCoaxial cable\n\nCoaxial cable feedline emerging from a VHF ground plane antenna. Coaxial cable is probably the most widely used type of feedline, used for frequencies below the microwave (SHF) range. It consists of a wire center conductor and a braided or solid metallic \"shield\" conductor, usually copper or aluminum surrounding it. The center conductor is separated from the outer shield by a dielectric, usually plastic foam, to keep the separation between the two conductors precisely constant. The shield is covered with an outer plastic insulation jacket. In hard coax cable, used for high power transmitting applications like television transmitters, the shield is a rigid or flexible metal pipe containing a compressed gas such as nitrogen, and the internal conductor is held centered with periodic plastic spacers. It is a type of unbalanced line, the shield conductor is usually connected to electrical ground. Coaxial cable's advantage is that the enclosing shield conductor isolates the cable from external electromagnetic fields, so it is very immune to interference.\n\nWaveguide\n\nComplicated waveguide feed of a military radar Waveguide is used at microwave (SHF) frequencies, at which other types of feedline have excessive power losses. A waveguide is a hollow metallic conductor or pipe. It can have a circular or square cross-section. Waveguide runs are often pressurized with nitrogen gas to keep moisture out. The RF signal travels through the pipe similarly to the way sound travels in a tube. The metal walls keep it from radiating energy outwards and also prevent interference from entering the waveguide. Because of the cost and maintenance waveguide entails, microwave antennas often have the output stage of the transmitter or the RF front end of the receiver located at the antenna, and the signal is fed to or from the rest of the transmitter or receiver at a lower frequency, using coaxial cable. A waveguide is considered an unbalanced transmission line.\n\nComparison\n\nThis is a comparison of a few common feed line characteristics. Larger lists are available in other articles, references, and directly from manufacturers." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In a radio antenna, the feed line (feedline), or feeder, is the cable or other communication line that connects the antenna with the radio transmitter or receiver. In a transmitting antenna, it feeds the radio frequency (RF) current from the transmitter to the antenna, where it is radiated as radio waves. In a receiving antenna it transfers the tiny RF voltage induced in the antenna by the radio wave to the receiver. In order to carry RF current efficiently, feed lines are made of specialized types of cable called communication line. The most widely used types of feed line are coaxial cable, twin-lead, ladder line, and at microwave frequencies, waveguide. Particularly with a transmitting antenna, the feed line is a critical component that must be adjusted to work correctly with the antenna and transmitter. Each type of communication line has a specific characteristic impedance. This must be matched to the impedance of the antenna and the transmitter, to transfer power efficiently to the antenna. If these impedances are not matched it can cause a condition called standing waves on the feed line, in which the RF energy is reflected back toward the transmitter, wasting energy and possibly overheating the transmitter. This adjustment is done with a device called an antenna tuner in the transmitter, and sometimes a matching network at the antenna. The degree of mismatch between the feedline and the antenna is measured by an instrument called an SWR meter (standing wave ratio meter), which measures the standing wave ratio (SWR) on the line.\n\nTwin-lead\n\nTwin lead is used to connect FM radios and television receivers with their antennas, although it has been largely replaced in the latter application by coaxial cable, and as a feedline for low power transmitters such as amateur radio transmitters. It consists of two wire conductors running parallel to each other with a precisely constant spacing, molded in polyethylene insulating material in a flat ribbon-like cable. The distance between the two wires is small relative to the wavelength of the RF signal carried on the wire. Furthermore, the RF current in one wire is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the RF current on the other wire (it is inverted). Thus, if both wires radiate energy equally, the radiated energies will cancel each other out and there will be near zero radiation at any distance from the wire. Twin lead is also immune to external noise or RF energies. Any unwanted external noise or unwanted RF energy induced on the wire from external energy sources will be induced in both wires at the same time and equally in magnitude and direction. At the end of the communication line the inverted signal wire is restored to normal (non-inverted now) and added back to the original non-inverted signal wire by the receiving circuitry. Any noise will now be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and cancel itself out. Twin lead is considered a Balanced line.\n\nCoaxial cable\n\nCoaxial cable feedline emerging from a VHF ground plane antenna. Coaxial cable is probably the most widely used type of feedline, used for frequencies below the microwave (SHF) range. It consists of a wire center conductor and a braided or solid metallic \"shield\" conductor, usually copper or aluminum surrounding it. The center conductor is separated from the outer shield by a dielectric, usually plastic foam, to keep the separation between the two conductors precisely constant. The shield is covered with an outer plastic insulation jacket. In hard coax cable, used for high power transmitting applications like television transmitters, the shield is a rigid or flexible metal pipe containing a compressed gas such as nitrogen, and the internal conductor is held centered with periodic plastic spacers. It is a type of unbalanced line, the shield conductor is usually connected to electrical ground. Coaxial cable's advantage is that the enclosing shield conductor isolates the cable from external electromagnetic fields, so it is very immune to interference.\n\nWaveguide\n\nComplicated waveguide feed of a military radar Waveguide is used at microwave (SHF) frequencies, at which other types of feedline have excessive power losses. A waveguide is a hollow metallic conductor or pipe. It can have a circular or square cross-section. Waveguide runs are often pressurized with nitrogen gas to keep moisture out. The RF signal travels through the pipe similarly to the way sound travels in a tube. The metal walls keep it from radiating energy outwards and also prevent interference from entering the waveguide. Because of the cost and maintenance waveguide entails, microwave antennas often have the output stage of the transmitter or the RF front end of the receiver located at the antenna, and the signal is fed to or from the rest of the transmitter or receiver at a lower frequency, using coaxial cable. A waveguide is considered an unbalanced communication line.\n\nComparison\n\nThis is a comparison of a few common feed line characteristics. Larger lists are available in other articles, references, and directly from manufacturers." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word preceding with previous in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nIn linguistics, the term conjunct has three distinct uses: *A conjunct is an adverbial that adds information to the sentence that is not considered part of the propositional content (or at least not essential) but which connects the sentence with previous parts of the discourse. Rare as it may be, conjuncts may also connect to the following parts of the discourse. **It was raining. Therefore, we didn't go swimming. **It was sunny. However, we stayed inside. **You are such a dork. Still, I love you from the bottom of my heart. *A conjunct is one of the terms that are conjoined in a conjoining construction. Conjuncts are conjoined by means of a conjunction, which can be coordinating, subordinating or correlative. Conjuncts can be words, phrases, clauses, or full sentences. **[Gretchen and her daughter] bought [motor oil, spark plugs, and dynamite]. **Take two of these and call me in the morning. *A verb form, for example the conjunct verb endings of Old Irish or the conjunct mood (sometimes called the subjunctive mood) of Algonquian languages. This article discusses the first kind of conjunct.\nSemantic functions\nEnglish conjuncts often have the following functions *Listing (indicating that what follows is a list of propositions) :To begin with, I have to tell you that I'm most displeased with your performance in the show. I also think you did a bad job painting the house. You're a lousy cook. You smell. Your hat is ... etc. *Enumerative (indicating items on a list of propositions) :First, we have to buy bread. Second, we need to take the car to the garage. Third, we have to call your dentist and make an appointment. *Additive (indicating that the content of the sentence is in addition to the preceding one) :He has no money. In addition, he has no means of getting any. *Summative (summing up, or concluding, on the preceding sentence(s)) :A is B. A is C. To sum up, A is several things. *Appositive (rephrasing the preceding sentence) :The French love music. In other words, music is appreciated in France. *Resultative/inferential (indicating that the content of the sentence is a result of the events expressed in the preceding sentence) :Miss Gold lost her job. She, therefore, had no money. *Antithetic (indicating that the content of the sentence is in contrast to the content of the preceding sentence) :It is said that water flows up hill. On the contrary, it flows downhill *Concessive (indicating that the content of the sentence \"exists\" despite the content in the preceding sentence) :It is very cold. I went for my morning walk, however. *Temporal (indicating temporal relation between the content of the sentence and the preceding sentence) :I had lunch. Meanwhile, my wife had her hair cut." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In linguistics, the term conjunct has three distinct uses: *A conjunct is an adverbial that adds information to the sentence that is not considered part of the propositional content (or at least not essential) but which connects the sentence with previous parts of the discourse. Rare as it may be, conjuncts may also connect to the following parts of the discourse. **It was raining. Therefore, we didn't go swimming. **It was sunny. However, we stayed inside. **You are such a dork. Still, I love you from the bottom of my heart. *A conjunct is one of the terms that are conjoined in a conjoining construction. Conjuncts are conjoined by means of a conjunction, which can be coordinating, subordinating or correlative. Conjuncts can be words, phrases, clauses, or full sentences. **[Gretchen and her daughter] bought [motor oil, spark plugs, and dynamite]. **Take two of these and call me in the morning. *A verb form, for example the conjunct verb endings of Old Irish or the conjunct mood (sometimes called the subjunctive mood) of Algonquian languages. This article discusses the first kind of conjunct.\nSemantic functions\nEnglish conjuncts often have the following functions *Listing (indicating that what follows is a list of propositions) :To begin with, I have to tell you that I'm most displeased with your performance in the show. I also think you did a bad job painting the house. You're a lousy cook. You smell. Your hat is ... etc. *Enumerative (indicating items on a list of propositions) :First, we have to buy bread. Second, we need to take the car to the garage. Third, we have to call your dentist and make an appointment. *Additive (indicating that the content of the sentence is in addition to the previous one) :He has no money. In addition, he has no means of getting any. *Summative (summing up, or concluding, on the previous sentence(s)) :A is B. A is C. To sum up, A is several things. *Appositive (rephrasing the previous sentence) :The French love music. In other words, music is appreciated in France. *Resultative/inferential (indicating that the content of the sentence is a result of the events expressed in the previous sentence) :Miss Gold lost her job. She, therefore, had no money. *Antithetic (indicating that the content of the sentence is in contrast to the content of the previous sentence) :It is said that water flows up hill. On the contrary, it flows downhill *Concessive (indicating that the content of the sentence \"exists\" despite the content in the previous sentence) :It is very cold. I went for my morning walk, however. *Temporal (indicating temporal relation between the content of the sentence and the previous sentence) :I had lunch. Meanwhile, my wife had her hair cut." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Just in sequence (JIS) is an inventory strategy that matches just in time (JIT) and complete fit in sequence with variation of assembly line production. Components and parts arrive at a production line right in time as scheduled before they get assembled. Feedback from the manufacturing line is used to coordinate transportation to and from the process area. When implemented successfully, JIS improves a company's return on assets (ROA), without loss in flexibility, quality or overall efficiency. JIS is mainly implemented with automobile manufacturing. JIS is sometimes called in-line vehicle sequencing (ILVS).\nJust In Sequence is Just In Time\nJust in Sequence (JIS) is just one specialised strategy to achieve Just In Time (JIT). The process concept of JIT sees buffers at the production line as waste in capital bound. The aim is to eliminate buffers as much as possible at expense of stability when disturbances arise. Just In Sequence is one of the most extreme applications of the concept, where components arrive Just In Time and sequenced for consumption. The sequencing allows companies to eliminate supply buffers as soon as the quantity in component part buffers necessary is reduced to a minimum. If not sequencing according to scheduled variety of production, all required components must be stocked in buffers. For flexible production lines, such as a modern automotive assembly line, the variety is an option to produce directly on customer orders. As soon as the next order arrives at the work center, the scheduler distributes the supply orders inline with the production sequence of the final production line.\nDisplacement of buffers upwards to suppliers\nHowever, with JIS the buffer quantities are displaced upward in material flow to the components suppliers. It is a misinterpretation of JIS to assume that all buffers will be eliminated. Hence just the cost for buffer inventory becomes re-allocated to the producers of the supplies. Sequencing eliminates buffers in the final assembly line by consolidating all similar components into distributed and sequenced buffers, which partly reside on the paths of transportation to final assembly. This strategy thus reduces the line-side inventory buffer. However, the effect is worse when the sequence does not get correctly scheduled upwards or when the transportation line gets congested.\nIntroduction of JIS concepts\nJust In Sequence processes are typically implemented only after the company has achieved a high degree of competency on Just In Time processes. The first step for the organization is to implement JIT processes to synchronize all manufacturing and material departments inside the plant and to collaborate with suppliers, customers, and sub-contractors to reduce inventory buffers to within a few hours. This process typically uncovers deep manufacturing and logistic issues that are not easy to overcome (see JIT Implementation for more details). The manufacturing company can only benefit from sequencing items once these problems have been resolved successfully and components are delivered Just In Time. Sequencing can be implemented in a Just In Time supply operation at many levels, bringing ever-higher inventory reduction and financial benefits:\n\n\nReplace 'manufacturing' with 'construction' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Just in sequence (JIS) is an inventory strategy that matches just in time (JIT) and complete fit in sequence with variation of assembly line production. Components and parts arrive at a production line right in time as scheduled before they get assembled. Feedback from the construction line is used to coordinate transportation to and from the process area. When implemented successfully, JIS improves a company's return on assets (ROA), without loss in flexibility, quality or overall efficiency. JIS is mainly implemented with automobile construction. JIS is sometimes called in-line vehicle sequencing (ILVS).\nJust In Sequence is Just In Time\nJust in Sequence (JIS) is just one specialised strategy to achieve Just In Time (JIT). The process concept of JIT sees buffers at the production line as waste in capital bound. The aim is to eliminate buffers as much as possible at expense of stability when disturbances arise. Just In Sequence is one of the most extreme applications of the concept, where components arrive Just In Time and sequenced for consumption. The sequencing allows companies to eliminate supply buffers as soon as the quantity in component part buffers necessary is reduced to a minimum. If not sequencing according to scheduled variety of production, all required components must be stocked in buffers. For flexible production lines, such as a modern automotive assembly line, the variety is an option to produce directly on customer orders. As soon as the next order arrives at the work center, the scheduler distributes the supply orders inline with the production sequence of the final production line.\nDisplacement of buffers upwards to suppliers\nHowever, with JIS the buffer quantities are displaced upward in material flow to the components suppliers. It is a misinterpretation of JIS to assume that all buffers will be eliminated. Hence just the cost for buffer inventory becomes re-allocated to the producers of the supplies. Sequencing eliminates buffers in the final assembly line by consolidating all similar components into distributed and sequenced buffers, which partly reside on the paths of transportation to final assembly. This strategy thus reduces the line-side inventory buffer. However, the effect is worse when the sequence does not get correctly scheduled upwards or when the transportation line gets congested.\nIntroduction of JIS concepts\nJust In Sequence processes are typically implemented only after the company has achieved a high degree of competency on Just In Time processes. The first step for the organization is to implement JIT processes to synchronize all construction and material departments inside the plant and to collaborate with suppliers, customers, and sub-contractors to reduce inventory buffers to within a few hours. This process typically uncovers deep construction and logistic issues that are not easy to overcome (see JIT Implementation for more details). The construction company can only benefit from sequencing items once these problems have been resolved successfully and components are delivered Just In Time. Sequencing can be implemented in a Just In Time supply operation at many levels, bringing ever-higher inventory reduction and financial benefits:" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word tradition with belief in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nKen Dedes was the first queen of Singhasari. She was the consort of Ken Arok, the first ruler of Singhasari, Java, Indonesia. She was later considered the origin of the lineage of kings that rule Java, the great mother of the Rajasa dynasty, the royal family that ruled Java from the Singhasari to the Majapahit era. Local tradition mentioned her as an embodiment of perfect beauty.\n\nEarly life\n\nMost of the record of her life comes from the account of Pararaton (The Book of Kings), a mixed historical account including supernatural tales and stories. She was the daughter of a Buddhist monk, Mpu Purwa. According to tradition, Ken Dedes' exceptional and extraordinary beauty was famous throughout the land and attracted Tunggul Ametung, the ruler of Tumapel (now the Singhasari district, East Java) who later took her as his wife. According to local tradition, Ken Dedes was kidnapped while her father was away meditating and forced to become Tunggul Ametung's wife. Her father cursed Tunggul Ametung, saying he would be killed because of Ken Dedes' beauty. The curse became reality when Ken Arok assassinated Tunggul Ametung and took Ken Dedes as his own wife.\n\nThe Consort of Ken Arok\n\nAccording to Pararaton and local tradition, Ken Arok's usurpation of Tunggul Ametung was caused by Ken Dedes' exceptional beauty and charisma. The story is that Ken Arok was standing close near the royal carriage as it halted and caught a glimpse of the young queen. When her clothes accidentally parted, Ken Arok caught sight of her naked legs and thighs and he saw that her genitals were 'shining'. A Brahmin, Lohgawe, told Ken Arok that this radiance was the sign that Ken Dedes bears the divine quality and would be the bearer of kings. Her beauty was said to have been so perfect that whoever married her, regardless of his status, would inevitably be destined to become king of kings. By this, Ken Arok was motivated to dispatch Tunggul Ametung. Ken Arok later launched a campaign that defeated Kertajaya, King of Kediri and he founded his own kingdom, Singhasari. Ken Dedes became his wife, the first queen of Singhasari. According to local beliefs, the statue of Prajnaparamita, the goddess of transcendental wisdom in Buddhist tradition and found in Cungkup Putri near Singhasari temple, was made in her likeness and probably served as her mortuary deified statue. Anusapati, Ken Dedes's son from Tunggul Ametung, murdered Ken Arok and became the second ruler of Singhasari." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Ken Dedes was the first queen of Singhasari. She was the consort of Ken Arok, the first ruler of Singhasari, Java, Indonesia. She was later considered the origin of the lineage of kings that rule Java, the great mother of the Rajasa dynasty, the royal family that ruled Java from the Singhasari to the Majapahit era. Local belief mentioned her as an embodiment of perfect beauty.\n\nEarly life\n\nMost of the record of her life comes from the account of Pararaton (The Book of Kings), a mixed historical account including supernatural tales and stories. She was the daughter of a Buddhist monk, Mpu Purwa. According to belief, Ken Dedes' exceptional and extraordinary beauty was famous throughout the land and attracted Tunggul Ametung, the ruler of Tumapel (now the Singhasari district, East Java) who later took her as his wife. According to local belief, Ken Dedes was kidnapped while her father was away meditating and forced to become Tunggul Ametung's wife. Her father cursed Tunggul Ametung, saying he would be killed because of Ken Dedes' beauty. The curse became reality when Ken Arok assassinated Tunggul Ametung and took Ken Dedes as his own wife.\n\nThe Consort of Ken Arok\n\nAccording to Pararaton and local belief, Ken Arok's usurpation of Tunggul Ametung was caused by Ken Dedes' exceptional beauty and charisma. The story is that Ken Arok was standing close near the royal carriage as it halted and caught a glimpse of the young queen. When her clothes accidentally parted, Ken Arok caught sight of her naked legs and thighs and he saw that her genitals were 'shining'. A Brahmin, Lohgawe, told Ken Arok that this radiance was the sign that Ken Dedes bears the divine quality and would be the bearer of kings. Her beauty was said to have been so perfect that whoever married her, regardless of his status, would inevitably be destined to become king of kings. By this, Ken Arok was motivated to dispatch Tunggul Ametung. Ken Arok later launched a campaign that defeated Kertajaya, King of Kediri and he founded his own kingdom, Singhasari. Ken Dedes became his wife, the first queen of Singhasari. According to local beliefs, the statue of Prajnaparamita, the goddess of transcendental wisdom in Buddhist belief and found in Cungkup Putri near Singhasari temple, was made in her likeness and probably served as her mortuary deified statue. Anusapati, Ken Dedes's son from Tunggul Ametung, murdered Ken Arok and became the second ruler of Singhasari." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word policy with behavior in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nThe Bureau of Legislative Affairs is the office of the United States Department of State that coordinates legislative activity for the Department of State and advises the Secretary, the Deputy, as well as the under secretaries and assistant secretaries on legislative strategy. The bureau facilitates effective communication between State Department officials and the Members of Congress and their staffs. The bureau works closely with authorizing, appropriations, and oversight committees of the House and Senate, as well as with individual members that have an interest in State Department or foreign policy issues. The bureau manages department testimony before House and Senate hearings, organizes member and staff briefings, and facilitates Congressional travel to overseas posts for members and staff throughout the year. The bureau reviews proposed legislation and coordinates Statements of Administration Policy on legislation affecting the conduct of U.S. foreign policy. The bureau staff advises individual bureaus of the department on legislative and outreach strategies and coordinates those strategies with the secretary's priorities. The Secretary of State is the principal Congressional relations officer of the department. The bureau supports the secretary by ensuring that the administration's foreign policy priorities are reflected throughout the legislative process. The bureau coordinates the annual testimony provided by the secretary to Congressional committees with jurisdiction over state programs to explain department priorities and budget requirements. The bureau succeeds in its overall mission by seeking passage of relevant foreign policy legislation and appropriations, obtaining advice and consent to treaties, as well as confirmation of the president's departmental and ambassadorial nominees by the Senate. The assistant secretary advises the secretary of state on legislative matters, directs the Bureau of Legislative Affairs, and acts as the department's principal liaison with the Congress." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Bureau of Legislative Affairs is the office of the United States Department of State that coordinates legislative activity for the Department of State and advises the Secretary, the Deputy, as well as the under secretaries and assistant secretaries on legislative strategy. The bureau facilitates effective communication between State Department officials and the Members of Congress and their staffs. The bureau works closely with authorizing, appropriations, and oversight committees of the House and Senate, as well as with individual members that have an interest in State Department or foreign behavior issues. The bureau manages department testimony before House and Senate hearings, organizes member and staff briefings, and facilitates Congressional travel to overseas posts for members and staff throughout the year. The bureau reviews proposed legislation and coordinates Statements of Administration Behavior on legislation affecting the conduct of U.S. foreign behavior. The bureau staff advises individual bureaus of the department on legislative and outreach strategies and coordinates those strategies with the secretary's priorities. The Secretary of State is the principal Congressional relations officer of the department. The bureau supports the secretary by ensuring that the administration's foreign behavior priorities are reflected throughout the legislative process. The bureau coordinates the annual testimony provided by the secretary to Congressional committees with jurisdiction over state programs to explain department priorities and budget requirements. The bureau succeeds in its overall mission by seeking passage of relevant foreign behavior legislation and appropriations, obtaining advice and consent to treaties, as well as confirmation of the president's departmental and ambassadorial nominees by the Senate. The assistant secretary advises the secretary of state on legislative matters, directs the Bureau of Legislative Affairs, and acts as the department's principal liaison with the Congress." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'history' with 'past'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nHistorical classification groups the various history topics into different categories according to subject matter as shown below.\nMeta-history\n*Philosophy of history\nBy geographic region\n*World *Africa *Americas *Asia *Europe *Oceania *Antarctica\nBy geographic subregion\n*North America *South America *Latin America *Central America **Pre-Columbian **Mesoamerica *Caribbean *Eurasia *History of Europe **Prehistoric Europe **Classical antiquity **Late Antiquity **Middle Ages **Early modern period **Modern Europe *Central Asia *South Asia *East Asia *Southeast Asia *Middle East **Ancient Near East *Australasia (Australia, New Guinea, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia) *Pacific Islands\nBy date\n*Centuries *Decades *Periodization *List of named time periods *List of timelines\nBy time period\n*Prehistory *Ancient history *Modern world See also Periodization.\nBy religion\n*History of religion *History of Christianity *History of Islam *Jewish history *History of Buddhism *Hinduism History of Hinduism\nBy nation\n*History of extinct nations and states\nBy field\n*Cultural movements *Diaspora studies *Family history *Environmental history *Local history *Maritime history *Microhistory *Confederation *Social History *Urban History\nMathematics and the hard sciences\n*History of mathematics *History of science and technology *History of astronomy *History of physics *History of chemistry *History of geology *History of biology *History of medicine *History of mental illness\nSocial sciences\n*History of art *History of astrology *History of cinema *History of economic thought/Economic history *History of ideas *History of literature *History of music *History of philosophy *History of sexuality *History of theatre *Intellectual history *Legal history *Microhistory *Military history\nBy ideological classification (historiography)\nAlthough there is arguably some intrinsic bias in history studies (with national bias perhaps being the most significant), history can also be studied from ideological perspectives, which practitioners feel are often ignored, such as: *Marxist historiography *Feminist history (also called herstory). A form of historical speculation known commonly as counterfactual history has also been adopted by some historians as a means of assessing and exploring the possible outcomes if certain events had not occurred or had occurred in a different way. This is somewhat similar to the alternate history genre in fiction. Lists of false or dubious historical resources and historical myths that were once popular and widespread, or have become so, have also been prepared. classifications" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Historical classification groups the various past topics into different categories according to subject matter as shown below.\nMeta-past\n*Philosophy of past\nBy geographic region\n*World *Africa *Americas *Asia *Europe *Oceania *Antarctica\nBy geographic subregion\n*North America *South America *Latin America *Central America **Pre-Columbian **Mesoamerica *Caribbean *Eurasia *Past of Europe **Prehistoric Europe **Classical antiquity **Late Antiquity **Middle Ages **Early modern period **Modern Europe *Central Asia *South Asia *East Asia *Southeast Asia *Middle East **Ancient Near East *Australasia (Australia, New Guinea, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia) *Pacific Islands\nBy date\n*Centuries *Decades *Periodization *List of named time periods *List of timelines\nBy time period\n*Prehistory *Ancient past *Modern world See also Periodization.\nBy religion\n*Past of religion *Past of Christianity *Past of Islam *Jewish past *Past of Buddhism *Hinduism Past of Hinduism\nBy nation\n*Past of extinct nations and states\nBy field\n*Cultural movements *Diaspora studies *Family past *Environmental past *Local past *Maritime past *Microhistory *Confederation *Social Past *Urban Past\nMathematics and the hard sciences\n*Past of mathematics *Past of science and technology *Past of astronomy *Past of physics *Past of chemistry *Past of geology *Past of biology *Past of medicine *Past of mental illness\nSocial sciences\n*Past of art *Past of astrology *Past of cinema *Past of economic thought/Economic past *Past of ideas *Past of literature *Past of music *Past of philosophy *Past of sexuality *Past of theatre *Intellectual past *Legal past *Microhistory *Military past\nBy ideological classification (historiography)\nAlthough there is arguably some intrinsic bias in past studies (with national bias perhaps being the most significant), past can also be studied from ideological perspectives, which practitioners feel are often ignored, such as: *Marxist historiography *Feminist past (also called herstory). A form of historical speculation known commonly as counterfactual past has also been adopted by some historians as a means of assessing and exploring the possible outcomes if certain events had not occurred or had occurred in a different way. This is somewhat similar to the alternate past genre in fiction. Lists of false or dubious historical resources and historical myths that were once popular and widespread, or have become so, have also been prepared. classifications" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"traditional\" with \"classic\" wherever it occurs:\n\nThe traditional Jamaican Maroon religion otherwise known as Kumfu was developed by a mixing of West and Central African religious practices in Maroon communities. While the traditional religion of the Maroons was absorbed by Christianity due to conversions in Maroon communities, many old practices continued on. Some have speculated that Jamaican Maroon religion helped the development of Kumina and Convince. The religious Kromanti dance is still practiced today but not always with the full religious connotation as in the past.\nHistory\nWhat can be deduced today about the religions origins points to the idea that it is founded upon Akan religion but syncretized with other African beliefs. This is evident by the many specifically Akan aspects found in the religion. Very little was written about the original religion of the Jamaican Maroons because of little contact Maroons had with the outside world. What was written at the time by Bryan Edwards (a British slaver and planter) was the practice of Obeah by Maroons. When Anglican Christian churches were established in Maroon towns the traditional religion began to be practiced separately from Christianity and served a different religious purpose. As other non-Anglican churches appeared in Maroon communities they rallied against traditional Maroon beliefs and they became less popular. Today the Kromanti dance still is practiced on occasion even by self identified Christians.\nBeliefs\nCosmology\nAccording to the faith a supreme deity named Yankipong rules the cosmos and is generally unconcerned with human life. Below Yankipong exists ancestor spirits called \"duppies\", \"jumbies\", or \"bigiman\". These spirits have hierarchies of their own and can be communicated with by humans so their powers can be used for worldly matters. The matter of spirits and their influence on Earth is considered to be Obeah (although the use of that specific term is controversial and some instead call it \"science\"). It is believed that the omnipotent god \"Yankipong\" is the Jamaican Maroon's conception of the omnipotent god Nyame from Akan religion. Other Akan deities are reported to have been recognized like Asase Yaa and Epo. The Akan based word \"Kumfu\" was used for the total spiritual system and understanding of the world.\nPractices\nA priest of the religion is referred to as a \"kumfu-man\". The word \"kumfu\" itself has its origins Twi language. Ceremonies are involved in Jamaican Maroon religion but no worship of the god Yankipong is practiced, unlike in traditional Akan religion. An important ceremony of the religion is the Kromanti dance which involves the direction of a \"fete- man\" (ritual specialist) and the sacrifice of an animal to the pakit (ancestral spirit). The purpose of the dance is for participants to be possessed by ancestral spirits. The Jamaican Maroon Creole language is used during the Kromanti dance ceremony when addressing people possessed by old Maroon ancestors." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The classic Jamaican Maroon religion otherwise known as Kumfu was developed by a mixing of West and Central African religious practices in Maroon communities. While the classic religion of the Maroons was absorbed by Christianity due to conversions in Maroon communities, many old practices continued on. Some have speculated that Jamaican Maroon religion helped the development of Kumina and Convince. The religious Kromanti dance is still practiced today but not always with the full religious connotation as in the past.\nHistory\nWhat can be deduced today about the religions origins points to the idea that it is founded upon Akan religion but syncretized with other African beliefs. This is evident by the many specifically Akan aspects found in the religion. Very little was written about the original religion of the Jamaican Maroons because of little contact Maroons had with the outside world. What was written at the time by Bryan Edwards (a British slaver and planter) was the practice of Obeah by Maroons. When Anglican Christian churches were established in Maroon towns the classic religion began to be practiced separately from Christianity and served a different religious purpose. As other non-Anglican churches appeared in Maroon communities they rallied against classic Maroon beliefs and they became less popular. Today the Kromanti dance still is practiced on occasion even by self identified Christians.\nBeliefs\nCosmology\nAccording to the faith a supreme deity named Yankipong rules the cosmos and is generally unconcerned with human life. Below Yankipong exists ancestor spirits called \"duppies\", \"jumbies\", or \"bigiman\". These spirits have hierarchies of their own and can be communicated with by humans so their powers can be used for worldly matters. The matter of spirits and their influence on Earth is considered to be Obeah (although the use of that specific term is controversial and some instead call it \"science\"). It is believed that the omnipotent god \"Yankipong\" is the Jamaican Maroon's conception of the omnipotent god Nyame from Akan religion. Other Akan deities are reported to have been recognized like Asase Yaa and Epo. The Akan based word \"Kumfu\" was used for the total spiritual system and understanding of the world.\nPractices\nA priest of the religion is referred to as a \"kumfu-man\". The word \"kumfu\" itself has its origins Twi language. Ceremonies are involved in Jamaican Maroon religion but no worship of the god Yankipong is practiced, unlike in classic Akan religion. An important ceremony of the religion is the Kromanti dance which involves the direction of a \"fete- man\" (ritual specialist) and the sacrifice of an animal to the pakit (ancestral spirit). The purpose of the dance is for participants to be possessed by ancestral spirits. The Jamaican Maroon Creole language is used during the Kromanti dance ceremony when addressing people possessed by old Maroon ancestors." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word couple with set in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nKasa Jizo (Li Di Zang ) is a Japanese folk tale about an old couple whose generosity is rewarded by the bodhisattva Ksitigarbha, whose name is Jizo in Japanese. The story is commonly handed down by parents to their children in order to instill moral values, as it is grounded in Buddhist thought. An alternative title, Kasako Jizo can be found in Iwate and Fukushima Prefectures. Its origins belong in the Tohoku and Niigata regions, with the oldest dispensations coming from Hokuriku, as well as areas of Western Japan such as Hiroshima and Kumamoto Prefectures. Its precise origin, however, remains unknown.\n\nSummary\n\nOne day in the snowy country there lived an incredibly impoverished elderly couple. On New Year's Day, the couple realized that they were unable to afford mochi (a staple form of rice eaten during the New Year). The old man decided to go into town to sell his home-made kasa, but his endeavors proved unsuccessful. Due to the horrible weather conditions, the old man gave up the task and made his trek back home. In the blizzard, the old man came across a line of Jizo statues, to whom he decided to give his kasa as an offering, as well to keep their heads clear of snow. However, he only had enough kasa on hand to give to all but one statue. He gave the remaining statue his tenugui and went on his way. Upon returning home, he relayed the scenario to his wife, who praised him for his virtuous deed, without criticizing his inability to purchase any New Year mochi. That evening, while the couple was asleep, there came a heavy thumping sound from outside the house. They opened the door to find a great pile of treasures, consisting of such goods as rice, vegetables, gold coins, and mochi. The old couple watched on as the Jizo statues marched off into the snowy distance. Having repaid the old man for his selflessness, the couple was able to celebrate the New Year.\n\nAnalysis\n\nWhile the tale has its visual basis in the bodhisattva Ksitigarbha, the reciprocal character as expressed by the statues is reminiscent of the Shinto deities known as toshigami. These deities are generally believed to bring about good fortune for the New Year and exist in a variety of regional forms, such as the Namahage of Akita Prefecture and the Toshidon of Kagoshima Prefecture. A similar comparison can be made regarding the marebito. Furthermore, while the presence of multiple Jizo tends to amount to six (in reference to the Jizo of the Six Realms motif), variations within the story exist such as there being only one, three, seven, or as many as twelve statues.\n\nVariations\n\nSome variations of the story are as follows: *The old man gives his own kasa in place of a tenugui *One Jizo statue returns the old man's gift rather than a group of statues *In place of Jizo, the Seven Lucky Gods repay the old man *In place of gifts, the old couple are escorted to the Western Pure Land There is a version of this story in Niigata called Chijimi Jizo wherein the old man uses ojiyachijimi fabric instead of a kasa. In another version, the old man's wife creates spools of thread to be sold in town. In Western Japan, there is a variation wherein the old man carries a Jizo statue back to his house. His wife becomes angry and rice pours out of the statue's body. Greedy for more rice, the wife pounds the statue's belly, at which point the rice stops flowing.\n\nModern references\n\nIn the Nintendo Switch video game Super Mario Odyssey, Bowser's Kingdom features an area where a row of five Jizo statues can be seen. They are all wearing kasa, possibly in reference to the folktale. This connection is further implied by the ability to possess a statue by striking it with Mario's cap. Also, Kasa Jizo is a unit in the game The Battle Cats, with one of the forms showing Jizo without his hat on, in reference to giving his last kasa away." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Kasa Jizo (Li Di Zang ) is a Japanese folk tale about an old set whose generosity is rewarded by the bodhisattva Ksitigarbha, whose name is Jizo in Japanese. The story is commonly handed down by parents to their children in order to instill moral values, as it is grounded in Buddhist thought. An alternative title, Kasako Jizo can be found in Iwate and Fukushima Prefectures. Its origins belong in the Tohoku and Niigata regions, with the oldest dispensations coming from Hokuriku, as well as areas of Western Japan such as Hiroshima and Kumamoto Prefectures. Its precise origin, however, remains unknown.\n\nSummary\n\nOne day in the snowy country there lived an incredibly impoverished elderly set. On New Year's Day, the set realized that they were unable to afford mochi (a staple form of rice eaten during the New Year). The old man decided to go into town to sell his home-made kasa, but his endeavors proved unsuccessful. Due to the horrible weather conditions, the old man gave up the task and made his trek back home. In the blizzard, the old man came across a line of Jizo statues, to whom he decided to give his kasa as an offering, as well to keep their heads clear of snow. However, he only had enough kasa on hand to give to all but one statue. He gave the remaining statue his tenugui and went on his way. Upon returning home, he relayed the scenario to his wife, who praised him for his virtuous deed, without criticizing his inability to purchase any New Year mochi. That evening, while the set was asleep, there came a heavy thumping sound from outside the house. They opened the door to find a great pile of treasures, consisting of such goods as rice, vegetables, gold coins, and mochi. The old set watched on as the Jizo statues marched off into the snowy distance. Having repaid the old man for his selflessness, the set was able to celebrate the New Year.\n\nAnalysis\n\nWhile the tale has its visual basis in the bodhisattva Ksitigarbha, the reciprocal character as expressed by the statues is reminiscent of the Shinto deities known as toshigami. These deities are generally believed to bring about good fortune for the New Year and exist in a variety of regional forms, such as the Namahage of Akita Prefecture and the Toshidon of Kagoshima Prefecture. A similar comparison can be made regarding the marebito. Furthermore, while the presence of multiple Jizo tends to amount to six (in reference to the Jizo of the Six Realms motif), variations within the story exist such as there being only one, three, seven, or as many as twelve statues.\n\nVariations\n\nSome variations of the story are as follows: *The old man gives his own kasa in place of a tenugui *One Jizo statue returns the old man's gift rather than a group of statues *In place of Jizo, the Seven Lucky Gods repay the old man *In place of gifts, the old set are escorted to the Western Pure Land There is a version of this story in Niigata called Chijimi Jizo wherein the old man uses ojiyachijimi fabric instead of a kasa. In another version, the old man's wife creates spools of thread to be sold in town. In Western Japan, there is a variation wherein the old man carries a Jizo statue back to his house. His wife becomes angry and rice pours out of the statue's body. Greedy for more rice, the wife pounds the statue's belly, at which point the rice stops flowing.\n\nModern references\n\nIn the Nintendo Switch video game Super Mario Odyssey, Bowser's Kingdom features an area where a row of five Jizo statues can be seen. They are all wearing kasa, possibly in reference to the folktale. This connection is further implied by the ability to possess a statue by striking it with Mario's cap. Also, Kasa Jizo is a unit in the game The Battle Cats, with one of the forms showing Jizo without his hat on, in reference to giving his last kasa away." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word response with feedback in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nThe host response to cancer therapy is defined as a physiological response of the non-malignant cells of the body (also known as host cells) to a specific cancer therapy. The response is therapy-specific, occurring independently of cancer type or stage.\n\nBackground\n\nAll cancer treatment modalities (e.g., chemotherapy, targeted drugs, radiation and surgery) trigger systemic and local effects in the treated subject (i.e., the host). These include a rapid elevation in the levels of circulating cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and enzymes accompanied by acute mobilization and tumor homing of bone-marrow derived cells. These therapy-induced effects have the potential to facilitate tumor growth and spread, counteracting the beneficial effects of therapy. Thus, the host response to cancer therapy creates a paradoxical situation in which the desired therapeutic effect of treatment is reduced by its side effect on host cells. The balance between these two opposing activities determines the overall efficacy and outcome of treatment.\n\nHost response to different treatment modalities for cancer\n\nHost response to chemotherapy\n\nChemotherapies, including alkylating agents, microtubule inhibitors, antimetabolites and antibiotics, represent a major systemic therapeutic modality for many cancers. These agents induce death in rapidly dividing cells thus targeting tumor cells, but at the same time damaging healthy tissue. Consequently, non-malignant host cells activate wound healing and inflammatory mechanisms to repair chemotherapy-induced damage. These repair mechanisms have the potential to exacerbate tumor promoting processes such as angiogenesis and metastasis. In mouse tumor models, different chemotherapy types induce a rapid mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells that home to the tumor site where they promote angiogenesis. In addition, a variety of immune cell types, such as myeloid progenitors and macrophages, are recruited to the tumor site in a chemotherapy-dependent manner, an effect that enhances metastasis.\n\nHost response to radiation therapy\n\nRadiotherapy is a well- established treatment modality for several cancer types. However, relapses after radiotherapy are often more aggressive and associated with poor prognosis. Cumulative evidence shows that the host response to radiotherapy is a contributing factor to this effect. Tumors implanted in pre-irradiated tissue grow with slower kinetics, however, paradoxically exhibit enhanced invasive and metastatic properties, a phenomenon known as the \"tumor bed effect\". This enhanced aggressiveness is attributed to radiation-induced modifications of the tumor microenvironment, including enhanced angiogenesis and recruitment of pro-metastatic bone marrow cells and macrophages\n\nHost response to anti-angiogenic drugs\n\nAnti-angiogenic drugs (or angiogenesis inhibitors) target the blood vessels required for tumor survival. The rationale behind this strategy is to starve the tumor of oxygen and nutrients, limiting its ability to grow. However, tumor hypoxia that ensues activates a range of compensatory mechanisms that sustain vascularization, leading to resistance to the anti-angiogenic drug. Many of these compensatory mechanisms involve host cells. For example, treating tumor-bearing mice with vascular- disrupting agents (that specifically target tumor-associated vessels) triggers an acute mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells that home to tumor margins where they facilitate revascularization. In addition, various types of pro-angiogenic bone marrow-derived cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and TIE2-expressing monocytes contribute to therapy resistance. In mouse tumor models, anti-angiogenic therapy causes an elevation in tumor-promoting cytokines and growth factors that in turn augment the invasive and metastatic potential of tumors.\n\nHost response to surgery\n\nSurgical resection of a tumor is one of the primary treatment modalities for cancer and can be curative especially for patients with early disease. However, there is evidence that tumor resection generates a permissive environment for tumor growth, in part, via host-mediated processes. As part of the wound healing process, surgical tissue trauma is rapidly followed by a cascade of inflammatory processes. Many of the growth factors, cytokines, extracellular matrix-modifying enzymes, and immune cells released during this process may also promote proliferation of residual tumor cells, angiogenesis and metastasis. For example, lungs are more prone to metastatic seeding after a surgical incision in the abdominal region of mice. This effect is due to increased expression and activity of lysyl oxidase (LOX), an extracellular matrix remodeling enzyme produced at the hypoxic surgical site. In clinical settings, elevated levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells, bone marrow-derived cells as well as circulating factors with known roles in angiogenesis and tumor progression have been reported in response to major surgery in comparison to minimal surgery.\n\nClinical implications\n\nCharacterizing the host response to cancer therapy in patients has clinical implications especially in the field of personalized medicine (also known as precision medicine) and biomarker discovery. Experimental studies have shown that combining conventional cancer therapies with agents that selectively block therapy-induced factors improves treatment efficacies." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The host feedback to cancer therapy is defined as a physiological feedback of the non-malignant cells of the body (also known as host cells) to a specific cancer therapy. The feedback is therapy-specific, occurring independently of cancer type or stage.\n\nBackground\n\nAll cancer treatment modalities (e.g., chemotherapy, targeted drugs, radiation and surgery) trigger systemic and local effects in the treated subject (i.e., the host). These include a rapid elevation in the levels of circulating cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and enzymes accompanied by acute mobilization and tumor homing of bone-marrow derived cells. These therapy-induced effects have the potential to facilitate tumor growth and spread, counteracting the beneficial effects of therapy. Thus, the host feedback to cancer therapy creates a paradoxical situation in which the desired therapeutic effect of treatment is reduced by its side effect on host cells. The balance between these two opposing activities determines the overall efficacy and outcome of treatment.\n\nHost feedback to different treatment modalities for cancer\n\nHost feedback to chemotherapy\n\nChemotherapies, including alkylating agents, microtubule inhibitors, antimetabolites and antibiotics, represent a major systemic therapeutic modality for many cancers. These agents induce death in rapidly dividing cells thus targeting tumor cells, but at the same time damaging healthy tissue. Consequently, non-malignant host cells activate wound healing and inflammatory mechanisms to repair chemotherapy-induced damage. These repair mechanisms have the potential to exacerbate tumor promoting processes such as angiogenesis and metastasis. In mouse tumor models, different chemotherapy types induce a rapid mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells that home to the tumor site where they promote angiogenesis. In addition, a variety of immune cell types, such as myeloid progenitors and macrophages, are recruited to the tumor site in a chemotherapy-dependent manner, an effect that enhances metastasis.\n\nHost feedback to radiation therapy\n\nRadiotherapy is a well- established treatment modality for several cancer types. However, relapses after radiotherapy are often more aggressive and associated with poor prognosis. Cumulative evidence shows that the host feedback to radiotherapy is a contributing factor to this effect. Tumors implanted in pre-irradiated tissue grow with slower kinetics, however, paradoxically exhibit enhanced invasive and metastatic properties, a phenomenon known as the \"tumor bed effect\". This enhanced aggressiveness is attributed to radiation-induced modifications of the tumor microenvironment, including enhanced angiogenesis and recruitment of pro-metastatic bone marrow cells and macrophages\n\nHost feedback to anti-angiogenic drugs\n\nAnti-angiogenic drugs (or angiogenesis inhibitors) target the blood vessels required for tumor survival. The rationale behind this strategy is to starve the tumor of oxygen and nutrients, limiting its ability to grow. However, tumor hypoxia that ensues activates a range of compensatory mechanisms that sustain vascularization, leading to resistance to the anti-angiogenic drug. Many of these compensatory mechanisms involve host cells. For example, treating tumor-bearing mice with vascular- disrupting agents (that specifically target tumor-associated vessels) triggers an acute mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells that home to tumor margins where they facilitate revascularization. In addition, various types of pro-angiogenic bone marrow-derived cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and TIE2-expressing monocytes contribute to therapy resistance. In mouse tumor models, anti-angiogenic therapy causes an elevation in tumor-promoting cytokines and growth factors that in turn augment the invasive and metastatic potential of tumors.\n\nHost feedback to surgery\n\nSurgical resection of a tumor is one of the primary treatment modalities for cancer and can be curative especially for patients with early disease. However, there is evidence that tumor resection generates a permissive environment for tumor growth, in part, via host-mediated processes. As part of the wound healing process, surgical tissue trauma is rapidly followed by a cascade of inflammatory processes. Many of the growth factors, cytokines, extracellular matrix-modifying enzymes, and immune cells released during this process may also promote proliferation of residual tumor cells, angiogenesis and metastasis. For example, lungs are more prone to metastatic seeding after a surgical incision in the abdominal region of mice. This effect is due to increased expression and activity of lysyl oxidase (LOX), an extracellular matrix remodeling enzyme produced at the hypoxic surgical site. In clinical settings, elevated levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells, bone marrow-derived cells as well as circulating factors with known roles in angiogenesis and tumor progression have been reported in feedback to major surgery in comparison to minimal surgery.\n\nClinical implications\n\nCharacterizing the host feedback to cancer therapy in patients has clinical implications especially in the field of personalized medicine (also known as precision medicine) and biomarker discovery. Experimental studies have shown that combining conventional cancer therapies with agents that selectively block therapy-induced factors improves treatment efficacies." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Secreta mulierum, also known as De secretis mulierum, is a natural philosophical text from the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century frequently attributed to Albertus Magnus, although it is more likely written by one of his followers. Originally written in Latin, the title translates as The Secrets of Women or Of the Secrets of Women. Drawing on Hippocratic, Galenic, and Aristotelian theories, this text discusses sexuality and reproduction from both a medical and philosophical perspective. Over eighty manuscript copies of the treatise have been identified, and it has been translated into multiple different languages over several centuries. This suggests that the ideas expressed in this work were hugely popular and influential.\nContents\nOwing to both the medical and philosophical nature of the text, a variety of topics are discussed by pseudo-Albert. While some of the thirteen chapters are strictly medical, such as those on the signs of conception, the period of gestation, and the nature of the menses, others are largely theoretical. For example, the author discusses at length how the planets and constellations can affect a developing fetus. It can come as no surprise that the author's philosophical discussions are more in-depth and developed considering natural philosophy was more significant than medicine in the sources, such as Aristotle, from which the author drew his information. Therefore, the nature of Secreta Mulierum is more accurately categorized as cosmological or philosophical in focus and not medical. In fact, the author demonstrates a lack of basic medical knowledge, even for the time period. For example, the author states in his discussion of menses that urine and menstrual blood are expelled from the body through the same opening. Scholars have concluded the writing may have been designed to be used as an instructional text on human reproduction for the religious community due to its nature, rather than for medical training.\nChapters\n On the Generation of the Embryo \n On the Formation of the Fetus \n Concerning the Influence of the Planets \n On the Generation of Imperfect Animals \n On the Exit of the Fetus From the Uterus \n Concerning Monsters in Nature \n On the Signs of Conception \n On the Signs of Whether a Male or Female Is In the Uterus \n On the Signs of Corruption of Virginity \n On the Signs of Chastity \n Concerning a Defect of the Womb \n Concerning Impediments to Conception \n On the Generation of the Sperm\nViews of menstruation\nLike many philosophers of this time, the author reasons that human embryos are made from the seed of the father and the menses of the mother. It was believed that menstrual blood was surplus food that had not been used by the woman's body. The author states that the menses comes once a month due to the cold and humid nature of women and is the color of blood except in corrupt women. It was thought that women who had been corrupted by bad or viscous humors would have menses the color of lead. When conception occurs, the womb \"closes up like a purse on all sides\" and therefore menstruation stops. However, the author suggests that the woman is still taking in excess food during her pregnancy that is not being purged and therefore claims pregnant women have a greater desire for sexual intercourse. The author suggests that women keep themselves away from men during their monthly flow. The author believes that menstrual flow is poisonous and can even harm the eyes of children if they are looked upon by the woman. When menstruation stops at menopause, the retention of menses builds up and results in an excess of evil humors, which can escape through the eyes and infect the air, polluting the world.\nAstrology\nThe formation of the fetus is a key topic in the text, and the influence of celestial bodies on the fetus is important to the author, as they endow the fetus with certain abilities. Saturn: gives the fetus the ability to reason and discern, as well as consolidates the seed that makes the child, giving it the power of growth and motion in the first month. Jove (Jupiter): grants generosity and passion in the second month Mars: brings animosity, anger, and desire to the fetus; forms the head of the fetus and divides the arms from the torso during the third month Sun: bestows the power of knowing and remembering, as well as creates the heart Venus: causes separation of hands and feet, and it creates exterior features, such as the mouth, nose, and outer sexual organs Mercury: the sixth month is characterized by development of the voice, eyes, and hair; Joy is also created by Mercury Moon: brings formation of the fetus to an end by completing the skin The author also attributes certain body parts to the twelve signs of the Zodiac. For example, the formation of the feet and sole is attributed to Pisces. Thus, it can be seen that astrological influence on reproduction was a popular idea to this author and others in this time.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"philosophical\" with \"logical\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Secreta mulierum, also known as De secretis mulierum, is a natural logical text from the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century frequently attributed to Albertus Magnus, although it is more likely written by one of his followers. Originally written in Latin, the title translates as The Secrets of Women or Of the Secrets of Women. Drawing on Hippocratic, Galenic, and Aristotelian theories, this text discusses sexuality and reproduction from both a medical and logical perspective. Over eighty manuscript copies of the treatise have been identified, and it has been translated into multiple different languages over several centuries. This suggests that the ideas expressed in this work were hugely popular and influential.\nContents\nOwing to both the medical and logical nature of the text, a variety of topics are discussed by pseudo-Albert. While some of the thirteen chapters are strictly medical, such as those on the signs of conception, the period of gestation, and the nature of the menses, others are largely theoretical. For example, the author discusses at length how the planets and constellations can affect a developing fetus. It can come as no surprise that the author's logical discussions are more in-depth and developed considering natural philosophy was more significant than medicine in the sources, such as Aristotle, from which the author drew his information. Therefore, the nature of Secreta Mulierum is more accurately categorized as cosmological or logical in focus and not medical. In fact, the author demonstrates a lack of basic medical knowledge, even for the time period. For example, the author states in his discussion of menses that urine and menstrual blood are expelled from the body through the same opening. Scholars have concluded the writing may have been designed to be used as an instructional text on human reproduction for the religious community due to its nature, rather than for medical training.\nChapters\n On the Generation of the Embryo \n On the Formation of the Fetus \n Concerning the Influence of the Planets \n On the Generation of Imperfect Animals \n On the Exit of the Fetus From the Uterus \n Concerning Monsters in Nature \n On the Signs of Conception \n On the Signs of Whether a Male or Female Is In the Uterus \n On the Signs of Corruption of Virginity \n On the Signs of Chastity \n Concerning a Defect of the Womb \n Concerning Impediments to Conception \n On the Generation of the Sperm\nViews of menstruation\nLike many philosophers of this time, the author reasons that human embryos are made from the seed of the father and the menses of the mother. It was believed that menstrual blood was surplus food that had not been used by the woman's body. The author states that the menses comes once a month due to the cold and humid nature of women and is the color of blood except in corrupt women. It was thought that women who had been corrupted by bad or viscous humors would have menses the color of lead. When conception occurs, the womb \"closes up like a purse on all sides\" and therefore menstruation stops. However, the author suggests that the woman is still taking in excess food during her pregnancy that is not being purged and therefore claims pregnant women have a greater desire for sexual intercourse. The author suggests that women keep themselves away from men during their monthly flow. The author believes that menstrual flow is poisonous and can even harm the eyes of children if they are looked upon by the woman. When menstruation stops at menopause, the retention of menses builds up and results in an excess of evil humors, which can escape through the eyes and infect the air, polluting the world.\nAstrology\nThe formation of the fetus is a key topic in the text, and the influence of celestial bodies on the fetus is important to the author, as they endow the fetus with certain abilities. Saturn: gives the fetus the ability to reason and discern, as well as consolidates the seed that makes the child, giving it the power of growth and motion in the first month. Jove (Jupiter): grants generosity and passion in the second month Mars: brings animosity, anger, and desire to the fetus; forms the head of the fetus and divides the arms from the torso during the third month Sun: bestows the power of knowing and remembering, as well as creates the heart Venus: causes separation of hands and feet, and it creates exterior features, such as the mouth, nose, and outer sexual organs Mercury: the sixth month is characterized by development of the voice, eyes, and hair; Joy is also created by Mercury Moon: brings formation of the fetus to an end by completing the skin The author also attributes certain body parts to the twelve signs of the Zodiac. For example, the formation of the feet and sole is attributed to Pisces. Thus, it can be seen that astrological influence on reproduction was a popular idea to this author and others in this time." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'females' with 'girl'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nZorotypus hubbardi, commonly known as Hubbard's angel insect, is a species of insect in the order Zoraptera. It is native to the tropical and subtropical New World and has expanded its range into the eastern United States, where it lives in piles of sawdust, whereas in the hotter part of its range it lives under the bark of decomposing logs. It was named after the American entomologist Henry Guernsey Hubbard, who discovered the insect in the United States.\nDescription\nAdults are about in length and have nine segments in their antennae, while nymphs have eight. Adults have winged forms with eyes, and females occur in blind, wingless forms. The wings, when present, are membranous and paddle-shaped, the fore wings being larger than the hind wings. The hind legs have distinctive stiff spines on the underside of the femurs. The abdomen has eleven segments, with a pair of short cerci at the tip. Nymphs are white, gradually changing to brownish as they grow.\nDistribution and habitat\nOriginally a tropical and subtropical species in Central and South America, Zorotypus hubbardi has expanded its range northwards into the United States. This has probably occurred through the movement of winged females, possibly overwintering in piles of sawdust. Its normal habitat is under the loose bark of decomposing logs. Along with Zorotypus snyderi from southern Florida, Hubbard's angel insect is one of only two members of this order to be found in the United States, the rest of the order being largely tropical in distribution. Hubbard's angel insect has been detected in Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and West Virginia.\nEcology\nHubbard's angel insects are gregarious and are usually found under bark in small groups. They feed on fungal spores and hyphae, and scavenge for dead mites, nematodes and other small invertebrates. They often groom themselves or each other, using their mouthparts to clean their own antennae, legs and hind part of the abdomen, while other individuals clean the thorax and front of the abdomen. This allogrooming may be important to help avoid the fungal attacks that kill many zorapterans. On being disturbed by removal of the bark, the insects scuttle rapidly away to hide in crevices. The small pale insects may be confused with termites, but move much faster. When conditions are suitable for the insects, only wingless females are present, which breed by parthenogenesis. Batches of eggs are concealed under chewed food particles and guarded by the mother. The eggs hatch after a few weeks and the nymphs moult four or five times as they grow. Under adverse conditions, such as when the insects become overcrowded or run out of food, the females lay eggs that hatch into nymphs that develop into winged males and winged females. These fly off in due course to search for more suitable places to colonise. On arrival, they shed their wings and mate repeatedly. During courtship, the males offer the females droplets of a liquid secreted by glands on their heads." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Zorotypus hubbardi, commonly known as Hubbard's angel insect, is a species of insect in the order Zoraptera. It is native to the tropical and subtropical New World and has expanded its range into the eastern United States, where it lives in piles of sawdust, whereas in the hotter part of its range it lives under the bark of decomposing logs. It was named after the American entomologist Henry Guernsey Hubbard, who discovered the insect in the United States.\nDescription\nAdults are about in length and have nine segments in their antennae, while nymphs have eight. Adults have winged forms with eyes, and girl occur in blind, wingless forms. The wings, when present, are membranous and paddle-shaped, the fore wings being larger than the hind wings. The hind legs have distinctive stiff spines on the underside of the femurs. The abdomen has eleven segments, with a pair of short cerci at the tip. Nymphs are white, gradually changing to brownish as they grow.\nDistribution and habitat\nOriginally a tropical and subtropical species in Central and South America, Zorotypus hubbardi has expanded its range northwards into the United States. This has probably occurred through the movement of winged girl, possibly overwintering in piles of sawdust. Its normal habitat is under the loose bark of decomposing logs. Along with Zorotypus snyderi from southern Florida, Hubbard's angel insect is one of only two members of this order to be found in the United States, the rest of the order being largely tropical in distribution. Hubbard's angel insect has been detected in Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and West Virginia.\nEcology\nHubbard's angel insects are gregarious and are usually found under bark in small groups. They feed on fungal spores and hyphae, and scavenge for dead mites, nematodes and other small invertebrates. They often groom themselves or each other, using their mouthparts to clean their own antennae, legs and hind part of the abdomen, while other individuals clean the thorax and front of the abdomen. This allogrooming may be important to help avoid the fungal attacks that kill many zorapterans. On being disturbed by removal of the bark, the insects scuttle rapidly away to hide in crevices. The small pale insects may be confused with termites, but move much faster. When conditions are suitable for the insects, only wingless girl are present, which breed by parthenogenesis. Batches of eggs are concealed under chewed food particles and guarded by the mother. The eggs hatch after a few weeks and the nymphs moult four or five times as they grow. Under adverse conditions, such as when the insects become overcrowded or run out of food, the girl lay eggs that hatch into nymphs that develop into winged males and winged girl. These fly off in due course to search for more suitable places to colonise. On arrival, they shed their wings and mate repeatedly. During courtship, the males offer the girl droplets of a liquid secreted by glands on their heads." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word whisper with buzz in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nCall whisper, otherwise known as call screening, is a calling feature that often appears on non-geographic telephony systems and hosted inbound call handling software. It involves the playing of a message to the called party when they have answered a call, during which time the calling party continues to hear ringing. The called party can then decide whether to accept the call (usually by pressing a particular key whereupon the call will be put through to them) or to reject it (either by pressing a key or simply hanging up). They can also identify the caller by their caller ID number or answer the phone in an appropriate manner for the number that has been dialed.\n\nCustomization\n\nThe call whisper feature can be customized, depending on the options offered by the hosting product, in many ways: *The message played to the 'called party' can be customized to convey any relevant information that can be of assistance to the answering agent such as the number that has been dialed, a particular product for which the caller requires support, etc. *An element of dynamic content can be introduced to the recording so that it responds to the caller ID in an intelligent way e.g. it could simply read out the caller ID of the caller, it could specifically advise what location the call is coming from, based on the caller ID, or it could check the caller ID against a customer database and therefore advise the agent which customer is calling in and what their account number is. *The amount of time the system waits for the call to be accepted or rejected can be shortened or lengthened. This can be particularly useful if there is a possibility of an automated messaging service answering the call creating the need to prevent useless voicemail recordings of the call whisper message being left in the mailbox.\n\nAdvantages of using call whisper\n\nBecause call whisper settings are specific to a particular non-geographic telephone number, the feature can allow the called party to identify which telephone number the caller has dialed. For instance, ten separate numbers can all be routing their inbound calls to a single destination number. However, each of the ten numbers could have their own customized call whisper message on them relating to the nature of the call i.e. the function of the number that has been dialed. Therefore, the agent answering will know the number that has been dialed and thus the appropriate way to answer the call. Whisper messages also allow businesses to identify the success of their marketing campaigns by being able to identify which campaign the phone number was assigned to; for example, different numbers can be assigned to billboard advertisements, online ads, printed brochures, and contact information on a website." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Call buzz, otherwise known as call screening, is a calling feature that often appears on non-geographic telephony systems and hosted inbound call handling software. It involves the playing of a message to the called party when they have answered a call, during which time the calling party continues to hear ringing. The called party can then decide whether to accept the call (usually by pressing a particular key whereupon the call will be put through to them) or to reject it (either by pressing a key or simply hanging up). They can also identify the caller by their caller ID number or answer the phone in an appropriate manner for the number that has been dialed.\n\nCustomization\n\nThe call buzz feature can be customized, depending on the options offered by the hosting product, in many ways: *The message played to the 'called party' can be customized to convey any relevant information that can be of assistance to the answering agent such as the number that has been dialed, a particular product for which the caller requires support, etc. *An element of dynamic content can be introduced to the recording so that it responds to the caller ID in an intelligent way e.g. it could simply read out the caller ID of the caller, it could specifically advise what location the call is coming from, based on the caller ID, or it could check the caller ID against a customer database and therefore advise the agent which customer is calling in and what their account number is. *The amount of time the system waits for the call to be accepted or rejected can be shortened or lengthened. This can be particularly useful if there is a possibility of an automated messaging service answering the call creating the need to prevent useless voicemail recordings of the call buzz message being left in the mailbox.\n\nAdvantages of using call buzz\n\nBecause call buzz settings are specific to a particular non-geographic telephone number, the feature can allow the called party to identify which telephone number the caller has dialed. For instance, ten separate numbers can all be routing their inbound calls to a single destination number. However, each of the ten numbers could have their own customized call buzz message on them relating to the nature of the call i.e. the function of the number that has been dialed. Therefore, the agent answering will know the number that has been dialed and thus the appropriate way to answer the call. Buzz messages also allow businesses to identify the success of their marketing campaigns by being able to identify which campaign the phone number was assigned to; for example, different numbers can be assigned to billboard advertisements, online ads, printed brochures, and contact information on a website." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Separation of Power is Vince Flynn's fourth novel, and the third to feature Mitch Rapp, an American agent who works for the CIA as an operative for a covert counterterrorism unit called the \"Orion Team\".\n\nPlot\n\nAbout a month after the events in the previous book, CIA Director Thomas Stansfield has succumbed to cancer and has chosen Dr. Irene Kennedy, The director of the CIA's counterterrorism center, to take his place as director. Meanwhile, Henry \"Hank\" Clark, a corrupt Republican senator and chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, is making plans to prevent Kennedy from becoming the director of the CIA. His plan involves embarrassing her before she can be confirmed for the position, and handpick a new director and have them open up \"ECHELON\", a global surveillance program, and give its secrets to his investors in Silicon Valley, who will then help him get elected to become president. His original plan to kill rapp and embarrass the CIA failed, so he begins the process of his new plan. Mitch Rapp is called in to visit Kennedy to talk about Peter Cameron, the CIA officer who attempted to have him killed in Germany, but was killed by an assassin before Rapp could capture him. He and Kennedy watch surveillance footage that captured the face of the assassin. Rapp realizes that the assassin is Donatella Rahn, an Israeli assassin and Rapp's ex-girlfriend. Kennedy instructs him to take his girlfriend, Anna Rielley, to Milan and propose to her, and then go visit Donatella to learn who hired her to kill Peter Cameron. Meanwhile, Clark visits his accomplice, Mossad director Ben Freidman at the Israeli Embassy, who has been helping him become president in exchange for more aid to Israel. At the meeting, Clark orders Ben to assassinate Donatella, who he hired to kill Peter. Later that day, Ben visits President Xavier Hayes, Kennedy, and General Flood, the chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of staff, at the White House. It is there he informs them that Saddam Hussein, with the help of North Korea, is only a few weeks away from acquiring three functioning nuclear weapons. He also informs them that the facility for making these weapons is hidden under a massive hospital in Baghdad, and that if the Americans won't take action, than they will do it themselves. Seeing as how an Israeli response could lead to nuclear war, The President and his team start to come up with ways to destroy the facility and the nukes. At the same time, Mitch and Anna arrive in Milan, and after a day of touring the city, Rapp goes to visit Donatella. In Washington, Clark persuades his accomplice, Albert Rudin, Chairman of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to investigate Kennedy for corruption and promises him evidence before her confirmation ceremony. In Milan, Rapp can't get Donatella to tell him who hired her, but realizes they are being followed. When they arrive at her apartment, Donatella is ambushed by awaiting Mossad operatives, but manages to kill them thanks to Rapp's warning. After Rapp promises her protection in America, Donatella confesses that Ben had hired her to kill Peter. Rapp brings Donatella to he and Anna's hotel room, where she accuses Rapp of having an affair,and she storms off before he can explain. In Washington, D.C., General Flood concocts a plan to insert a Delta Force team into Baghdad, disguised as a presidential motorcade, and infiltrate the facility under the cover of a U.S bombing campaign across Iraq in order to steal the nukes. But Kennedy strongly recommends Rapp to lead the operation. Elsewhere in Washington, Jonathan Brown, deputy director of the CIA, meets with Norb Steveken, the head of an investigative firm hired by hank and Rudin to investigate Kennedy. Brown hands off classified information on Orion Team, a secret counterterrorism team led by Kennedy, who Rapp is a member of. Rapp returns to America and is read in on the plan to infiltrate Baghdad. He agrees to the mission and comes up with the idea of impersonating Uday Hussein, Saddam's favorite son, in order to gain access to the facility. As they prepare for the mission, Rudin reveals the existence of Mitch Rapp and the Orion Team on Meet The press and implicates Kennedy of violating international law, throwing the confirmation process into chaos. President Hayes orders the bombing campaign against Iraq, which helps Rapp and the Delta team to successfully enters Baghdad. Rapp and the Delta team, disguised as SRG soldiers, are able to enter the facility and steal the nukes. As they fend off enemy fire, they destroy the facility, kidnap the head North Korean scientist, and escape Iraq with the nukes. After they return to the U.S safely, President Hayes reveals the success of the operation and confirms Rapp's existence by explaining Rapp's action in Iraq. Rapp returns to his home and apologizes to Anna, and after he does this, he retires from his role as an assassin and proposes to her. His plan having failed due to the fact Kennedy is looked at as a hero, Clark kills Rudin by pushing him off his balcony, making it look like a suicide. When the Israeli prime minister comes to Washington with Ben Freidman and Yasser Arafat, Rapp and the president interrogate Ben and threaten to kill him. As a result of this, Ben reveals Clarks role in the weeks events. Several weeks after this, Clark is killed by Rapp and Donatella at a bar in D.C, making it look like an apparent heart attack.\n\n\nReplace 'facility' with 'material' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Separation of Power is Vince Flynn's fourth novel, and the third to feature Mitch Rapp, an American agent who works for the CIA as an operative for a covert counterterrorism unit called the \"Orion Team\".\n\nPlot\n\nAbout a month after the events in the previous book, CIA Director Thomas Stansfield has succumbed to cancer and has chosen Dr. Irene Kennedy, The director of the CIA's counterterrorism center, to take his place as director. Meanwhile, Henry \"Hank\" Clark, a corrupt Republican senator and chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, is making plans to prevent Kennedy from becoming the director of the CIA. His plan involves embarrassing her before she can be confirmed for the position, and handpick a new director and have them open up \"ECHELON\", a global surveillance program, and give its secrets to his investors in Silicon Valley, who will then help him get elected to become president. His original plan to kill rapp and embarrass the CIA failed, so he begins the process of his new plan. Mitch Rapp is called in to visit Kennedy to talk about Peter Cameron, the CIA officer who attempted to have him killed in Germany, but was killed by an assassin before Rapp could capture him. He and Kennedy watch surveillance footage that captured the face of the assassin. Rapp realizes that the assassin is Donatella Rahn, an Israeli assassin and Rapp's ex-girlfriend. Kennedy instructs him to take his girlfriend, Anna Rielley, to Milan and propose to her, and then go visit Donatella to learn who hired her to kill Peter Cameron. Meanwhile, Clark visits his accomplice, Mossad director Ben Freidman at the Israeli Embassy, who has been helping him become president in exchange for more aid to Israel. At the meeting, Clark orders Ben to assassinate Donatella, who he hired to kill Peter. Later that day, Ben visits President Xavier Hayes, Kennedy, and General Flood, the chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of staff, at the White House. It is there he informs them that Saddam Hussein, with the help of North Korea, is only a few weeks away from acquiring three functioning nuclear weapons. He also informs them that the material for making these weapons is hidden under a massive hospital in Baghdad, and that if the Americans won't take action, than they will do it themselves. Seeing as how an Israeli response could lead to nuclear war, The President and his team start to come up with ways to destroy the material and the nukes. At the same time, Mitch and Anna arrive in Milan, and after a day of touring the city, Rapp goes to visit Donatella. In Washington, Clark persuades his accomplice, Albert Rudin, Chairman of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to investigate Kennedy for corruption and promises him evidence before her confirmation ceremony. In Milan, Rapp can't get Donatella to tell him who hired her, but realizes they are being followed. When they arrive at her apartment, Donatella is ambushed by awaiting Mossad operatives, but manages to kill them thanks to Rapp's warning. After Rapp promises her protection in America, Donatella confesses that Ben had hired her to kill Peter. Rapp brings Donatella to he and Anna's hotel room, where she accuses Rapp of having an affair,and she storms off before he can explain. In Washington, D.C., General Flood concocts a plan to insert a Delta Force team into Baghdad, disguised as a presidential motorcade, and infiltrate the material under the cover of a U.S bombing campaign across Iraq in order to steal the nukes. But Kennedy strongly recommends Rapp to lead the operation. Elsewhere in Washington, Jonathan Brown, deputy director of the CIA, meets with Norb Steveken, the head of an investigative firm hired by hank and Rudin to investigate Kennedy. Brown hands off classified information on Orion Team, a secret counterterrorism team led by Kennedy, who Rapp is a member of. Rapp returns to America and is read in on the plan to infiltrate Baghdad. He agrees to the mission and comes up with the idea of impersonating Uday Hussein, Saddam's favorite son, in order to gain access to the material. As they prepare for the mission, Rudin reveals the existence of Mitch Rapp and the Orion Team on Meet The press and implicates Kennedy of violating international law, throwing the confirmation process into chaos. President Hayes orders the bombing campaign against Iraq, which helps Rapp and the Delta team to successfully enters Baghdad. Rapp and the Delta team, disguised as SRG soldiers, are able to enter the material and steal the nukes. As they fend off enemy fire, they destroy the material, kidnap the head North Korean scientist, and escape Iraq with the nukes. After they return to the U.S safely, President Hayes reveals the success of the operation and confirms Rapp's existence by explaining Rapp's action in Iraq. Rapp returns to his home and apologizes to Anna, and after he does this, he retires from his role as an assassin and proposes to her. His plan having failed due to the fact Kennedy is looked at as a hero, Clark kills Rudin by pushing him off his balcony, making it look like a suicide. When the Israeli prime minister comes to Washington with Ben Freidman and Yasser Arafat, Rapp and the president interrogate Ben and threaten to kill him. As a result of this, Ben reveals Clarks role in the weeks events. Several weeks after this, Clark is killed by Rapp and Donatella at a bar in D.C, making it look like an apparent heart attack." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'content' with 'comfortable'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nMembership software (also known as an association management system) is a computer software which provides associations, clubs and other membership organizations with the functionality they require to provide their services to their members. It normally includes at least the following: \n Storing and editing member information in a database. \n Creating, renewing, upgrading and downgrading memberships. \n Communicating with members by email, social media, telephone or post. Membership organizations have diverse needs and structures, and this is reflected in the additional features membership software sometimes includes: \n Organizing and selling tickets to events or series' of events. \n Publishing and delivering textual or audio-visual content. \n Providing advertising opportunities via listings or targeted placements. \n Facilitating interaction and collaborative file sharing between members. \n Tracking members' interests and activity to provide relevant services. \n Raising supplementary income from donations. Like many other modern software, membership software was initially delivered as desktop software, evolved into website-based software delivered from a web server, and is now increasingly delivered as a software as a service. In the initial (desktop software) and intermediate (website based software) stages of its development, Membership software was often combined with a separate public-facing website, which members would use to interact with the association (subscribing, booking events, purchasing content and advertising, posting discussions, uploading files). This necessitated complex integrations between proprietary membership software databases and content management systems. Today, membership software often integrates the core features of a content management system, to provide a single coherent interface for members and administrators. These are available as standalone or as plugins to popular open source content management systems. The smallest associations and clubs often create their own ecosystem of services to offer some of the same functionality as membership software. They do this by using generic database or spreadsheet software, and adding on external options as they need them (e.g. event registration, online payments, or email newsletters). The membership software market spans the rest of the industry, from small and medium-sized organizations with limited resources, to very large and complex multi-chapter organizations of national and international renown, to association management organizations which manage multiple associations using a single product. There are many products available from a wide variety of different commercial providers and open source projects. Most are generic, but many are also targeted at very particular segments (e.g., church software). Multi-chapter membership software tailors to organizations that are made up of chapters, clubs, regions, or segments that are part of the larger association. This particular type of membership software allows the apex or parent level of the organization to have more control over how each of their chapters are managed. Included in this might be a shared database, templated websites, shared event calendar and more. Membership software covers a massive range of uses, but in many instances it requires different membership levels, or access control levels. Depending on the software, it can even allow you to specify time limited access which is useful for time sensitive content. The access levels can be structured in a pyramidal form, where each access levels has access to the previous levels, or it can be vertical, where each access level has a standalone section they can access." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Membership software (also known as an association management system) is a computer software which provides associations, clubs and other membership organizations with the functionality they require to provide their services to their members. It normally includes at least the following: \n Storing and editing member information in a database. \n Creating, renewing, upgrading and downgrading memberships. \n Communicating with members by email, social media, telephone or post. Membership organizations have diverse needs and structures, and this is reflected in the additional features membership software sometimes includes: \n Organizing and selling tickets to events or series' of events. \n Publishing and delivering textual or audio-visual comfortable. \n Providing advertising opportunities via listings or targeted placements. \n Facilitating interaction and collaborative file sharing between members. \n Tracking members' interests and activity to provide relevant services. \n Raising supplementary income from donations. Like many other modern software, membership software was initially delivered as desktop software, evolved into website-based software delivered from a web server, and is now increasingly delivered as a software as a service. In the initial (desktop software) and intermediate (website based software) stages of its development, Membership software was often combined with a separate public-facing website, which members would use to interact with the association (subscribing, booking events, purchasing comfortable and advertising, posting discussions, uploading files). This necessitated complex integrations between proprietary membership software databases and comfortable management systems. Today, membership software often integrates the core features of a comfortable management system, to provide a single coherent interface for members and administrators. These are available as standalone or as plugins to popular open source comfortable management systems. The smallest associations and clubs often create their own ecosystem of services to offer some of the same functionality as membership software. They do this by using generic database or spreadsheet software, and adding on external options as they need them (e.g. event registration, online payments, or email newsletters). The membership software market spans the rest of the industry, from small and medium-sized organizations with limited resources, to very large and complex multi-chapter organizations of national and international renown, to association management organizations which manage multiple associations using a single product. There are many products available from a wide variety of different commercial providers and open source projects. Most are generic, but many are also targeted at very particular segments (e.g., church software). Multi-chapter membership software tailors to organizations that are made up of chapters, clubs, regions, or segments that are part of the larger association. This particular type of membership software allows the apex or parent level of the organization to have more control over how each of their chapters are managed. Included in this might be a shared database, templated websites, shared event calendar and more. Membership software covers a massive range of uses, but in many instances it requires different membership levels, or access control levels. Depending on the software, it can even allow you to specify time limited access which is useful for time sensitive comfortable. The access levels can be structured in a pyramidal form, where each access levels has access to the previous levels, or it can be vertical, where each access level has a standalone section they can access." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "An act is an instrument that records a fact or something that has been said, done, or agreed. Acts generally take the form of legal instruments of writing that have probative value and executory force. They are usually accepted as self-authenticating demonstrative evidence in court proceedings, though with the precarious status of notaries public and their acts under common law, this is not always so. Common types of acts are legislative, judicial, and notarial acts.\n\nLegislative acts\n\nLegislative acts (fully, acts of statute), or more commonly statutes, are the cornerstone of statutory and regulatory law. They may include in a monarchical system any royal edict, proclamation, or decree setting forth or establishing law as it affects all citizens. In parliamentary or congressional systems, acts passed by a legislature are known as acts of Parliament or acts of Congress.\n\nNotarial acts\n\nA notarial act (or notarial instrument or notarial writing) is any written narration of facts (recitals) drawn up by a notary public or civil-law notary authenticated by his signature and official seal and detailing a procedure which has been transacted by or before him in his official capacity. A notarial act is the only lawful means of proving those facts of which it is the recognized record, whereas on other matters it is usually inadmissible, because, being beyond the powers entrusted to the notary by law, it is non-official. In most common-law countries, multiple-page acts are bound together using a sewn or knotted ribbon (referred to as silk), the ends of which are secured by a wafer impressed with the notary's seal. This is called annexing or annexure.\n\nAct in public form\n\nThe first category is known as an \"act in public form\" (Fr acte en minute, Du minuutakte, It atto conservato, Ger urschriftliche Urkunde, Sp acta protocolar), and is the preserve of notaries-at-law. Public form acts may take the form of a record of some activity which is intended or required to have evidentiary status, legal or administrative force or effect, or commercial effect. Acts in this form remain the cornerstone of civil-law notarial practice according to which they are composed as single narrative instruments written in the first person perspective of the notary. Public-form acts include all contracts and governing instruments (e.g. conveyance, will, trust, power of attorney, gift). Traditionally, in civil-law countries, the preliminary drafts, called \"minutes\" (formerly protocols; Fr minute, Du minuut, It minuta, Ger Urschrift, Sp escritura matriz), are jotted in legal shorthand and record only the particulars. Their date, appearer, venue, and subject are logged in a notarial register, and the minutes are retained and kept in the notary's protocol (archive) while an engrossment (Fr/Du grosse, It spedizione in forma esecutiva, Ger Ausfertigung, Sp primer testimonio), a fully extended form in long hand under seal and signature, is handed to the appearer. The minutes are used thereafter as a master copy from which exemplifications (Fr expedition, It spedizione, Sp ', copia simple, Du authentiek afschrift, uitgifte, Ger beglaubigte Abschrift), i.e. engrossed fair copies, may be made. In common-law countries, notaries prepare multiple duplicate originals fully executed and sealed, as a copy would not be admissible in court. One is archived as a file copy in the notary's protocol.\n\nAct in private form\n\nThe second category is known as an \"act in private form\" (Fr acte en brevet, Du ', akte in originali, It atto rilasciato in originale, Ger Urkunde im Original, Sp acta extraprotocolar), best represented by the notarial certificate (or \"docquet\" in Scotland). This is generally a writing that certifies the due execution in the notary's presence of a deed, contract or other writing or verifies some fact or thing of which the notary has certain knowledge. Notarial certificates are endorsed on or appended to a pre-existing document and attest to its due execution, genuine nature and validity, or legal status and effects. As a safety precaution, the certificate may also contain information such as the number of pages, a description of the document, its title, and any other distinguishing features in order to prevent pages from being added or removed. If affixed, short form certificates may also be embossed with a seal half on the certificate and half on the rest of the page. Notarial certificates come in full forms or short forms. A full form includes preamble information like the date, venue, appearer's appearance, proof of identification, and so forth, as well as the principal attestation. A short form usually only includes the venue, date, and \"attestation clause\". Both are then ended with a \"testimonium clause\".\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"public\" with \"civic\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "An act is an instrument that records a fact or something that has been said, done, or agreed. Acts generally take the form of legal instruments of writing that have probative value and executory force. They are usually accepted as self-authenticating demonstrative evidence in court proceedings, though with the precarious status of notaries civic and their acts under common law, this is not always so. Common types of acts are legislative, judicial, and notarial acts.\n\nLegislative acts\n\nLegislative acts (fully, acts of statute), or more commonly statutes, are the cornerstone of statutory and regulatory law. They may include in a monarchical system any royal edict, proclamation, or decree setting forth or establishing law as it affects all citizens. In parliamentary or congressional systems, acts passed by a legislature are known as acts of Parliament or acts of Congress.\n\nNotarial acts\n\nA notarial act (or notarial instrument or notarial writing) is any written narration of facts (recitals) drawn up by a notary civic or civil-law notary authenticated by his signature and official seal and detailing a procedure which has been transacted by or before him in his official capacity. A notarial act is the only lawful means of proving those facts of which it is the recognized record, whereas on other matters it is usually inadmissible, because, being beyond the powers entrusted to the notary by law, it is non-official. In most common-law countries, multiple-page acts are bound together using a sewn or knotted ribbon (referred to as silk), the ends of which are secured by a wafer impressed with the notary's seal. This is called annexing or annexure.\n\nAct in civic form\n\nThe first category is known as an \"act in civic form\" (Fr acte en minute, Du minuutakte, It atto conservato, Ger urschriftliche Urkunde, Sp acta protocolar), and is the preserve of notaries-at-law. Civic form acts may take the form of a record of some activity which is intended or required to have evidentiary status, legal or administrative force or effect, or commercial effect. Acts in this form remain the cornerstone of civil-law notarial practice according to which they are composed as single narrative instruments written in the first person perspective of the notary. Civic-form acts include all contracts and governing instruments (e.g. conveyance, will, trust, power of attorney, gift). Traditionally, in civil-law countries, the preliminary drafts, called \"minutes\" (formerly protocols; Fr minute, Du minuut, It minuta, Ger Urschrift, Sp escritura matriz), are jotted in legal shorthand and record only the particulars. Their date, appearer, venue, and subject are logged in a notarial register, and the minutes are retained and kept in the notary's protocol (archive) while an engrossment (Fr/Du grosse, It spedizione in forma esecutiva, Ger Ausfertigung, Sp primer testimonio), a fully extended form in long hand under seal and signature, is handed to the appearer. The minutes are used thereafter as a master copy from which exemplifications (Fr expedition, It spedizione, Sp ', copia simple, Du authentiek afschrift, uitgifte, Ger beglaubigte Abschrift), i.e. engrossed fair copies, may be made. In common-law countries, notaries prepare multiple duplicate originals fully executed and sealed, as a copy would not be admissible in court. One is archived as a file copy in the notary's protocol.\n\nAct in private form\n\nThe second category is known as an \"act in private form\" (Fr acte en brevet, Du ', akte in originali, It atto rilasciato in originale, Ger Urkunde im Original, Sp acta extraprotocolar), best represented by the notarial certificate (or \"docquet\" in Scotland). This is generally a writing that certifies the due execution in the notary's presence of a deed, contract or other writing or verifies some fact or thing of which the notary has certain knowledge. Notarial certificates are endorsed on or appended to a pre-existing document and attest to its due execution, genuine nature and validity, or legal status and effects. As a safety precaution, the certificate may also contain information such as the number of pages, a description of the document, its title, and any other distinguishing features in order to prevent pages from being added or removed. If affixed, short form certificates may also be embossed with a seal half on the certificate and half on the rest of the page. Notarial certificates come in full forms or short forms. A full form includes preamble information like the date, venue, appearer's appearance, proof of identification, and so forth, as well as the principal attestation. A short form usually only includes the venue, date, and \"attestation clause\". Both are then ended with a \"testimonium clause\"." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Celastrina idella, the American holly azure, is a species of butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found on the east coast of the United States.\nDescription\nAdults\nThe wing uppersides are uniform light blue or purplish-blue, shinier in females than in males, with white fringes. The wing undersides are light gray or white with dull black spots.\nLarvae\nCaterpillars vary in color between green and white. Some caterpillars develop white chevron markings on their back.\nDifferences from similar species\nAmerican holly azures differ from the co-occurring azure species by their smaller size, wing color, flight period, pupal diapause, and larval hosts. Northern azures have earlier flight and pupal periods, larger size, and more vivid adult and larval color. Spring azures can be distinguished by close examination of the wing scale structure in a captured individual but are otherwise nearly indistinguishable by sight. The spring flight of summer azure associates with black cherry and does not diapause before the summer flight, which begins after the end of the American holly azure flight. Appalachian azures and cherry gall azures have ranges west of the range of American holly azures.\nRange\nThe species' occurrence range extends along the Atlantic coastal plain of the United States, from New Jersey to Georgia.\nLife cycle\nThe species has one flight per year in the spring, between the flight periods of the northern azure and the spring brood of summer azure but overlapping with spring azure and cherry gall azure. The flight is from late April to late May in the northern part of the range.\nAdults\nAdults emerge to begin their single flight in spring, after remaining in the pupal stage during summer, autumn, winter, and early spring.\nEggs\nAdults lay white eggs on buds of holly flowers.\nLarvae\nCaterpillars hatch and bore into the buds in late spring. Worker ants of a few species, including the ferruginous carpenter ant (Camponotus chromaiodes), an unnamed carpenter ant Camponotus nearcticus, and an unnamed citronella ant Lasius alienus, accompany the caterpillars.\nPupae\nCaterpillars become light brown pupae in late spring or early summer. The pupae undergo diapause until spring.\nFood\nAdult nectar sources\nAdults take nectar from highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), sand myrtle (Kalmia buxifolia), chokeberries (Aronia arbutifolia and Aronia melanocarpa), black cherry (Prunus serotina), red maple (Acer rubrum), and rock cress (Arabis sp.).\nLarval host plants\nCaterpillars eat the flowering parts of male plants of four species of holly: American holly (Ilex opaca), inkberry (Ilex glabra), smooth winterberry (Ilex laevigata), and Yaupon holly (Ilex vomitoria). Two possible alternative host plants are tall gallberry holly (Ilex coriacea) and Virginia willow (Itea virginica).\nEvolution and taxonomy\nAmerican holly azures co-occur with closely related azure species but differ in their host plant adaptation. Sympatric speciation may have occurred due to host plant specialization, i.e., different populations of azures may have genetically diverged once some populations adapted to a single host not used by other populations.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"summer\" with \"summertime\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Celastrina idella, the American holly azure, is a species of butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found on the east coast of the United States.\nDescription\nAdults\nThe wing uppersides are uniform light blue or purplish-blue, shinier in females than in males, with white fringes. The wing undersides are light gray or white with dull black spots.\nLarvae\nCaterpillars vary in color between green and white. Some caterpillars develop white chevron markings on their back.\nDifferences from similar species\nAmerican holly azures differ from the co-occurring azure species by their smaller size, wing color, flight period, pupal diapause, and larval hosts. Northern azures have earlier flight and pupal periods, larger size, and more vivid adult and larval color. Spring azures can be distinguished by close examination of the wing scale structure in a captured individual but are otherwise nearly indistinguishable by sight. The spring flight of summertime azure associates with black cherry and does not diapause before the summertime flight, which begins after the end of the American holly azure flight. Appalachian azures and cherry gall azures have ranges west of the range of American holly azures.\nRange\nThe species' occurrence range extends along the Atlantic coastal plain of the United States, from New Jersey to Georgia.\nLife cycle\nThe species has one flight per year in the spring, between the flight periods of the northern azure and the spring brood of summertime azure but overlapping with spring azure and cherry gall azure. The flight is from late April to late May in the northern part of the range.\nAdults\nAdults emerge to begin their single flight in spring, after remaining in the pupal stage during summertime, autumn, winter, and early spring.\nEggs\nAdults lay white eggs on buds of holly flowers.\nLarvae\nCaterpillars hatch and bore into the buds in late spring. Worker ants of a few species, including the ferruginous carpenter ant (Camponotus chromaiodes), an unnamed carpenter ant Camponotus nearcticus, and an unnamed citronella ant Lasius alienus, accompany the caterpillars.\nPupae\nCaterpillars become light brown pupae in late spring or early summertime. The pupae undergo diapause until spring.\nFood\nAdult nectar sources\nAdults take nectar from highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), sand myrtle (Kalmia buxifolia), chokeberries (Aronia arbutifolia and Aronia melanocarpa), black cherry (Prunus serotina), red maple (Acer rubrum), and rock cress (Arabis sp.).\nLarval host plants\nCaterpillars eat the flowering parts of male plants of four species of holly: American holly (Ilex opaca), inkberry (Ilex glabra), smooth winterberry (Ilex laevigata), and Yaupon holly (Ilex vomitoria). Two possible alternative host plants are tall gallberry holly (Ilex coriacea) and Virginia willow (Itea virginica).\nEvolution and taxonomy\nAmerican holly azures co-occur with closely related azure species but differ in their host plant adaptation. Sympatric speciation may have occurred due to host plant specialization, i.e., different populations of azures may have genetically diverged once some populations adapted to a single host not used by other populations." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"breast\" with \"bosom\" wherever it occurs:\n\nBreast hematoma is a collection of blood within the breast. It arises from internal bleeding (hemorrhage) and may arise due to trauma (breast injury or surgery) or due to a non-traumatic cause.\n\nSymptoms\n\nSymptoms may include visible discoloring (ecchymosis), breast pain, and swelling. The symptoms may be similar to those of fibrocystic breast changes.\n\nCauses\n\nA breast hematoma may appear due to direct trauma to the breast, for example from a sports injury or a road accident, for example a vehicle collision in which a seat belt injury occurs. Hematoma can also be a consequence of breast surgery, usually due to post-operative bleeding. Bleeding may occur shortly after the intervention or a number of days later and can occur for cosmetic surgery (for example breast reduction or breast enhancement) and for non-cosmetic surgery (for example lymph node removal, lumpectomy, or mastectomy). More rarely, hematoma can result from breast biopsy. Rarely, a breast hematoma can also occur spontaneously due to a rupture of blood vessels in the breast, especially in persons with coagulopathy or after long-term use of blood- thinning drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen.\n\nPathophysiology\n\nSmall breast hematomas often resolve on their own within several days or weeks by means of reabsorption of the blood. Larger hematomas are more likely to lead to inflammation or fibrosis. Breast hematomas can sometimes lead to skin discoloration, inflammation, or fever. When a hematoma resolves, it may become fibrotic, leaving behind scar tissue. A resolving hematoma may liquify to form a seroma. Post-surgical breast hematomas can also impede wound healing and therefore impact the cosmetic outcome. Hematomas are furthermore one of the risk factors for breast surgical site infections. There is preliminary evidence that, after breast implant surgery, the presence of hematoma increases the risk of developing capsular contracture., see sections \"Results\" and \"Conclusions\" In mammography screening, scar tissue resulting from a breast hematoma can easily be confused with tumor tissue, especially in the first years following surgery. Ultimately, fat necrosis may occur in the concerned region of the breast.\n\nDiagnosis\n\nWhen there is post-operative swelling after breast surgery or core needle biopsy, a breast ultrasound examination may be indicated in order to differentiate between a hematoma and other possible post-surgical complications such as abscess or seroma, A recent hematoma is usually visible in a mammogram. and it also shows typical signal intensities on MR imaging. If a differentiation from breast cancer is necessary, a hematoma biopsy may be indicated. A careful consideration of the case history is important for the diagnosis of a breast hematoma.\n\nTreatment\n\nSmall breast hematomas that cause no discomfort often require merely clinical observation, with ultrasound being used to monitor the resolution of the hematoma. Large breast hematomas, or those that are not becoming smaller or that are causing discomfort, usually require drainage. Also hematomas that occur after surgery for excision of a malignant tumor are drained, because a hematoma to which irradiation is applied is unlikely to ever resolve. A recent hematoma can be drained by means of needle aspiration or (rarely) open surgical drainage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Bosom hematoma is a collection of blood within the bosom. It arises from internal bleeding (hemorrhage) and may arise due to trauma (bosom injury or surgery) or due to a non-traumatic cause.\n\nSymptoms\n\nSymptoms may include visible discoloring (ecchymosis), bosom pain, and swelling. The symptoms may be similar to those of fibrocystic bosom changes.\n\nCauses\n\nA bosom hematoma may appear due to direct trauma to the bosom, for example from a sports injury or a road accident, for example a vehicle collision in which a seat belt injury occurs. Hematoma can also be a consequence of bosom surgery, usually due to post-operative bleeding. Bleeding may occur shortly after the intervention or a number of days later and can occur for cosmetic surgery (for example bosom reduction or bosom enhancement) and for non-cosmetic surgery (for example lymph node removal, lumpectomy, or mastectomy). More rarely, hematoma can result from bosom biopsy. Rarely, a bosom hematoma can also occur spontaneously due to a rupture of blood vessels in the bosom, especially in persons with coagulopathy or after long-term use of blood- thinning drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen.\n\nPathophysiology\n\nSmall bosom hematomas often resolve on their own within several days or weeks by means of reabsorption of the blood. Larger hematomas are more likely to lead to inflammation or fibrosis. Bosom hematomas can sometimes lead to skin discoloration, inflammation, or fever. When a hematoma resolves, it may become fibrotic, leaving behind scar tissue. A resolving hematoma may liquify to form a seroma. Post-surgical bosom hematomas can also impede wound healing and therefore impact the cosmetic outcome. Hematomas are furthermore one of the risk factors for bosom surgical site infections. There is preliminary evidence that, after bosom implant surgery, the presence of hematoma increases the risk of developing capsular contracture., see sections \"Results\" and \"Conclusions\" In mammography screening, scar tissue resulting from a bosom hematoma can easily be confused with tumor tissue, especially in the first years following surgery. Ultimately, fat necrosis may occur in the concerned region of the bosom.\n\nDiagnosis\n\nWhen there is post-operative swelling after bosom surgery or core needle biopsy, a bosom ultrasound examination may be indicated in order to differentiate between a hematoma and other possible post-surgical complications such as abscess or seroma, A recent hematoma is usually visible in a mammogram. and it also shows typical signal intensities on MR imaging. If a differentiation from bosom cancer is necessary, a hematoma biopsy may be indicated. A careful consideration of the case history is important for the diagnosis of a bosom hematoma.\n\nTreatment\n\nSmall bosom hematomas that cause no discomfort often require merely clinical observation, with ultrasound being used to monitor the resolution of the hematoma. Large bosom hematomas, or those that are not becoming smaller or that are causing discomfort, usually require drainage. Also hematomas that occur after surgery for excision of a malignant tumor are drained, because a hematoma to which irradiation is applied is unlikely to ever resolve. A recent hematoma can be drained by means of needle aspiration or (rarely) open surgical drainage." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word giants with behemoth in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nThe Sybil's Visions (Danish Volvens syner, literally The Visions of the Volva) is the 15th and final volume in the Valhalla comic series. The volume is a retelling of the myth of Ragnarok and is, as the original title suggests, primarily based on the Voluspa. Like the other later volumes in the series, it was extensively researched. The result of this research is described in the afterword and in detail in writer Henning Kure's book I begyndelsen var skriget: Vikingetidens myter om skabelsen.\n\nPlot\n\nThe prologue states that all stories have an end, which is characterised by being connected to a beginning; an effect of the causes. The narrator states that the Old Norse people had a name for this and it was rok. The gods also had their own rok: Ragnarok. The narrator concludes that most people think this is the name of the end of the world and chaos, but that it's in fact almost the other way around: It's simply the end of the story the gods started when they created the world. Following the events of The Wall, Thjalfi and Roskva are on their way home to Midgard. Roskva is furious because of Thjalfi's rite of passage in the previous graphic novel and wants to be considered an adult too. As they move through the winterlandscape, Roskva suddenly enters a trance and watches a free and now rabid Fenrir (totally unlike the harmless wolf of the first volume). Roskva tries to call for him but Fenrir runs through the skies and devours the sun. Roskva is woken by Thjalfi who has found wolftracks leading to Freyja's hall Folkvangr. They find Folkvangr ruined and Freyja and her cats gone, save for a kitten who Thjalfi takes in. Roskva draws the conclusion she has had a vision and that she is experiencing her own rite of passage: becoming a volva (a female shaman). The children are attacked by two giants but are saved by Thor who has been looking for the children to tell them goodbye. Thor takes Thjalfi and Roskva back to Valhalla to report about Freyja's disappearance. Odin and Mimir conclude that it's the working of the giants. Without Freyja, the sun can not be reawoken and the winter will last forever. Odin believes the giants wants to disrupte the order of the gods and sends Huginn and Muninn to scout for Freyja so that the gods can free her. Loki is sent to scout as well, but Thjalfi and Roskva hide within the magic skin Loki burrows from Frigg to come along. This causes the skin to break and strands them on the icecovered ocean. While Thjalfi goes to scout, Roskva has a second vision, now of Jormungandr with lightning coming from his mouth. Roskva wakes up with Loki, both hearing distant noise. They follow the noise and discovers an ice free valley filled with giants. The giants have Fenrir in chains, having tamed and tortured him into a vicious beast. Roskva and Loki are captured by the giants and presented to their leader, Surtr. Surt explains that he has freed Fenrir and used him to breakdown Folkvangr and kidnapped a hibernating Freyja. Using seidr he has converted Freyja's sun powers into a magic sword: Laevateinn. This allows him and the sons of muspell to live in a valley of warmth while the gods, humans and even the non-muspel giants freeze to death in the eternal winter. Loki tries to trick Surtr to attack Valhalla, believing him to be no match for Odin and Thor. The giants set sail with Naglfar, bringing Loki and Roskva with them. On their way, they come across Jormungandr, who is frozen into the ocean. Surtr uses Laevateinn to free him and anger the monster hoping it will move towards Valhalla. Surtr also boasts that Fenrir has eaten Freyja alive. Huginn and Muninn overhears them and hurries back to Asgard to tell Odin. Loki panics as he realises his scheme has gone terribly wrong. As the horde of Muspel pass Thjalfi and the cat, whom he has named Miff, the ice melts and they are thrown into the abyss. However, Thjalfi and Miff awakens on the shore of Valhalla. His relief is cutshort when he hears a horn blow. Heimdallr has seen Naglfar, with Loki at the helm, thinking him a traitor and has sounded the Gjallarhorn. Huginn and Muninn reaches Odin to tell him of Freyja's demise as the giants attack Valhalla. The gods, the valkyries and the einherjar rush out to do battle with the giants. Roskva and Loki tries to make their way to Valhalla through the battle but Loki is attacked by Heimdallr. Thjalfi meet up with Roskva and they are saved from the giants by Thor. Thor sends them with his chariot to Valhalla while he goes to fight Jormungandr. Surtr hit him with fire from Laevateinn, which causes Thor to drop Mjolnir and be swallowed by the serpent. With Freyja and Thor dead, Odin does not have power enough to stop the giants and disspairs as Valhalla burns. Roskva arrives and tells Odin that she has sent Thor's sons to throw Mjolnir into the mouth of Jormungandr. Odin tells Roskva that Thor is in Helheim but Roskva replies that he is still the thundergod even if he is there. This is the meaning of her visions: the strongest powers are still powers where ever they may be. Odin realises what needs to be done and tells Roskva that Miff is Thjalfi's fylgia, if they jump from the walls of Valhalla Miff will bring them to Midgard. Roskva, Thjalf and Miff jump, followed by Loki wishing to escape the fall of the gods. Odin jumps into Fenrir's jaws. As the children and Loki journey through the worlds, Roskva has a final vision. She finds herself in Ginnungagap, the void before the world was made, and sees Gungnir fall down on a sleeping Freyja. This awakens her and she turns Gungnir into Laevateinn and then a sun cross. Roskva sees Freyja taking this cross from a furious Surtr who is burned to ashes. The sun melts the winter of the giants and they all drown. Roskva sees all the gods, including Baldr, reborn on Idavollr. The vision ends with Roskva and the gods looking up on Yggdrasil as \"the mighty one who rules over all\" emerges from the tree; here identified as Odin.\n\nBackground\n\nMadsen & Kure had known for a long time that when they felt it was time for Valhalla to end they had to deal with the myth of Ragnarok. Originally they had the idea that the events would be told by a volva to the Gods, with the ending suggesting that Ragnarok was imminent. However, they both figured that Ragnarok had to happen for real within the story. The later stories had also been reflecting Henning Kure's increasing interest in Norse Mythology, that had gone far enough for Kure to learn Old Norse, read the Poetic Edda in the original language and started writing serious articles about the subject. Kure's research influenced how the story was presented, with the ending suggesting rebirth. The visions of Roskva allowed the authors to present the more abstract and intangible aspects of the myth without leaving the more concrete approach of the earlier graphic novels. Having Roskva becoming a volva was intended as Roskva's rite of passage, since the profession was considered exclusively feminine, it allowed for Roskva to have an important part of the events." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Sybil's Visions (Danish Volvens syner, literally The Visions of the Volva) is the 15th and final volume in the Valhalla comic series. The volume is a retelling of the myth of Ragnarok and is, as the original title suggests, primarily based on the Voluspa. Like the other later volumes in the series, it was extensively researched. The result of this research is described in the afterword and in detail in writer Henning Kure's book I begyndelsen var skriget: Vikingetidens myter om skabelsen.\n\nPlot\n\nThe prologue states that all stories have an end, which is characterised by being connected to a beginning; an effect of the causes. The narrator states that the Old Norse people had a name for this and it was rok. The gods also had their own rok: Ragnarok. The narrator concludes that most people think this is the name of the end of the world and chaos, but that it's in fact almost the other way around: It's simply the end of the story the gods started when they created the world. Following the events of The Wall, Thjalfi and Roskva are on their way home to Midgard. Roskva is furious because of Thjalfi's rite of passage in the previous graphic novel and wants to be considered an adult too. As they move through the winterlandscape, Roskva suddenly enters a trance and watches a free and now rabid Fenrir (totally unlike the harmless wolf of the first volume). Roskva tries to call for him but Fenrir runs through the skies and devours the sun. Roskva is woken by Thjalfi who has found wolftracks leading to Freyja's hall Folkvangr. They find Folkvangr ruined and Freyja and her cats gone, save for a kitten who Thjalfi takes in. Roskva draws the conclusion she has had a vision and that she is experiencing her own rite of passage: becoming a volva (a female shaman). The children are attacked by two behemoth but are saved by Thor who has been looking for the children to tell them goodbye. Thor takes Thjalfi and Roskva back to Valhalla to report about Freyja's disappearance. Odin and Mimir conclude that it's the working of the behemoth. Without Freyja, the sun can not be reawoken and the winter will last forever. Odin believes the behemoth wants to disrupte the order of the gods and sends Huginn and Muninn to scout for Freyja so that the gods can free her. Loki is sent to scout as well, but Thjalfi and Roskva hide within the magic skin Loki burrows from Frigg to come along. This causes the skin to break and strands them on the icecovered ocean. While Thjalfi goes to scout, Roskva has a second vision, now of Jormungandr with lightning coming from his mouth. Roskva wakes up with Loki, both hearing distant noise. They follow the noise and discovers an ice free valley filled with behemoth. The behemoth have Fenrir in chains, having tamed and tortured him into a vicious beast. Roskva and Loki are captured by the behemoth and presented to their leader, Surtr. Surt explains that he has freed Fenrir and used him to breakdown Folkvangr and kidnapped a hibernating Freyja. Using seidr he has converted Freyja's sun powers into a magic sword: Laevateinn. This allows him and the sons of muspell to live in a valley of warmth while the gods, humans and even the non-muspel behemoth freeze to death in the eternal winter. Loki tries to trick Surtr to attack Valhalla, believing him to be no match for Odin and Thor. The behemoth set sail with Naglfar, bringing Loki and Roskva with them. On their way, they come across Jormungandr, who is frozen into the ocean. Surtr uses Laevateinn to free him and anger the monster hoping it will move towards Valhalla. Surtr also boasts that Fenrir has eaten Freyja alive. Huginn and Muninn overhears them and hurries back to Asgard to tell Odin. Loki panics as he realises his scheme has gone terribly wrong. As the horde of Muspel pass Thjalfi and the cat, whom he has named Miff, the ice melts and they are thrown into the abyss. However, Thjalfi and Miff awakens on the shore of Valhalla. His relief is cutshort when he hears a horn blow. Heimdallr has seen Naglfar, with Loki at the helm, thinking him a traitor and has sounded the Gjallarhorn. Huginn and Muninn reaches Odin to tell him of Freyja's demise as the behemoth attack Valhalla. The gods, the valkyries and the einherjar rush out to do battle with the behemoth. Roskva and Loki tries to make their way to Valhalla through the battle but Loki is attacked by Heimdallr. Thjalfi meet up with Roskva and they are saved from the behemoth by Thor. Thor sends them with his chariot to Valhalla while he goes to fight Jormungandr. Surtr hit him with fire from Laevateinn, which causes Thor to drop Mjolnir and be swallowed by the serpent. With Freyja and Thor dead, Odin does not have power enough to stop the behemoth and disspairs as Valhalla burns. Roskva arrives and tells Odin that she has sent Thor's sons to throw Mjolnir into the mouth of Jormungandr. Odin tells Roskva that Thor is in Helheim but Roskva replies that he is still the thundergod even if he is there. This is the meaning of her visions: the strongest powers are still powers where ever they may be. Odin realises what needs to be done and tells Roskva that Miff is Thjalfi's fylgia, if they jump from the walls of Valhalla Miff will bring them to Midgard. Roskva, Thjalf and Miff jump, followed by Loki wishing to escape the fall of the gods. Odin jumps into Fenrir's jaws. As the children and Loki journey through the worlds, Roskva has a final vision. She finds herself in Ginnungagap, the void before the world was made, and sees Gungnir fall down on a sleeping Freyja. This awakens her and she turns Gungnir into Laevateinn and then a sun cross. Roskva sees Freyja taking this cross from a furious Surtr who is burned to ashes. The sun melts the winter of the behemoth and they all drown. Roskva sees all the gods, including Baldr, reborn on Idavollr. The vision ends with Roskva and the gods looking up on Yggdrasil as \"the mighty one who rules over all\" emerges from the tree; here identified as Odin.\n\nBackground\n\nMadsen & Kure had known for a long time that when they felt it was time for Valhalla to end they had to deal with the myth of Ragnarok. Originally they had the idea that the events would be told by a volva to the Gods, with the ending suggesting that Ragnarok was imminent. However, they both figured that Ragnarok had to happen for real within the story. The later stories had also been reflecting Henning Kure's increasing interest in Norse Mythology, that had gone far enough for Kure to learn Old Norse, read the Poetic Edda in the original language and started writing serious articles about the subject. Kure's research influenced how the story was presented, with the ending suggesting rebirth. The visions of Roskva allowed the authors to present the more abstract and intangible aspects of the myth without leaving the more concrete approach of the earlier graphic novels. Having Roskva becoming a volva was intended as Roskva's rite of passage, since the profession was considered exclusively feminine, it allowed for Roskva to have an important part of the events." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'renewable' with 'sustainable'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nRenewable Energy Payments are a competitive alternative to Renewable Energy Credits (REC's). Although the intent with both methods is the same, to stimulate growth in the alternative and renewable energy space, REP's have proven to offer benefits to local jobs, businesses and economies while making the growth fundable and lendable by financial institutions. Renewable Energy Payments are the mechanisms or instruments at the heart of specific state, provincial or national renewable energy policies. REPs are incentives for homeowners, farmers, businesses, etc., to become producers of renewable energy, or to increase their production of renewable energy. As such, they increase our overall production and use of renewable energy, and decrease our consumption and burning of fossil fuels. In a broad stroke, Renewable Energy Payments, sometimes known as a Feed-in Tariff place obligations on utility companies to buy electricity from renewable energy sources, often small, local companies, for a fixed period of time. The underlying premise being that with fixed payments the once volatile renewable energy projects now become lendable and attractive for financing, thus stimulating growth and innovation. Proponents of Renewable Energy Payments argue that this policy has proven to stimulate local economies, innovation and small business growth because in its truest form REP's put everyone, whether small business, individual, or farmers on an equal footing with large commercial titans of industry.Energy, Ethics and Feed-in Tariffs Representative Jay Inslee of Washington says \"We can give homeowners, farmers and communities across America investment security that they can take to the bank. We know from experience in Germany, Spain and dozens of other countries around the world that this policy approach spurs unparalleled and affordable renewable-energy development.\" Jay Inslee The alternative to Renewable Energy Payments are what are called Renewable Energy Credits, which have been likened to the Alaskan Bridge to nowhere in a recent filing by the Florida Alliance for Renewable Energy. (FARE)Florida Alliance for Renewable Energy" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Sustainable Energy Payments are a competitive alternative to Sustainable Energy Credits (REC's). Although the intent with both methods is the same, to stimulate growth in the alternative and sustainable energy space, REP's have proven to offer benefits to local jobs, businesses and economies while making the growth fundable and lendable by financial institutions. Sustainable Energy Payments are the mechanisms or instruments at the heart of specific state, provincial or national sustainable energy policies. REPs are incentives for homeowners, farmers, businesses, etc., to become producers of sustainable energy, or to increase their production of sustainable energy. As such, they increase our overall production and use of sustainable energy, and decrease our consumption and burning of fossil fuels. In a broad stroke, Sustainable Energy Payments, sometimes known as a Feed-in Tariff place obligations on utility companies to buy electricity from sustainable energy sources, often small, local companies, for a fixed period of time. The underlying premise being that with fixed payments the once volatile sustainable energy projects now become lendable and attractive for financing, thus stimulating growth and innovation. Proponents of Sustainable Energy Payments argue that this policy has proven to stimulate local economies, innovation and small business growth because in its truest form REP's put everyone, whether small business, individual, or farmers on an equal footing with large commercial titans of industry.Energy, Ethics and Feed-in Tariffs Representative Jay Inslee of Washington says \"We can give homeowners, farmers and communities across America investment security that they can take to the bank. We know from experience in Germany, Spain and dozens of other countries around the world that this policy approach spurs unparalleled and affordable sustainable-energy development.\" Jay Inslee The alternative to Sustainable Energy Payments are what are called Sustainable Energy Credits, which have been likened to the Alaskan Bridge to nowhere in a recent filing by the Florida Alliance for Sustainable Energy. (FARE)Florida Alliance for Sustainable Energy" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word regular with daily in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\narchery target, featuring evenly spaced concentric circles that surround a \"bullseye\". Kepler's cosmological model formed by concentric spheres and regular polyhedra In geometry, two or more objects are said to be concentric, coaxal, or coaxial when they share the same center or axis. Circles,. regular polygons. and regular polyhedra,. and spheres may be concentric to one another (sharing the same center point), as may cylinders. (sharing the same central axis).\n\nGeometric properties\n\nIn the Euclidean plane, two circles that are concentric necessarily have different radii from each other.. However, circles in three-dimensional space may be concentric, and have the same radius as each other, but nevertheless be different circles. For example, two different meridians of a terrestrial globe are concentric with each other and with the globe of the earth (approximated as a sphere). More generally, every two great circles on a sphere are concentric with each other and with the sphere.. By Euler's theorem in geometry on the distance between the circumcenter and incenter of a triangle, two concentric circles (with that distance being zero) are the circumcircle and incircle of a triangle if and only if the radius of one is twice the radius of the other, in which case the triangle is equilateral. The circumcircle and the incircle of a regular n-gon, and the regular n-gon itself, are concentric. For the circumradius-to-inradius ratio for various n, see Bicentric polygon\nRegular polygons. The same can be said of a regular polyhedron's insphere, midsphere and circumsphere. The region of the plane between two concentric circles is an annulus, and analogously the region of space between two concentric spheres is a spherical shell.. For a given point c in the plane, the set of all circles having c as their center forms a pencil of circles. Each two circles in the pencil are concentric, and have different radii. Every point in the plane, except for the shared center, belongs to exactly one of the circles in the pencil. Every two disjoint circles, and every hyperbolic pencil of circles, may be transformed into a set of concentric circles by a Mobius transformation...\n\nApplications and examples\n\nThe ripples formed by dropping a small object into still water naturally form an expanding system of concentric circles.. Evenly spaced circles on the targets used in target archery. or similar sports provide another familiar example of concentric circles. Coaxial cable is a type of electrical cable in which the combined neutral and earth core completely surrounds the live core(s) in system of concentric cylindrical shells.. Johannes Kepler's Mysterium Cosmographicum envisioned a cosmological system formed by concentric regular polyhedra and spheres.. Concentric circles are also found in diopter sights, a type of mechanic sights commonly found on target rifles. They usually feature a large disk with a small-diameter hole near the shooter's eye, and a front globe sight (a circle contained inside another circle, called tunnel). When these sights are correctly aligned, the point of impact will be in the middle of the front sight circle." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "archery target, featuring evenly spaced concentric circles that surround a \"bullseye\". Kepler's cosmological model formed by concentric spheres and daily polyhedra In geometry, two or more objects are said to be concentric, coaxal, or coaxial when they share the same center or axis. Circles,. daily polygons. and daily polyhedra,. and spheres may be concentric to one another (sharing the same center point), as may cylinders. (sharing the same central axis).\n\nGeometric properties\n\nIn the Euclidean plane, two circles that are concentric necessarily have different radii from each other.. However, circles in three-dimensional space may be concentric, and have the same radius as each other, but nevertheless be different circles. For example, two different meridians of a terrestrial globe are concentric with each other and with the globe of the earth (approximated as a sphere). More generally, every two great circles on a sphere are concentric with each other and with the sphere.. By Euler's theorem in geometry on the distance between the circumcenter and incenter of a triangle, two concentric circles (with that distance being zero) are the circumcircle and incircle of a triangle if and only if the radius of one is twice the radius of the other, in which case the triangle is equilateral. The circumcircle and the incircle of a daily n-gon, and the daily n-gon itself, are concentric. For the circumradius-to-inradius ratio for various n, see Bicentric polygon\nDaily polygons. The same can be said of a daily polyhedron's insphere, midsphere and circumsphere. The region of the plane between two concentric circles is an annulus, and analogously the region of space between two concentric spheres is a spherical shell.. For a given point c in the plane, the set of all circles having c as their center forms a pencil of circles. Each two circles in the pencil are concentric, and have different radii. Every point in the plane, except for the shared center, belongs to exactly one of the circles in the pencil. Every two disjoint circles, and every hyperbolic pencil of circles, may be transformed into a set of concentric circles by a Mobius transformation...\n\nApplications and examples\n\nThe ripples formed by dropping a small object into still water naturally form an expanding system of concentric circles.. Evenly spaced circles on the targets used in target archery. or similar sports provide another familiar example of concentric circles. Coaxial cable is a type of electrical cable in which the combined neutral and earth core completely surrounds the live core(s) in system of concentric cylindrical shells.. Johannes Kepler's Mysterium Cosmographicum envisioned a cosmological system formed by concentric daily polyhedra and spheres.. Concentric circles are also found in diopter sights, a type of mechanic sights commonly found on target rifles. They usually feature a large disk with a small-diameter hole near the shooter's eye, and a front globe sight (a circle contained inside another circle, called tunnel). When these sights are correctly aligned, the point of impact will be in the middle of the front sight circle." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Jimmy Bond is a fictional character in the American Fox television shows The Lone Gunmen and The X-Files, two science fiction shows about government conspiracies to hide or deny the truth from the people. Portrayed by American actor Stephen Snedden, Jimmy was a main character in the first and only season of The Lone Gunmen and made one appearance in The X-Files. He was an associate of The Lone Gunmen, he worked with the group and helped to finance their newspaper through his family's wealth. In contrast to the cynical, intellectual, world-weary Gunmen, Jimmy is portrayed as a somewhat naive, idealistic all-American man wanting to make a difference. Though his lack of book smarts and occasional clumsiness exasperates the Gunmen at first, he eventually proves himself useful by offering an outsider's perspective on certain cases, and remains dedicated to the Gunmen even after their death. He is also known for his mostly-unrequited love for the Gunmens' chief competitor and sometimes-collaborator, Yves Adele Harlow. His fate after the Gunmens' funeral in The X-Files episode, \"Jump the Shark\" is unknown.\n\nCharacter arc\n\nThe Lone Gunmen first encountered Jimmy while pursuing a lead in the death of a well known hacker. They find him on a football field coaching a practice game of American football with a twist: the entire team is blind. The Lone Gunmen believe that Jimmy's charity organisation is a front for arms dealers and they had first thought Jimmy was the mastermind, thinking that \"James Bond\" was an obvious pseudonym. However, after speaking to him they realise their mistake, Jimmy is a charming, idealistic young man with no clue as to where his patronage really comes from. After they solved the case of the death of the hacker, Jimmy decided he would like to help The Lone Gunmen and paid for the copies of the latest issue of The Lone Gunman that they could not afford to retrieve from the printers. Jimmy truly believed in the work The Lone Gunmen were doing in searching for and printing the truth. He loved the three conspiracy theorists, though he annoyed them when he was a bit slow to pick up on things. When The Lone Gunmen were searching for a water powered car in a disused military bunker they appeared to become trapped beneath a pile of reinforced concrete when these bunkers were blown up. Jimmy wouldn't listen to reason from Yves and kept trying to sledge hammer his way down through a demolished missile silo to reach The Lone Gunmen. They turned up shortly afterward, having found a way out through ventilation shafts that came out above ground under a portable toilet. Despite the fact they were covered in toilet contents Jimmy was overwhelmed to see them alive and hugged all three of them at once. This incident was a perfect example of his love for his friends. He was the one who figured out why the intelligent chimp that they had helped escape from a test lab had really gotten out. He helped Simon the chimp (slave name Peanuts) switch places with a chimp in a zoo, so he could be re-united with his girlfriend. It was Jimmy who realised the real reason why Simon wanted to escape whereas The Lone Gunmen were following the idea that the chimps were being trained as assassins. Jimmy often became the heart of the group as he was more inclined to see the good in people, particularly Yves Adele Harlow and senator Jefferson. Contrary to Frohike and Langly, he also showed no disgust or prejudice towards Byers' transgender college roommate. As Jimmy worked with The Lone Gunmen he also encountered Harlow and became enamored of her. She looked on his affection mainly with scorn but now and again she was obviously touched by the fact that he cared. Jimmy was the one who always gave her the benefit of the doubt anytime The Lone Gunmen questioned what she was doing. He believed that even though she was a thief and usually only out for profit that she was a good person. After Yves disappeared following her capture by Morris Fletcher , Jimmy spent a year tracking her all over the world. He only came back to The Lone Gunmen when he ran out of money and could no longer follow her. They were later re-united when he and The Lone Gunmen finally caught up with Yves and was persuaded to stay by John Doggett and Monica Reyes.\n\nConceptual history\n\nAfter looking at the \"Pilot\" episode, the series' writers realized that they needed one more character because The Lone Gunmen, even though the writers had staked out different positions for all three of them, were essentially very alike and had similar knowledge so they needed someone to explain their knowledge to, because having this interaction on-screen would simultaneously help relate to the audience what The Lone Gunmen knew and what was happening in each episode. Hence, the writers created Jimmy Bond, a character who would not only serve this function but also be different from The Lone Gunmen in that he was classically good-looking, an attribute that would also allow him to serve as a potential love interest for Yves Adele Harlow. The potential of this relationship was also unlikely for the three Lone Gunmen, additionally helping to differ the new character from the series' already created protagonists. Actor Stephen Snedden was subsequently cast in the role. He was at first unsure of what reactions his work on the character would invoke, because the role was slightly absurd, but he nevertheless went ahead with filming \"Bond, Jimmy Bond\", accepting the situation and hoping that everyone would like his performance. Even though he knew he would return in other episodes, many members of the production crew were under the erroneous impression that he was only a guest star in this single episode. Consequently, even after this episode was filmed, the actor was approached by several of the crew who voiced their appreciation of his character but were acting like it would be unlikely that they would see him again, since they believed it would be.\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word character, with the word cast. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Jimmy Bond is a fictional cast in the American Fox television shows The Lone Gunmen and The X-Files, two science fiction shows about government conspiracies to hide or deny the truth from the people. Portrayed by American actor Stephen Snedden, Jimmy was a main cast in the first and only season of The Lone Gunmen and made one appearance in The X-Files. He was an associate of The Lone Gunmen, he worked with the group and helped to finance their newspaper through his family's wealth. In contrast to the cynical, intellectual, world-weary Gunmen, Jimmy is portrayed as a somewhat naive, idealistic all-American man wanting to make a difference. Though his lack of book smarts and occasional clumsiness exasperates the Gunmen at first, he eventually proves himself useful by offering an outsider's perspective on certain cases, and remains dedicated to the Gunmen even after their death. He is also known for his mostly-unrequited love for the Gunmens' chief competitor and sometimes-collaborator, Yves Adele Harlow. His fate after the Gunmens' funeral in The X-Files episode, \"Jump the Shark\" is unknown.\n\nCast arc\n\nThe Lone Gunmen first encountered Jimmy while pursuing a lead in the death of a well known hacker. They find him on a football field coaching a practice game of American football with a twist: the entire team is blind. The Lone Gunmen believe that Jimmy's charity organisation is a front for arms dealers and they had first thought Jimmy was the mastermind, thinking that \"James Bond\" was an obvious pseudonym. However, after speaking to him they realise their mistake, Jimmy is a charming, idealistic young man with no clue as to where his patronage really comes from. After they solved the case of the death of the hacker, Jimmy decided he would like to help The Lone Gunmen and paid for the copies of the latest issue of The Lone Gunman that they could not afford to retrieve from the printers. Jimmy truly believed in the work The Lone Gunmen were doing in searching for and printing the truth. He loved the three conspiracy theorists, though he annoyed them when he was a bit slow to pick up on things. When The Lone Gunmen were searching for a water powered car in a disused military bunker they appeared to become trapped beneath a pile of reinforced concrete when these bunkers were blown up. Jimmy wouldn't listen to reason from Yves and kept trying to sledge hammer his way down through a demolished missile silo to reach The Lone Gunmen. They turned up shortly afterward, having found a way out through ventilation shafts that came out above ground under a portable toilet. Despite the fact they were covered in toilet contents Jimmy was overwhelmed to see them alive and hugged all three of them at once. This incident was a perfect example of his love for his friends. He was the one who figured out why the intelligent chimp that they had helped escape from a test lab had really gotten out. He helped Simon the chimp (slave name Peanuts) switch places with a chimp in a zoo, so he could be re-united with his girlfriend. It was Jimmy who realised the real reason why Simon wanted to escape whereas The Lone Gunmen were following the idea that the chimps were being trained as assassins. Jimmy often became the heart of the group as he was more inclined to see the good in people, particularly Yves Adele Harlow and senator Jefferson. Contrary to Frohike and Langly, he also showed no disgust or prejudice towards Byers' transgender college roommate. As Jimmy worked with The Lone Gunmen he also encountered Harlow and became enamored of her. She looked on his affection mainly with scorn but now and again she was obviously touched by the fact that he cared. Jimmy was the one who always gave her the benefit of the doubt anytime The Lone Gunmen questioned what she was doing. He believed that even though she was a thief and usually only out for profit that she was a good person. After Yves disappeared following her capture by Morris Fletcher , Jimmy spent a year tracking her all over the world. He only came back to The Lone Gunmen when he ran out of money and could no longer follow her. They were later re-united when he and The Lone Gunmen finally caught up with Yves and was persuaded to stay by John Doggett and Monica Reyes.\n\nConceptual history\n\nAfter looking at the \"Pilot\" episode, the series' writers realized that they needed one more cast because The Lone Gunmen, even though the writers had staked out different positions for all three of them, were essentially very alike and had similar knowledge so they needed someone to explain their knowledge to, because having this interaction on-screen would simultaneously help relate to the audience what The Lone Gunmen knew and what was happening in each episode. Hence, the writers created Jimmy Bond, a cast who would not only serve this function but also be different from The Lone Gunmen in that he was classically good-looking, an attribute that would also allow him to serve as a potential love interest for Yves Adele Harlow. The potential of this relationship was also unlikely for the three Lone Gunmen, additionally helping to differ the new cast from the series' already created protagonists. Actor Stephen Snedden was subsequently cast in the role. He was at first unsure of what reactions his work on the cast would invoke, because the role was slightly absurd, but he nevertheless went ahead with filming \"Bond, Jimmy Bond\", accepting the situation and hoping that everyone would like his performance. Even though he knew he would return in other episodes, many members of the production crew were under the erroneous impression that he was only a guest star in this single episode. Consequently, even after this episode was filmed, the actor was approached by several of the crew who voiced their appreciation of his cast but were acting like it would be unlikely that they would see him again, since they believed it would be." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"wildlife\" with \"body\" wherever it occurs:\n\nBrierdene is a residential area and wildlife site in the north of the town of Whitley Bay, Tyne and Wear, England. The nearest city is Newcastle Upon Tyne. The Brierdene wildlife site is maintained and managed by the Friends of Brierdene group of volunteers.\n\nAbout the Brierdene\n\nThe name Brierdene comes from the Brierdene Burn that runs past the area effectively separating Whitley Lodge and Brierdene. The burn rises on farmland east of Killingworth as a trickle from the top of a slope, flows into a drainage ditch, grows to a burn, then goes under the A19 road. South of Backworth it is joined by a tributary from the south that is approximately the same size as the Burn. This south Brierdene Burn starts in farmland north of Holystone. The Brierdene Burn goes around Backworth, then near the village of West Holywell, thence to the north of Earsdon, through Brierdene Farm and Whitley Bay Golf Club, through a culvert to the Brierdene wildlife site, under the seafront road to Blyth A193 road, across the beach and into the sea.\n\nEducation\n\nBrierdene is in the catchment area for all three tiers of education. The nearest first school is Whitley Lodge First School. The nearest middle school is Valley Gardens Middle School. This then feeds on to Whitley Bay High School\n\nStreets\n\nBrierdene is closely interlinked with many pedestrian shortcuts between various streets: Brierdene Road, Brierdene Crescent, Hastings Avenue, Craneswater Avenue, Linton Road, Gorsedene Road, Garsdale Road, Astley Drive/ Westley Avenue, Gerrard Road and Westley Close.\n\nMain features\n\nBrierdene used to have its own small Post Office/ Newsagents; however, this closed down and the shop building was converted into a house. Another feature is the Green, which is used to play games on by the local children. The Brierdene wildlife site is also a major part of the area. Friends of Brierdene volunteers manage and maintain the site which has been awarded a Green Flag. An abundance of wildlife can be seen in the dene at different times of the year, including pheasants, foxes and deer. Wildflower meadows come alive in the summer attracting bees, butterflies and birds. It has been given a lottery grant to improve the area. The Brierdene area is the location of Whitley Bay Golf Club, the entrance to which lies at the western end of the main part of the Dene. At the eastern end of the Dene, just before it runs down to the beach, is the Briardene pub and eatery, which serves food and regularly hosts its own 'beer festivals' where a wide selection of 'visiting' real ales are served. This hostelry was the site of the former toll-bar on the then turnpike road. The western end of the estate is close to St Mary's Island and the lighthouse." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Brierdene is a residential area and body site in the north of the town of Whitley Bay, Tyne and Wear, England. The nearest city is Newcastle Upon Tyne. The Brierdene body site is maintained and managed by the Friends of Brierdene group of volunteers.\n\nAbout the Brierdene\n\nThe name Brierdene comes from the Brierdene Burn that runs past the area effectively separating Whitley Lodge and Brierdene. The burn rises on farmland east of Killingworth as a trickle from the top of a slope, flows into a drainage ditch, grows to a burn, then goes under the A19 road. South of Backworth it is joined by a tributary from the south that is approximately the same size as the Burn. This south Brierdene Burn starts in farmland north of Holystone. The Brierdene Burn goes around Backworth, then near the village of West Holywell, thence to the north of Earsdon, through Brierdene Farm and Whitley Bay Golf Club, through a culvert to the Brierdene body site, under the seafront road to Blyth A193 road, across the beach and into the sea.\n\nEducation\n\nBrierdene is in the catchment area for all three tiers of education. The nearest first school is Whitley Lodge First School. The nearest middle school is Valley Gardens Middle School. This then feeds on to Whitley Bay High School\n\nStreets\n\nBrierdene is closely interlinked with many pedestrian shortcuts between various streets: Brierdene Road, Brierdene Crescent, Hastings Avenue, Craneswater Avenue, Linton Road, Gorsedene Road, Garsdale Road, Astley Drive/ Westley Avenue, Gerrard Road and Westley Close.\n\nMain features\n\nBrierdene used to have its own small Post Office/ Newsagents; however, this closed down and the shop building was converted into a house. Another feature is the Green, which is used to play games on by the local children. The Brierdene body site is also a major part of the area. Friends of Brierdene volunteers manage and maintain the site which has been awarded a Green Flag. An abundance of body can be seen in the dene at different times of the year, including pheasants, foxes and deer. Wildflower meadows come alive in the summer attracting bees, butterflies and birds. It has been given a lottery grant to improve the area. The Brierdene area is the location of Whitley Bay Golf Club, the entrance to which lies at the western end of the main part of the Dene. At the eastern end of the Dene, just before it runs down to the beach, is the Briardene pub and eatery, which serves food and regularly hosts its own 'beer festivals' where a wide selection of 'visiting' real ales are served. This hostelry was the site of the former toll-bar on the then turnpike road. The western end of the estate is close to St Mary's Island and the lighthouse." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word father with dad in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\n\"The Night the Bed Fell\" is a short story written by American author James Thurber. The story is a brief account of an event that took place at his house in Columbus, Ohio. It appears as chapter one of [My Life and Hard Times].\nStructure\nThe story is a memoir written in the first person. It has a subjective angle, and is ordered chronologicaly. There are seven main characters, including James (the narrator) and several other family members such as his mother, father, two brothers, cousin, uncle, three aunts, and his grandfather. The plot for \"The Night The Bed Fell\" starts with James Thurber's explaining his \"interesting\" family, including a crazy cousin \"Beall\",that thinks he will die of suffocation in his sleep, an aunt who throws shoes down the house's hallway each night in a vain attempt to scare away burglars, and a grandfather that leaves the house for several days at a time,returning later and stating the Civil War as ongoing, and that the \"Army of the Potomac\" doesn't have a chance in hell. The narrate relates an incident of his youth when a bed fell on his father. The father occasionally slept in the attic where he would think and eventually sleep on an old wooden bed. The house is filled with an eclectic range of family members including a nervous cousin who is afraid of falling asleep and stopping breathing. He shares a room with the narrator who promises the cousin that he will keep an ear open for breathing. One of his aunts fears the day when someone will chloroform her bedroom to get her belongs. By midnight of the particular night, everyone was in bed. At two in the morning, the narrator's own bed (an army cot) tipped over,unhurt,he sleeps on. The noise awoke his mother who thought that the wobbly headboard on the bed in the attic had fallen on the father. His cousin awoke during the shouting from the mother believing that he was not breathing and he poured a glass of camphor of spirits over his head and begins to choke. It's at this point, the narrator awoke believing people were trying to awake him to get him out of perilous situation. The mother rushed to open the attic door but it was stuck. The battering on the attic door awoke the father who thought the house was on fire. He yells that he's coming but they believe he is dying, and giving up his spirit to God. The narrator and the brother finally emerge from the room and the dog alarmed by all the noise leaps at the cousin believing him an intruder. Finally, the father opens the attic door to demands to know, \"What's happening\". At which point they piece together the events of the night. When the incident finally gets sorted out,the next morning; the mother, quite optimistic by nature,states thankful,\"I'm glad your grandfather was not at home\".\nSequel\nThis story had a sequel, More Alarms at Night." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "\"The Night the Bed Fell\" is a short story written by American author James Thurber. The story is a brief account of an event that took place at his house in Columbus, Ohio. It appears as chapter one of [My Life and Hard Times].\nStructure\nThe story is a memoir written in the first person. It has a subjective angle, and is ordered chronologicaly. There are seven main characters, including James (the narrator) and several other family members such as his mother, dad, two brothers, cousin, uncle, three aunts, and his grandfather. The plot for \"The Night The Bed Fell\" starts with James Thurber's explaining his \"interesting\" family, including a crazy cousin \"Beall\",that thinks he will die of suffocation in his sleep, an aunt who throws shoes down the house's hallway each night in a vain attempt to scare away burglars, and a grandfather that leaves the house for several days at a time,returning later and stating the Civil War as ongoing, and that the \"Army of the Potomac\" doesn't have a chance in hell. The narrate relates an incident of his youth when a bed fell on his dad. The dad occasionally slept in the attic where he would think and eventually sleep on an old wooden bed. The house is filled with an eclectic range of family members including a nervous cousin who is afraid of falling asleep and stopping breathing. He shares a room with the narrator who promises the cousin that he will keep an ear open for breathing. One of his aunts fears the day when someone will chloroform her bedroom to get her belongs. By midnight of the particular night, everyone was in bed. At two in the morning, the narrator's own bed (an army cot) tipped over,unhurt,he sleeps on. The noise awoke his mother who thought that the wobbly headboard on the bed in the attic had fallen on the dad. His cousin awoke during the shouting from the mother believing that he was not breathing and he poured a glass of camphor of spirits over his head and begins to choke. It's at this point, the narrator awoke believing people were trying to awake him to get him out of perilous situation. The mother rushed to open the attic door but it was stuck. The battering on the attic door awoke the dad who thought the house was on fire. He yells that he's coming but they believe he is dying, and giving up his spirit to God. The narrator and the brother finally emerge from the room and the dog alarmed by all the noise leaps at the cousin believing him an intruder. Finally, the dad opens the attic door to demands to know, \"What's happening\". At which point they piece together the events of the night. When the incident finally gets sorted out,the next morning; the mother, quite optimistic by nature,states thankful,\"I'm glad your grandfather was not at home\".\nSequel\nThis story had a sequel, More Alarms at Night." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'palace' with 'dwelling'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nWatching Sudabeh to go into Siyavash fire Sudabeh () is a character in the Persian epic Shahnameh. She was princess of Hamavaran kingdom Saka Haumavarga or Amyrgian and later, becomes the wife of Kay Kavus, King of Iran, and mother of prince Siyavash.\nThe Story of Sudabeh\nAccording to Shahnamah, a man from Syria and Egypt started a rebellion against Kay Kavus. During that time Kay Kavus was in Sistan. After he heard about the rebellion, he prepared an army and went through the sea to stop the rebellion. He reached a place where Hamavaran (identified as the land of Himyar) was in front of him and the sea was behind it. Egypt was in his left while Barbarstan (probably Sudan or Somalia) was in his right. He was confronted by the king of Hamavaran, in Arab traditions, the king of Hamavaran was Dhul-Adhar. The king of Hamavaran surrendered and made an agreement with Kay Kavus to obey his orders and to send him gold but only if Kay Kavus went out of the land of Hamavaran. Kay Kavus agreed and went back to Iran. One of the guards advised Kay Kavus to marry the daughter of the king of Hamavaran whose name was Sudabeh and described to him how beautiful she was. Kay Kavus sent to the king of Hamavaran telling him that he wants to marry his daughter and threatened him that he would not let him rule if he refused. The king of Hamavaran asked his daughter, Sudabeh, if she would agree to marry Kay Kavus. Sudabeh agreed to marry Kay Kavus and so the king of Hamavaran sent his daughter to Kay Kavus with gifts that were made out of gold. The king of Hamavaran wasn't happy about his daughter, after one week he sent to Kay Kavus asking him to visit him in Hamavaran. Sudabeh felt her father intention was to capture Kay Kavus. She told Kay Kavus not to go, but he refused and went to Hamavaran. The king of Hamavaran welcomed him and let him in one of the cities of Hamavaran called Shahah which was full of gold tracery. He served Kay Kavus until the Iranians who were Kay Kavus trusted him. The king of Hamavaran conspired with Barbarstan and captured Kay Kavus and killed the Iranians who were with him with the help of Barbarstan. He locked Kay Kavus in a palace that was in a very high place. He then sent men dressed as women to Iran to bring Sudabeh. Sudabeh tore her clothes and slapped her face when she knew about what happened to her hasband. The king of Hamavaran then sent her to the palace where Kay Kavus is held and locked her with him. The story of the treachery of the king of Hamavaran spread throughout the region until it reached Afrasiab who prepared an army and took over Iran. The Iranians then escaped Iran, most of them went to Zabulistan. They told Rostam about what happened. He cried and promised to bring Kay Kavus back from Hamavaran. The army of Hamavaran united with the army of Egypt and Barbarstan. Rostam was able to destroy all the army. The king of Hamavaran surrendered and made an agreement with Rostam to give him Kay Kavus and Sudabeh but only if Rostam let him and the king of Egypt and Barbarstan go, Rostam agreed. The army of Egypt, Barbarstan and Hamavaran joined Rostam army went to fight against Afrasiab.Kay Kavus had many wives, such as Siyavash mother or Fariburz mother, but they are not known. Sudabeh is mostly famous for her role in Siyavash choosing exile. When young Siavash, who was raised by Rostam away from his father's Palace, returns, Sudabeh sees him and falls in love. She tricks Siavash into going to her private palace in order to visit his sisters. There she reveals her real intention to him and tries to seduce him. Siyavash resists her and refuses to betray his father. Sudabeh, who is disappointed, tries to manipulate her husband and turn him against his son. After much conflict, Siyavash decides to leave his father's Palace for good and goes to Turan. After Siyavash is assassinated in Turan, Rostam, who blames Sudabeh for the incident, murders her.Shah Namah by Hakim Abol-Ghasem Ferdowsi Toosi\nThe story of Sudabeh murder\nWhen Siyavash took refuge in Turan, everyone thought that Siyavash had left Iran in order to get rid of Sudabeh. and Prince Siavash was brutally murdered in Turan, and because Rostam had nursed Siyavash for many years and had prepared him for succession to the Iranian monarchy, he became very upset and blamed the Sudabeh. When heard Siyavash death in Zabol, he came to Iran. The palace was very inflamed, And Rostam went out of Kavus without permission and pulled Sudaba out of the palace and killed him in public." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Watching Sudabeh to go into Siyavash fire Sudabeh () is a character in the Persian epic Shahnameh. She was princess of Hamavaran kingdom Saka Haumavarga or Amyrgian and later, becomes the wife of Kay Kavus, King of Iran, and mother of prince Siyavash.\nThe Story of Sudabeh\nAccording to Shahnamah, a man from Syria and Egypt started a rebellion against Kay Kavus. During that time Kay Kavus was in Sistan. After he heard about the rebellion, he prepared an army and went through the sea to stop the rebellion. He reached a place where Hamavaran (identified as the land of Himyar) was in front of him and the sea was behind it. Egypt was in his left while Barbarstan (probably Sudan or Somalia) was in his right. He was confronted by the king of Hamavaran, in Arab traditions, the king of Hamavaran was Dhul-Adhar. The king of Hamavaran surrendered and made an agreement with Kay Kavus to obey his orders and to send him gold but only if Kay Kavus went out of the land of Hamavaran. Kay Kavus agreed and went back to Iran. One of the guards advised Kay Kavus to marry the daughter of the king of Hamavaran whose name was Sudabeh and described to him how beautiful she was. Kay Kavus sent to the king of Hamavaran telling him that he wants to marry his daughter and threatened him that he would not let him rule if he refused. The king of Hamavaran asked his daughter, Sudabeh, if she would agree to marry Kay Kavus. Sudabeh agreed to marry Kay Kavus and so the king of Hamavaran sent his daughter to Kay Kavus with gifts that were made out of gold. The king of Hamavaran wasn't happy about his daughter, after one week he sent to Kay Kavus asking him to visit him in Hamavaran. Sudabeh felt her father intention was to capture Kay Kavus. She told Kay Kavus not to go, but he refused and went to Hamavaran. The king of Hamavaran welcomed him and let him in one of the cities of Hamavaran called Shahah which was full of gold tracery. He served Kay Kavus until the Iranians who were Kay Kavus trusted him. The king of Hamavaran conspired with Barbarstan and captured Kay Kavus and killed the Iranians who were with him with the help of Barbarstan. He locked Kay Kavus in a dwelling that was in a very high place. He then sent men dressed as women to Iran to bring Sudabeh. Sudabeh tore her clothes and slapped her face when she knew about what happened to her hasband. The king of Hamavaran then sent her to the dwelling where Kay Kavus is held and locked her with him. The story of the treachery of the king of Hamavaran spread throughout the region until it reached Afrasiab who prepared an army and took over Iran. The Iranians then escaped Iran, most of them went to Zabulistan. They told Rostam about what happened. He cried and promised to bring Kay Kavus back from Hamavaran. The army of Hamavaran united with the army of Egypt and Barbarstan. Rostam was able to destroy all the army. The king of Hamavaran surrendered and made an agreement with Rostam to give him Kay Kavus and Sudabeh but only if Rostam let him and the king of Egypt and Barbarstan go, Rostam agreed. The army of Egypt, Barbarstan and Hamavaran joined Rostam army went to fight against Afrasiab.Kay Kavus had many wives, such as Siyavash mother or Fariburz mother, but they are not known. Sudabeh is mostly famous for her role in Siyavash choosing exile. When young Siavash, who was raised by Rostam away from his father's Dwelling, returns, Sudabeh sees him and falls in love. She tricks Siavash into going to her private dwelling in order to visit his sisters. There she reveals her real intention to him and tries to seduce him. Siyavash resists her and refuses to betray his father. Sudabeh, who is disappointed, tries to manipulate her husband and turn him against his son. After much conflict, Siyavash decides to leave his father's Dwelling for good and goes to Turan. After Siyavash is assassinated in Turan, Rostam, who blames Sudabeh for the incident, murders her.Shah Namah by Hakim Abol-Ghasem Ferdowsi Toosi\nThe story of Sudabeh murder\nWhen Siyavash took refuge in Turan, everyone thought that Siyavash had left Iran in order to get rid of Sudabeh. and Prince Siavash was brutally murdered in Turan, and because Rostam had nursed Siyavash for many years and had prepared him for succession to the Iranian monarchy, he became very upset and blamed the Sudabeh. When heard Siyavash death in Zabol, he came to Iran. The dwelling was very inflamed, And Rostam went out of Kavus without permission and pulled Sudaba out of the dwelling and killed him in public." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Sepulchrave, Earl of Groan is a character in Mervyn Peake's novel Titus Groan.\nCharacter\nSepulchrave is the 76th Earl of Groan and Lord of Gormenghast, the gigantic, isolate citadel-state which forms the setting/otherworld for the Titus Groan novels of Mervyn Peake. He is father to Titus Groan and Fuchsia Groan, brother to Cora and Clarice Groan, and estranged husband to the Countess Gertrude. He is afflicted by an intense melancholia that leaves him psychologically paralyzed for most of the novel. The movements of his every waking hour are dictated by the \"immemorial rites set down in the books of the lore of Groan\", a canon of meaningless, endlessly cross-referenced and encoded ritual that forms the foundation of the decaying Gormenghast society. This lore is interpreted for Sepulchrave by his Master of Ritual, Sourdust, who meets him at a lavish breakfast every morning; a breakfast that is never eaten and which is left to waste. Sepulchrave has no appetite and is moved by no emotion other than weary and unrelenting depression. However, his frozen heart is mildly stirred at the outset of 'Titus Groan' by the news of the birth of his son. The only relief afforded to Sepulchrave from his misery is literature. He is variously described as having a powerful but listless intellect. His imbecile sisters Cora and Clarice remark; \"He's very clever but he learns it all from books.\" His sanctuary is the Library, a building in Gormenghast to which he retires every night after his ceremonial duties have been discharged and in which he remains reading until the small hours of the morning. The Library is located in the shadow of the Tower of Flints, the heart of Gormenghast and a Dark Tower that comes to dominate Sepulchrave's mind. His melancholia infects the very air of the library; 'imparting its illness on either side.' He reads of every subject but he is drawn particularly to poetry. Fragments of the fictional poets that he reads allow Peake to exercise his considerable poetic gifts within the novel. And his appearance, as described in Titus Groan: Sepulchrave's appearance and age are ambiguous. He is described almost entirely in terms of his emotional state. However, we learn that he possesses a fine aquiline nose and seems to be a tall, slender, elegant and quixotic figure, with a pale complexion and large expressive eyes. He dresses in the robes and vestments prescribed by the rituals of Gormenghast; they may be rags or silk. He sometimes wears the iron crown of Groan, with its four arrowhead points from which depend slim linked chains. After his library burns down, Sepulchrave goes mad, believing himself to be the 'Death Owl'; this affects his appearance: his nose becomes \"more forceful\", his eyes become round and devoid of all emotion, his mouth \"might as well not be there\".\nStory\nBirth of Titus\nOn the day of Titus's birth, Sepulchrave is engaged in another round of empty ritual. However, after the birth, he meets with Doctor Prunesquallor in an upper corridor outside the room of his wife, Gertrude. During the course of the conversation, he displays some interest in the condition of his child and inquires whether the doctor \"... notices anything strange, unusual about his (Titus's) face.\" The Doctor replies that \"Professionally speaking. I should say the face was irregular.\" Sepulchrave is distressed: \"Tell me the truth; have you ever delivered a more hideous child?!\"\nThe Fire\nThe destruction of Sepulchrave's library is entirely masterminded by Steerpike, the ruthlessly Machiavellian scullion, to further his personal interests, although he pretends that he is doing it in order to advance Sepulchrave's idiot sisters, Cora and Clarice, who are monomaniacs obsessed with power. Steerpike engineers a daring rescue from the flames of several characters including Sepulchrave, Titus, Gertrude, Fuchsia, Flay, Doctor Alfred Prunesquallor and Irma Prunesquallor. The Master of Ritual Sourdust, however, perishes of asphyxiation and is consumed. The Holocaust drives Sepulchrave insane; he at first seeks solace by playing with pine-cones with Fuchsia, pretending that they are his lost books, before undergoing a psychological transformation into the character of the Death Owl: He howls and hoots, perches on the mantelpiece, eats mice and has to be frequently sedated by Doctor Prunesquallor. At the dinner table, in the chapter entitled 'The Reveries', Sepulchrave's mind is filled with the thoughts of the owls \"whose child I am\".\nDeath of Sepulchrave\nAfter Mr. Flay duels with and eventually overcomes his nemesis Abiatha Swelter, Sepulchrave appears, ghost- like and claims the gigantic corpse in the name of the owls to whom he intends to offer it. He drags the body to the Tower of Flints, where it and he are torn apart and devoured. He thus characterizes his suicide as a form of dark catharsis or transformation. The impression is not one of freedom, however, but rather his absorption into the shadow-life of the castle. His death remains a mystery to all but Flay until he relates the manner of it to Fuchsia and Titus during his exile.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"doctor\" with \"physician\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Sepulchrave, Earl of Groan is a character in Mervyn Peake's novel Titus Groan.\nCharacter\nSepulchrave is the 76th Earl of Groan and Lord of Gormenghast, the gigantic, isolate citadel-state which forms the setting/otherworld for the Titus Groan novels of Mervyn Peake. He is father to Titus Groan and Fuchsia Groan, brother to Cora and Clarice Groan, and estranged husband to the Countess Gertrude. He is afflicted by an intense melancholia that leaves him psychologically paralyzed for most of the novel. The movements of his every waking hour are dictated by the \"immemorial rites set down in the books of the lore of Groan\", a canon of meaningless, endlessly cross-referenced and encoded ritual that forms the foundation of the decaying Gormenghast society. This lore is interpreted for Sepulchrave by his Master of Ritual, Sourdust, who meets him at a lavish breakfast every morning; a breakfast that is never eaten and which is left to waste. Sepulchrave has no appetite and is moved by no emotion other than weary and unrelenting depression. However, his frozen heart is mildly stirred at the outset of 'Titus Groan' by the news of the birth of his son. The only relief afforded to Sepulchrave from his misery is literature. He is variously described as having a powerful but listless intellect. His imbecile sisters Cora and Clarice remark; \"He's very clever but he learns it all from books.\" His sanctuary is the Library, a building in Gormenghast to which he retires every night after his ceremonial duties have been discharged and in which he remains reading until the small hours of the morning. The Library is located in the shadow of the Tower of Flints, the heart of Gormenghast and a Dark Tower that comes to dominate Sepulchrave's mind. His melancholia infects the very air of the library; 'imparting its illness on either side.' He reads of every subject but he is drawn particularly to poetry. Fragments of the fictional poets that he reads allow Peake to exercise his considerable poetic gifts within the novel. And his appearance, as described in Titus Groan: Sepulchrave's appearance and age are ambiguous. He is described almost entirely in terms of his emotional state. However, we learn that he possesses a fine aquiline nose and seems to be a tall, slender, elegant and quixotic figure, with a pale complexion and large expressive eyes. He dresses in the robes and vestments prescribed by the rituals of Gormenghast; they may be rags or silk. He sometimes wears the iron crown of Groan, with its four arrowhead points from which depend slim linked chains. After his library burns down, Sepulchrave goes mad, believing himself to be the 'Death Owl'; this affects his appearance: his nose becomes \"more forceful\", his eyes become round and devoid of all emotion, his mouth \"might as well not be there\".\nStory\nBirth of Titus\nOn the day of Titus's birth, Sepulchrave is engaged in another round of empty ritual. However, after the birth, he meets with Physician Prunesquallor in an upper corridor outside the room of his wife, Gertrude. During the course of the conversation, he displays some interest in the condition of his child and inquires whether the physician \"... notices anything strange, unusual about his (Titus's) face.\" The Physician replies that \"Professionally speaking. I should say the face was irregular.\" Sepulchrave is distressed: \"Tell me the truth; have you ever delivered a more hideous child?!\"\nThe Fire\nThe destruction of Sepulchrave's library is entirely masterminded by Steerpike, the ruthlessly Machiavellian scullion, to further his personal interests, although he pretends that he is doing it in order to advance Sepulchrave's idiot sisters, Cora and Clarice, who are monomaniacs obsessed with power. Steerpike engineers a daring rescue from the flames of several characters including Sepulchrave, Titus, Gertrude, Fuchsia, Flay, Physician Alfred Prunesquallor and Irma Prunesquallor. The Master of Ritual Sourdust, however, perishes of asphyxiation and is consumed. The Holocaust drives Sepulchrave insane; he at first seeks solace by playing with pine-cones with Fuchsia, pretending that they are his lost books, before undergoing a psychological transformation into the character of the Death Owl: He howls and hoots, perches on the mantelpiece, eats mice and has to be frequently sedated by Physician Prunesquallor. At the dinner table, in the chapter entitled 'The Reveries', Sepulchrave's mind is filled with the thoughts of the owls \"whose child I am\".\nDeath of Sepulchrave\nAfter Mr. Flay duels with and eventually overcomes his nemesis Abiatha Swelter, Sepulchrave appears, ghost- like and claims the gigantic corpse in the name of the owls to whom he intends to offer it. He drags the body to the Tower of Flints, where it and he are torn apart and devoured. He thus characterizes his suicide as a form of dark catharsis or transformation. The impression is not one of freedom, however, but rather his absorption into the shadow-life of the castle. His death remains a mystery to all but Flay until he relates the manner of it to Fuchsia and Titus during his exile." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the most basic sense of the term, A corporate trust is a trust created by a corporation. The term in the United States is most often used to describe the business activities of many financial services companies and banks that act in a fiduciary capacity for investors in a particular security (i.e. stock investors or bond investors). For example, instead of borrowing funds from a bank, a company might borrow funds from the general public in the form of a bond. When a bank lends money to a company, it may often inspect the company's financial statements to ensure that the company follows the rules (known as covenants) of the loan agreement, and may also attempt to negotiate a settlement if the company has problems and stops repaying its loan. In the situation of a public bond issuance (the company borrowing from anyone in the general public who chooses to lend the funds), there would be no one clear person who would be capable to monitor the loans on their own, and the investors would find it difficult to agree and communicate their agreement to the company to settle any problems with the loan repayments. Therefore, they agree as a condition of their bond borrowing to appoint a financial institution, known as a \"corporate trustee\", to be the responsible party for monitoring compliance with the loan terms, acting in interests of the general public who have purchased the bond. Another aspect of this service, which is often performed by a different party, is the distribution of the repayment from the company to the bondholders, this function is known as a \"paying agent\". In fact, modern bonds often appoint many different financial institutions to have special roles, based on their area of expertise (such as corporate trustee with an expertise in bankruptcy who is only called in if the company stops paying back the bond). Financial institutions receive fees for their services. Large corporate trust providers include BOK Financial Corporation, U.S. Bank, Citi, Deutsche Bank, The Bank of New York Mellon, Wells Fargo, One Investment Group and BNP Paribas Securities Services .\nReasons\nA corporation with little or no financial expertise may seek the services of a financial institution (often a corporation as well) through the creation of a corporate trust. By doing so, they are entrusting the finances of their corporation to that particular financial institution.\nServices offered\nCorporate trust providers offer a wide range of services, which include but are not limited to: *Escrow services *Public finance *Project finance *Corporate finance *Money market services *Loan agency and administration services *Structured finance *Document custody services\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"financial\" with \"commercial\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In the most basic sense of the term, A corporate trust is a trust created by a corporation. The term in the United States is most often used to describe the business activities of many commercial services companies and banks that act in a fiduciary capacity for investors in a particular security (i.e. stock investors or bond investors). For example, instead of borrowing funds from a bank, a company might borrow funds from the general public in the form of a bond. When a bank lends money to a company, it may often inspect the company's commercial statements to ensure that the company follows the rules (known as covenants) of the loan agreement, and may also attempt to negotiate a settlement if the company has problems and stops repaying its loan. In the situation of a public bond issuance (the company borrowing from anyone in the general public who chooses to lend the funds), there would be no one clear person who would be capable to monitor the loans on their own, and the investors would find it difficult to agree and communicate their agreement to the company to settle any problems with the loan repayments. Therefore, they agree as a condition of their bond borrowing to appoint a commercial institution, known as a \"corporate trustee\", to be the responsible party for monitoring compliance with the loan terms, acting in interests of the general public who have purchased the bond. Another aspect of this service, which is often performed by a different party, is the distribution of the repayment from the company to the bondholders, this function is known as a \"paying agent\". In fact, modern bonds often appoint many different commercial institutions to have special roles, based on their area of expertise (such as corporate trustee with an expertise in bankruptcy who is only called in if the company stops paying back the bond). Commercial institutions receive fees for their services. Large corporate trust providers include BOK Commercial Corporation, U.S. Bank, Citi, Deutsche Bank, The Bank of New York Mellon, Wells Fargo, One Investment Group and BNP Paribas Securities Services .\nReasons\nA corporation with little or no commercial expertise may seek the services of a commercial institution (often a corporation as well) through the creation of a corporate trust. By doing so, they are entrusting the finances of their corporation to that particular commercial institution.\nServices offered\nCorporate trust providers offer a wide range of services, which include but are not limited to: *Escrow services *Public finance *Project finance *Corporate finance *Money market services *Loan agency and administration services *Structured finance *Document custody services" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga ecoregion, in the taiga and boreal forests biome, of far northern North America.\n\nSetting\n\nThis is a region of spruce taiga forest covering much of the central and northern interior of the U.S. state of Alaska and Yukon, Canada, from the Bering Sea and Beaufort Sea coasts to the Richardson Mountains in the east with the Brooks Range to the north and the Alaska Range to the south. This is an area of low hills and flatlands from sea level to 600m. In the northeast of the ecoregion lies the Yukon Flats, a vast area of wetlands, forest, bog, and low-lying ground at the confluence of the Yukon River, Porcupine River and Chandalar River, an area which for Arctic North America is particularly rich in wildlife as are the similar Minto Flats also in this ecoregion. The underlying soil of the ecoregion is permafrost and even though the area is close to the sea it has a continental climate with short summers and long, cold winters, especially inland.\n\nFlora\n\nThe taiga forests are mainly white spruce (Picea glauca) in the warmer drier areas and black spruce (Picea mariana) where it is marshier but the ecoregion also contains scrubby areas of dwarf birch (Betula nana) and riverbanks of willows, alders, balsam poplars and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Specific habitats include the peat bogs and fens of the Old Crow Flats. Warmer, south-facing valley slopes are home to rare plants that have survived in this harsh climate including Shacklett's cryptantha (Cryptantha shacklettiana), Erysimum asperum and alpine golden buckwheat (Eriogonum flavum).\n\nFauna\n\nThis area is notable for its populations of Porcupine caribou, a subspecies of caribou named for the herd which roams the Porcupine River area and which along with two other large herds, the Central Arctic and the Western Arctic caribou herds, can be found in this ecoregion. Other mammals include large populations of bears, wolves and other predators while birds of the region include rock ptarmigan, lesser scaup, northern pintail duck, scoters, sandhill crane and widgeons. Finally the Porcupine River system is an important breeding ground for Chinook salmon.\n\nThreats and preservation\n\nThese taiga forests are almost completely intact apart from clearance around the city of Fairbanks, Alaska and some logging in the Tanana Valley State Forest and oil exploration is ongoing in Eagle Plains, Yukon, while the Dempster Highway crosses the region and brings potential poaching of wildlife. The forest is regularly renewed by naturally occurring forest fires. Large areas of the ecoregion are contained within protected areas including Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge, Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge (in the floodplain of the Koyukuk River), Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge (on the Nowitna River another tributary of the Yukon) and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, all in Alaska and established by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, and Vuntut National Park in northwestern Yukon Territory, Canada. The Bonnet Plume River and Wind Rivers that flow north into the Peel River are popular destinations for rafting and kayaking.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"wildlife\" with \"body\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga ecoregion, in the taiga and boreal forests biome, of far northern North America.\n\nSetting\n\nThis is a region of spruce taiga forest covering much of the central and northern interior of the U.S. state of Alaska and Yukon, Canada, from the Bering Sea and Beaufort Sea coasts to the Richardson Mountains in the east with the Brooks Range to the north and the Alaska Range to the south. This is an area of low hills and flatlands from sea level to 600m. In the northeast of the ecoregion lies the Yukon Flats, a vast area of wetlands, forest, bog, and low-lying ground at the confluence of the Yukon River, Porcupine River and Chandalar River, an area which for Arctic North America is particularly rich in body as are the similar Minto Flats also in this ecoregion. The underlying soil of the ecoregion is permafrost and even though the area is close to the sea it has a continental climate with short summers and long, cold winters, especially inland.\n\nFlora\n\nThe taiga forests are mainly white spruce (Picea glauca) in the warmer drier areas and black spruce (Picea mariana) where it is marshier but the ecoregion also contains scrubby areas of dwarf birch (Betula nana) and riverbanks of willows, alders, balsam poplars and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Specific habitats include the peat bogs and fens of the Old Crow Flats. Warmer, south-facing valley slopes are home to rare plants that have survived in this harsh climate including Shacklett's cryptantha (Cryptantha shacklettiana), Erysimum asperum and alpine golden buckwheat (Eriogonum flavum).\n\nFauna\n\nThis area is notable for its populations of Porcupine caribou, a subspecies of caribou named for the herd which roams the Porcupine River area and which along with two other large herds, the Central Arctic and the Western Arctic caribou herds, can be found in this ecoregion. Other mammals include large populations of bears, wolves and other predators while birds of the region include rock ptarmigan, lesser scaup, northern pintail duck, scoters, sandhill crane and widgeons. Finally the Porcupine River system is an important breeding ground for Chinook salmon.\n\nThreats and preservation\n\nThese taiga forests are almost completely intact apart from clearance around the city of Fairbanks, Alaska and some logging in the Tanana Valley State Forest and oil exploration is ongoing in Eagle Plains, Yukon, while the Dempster Highway crosses the region and brings potential poaching of body. The forest is regularly renewed by naturally occurring forest fires. Large areas of the ecoregion are contained within protected areas including Yukon Flats National Body Refuge, Kanuti National Body Refuge, Koyukuk National Body Refuge (in the floodplain of the Koyukuk River), Innoko National Body Refuge, Nowitna National Body Refuge (on the Nowitna River another tributary of the Yukon) and the Arctic National Body Refuge, all in Alaska and established by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, and Vuntut National Park in northwestern Yukon Territory, Canada. The Bonnet Plume River and Wind Rivers that flow north into the Peel River are popular destinations for rafting and kayaking." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The Midwestern Canadian Shield forests ecoregion, in the Taiga and Boreal forests Biome, are of northern Canada.\n\nSetting\n\nThis is an area of rolling hills with lakes both small and large, wetlands, and rocky outcrops on the Canadian Shield in northern Saskatchewan, north-central Manitoba (north and east of Lake Winnipeg) and Northwestern Ontario. Specific areas include the Athabasca Sand Dunes, and many lakes such as Cree Lake, Upper Foster Lake and Reindeer Lake in Saskatchewan. The area has a cold climate, very cold in winter although the hills around Lac Seul are warmer and wetter than most of the ecoregion, while the Athabasca Plain and the uplands above the Churchill River and Hayes River are cooler. There are patches of permafrost throughout\n\nFlora\n\nMuch of the landscape, including the Athabasca Plain, is the boreal forest that covers so much of Canada at this latitude, consisting of black spruce (Picea mariana), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), white birch (Betula papyrifera), balsam poplars, white spruce (Picea glauca), and balsam fir (Abies balsamea). The dominant tree of the wetlands is black spruce, while the rocky outcrops are covered with lichens.\n\nFauna\n\nMammals of the ecoregion include moose (Alces alces), American black bear (Ursus americanus), woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), barren- ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus arcticus), Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), grey wolf (Canis lupus), American beaver (Castor canadensis), North American river otter (Lontra canadensis), American marten (Martes americana), stoat (Mustela erminea), fisher (Martes pennanti), muskrat (Ondatra zibethica), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), southern red-backed vole (Myodes gapperi), American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and least chipmunk (neotamius minimus). Birds include ducks, geese, American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos), sandhill crane (Grus canadensis), spruce grouse (Falcipennis canadensis), sharp-tailed grouse (Tympahuchus phasianellus), willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus), common nighthawk (Chordeiles minor), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), common raven (Corvus corax), common loon (Gavia immer), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis), northern hawk owl (Surnia ulula), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), American herring gull (Larus smithsonianus) and double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus).\n\nThreats and preservation\n\nMost of the natural forest remains intact with most alteration having occurred in Manitoba due to logging, mining and hydro-electric power generation. Protected areas include Opasquia Provincial Park, Woodland Caribou Provincial Park and Pipestone River Provincial Park in northwestern Ontario, Atikaki Provincial Wilderness Park in eastern Manitoba and Lac la Ronge and Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park in Saskatchewan.\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word provincial, with the word local. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Midwestern Canadian Shield forests ecoregion, in the Taiga and Boreal forests Biome, are of northern Canada.\n\nSetting\n\nThis is an area of rolling hills with lakes both small and large, wetlands, and rocky outcrops on the Canadian Shield in northern Saskatchewan, north-central Manitoba (north and east of Lake Winnipeg) and Northwestern Ontario. Specific areas include the Athabasca Sand Dunes, and many lakes such as Cree Lake, Upper Foster Lake and Reindeer Lake in Saskatchewan. The area has a cold climate, very cold in winter although the hills around Lac Seul are warmer and wetter than most of the ecoregion, while the Athabasca Plain and the uplands above the Churchill River and Hayes River are cooler. There are patches of permafrost throughout\n\nFlora\n\nMuch of the landscape, including the Athabasca Plain, is the boreal forest that covers so much of Canada at this latitude, consisting of black spruce (Picea mariana), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), white birch (Betula papyrifera), balsam poplars, white spruce (Picea glauca), and balsam fir (Abies balsamea). The dominant tree of the wetlands is black spruce, while the rocky outcrops are covered with lichens.\n\nFauna\n\nMammals of the ecoregion include moose (Alces alces), American black bear (Ursus americanus), woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), barren- ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus arcticus), Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), grey wolf (Canis lupus), American beaver (Castor canadensis), North American river otter (Lontra canadensis), American marten (Martes americana), stoat (Mustela erminea), fisher (Martes pennanti), muskrat (Ondatra zibethica), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), southern red-backed vole (Myodes gapperi), American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and least chipmunk (neotamius minimus). Birds include ducks, geese, American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos), sandhill crane (Grus canadensis), spruce grouse (Falcipennis canadensis), sharp-tailed grouse (Tympahuchus phasianellus), willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus), common nighthawk (Chordeiles minor), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), common raven (Corvus corax), common loon (Gavia immer), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis), northern hawk owl (Surnia ulula), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), American herring gull (Larus smithsonianus) and double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus).\n\nThreats and preservation\n\nMost of the natural forest remains intact with most alteration having occurred in Manitoba due to logging, mining and hydro-electric power generation. Protected areas include Opasquia Local Park, Woodland Caribou Local Park and Pipestone River Local Park in northwestern Ontario, Atikaki Local Wilderness Park in eastern Manitoba and Lac la Ronge and Athabasca Sand Dunes Local Park in Saskatchewan." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Svetly (; masculine), Svetlaya (; feminine), or Svetloye (; neuter) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.\nModern localities\n;Urban localities *Svetly, Kaliningrad Oblast, a town in Kaliningrad Oblast; administratively incorporated as a town of oblast significance *Svetly, Sakha Republic, an urban-type settlement in Mirninsky District of the Sakha Republic *Svetlaya, Primorsky Krai, an urban-type settlement in Terneysky District of Primorsky Krai ;Rural localities *Svetly, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a settlement in Svetlozersky Selsoviet of Kholmogorsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Svetly, Klimovsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a settlement in Novoyurkovichsky Selsoviet of Klimovsky District of Bryansk Oblast *Svetly, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a settlement in Borisovsky Selsoviet of Plastovsky District of Chelyabinsk Oblast *Svetly, Bodaybinsky District, Irkutsk Oblast, a settlement in Bodaybinsky District, Irkutsk Oblast *Svetly, Ivanovo Oblast, a selo in Teykovsky District of Ivanovo Oblast *Svetly, Republic of Kalmykia, a settlement in Svetlovskaya Rural Administration of Iki-Burulsky District of the Republic of Kalmykia *Svetly, Kamchatka Krai, a settlement in Yelizovsky District of Kamchatka Krai *Svetly, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a settlement in Beryozovsky District of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug *Svetly, Kirov Oblast, a settlement in Svetlovsky Rural Okrug of Kotelnichsky District of Kirov Oblast *Svetly, Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai, a settlement in Divnomorsky Rural Okrug of the Town of Gelendzhik in Krasnodar Krai *Svetly, Otradnensky District, Krasnodar Krai, a settlement in Blagodarnensky Rural Okrug of Otradnensky District of Krasnodar Krai *Svetly, Lipetsk Oblast, a settlement in Ognevsky Selsoviet of Stanovlyansky District of Lipetsk Oblast *Svetly, Mari El Republic, a settlement in Sidorovsky Rural Okrug of Medvedevsky District of the Mari El Republic *Svetly, Murmansk Oblast, an inhabited locality under the administrative jurisdiction of the urban-type settlement of Verkhnetulomsky in Kolsky District of Murmansk Oblast *Svetly, Novgorod Oblast, a khutor in Novorakhinskoye Settlement of Krestetsky District of Novgorod Oblast *Svetly, Novosibirsk Oblast, a settlement in Kochenyovsky District of Novosibirsk Oblast *Svetly, Sakmarsky District, Orenburg Oblast, a settlement in Svetly Selsoviet of Sakmarsky District of Orenburg Oblast *Svetly, Svetlinsky District, Orenburg Oblast, a settlement in Svetlinsky Settlement Council of Svetlinsky District of Orenburg Oblast *Svetly, Perm Krai, a settlement in Osinsky District of Perm Krai *Svetly, Kamensky District, Rostov Oblast, a khutor in Volchenskoye Rural Settlement of Kamensky District of Rostov Oblast *Svetly, Kasharsky District, Rostov Oblast, a settlement in Kiyevskoye Rural Settlement of Kasharsky District of Rostov Oblast *Svetly, Saratov Oblast, a settlement in Saratov Oblast; administratively incorporated as a closed administrative-territorial formation *Svetly, Krasnopartizansky District, Saratov Oblast, a settlement in Krasnopartizansky District, Saratov Oblast *Svetly, Stavropol Krai, a settlement in Svetlinsky Selsoviet of Novoalexandrovsky District of Stavropol Krai *Svetly, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a settlement in Sysertsky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast *Svetly, Tomsk, Tomsk Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of Tomsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction in Tomsk Oblast *Svetly, Asinovsky District, Tomsk Oblast, a settlement in Asinovsky District, Tomsk Oblast *Svetly, Vladimir Oblast, a settlement in Alexandrovsky District of Vladimir Oblast *Svetly, Volgograd Oblast, a settlement in Kislovsky Selsoviet of Bykovsky District of Volgograd Oblast *Svetly, Voronezh Oblast, a settlement in Vasilyevskoye Rural Settlement of Talovsky District of Voronezh Oblast *Svetly, Zabaykalsky Krai, a settlement in Tungokochensky District of Zabaykalsky Krai *Svetloye, Altai Krai, a selo in Svetlovsky Selsoviet of Zavyalovsky District of Altai Krai *Svetloye, Astrakhan Oblast, a selo in Fedorovsky Selsoviet of Ikryaninsky District of Astrakhan Oblast *Svetloye, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a selo in Svetlovsky Selsoviet of Chesmensky District of Chelyabinsk Oblast *Svetloye, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Novomoskovsky Rural Okrug of Guryevsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast *Svetloye, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, a selo in Prikubansky District of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic *Svetloye, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Nalimovsky Selsoviet of Lebyazhyevsky District of Kurgan Oblast *Svetloye, Priozersky District, Leningrad Oblast, a village in Krasnoozernoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Priozersky District of Leningrad Oblast *Svetloye, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a selo in Khakhalsky Selsoviet of Semyonov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"district\" with \"commune\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Svetly (; masculine), Svetlaya (; feminine), or Svetloye (; neuter) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.\nModern localities\n;Urban localities *Svetly, Kaliningrad Oblast, a town in Kaliningrad Oblast; administratively incorporated as a town of oblast significance *Svetly, Sakha Republic, an urban-type settlement in Mirninsky Commune of the Sakha Republic *Svetlaya, Primorsky Krai, an urban-type settlement in Terneysky Commune of Primorsky Krai ;Rural localities *Svetly, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a settlement in Svetlozersky Selsoviet of Kholmogorsky Commune of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Svetly, Klimovsky Commune, Bryansk Oblast, a settlement in Novoyurkovichsky Selsoviet of Klimovsky Commune of Bryansk Oblast *Svetly, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a settlement in Borisovsky Selsoviet of Plastovsky Commune of Chelyabinsk Oblast *Svetly, Bodaybinsky Commune, Irkutsk Oblast, a settlement in Bodaybinsky Commune, Irkutsk Oblast *Svetly, Ivanovo Oblast, a selo in Teykovsky Commune of Ivanovo Oblast *Svetly, Republic of Kalmykia, a settlement in Svetlovskaya Rural Administration of Iki-Burulsky Commune of the Republic of Kalmykia *Svetly, Kamchatka Krai, a settlement in Yelizovsky Commune of Kamchatka Krai *Svetly, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a settlement in Beryozovsky Commune of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug *Svetly, Kirov Oblast, a settlement in Svetlovsky Rural Okrug of Kotelnichsky Commune of Kirov Oblast *Svetly, Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai, a settlement in Divnomorsky Rural Okrug of the Town of Gelendzhik in Krasnodar Krai *Svetly, Otradnensky Commune, Krasnodar Krai, a settlement in Blagodarnensky Rural Okrug of Otradnensky Commune of Krasnodar Krai *Svetly, Lipetsk Oblast, a settlement in Ognevsky Selsoviet of Stanovlyansky Commune of Lipetsk Oblast *Svetly, Mari El Republic, a settlement in Sidorovsky Rural Okrug of Medvedevsky Commune of the Mari El Republic *Svetly, Murmansk Oblast, an inhabited locality under the administrative jurisdiction of the urban-type settlement of Verkhnetulomsky in Kolsky Commune of Murmansk Oblast *Svetly, Novgorod Oblast, a khutor in Novorakhinskoye Settlement of Krestetsky Commune of Novgorod Oblast *Svetly, Novosibirsk Oblast, a settlement in Kochenyovsky Commune of Novosibirsk Oblast *Svetly, Sakmarsky Commune, Orenburg Oblast, a settlement in Svetly Selsoviet of Sakmarsky Commune of Orenburg Oblast *Svetly, Svetlinsky Commune, Orenburg Oblast, a settlement in Svetlinsky Settlement Council of Svetlinsky Commune of Orenburg Oblast *Svetly, Perm Krai, a settlement in Osinsky Commune of Perm Krai *Svetly, Kamensky Commune, Rostov Oblast, a khutor in Volchenskoye Rural Settlement of Kamensky Commune of Rostov Oblast *Svetly, Kasharsky Commune, Rostov Oblast, a settlement in Kiyevskoye Rural Settlement of Kasharsky Commune of Rostov Oblast *Svetly, Saratov Oblast, a settlement in Saratov Oblast; administratively incorporated as a closed administrative-territorial formation *Svetly, Krasnopartizansky Commune, Saratov Oblast, a settlement in Krasnopartizansky Commune, Saratov Oblast *Svetly, Stavropol Krai, a settlement in Svetlinsky Selsoviet of Novoalexandrovsky Commune of Stavropol Krai *Svetly, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a settlement in Sysertsky Commune of Sverdlovsk Oblast *Svetly, Tomsk, Tomsk Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of Tomsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction in Tomsk Oblast *Svetly, Asinovsky Commune, Tomsk Oblast, a settlement in Asinovsky Commune, Tomsk Oblast *Svetly, Vladimir Oblast, a settlement in Alexandrovsky Commune of Vladimir Oblast *Svetly, Volgograd Oblast, a settlement in Kislovsky Selsoviet of Bykovsky Commune of Volgograd Oblast *Svetly, Voronezh Oblast, a settlement in Vasilyevskoye Rural Settlement of Talovsky Commune of Voronezh Oblast *Svetly, Zabaykalsky Krai, a settlement in Tungokochensky Commune of Zabaykalsky Krai *Svetloye, Altai Krai, a selo in Svetlovsky Selsoviet of Zavyalovsky Commune of Altai Krai *Svetloye, Astrakhan Oblast, a selo in Fedorovsky Selsoviet of Ikryaninsky Commune of Astrakhan Oblast *Svetloye, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a selo in Svetlovsky Selsoviet of Chesmensky Commune of Chelyabinsk Oblast *Svetloye, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Novomoskovsky Rural Okrug of Guryevsky Commune of Kaliningrad Oblast *Svetloye, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, a selo in Prikubansky Commune of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic *Svetloye, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Nalimovsky Selsoviet of Lebyazhyevsky Commune of Kurgan Oblast *Svetloye, Priozersky Commune, Leningrad Oblast, a village in Krasnoozernoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Priozersky Commune of Leningrad Oblast *Svetloye, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a selo in Khakhalsky Selsoviet of Semyonov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word rotating with consecutive in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nThe balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial machines such as gas turbines and electric generators, vibration can cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel, balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the centre of rotation. For a system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be close in order to prevent the effect of centrifugal force. It is important to design the machine part's wisely so that the unbalance is reduced up to the minimum possible level or eliminated completely.\nStatic balance\nStatic balance occurs when the centre of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without the application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity. This is seen in bike wheels where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute the centre of mass to the centre of the wheel. Other examples are grindstones, discs or car wheels.\nDynamic balance\nRotating shaft unbalanced by two identical attached weights, which causes a counterclockwise centrifugal couple Cd that must be resisted by a clockwise couple Fl = Cd exerted by the bearings. The figure is drawn from the viewpoint of a frame rotating with the shaft, hence the centrifugal forces. A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any resultant centrifugal force or couple. The system rotates without requiring the application of any external force or couple, other than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to avoid the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights must be added. This is seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate itself when stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate smoothly as the centre of mass is to the side of the centre bearing. The spokes on a bike wheel need to be tuned in order to stop this and keep the wheel operating as efficiently as possible.\nUnbalanced systems\nWhen an unbalanced system is rotating, periodic linear and/or torsional forces are generated which are perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The periodic nature of these forces is commonly experienced as vibration. These off-axis vibration forces may exceed the design limits of individual machine elements, reducing the service life of these parts. For instance, a bearing may be subjected to perpendicular torsion forces that would not occur in a nominally balanced system, or the instantaneous linear forces may exceed the limits of the bearing. Such excessive forces will cause failure in bearings in short time periods. Shafts with unbalanced masses can be bent by the forces and experience fatigue failure. Under conditions where rotating speed is very high even though the mass is low, as in gas turbines or jet engines, or under conditions where rotating speed is low but the mass is high, as in ship propellers, balance of the rotating system should be highly considered, because it may generate large vibrations and cause failure of the whole system." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The balancing of consecutive bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial machines such as gas turbines and electric generators, vibration can cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel, balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the centre of rotation. For a system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be close in order to prevent the effect of centrifugal force. It is important to design the machine part's wisely so that the unbalance is reduced up to the minimum possible level or eliminated completely.\nStatic balance\nStatic balance occurs when the centre of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without the application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity. This is seen in bike wheels where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute the centre of mass to the centre of the wheel. Other examples are grindstones, discs or car wheels.\nDynamic balance\nConsecutive shaft unbalanced by two identical attached weights, which causes a counterclockwise centrifugal couple Cd that must be resisted by a clockwise couple Fl = Cd exerted by the bearings. The figure is drawn from the viewpoint of a frame consecutive with the shaft, hence the centrifugal forces. A consecutive system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any resultant centrifugal force or couple. The system rotates without requiring the application of any external force or couple, other than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to avoid the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights must be added. This is seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate itself when stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate smoothly as the centre of mass is to the side of the centre bearing. The spokes on a bike wheel need to be tuned in order to stop this and keep the wheel operating as efficiently as possible.\nUnbalanced systems\nWhen an unbalanced system is consecutive, periodic linear and/or torsional forces are generated which are perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The periodic nature of these forces is commonly experienced as vibration. These off-axis vibration forces may exceed the design limits of individual machine elements, reducing the service life of these parts. For instance, a bearing may be subjected to perpendicular torsion forces that would not occur in a nominally balanced system, or the instantaneous linear forces may exceed the limits of the bearing. Such excessive forces will cause failure in bearings in short time periods. Shafts with unbalanced masses can be bent by the forces and experience fatigue failure. Under conditions where consecutive speed is very high even though the mass is low, as in gas turbines or jet engines, or under conditions where consecutive speed is low but the mass is high, as in ship propellers, balance of the consecutive system should be highly considered, because it may generate large vibrations and cause failure of the whole system." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Tikiapara is a slum-based residential as well as semi-industrial neighbourhood of Central Howrah in Howrah district of West Bengal, India. It is adjacent to Kadamtala and Howrah Maidan. Tikiapara is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Tikiapara also has a railway station by its name. The economy of this region is dependent on the iron and casting industry mostly small and medium-sized, while large part of the population serve as a work force for businesses located in Kolkata. The main concern is overgrowing population with limited area and resources leading to improper sanitation and hygiene. Tikiapara is under the jurisdiction of Bantra Police Station of Howrah City Police.\nRailway colony\nThere is a big railway colony built during late nineteenth century along Tikiapara railway station beside Sailen Manna Street (Formerly Bypass Road). It is managed by South Eastern Railway. The station code is TKPR. It is the next station of Howrah Station on South Eastern line. It is a flood-prone area. Although no express train stops at this station, all local and passenger trains stop at Tikiapara.\nPlaces of Attraction\nThe most attractive place of Tikiapara is the Belilious Park, an amusement park. As of now it is opened only for morning joggers, within the park there is a pond and the trees around here provide greenery to the region. A marriage hall is also present here for marriage events. A new tower is also under construction namely \"Panchdeeep Tower\", which after construction will be the tallest Structure in the whole city of Howrah.\nSlum\nThere is also a large slum area along the railway tracks of Tikiapara.\nPeople\nTikiapara is a region of mixed cultures and languages with Muslim community forming a majority of the population. Most Muslims live in the central part of Tikiapara starting from Bibi Majid continuing till Fari. While Hindus are concentrated mostly on the outskirts of in and around the central Tikiapara region mentioned above. Most north Indian Hindus (Biharis and Marwaris) are concentrated in the Ashu Bose Lane region and Bengali Hindus residing west of Belilious Park till Kadamtala. The most widely spoken languages here are Hindi, Urdu and Bengali. While most of the people are able to understand and speak in Bengali as well. Generally, Tikiapara can be divided into two parts i.e. north and south Tikiapara with Belilious Road intersecting it into two uneven parts. There are lot of small scale industries in and around the fringes of Tikiapara. Majority of them are foundry and casting industry. Iron and steel products making small scale factories are also present. Small Printing presses can also be found. Development is happening at a rapid rate. Income diversification is a key to people's growth. Literacy rate is also on the upward slope with more parents encouraging their children to basic education. Level of hygiene has drastically improved. Rapid urbanization changed people's perspective.\nEducation\nThe oldest educational institution of Tikiapara is Howrah Muslim High School which is serving the basic requirements of primary, secondary and higher secondary education. The medium of instruction is basically Urdu. However, English and Bengali are also used as second and third language. St Joseph day school, Holy child and Sacred heart are the English medium schools. Upper Middle Families tend to send their kids to St. Thomas church or Maria's Day School. Now the educational system is being refined with lot of young children attending schools. The newly opened Narayana School provides high class primary and secondary and Higher Education in science stream as well. Other educational institutions of Tikiapara include Sir Syed Ahmed High School, Tikiapara Muslim Girls High School and some other primary schools. The future of English-based education is being nourished under the tender roofs of Samaritan Mission School and Rebecca Belilious Institution, initiated by notable social worker Mamoon Sir. The institution has been granted the status of a High School and efforts are on to concretize this idea of establishing a school having all three streams- arts, commerce and science.\n\n\nReplace 'region' with 'country' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Tikiapara is a slum-based residential as well as semi-industrial neighbourhood of Central Howrah in Howrah district of West Bengal, India. It is adjacent to Kadamtala and Howrah Maidan. Tikiapara is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Tikiapara also has a railway station by its name. The economy of this country is dependent on the iron and casting industry mostly small and medium-sized, while large part of the population serve as a work force for businesses located in Kolkata. The main concern is overgrowing population with limited area and resources leading to improper sanitation and hygiene. Tikiapara is under the jurisdiction of Bantra Police Station of Howrah City Police.\nRailway colony\nThere is a big railway colony built during late nineteenth century along Tikiapara railway station beside Sailen Manna Street (Formerly Bypass Road). It is managed by South Eastern Railway. The station code is TKPR. It is the next station of Howrah Station on South Eastern line. It is a flood-prone area. Although no express train stops at this station, all local and passenger trains stop at Tikiapara.\nPlaces of Attraction\nThe most attractive place of Tikiapara is the Belilious Park, an amusement park. As of now it is opened only for morning joggers, within the park there is a pond and the trees around here provide greenery to the country. A marriage hall is also present here for marriage events. A new tower is also under construction namely \"Panchdeeep Tower\", which after construction will be the tallest Structure in the whole city of Howrah.\nSlum\nThere is also a large slum area along the railway tracks of Tikiapara.\nPeople\nTikiapara is a country of mixed cultures and languages with Muslim community forming a majority of the population. Most Muslims live in the central part of Tikiapara starting from Bibi Majid continuing till Fari. While Hindus are concentrated mostly on the outskirts of in and around the central Tikiapara country mentioned above. Most north Indian Hindus (Biharis and Marwaris) are concentrated in the Ashu Bose Lane country and Bengali Hindus residing west of Belilious Park till Kadamtala. The most widely spoken languages here are Hindi, Urdu and Bengali. While most of the people are able to understand and speak in Bengali as well. Generally, Tikiapara can be divided into two parts i.e. north and south Tikiapara with Belilious Road intersecting it into two uneven parts. There are lot of small scale industries in and around the fringes of Tikiapara. Majority of them are foundry and casting industry. Iron and steel products making small scale factories are also present. Small Printing presses can also be found. Development is happening at a rapid rate. Income diversification is a key to people's growth. Literacy rate is also on the upward slope with more parents encouraging their children to basic education. Level of hygiene has drastically improved. Rapid urbanization changed people's perspective.\nEducation\nThe oldest educational institution of Tikiapara is Howrah Muslim High School which is serving the basic requirements of primary, secondary and higher secondary education. The medium of instruction is basically Urdu. However, English and Bengali are also used as second and third language. St Joseph day school, Holy child and Sacred heart are the English medium schools. Upper Middle Families tend to send their kids to St. Thomas church or Maria's Day School. Now the educational system is being refined with lot of young children attending schools. The newly opened Narayana School provides high class primary and secondary and Higher Education in science stream as well. Other educational institutions of Tikiapara include Sir Syed Ahmed High School, Tikiapara Muslim Girls High School and some other primary schools. The future of English-based education is being nourished under the tender roofs of Samaritan Mission School and Rebecca Belilious Institution, initiated by notable social worker Mamoon Sir. The institution has been granted the status of a High School and efforts are on to concretize this idea of establishing a school having all three streams- arts, commerce and science." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word wealth with cash in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nState consequentialism, also known as Mohist consequentialism, is a consequentialist ethical theory which evaluates the moral worth of an action based on how it contributes to the basic goods of a state, through social order, material wealth, and population growth. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BC, is the \"world's earliest form of consequentialism, a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare\".Fraser, Chris, \"Mohism\", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Edward N. Zalta. The term state consequentialism has also been applied to the political philosophy of the Confucian philosopher Xunzi. Although the scholars cited above have suggested that Mohist consequentialism is a type of state consequentialism, a recent study of Mohism argues that this interpretation is mistaken, since the Mohists hold that right and wrong are determined by what benefits all the people of the world, not by what benefits the state. The Mohists' concern is to benefit all people, considered as an aggregate or a community, not to benefit a particular political entity, such as the state.\n\nConsequentialism\n\nUnlike utilitarianism, which views pleasure as a moral good, \"the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are... order, material wealth, and increase in population\". During Mozi's era, war and famines were common, and population growth was seen as a moral necessity for a harmonious society. The \"material wealth\" of Mohist consequentialism refers to basic needs like shelter and clothing, and the \"order\" of Mohist consequentialism refers to Mozi's stance against warfare and violence, which he viewed as pointless and a threat to social stability. Stanford sinologist David Shepherd Nivison, in The Cambridge History of Ancient China, writes that the moral goods of Mohism \"are interrelated: more basic wealth, then more reproduction; more people, then more production and wealth... if people have plenty, they would be good, filial, kind, and so on unproblematically\". The Mohists believed that morality is based on \"promoting the benefit of all under heaven and eliminating harm to all under heaven\". In contrast to Bentham's views, state consequentialism is not utilitarian because it is not hedonistic or individualistic. The importance of outcomes that are good for the community outweigh the importance of individual pleasure and pain." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "State consequentialism, also known as Mohist consequentialism, is a consequentialist ethical theory which evaluates the moral worth of an action based on how it contributes to the basic goods of a state, through social order, material cash, and population growth. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BC, is the \"world's earliest form of consequentialism, a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare\".Fraser, Chris, \"Mohism\", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Edward N. Zalta. The term state consequentialism has also been applied to the political philosophy of the Confucian philosopher Xunzi. Although the scholars cited above have suggested that Mohist consequentialism is a type of state consequentialism, a recent study of Mohism argues that this interpretation is mistaken, since the Mohists hold that right and wrong are determined by what benefits all the people of the world, not by what benefits the state. The Mohists' concern is to benefit all people, considered as an aggregate or a community, not to benefit a particular political entity, such as the state.\n\nConsequentialism\n\nUnlike utilitarianism, which views pleasure as a moral good, \"the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are... order, material cash, and increase in population\". During Mozi's era, war and famines were common, and population growth was seen as a moral necessity for a harmonious society. The \"material cash\" of Mohist consequentialism refers to basic needs like shelter and clothing, and the \"order\" of Mohist consequentialism refers to Mozi's stance against warfare and violence, which he viewed as pointless and a threat to social stability. Stanford sinologist David Shepherd Nivison, in The Cambridge History of Ancient China, writes that the moral goods of Mohism \"are interrelated: more basic cash, then more reproduction; more people, then more production and cash... if people have plenty, they would be good, filial, kind, and so on unproblematically\". The Mohists believed that morality is based on \"promoting the benefit of all under heaven and eliminating harm to all under heaven\". In contrast to Bentham's views, state consequentialism is not utilitarian because it is not hedonistic or individualistic. The importance of outcomes that are good for the community outweigh the importance of individual pleasure and pain." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word village with center in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nVoznesensky (; masculine), Voznesenskaya (; feminine), or Voznesenskoye (; neuter) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia. ;Urban localities *Voznesenskoye, Voznesensky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a work settlement in Voznesensky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast ;Rural localities *Voznesensky, Mamontovsky District, Altai Krai, a settlement in Bukansky Selsoviet of Mamontovsky District of Altai Krai *Voznesensky, Tyumentsevsky District, Altai Krai, a settlement in Berezovsky Selsoviet of Tyumentsevsky District of Altai Krai *Voznesensky, Nurimanovsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Nikolsky Selsoviet of Nurimanovsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan *Voznesensky, Zilairsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a khutor in Yuldybayevsky Selsoviet of Zilairsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan *Voznesensky, Irkutsk Oblast, a settlement in Nizhneudinsky District of Irkutsk Oblast *Voznesensky, Mari El Republic, a settlement in Znamensky Rural Okrug of Medvedevsky District of the Mari El Republic *Voznesensky, Rostov Oblast, a khutor in Voznesenskoye Rural Settlement of Morozovsky District of Rostov Oblast *Voznesensky, Stavropol Krai, a khutor in Prikalaussky Selsoviet of Petrovsky District of Stavropol Krai *Voznesensky, Tula Oblast, a settlement in Galitsky Rural Okrug of Kamensky District of Tula Oblast *Voznesensky, Udmurt Republic, a pochinok in Shaberdinsky Selsoviet of Zavyalovsky District of the Udmurt Republic *Voznesensky, Voronezh Oblast, a settlement in Voznesenskoye Rural Settlement of Talovsky District of Voronezh Oblast *Voznesenskoye, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a selo in Afanasyevsky Selsoviet of Verkhnetoyemsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Voznesenskoye, Poretsky District, Chuvash Republic, a village in Semenovskoye Rural Settlement of Poretsky District of the Chuvash Republic *Voznesenskoye, Urmarsky District, Chuvash Republic, a selo in Shikhabylovskoye Rural Settlement of Urmarsky District of the Chuvash Republic *Voznesenskoye, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Prigorodny Rural Okrug of Nesterovsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast *Voznesenskoye, Khabarovsk Krai, a selo in Amursky District of Khabarovsk Krai *Voznesenskoye, Kostroma Oblast, a selo in Orekhovskoye Settlement of Galichsky District of Kostroma Oblast *Voznesenskoye, Kurgan Oblast, a selo in Voznesensky Selsoviet of Dalmatovsky District of Kurgan Oblast *Voznesenskoye, Bogorodsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Aleshkovsky Selsoviet of Bogorodsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast *Voznesenskoye, Oryol Oblast, a selo in Speshnevsky Selsoviet of Korsakovsky District of Oryol Oblast *Voznesenskoye, Perm Krai, a selo in Vereshchaginsky District of Perm Krai *Voznesenskoye, Pskov Oblast, a village in Loknyansky District of Pskov Oblast *Voznesenskaya, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Konevsky Selsoviet of Plesetsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Voznesenskaya, Republic of Ingushetia, a stanitsa in Malgobeksky District of the Republic of Ingushetia *Voznesenskaya, Komi Republic, a village in Palauz Selo Administrative Territory of Sysolsky District of the Komi Republic *Voznesenskaya, Krasnodar Krai, a stanitsa in Voznesensky Rural Okrug of Labinsky District of Krasnodar Krai" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Voznesensky (; masculine), Voznesenskaya (; feminine), or Voznesenskoye (; neuter) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia. ;Urban localities *Voznesenskoye, Voznesensky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a work settlement in Voznesensky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast ;Rural localities *Voznesensky, Mamontovsky District, Altai Krai, a settlement in Bukansky Selsoviet of Mamontovsky District of Altai Krai *Voznesensky, Tyumentsevsky District, Altai Krai, a settlement in Berezovsky Selsoviet of Tyumentsevsky District of Altai Krai *Voznesensky, Nurimanovsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a center in Nikolsky Selsoviet of Nurimanovsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan *Voznesensky, Zilairsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a khutor in Yuldybayevsky Selsoviet of Zilairsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan *Voznesensky, Irkutsk Oblast, a settlement in Nizhneudinsky District of Irkutsk Oblast *Voznesensky, Mari El Republic, a settlement in Znamensky Rural Okrug of Medvedevsky District of the Mari El Republic *Voznesensky, Rostov Oblast, a khutor in Voznesenskoye Rural Settlement of Morozovsky District of Rostov Oblast *Voznesensky, Stavropol Krai, a khutor in Prikalaussky Selsoviet of Petrovsky District of Stavropol Krai *Voznesensky, Tula Oblast, a settlement in Galitsky Rural Okrug of Kamensky District of Tula Oblast *Voznesensky, Udmurt Republic, a pochinok in Shaberdinsky Selsoviet of Zavyalovsky District of the Udmurt Republic *Voznesensky, Voronezh Oblast, a settlement in Voznesenskoye Rural Settlement of Talovsky District of Voronezh Oblast *Voznesenskoye, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a selo in Afanasyevsky Selsoviet of Verkhnetoyemsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Voznesenskoye, Poretsky District, Chuvash Republic, a center in Semenovskoye Rural Settlement of Poretsky District of the Chuvash Republic *Voznesenskoye, Urmarsky District, Chuvash Republic, a selo in Shikhabylovskoye Rural Settlement of Urmarsky District of the Chuvash Republic *Voznesenskoye, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Prigorodny Rural Okrug of Nesterovsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast *Voznesenskoye, Khabarovsk Krai, a selo in Amursky District of Khabarovsk Krai *Voznesenskoye, Kostroma Oblast, a selo in Orekhovskoye Settlement of Galichsky District of Kostroma Oblast *Voznesenskoye, Kurgan Oblast, a selo in Voznesensky Selsoviet of Dalmatovsky District of Kurgan Oblast *Voznesenskoye, Bogorodsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a center in Aleshkovsky Selsoviet of Bogorodsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast *Voznesenskoye, Oryol Oblast, a selo in Speshnevsky Selsoviet of Korsakovsky District of Oryol Oblast *Voznesenskoye, Perm Krai, a selo in Vereshchaginsky District of Perm Krai *Voznesenskoye, Pskov Oblast, a center in Loknyansky District of Pskov Oblast *Voznesenskaya, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a center in Konevsky Selsoviet of Plesetsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Voznesenskaya, Republic of Ingushetia, a stanitsa in Malgobeksky District of the Republic of Ingushetia *Voznesenskaya, Komi Republic, a center in Palauz Selo Administrative Territory of Sysolsky District of the Komi Republic *Voznesenskaya, Krasnodar Krai, a stanitsa in Voznesensky Rural Okrug of Labinsky District of Krasnodar Krai" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'village' with 'center'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nRostamabad () may refer to the following places in Iran:\nArdabil Province\n*Rostamabad, Ardabil, a village in Kowsar County\nChaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province\n*Rostamabad, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, a village in Ardal County\nFars Province\n*Rostamabad, Fars, a village in Kazerun County\nGilan Province\n*Rostamabad, Gilan, a city in Gilan Province, Iran *Rostamabad-e Jonubi Rural District *Rostamabad-e Shomali Rural District\nHamadan Province\n*Rostamabad, Hamadan, a village in Asadabad County\nHormozgan Province\n*Rostamabad-e Dehvast, a village in Bashagard County *Rostamabad, Parsian, a village in Parsian County *Rostamabad, Rudan, a village in Rudan County\nIsfahan Province\n*Rostamabad, Isfahan, a village in Nain County\nKerman Province\n*Narmashir, formerly, Rostamabad, a city in Kerman Province, Iran *Rostamabad, Bardsir, a village in Bardsir County *Rostamabad-e Chah Degan, a village in Fahraj County *Rostamabad, Qaleh Ganj, a village in Qaleh Ganj County *Rostamabad, Rigan, a village in Rigan County *Rostamabad, Rudbar-e Jonubi, a village in Rudbar-e Jonubi County\nKermanshah Province\n*Rostamabad-e Bozorg, a village in Kangavar County *Rostamabad-e Kuchak, a village in Kangavar County *Rostamabad-e Rika, a village in Kermanshah County\nKhuzestan Province\n*Rostamabad, Andika, a village in Andika County *Rostamabad, Ramhormoz, a village in Ramhormoz County\nLorestan Province\n*Rostamabad, Lorestan, a village in Lorestan Province, Iran *Rostamabad Jamshidi, a village in Lorestan Province, Iran\nNorth Khorasan Province\n*Rostamabad, North Khorasan, a village in North Khorasan Province, Iran\nQazvin Province\n*Rostamabad, Qazvin, a village in Qazvin Province, Iran\nRazavi Khorasan Province\n*Rostamabad, Dargaz, a village in Dargaz County *Rostamabad, Nishapur, a village in Nishapur County\nSemnan Province\n*Rostamabad, Semnan, a village in Aradan County\nSistan and Baluchestan Province\n*Rostamabad, Nukabad, a village in Khash County\nTehran Province\n*Rostamabad, Damavand, a village in Damavand County *Rostamabad, Qarchak, a village in Qarchak County *Rostamabad, Varamin, a village in Varamin County\nYazd Province\n*Rostamabad, Yazd, a village in Saduq County\nZanjan Province\n*Rostamabad, Zanjan, a village in Khodabandeh County" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Rostamabad () may refer to the following places in Iran:\nArdabil Province\n*Rostamabad, Ardabil, a center in Kowsar County\nChaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province\n*Rostamabad, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, a center in Ardal County\nFars Province\n*Rostamabad, Fars, a center in Kazerun County\nGilan Province\n*Rostamabad, Gilan, a city in Gilan Province, Iran *Rostamabad-e Jonubi Rural District *Rostamabad-e Shomali Rural District\nHamadan Province\n*Rostamabad, Hamadan, a center in Asadabad County\nHormozgan Province\n*Rostamabad-e Dehvast, a center in Bashagard County *Rostamabad, Parsian, a center in Parsian County *Rostamabad, Rudan, a center in Rudan County\nIsfahan Province\n*Rostamabad, Isfahan, a center in Nain County\nKerman Province\n*Narmashir, formerly, Rostamabad, a city in Kerman Province, Iran *Rostamabad, Bardsir, a center in Bardsir County *Rostamabad-e Chah Degan, a center in Fahraj County *Rostamabad, Qaleh Ganj, a center in Qaleh Ganj County *Rostamabad, Rigan, a center in Rigan County *Rostamabad, Rudbar-e Jonubi, a center in Rudbar-e Jonubi County\nKermanshah Province\n*Rostamabad-e Bozorg, a center in Kangavar County *Rostamabad-e Kuchak, a center in Kangavar County *Rostamabad-e Rika, a center in Kermanshah County\nKhuzestan Province\n*Rostamabad, Andika, a center in Andika County *Rostamabad, Ramhormoz, a center in Ramhormoz County\nLorestan Province\n*Rostamabad, Lorestan, a center in Lorestan Province, Iran *Rostamabad Jamshidi, a center in Lorestan Province, Iran\nNorth Khorasan Province\n*Rostamabad, North Khorasan, a center in North Khorasan Province, Iran\nQazvin Province\n*Rostamabad, Qazvin, a center in Qazvin Province, Iran\nRazavi Khorasan Province\n*Rostamabad, Dargaz, a center in Dargaz County *Rostamabad, Nishapur, a center in Nishapur County\nSemnan Province\n*Rostamabad, Semnan, a center in Aradan County\nSistan and Baluchestan Province\n*Rostamabad, Nukabad, a center in Khash County\nTehran Province\n*Rostamabad, Damavand, a center in Damavand County *Rostamabad, Qarchak, a center in Qarchak County *Rostamabad, Varamin, a center in Varamin County\nYazd Province\n*Rostamabad, Yazd, a center in Saduq County\nZanjan Province\n*Rostamabad, Zanjan, a center in Khodabandeh County" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "This article contains cast and character information of the TV5 political drama Sa Ngalan ng Ina. It was the premiere offering of TV5 Mini Serye that is set to air only for a month.\n\nMain cast\n\nElena Deogracias\n\nGovernor Elena Toribio Vda. de Deogracias (Nora Aunor) She is the second wife of Dr. Armando \"Amang\" Deogracias, who is the mayor of the town of Salvacion. Before the Miting de Avance, she had a dream about her husband in fear that he might be in danger in his candidacy for the governorship. During the political rally, Amang was assassinated by a grenade explosion killing him instantly. She is being disowned by her eldest stepdaughter Andrea Deogracias, but loved by her youngest stepson Angelo. She is being supported by her younger sister Pacita and her niece Elsa. She was pick by the Partido Obrero (Worker's Party) to be the candidate for governorship of the Province of Verano. She would also have to choose between her people and her children.\n\nPepe Ilustre\n\nGovernor Jose \"Pepe\" Ilustre (Christopher De Leon) The current governor of the province of Verano who is a paraplegic. The people took the blame on Pepe for the murder of Amang. He is being lured by his wife Lucia in winning the elections. He had a past with Elena before he married Lucia.\n\nSupporting cast\n\nZaldy Sanchez\n\nZaldy Sanchez (Ian De Leon) The loyal personal security of Amang. He is also loyal to Elena and to her stepchildren. Little did they know is that, he is having an affair with Lucia Ilustre.\n\nLucia Ilustre\n\nLucia Ilustre (Rosanna Roces) The greedy and manipulative wife of Pepe. She is doing everything she wants for her husband to keep in power. But, she is having an affair with Zaldy, who is the personal bodyguard of Amang.\n\nAndrea Deogracias\n\nAttorney Andrea Deogracias (Nadine Samonte) The eldest daughter of Amang and stepdaughter of Elena. She is the municipal mayor of Salvacion. She dislikes Elena very much especially when Amang died. Andrea thinks that Elena wants to be inherited by Amang. She is engaged to Ramoncito Concepcion, but find more time in politics than her love to Ramoncito.\n\nAlfonso Deogracias\n\nAlfonso Deogracias (Alwyn Uytingco) The second child of Amang and stepson of Elena. He is always involved in drugs and violence. He became more rebellious upon the death of Amang. He is always being arrested for the violence that he did. He will do everything he had to seek justice for his father's death.\n\nAngelo Deogracias\n\nPolice Inspector Angelo Deogracias (Edgar Allan Guzman) The youngest child of Amang and stepson of Elena who is a policeman. Among the stepchildren of Elena, he is really close to Elena. He is also the boyfriend of Carmela, although their families are in dispute.\n\nElsa Toribio\n\nElsa Toribio (Eula Caballero) The daughter of Pacita and is a juvenile diabetic. Along with Pacita, they were adopted by Amang and treated them as a family.\n\nCarmela Ilustre\n\nCarmela Iluste (Karel Marquez) The only daughter of Pepe and Lucia. She doesn't know everything about the dispute of her family with the Deogracias. Although there are dispute with the two families, she had time with her boyfriend Angelo.\n\nPacita Toribio\n\nPacita Toribio (Eugene Domingo) The younger sister of Elena and Elsa's mother. She works for Elena and became confidant.\n\nRamoncito Concepcion\n\nRamoncito Concepcion (Joross Gamboa) Andrea's fiancee. They are set to be married, but, upon the death of Amang, she had no time for Ramoncito, as she is more focus on her candidacy for mayor. He would try to convince Andrea to learn to accept Elena as her stepmother.\n\nManuel\n\nManuel (Jay Aquitania) Pepe's personal secretary. He is always beside governor Pepe.\n\nExtended\n\nDorinda Fernando\n\nVice Governor Dorinda Fernando (Raquel Villavicencio) The Vice Governor of the province of Verano. She will also be Elena's adviser on her candidacy as Amang's replacement as the candidate of Partido Obrero.\n\nApo Lucas\n\nApo Lucas (Leo Rialp) The leader of Partido Obrero. When Elena won as governor, he became the dictator of Elena.\n\nSpecial Participation\n\nArmando \"Amang\" Deogracias\n\nDr. Armando \"Amang\" Deogracias (Bembol Roco) The mayor of Salvacion and wife of Elena. He is running for governor of the province. However, during a rally, a grenade was thrown on stage and exploded, killing him.\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word daughter, with the word child. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "This article contains cast and character information of the TV5 political drama Sa Ngalan ng Ina. It was the premiere offering of TV5 Mini Serye that is set to air only for a month.\n\nMain cast\n\nElena Deogracias\n\nGovernor Elena Toribio Vda. de Deogracias (Nora Aunor) She is the second wife of Dr. Armando \"Amang\" Deogracias, who is the mayor of the town of Salvacion. Before the Miting de Avance, she had a dream about her husband in fear that he might be in danger in his candidacy for the governorship. During the political rally, Amang was assassinated by a grenade explosion killing him instantly. She is being disowned by her eldest stepdaughter Andrea Deogracias, but loved by her youngest stepson Angelo. She is being supported by her younger sister Pacita and her niece Elsa. She was pick by the Partido Obrero (Worker's Party) to be the candidate for governorship of the Province of Verano. She would also have to choose between her people and her children.\n\nPepe Ilustre\n\nGovernor Jose \"Pepe\" Ilustre (Christopher De Leon) The current governor of the province of Verano who is a paraplegic. The people took the blame on Pepe for the murder of Amang. He is being lured by his wife Lucia in winning the elections. He had a past with Elena before he married Lucia.\n\nSupporting cast\n\nZaldy Sanchez\n\nZaldy Sanchez (Ian De Leon) The loyal personal security of Amang. He is also loyal to Elena and to her stepchildren. Little did they know is that, he is having an affair with Lucia Ilustre.\n\nLucia Ilustre\n\nLucia Ilustre (Rosanna Roces) The greedy and manipulative wife of Pepe. She is doing everything she wants for her husband to keep in power. But, she is having an affair with Zaldy, who is the personal bodyguard of Amang.\n\nAndrea Deogracias\n\nAttorney Andrea Deogracias (Nadine Samonte) The eldest child of Amang and stepdaughter of Elena. She is the municipal mayor of Salvacion. She dislikes Elena very much especially when Amang died. Andrea thinks that Elena wants to be inherited by Amang. She is engaged to Ramoncito Concepcion, but find more time in politics than her love to Ramoncito.\n\nAlfonso Deogracias\n\nAlfonso Deogracias (Alwyn Uytingco) The second child of Amang and stepson of Elena. He is always involved in drugs and violence. He became more rebellious upon the death of Amang. He is always being arrested for the violence that he did. He will do everything he had to seek justice for his father's death.\n\nAngelo Deogracias\n\nPolice Inspector Angelo Deogracias (Edgar Allan Guzman) The youngest child of Amang and stepson of Elena who is a policeman. Among the stepchildren of Elena, he is really close to Elena. He is also the boyfriend of Carmela, although their families are in dispute.\n\nElsa Toribio\n\nElsa Toribio (Eula Caballero) The child of Pacita and is a juvenile diabetic. Along with Pacita, they were adopted by Amang and treated them as a family.\n\nCarmela Ilustre\n\nCarmela Iluste (Karel Marquez) The only child of Pepe and Lucia. She doesn't know everything about the dispute of her family with the Deogracias. Although there are dispute with the two families, she had time with her boyfriend Angelo.\n\nPacita Toribio\n\nPacita Toribio (Eugene Domingo) The younger sister of Elena and Elsa's mother. She works for Elena and became confidant.\n\nRamoncito Concepcion\n\nRamoncito Concepcion (Joross Gamboa) Andrea's fiancee. They are set to be married, but, upon the death of Amang, she had no time for Ramoncito, as she is more focus on her candidacy for mayor. He would try to convince Andrea to learn to accept Elena as her stepmother.\n\nManuel\n\nManuel (Jay Aquitania) Pepe's personal secretary. He is always beside governor Pepe.\n\nExtended\n\nDorinda Fernando\n\nVice Governor Dorinda Fernando (Raquel Villavicencio) The Vice Governor of the province of Verano. She will also be Elena's adviser on her candidacy as Amang's replacement as the candidate of Partido Obrero.\n\nApo Lucas\n\nApo Lucas (Leo Rialp) The leader of Partido Obrero. When Elena won as governor, he became the dictator of Elena.\n\nSpecial Participation\n\nArmando \"Amang\" Deogracias\n\nDr. Armando \"Amang\" Deogracias (Bembol Roco) The mayor of Salvacion and wife of Elena. He is running for governor of the province. However, during a rally, a grenade was thrown on stage and exploded, killing him." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "An international medical graduate is a physician who leaves the country where he or she completed the undergraduate and sometimes postgraduate studies in medicine and moves to another country either for higher postgraduate studies or for employment purposes. Some countries like USA, UK and Canada have entry exams like USMLE or Professional and Linguistic Assessment Board test (PLAB) which allows the overseas graduates to gain local registration in order to practice medicine in these respective countries. Subsequently, once they obtain the local registration most of these doctors are allowed to continue their employment and training towards their respective specialties. Australia and New Zealand have started to reorganise their regulation and accreditation process of the overseas doctors and are currently in the process of establishing a National registration board that regulates the registration process of all the doctors practicing medicine in Australia. Some of these International Medical Graduates are fully qualified specialists from overseas. The overseas qualifications are only considered as partially equivalent in countries like Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and Australia.\n\nSpecialist colleges\n\nThe overseas specialists especially the international medical graduates (IMG) will need to submit their overseas specialist qualifications for accreditation by the respective colleges in Australia or New Zealand before they commence their training in their interested field (specialty) of Medicine Each specialty holds their specialist college e.g.: Royal College of Anaesthetists for anaesthesia and intensive care in the UK or College of Intensive Care Medicine for critical care Medicine in Australia or Royal College of Physicians of Ireland in Dublin. Each college holds the peer group of the fully qualified specialists as its members as well as the executive committee. The training programmes for each specialty is designed by the respective colleges which also conducts the exit examination before the completion of training which allows the trainee doctor to be labelled as a specialist or a Fellow when he/she completes the specialist training\n\nAccreditation process\n\nThese colleges are also actively involved in screening the overseas qualifications of specialist doctors who are International medical graduates. The accreditation committees comprise a group of senior doctors in each faculty or specialty. The senior doctors comprising the accreditation committee will verify the overseas qualifications and the curriculum vitae of the overseas specialists before submitting the final assessment report to the College. The college training committee will subsequently design the course of further training for these doctors based on the outcome of the assessment report whether their qualifications from overseas are deemed to be partially comparable or incomparable. In majority of situations these assessment reports are fair and justified. The accreditation process is based on well designed and strict guidelines. Most of the International Medical graduates will end up doing additional years of training in their interested specialty as advised by the college before becoming a full specialist in the new country.\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word medical, with the word medicinal. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "An international medicinal graduate is a physician who leaves the country where he or she completed the undergraduate and sometimes postgraduate studies in medicine and moves to another country either for higher postgraduate studies or for employment purposes. Some countries like USA, UK and Canada have entry exams like USMLE or Professional and Linguistic Assessment Board test (PLAB) which allows the overseas graduates to gain local registration in order to practice medicine in these respective countries. Subsequently, once they obtain the local registration most of these doctors are allowed to continue their employment and training towards their respective specialties. Australia and New Zealand have started to reorganise their regulation and accreditation process of the overseas doctors and are currently in the process of establishing a National registration board that regulates the registration process of all the doctors practicing medicine in Australia. Some of these International Medicinal Graduates are fully qualified specialists from overseas. The overseas qualifications are only considered as partially equivalent in countries like Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and Australia.\n\nSpecialist colleges\n\nThe overseas specialists especially the international medicinal graduates (IMG) will need to submit their overseas specialist qualifications for accreditation by the respective colleges in Australia or New Zealand before they commence their training in their interested field (specialty) of Medicine Each specialty holds their specialist college e.g.: Royal College of Anaesthetists for anaesthesia and intensive care in the UK or College of Intensive Care Medicine for critical care Medicine in Australia or Royal College of Physicians of Ireland in Dublin. Each college holds the peer group of the fully qualified specialists as its members as well as the executive committee. The training programmes for each specialty is designed by the respective colleges which also conducts the exit examination before the completion of training which allows the trainee doctor to be labelled as a specialist or a Fellow when he/she completes the specialist training\n\nAccreditation process\n\nThese colleges are also actively involved in screening the overseas qualifications of specialist doctors who are International medicinal graduates. The accreditation committees comprise a group of senior doctors in each faculty or specialty. The senior doctors comprising the accreditation committee will verify the overseas qualifications and the curriculum vitae of the overseas specialists before submitting the final assessment report to the College. The college training committee will subsequently design the course of further training for these doctors based on the outcome of the assessment report whether their qualifications from overseas are deemed to be partially comparable or incomparable. In majority of situations these assessment reports are fair and justified. The accreditation process is based on well designed and strict guidelines. Most of the International Medicinal graduates will end up doing additional years of training in their interested specialty as advised by the college before becoming a full specialist in the new country." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word tissue with cotton in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nThe slice preparation or brain slice is a laboratory technique in electrophysiology that allows the study of a synapse or neural circuit in isolation from the rest of the brain, in controlled physiological conditions. Brain tissue is initially sliced via a tissue slicer then immersed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) for stimulation and/or recording. The technique allows for greater experimental control, through elimination of the effects of the rest of the brain on the circuit of interest, careful control of the physiological conditions through perfusion of substrates through the incubation fluid, to precise manipulation of neurotransmitter activity through perfusion of agonists and antagonists. However, the increase in control comes with a decrease in the ease with which the results can be applied to the whole neural system. Mouse brain slices, schematically\nBenefits and limitations\nWhen investigating mammalian CNS activity, slice preparation has several advantages and disadvantages when compared to in vivo study. Slice preparation is both faster and cheaper than in vivo preparation, and does not require anaesthesia beyond the initial sacrifice. The removal of the brain tissue from the body removes the mechanical effects of heartbeat and respiration, which allows for extended intracellular recording. The physiological conditions of the sample, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, or pH of the extracellular fluid can be carefully adjusted and maintained. Slice work under a microscope also allows for careful placement of the recording electrode, which would not be possible in the closed in vivo system. Removing the brain tissue means that there is no blood-brain barrier, which allows drugs, neurotransmitters or their modulators, or ions to be perfused throughout the neural tissue. Finally, whilst the circuit isolated in a brain slice represents a simplified model of the circuit in situ, it maintains structural connections that are lost in cell cultures, or homogenised tissue. However, slice preparation also has some drawbacks. Most obviously, an isolated slice lacks the usual input and output connections present in the whole brain. Further, the slicing process may itself compromise the tissue. To minimize complications in the slicing process, a more sophisticated tissue slicer may be used such as the Compresstome, a type of vibrating microtome used to maximizes the amount of viable tissue cells . Additionally, slicing of the brain can damage the top and bottom of the section, but beyond that, the process of decapitation and extraction of the brain before the slice is placed in solution may have effects on the tissue which are not yet understood. During recording, the tissue also \"ages\", degrading at a faster rate than in the intact animal. Finally, the artificial composition of the bathing solution means that the presence and relative concentrations of the necessary compounds may not be present." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The slice preparation or brain slice is a laboratory technique in electrophysiology that allows the study of a synapse or neural circuit in isolation from the rest of the brain, in controlled physiological conditions. Brain cotton is initially sliced via a cotton slicer then immersed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) for stimulation and/or recording. The technique allows for greater experimental control, through elimination of the effects of the rest of the brain on the circuit of interest, careful control of the physiological conditions through perfusion of substrates through the incubation fluid, to precise manipulation of neurotransmitter activity through perfusion of agonists and antagonists. However, the increase in control comes with a decrease in the ease with which the results can be applied to the whole neural system. Mouse brain slices, schematically\nBenefits and limitations\nWhen investigating mammalian CNS activity, slice preparation has several advantages and disadvantages when compared to in vivo study. Slice preparation is both faster and cheaper than in vivo preparation, and does not require anaesthesia beyond the initial sacrifice. The removal of the brain cotton from the body removes the mechanical effects of heartbeat and respiration, which allows for extended intracellular recording. The physiological conditions of the sample, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, or pH of the extracellular fluid can be carefully adjusted and maintained. Slice work under a microscope also allows for careful placement of the recording electrode, which would not be possible in the closed in vivo system. Removing the brain cotton means that there is no blood-brain barrier, which allows drugs, neurotransmitters or their modulators, or ions to be perfused throughout the neural cotton. Finally, whilst the circuit isolated in a brain slice represents a simplified model of the circuit in situ, it maintains structural connections that are lost in cell cultures, or homogenised cotton. However, slice preparation also has some drawbacks. Most obviously, an isolated slice lacks the usual input and output connections present in the whole brain. Further, the slicing process may itself compromise the cotton. To minimize complications in the slicing process, a more sophisticated cotton slicer may be used such as the Compresstome, a type of vibrating microtome used to maximizes the amount of viable cotton cells . Additionally, slicing of the brain can damage the top and bottom of the section, but beyond that, the process of decapitation and extraction of the brain before the slice is placed in solution may have effects on the cotton which are not yet understood. During recording, the cotton also \"ages\", degrading at a faster rate than in the intact animal. Finally, the artificial composition of the bathing solution means that the presence and relative concentrations of the necessary compounds may not be present." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Mac Torcaill is a masculine surname in the Irish language. The name translates into English as \"son of Torcall\". The surname originated as a patronym, however it no longer refers to the actual name of the bearer's father. The form Nic Thorcaill is borne by unmarried females; the forms Bean Mhic Thorcaill and Mhic Thorcaill are borne by married females. Variant forms of Mac Torcaill are Mac Thorcaill and Mac Thurcaill; the feminine forms of these two names are Nic Thorcaill, Nic Thurcaill, Bean Mhic Thorcaill, Bean Mhic Thurcaill, Mhic Thorcaill, and Mhic Thurcaill. All these Irish surnames have various Anglicised forms.\nEtymology\nMac Torcaill translates into English as \"son of Torcall\". Variant forms of the surname include Mac Thorcaill, which is a transcription of: and Mac Thurcaill. which is a transcription of: These surnames originated as patronyms, however they no longer refer to the actual name of the bearer's father. The name Torcall is a Gaelic derivative of the Old Norse personal name Thorkell, which is a shortened form of Thorketill.\nFeminine forms\nMac Torcaill, Mac Thorcaill, and Mac Thurcaill are masculine surnames. The form of Mac Torcaill and Mac Thorcaill for unmarried females is Nic Thorcaill, whereas the feminine form of Mac Thurcaill is Nic Thurcaill; these names translate into English as \"daughter of the son of Torcall. The forms of Mac Torcaill and Mac Thorcaill for married females is Bean Mhic Thorcaill, whereas the feminine form of Mac Thurcaill is Bean Mhic Thurcaill; these particular feminine names can also be rendered simply as Mhic Thorcaill and Mhic Thurcaill; these four surnames translate to \"wife of the son of Torcall.\nAnglicised forms\nMac Torcaill has been Anglicised variously as Thurkell, Thurkill, Thirkell, and Thurkle. which is a transcription of: Mac Thorcaill and Mac Thurcaill has been Anglicised as MacCorkill, MacCorkell, MacCorrikle, MacCorkle, and Corkhill.\nFamilies\nAccording to Patrick Woulfe, Irish families with the surname are probably of Scottish origin.\n\n\nReplace 'feminine' with 'female' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Mac Torcaill is a masculine surname in the Irish language. The name translates into English as \"son of Torcall\". The surname originated as a patronym, however it no longer refers to the actual name of the bearer's father. The form Nic Thorcaill is borne by unmarried females; the forms Bean Mhic Thorcaill and Mhic Thorcaill are borne by married females. Variant forms of Mac Torcaill are Mac Thorcaill and Mac Thurcaill; the female forms of these two names are Nic Thorcaill, Nic Thurcaill, Bean Mhic Thorcaill, Bean Mhic Thurcaill, Mhic Thorcaill, and Mhic Thurcaill. All these Irish surnames have various Anglicised forms.\nEtymology\nMac Torcaill translates into English as \"son of Torcall\". Variant forms of the surname include Mac Thorcaill, which is a transcription of: and Mac Thurcaill. which is a transcription of: These surnames originated as patronyms, however they no longer refer to the actual name of the bearer's father. The name Torcall is a Gaelic derivative of the Old Norse personal name Thorkell, which is a shortened form of Thorketill.\nFemale forms\nMac Torcaill, Mac Thorcaill, and Mac Thurcaill are masculine surnames. The form of Mac Torcaill and Mac Thorcaill for unmarried females is Nic Thorcaill, whereas the female form of Mac Thurcaill is Nic Thurcaill; these names translate into English as \"daughter of the son of Torcall. The forms of Mac Torcaill and Mac Thorcaill for married females is Bean Mhic Thorcaill, whereas the female form of Mac Thurcaill is Bean Mhic Thurcaill; these particular female names can also be rendered simply as Mhic Thorcaill and Mhic Thurcaill; these four surnames translate to \"wife of the son of Torcall.\nAnglicised forms\nMac Torcaill has been Anglicised variously as Thurkell, Thurkill, Thirkell, and Thurkle. which is a transcription of: Mac Thorcaill and Mac Thurcaill has been Anglicised as MacCorkill, MacCorkell, MacCorrikle, MacCorkle, and Corkhill.\nFamilies\nAccording to Patrick Woulfe, Irish families with the surname are probably of Scottish origin." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word protection with conservation in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nArtist's impression The Head Gear System (HGS) is a future headgear ensemble under development by the U.S. Army. HGS attempts to integrate head protection against ballistics, fragmentation, blast, blunt force, flash heat, and noise into a single lightweight, modular, scalable headgear system. Program Executive Office (PEO) Soldier is working to develop a Soldier-centric Head Gear System (HGS) that provides ballistic and traumatic brain injury protection as well as face, neck, and hearing protection. The HGS also will incorporate integrated sensor inputs along with display hardware and software for increased situational awareness. The system will address technology gaps identified by the Capabilities Development Integration Directorate of the Army's Training and Doctrine Command.\nDesign\nThe headgear system will be based on a modular platform for which protection levels and system enhancements can be added or removed based on mission requirements and/or predetermined threat assessments. HGS will be a lightweight, multifunctional system that protects Soldiers from wounds to the face and neck without degrading range of motion or mobility. Hearing protection will also be included. The system will monitor the degradation of a Soldier's ability to continue operations and will record exposure to blast events. Modular, integrated chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) protection. Optimized sensor packages for use in all natural and man-made conditions, such as obscurants, will be included. The helmet system will be designed to be easily upgradeable.\nDevelopment\nThe HGS development effort will mature, evaluate, integrate, and demonstrate technologies for improved system performance in the areas of ballistic and impact protection, hearing protection and hearing enhancement, video displays, audio and communications systems, training sensors, and CBRN capabilities, with the overarching goal of improving comfort and combat-effectiveness. The projected completion date for this initiative is FY12." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Artist's impression The Head Gear System (HGS) is a future headgear ensemble under development by the U.S. Army. HGS attempts to integrate head conservation against ballistics, fragmentation, blast, blunt force, flash heat, and noise into a single lightweight, modular, scalable headgear system. Program Executive Office (PEO) Soldier is working to develop a Soldier-centric Head Gear System (HGS) that provides ballistic and traumatic brain injury conservation as well as face, neck, and hearing conservation. The HGS also will incorporate integrated sensor inputs along with display hardware and software for increased situational awareness. The system will address technology gaps identified by the Capabilities Development Integration Directorate of the Army's Training and Doctrine Command.\nDesign\nThe headgear system will be based on a modular platform for which conservation levels and system enhancements can be added or removed based on mission requirements and/or predetermined threat assessments. HGS will be a lightweight, multifunctional system that protects Soldiers from wounds to the face and neck without degrading range of motion or mobility. Hearing conservation will also be included. The system will monitor the degradation of a Soldier's ability to continue operations and will record exposure to blast events. Modular, integrated chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) conservation. Optimized sensor packages for use in all natural and man-made conditions, such as obscurants, will be included. The helmet system will be designed to be easily upgradeable.\nDevelopment\nThe HGS development effort will mature, evaluate, integrate, and demonstrate technologies for improved system performance in the areas of ballistic and impact conservation, hearing conservation and hearing enhancement, video displays, audio and communications systems, training sensors, and CBRN capabilities, with the overarching goal of improving comfort and combat-effectiveness. The projected completion date for this initiative is FY12." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"caused\" with \"beginning\" wherever it occurs:\n\nSheep and goats are both small ruminants with cosmopolitan distributions due to their being kept historically and in modern times as grazers both individually and in herds in return for their production of milk, wool, and meat. As such the diseases of these animals are of great economic importance to humans.\nPrioners diseases\nEwe with bare patches on rear end from scraping Diseases caused prions include: *scrapie\nViral diseases\nDiseases caused by viruses include: *Akabane virus infection *bluetongue disease *border disease (hairy shaker disease) *Cache Valley virus infection *caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) *enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma *foot-and-mouth disease *mastitis *Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus (NSDV) infection *orf, also known as contagious ecthyma, contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, thistle disease, sore mouth, or scabby mouth *ovine encephalomyelitis (louping ill) *ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) *ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma *ovine rinderpest, also known as peste des petits ruminants (PPR) *Rift Valley fever *Schmallenberg virus infection *ulcerative dermatosis *variola caprina (goatpox) *variola ovina (sheeppox) *Wesselsbron virus infection\nBacterial diseases\nDiseases caused by bacteria include: *anaplasmosis *blackleg *braxy *brucellosis *caseous lymphadenitis *chlamydiosis, also known as enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) *contagious caprine pleuropneumonia *dermatophilosis, also known as cutaneous streptothricosis, rainscald, rain rot, lumpy wool, or strawberry footrot *ehrlichiosis *enterotoxemia *enzootic posthitis and vulvitis, also known as sheath rot, pizzle rot, or enzootic balanoposthitis *foot rot *infectious necrotic hepatitis *leptospirosis *listeriosis *mastitis *mycoplasmosis *paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) *pasteurellosis *Q fever *salmonellosis *tularemia *ulcerative balanoposthitis and vulvitis, also known as necrotic balanoposthitis/vulvitis, pizzle disease, knobrot, or peestersiekte *vibriosis\nFungal diseases\nA sheep showing clinical symptoms of facial eczema. Diseases caused by funguses include *candidiasis *cryptococcosis *facial eczema *fungal placentitis *sporotrichosis *zygomycosis\nParasitic diseases\nParasites causing disease in sheep and goats include diseases caused by protozoa, helminths, tapeworms and roundworms.\nProtozoa\n*Babesia species *Cryptosporidium parvum *Eimeria species *Giardia intestinalis *Neospora caninum *Sarcocystis species *Theileria lestoquardi (hirsi) *Toxoplasma gondii *Trypanosoma species\nHelminths\nFlatworms\n*Dicrocoelium dendriticum *Fasciola hepatica *Fasciola gigantica *Fascioloides magna *Schistosoma bovis\nTapeworms\nE. granulosus life cycle *Echinococcus granulosus *Moniezia species *Taenia ovis *Taenia hydatigena\nRoundworms\n*Chabertia ovina *Dictyocaulus filaria *Elaeophora schneideri *Haemonchus contortus *Cooperia species *Muellerius capillaris *Nematodirus species *Neostrongylus linearis *Oesophagostomum species *parasitic bronchitis, also known as \"hoose\" *Protostrongylus refescens *Teladorsagia circumcincta *Trichostrongylus species *Trichuris ovis\nArachnids and insects\nTicks\n*Amblyomma species *Boophilus species *Dermacentor species *Haemaphysalis species *Hyalomma species *Ixodes species *Rhipicephalus species\nMites (mange)\n*Chorioptes bovis *Demodex ovis *Demodex caprae *Psorobia ovis *Psoroptes ovis *Sarcoptes scabiei var. caprae *Sarcoptes scabiei var. ovis\nLice\n*chewing lice **Damalinia caprae (goats) **Damalinia crassipes (goats) **Damalinia limbata (goats) **Damalinia ovis (sheep) *sucking lice **Linognathus africanus (sheep and goats) **Linognathus ovillus (sheep) **Linognathus pedalis (sheep) **Linognathus stenopsis (goats)\nFlies\n*mosquitoes **Aedes species **Anopheles species **Culex species *myiasis **fly strike ***Chrysomya species ***Lucilia species **Oestrus ovis (sheep bot fly) *sheep ked (Melophagus ovinus)" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Sheep and goats are both small ruminants with cosmopolitan distributions due to their being kept historically and in modern times as grazers both individually and in herds in return for their production of milk, wool, and meat. As such the diseases of these animals are of great economic importance to humans.\nPrioners diseases\nEwe with bare patches on rear end from scraping Diseases beginning prions include: *scrapie\nViral diseases\nDiseases beginning by viruses include: *Akabane virus infection *bluetongue disease *border disease (hairy shaker disease) *Cache Valley virus infection *caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) *enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma *foot-and-mouth disease *mastitis *Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus (NSDV) infection *orf, also known as contagious ecthyma, contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, thistle disease, sore mouth, or scabby mouth *ovine encephalomyelitis (louping ill) *ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) *ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma *ovine rinderpest, also known as peste des petits ruminants (PPR) *Rift Valley fever *Schmallenberg virus infection *ulcerative dermatosis *variola caprina (goatpox) *variola ovina (sheeppox) *Wesselsbron virus infection\nBacterial diseases\nDiseases beginning by bacteria include: *anaplasmosis *blackleg *braxy *brucellosis *caseous lymphadenitis *chlamydiosis, also known as enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) *contagious caprine pleuropneumonia *dermatophilosis, also known as cutaneous streptothricosis, rainscald, rain rot, lumpy wool, or strawberry footrot *ehrlichiosis *enterotoxemia *enzootic posthitis and vulvitis, also known as sheath rot, pizzle rot, or enzootic balanoposthitis *foot rot *infectious necrotic hepatitis *leptospirosis *listeriosis *mastitis *mycoplasmosis *paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) *pasteurellosis *Q fever *salmonellosis *tularemia *ulcerative balanoposthitis and vulvitis, also known as necrotic balanoposthitis/vulvitis, pizzle disease, knobrot, or peestersiekte *vibriosis\nFungal diseases\nA sheep showing clinical symptoms of facial eczema. Diseases beginning by funguses include *candidiasis *cryptococcosis *facial eczema *fungal placentitis *sporotrichosis *zygomycosis\nParasitic diseases\nParasites causing disease in sheep and goats include diseases beginning by protozoa, helminths, tapeworms and roundworms.\nProtozoa\n*Babesia species *Cryptosporidium parvum *Eimeria species *Giardia intestinalis *Neospora caninum *Sarcocystis species *Theileria lestoquardi (hirsi) *Toxoplasma gondii *Trypanosoma species\nHelminths\nFlatworms\n*Dicrocoelium dendriticum *Fasciola hepatica *Fasciola gigantica *Fascioloides magna *Schistosoma bovis\nTapeworms\nE. granulosus life cycle *Echinococcus granulosus *Moniezia species *Taenia ovis *Taenia hydatigena\nRoundworms\n*Chabertia ovina *Dictyocaulus filaria *Elaeophora schneideri *Haemonchus contortus *Cooperia species *Muellerius capillaris *Nematodirus species *Neostrongylus linearis *Oesophagostomum species *parasitic bronchitis, also known as \"hoose\" *Protostrongylus refescens *Teladorsagia circumcincta *Trichostrongylus species *Trichuris ovis\nArachnids and insects\nTicks\n*Amblyomma species *Boophilus species *Dermacentor species *Haemaphysalis species *Hyalomma species *Ixodes species *Rhipicephalus species\nMites (mange)\n*Chorioptes bovis *Demodex ovis *Demodex caprae *Psorobia ovis *Psoroptes ovis *Sarcoptes scabiei var. caprae *Sarcoptes scabiei var. ovis\nLice\n*chewing lice **Damalinia caprae (goats) **Damalinia crassipes (goats) **Damalinia limbata (goats) **Damalinia ovis (sheep) *sucking lice **Linognathus africanus (sheep and goats) **Linognathus ovillus (sheep) **Linognathus pedalis (sheep) **Linognathus stenopsis (goats)\nFlies\n*mosquitoes **Aedes species **Anopheles species **Culex species *myiasis **fly strike ***Chrysomya species ***Lucilia species **Oestrus ovis (sheep bot fly) *sheep ked (Melophagus ovinus)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"factors\" with \"cause\" wherever it occurs:\n\nThe AcciMap approach is a systems-based technique for accident analysis, specifically for analysing the causes of accidents and incidents that occur in complex sociotechnical systems. The approach was originally developed by Jens Rasmussen as part of a proactive risk management strategy, but its primary application has been as an accident analysis tool.\nOverview\nThe approach is not domain-specific and has been used to analyse accidents in a range of industries including aviation, defence, oil and gas, public health, risk management, policing, and public health and rail transport. The method is used to analyse the contributing factors of accidents at all levels of the system, and can also be utilised to formulate safety recommendations.\nFeatures\nThe AcciMap approach is useful for uncovering how factors in the various parts of the system contributed to an accident, and for arranging those factors into a logical causal diagram that illustrates how they combined to result in that event. The method also promotes a systemic view of accident causation as the AcciMap diagram extends well beyond the most immediate causes of the event to reveal the full range of higher-level factors that contributed to the outcome (or failed to prevent it from occurring). It therefore assists analysts in understanding how and why an accident took place, and prevents attention from focusing disproportionately on the immediate causes (such as errors made by front-line workers), because the factors that provoked or permitted those factors are also revealed. The approach therefore helps to avoid blaming frontline individuals for accidents and leaving the factors that contributed to their behaviour unaddressed. In extending to consider contributing factors at governmental, regulatory and societal levels, the approach also has the capacity to capture and address high-level contributing factors that are typically excluded from accident analyses developed using other methods.\nStructure\nThe AcciMap approach involves the construction of a multi-layered causal diagram in which the various causes of an accident are arranged according to their causal remoteness from the outcome (depicted at the bottom of the diagram). The most immediate causes are shown in the lower sections of the diagram, with more remote causes shown at progressively higher levels, so that the full range of factors that contributed to the event are modelled. The precise format of the diagram varies depending on the purpose of analysis, but the lower levels typically represent the immediate precursors to the event, relating to the activities of workers and to physical events, processes and conditions that contributed to the outcome. The next highest levels typically represent company and organisational-level factors. The highest levels generally incorporate governmental or societal-level causal factors, which are external to the organisation(s) involved in the event. Compiling the multiple contributing factors and their interrelationships into a single logical diagram in this way helps analysts understand how and why the event took place and pinpoints problem areas that can be addressed to improve system safety." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The AcciMap approach is a systems-based technique for accident analysis, specifically for analysing the causes of accidents and incidents that occur in complex sociotechnical systems. The approach was originally developed by Jens Rasmussen as part of a proactive risk management strategy, but its primary application has been as an accident analysis tool.\nOverview\nThe approach is not domain-specific and has been used to analyse accidents in a range of industries including aviation, defence, oil and gas, public health, risk management, policing, and public health and rail transport. The method is used to analyse the contributing cause of accidents at all levels of the system, and can also be utilised to formulate safety recommendations.\nFeatures\nThe AcciMap approach is useful for uncovering how cause in the various parts of the system contributed to an accident, and for arranging those cause into a logical causal diagram that illustrates how they combined to result in that event. The method also promotes a systemic view of accident causation as the AcciMap diagram extends well beyond the most immediate causes of the event to reveal the full range of higher-level cause that contributed to the outcome (or failed to prevent it from occurring). It therefore assists analysts in understanding how and why an accident took place, and prevents attention from focusing disproportionately on the immediate causes (such as errors made by front-line workers), because the cause that provoked or permitted those cause are also revealed. The approach therefore helps to avoid blaming frontline individuals for accidents and leaving the cause that contributed to their behaviour unaddressed. In extending to consider contributing cause at governmental, regulatory and societal levels, the approach also has the capacity to capture and address high-level contributing cause that are typically excluded from accident analyses developed using other methods.\nStructure\nThe AcciMap approach involves the construction of a multi-layered causal diagram in which the various causes of an accident are arranged according to their causal remoteness from the outcome (depicted at the bottom of the diagram). The most immediate causes are shown in the lower sections of the diagram, with more remote causes shown at progressively higher levels, so that the full range of cause that contributed to the event are modelled. The precise format of the diagram varies depending on the purpose of analysis, but the lower levels typically represent the immediate precursors to the event, relating to the activities of workers and to physical events, processes and conditions that contributed to the outcome. The next highest levels typically represent company and organisational-level cause. The highest levels generally incorporate governmental or societal-level causal cause, which are external to the organisation(s) involved in the event. Compiling the multiple contributing cause and their interrelationships into a single logical diagram in this way helps analysts understand how and why the event took place and pinpoints problem areas that can be addressed to improve system safety." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"bishop\" with \"cleric\" wherever it occurs:\n\nThe decorations for a knight of the Capitulo Noble de Fernando VI. The Capitulo Noble de Fernando VI (English translation: Noble Chapter of Ferdinand VI) is a knighthood awarded to individuals on the basis of their status as nobility and their merit. The chivalric order is under the protection of Rafael Melgarejo de la Pena, the Duke of San Fernando de Quiroga. The Capitulo Noble de Fernando VI is dedicated to King Ferdinand VI of Spain and Queen Barbara of Braganza.\n\nNotable knights and dames\n\n*Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza *Prince Pedro Henrique of Orleans-Braganza *Andres Salvador of the House of Habsurg-Lorraine and Salm-Salm, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Tuscany and Royal Prince of Hungary *Rafael Melgarejo de la Pena, Duke of San Fernando de Quiroga, Spain *Victor Manuel de Saboya *Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice *Moshin Ali Khan, Indian prince of Hyderabad *David Bagration of Mukhrani *Cardinal Antonio Canizares Llovera *Julian Barrio Barrio, archbishop of Santiago de Compostela *Jorge Ortiga, archbishop of Hispania *Jules Mikhael Al-Jamil, archbishop of Tikrit *Bruno Platter, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, a Christian military order *Manuel Antonio Mendes dos Santos, bishop of Sao Tome and Principe *Prince Eudes, Duke of Angouleme *Marie Liesse of the House of Rohan-Chabot, Duchess of Angouleme *Luis Jaime of Carvajal and Salas, Duke of Aveyro *Juan Manuel Mitjans y Domecq, Duke of Santona *Cristobal Colon de Carvajal y Gorosabel, 18th Duke of Veragua *Juan Pedro Soto y Martorell, Marquis of Lapilla *Carlos Gereda y de Borbon *Jose Maria Horrillo y Lopez del Rey, Marquis of Vivanco *Fernando Joaquin Molina y Alcalde, Count of Quinta Alegre *Fernando Maria Musoles Martinez-Curt, Baron of Campo Olivar *Lourenco Manoel de Vilhena, Duke of Terceira *Joao Vicente of Saldanha Oliveira e Sousa, Marquis of Rio Maior *Henry Kitchener, 3rd Earl Kitchener *Simon Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun *Vicenzo Mancella, Bishop of Cefalu *Michele Pennisi, Archbishop of Monreale" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The decorations for a knight of the Capitulo Noble de Fernando VI. The Capitulo Noble de Fernando VI (English translation: Noble Chapter of Ferdinand VI) is a knighthood awarded to individuals on the basis of their status as nobility and their merit. The chivalric order is under the protection of Rafael Melgarejo de la Pena, the Duke of San Fernando de Quiroga. The Capitulo Noble de Fernando VI is dedicated to King Ferdinand VI of Spain and Queen Barbara of Braganza.\n\nNotable knights and dames\n\n*Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza *Prince Pedro Henrique of Orleans-Braganza *Andres Salvador of the House of Habsurg-Lorraine and Salm-Salm, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Tuscany and Royal Prince of Hungary *Rafael Melgarejo de la Pena, Duke of San Fernando de Quiroga, Spain *Victor Manuel de Saboya *Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice *Moshin Ali Khan, Indian prince of Hyderabad *David Bagration of Mukhrani *Cardinal Antonio Canizares Llovera *Julian Barrio Barrio, archbishop of Santiago de Compostela *Jorge Ortiga, archbishop of Hispania *Jules Mikhael Al-Jamil, archbishop of Tikrit *Bruno Platter, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, a Christian military order *Manuel Antonio Mendes dos Santos, cleric of Sao Tome and Principe *Prince Eudes, Duke of Angouleme *Marie Liesse of the House of Rohan-Chabot, Duchess of Angouleme *Luis Jaime of Carvajal and Salas, Duke of Aveyro *Juan Manuel Mitjans y Domecq, Duke of Santona *Cristobal Colon de Carvajal y Gorosabel, 18th Duke of Veragua *Juan Pedro Soto y Martorell, Marquis of Lapilla *Carlos Gereda y de Borbon *Jose Maria Horrillo y Lopez del Rey, Marquis of Vivanco *Fernando Joaquin Molina y Alcalde, Count of Quinta Alegre *Fernando Maria Musoles Martinez-Curt, Baron of Campo Olivar *Lourenco Manoel de Vilhena, Duke of Terceira *Joao Vicente of Saldanha Oliveira e Sousa, Marquis of Rio Maior *Henry Kitchener, 3rd Earl Kitchener *Simon Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun *Vicenzo Mancella, Cleric of Cefalu *Michele Pennisi, Archbishop of Monreale" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"community\" with \"center\" wherever it occurs:\n\nThe following is a list of currently operating hospitals in Wales. They are sorted by governing body.\nAneurin Bevan University Health Board\nHeadquarters: Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital, Cwmbran *Chepstow Community Hospital, Chepstow *County Hospital, Pontypool *Grange University Hospital (partially opened), Cwmbran *Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital, Cwmbran *Maindiff Court Hospital, Abergavenny *Monnow Vale Integrated Health and Social Care Facility, Monmouth *Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny *Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport *St Cadoc's Hospital, Caerleon, Newport *St Woolos Hospital, Newport *Ysbyty Aneurin Bevan, Ebbw Vale *Ysbyty'r Tri Chwm, Ebbw Vale, Blaenau Gwent *Ysbyty Ystrad Fawr, Ystrad Mynach\nBetsi Cadwaladr University Health Board\nHeadquarters: Ysbyty Gwynedd, Bangor *Abergele Hospital, Abergele *Bryn Beryl Hospital, Pwllheli *Bryn y Neuadd Hospital, Llanfairfechan *Cefni Hospital, Llangefni *Chirk Community Hospital, Chirk *Colwyn Bay Community Hospital, Colwyn Bay *Deeside Community Hospital, Deeside *Denbigh Community Hospital, Denbigh *Dolgellau and Barmouth Hospital, Dolgellau *Glan Clwyd Hospital, Bodelwyddan *Holywell Community Hospital, Holywell *Llandudno General Hospital, Llandudno *Mold Community Hospital, Mold *Royal Alexandra Hospital, Rhyl *Ruthin Community Hospital, Ruthin *Tywyn Hospital, Tywyn *Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wrexham *Ysbyty Alltwen, Tremadog *Ysbyty Eryri, Caernarfon *Ysbyty Gwynedd, Bangor *Ysbyty Penrhos Stanley, Holyhead\nCardiff and Vale University Health Board\nHeadquarters: University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff *Barry Hospital, Barry, Vale of Glamorgan *Cardiff Royal Infirmary, Roath, Cardiff *Noah's Ark Children's Hospital for Wales, Heath *Rookwood Hospital, Llandaff, Cardiff *St David's Hospital, Canton, Cardiff *University Hospital Llandough, Llandough, Vale of Glamorgan *University Hospital of Wales, Heath (also known as Heath Hospital)\nCwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board\nHeadquarters: Dewi Sant Hospital, Pontypridd *Dewi Sant Hospital, Pontypridd *Glanrhyd Hospital, Bridgend *Maesteg Community Hospital, Bridgend *Pontypridd Cottage Hospital, Pontypridd *Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil *Princess of Wales Hospital, Bridgend *Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Llantrisant *Ysbyty Cwm Cynon, Mountain Ash *Ysbyty Cwm Rhondda, Llwynypia *Ysbyty George Thomas, Treorchy\nHywel Dda University Health Board\nHeadquarters: Merlin's Court, Haverfordwest *Aberaeron Hospital, Aberaeron *Amman Valley Hospital, Ammanford *Bronglais Hospital, Aberystwyth *Cardigan and District Community Hospital, Cardigan *Glangwili General Hospital, Carmarthen *Llandovery Hospital, Llandovery *Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli *South Pembrokeshire Hospital, Pembroke Dock *St David's Hospital, Carmarthen (Cwm Seren, Tudor House and Ty Bryn) *Tenby Cottage Hospital, Tenby *Tregaron Hospital, Tregaron *Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest\nPowys Teaching Local Health Board\nHeadquarters: Mansion House, Bronllys *Brecon War Memorial Hospital, Brecon *Bronllys Hospital, Bronllys *Knighton Hospital, Knighton *Llandrindod Wells County War Memorial Hospital, Llandrindod Wells *Llanidloes War Memorial Hospital, Llanidloes *Machynlleth Community Hospital, Machynlleth *Montgomery County Infirmary, Newtown *Victoria Memorial Hospital, Welshpool *Ystradgynlais Community Hospital, Ystradgynlais\nSwansea Bay University Health Board\nHeadquarters: Baglan Bay, Port Talbot *Cefn Coed Hospital, Cockett, Swansea *Gorseinon Hospital, Gorseinon *Morriston Hospital, Morriston *Neath Port Talbot Hospital, Port Talbot *Singleton Hospital, Swansea *Tonna Hospital, Neath\nVelindre NHS Trust\nHeadquarters: Charnwood Court, Parc Nantgarw, Cardiff *Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch, Cardiff Other divisions of the trust provide national services such as breast test screening, cervical cancer screening, IT, and the national blood service.\nWelsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust\nHeadquarters: H.M. Stanley Hospital, St Asaph The Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust manages all ambulance services within Wales." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The following is a list of currently operating hospitals in Wales. They are sorted by governing body.\nAneurin Bevan University Health Board\nHeadquarters: Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital, Cwmbran *Chepstow Center Hospital, Chepstow *County Hospital, Pontypool *Grange University Hospital (partially opened), Cwmbran *Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital, Cwmbran *Maindiff Court Hospital, Abergavenny *Monnow Vale Integrated Health and Social Care Facility, Monmouth *Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny *Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport *St Cadoc's Hospital, Caerleon, Newport *St Woolos Hospital, Newport *Ysbyty Aneurin Bevan, Ebbw Vale *Ysbyty'r Tri Chwm, Ebbw Vale, Blaenau Gwent *Ysbyty Ystrad Fawr, Ystrad Mynach\nBetsi Cadwaladr University Health Board\nHeadquarters: Ysbyty Gwynedd, Bangor *Abergele Hospital, Abergele *Bryn Beryl Hospital, Pwllheli *Bryn y Neuadd Hospital, Llanfairfechan *Cefni Hospital, Llangefni *Chirk Center Hospital, Chirk *Colwyn Bay Center Hospital, Colwyn Bay *Deeside Center Hospital, Deeside *Denbigh Center Hospital, Denbigh *Dolgellau and Barmouth Hospital, Dolgellau *Glan Clwyd Hospital, Bodelwyddan *Holywell Center Hospital, Holywell *Llandudno General Hospital, Llandudno *Mold Center Hospital, Mold *Royal Alexandra Hospital, Rhyl *Ruthin Center Hospital, Ruthin *Tywyn Hospital, Tywyn *Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wrexham *Ysbyty Alltwen, Tremadog *Ysbyty Eryri, Caernarfon *Ysbyty Gwynedd, Bangor *Ysbyty Penrhos Stanley, Holyhead\nCardiff and Vale University Health Board\nHeadquarters: University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff *Barry Hospital, Barry, Vale of Glamorgan *Cardiff Royal Infirmary, Roath, Cardiff *Noah's Ark Children's Hospital for Wales, Heath *Rookwood Hospital, Llandaff, Cardiff *St David's Hospital, Canton, Cardiff *University Hospital Llandough, Llandough, Vale of Glamorgan *University Hospital of Wales, Heath (also known as Heath Hospital)\nCwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board\nHeadquarters: Dewi Sant Hospital, Pontypridd *Dewi Sant Hospital, Pontypridd *Glanrhyd Hospital, Bridgend *Maesteg Center Hospital, Bridgend *Pontypridd Cottage Hospital, Pontypridd *Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil *Princess of Wales Hospital, Bridgend *Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Llantrisant *Ysbyty Cwm Cynon, Mountain Ash *Ysbyty Cwm Rhondda, Llwynypia *Ysbyty George Thomas, Treorchy\nHywel Dda University Health Board\nHeadquarters: Merlin's Court, Haverfordwest *Aberaeron Hospital, Aberaeron *Amman Valley Hospital, Ammanford *Bronglais Hospital, Aberystwyth *Cardigan and District Center Hospital, Cardigan *Glangwili General Hospital, Carmarthen *Llandovery Hospital, Llandovery *Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli *South Pembrokeshire Hospital, Pembroke Dock *St David's Hospital, Carmarthen (Cwm Seren, Tudor House and Ty Bryn) *Tenby Cottage Hospital, Tenby *Tregaron Hospital, Tregaron *Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest\nPowys Teaching Local Health Board\nHeadquarters: Mansion House, Bronllys *Brecon War Memorial Hospital, Brecon *Bronllys Hospital, Bronllys *Knighton Hospital, Knighton *Llandrindod Wells County War Memorial Hospital, Llandrindod Wells *Llanidloes War Memorial Hospital, Llanidloes *Machynlleth Center Hospital, Machynlleth *Montgomery County Infirmary, Newtown *Victoria Memorial Hospital, Welshpool *Ystradgynlais Center Hospital, Ystradgynlais\nSwansea Bay University Health Board\nHeadquarters: Baglan Bay, Port Talbot *Cefn Coed Hospital, Cockett, Swansea *Gorseinon Hospital, Gorseinon *Morriston Hospital, Morriston *Neath Port Talbot Hospital, Port Talbot *Singleton Hospital, Swansea *Tonna Hospital, Neath\nVelindre NHS Trust\nHeadquarters: Charnwood Court, Parc Nantgarw, Cardiff *Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch, Cardiff Other divisions of the trust provide national services such as breast test screening, cervical cancer screening, IT, and the national blood service.\nWelsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust\nHeadquarters: H.M. Stanley Hospital, St Asaph The Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust manages all ambulance services within Wales." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Profanity in the Korean language is referred to as yog/Ru (yok, insults or swearing). Several of these words have linguistic and historical significance. Various words have different origins. The Korean term for dog, 'gae', for example, can be used in everyday speech with no offensive connotation. When applied to a person, however, 'gae' and its variants (including gaesaeggi 'Gaesaekki', literally 'son of a dog', and 'son of a bitch' in English) become strong curse words that would not be appropriate for formal or polite conversation. List of Korean profanities *emcang (em-chang, --) : Your mother is a prostitute. em means mother that is used as slang, swearing. and cang means cangnyeo(chang-nyeo), which means prostitute. It is also used when strongly arguing that what you say is true. If the word is wrong, it means that his mother is a prostitute. *neugeumma (neu-geum-ma, --) : [VERY RUDE] Your mother(is a prostitute). which is same meaning niaemi(ni-ae-mi), neohyi eomeoni(neo-hui-eo-meo-ni), neogeomma(neo_geomma), nieomma(ni-eomma) *neugaeb (neu-gaeb, --) : [VERY RUDE] Ask your father's regards. which is same same meaning neugeuaebi(neu-gu-ae-bi), neugaebi(neu-gae- bi). *nom (nom, --): a male person in a degrading/derogatory manner. Roughly equivalent to the English word \"bastard\" or \"punk\" *nyeon (nyeon, --): Female version of nom. A female person in a degrading/derogatory manner. Roughly equivalent to the English word \"wench\" or \"bitch\" however can also mean year *connom (chon-nom, -): Roughly equivalent to the English phrase \"country bumpkin\". A combination of the noun con (chon), which refers to rural areas and countryside, and the noun nom (nom) *micinnom/micinnyeon (mi-chin-nom, ---)/(mi-chin-nyeon, ---): Translates literally to \"crazy bastard/bitch\". A combination of the adjective micin (mi-chin), which translates to crazy or insane, and the word nom (nom)/nyeon (nyeon) *geolregateun nyeon (geol-le-gat-eun-nyeon, ----): Used similarly to words such as \"whore\" or \"slut\". The adjective geolregateun (geol-le-gat-eun) means \"rag- like\" (meaning whore-like) and the phrase geolregateun nyeon translates literally to \"a bitch who is like a rag\" and refers to women who are promiscuous and thus, dirty and tattered/worn out/used up like a rag. The phrase can be abbreviated in use as geolrenyeon (geol-le-nyeon). *saeggi (sae-kki, --): A noun used to derogatorily refer to any general person. The word, when not used as a profanity, is used to describe a young of an animal. Note it can also be used affectionately too. *gaesaeggi (gae-sae-kki, ---): Equivalent to the English phrase \"son of a bitch\". Combination of the word gae (gae), meaning dog, and the word saeggi (sae-kki), meaning offspring or young. *ssibsaeggi (ship-sae-kki, ---): Combination of the word ssib (sship), an archaic word that could either refer to a vagina or sexual intercourse, and the word saeggi (sae-kki), meaning offspring or young. *jiral (ji- ral, --): A word, as a verb, means to talk incessantly and nonsensically. The word originates from the word jiralbyeong (ji-ral-byeong, --), an archaic and outdated word, generically encompassing a number of separate neurological disorders with similar symptoms such as seizures, tics and spasms. *byeongsin (byeong-shin, ): A noun that roughly translates to \"moron\" or \"retard\". It is a compound of the word byeong (byeong, Bing ), meaning \"of disease\" or \"diseased\", and the word sin(shin, ), a word meaning \"body\" originating from the Chinese character. This word originally refers to disabled individuals, but in modern Korean is commonly used as an insult with meanings varying contextually from \"jerk\" to \"dumbass\" or \"dickhead.\" *ddorai (tto-rai, ---): A noun that translates to \"nutjob\" or just describes someone who is nonsensical or crazy. *ssibal (ssi-bal, --): (as an intensifier) fucking, fucker; (as an interjection) fuck!, shit! The word originates from an archaic verb ssibhada which originally meant to perform a sexual intercourse but is often just used as a sex-related profanity *boji(ssib) (bo- ji(ssib), --): A derogatory term for a vagina (slang) woman *joj (jot, -): A derogatory term for a penis. Colloquially, it can be used in combination with other profanities as an intensifier(for example : jojgga, jonna). *ggeojyeo (kkeo-jyeo, --): (interjection) Get the fuck out of here, go to Hell, beat it. *yeosmeogeo (yeot- meog-eo, ---): Fuck you (lit. ''Eat yeot'') *jenjang (jen-jang, --): Shit, goddamn, damn it *jojjiral (jot ji-ral): worse version of \"ji-ral.\"\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"translates\" with \"convert\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Profanity in the Korean language is referred to as yog/Ru (yok, insults or swearing). Several of these words have linguistic and historical significance. Various words have different origins. The Korean term for dog, 'gae', for example, can be used in everyday speech with no offensive connotation. When applied to a person, however, 'gae' and its variants (including gaesaeggi 'Gaesaekki', literally 'son of a dog', and 'son of a bitch' in English) become strong curse words that would not be appropriate for formal or polite conversation. List of Korean profanities *emcang (em-chang, --) : Your mother is a prostitute. em means mother that is used as slang, swearing. and cang means cangnyeo(chang-nyeo), which means prostitute. It is also used when strongly arguing that what you say is true. If the word is wrong, it means that his mother is a prostitute. *neugeumma (neu-geum-ma, --) : [VERY RUDE] Your mother(is a prostitute). which is same meaning niaemi(ni-ae-mi), neohyi eomeoni(neo-hui-eo-meo-ni), neogeomma(neo_geomma), nieomma(ni-eomma) *neugaeb (neu-gaeb, --) : [VERY RUDE] Ask your father's regards. which is same same meaning neugeuaebi(neu-gu-ae-bi), neugaebi(neu-gae- bi). *nom (nom, --): a male person in a degrading/derogatory manner. Roughly equivalent to the English word \"bastard\" or \"punk\" *nyeon (nyeon, --): Female version of nom. A female person in a degrading/derogatory manner. Roughly equivalent to the English word \"wench\" or \"bitch\" however can also mean year *connom (chon-nom, -): Roughly equivalent to the English phrase \"country bumpkin\". A combination of the noun con (chon), which refers to rural areas and countryside, and the noun nom (nom) *micinnom/micinnyeon (mi-chin-nom, ---)/(mi-chin-nyeon, ---): Convert literally to \"crazy bastard/bitch\". A combination of the adjective micin (mi-chin), which convert to crazy or insane, and the word nom (nom)/nyeon (nyeon) *geolregateun nyeon (geol-le-gat-eun-nyeon, ----): Used similarly to words such as \"whore\" or \"slut\". The adjective geolregateun (geol-le-gat-eun) means \"rag- like\" (meaning whore-like) and the phrase geolregateun nyeon convert literally to \"a bitch who is like a rag\" and refers to women who are promiscuous and thus, dirty and tattered/worn out/used up like a rag. The phrase can be abbreviated in use as geolrenyeon (geol-le-nyeon). *saeggi (sae-kki, --): A noun used to derogatorily refer to any general person. The word, when not used as a profanity, is used to describe a young of an animal. Note it can also be used affectionately too. *gaesaeggi (gae-sae-kki, ---): Equivalent to the English phrase \"son of a bitch\". Combination of the word gae (gae), meaning dog, and the word saeggi (sae-kki), meaning offspring or young. *ssibsaeggi (ship-sae-kki, ---): Combination of the word ssib (sship), an archaic word that could either refer to a vagina or sexual intercourse, and the word saeggi (sae-kki), meaning offspring or young. *jiral (ji- ral, --): A word, as a verb, means to talk incessantly and nonsensically. The word originates from the word jiralbyeong (ji-ral-byeong, --), an archaic and outdated word, generically encompassing a number of separate neurological disorders with similar symptoms such as seizures, tics and spasms. *byeongsin (byeong-shin, ): A noun that roughly convert to \"moron\" or \"retard\". It is a compound of the word byeong (byeong, Bing ), meaning \"of disease\" or \"diseased\", and the word sin(shin, ), a word meaning \"body\" originating from the Chinese character. This word originally refers to disabled individuals, but in modern Korean is commonly used as an insult with meanings varying contextually from \"jerk\" to \"dumbass\" or \"dickhead.\" *ddorai (tto-rai, ---): A noun that convert to \"nutjob\" or just describes someone who is nonsensical or crazy. *ssibal (ssi-bal, --): (as an intensifier) fucking, fucker; (as an interjection) fuck!, shit! The word originates from an archaic verb ssibhada which originally meant to perform a sexual intercourse but is often just used as a sex-related profanity *boji(ssib) (bo- ji(ssib), --): A derogatory term for a vagina (slang) woman *joj (jot, -): A derogatory term for a penis. Colloquially, it can be used in combination with other profanities as an intensifier(for example : jojgga, jonna). *ggeojyeo (kkeo-jyeo, --): (interjection) Get the fuck out of here, go to Hell, beat it. *yeosmeogeo (yeot- meog-eo, ---): Fuck you (lit. ''Eat yeot'') *jenjang (jen-jang, --): Shit, goddamn, damn it *jojjiral (jot ji-ral): worse version of \"ji-ral.\"" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In drama, particularly the tragedies of classical antiquity, the catastrophe is the final resolution in a poem or narrative plot, which unravels the intrigue and brings the piece to a close. In comedies, this may be a marriage between main characters; in tragedies, it may be the death of one or more main characters. It is the final part of a play, following the protasis, epitasis, and catastasis. The catastrophe is either simple or complex, for which also the fable and action are denominated. In a simple catastrophe, there is no change in the state of the main characters, nor any discovery or unravelling; the plot being only a mere passage out of agitation, to quiet and repose. This catastrophe is rather accommodated to the nature of the epic poem, than of the tragedy. In a complex catastrophe, the main character undergoes a change of fortune, sometimes by means of a discovery, and sometimes without. The qualifications of this change are that it be probable and necessary: in order to be probable, it must be the natural result or effect of the foregoing actions, i.e. it must spring from the subject itself, or take its rise from the incidents, and not be introduced merely to serve a turn. The discovery in a complex catastrophe must have the same qualifications as the catastrophe itself, of which it is a principal part: it must be both probable and necessary. To be probable, it must spring out of the subject itself; not affected by means of marks or tokens, rings, bracelets, or by a mere recollection, as is frequently done both in ancient and modern times. To be necessary, it must never leave the characters it concerns in the same sentiments they had before, but still produce either love or hatred, etc. Sometimes, the change consists in the discovery, sometimes it follows at a distance, and sometimes results immediately from it; the last was used, for example, in Oedipus Rex. Among critics, it has long been debated whether the catastrophe should always end happily, and favorably on the side of virtue, or not; i.e. whether virtue is always to be rewarded, and vice punished, in the catastrophe. Aristotle, for example, preferred a shocking catastrophe, rather than a happy one; in that regard, the moving of terror and pity, which is the aim of tragedy, is better effected by the former than the latter. Rene Le Bossu, a 17th-century French critic, divides the catastrophe, at least with regards to epics, into the unravelling, or denouement, and the finishing, or achievement; the latter of which he makes the result of the former, and to consist in the hero's passage out of a state of trouble and agitation, to rest and quiet. This period is but a point, without extent or duration; in which it differs from the former, which comprehends everything after the plot is laid. He adds, that there are several unravellings in a piece, each interconnected. The finishing is the end of the last unravelling. In the twentieth century, J.R.R. Tolkien distinguished between what he called the catastrophe and the eucatastrophe. The eucatastrophe is a classical catastrophe with an unexpected positive outcome for the protagonist. This term was coined to distance itself from the vernacular use of the word 'catastrophe' to signify disaster (which gave the term negative connotations in everyday usage).\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word catastrophe, with the word calamity. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In drama, particularly the tragedies of classical antiquity, the calamity is the final resolution in a poem or narrative plot, which unravels the intrigue and brings the piece to a close. In comedies, this may be a marriage between main characters; in tragedies, it may be the death of one or more main characters. It is the final part of a play, following the protasis, epitasis, and catastasis. The calamity is either simple or complex, for which also the fable and action are denominated. In a simple calamity, there is no change in the state of the main characters, nor any discovery or unravelling; the plot being only a mere passage out of agitation, to quiet and repose. This calamity is rather accommodated to the nature of the epic poem, than of the tragedy. In a complex calamity, the main character undergoes a change of fortune, sometimes by means of a discovery, and sometimes without. The qualifications of this change are that it be probable and necessary: in order to be probable, it must be the natural result or effect of the foregoing actions, i.e. it must spring from the subject itself, or take its rise from the incidents, and not be introduced merely to serve a turn. The discovery in a complex calamity must have the same qualifications as the calamity itself, of which it is a principal part: it must be both probable and necessary. To be probable, it must spring out of the subject itself; not affected by means of marks or tokens, rings, bracelets, or by a mere recollection, as is frequently done both in ancient and modern times. To be necessary, it must never leave the characters it concerns in the same sentiments they had before, but still produce either love or hatred, etc. Sometimes, the change consists in the discovery, sometimes it follows at a distance, and sometimes results immediately from it; the last was used, for example, in Oedipus Rex. Among critics, it has long been debated whether the calamity should always end happily, and favorably on the side of virtue, or not; i.e. whether virtue is always to be rewarded, and vice punished, in the calamity. Aristotle, for example, preferred a shocking calamity, rather than a happy one; in that regard, the moving of terror and pity, which is the aim of tragedy, is better effected by the former than the latter. Rene Le Bossu, a 17th-century French critic, divides the calamity, at least with regards to epics, into the unravelling, or denouement, and the finishing, or achievement; the latter of which he makes the result of the former, and to consist in the hero's passage out of a state of trouble and agitation, to rest and quiet. This period is but a point, without extent or duration; in which it differs from the former, which comprehends everything after the plot is laid. He adds, that there are several unravellings in a piece, each interconnected. The finishing is the end of the last unravelling. In the twentieth century, J.R.R. Tolkien distinguished between what he called the calamity and the eucatastrophe. The eucatastrophe is a classical calamity with an unexpected positive outcome for the protagonist. This term was coined to distance itself from the vernacular use of the word 'calamity' to signify disaster (which gave the term negative connotations in everyday usage)." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Sequential equilibrium is a refinement of Nash Equilibrium for extensive form games due to David M. Kreps and Robert Wilson. A sequential equilibrium specifies not only a strategy for each of the players but also a belief for each of the players. A belief gives, for each information set of the game belonging to the player, a probability distribution on the nodes in the information set. A profile of strategies and beliefs is called an assessment for the game. Informally speaking, an assessment is a perfect Bayesian equilibrium if its strategies are sensible given its beliefs and its beliefs are confirmed on the outcome path given by its strategies. The definition of sequential equilibrium further requires that there be arbitrarily small perturbations of beliefs and associated strategies with the same property.\nConsistent assessments\nThe formal definition of a strategy being sensible given a belief is straightforward; the strategy should simply maximize expected payoff in every information set. It is also straightforward to define what a sensible belief should be for those information sets that are reached with positive probability given the strategies; the beliefs should be the conditional probability distribution on the nodes of the information set, given that it is reached. This entails the application of Bayes' rule. It is far from straightforward to define what a sensible belief should be for those information sets that are reached with probability zero, given the strategies. Indeed, this is the main conceptual contribution of Kreps and Wilson. Their consistency requirement is the following: The assessment should be a limit point of a sequence of totally mixed strategy profiles and associated sensible beliefs, in the above straightforward sense.\nRelationship to other equilibrium refinements\nSequential equilibrium is a further refinement of subgame perfect equilibrium and even perfect Bayesian equilibrium. It is itself refined by extensive-form trembling hand perfect equilibrium and proper equilibrium. Strategies of sequential equilibria (or even extensive-form trembling hand perfect equilibria) are not necessarily admissible. A refinement of sequential equilibrium that guarantees admissibility is quasi- perfect equilibrium.\n\n\nReplace 'strategies' with 'blueprint' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Sequential equilibrium is a refinement of Nash Equilibrium for extensive form games due to David M. Kreps and Robert Wilson. A sequential equilibrium specifies not only a strategy for each of the players but also a belief for each of the players. A belief gives, for each information set of the game belonging to the player, a probability distribution on the nodes in the information set. A profile of blueprint and beliefs is called an assessment for the game. Informally speaking, an assessment is a perfect Bayesian equilibrium if its blueprint are sensible given its beliefs and its beliefs are confirmed on the outcome path given by its blueprint. The definition of sequential equilibrium further requires that there be arbitrarily small perturbations of beliefs and associated blueprint with the same property.\nConsistent assessments\nThe formal definition of a strategy being sensible given a belief is straightforward; the strategy should simply maximize expected payoff in every information set. It is also straightforward to define what a sensible belief should be for those information sets that are reached with positive probability given the blueprint; the beliefs should be the conditional probability distribution on the nodes of the information set, given that it is reached. This entails the application of Bayes' rule. It is far from straightforward to define what a sensible belief should be for those information sets that are reached with probability zero, given the blueprint. Indeed, this is the main conceptual contribution of Kreps and Wilson. Their consistency requirement is the following: The assessment should be a limit point of a sequence of totally mixed strategy profiles and associated sensible beliefs, in the above straightforward sense.\nRelationship to other equilibrium refinements\nSequential equilibrium is a further refinement of subgame perfect equilibrium and even perfect Bayesian equilibrium. It is itself refined by extensive-form trembling hand perfect equilibrium and proper equilibrium. Blueprint of sequential equilibria (or even extensive-form trembling hand perfect equilibria) are not necessarily admissible. A refinement of sequential equilibrium that guarantees admissibility is quasi- perfect equilibrium." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The eastern garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) is a medium-sized non- venomous snake indigenous to North America.\nTaxonomy and etymology\nThe scientific name Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis is a combination of Ancient Greek and New Latin that means \"bush snake that looks like a garter strap\". The generic name Thamnophis is derived from the Greek \"thamnos\" (bush) and \"ophis\" (snake) and the specific name sirtalis is derived from the New Latin \"siratalis\" (like a garter), a reference to the snake's color pattern resembling a striped garter strap.\nDescription\nEastern garter snakes average between long. The largest recorded length was long. Females are typically larger than males. They are either a greenish, brown, or black color and have a distinct yellow or white stripe.\nReproduction\nEastern garter snakes are ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young. Many males may try to mate with one female, resulting in a \"breeding ball\". The young are long at birth.\nDistribution and habitat\nThe eastern garter snake has a wide range across eastern North America, as far north as southern Ontario and Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico in the south, along the eastern shores of America to the Mississippi River. In New England, the snake is described as the \"most widespread and ubiquitous\" serpent, from wilderness to urban environments and from sea level to high elevations. The eastern garter snake will live in a variety of environments, with a preference for grassy or shrubby fields, including abandoned farmland, outbuildings and trash dumps. In particular the snake likes to inhabit stone walls that separate the forest from fields. It is also found along moist habitats such as lakes, rivers, streams, swamps, bogs, ponds, drainage ditches, and quarries. Snakes are present in urban environments in habitats that include \"city parks, cemeteries and suburban yards and gardens\". Eastern garter snakes like to conceal themselves under logs, stones and other debris that allow them to bask in the sunlight and quickly seek refuge from predators. Krulikowski notes that \"[o]ld poultry farms with discarded sheet-metal incubation trays provide warm, moist hiding places.\"\nFeeding\nEastern garter snakes mostly eat toads, frogs, slugs, and worms, but they will eat almost anything they can overpower.\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"garter\" with \"badge\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The eastern badge snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) is a medium-sized non- venomous snake indigenous to North America.\nTaxonomy and etymology\nThe scientific name Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis is a combination of Ancient Greek and New Latin that means \"bush snake that looks like a badge strap\". The generic name Thamnophis is derived from the Greek \"thamnos\" (bush) and \"ophis\" (snake) and the specific name sirtalis is derived from the New Latin \"siratalis\" (like a badge), a reference to the snake's color pattern resembling a striped badge strap.\nDescription\nEastern badge snakes average between long. The largest recorded length was long. Females are typically larger than males. They are either a greenish, brown, or black color and have a distinct yellow or white stripe.\nReproduction\nEastern badge snakes are ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young. Many males may try to mate with one female, resulting in a \"breeding ball\". The young are long at birth.\nDistribution and habitat\nThe eastern badge snake has a wide range across eastern North America, as far north as southern Ontario and Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico in the south, along the eastern shores of America to the Mississippi River. In New England, the snake is described as the \"most widespread and ubiquitous\" serpent, from wilderness to urban environments and from sea level to high elevations. The eastern badge snake will live in a variety of environments, with a preference for grassy or shrubby fields, including abandoned farmland, outbuildings and trash dumps. In particular the snake likes to inhabit stone walls that separate the forest from fields. It is also found along moist habitats such as lakes, rivers, streams, swamps, bogs, ponds, drainage ditches, and quarries. Snakes are present in urban environments in habitats that include \"city parks, cemeteries and suburban yards and gardens\". Eastern badge snakes like to conceal themselves under logs, stones and other debris that allow them to bask in the sunlight and quickly seek refuge from predators. Krulikowski notes that \"[o]ld poultry farms with discarded sheet-metal incubation trays provide warm, moist hiding places.\"\nFeeding\nEastern badge snakes mostly eat toads, frogs, slugs, and worms, but they will eat almost anything they can overpower." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Muscidifurax uniraptor is a species of wasp (the taxonomic order Hymenoptera) in the family Pteromalidae. The species does not currently have a common name. M. uniraptor is a pupal parasitoid of synanthropic filth-breeding Diptera and is a natural enemy of the housefly Musca domestica and the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans.\nWolbachia symbiosis\nWolbachia is a cytoplasmically inherited intracellular bacterium. It can generally be found in the reproductive organs of its host species, and can be transferred from female to offspring through the egg cytoplasm. This species causes many reproductive and sex ratio disorders in a range of insect species. However, it seems to be beneficial when present in the host species, M. uniraptor, increasing the host's fecundity or the ability to induce reproduction of fertile, viable offspring specifically under uniparental reproduction. The actual process of gamete duplication differs among the insects that have been infected with Wolbachia, including a similar species of wasp called Muscidifurax raptorellus. The bacterium has been known to cause negative side effects such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, thelytoky, and feminization in the reproductive habits of these various insect species. Traditionally, M. uniraptor determines the sex of offspring using haplodiploidy. The males are produced as haploids from unfertilized eggs while the females are produced as diploids from fertilized eggs. According to this practice, M. uniraptor would normally produce both male and female offspring. However, in M. uniraptor, Wolbachia causes thelytoky, a type of parthenogenesis in which females asexually reproduce only female offspring. M. uniraptor generally follows the process of automixis, or meiotic thelytoky, where meiosis occurs in the developing oocyte and diploidy is restored by fusing the meiotic or mitotic products yielding diploid females or haploid males. However, the bacterium, Wolbachia, has evolved with this species of wasp through vertical transfer to induce irreversible thelytokous reproduction of only female offspring. When M. uniraptor females receive experimentally administered antibiotics, such as rifampicin, the strains of Wolbachia become eradicated, and the females should hypothetically be able to produce both male and female offspring since the bacteria are not present to induce thelytoky. However, the resulting male offspring of these experiments do not carry viable sperm. This implies that Wolbachia establishes itself early in the females in order to ensure its transfer into further hosts, at the risk of removing the current host's ability to sexually reproduce by not allowing it to produce fertile, viable male offspring. There are three primary reasons for why M. uniraptor has become so dependent on Wolbachia for survival and reproduction. The males of the species no longer produce viable sperm for sexual reproduction, and the females do not respond to any cues or advances by the males for sexual reproduction. Finally, the females lose a major muscle in their spermathecae that allow them to contain sperm after sexual reproduction. Therefore, without the symbiotic relationship between Wolbachia and M. uniraptor, the wasp species would not persist alone by means of sexual reproduction because of these evolutionary alterations that increase the fitness of the persisting relationship with the bacteria. The bacteria have seemingly inhibited the wasps' reproductive pathways through selective pressures to increase the fitness of their relationship, and the wasp is unlikely to regress to its former state of sexual reproduction as a result of these genetic alterations. Muscidifurax uniraptor now holds an endosymbiotic relationship with Wolbachia, and it has evolved to depend on these bacteria for reproduction and survival which results in the successful relationship we currently observe.\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word reproduction, with the word breeding. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Muscidifurax uniraptor is a species of wasp (the taxonomic order Hymenoptera) in the family Pteromalidae. The species does not currently have a common name. M. uniraptor is a pupal parasitoid of synanthropic filth-breeding Diptera and is a natural enemy of the housefly Musca domestica and the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans.\nWolbachia symbiosis\nWolbachia is a cytoplasmically inherited intracellular bacterium. It can generally be found in the reproductive organs of its host species, and can be transferred from female to offspring through the egg cytoplasm. This species causes many reproductive and sex ratio disorders in a range of insect species. However, it seems to be beneficial when present in the host species, M. uniraptor, increasing the host's fecundity or the ability to induce breeding of fertile, viable offspring specifically under uniparental breeding. The actual process of gamete duplication differs among the insects that have been infected with Wolbachia, including a similar species of wasp called Muscidifurax raptorellus. The bacterium has been known to cause negative side effects such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, thelytoky, and feminization in the reproductive habits of these various insect species. Traditionally, M. uniraptor determines the sex of offspring using haplodiploidy. The males are produced as haploids from unfertilized eggs while the females are produced as diploids from fertilized eggs. According to this practice, M. uniraptor would normally produce both male and female offspring. However, in M. uniraptor, Wolbachia causes thelytoky, a type of parthenogenesis in which females asexually reproduce only female offspring. M. uniraptor generally follows the process of automixis, or meiotic thelytoky, where meiosis occurs in the developing oocyte and diploidy is restored by fusing the meiotic or mitotic products yielding diploid females or haploid males. However, the bacterium, Wolbachia, has evolved with this species of wasp through vertical transfer to induce irreversible thelytokous breeding of only female offspring. When M. uniraptor females receive experimentally administered antibiotics, such as rifampicin, the strains of Wolbachia become eradicated, and the females should hypothetically be able to produce both male and female offspring since the bacteria are not present to induce thelytoky. However, the resulting male offspring of these experiments do not carry viable sperm. This implies that Wolbachia establishes itself early in the females in order to ensure its transfer into further hosts, at the risk of removing the current host's ability to sexually reproduce by not allowing it to produce fertile, viable male offspring. There are three primary reasons for why M. uniraptor has become so dependent on Wolbachia for survival and breeding. The males of the species no longer produce viable sperm for sexual breeding, and the females do not respond to any cues or advances by the males for sexual breeding. Finally, the females lose a major muscle in their spermathecae that allow them to contain sperm after sexual breeding. Therefore, without the symbiotic relationship between Wolbachia and M. uniraptor, the wasp species would not persist alone by means of sexual breeding because of these evolutionary alterations that increase the fitness of the persisting relationship with the bacteria. The bacteria have seemingly inhibited the wasps' reproductive pathways through selective pressures to increase the fitness of their relationship, and the wasp is unlikely to regress to its former state of sexual breeding as a result of these genetic alterations. Muscidifurax uniraptor now holds an endosymbiotic relationship with Wolbachia, and it has evolved to depend on these bacteria for breeding and survival which results in the successful relationship we currently observe." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the self-blended model of learning (or self-blend model of learning), students take online courses in addition to their traditional face-to-face learning. This model of blended learning is commonly practiced among American high school students, and students follow this approach because it gives them the freedom to supplement what they have learned and what they have been taught in class. The self-blended model of learning is generally approached by the students opting to take online courses outside of the time they spend on the traditional courses. It tackles the problem of the courses or subjects which are not provided by the school due to various reasons such as lack of funding, lack of student interest or lack of time. Students take online courses either in a brick-and-mortar campus or offsite. It is not necessary to have computers at home for the students who use the self-blended model of learning, as they can access the internet at their own school computer labs or they can head to local libraries to complete their work. They can also go to nearby cyber lounges.\nUse\nThe self-blend learning model is often used by high school students, as it requires students to monitor their learning process and take initiatives, which the younger students may have difficulty managing. Therefore, it differs in this way from the rotational model of learning which is quite often used in elementary schools, whereas many high school students are taking additional math, English and social studies courses online in addition to their courses offered at school.\nAdvantages\nThere are a number of advantages to the self-blend model of learning: \nIt is very helpful for dropout students to recover, earn college/AP credit or to recover credits. \nIt not only enhances the classroom learning but it also provides access to the online course which are otherwise not offered in the school due to various reasons, such as lack of funds, time and resources. \nIn addition to the access to the online courses, it also enhances the digital literacy of the students, useful for students entering a 21st century workforce. \nTaking online courses is more affordable for the students. \nIt provides opportunities to take up specialized courses, like college preparatory skill and life skills courses. \nIt can be used for professional development as well as for instructional purposes.\nDisadvantages\nThe main disadvantage of the self- blend model is that the students will not receive face to face instruction for that particular course. It also involves a lack of formal structure for the undisciplined and unmotivated students.\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word learning, with the word culture. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In the self-blended model of culture (or self-blend model of culture), students take online courses in addition to their traditional face-to-face culture. This model of blended culture is commonly practiced among American high school students, and students follow this approach because it gives them the freedom to supplement what they have learned and what they have been taught in class. The self-blended model of culture is generally approached by the students opting to take online courses outside of the time they spend on the traditional courses. It tackles the problem of the courses or subjects which are not provided by the school due to various reasons such as lack of funding, lack of student interest or lack of time. Students take online courses either in a brick-and-mortar campus or offsite. It is not necessary to have computers at home for the students who use the self-blended model of culture, as they can access the internet at their own school computer labs or they can head to local libraries to complete their work. They can also go to nearby cyber lounges.\nUse\nThe self-blend culture model is often used by high school students, as it requires students to monitor their culture process and take initiatives, which the younger students may have difficulty managing. Therefore, it differs in this way from the rotational model of culture which is quite often used in elementary schools, whereas many high school students are taking additional math, English and social studies courses online in addition to their courses offered at school.\nAdvantages\nThere are a number of advantages to the self-blend model of culture: \nIt is very helpful for dropout students to recover, earn college/AP credit or to recover credits. \nIt not only enhances the classroom culture but it also provides access to the online course which are otherwise not offered in the school due to various reasons, such as lack of funds, time and resources. \nIn addition to the access to the online courses, it also enhances the digital literacy of the students, useful for students entering a 21st century workforce. \nTaking online courses is more affordable for the students. \nIt provides opportunities to take up specialized courses, like college preparatory skill and life skills courses. \nIt can be used for professional development as well as for instructional purposes.\nDisadvantages\nThe main disadvantage of the self- blend model is that the students will not receive face to face instruction for that particular course. It also involves a lack of formal structure for the undisciplined and unmotivated students." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Frontal view of the abdomen with double bubble sign, patient was found to have duodenal atresia. In radiology, the double bubble sign is a feature of pediatric imaging seen on radiographs or prenatal ultrasound in which two air filled bubbles are seen in the abdomen, representing two discontiguous loops of bowel in a proximal, or 'high,' small bowel obstruction. The finding is typically pathologic, and implies either duodenal atresia, duodenal web, annular pancreas, and on occasion midgut volvulus, a distinction that requires close clinical correlation and, in most cases, surgical intervention. Distal gas is more often seen with midgut volvulus, duodenal stenosis and duodenal web, though this not always present. In such cases, distinguishing the diagnoses depends on clinical presentation.\n\nFollow up imaging\n\nA fluoroscopic study known as an upper gastrointestinal series is often the next step in management in patients that are not critically ill, though if volvulus is suspected, emergent surgical intervention is mandated. If clinical findings are equivocal, caution with non water-soluble contrast is needed, as the usage of barium can impede surgical revision and lead to increased post operative complications. Non ionic water-soluble contrast should be used, as the hyperosmolar agents, if aspirated, can result in life-threatening pulmonary edema. When reflective of duodenal atresia, associations with Down syndrome and VACTERL sequence abnormalities are often seen.\n\nMimics\n\nCertain rare anatomic anomalies, such as congenital duodenal duplication and pyloric atresia can cause false positives for the sign on radiographs. Congenital pyloric atresia usually causes a single bubble on radiographs without distal gas, though an intermittent double bubble sign is occasionally seen. Duodenal atresia, while typically without distal gas, has been reported with an absent double bubble, though this variant is quite rare. On neonatal ultrasound, a double bubble can also be caused by a choledochal cyst, omental cyst, or enteric duplication cyst.\n\n\nReplace 'duodenal' with 'visceral' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Frontal view of the abdomen with double bubble sign, patient was found to have visceral atresia. In radiology, the double bubble sign is a feature of pediatric imaging seen on radiographs or prenatal ultrasound in which two air filled bubbles are seen in the abdomen, representing two discontiguous loops of bowel in a proximal, or 'high,' small bowel obstruction. The finding is typically pathologic, and implies either visceral atresia, visceral web, annular pancreas, and on occasion midgut volvulus, a distinction that requires close clinical correlation and, in most cases, surgical intervention. Distal gas is more often seen with midgut volvulus, visceral stenosis and visceral web, though this not always present. In such cases, distinguishing the diagnoses depends on clinical presentation.\n\nFollow up imaging\n\nA fluoroscopic study known as an upper gastrointestinal series is often the next step in management in patients that are not critically ill, though if volvulus is suspected, emergent surgical intervention is mandated. If clinical findings are equivocal, caution with non water-soluble contrast is needed, as the usage of barium can impede surgical revision and lead to increased post operative complications. Non ionic water-soluble contrast should be used, as the hyperosmolar agents, if aspirated, can result in life-threatening pulmonary edema. When reflective of visceral atresia, associations with Down syndrome and VACTERL sequence abnormalities are often seen.\n\nMimics\n\nCertain rare anatomic anomalies, such as congenital visceral duplication and pyloric atresia can cause false positives for the sign on radiographs. Congenital pyloric atresia usually causes a single bubble on radiographs without distal gas, though an intermittent double bubble sign is occasionally seen. Visceral atresia, while typically without distal gas, has been reported with an absent double bubble, though this variant is quite rare. On neonatal ultrasound, a double bubble can also be caused by a choledochal cyst, omental cyst, or enteric duplication cyst." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'control' with 'curb'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nSelf-directedness is a personality trait of self-determination, that is, the ability to regulate and adapt behavior to the demands of a situation in order to achieve personally chosen goals and values. It is one of the \"character\" dimensions in Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Cloninger has described it as \"willpower\", defined as \"a metaphorical abstract concept to describe the extent to which a person identifies the imaginal self as an integrated, purposeful whole individual, rather than a disorganized set of reactive impulses.\" Cloninger's research has found that low self-directedness is a major common feature of personality disorders generally. Self- directedness is conceptually related to locus of control. That is, low self- directedness is associated with external locus of control, whereas high self- directedness is associated with internal locus of control. In the five factor model of personality, self-directedness has a strong inverse association with neuroticism and a strong positive association with conscientiousness.\nComponents\nIn the Temperament and Character Inventory self-directedness consists of five subscales: \n Responsibility Vs. Blaming (SD1) \n Purposefulness Vs. Lack Of Goal Direction (SD2) \n Resourcefulness Vs. Inertia (SD3) \n Self-Acceptance Vs. Self-Striving (SD4) \n Congruent Second Nature Vs. Incongruent Habits (SD5) Cloninger compared SD1 to Rotter's concept of locus of control. People with an internal locus of control tend to take responsibility for their actions and are resourceful in solving problems. People with an external locus of control tend to be apathetic and to blame others or bad luck for their problems. Regarding SD2, Cloninger noted that Viktor Frankl believed that meaningful purpose is a key source of motivation for mature adults and that fulfilment of meaning was more important than gratifying impulses. Cloninger related SD3 to Bandura's concept of self- efficacy, beliefs about one's ability to succeed in goal-directed behaviour. In relation to SD4 he argued that self-esteem and realistic acceptance of one's limitations are important to mature development of self-directed behaviour. On the other hand, childish fantasies of unlimited ability and immortality are generally associated with poor adjustment and inferiority feelings. SD5 was related to a belief associated with Yoga that long-term cultivation of clear goals and values transforms effortful behaviour into \"second nature\" so that a person automatically acts in ways aligned with their deeper goals and values.\nPsychopathology\nResearchers have suggested that a combination of low self-directedness and low cooperativeness form a general factor common to all personality disorders. Low self-directedness appears to be the most important predictor among the TCI traits of having a personality disorder. Low self-directedness tends to be associated with more distressed mood, particularly depression. Research has found that non-responders to antidepressant medication scored lower in self-directedness compared to those who did respond, both before and after treatment, whereas responders had scored normally on self-directedness after treatment. The specific combination of low self-directedness low cooperativeness, and high self-transcendence has been described as a \"schizotypal personality\" style by Cloninger and colleagues, and has been found to be associated with high levels of schizotypy (proneness to psychotic symptoms). Low self-directedness has also been related to higher levels of hypnotic susceptibility, and the latter has also been linked to aspects of schizotypy." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Self-directedness is a personality trait of self-determination, that is, the ability to regulate and adapt behavior to the demands of a situation in order to achieve personally chosen goals and values. It is one of the \"character\" dimensions in Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Cloninger has described it as \"willpower\", defined as \"a metaphorical abstract concept to describe the extent to which a person identifies the imaginal self as an integrated, purposeful whole individual, rather than a disorganized set of reactive impulses.\" Cloninger's research has found that low self-directedness is a major common feature of personality disorders generally. Self- directedness is conceptually related to locus of curb. That is, low self- directedness is associated with external locus of curb, whereas high self- directedness is associated with internal locus of curb. In the five factor model of personality, self-directedness has a strong inverse association with neuroticism and a strong positive association with conscientiousness.\nComponents\nIn the Temperament and Character Inventory self-directedness consists of five subscales: \n Responsibility Vs. Blaming (SD1) \n Purposefulness Vs. Lack Of Goal Direction (SD2) \n Resourcefulness Vs. Inertia (SD3) \n Self-Acceptance Vs. Self-Striving (SD4) \n Congruent Second Nature Vs. Incongruent Habits (SD5) Cloninger compared SD1 to Rotter's concept of locus of curb. People with an internal locus of curb tend to take responsibility for their actions and are resourceful in solving problems. People with an external locus of curb tend to be apathetic and to blame others or bad luck for their problems. Regarding SD2, Cloninger noted that Viktor Frankl believed that meaningful purpose is a key source of motivation for mature adults and that fulfilment of meaning was more important than gratifying impulses. Cloninger related SD3 to Bandura's concept of self- efficacy, beliefs about one's ability to succeed in goal-directed behaviour. In relation to SD4 he argued that self-esteem and realistic acceptance of one's limitations are important to mature development of self-directed behaviour. On the other hand, childish fantasies of unlimited ability and immortality are generally associated with poor adjustment and inferiority feelings. SD5 was related to a belief associated with Yoga that long-term cultivation of clear goals and values transforms effortful behaviour into \"second nature\" so that a person automatically acts in ways aligned with their deeper goals and values.\nPsychopathology\nResearchers have suggested that a combination of low self-directedness and low cooperativeness form a general factor common to all personality disorders. Low self-directedness appears to be the most important predictor among the TCI traits of having a personality disorder. Low self-directedness tends to be associated with more distressed mood, particularly depression. Research has found that non-responders to antidepressant medication scored lower in self-directedness compared to those who did respond, both before and after treatment, whereas responders had scored normally on self-directedness after treatment. The specific combination of low self-directedness low cooperativeness, and high self-transcendence has been described as a \"schizotypal personality\" style by Cloninger and colleagues, and has been found to be associated with high levels of schizotypy (proneness to psychotic symptoms). Low self-directedness has also been related to higher levels of hypnotic susceptibility, and the latter has also been linked to aspects of schizotypy." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Re-write this passage, with the same information, but replacing the word \"district\" with \"commune\" wherever it occurs:\n\nPodolsky (; masculine), Podolskaya (; feminine), or Podolskoye (; neuter) is the name of several rural localities in Russia: *Podolsky, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Maysky Selsoviet of Iglinsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan *Podolsky, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a settlement in Krasninsky Selsoviet of Verkhneuralsky District of Chelyabinsk Oblast *Podolsky, Krasnodar Krai, a khutor under the administrative jurisdiction of Neftegorsky Settlement Okrug, Apsheronsky District, Krasnodar Krai *Podolsky, Saratov Oblast, a settlement in Pitersky District of Saratov Oblast *Podolskoye, Galichsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Orekhovskoye Settlement of Galichsky District of Kostroma Oblast *Podolskoye, Krasnoselsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a selo in Podolskoye Settlement of Krasnoselsky District of Kostroma Oblast *Podolskoye, Tver Oblast, a village in Vesyegonsky District of Tver Oblast *Podolskoye, Vologda Oblast, a village in Podolsky Selsoviet of Ustyuzhensky District of Vologda Oblast *Podolskoye, Blagoveshchensky Rural Okrug, Bolsheselsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Blagoveshchensky Rural Okrug of Bolsheselsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast *Podolskoye, Markovsky Rural Okrug, Bolsheselsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Markovsky Rural Okrug of Bolsheselsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast *Podolskoye, Breytovsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Sutkovsky Rural Okrug of Breytovsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast *Podolskoye, Nekouzsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Nekouzsky Rural Okrug of Nekouzsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast *Podolskoye, Rybinsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Pogorelsky Rural Okrug of Rybinsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast *Podolskoye, Tutayevsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Chebakovsky Rural Okrug of Tutayevsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast *Podolskaya, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Vyysky Selsoviet of Verkhnetoyemsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Podolskaya, Novgorod Oblast, a village in Semenovshchinskoye Settlement of Valdaysky District of Novgorod Oblast *Podolskaya, Vologda Oblast, a village in Terebayevsky Selsoviet of Nikolsky District of Vologda Oblast" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Podolsky (; masculine), Podolskaya (; feminine), or Podolskoye (; neuter) is the name of several rural localities in Russia: *Podolsky, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Maysky Selsoviet of Iglinsky Commune of the Republic of Bashkortostan *Podolsky, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a settlement in Krasninsky Selsoviet of Verkhneuralsky Commune of Chelyabinsk Oblast *Podolsky, Krasnodar Krai, a khutor under the administrative jurisdiction of Neftegorsky Settlement Okrug, Apsheronsky Commune, Krasnodar Krai *Podolsky, Saratov Oblast, a settlement in Pitersky Commune of Saratov Oblast *Podolskoye, Galichsky Commune, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Orekhovskoye Settlement of Galichsky Commune of Kostroma Oblast *Podolskoye, Krasnoselsky Commune, Kostroma Oblast, a selo in Podolskoye Settlement of Krasnoselsky Commune of Kostroma Oblast *Podolskoye, Tver Oblast, a village in Vesyegonsky Commune of Tver Oblast *Podolskoye, Vologda Oblast, a village in Podolsky Selsoviet of Ustyuzhensky Commune of Vologda Oblast *Podolskoye, Blagoveshchensky Rural Okrug, Bolsheselsky Commune, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Blagoveshchensky Rural Okrug of Bolsheselsky Commune of Yaroslavl Oblast *Podolskoye, Markovsky Rural Okrug, Bolsheselsky Commune, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Markovsky Rural Okrug of Bolsheselsky Commune of Yaroslavl Oblast *Podolskoye, Breytovsky Commune, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Sutkovsky Rural Okrug of Breytovsky Commune of Yaroslavl Oblast *Podolskoye, Nekouzsky Commune, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Nekouzsky Rural Okrug of Nekouzsky Commune of Yaroslavl Oblast *Podolskoye, Rybinsky Commune, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Pogorelsky Rural Okrug of Rybinsky Commune of Yaroslavl Oblast *Podolskoye, Tutayevsky Commune, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Chebakovsky Rural Okrug of Tutayevsky Commune of Yaroslavl Oblast *Podolskaya, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Vyysky Selsoviet of Verkhnetoyemsky Commune of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Podolskaya, Novgorod Oblast, a village in Semenovshchinskoye Settlement of Valdaysky Commune of Novgorod Oblast *Podolskaya, Vologda Oblast, a village in Terebayevsky Selsoviet of Nikolsky Commune of Vologda Oblast" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word domain with realm in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nIn molecular biology, YopR is a protein domain commonly found in gram negative bacteria, in particular Yersinia and is a core domain. Proteins in this entry are type III secretion system effectors. They are named differently in different species and in Yersinia has been designated YopR (Yersinia outer protein R) which is encoded by the YscH (Yersinia secretion H) gene. This Yop protein is unusual in that it is released to the extracellular environment rather than injected directly into the target cell as are most Yop proteins. A hallmark of Yersinia type III machines is the presence of needles extending from the bacterial surface. Needles perform two functions, firstly, as a channel to export effectors into the immune cells and secondly as a sensor.\n\nFunction\n\nIn summary, YopR may play a role in the regulation of type III secretion. It is important to note, however, that the precise function of the YopR domain remains to be elucidated but YopR is thought to be involved in with YscF which develops needles. There are two different hypotheses for this. The first explanation is that YopR is possibly controlling the secretion of YscF, which impacts the assembly of type III machines. Alternatively, it is thought that YopR directly polymerizes YscF; this explanation is thought to be less likely since YopR does not associated with purified needles.\n\nStructure\n\nYopR, is composed of five alpha-helices, four of which are arranged in an antiparallel bundle.\n\nSecretion systems\n\nThere have been four secretion systems described in animal enteropathogens, such as Salmonella and Yersinia, with further sequence similarities in plant pathogens like Ralstonia and Erwinia. This is useful for further work with the YopR protein domain as comparative sequence and structure homology can be made. The type III secretion system is of great interest, as the YopR protein domain plays an important role. The type III secretion system transports virulence factors from the pathogen directly into the host cell when the bacterium is in close contact with the host." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In molecular biology, YopR is a protein realm commonly found in gram negative bacteria, in particular Yersinia and is a core realm. Proteins in this entry are type III secretion system effectors. They are named differently in different species and in Yersinia has been designated YopR (Yersinia outer protein R) which is encoded by the YscH (Yersinia secretion H) gene. This Yop protein is unusual in that it is released to the extracellular environment rather than injected directly into the target cell as are most Yop proteins. A hallmark of Yersinia type III machines is the presence of needles extending from the bacterial surface. Needles perform two functions, firstly, as a channel to export effectors into the immune cells and secondly as a sensor.\n\nFunction\n\nIn summary, YopR may play a role in the regulation of type III secretion. It is important to note, however, that the precise function of the YopR realm remains to be elucidated but YopR is thought to be involved in with YscF which develops needles. There are two different hypotheses for this. The first explanation is that YopR is possibly controlling the secretion of YscF, which impacts the assembly of type III machines. Alternatively, it is thought that YopR directly polymerizes YscF; this explanation is thought to be less likely since YopR does not associated with purified needles.\n\nStructure\n\nYopR, is composed of five alpha-helices, four of which are arranged in an antiparallel bundle.\n\nSecretion systems\n\nThere have been four secretion systems described in animal enteropathogens, such as Salmonella and Yersinia, with further sequence similarities in plant pathogens like Ralstonia and Erwinia. This is useful for further work with the YopR protein realm as comparative sequence and structure homology can be made. The type III secretion system is of great interest, as the YopR protein realm plays an important role. The type III secretion system transports virulence factors from the pathogen directly into the host cell when the bacterium is in close contact with the host." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'heritage' with 'culture'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nThis page is an overview of the list of immovable heritage sites in Limburg (Belgium), alphabetically ordered by town name. This list is part of the immovable heritage of Belgium. *List of immovable heritage sites, in Alken, Belgium *List of immovable heritage sites, in As, Belgium *List of immovable heritage sites, in Beringen, Belgium *List of immovable heritage sites, in Bilzen *List of immovable heritage sites, in Bocholt, Belgium *List of immovable heritage sites, in Borgloon *List of immovable heritage sites, in Bree, Belgium *List of immovable heritage sites, in Diepenbeek *List of immovable heritage sites, in Dilsen-Stokkem *List of immovable heritage sites, in Genk *List of immovable heritage sites, in Gingelom *List of immovable heritage sites, in Halen *List of immovable heritage sites, in Ham, Belgium *List of immovable heritage sites, in Hamont-Achel *List of immovable heritage sites, in Hasselt *List of immovable heritage sites, in Hechtel-Eksel *List of immovable heritage sites, in Heers *List of immovable heritage sites, in Herk- de-Stad *List of immovable heritage sites, in Herstappe *List of immovable heritage sites, in Heusden-Zolder *List of immovable heritage sites, in Hoeselt *List of immovable heritage sites, in Houthalen-Helchteren *List of immovable heritage sites, in Kinrooi *List of immovable heritage sites, in Kortessem *List of immovable heritage sites, in Lanaken *List of immovable heritage sites, in Leopoldsburg *List of immovable heritage sites, in Lommel *List of immovable heritage sites, in Lummen *List of immovable heritage sites, in Maaseik *List of immovable heritage sites, in Maasmechelen *List of immovable heritage sites, in Meeuwen-Gruitrode *List of immovable heritage sites, in Neerpelt *List of immovable heritage sites, in Nieuwerkerken *List of immovable heritage sites, in Opglabbeek *List of immovable heritage sites, in Overpelt *List of immovable heritage sites, in Peer, Belgium *List of immovable heritage sites, in Riemst *List of immovable heritage sites, in Sint-Truiden *List of immovable heritage sites, in Tessenderlo *List of immovable heritage sites, in Tongeren *List of immovable heritage sites, in Voeren *List of immovable heritage sites, in Wellen *List of immovable heritage sites, in Zonhoven *List of immovable heritage sites, in Zutendaal" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "This page is an overview of the list of immovable culture sites in Limburg (Belgium), alphabetically ordered by town name. This list is part of the immovable culture of Belgium. *List of immovable culture sites, in Alken, Belgium *List of immovable culture sites, in As, Belgium *List of immovable culture sites, in Beringen, Belgium *List of immovable culture sites, in Bilzen *List of immovable culture sites, in Bocholt, Belgium *List of immovable culture sites, in Borgloon *List of immovable culture sites, in Bree, Belgium *List of immovable culture sites, in Diepenbeek *List of immovable culture sites, in Dilsen-Stokkem *List of immovable culture sites, in Genk *List of immovable culture sites, in Gingelom *List of immovable culture sites, in Halen *List of immovable culture sites, in Ham, Belgium *List of immovable culture sites, in Hamont-Achel *List of immovable culture sites, in Hasselt *List of immovable culture sites, in Hechtel-Eksel *List of immovable culture sites, in Heers *List of immovable culture sites, in Herk- de-Stad *List of immovable culture sites, in Herstappe *List of immovable culture sites, in Heusden-Zolder *List of immovable culture sites, in Hoeselt *List of immovable culture sites, in Houthalen-Helchteren *List of immovable culture sites, in Kinrooi *List of immovable culture sites, in Kortessem *List of immovable culture sites, in Lanaken *List of immovable culture sites, in Leopoldsburg *List of immovable culture sites, in Lommel *List of immovable culture sites, in Lummen *List of immovable culture sites, in Maaseik *List of immovable culture sites, in Maasmechelen *List of immovable culture sites, in Meeuwen-Gruitrode *List of immovable culture sites, in Neerpelt *List of immovable culture sites, in Nieuwerkerken *List of immovable culture sites, in Opglabbeek *List of immovable culture sites, in Overpelt *List of immovable culture sites, in Peer, Belgium *List of immovable culture sites, in Riemst *List of immovable culture sites, in Sint-Truiden *List of immovable culture sites, in Tessenderlo *List of immovable culture sites, in Tongeren *List of immovable culture sites, in Voeren *List of immovable culture sites, in Wellen *List of immovable culture sites, in Zonhoven *List of immovable culture sites, in Zutendaal" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'french' with 'brush'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nA number of trigraphs are found in the Latin script, most of these used especially in Irish orthography.\n\nA\n\nis used in Dutch to write the sound . is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants. is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants, or an unstressed at the end of a word. is used in Irish to write the sound between a broad and a slender consonant. is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants. is used in French to write the sound ( before a vowel). is used in French to write the sound ( before a vowel). It also represents in Tibetan Pinyin, where it is alternatively written an. is used in Irish to write the sound between broad consonants. is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants. is used in Irish to write the sound between a broad and a slender consonant. is used in French to write the sound ( before a vowel). is used in French to write the sound . is used in a few words in French to write the sound . is used in the practical orthography of the Taa language, where it represents the strident vowel . (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an with a double tilde underneath.) in English aye-aye\n\nB\n\nis used in Irish, like the digraph bh, to write the sounds and .\n\nC\n\nis used in Breton in order to represent the sound (a voiceless velar fricative). It should not be confused with ch, which represents in Breton the sound (a voiceless postalveolar fricative). is a long Hungarian , . It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence . is used in Eskayan romanised orthography for the sound (English \"j\"). is used in Quechua and romanizations of Indic languages to write the sound . is used in Corsican to write the sound . Initial is pronounced in southern dialects of the Welsh language as /w/. was used in medieval Czech for . was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoehkoe for the dental affricated click . represents a sound between vowels in Italian.\n\nD\n\nis used in Ju" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A number of trigraphs are found in the Latin script, most of these used especially in Irish orthography.\n\nA\n\nis used in Dutch to write the sound . is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants. is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants, or an unstressed at the end of a word. is used in Irish to write the sound between a broad and a slender consonant. is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants. is used in Brush to write the sound ( before a vowel). is used in Brush to write the sound ( before a vowel). It also represents in Tibetan Pinyin, where it is alternatively written an. is used in Irish to write the sound between broad consonants. is used in Irish to write the sound , or in Donegal, , between broad consonants. is used in Irish to write the sound between a broad and a slender consonant. is used in Brush to write the sound ( before a vowel). is used in Brush to write the sound . is used in a few words in Brush to write the sound . is used in the practical orthography of the Taa language, where it represents the strident vowel . (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an with a double tilde underneath.) in English aye-aye\n\nB\n\nis used in Irish, like the digraph bh, to write the sounds and .\n\nC\n\nis used in Breton in order to represent the sound (a voiceless velar fricative). It should not be confused with ch, which represents in Breton the sound (a voiceless postalveolar fricative). is a long Hungarian , . It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence . is used in Eskayan romanised orthography for the sound (English \"j\"). is used in Quechua and romanizations of Indic languages to write the sound . is used in Corsican to write the sound . Initial is pronounced in southern dialects of the Welsh language as /w/. was used in medieval Czech for . was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoehkoe for the dental affricated click . represents a sound between vowels in Italian.\n\nD\n\nis used in Ju" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'banner' with 'headline'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nLocation of Inner Mongolia in China This is a list of township-level divisions of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China (PRC). After province, prefecture, and county-level divisions, township-level divisions constitute the formal fourth-level administrative divisions of the PRC. This list is divided first into the prefecture-level then the county- level divisions. __TOC__\nHohhot\nHuimin District\nSaihan District\nXincheng District\nYuquan District\nQingshuihe County\nTogtoh County\nWuchuan County\nTumed Left Banner\nAlxa League\nAlxa Left Banner\nAlxa Right Banner\nEjin Banner\nBaotou\nBayan Obo Mining District\nDonghe District\nJiuyuan District\nKundulun District\nQingshan District\nShiguai District\nGuyang County\nDarhan Muminggan United Banner\nTumed Right Banner\nBayannur\nLinhe District\nDengkou County\nWuyuan County\nHanggin Rear Banner\nUrat Front Banner\nUrat Middle Banner\nUrat Rear Banner\nChifeng\nHongshan District\nSongshan District\nYuanbaoshan District\nLinxi County\nNingcheng County\nAohan Banner\nAr Horqin Banner\nBairin Left Banner\nBairin Right Banner\nHarqin Banner\nHexigten Banner\nOngniud Banner\nHinggan League\nArxan\nUlan Hot\nTuquan County\nHorqin Right Front Banner\nHorqin Right Middle Banner\nJalaid Banner\nHulunbuir\nHailar District\nErgun\nGenhe\nManzhouli\nYakeshi\nZalantun\nArun Banner\nEvenk Autonomous Banner\nMorin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner\nNew Barag Left Banner\nNew Barag Right Banner\nOld Barag Banner\nOroqen Autonomous Banner\nOrdos City\nDongsheng District\nDalad Banner\nEjin Horo Banner\nHanggin Banner\nJungar Banner\nOtog Banner\nOtog Front Banner\nUxin Banner\nTongliao\nHorqin District\nHolingol\nHorqin Left Back Banner\nHorqin Left Middle Banner\nHure Banner\nJarud Banner\nNaiman Banner\nUlanqab\nJining District\nFengzhen\nHuade County\nLiangcheng County\nShangdu County\nXinghe County\nZhuozi County\nChahar Right Back Banner\nChahar Right Front Banner\nChahar Right Middle Banner\nSiziwang Banner\nWuhai\nHaibowan District\nHainan District\nWuda District\nXilingol League\nErenhot\nXilinhot\nDuolun County\nBordered Yellow Banner\nEast Ujimqin Banner\nPlain and Bordered White Banner\nSonid Left Banner\nSonid Right Banner\nTaibus Banner\nWest Ujimqin Banner\nZhenglan (Xulun Hoh) Banner" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Location of Inner Mongolia in China This is a list of township-level divisions of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China (PRC). After province, prefecture, and county-level divisions, township-level divisions constitute the formal fourth-level administrative divisions of the PRC. This list is divided first into the prefecture-level then the county- level divisions. __TOC__\nHohhot\nHuimin District\nSaihan District\nXincheng District\nYuquan District\nQingshuihe County\nTogtoh County\nWuchuan County\nTumed Left Headline\nAlxa League\nAlxa Left Headline\nAlxa Right Headline\nEjin Headline\nBaotou\nBayan Obo Mining District\nDonghe District\nJiuyuan District\nKundulun District\nQingshan District\nShiguai District\nGuyang County\nDarhan Muminggan United Headline\nTumed Right Headline\nBayannur\nLinhe District\nDengkou County\nWuyuan County\nHanggin Rear Headline\nUrat Front Headline\nUrat Middle Headline\nUrat Rear Headline\nChifeng\nHongshan District\nSongshan District\nYuanbaoshan District\nLinxi County\nNingcheng County\nAohan Headline\nAr Horqin Headline\nBairin Left Headline\nBairin Right Headline\nHarqin Headline\nHexigten Headline\nOngniud Headline\nHinggan League\nArxan\nUlan Hot\nTuquan County\nHorqin Right Front Headline\nHorqin Right Middle Headline\nJalaid Headline\nHulunbuir\nHailar District\nErgun\nGenhe\nManzhouli\nYakeshi\nZalantun\nArun Headline\nEvenk Autonomous Headline\nMorin Dawa Daur Autonomous Headline\nNew Barag Left Headline\nNew Barag Right Headline\nOld Barag Headline\nOroqen Autonomous Headline\nOrdos City\nDongsheng District\nDalad Headline\nEjin Horo Headline\nHanggin Headline\nJungar Headline\nOtog Headline\nOtog Front Headline\nUxin Headline\nTongliao\nHorqin District\nHolingol\nHorqin Left Back Headline\nHorqin Left Middle Headline\nHure Headline\nJarud Headline\nNaiman Headline\nUlanqab\nJining District\nFengzhen\nHuade County\nLiangcheng County\nShangdu County\nXinghe County\nZhuozi County\nChahar Right Back Headline\nChahar Right Front Headline\nChahar Right Middle Headline\nSiziwang Headline\nWuhai\nHaibowan District\nHainan District\nWuda District\nXilingol League\nErenhot\nXilinhot\nDuolun County\nBordered Yellow Headline\nEast Ujimqin Headline\nPlain and Bordered White Headline\nSonid Left Headline\nSonid Right Headline\nTaibus Headline\nWest Ujimqin Headline\nZhenglan (Xulun Hoh) Headline" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'genetic' with 'hereditary'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nGenic capture is a hypothesis explaining the maintenance of genetic variance in traits under sexual selection. A classic problem in sexual selection is the fixation of alleles that are beneficial under strong selection, thereby eliminating the benefits of mate choice. Genic capture resolves this paradox by suggesting that additive genetic variance of sexually selected traits reflects the genetic variance in total condition. A deleterious mutation anywhere in the genome will adversely affect condition, and thereby adversely affect a condition-dependent sexually selected trait. Genic capture therefore resolves the lek paradox by proposing that recurrent deleterious mutation maintains additive genetic variance in fitness by incorporating the entire mutation load of an individual. Thus any condition-dependent trait \"captures\" the overall genetic variance in condition. Rowe and Houle argued that genic capture ensures that good genes will become a central feature of the evolution of any sexually selected trait.\n\nCondition\n\nThe key quantity for genic capture is vaguely defined as \"condition.\" The hypothesis only defines condition as a quantity that correlates tightly with overall fitness, such that directional selection will always increase average condition over time. Condition should, in general, reflect overall energy acquisition, such that life-history variation reflects differential allocation to survival and sexual signalling. Genetic variation in condition should be very broadly affected by any changes in the genome. Close to equilibrium any mutation should be deleterious, thereby leading to non-zero overall mutation rate, maintaining variance in fitness.\n\nRowe and Houle's Quantitative Genetic Model\n\nRowe and Houle's simple model defines a trait as the result of three heritable components, a condition-independent component a, epistatic modification b and condition, suggesting the following function for a trait: T = a + bC where C is the condition of an individual. Loci contributing to C are loosely linked and independent of loci contributing to a and b. Rowe and Houle then find the expected variance of T and ignored higher-order terms (i.e. products of variances): G_T \\approx G_a + \\bar" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Genic capture is a hypothesis explaining the maintenance of hereditary variance in traits under sexual selection. A classic problem in sexual selection is the fixation of alleles that are beneficial under strong selection, thereby eliminating the benefits of mate choice. Genic capture resolves this paradox by suggesting that additive hereditary variance of sexually selected traits reflects the hereditary variance in total condition. A deleterious mutation anywhere in the genome will adversely affect condition, and thereby adversely affect a condition-dependent sexually selected trait. Genic capture therefore resolves the lek paradox by proposing that recurrent deleterious mutation maintains additive hereditary variance in fitness by incorporating the entire mutation load of an individual. Thus any condition-dependent trait \"captures\" the overall hereditary variance in condition. Rowe and Houle argued that genic capture ensures that good genes will become a central feature of the evolution of any sexually selected trait.\n\nCondition\n\nThe key quantity for genic capture is vaguely defined as \"condition.\" The hypothesis only defines condition as a quantity that correlates tightly with overall fitness, such that directional selection will always increase average condition over time. Condition should, in general, reflect overall energy acquisition, such that life-history variation reflects differential allocation to survival and sexual signalling. Hereditary variation in condition should be very broadly affected by any changes in the genome. Close to equilibrium any mutation should be deleterious, thereby leading to non-zero overall mutation rate, maintaining variance in fitness.\n\nRowe and Houle's Quantitative Hereditary Model\n\nRowe and Houle's simple model defines a trait as the result of three heritable components, a condition-independent component a, epistatic modification b and condition, suggesting the following function for a trait: T = a + bC where C is the condition of an individual. Loci contributing to C are loosely linked and independent of loci contributing to a and b. Rowe and Houle then find the expected variance of T and ignored higher-order terms (i.e. products of variances): G_T \\approx G_a + \\bar" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Sarka is an old female given name of Bohemian origin. In the Czech Republic, it is the seventy-second most common female name. \"The legend of Divoka Sarka, or Wild Sarka, is shrouded in myth. The story of Sarka and the war between Czech men and women fifteen hundred years ago was first written down in the eleventh century, and historians are divided over whether there is any truth in it. Some say that the story is based on the ancient tales of the Amazonian warriors, while others say that it may have its roots in a pagan matriarchal society that predated the arrival of Christianity in Bohemia by thousands of years. We will probably never know the truth, but in much the same way as the tale of Robin Hood in Britain, Divoka Sarka has become part of Czech culture, and was used during the Czech National Revival to boost the role of Czech folklore in the Czech Lands... To find the roots of the legend of Divoka Sarka, we need to go back to the sixth century, or perhaps the seventh century, no-one knows for sure. It was a time when Prague didn't even exist. There were several settlements of the Slavic tribe, the Czechs, who had recently settled in the country, in what are now the suburbs of Prague. But the centre of Prague as we know it now was completely unsettled. The main settlement in the area, according to most historians, was in a narrow valley which today bears the name Divoka Sarka, to the west of today's city centre. At this time, or so legend has it, the Czechs were a matriarchal society, and were ruled by women for many generations. The last of these matriarchal rulers was Libuse. For when she died, says Vaclav Ledvinka, the director of Prague's city archives, the country's men made their own bid for power: \"When Libuse died, the matriarchal system of power came to an end, and a patriarchal system was introduced, with the arrival of Prince Premysl, the forefather of the Premyslid dynasty, which later ruled the Czech Lands for several hundred years. The women were apparently furious at this change, and this led to a civil war between Czech women and men.\" The war between the men and women was vicious and long. The women were led by a fierce and fabled warrior, Vlasta. But the main role in the legend belongs not to Vlasta, but to Sarka: \"Libuse's right-hand woman in the war against the men was a young girl named Sarka. She decided that the best way to inflict the greatest loss on their opponents was to entrap their bravest and strongest fighter, a young man named Ctirad, using feminine wiles, and then kill him.\" Sarka and Ctirad arranged a rendezvous in what is now the Divoka Sarka valley. According to the legend, Sarka then applied her feminine charms to Ctirad, with a little bit of help from some alcohol: \"Sarka proceeded to get Ctirad drunk with mead, which was the favourite drink of most Slavs at that time, he fell in love with her, but being drunk he fell asleep. While he lay sleeping in her arms, Sarka, so the legend says, murdered him.\" The murder of Ctirad was apparently a great blow to the male opponents of Vlasta's warriors, and for a while the loss of their greatest fighter helped the women to continue their fight, but only for a short while. In the end, the women lost the war, and a patriarchal, feudal system, under the rule of Premysl, and later on the Premyslid dynasty, was installed. Rather than surrender to the men, so the legend says, Sarka decided to take her own life, and jumped off a cliff in the Divoka Sarka valley. Today, one of the rock formations in the valley is called Divci Skok, or Girl's Jump, as this is, according to some, the site of her suicide. Whether or not Libuse, Vlasta, Sarka or Ctirad were ever real figures in Czech history, will probably never be known, as, says Vaclav Ledvinka, there's no proof that the war ever took place: \"There is no historical or archaeological evidence to suggest that the war ever happened. It is a piece of mythology that was most likely created in the eleventh, or at the beginning of the twelfth century by the chronicler Cosmas, based on the ancient Greek tale of the Amazon warriors and the war against the Amazons.\" The majority of Czech historians today believe that the legend of Divoka Sarka is entirely down to the chronicler Cosmas, who was the first to write a history of Bohemia, and that there was no matriarchal society in the Czech Lands in the sixth century. They dismiss the story as merely a rehashing of the Amazonian tale, which is not to be taken seriously. But, as with almost every period in history, says Vaclav Ledvinka, there are a few dissenting voices: \"There are some historians who have, in my opinion, a somewhat fertile imagination. They claim that this women's war could actually be a throwback to a much older historical fact, that early on, in prehistoric times, there could have been a matriarchal society, that women had primacy, and that they were overthrown by men. This could be true, but then the same could be said about the ancient Greeks. So it seems most likely that Cosmas took the basis for the tale of Sarka and Ctirad from those ancient texts.\" But the importance of the tale of Divoka Sarka may not lie in whether or not it has any historical basis, but in what it meant for the Czech people during the Czech National Revival. Under the rule of the Habsburgs, the Czech language, culture and folklore were gradually replaced by those of Austria. German was spoken in towns and cities, and Czech became relegated to villages and hamlets. It was not until towards the end of the eighteenth century that a group of Czech patriots set out to re-establish Czech as a language and to renew the idea of a Czech nation, and tales like that of Divoka Sarka played an important role in this process: \"During the Czech National Revival, all of these old tales and legends were romanticised to emphasise Czech culture and history. They were written into books, operas were made out of them and thus they became part of our national consciousness and cultural heritage. There is even a symphonic poem written by our national composer, Bedrich Smetana, called Sarka in honour of this tale, which shows how important it was during the nineteenth century to be aware of our past.\" Although there is no longer the same pressing need to emphasise Czech culture and heritage, Divoka Sarka still has importance today. The valley named after her is a nature reserve, and from the early spring to late autumn, the people of Prague flock there in their droves, and if you ask any Czech in the city to tell you about Divoka Sarka, they will be able to regale you with tales, of varying descriptions, of how she lured Ctirad to his death. But it's not just in Prague. The legend is an integral part of the culture today, and Czechs learn about Sarka from their early childhood: \"The tale about Sarka, Ctirad and the women's war is part of our culture, and is part of the collection of legends that forms part of the foundations of Czech literature. It is taught in schools and everyone knows the story, even younger people, who are not as interested in it as they used to be. Many people go to the Divoka Sarka valley mainly because of the story and because of the romance it lends to the surrounding area.\" People bearing the name include: *Sarka Barborkova, Czech volleyball player *Sarka Cojocarova, Czech model *Sarka Grossova, Czech entrepreneur *Sarka Kasparkova, Czech athlete *Sarka Korbelova, Czech businesswoman *Sarka Krizkova, Czech badminton player *Sarka Kubinova, Czech volleyball player *Sarka Melicharkova, Czech volleyball player *Sarka Novakova, Czech high jumper *Sarka Pancochova, Czech snowboarder *Sarka Strachova, Czech alpine skier *Sarka Sudova, Czech skier *Sarka Svobodna, Czech orienteering competitor *Sarka Ullrichova, Czech actress *Sarka Vankova, Czech singer *Sarka Varvarovska, Czech nurse *Sarka Vondrkova, Czech ice dancer Mythical characters *Sarka, a mythical warrior-maiden of Bohemia, a character in The Maidens' War\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"culture\" with \"civilization\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Sarka is an old female given name of Bohemian origin. In the Czech Republic, it is the seventy-second most common female name. \"The legend of Divoka Sarka, or Wild Sarka, is shrouded in myth. The story of Sarka and the war between Czech men and women fifteen hundred years ago was first written down in the eleventh century, and historians are divided over whether there is any truth in it. Some say that the story is based on the ancient tales of the Amazonian warriors, while others say that it may have its roots in a pagan matriarchal society that predated the arrival of Christianity in Bohemia by thousands of years. We will probably never know the truth, but in much the same way as the tale of Robin Hood in Britain, Divoka Sarka has become part of Czech civilization, and was used during the Czech National Revival to boost the role of Czech folklore in the Czech Lands... To find the roots of the legend of Divoka Sarka, we need to go back to the sixth century, or perhaps the seventh century, no-one knows for sure. It was a time when Prague didn't even exist. There were several settlements of the Slavic tribe, the Czechs, who had recently settled in the country, in what are now the suburbs of Prague. But the centre of Prague as we know it now was completely unsettled. The main settlement in the area, according to most historians, was in a narrow valley which today bears the name Divoka Sarka, to the west of today's city centre. At this time, or so legend has it, the Czechs were a matriarchal society, and were ruled by women for many generations. The last of these matriarchal rulers was Libuse. For when she died, says Vaclav Ledvinka, the director of Prague's city archives, the country's men made their own bid for power: \"When Libuse died, the matriarchal system of power came to an end, and a patriarchal system was introduced, with the arrival of Prince Premysl, the forefather of the Premyslid dynasty, which later ruled the Czech Lands for several hundred years. The women were apparently furious at this change, and this led to a civil war between Czech women and men.\" The war between the men and women was vicious and long. The women were led by a fierce and fabled warrior, Vlasta. But the main role in the legend belongs not to Vlasta, but to Sarka: \"Libuse's right-hand woman in the war against the men was a young girl named Sarka. She decided that the best way to inflict the greatest loss on their opponents was to entrap their bravest and strongest fighter, a young man named Ctirad, using feminine wiles, and then kill him.\" Sarka and Ctirad arranged a rendezvous in what is now the Divoka Sarka valley. According to the legend, Sarka then applied her feminine charms to Ctirad, with a little bit of help from some alcohol: \"Sarka proceeded to get Ctirad drunk with mead, which was the favourite drink of most Slavs at that time, he fell in love with her, but being drunk he fell asleep. While he lay sleeping in her arms, Sarka, so the legend says, murdered him.\" The murder of Ctirad was apparently a great blow to the male opponents of Vlasta's warriors, and for a while the loss of their greatest fighter helped the women to continue their fight, but only for a short while. In the end, the women lost the war, and a patriarchal, feudal system, under the rule of Premysl, and later on the Premyslid dynasty, was installed. Rather than surrender to the men, so the legend says, Sarka decided to take her own life, and jumped off a cliff in the Divoka Sarka valley. Today, one of the rock formations in the valley is called Divci Skok, or Girl's Jump, as this is, according to some, the site of her suicide. Whether or not Libuse, Vlasta, Sarka or Ctirad were ever real figures in Czech history, will probably never be known, as, says Vaclav Ledvinka, there's no proof that the war ever took place: \"There is no historical or archaeological evidence to suggest that the war ever happened. It is a piece of mythology that was most likely created in the eleventh, or at the beginning of the twelfth century by the chronicler Cosmas, based on the ancient Greek tale of the Amazon warriors and the war against the Amazons.\" The majority of Czech historians today believe that the legend of Divoka Sarka is entirely down to the chronicler Cosmas, who was the first to write a history of Bohemia, and that there was no matriarchal society in the Czech Lands in the sixth century. They dismiss the story as merely a rehashing of the Amazonian tale, which is not to be taken seriously. But, as with almost every period in history, says Vaclav Ledvinka, there are a few dissenting voices: \"There are some historians who have, in my opinion, a somewhat fertile imagination. They claim that this women's war could actually be a throwback to a much older historical fact, that early on, in prehistoric times, there could have been a matriarchal society, that women had primacy, and that they were overthrown by men. This could be true, but then the same could be said about the ancient Greeks. So it seems most likely that Cosmas took the basis for the tale of Sarka and Ctirad from those ancient texts.\" But the importance of the tale of Divoka Sarka may not lie in whether or not it has any historical basis, but in what it meant for the Czech people during the Czech National Revival. Under the rule of the Habsburgs, the Czech language, civilization and folklore were gradually replaced by those of Austria. German was spoken in towns and cities, and Czech became relegated to villages and hamlets. It was not until towards the end of the eighteenth century that a group of Czech patriots set out to re-establish Czech as a language and to renew the idea of a Czech nation, and tales like that of Divoka Sarka played an important role in this process: \"During the Czech National Revival, all of these old tales and legends were romanticised to emphasise Czech civilization and history. They were written into books, operas were made out of them and thus they became part of our national consciousness and cultural heritage. There is even a symphonic poem written by our national composer, Bedrich Smetana, called Sarka in honour of this tale, which shows how important it was during the nineteenth century to be aware of our past.\" Although there is no longer the same pressing need to emphasise Czech civilization and heritage, Divoka Sarka still has importance today. The valley named after her is a nature reserve, and from the early spring to late autumn, the people of Prague flock there in their droves, and if you ask any Czech in the city to tell you about Divoka Sarka, they will be able to regale you with tales, of varying descriptions, of how she lured Ctirad to his death. But it's not just in Prague. The legend is an integral part of the civilization today, and Czechs learn about Sarka from their early childhood: \"The tale about Sarka, Ctirad and the women's war is part of our civilization, and is part of the collection of legends that forms part of the foundations of Czech literature. It is taught in schools and everyone knows the story, even younger people, who are not as interested in it as they used to be. Many people go to the Divoka Sarka valley mainly because of the story and because of the romance it lends to the surrounding area.\" People bearing the name include: *Sarka Barborkova, Czech volleyball player *Sarka Cojocarova, Czech model *Sarka Grossova, Czech entrepreneur *Sarka Kasparkova, Czech athlete *Sarka Korbelova, Czech businesswoman *Sarka Krizkova, Czech badminton player *Sarka Kubinova, Czech volleyball player *Sarka Melicharkova, Czech volleyball player *Sarka Novakova, Czech high jumper *Sarka Pancochova, Czech snowboarder *Sarka Strachova, Czech alpine skier *Sarka Sudova, Czech skier *Sarka Svobodna, Czech orienteering competitor *Sarka Ullrichova, Czech actress *Sarka Vankova, Czech singer *Sarka Varvarovska, Czech nurse *Sarka Vondrkova, Czech ice dancer Mythical characters *Sarka, a mythical warrior-maiden of Bohemia, a character in The Maidens' War" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'settlement' with 'compensation'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nBratsky (; masculine), Bratskaya (; feminine), or Bratskoye (; neuter) is the name of several rural localities in Russia: *Bratsky, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Ivano-Kazansky Selsoviet of Iglinsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan *Bratsky, Kaluga Oblast, a settlement in Zhizdrinsky District of Kaluga Oblast *Bratsky, Gulkevichsky District, Krasnodar Krai, a khutor in Tysyachny Rural Okrug of Gulkevichsky District of Krasnodar Krai *Bratsky, Korenovsky District, Krasnodar Krai, a settlement in Novoberezansky Rural Okrug of Korenovsky District of Krasnodar Krai *Bratsky, Labinsky District, Krasnodar Krai, a khutor in Pervosinyukhinsky Rural Okrug of Labinsky District of Krasnodar Krai *Bratsky, Tikhoretsky District, Krasnodar Krai, a settlement in Bratsky Rural Okrug of Tikhoretsky District of Krasnodar Krai *Bratsky, Ust-Labinsky District, Krasnodar Krai, a khutor in Bratsky Rural Okrug of Ust-Labinsky District of Krasnodar Krai *Bratsky, Yeysky District, Krasnodar Krai, a settlement in Yeysky Rural Okrug of Yeysky District of Krasnodar Krai *Bratsky, Orenburg Oblast, a settlement in Dimitrovsky Selsoviet of Ileksky District of Orenburg Oblast *Bratsky, Oryol Oblast, a settlement in Vysokinsky Selsoviet of Mtsensky District of Oryol Oblast *Bratsky, Rostov Oblast, a khutor in Ilyinovskoye Rural Settlement of Martynovsky District of Rostov Oblast *Bratsky, Samara Oblast, a settlement in Krasnoarmeysky District of Samara Oblast *Bratsky, Saratov Oblast, a settlement in Ivanteyevsky District of Saratov Oblast *Bratsky, Volgograd Oblast, a khutor in Krepinsky Selsoviet of Kalachyovsky District of Volgograd Oblast *Bratskoye, Chechen Republic, a selo in Nadterechny District of the Chechen Republic *Bratskoye, Krasnodar Krai, a selo in Glebovsky Rural Okrug of Kushchyovsky District of Krasnodar Krai *Bratskoye, Oryol Oblast, a village in Kotovsky Selsoviet of Sverdlovsky District of Oryol Oblast *Bratskoye, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Arkadaksky District of Saratov Oblast *Bratskoye, Krasnokholmsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Krasnokholmsky District, Tver Oblast *Bratskoye, Udomelsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Udomelsky District, Tver Oblast *Bratskoye, Sokolsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Zamoshsky Selsoviet of Sokolsky District of Vologda Oblast *Bratskoye, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Opoksky Selsoviet of Velikoustyugsky District of Vologda Oblast *Bratskoye, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Kubensky Selsoviet of Vologodsky District of Vologda Oblast *Bratskoye, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Beloselsky Rural Okrug of Poshekhonsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Bratsky (; masculine), Bratskaya (; feminine), or Bratskoye (; neuter) is the name of several rural localities in Russia: *Bratsky, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Ivano-Kazansky Selsoviet of Iglinsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan *Bratsky, Kaluga Oblast, a compensation in Zhizdrinsky District of Kaluga Oblast *Bratsky, Gulkevichsky District, Krasnodar Krai, a khutor in Tysyachny Rural Okrug of Gulkevichsky District of Krasnodar Krai *Bratsky, Korenovsky District, Krasnodar Krai, a compensation in Novoberezansky Rural Okrug of Korenovsky District of Krasnodar Krai *Bratsky, Labinsky District, Krasnodar Krai, a khutor in Pervosinyukhinsky Rural Okrug of Labinsky District of Krasnodar Krai *Bratsky, Tikhoretsky District, Krasnodar Krai, a compensation in Bratsky Rural Okrug of Tikhoretsky District of Krasnodar Krai *Bratsky, Ust-Labinsky District, Krasnodar Krai, a khutor in Bratsky Rural Okrug of Ust-Labinsky District of Krasnodar Krai *Bratsky, Yeysky District, Krasnodar Krai, a compensation in Yeysky Rural Okrug of Yeysky District of Krasnodar Krai *Bratsky, Orenburg Oblast, a compensation in Dimitrovsky Selsoviet of Ileksky District of Orenburg Oblast *Bratsky, Oryol Oblast, a compensation in Vysokinsky Selsoviet of Mtsensky District of Oryol Oblast *Bratsky, Rostov Oblast, a khutor in Ilyinovskoye Rural Compensation of Martynovsky District of Rostov Oblast *Bratsky, Samara Oblast, a compensation in Krasnoarmeysky District of Samara Oblast *Bratsky, Saratov Oblast, a compensation in Ivanteyevsky District of Saratov Oblast *Bratsky, Volgograd Oblast, a khutor in Krepinsky Selsoviet of Kalachyovsky District of Volgograd Oblast *Bratskoye, Chechen Republic, a selo in Nadterechny District of the Chechen Republic *Bratskoye, Krasnodar Krai, a selo in Glebovsky Rural Okrug of Kushchyovsky District of Krasnodar Krai *Bratskoye, Oryol Oblast, a village in Kotovsky Selsoviet of Sverdlovsky District of Oryol Oblast *Bratskoye, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Arkadaksky District of Saratov Oblast *Bratskoye, Krasnokholmsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Krasnokholmsky District, Tver Oblast *Bratskoye, Udomelsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Udomelsky District, Tver Oblast *Bratskoye, Sokolsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Zamoshsky Selsoviet of Sokolsky District of Vologda Oblast *Bratskoye, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Opoksky Selsoviet of Velikoustyugsky District of Vologda Oblast *Bratskoye, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Kubensky Selsoviet of Vologodsky District of Vologda Oblast *Bratskoye, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Beloselsky Rural Okrug of Poshekhonsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In art, craft, and engineering, masking is the use of materials to protect areas from change, or to focus change on other areas. This can describe either the techniques and materials used to control the development of a work of art by protecting a desired area from change; or a phenomenon that (either intentionally or unintentionally) causes a sensation to be concealed from conscious attention. The term is derived from the word \"mask\", in the sense that it hides the face from view.\n\nIn painting\n\nMasking materials supplement a painter's dexterity and choice of applicator to control where paint is laid. Examples include the use of a stencil or masking tape to protect areas which are not to be painted.\n\nSolid masks\n\nMost solid masks require an adhesive to hold the mask in place while work is performed. Some, such as masking tape and frisket, come with adhesive pre-applied. Solid masks are readily available in bulk, and are used in large painting jobs. *Paper products **Kraft paper **Butcher paper **Masking tape *Plastic film **Frisket **Polyester tape *Stencils **Silk screen\n\nLiquid masks\n\nLiquid masks are preferred where precision is needed; they prevent paint from seeping underneath, resulting in clean edges. Care must be taken to remove them without damaging the work underneath. *Latex or other polymers *Molten wax *Gesso, typically a substrate for painting, but can also be applied to achieve masking effects\n\nIn photography\n\nMasks used for photography are used to enhance the quality of an image. Representations of a scene--whether film, video display, or printed--do not have the dynamic contrast range available to the human eye looking directly at the same scene. Adjusting the contrast in an image helps restore some of the perceived qualities of the original scene. These adjustments are typically performed on \"blown-out\" highlights, and \"crushed\" or \"muddy\" shadow areas, where clipping has occurred; or on desaturated colors. Photographic masks are peculiar in that they are produced from the image they will alter, an exercise in recursion. Masks used to produce other effects are similar to those used in painting.\n\nControlling exposure\n\nFilm\n\nThe basic methods of controlling exposure are dodging and burning, which respectively lighten (reduce exposure) and darken (increase exposure) areas of an image. The tools a film photographer uses range from shaped pieces of black material (such as studio foil, foam, and paper) to the photographer's hands. To create a photographic mask, a sheet of negative film is contact-exposed to the original film negative or slide positive in a particular way. Both films are then combined to produce a processed positive. The process is similar when applied using digital techniques: the inverse of the working image is reduced to an image mask; filters or other adjustments are then applied, using the mask to selectively block portions of the image.\n\nDigital\n\nImage editors offer at the very least a \"Select All\" command and a rectangular \"marquee\" selection tool. (The word \"marquee\" describes the \"crawling ants\" border used to highlight the active region.) Once a selection is created, further changes to the image will be confined to that area. To continue editing the rest of the image, the selection is either \"deselected\" or the entire image is selected. Advanced suites offer more ways to select portions of an image, as well as ways to combine these selections through. Selection masks can be switched between an editable greyscale image and a mask. They allow the user to create a mask using the suite's painting tools.\n\nContrast masking\n\nWhen the contrast range of an image needs to be adjusted, a contrast mask is a simple solution. The processed image resembles what would be achieved when exposing through a neutral density filter, but the effects are focused highly upon the extreme regions of the image. The blocking areas of the mask coincide with the highlights of the image, and the permissive areas with the shadows, resulting in more detail appearing in each.\n\nFilm\n\nThe mask is often made from high-quality black-and-white film, such as Kodak Technical Pan, which allows for a degree of softening on the mask. Its processing time is reduced so as to not completely oppose the original negative. Both negatives are combined and registered, and collectively exposed with additional time to compensate for the presence of the mask.Contrast masking for Ilfochrome printing\n\nDigital\n\nContrast masking is made simpler with digital editing. A grayscale version of the image is produced, either by desaturation or by calculating selected ratios of the image's color channels, inverted, and blurred. The mask and original image are blended together to produce the final processed image.Contrast masking with Picture WIndow Pro Some image editors allow for refinement of the effect by changing the strength of the blend. Contrast masking can be considered to be the opposite of gamma correction, which adjusts the midtones of an image. Effects similar to contrast masking can be achieved by adjusting the response curves of an image.\n\nUnsharp masking\n\nA derivative of contrast masking is unsharp masking, an unusual term for a process intended to increase the apparent sharpness (acutance) of an image. Unsharp masking uses a blurred form of the image to increase contrast along regions of moderate contrast difference. Around edges, the blur region causes highlights to overexpose and shadows to underexpose. Taken to an extreme, the edges become overly visible and detract from the quality of the image--this is referred to as halation. Unsharp masking does not increase the actual sharpness, as it cannot recover details lost to blurring. Unprocessed, slight unsharp masking, then strong unsharp masking.\n\nFilm\n\nUnsharp masking allows the photographer to sharpen areas that have become blurred in the original negative, due to long shutter speed/exposure time, or from using a wide aperture/\"fast\" lens. When creating the unsharp mask, extra space or diffusing material is added between the image and the mask to produce the necessary blur.\n\nDigital\n\nUnsharp masking has become automated in digital editing, with higher-end suites offering the process as a \"tool\" or \"filter\" in their standard sharpening kits--the actual creation of a mask is bypassed in favor of calculations that represent the mask's effect. The process depends on three factors: the radius of the blur, the strength of the effect, and the threshold degree of contrast above which the effect will be applied. (Adjusting the threshold allows the editor to apply the effect selectively upon moderately defined edges and ignore image noise.) Unsharp masking is computationally more complex than other sharpening algorithms, but results in a higher-quality remedy. Deconvolution allows for truer sharpening, but is much more complex than unsharp masking.\n\n\nReplace 'digital' with 'data processor' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In art, craft, and engineering, masking is the use of materials to protect areas from change, or to focus change on other areas. This can describe either the techniques and materials used to control the development of a work of art by protecting a desired area from change; or a phenomenon that (either intentionally or unintentionally) causes a sensation to be concealed from conscious attention. The term is derived from the word \"mask\", in the sense that it hides the face from view.\n\nIn painting\n\nMasking materials supplement a painter's dexterity and choice of applicator to control where paint is laid. Examples include the use of a stencil or masking tape to protect areas which are not to be painted.\n\nSolid masks\n\nMost solid masks require an adhesive to hold the mask in place while work is performed. Some, such as masking tape and frisket, come with adhesive pre-applied. Solid masks are readily available in bulk, and are used in large painting jobs. *Paper products **Kraft paper **Butcher paper **Masking tape *Plastic film **Frisket **Polyester tape *Stencils **Silk screen\n\nLiquid masks\n\nLiquid masks are preferred where precision is needed; they prevent paint from seeping underneath, resulting in clean edges. Care must be taken to remove them without damaging the work underneath. *Latex or other polymers *Molten wax *Gesso, typically a substrate for painting, but can also be applied to achieve masking effects\n\nIn photography\n\nMasks used for photography are used to enhance the quality of an image. Representations of a scene--whether film, video display, or printed--do not have the dynamic contrast range available to the human eye looking directly at the same scene. Adjusting the contrast in an image helps restore some of the perceived qualities of the original scene. These adjustments are typically performed on \"blown-out\" highlights, and \"crushed\" or \"muddy\" shadow areas, where clipping has occurred; or on desaturated colors. Photographic masks are peculiar in that they are produced from the image they will alter, an exercise in recursion. Masks used to produce other effects are similar to those used in painting.\n\nControlling exposure\n\nFilm\n\nThe basic methods of controlling exposure are dodging and burning, which respectively lighten (reduce exposure) and darken (increase exposure) areas of an image. The tools a film photographer uses range from shaped pieces of black material (such as studio foil, foam, and paper) to the photographer's hands. To create a photographic mask, a sheet of negative film is contact-exposed to the original film negative or slide positive in a particular way. Both films are then combined to produce a processed positive. The process is similar when applied using data processor techniques: the inverse of the working image is reduced to an image mask; filters or other adjustments are then applied, using the mask to selectively block portions of the image.\n\nData processor\n\nImage editors offer at the very least a \"Select All\" command and a rectangular \"marquee\" selection tool. (The word \"marquee\" describes the \"crawling ants\" border used to highlight the active region.) Once a selection is created, further changes to the image will be confined to that area. To continue editing the rest of the image, the selection is either \"deselected\" or the entire image is selected. Advanced suites offer more ways to select portions of an image, as well as ways to combine these selections through. Selection masks can be switched between an editable greyscale image and a mask. They allow the user to create a mask using the suite's painting tools.\n\nContrast masking\n\nWhen the contrast range of an image needs to be adjusted, a contrast mask is a simple solution. The processed image resembles what would be achieved when exposing through a neutral density filter, but the effects are focused highly upon the extreme regions of the image. The blocking areas of the mask coincide with the highlights of the image, and the permissive areas with the shadows, resulting in more detail appearing in each.\n\nFilm\n\nThe mask is often made from high-quality black-and-white film, such as Kodak Technical Pan, which allows for a degree of softening on the mask. Its processing time is reduced so as to not completely oppose the original negative. Both negatives are combined and registered, and collectively exposed with additional time to compensate for the presence of the mask.Contrast masking for Ilfochrome printing\n\nData processor\n\nContrast masking is made simpler with data processor editing. A grayscale version of the image is produced, either by desaturation or by calculating selected ratios of the image's color channels, inverted, and blurred. The mask and original image are blended together to produce the final processed image.Contrast masking with Picture WIndow Pro Some image editors allow for refinement of the effect by changing the strength of the blend. Contrast masking can be considered to be the opposite of gamma correction, which adjusts the midtones of an image. Effects similar to contrast masking can be achieved by adjusting the response curves of an image.\n\nUnsharp masking\n\nA derivative of contrast masking is unsharp masking, an unusual term for a process intended to increase the apparent sharpness (acutance) of an image. Unsharp masking uses a blurred form of the image to increase contrast along regions of moderate contrast difference. Around edges, the blur region causes highlights to overexpose and shadows to underexpose. Taken to an extreme, the edges become overly visible and detract from the quality of the image--this is referred to as halation. Unsharp masking does not increase the actual sharpness, as it cannot recover details lost to blurring. Unprocessed, slight unsharp masking, then strong unsharp masking.\n\nFilm\n\nUnsharp masking allows the photographer to sharpen areas that have become blurred in the original negative, due to long shutter speed/exposure time, or from using a wide aperture/\"fast\" lens. When creating the unsharp mask, extra space or diffusing material is added between the image and the mask to produce the necessary blur.\n\nData processor\n\nUnsharp masking has become automated in data processor editing, with higher-end suites offering the process as a \"tool\" or \"filter\" in their standard sharpening kits--the actual creation of a mask is bypassed in favor of calculations that represent the mask's effect. The process depends on three factors: the radius of the blur, the strength of the effect, and the threshold degree of contrast above which the effect will be applied. (Adjusting the threshold allows the editor to apply the effect selectively upon moderately defined edges and ignore image noise.) Unsharp masking is computationally more complex than other sharpening algorithms, but results in a higher-quality remedy. Deconvolution allows for truer sharpening, but is much more complex than unsharp masking." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Newsrooms are now adapting to the multimedia journalism Multimedia journalism is the practice of contemporary journalism that distributes news content either using two or more media formats via the Internet, or disseminating news report via multiple media platforms. It is inseparably related to the media convergence of communication technologies, business integration of news industries, and editorial strategies of newsroom management. This area of journalism should be distinguished from digital journalism (or online journalism), which produces news content based on the Internet to generate popular participation. Contemporary multimedia journalism practice implies its profound impacts in various aspects, including content recognition, journalism ideology, labour requirements, and audience-journalists relationship.\nOverview\nThe term multimedia journalism is used to describe the emergence of the new genre of journalistic practice. Contemporary journalism studies define multimedia journalism in two ways, both emphasising on the rapid development of technology which facilitates newsroom adapt to contemporary convergent news ecology;. In the first definition, scholars believe that the World Wide Web is regarded as the fundamental vehicle used by news agencies, conveying information that comes in contact with the audience. Mark Deuze argues that multimedia journalism refers to news stories published on news websites enhanced by various media elements, including text, images, audio, video and other formats. Even though studies in this aspect illustrate the news landscape of online journalism since multimedia journalism exists on the web, these two forms of journalism should not be confused. According to Steen Steensen, online news stories are not universally driven by multi-modality, since they sometimes are only presented in text with images. Whereas multi media journalism contains more than two media elements, including but not limited to written words and photographs. The first genre of multimedia journalism contains two basic storytelling formats: Christmas Tree and Embedded Multimedia Stories. The former refers to the multimedia elements are positioned \"to the side of the main text story like ornaments hung on a tree\". For example, videos, charts and images are stacked on the right side of the web page as the secondary role in the storytelling. The latter, conversely, privilege the role of multimedia elements in news reporting. Instead of being placed aside of the main news body, multimedia technologies are embedded into the coverage as an inseparable part of the reporting. Secondly, as the result of media convergence, multimedia journalism is defined as the production and distribution of news coverage via a variety of communication platforms, such as newspaper, television, radio, websites, social media, and so on. In this case, multimedia journalists produce different format of news content with regards to various communication forums, leading from a mono media to a multimedia news culture.\nConvergence\nMedia convergence is a multi- dimensional concept defined by several scholars. It can refer to the combination of computing and information technology, communication networks, and digitized media content. Economically, convergence means the convergent products, services, and activities occurred with the development and popularization of the Internet. The inherent traits of the technology are regarded as the catalyst of a new model of journalism, multimedia journalism, which would challenge the traditional manufacture of source gathering, news reporting, and news distribution. In the news production process, newsroom convergence illustrates the degree of \"interaction and cooperation among cross-media partners\". It can be found in the main stages of the news production process: source gathering, information aggregation, news reporting, and news distribution. At the information-gathering level, Journalism collect sources for multiple platforms, as well as sharing stories with their counterparts. During the process of allocation and production, editors and producers decide the coverage of news stories, selecting sources from those gathered by journalists from different newsrooms. Finally, at the stage of distribution, news agencies disseminate news through various media platforms, including newspapers, websites, television, radio, and so on. From an industrial perspective, large news agencies today are opting for more than one form of cross-media cooperation, employing journalists for a variety of news distributing platforms, including printing, broadcasting, and online disseminating. In other words, rather than emphasizing on a single media form, contemporary journalistic information is accessed to the audience through more than one channel. However, the practical operation of media convergence varies among different news organizations. Influential factors distinguish the shape and size of the convergence constituted by both internal practices and the external pressure. For internal factors on the one hand, an example would be the lack of consensus among the allocative and operational level, such as shareholders, editors, and publishers. External influences, on the other hand, are mostly came from the pressure of horizontal competition, political regulations, and the transformation of the news ecology. From a business perspective, media convergence is regarded as a strategy for saving costs. Journalism as an industry itself, is inseparably linked with a business ends for generating high profit. Labors thus are required to proficiently produce multi-media news content with technical skills. As a result, an increase in revenue can be received when the news content is distributed efficiently through a variety of platforms.\nReasons for transformation\nMultimedia journalism is perceived as a revolutionary transformation in information and communications. It does not only challenge the traditional newsroom organization and management, but also changes the existing business model. Driving by a sheer goal of keeping corporations profitable, today's news are not primarily expected to serve as a public good. In order to generate higher profit, news agencies are producing more content accessible to an expanded size of audience through various distribution platforms. The driving force of multimedia journalism includes two ends, a \"push\" end and a \"pull\" side. The \"push\" end refers to the news providers' intention that want to migrate readers from physical printing news media to digitized platforms. The rapid growth of technology and the popularization of the Internet have fundamentally affected the business model of journalism. Advertising as the main driving force of production, target audience can be expanded as the news content is distributed through multiple platforms. Even though physical newspapers is still maintained its prominent position in distribution, the profit from digital sales constitutes a large percentage of the revenue for the industry. There is also a \"pull\" factor with respect to transformation of journalism. The emergence of digital natives who grow up with new media, speaking the digital language of computers and the Internet, make news providers adjust news formats. Young generations tend to be more proficiently engaged with new technologies, even spend their entire lives surrounded by digital media. With regards to those who are being a part of the \"digital natives\" instead of preferring traditional news coverage form, news agencies are adapting to the new environment to serve the various needs of audience.\nImpacts\nImpact on readers\nNews media as the vehicle that conveys information facilitate mass communication, does not only produce and distribute news, but also enhances the relationship between news providers and readers. Traditional journalism based on single medium defines the role of readers as the recipient and the consumer of information. Journalists thus serve as gatekeepers, deciding which source to cover, and what kind of information the public needs to know. News reporting through the television broadcasting, for example, is led by the reporter who is responsible for disseminating information to large audiences. However, with the development of technology, especially the Internet, the role of traditional news providers and readers are changed. Economically, the consuming behavior of mass audience is influenced by multimedia journalism. As the consumer of information, traditional readers are passively access to information since there is only single form of news product. Today's consuming practices have changed from passive to active since audience are able to select their preferred medium from a variety of options to receive information. The audiences' everyday practices with regards to multimedia journalism is challenging the traditional relationship between journalists and readers. Before the introduction of digital technologies, news providers have realized that they need to broaden their readership scope by providing a forum for public discussion. Commentaries and editorial pages on newspaper are thus created for satisfying such needs; however, they are limited in size and accessibility. As news agencies are adapting to the trend of multimedia journalism, readers' voices are able to heard more comprehensively. For example, the interactive feature of new media such as the Internet, especially social media, allowing journalists to directly communicate with their audience on the one hand, also enabling readers to exchange ideas among themselves on the other hand. The emergence of interactive technology therefore undermines the classical news agenda. Multimedia journalism converts readers to collaborators, which generates greater contact between journalists and their audience. Audiences are able to access information via more than one platforms as well as comprehending news information in detail. In addition, multiple discussion forums provided by journalism, such as the online comment area under each news report, enabling direct communication between readers and journalists. Today's information culture embedded in the computer-mediated news production also leads transformation in the news habit of individuals. Firstly, the ways of how people understanding the news event and perceiving the world are shaped by images and video, no longer depending on texts. Evidently, As Stephens argues, we are now witnessing the \"rise of the image, and fall of the word\", as contemporary multimedia journalistic sphere is dominated by images, whether still or moving. Secondly, multitasking is becoming more common as the consumption of information in a variety of media is increasing. They tend to produce and consume news content simultaneously through different media. For example, ordinaries can read the newspaper and listen to radio broadcasts at the same time. At this day and age, social media outlets also provide an additional avenue in which the general population can use to get their news fix from.\nImpact on content\nIn convergent times, the scope of journalism has expanded considerably via the multimedia model, serving as an alternative form to traditional news production and consumption. Scholars believe that multimedia are used as an effective extension of the primary news narrative format. For instance, Benson et al. claim that, with regards to news stories delivered online, even though the main narrative of news report is still the dominant part of journalism, other additional elements such as charts, images, videos are becoming more prevalent today. Content comprehension and knowledge gain are considered as one dimension of the most significant media effects due to its socio-political characteristics. Studies show that messages transmitted through audiovisual media can enhance emotional responses and lead to better memory. On the one hand, psychological research indicates that some \"negative emotion increase attention, interest, and learning\". When a journalistic story triggers anger, audience are more likely to remember the news report, stimulating political interest thus enhancing the quality of learning. On the other hand, compared with solely reading texts, the human brain \"absorbs larger amounts of information when the messages are audiovisual\". Information presented in multiple modalities do not only attract attention, but multimedia elements also provide readers a diverse decoding method for interpreting and comprehending meaning. As journalism content is delivered through various platforms, it has a greater opportunity to appeal to more receivers than information presented in a single channel. This \"redundancy\" of content, according to Sundar, contributing to \"cognitive rehearsal, thereby enhancing its likelihood of storage in memory\". Combining pictures, audio, and words in a multimedia context hence leads to better memory and comprehension of that content. Multimedia report, moreover, contributing to the contextualization of the events covered in news stories. By providing real-time report through both traditional broadcasting and digital content, this form of journalistic practice offers clarifications regarding facts or systems difficult to understand. Classical model simply focuses on a single distribution platform, limiting the scope of demonstration. According to Stevens, cross-platform delivery and multimedia content provide additional information and alternative angles while reporting news stories, contributing to the complimentary of journalism. As today's news agencies following the trend of multimedia transformation, news can be presented in a more adequate scope, whether though different media or through additional multimedia elements co-exist in a news report on the webpage. For example, in a news report published through the Internet, by posting a real- time video interview of victims of an earthquake with a chart explaining the different scales of earthquakes, can efficiently inform the public about knowledge of earthquakes.\nImpact on journalism ideology\nRather than simply an emergent communication technology, new media need to be understood with respect to their practical usage. Scholars such as Deuze and Peters offer an insight view of multimedia's relationship to journalism. Journalism practices are described by five key concepts: public service, objectivity, autonomy, immediacy, and ethics. According to Deuze, journalism ideology is enhanced and reshaped by multimedia forces. First of all, the ideology of public service explains the journalists' responsibility of informing the public by serving as watchdogs of the society. Gant claims that \"journalists reference the public service they perform while pursuing avenues generally closed to the public\". Today's multimedia ecosystem nourishes a diversity of opinions, broadening the range of public discussion. Journalists provide various platforms to increase the opportunity for popular participation, ensuring an extensive public inclusion. In doing so, citizens' voices are heard by journalists, and they can thus seek a satisfying way to serve the needs of individuals. Objectivity, the second concept, is considered as one of the most important value of journalists' professional identity. It requires journalists to be impartial, neutral, and fair. By introducing interactive communication technology, citizens are able to take part in the process of journalistic practices, whether through commenting or producing their own content. They sometimes share events happened around them as traditional journalists, reporting objectively by looking for the truth. However, some scholars argue that such trend threatens the professional value of journalists. It is hard to distinguish the trustworthiness of content in the cyber space as the participatory group is growing exponentially and becoming more diverse. The emergence of multimedia therefore can both enhance and undermine the ideology of objectivity. Thirdly, autonomy refers to the independency of journalists, without interference of external forces such as governmental censorship. Multimedia journalism guarantees such autonomy as it encourages citizen's engagement. Since the Internet has become a forum for free speech, the virtual community created in cyber space is more democratic than the real life society. News content can be distributed autonomously, not having to undergo the checks of a political supervisor and regulation. The fourth concept, immediacy, is another component central to the professional journalism's ideology. It means the ability of delivering news timely and completely. One of the distinctive characteristics of digital technology is its high speed of transmitting information. While news organizations are extending their distribution scope, especially the Internet, news is delivered quickly and immediately. Finally, ethics are the moral regulation, instructing journalists to \"have sense of right and wrong, or ethical, practice\". This ideology is challenged by today's news ecosystem. Even though journalists are ideally required to be unbiased and objective, acting as watchdogs to seek the truth; their personal needs and external pressure always conflict with this professional ideology. However, contemporary multimedia outlets are \"competing to win ratings\" or to gain readership by \"seeing how far they can lower the bar without getting hurt when covering celebrities\". Journalists, additionally, they want byline, position, and access to sources; they sometimes have to privilege the voice of those in power.\nImpact on labour\nMultimedia journalism, as an outcome of media convergence, introduces a series of changes in journalistic practices. Today's multimedia journalists creating content for newspapers, television, radio, websites, and so on. Many scholars believe that future journalists have to be familiar with different types of media. Media corporations have changed their institutional structures of their newsrooms in order to enable journalists to produce more content for various media platforms. Therefore, the boundary between journalists work for different sectors are now blurred. For example, online operations has integrated into broadcast newsroom, traditional journalists whose work emphasis is originally on writing and television reporting are now transformed to digital content. In this context of convergent newsrooms, an increasing number of journalists are required to become multi-skilled. The common belief, \"all journalists must do all things\" becomes a built-in philosophy among news editors. Positively, many journalists regard being multi-skilled as a good trend, providing new opportunities and job possibilities for younger news workers. The capability of multi-skilling allows interns to freely transform their job field, ranging from newspaper to websites. However, such work requirement undoubtedly impose a heavy workload on journalists. Since technologies are used by the management level to increase the productivity and revenue, the work pressure is becoming a common problem among journalists. Due to the business end of media institutions, the drive for profit means the need of more content and continuity provided by journalists, which \"requires more planning, teamwork, and providing the type of depth impossible in television and print.\" It thus leads to the emergence of team-based work and collaborative journalism, challenging the traditional norm of independent journalism. Even though such trend undermines the existing modality, most scholars conclude that such \"new media way\" of journalism has \"increased the quality of journalistic work, improved journalists' career opportunities, and enhanced their sense of doing a good job as a journalist. \"\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"digital\" with \"data processor\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Newsrooms are now adapting to the multimedia journalism Multimedia journalism is the practice of contemporary journalism that distributes news content either using two or more media formats via the Internet, or disseminating news report via multiple media platforms. It is inseparably related to the media convergence of communication technologies, business integration of news industries, and editorial strategies of newsroom management. This area of journalism should be distinguished from data processor journalism (or online journalism), which produces news content based on the Internet to generate popular participation. Contemporary multimedia journalism practice implies its profound impacts in various aspects, including content recognition, journalism ideology, labour requirements, and audience-journalists relationship.\nOverview\nThe term multimedia journalism is used to describe the emergence of the new genre of journalistic practice. Contemporary journalism studies define multimedia journalism in two ways, both emphasising on the rapid development of technology which facilitates newsroom adapt to contemporary convergent news ecology;. In the first definition, scholars believe that the World Wide Web is regarded as the fundamental vehicle used by news agencies, conveying information that comes in contact with the audience. Mark Deuze argues that multimedia journalism refers to news stories published on news websites enhanced by various media elements, including text, images, audio, video and other formats. Even though studies in this aspect illustrate the news landscape of online journalism since multimedia journalism exists on the web, these two forms of journalism should not be confused. According to Steen Steensen, online news stories are not universally driven by multi-modality, since they sometimes are only presented in text with images. Whereas multi media journalism contains more than two media elements, including but not limited to written words and photographs. The first genre of multimedia journalism contains two basic storytelling formats: Christmas Tree and Embedded Multimedia Stories. The former refers to the multimedia elements are positioned \"to the side of the main text story like ornaments hung on a tree\". For example, videos, charts and images are stacked on the right side of the web page as the secondary role in the storytelling. The latter, conversely, privilege the role of multimedia elements in news reporting. Instead of being placed aside of the main news body, multimedia technologies are embedded into the coverage as an inseparable part of the reporting. Secondly, as the result of media convergence, multimedia journalism is defined as the production and distribution of news coverage via a variety of communication platforms, such as newspaper, television, radio, websites, social media, and so on. In this case, multimedia journalists produce different format of news content with regards to various communication forums, leading from a mono media to a multimedia news culture.\nConvergence\nMedia convergence is a multi- dimensional concept defined by several scholars. It can refer to the combination of computing and information technology, communication networks, and digitized media content. Economically, convergence means the convergent products, services, and activities occurred with the development and popularization of the Internet. The inherent traits of the technology are regarded as the catalyst of a new model of journalism, multimedia journalism, which would challenge the traditional manufacture of source gathering, news reporting, and news distribution. In the news production process, newsroom convergence illustrates the degree of \"interaction and cooperation among cross-media partners\". It can be found in the main stages of the news production process: source gathering, information aggregation, news reporting, and news distribution. At the information-gathering level, Journalism collect sources for multiple platforms, as well as sharing stories with their counterparts. During the process of allocation and production, editors and producers decide the coverage of news stories, selecting sources from those gathered by journalists from different newsrooms. Finally, at the stage of distribution, news agencies disseminate news through various media platforms, including newspapers, websites, television, radio, and so on. From an industrial perspective, large news agencies today are opting for more than one form of cross-media cooperation, employing journalists for a variety of news distributing platforms, including printing, broadcasting, and online disseminating. In other words, rather than emphasizing on a single media form, contemporary journalistic information is accessed to the audience through more than one channel. However, the practical operation of media convergence varies among different news organizations. Influential factors distinguish the shape and size of the convergence constituted by both internal practices and the external pressure. For internal factors on the one hand, an example would be the lack of consensus among the allocative and operational level, such as shareholders, editors, and publishers. External influences, on the other hand, are mostly came from the pressure of horizontal competition, political regulations, and the transformation of the news ecology. From a business perspective, media convergence is regarded as a strategy for saving costs. Journalism as an industry itself, is inseparably linked with a business ends for generating high profit. Labors thus are required to proficiently produce multi-media news content with technical skills. As a result, an increase in revenue can be received when the news content is distributed efficiently through a variety of platforms.\nReasons for transformation\nMultimedia journalism is perceived as a revolutionary transformation in information and communications. It does not only challenge the traditional newsroom organization and management, but also changes the existing business model. Driving by a sheer goal of keeping corporations profitable, today's news are not primarily expected to serve as a public good. In order to generate higher profit, news agencies are producing more content accessible to an expanded size of audience through various distribution platforms. The driving force of multimedia journalism includes two ends, a \"push\" end and a \"pull\" side. The \"push\" end refers to the news providers' intention that want to migrate readers from physical printing news media to digitized platforms. The rapid growth of technology and the popularization of the Internet have fundamentally affected the business model of journalism. Advertising as the main driving force of production, target audience can be expanded as the news content is distributed through multiple platforms. Even though physical newspapers is still maintained its prominent position in distribution, the profit from data processor sales constitutes a large percentage of the revenue for the industry. There is also a \"pull\" factor with respect to transformation of journalism. The emergence of data processor natives who grow up with new media, speaking the data processor language of computers and the Internet, make news providers adjust news formats. Young generations tend to be more proficiently engaged with new technologies, even spend their entire lives surrounded by data processor media. With regards to those who are being a part of the \"data processor natives\" instead of preferring traditional news coverage form, news agencies are adapting to the new environment to serve the various needs of audience.\nImpacts\nImpact on readers\nNews media as the vehicle that conveys information facilitate mass communication, does not only produce and distribute news, but also enhances the relationship between news providers and readers. Traditional journalism based on single medium defines the role of readers as the recipient and the consumer of information. Journalists thus serve as gatekeepers, deciding which source to cover, and what kind of information the public needs to know. News reporting through the television broadcasting, for example, is led by the reporter who is responsible for disseminating information to large audiences. However, with the development of technology, especially the Internet, the role of traditional news providers and readers are changed. Economically, the consuming behavior of mass audience is influenced by multimedia journalism. As the consumer of information, traditional readers are passively access to information since there is only single form of news product. Today's consuming practices have changed from passive to active since audience are able to select their preferred medium from a variety of options to receive information. The audiences' everyday practices with regards to multimedia journalism is challenging the traditional relationship between journalists and readers. Before the introduction of data processor technologies, news providers have realized that they need to broaden their readership scope by providing a forum for public discussion. Commentaries and editorial pages on newspaper are thus created for satisfying such needs; however, they are limited in size and accessibility. As news agencies are adapting to the trend of multimedia journalism, readers' voices are able to heard more comprehensively. For example, the interactive feature of new media such as the Internet, especially social media, allowing journalists to directly communicate with their audience on the one hand, also enabling readers to exchange ideas among themselves on the other hand. The emergence of interactive technology therefore undermines the classical news agenda. Multimedia journalism converts readers to collaborators, which generates greater contact between journalists and their audience. Audiences are able to access information via more than one platforms as well as comprehending news information in detail. In addition, multiple discussion forums provided by journalism, such as the online comment area under each news report, enabling direct communication between readers and journalists. Today's information culture embedded in the computer-mediated news production also leads transformation in the news habit of individuals. Firstly, the ways of how people understanding the news event and perceiving the world are shaped by images and video, no longer depending on texts. Evidently, As Stephens argues, we are now witnessing the \"rise of the image, and fall of the word\", as contemporary multimedia journalistic sphere is dominated by images, whether still or moving. Secondly, multitasking is becoming more common as the consumption of information in a variety of media is increasing. They tend to produce and consume news content simultaneously through different media. For example, ordinaries can read the newspaper and listen to radio broadcasts at the same time. At this day and age, social media outlets also provide an additional avenue in which the general population can use to get their news fix from.\nImpact on content\nIn convergent times, the scope of journalism has expanded considerably via the multimedia model, serving as an alternative form to traditional news production and consumption. Scholars believe that multimedia are used as an effective extension of the primary news narrative format. For instance, Benson et al. claim that, with regards to news stories delivered online, even though the main narrative of news report is still the dominant part of journalism, other additional elements such as charts, images, videos are becoming more prevalent today. Content comprehension and knowledge gain are considered as one dimension of the most significant media effects due to its socio-political characteristics. Studies show that messages transmitted through audiovisual media can enhance emotional responses and lead to better memory. On the one hand, psychological research indicates that some \"negative emotion increase attention, interest, and learning\". When a journalistic story triggers anger, audience are more likely to remember the news report, stimulating political interest thus enhancing the quality of learning. On the other hand, compared with solely reading texts, the human brain \"absorbs larger amounts of information when the messages are audiovisual\". Information presented in multiple modalities do not only attract attention, but multimedia elements also provide readers a diverse decoding method for interpreting and comprehending meaning. As journalism content is delivered through various platforms, it has a greater opportunity to appeal to more receivers than information presented in a single channel. This \"redundancy\" of content, according to Sundar, contributing to \"cognitive rehearsal, thereby enhancing its likelihood of storage in memory\". Combining pictures, audio, and words in a multimedia context hence leads to better memory and comprehension of that content. Multimedia report, moreover, contributing to the contextualization of the events covered in news stories. By providing real-time report through both traditional broadcasting and data processor content, this form of journalistic practice offers clarifications regarding facts or systems difficult to understand. Classical model simply focuses on a single distribution platform, limiting the scope of demonstration. According to Stevens, cross-platform delivery and multimedia content provide additional information and alternative angles while reporting news stories, contributing to the complimentary of journalism. As today's news agencies following the trend of multimedia transformation, news can be presented in a more adequate scope, whether though different media or through additional multimedia elements co-exist in a news report on the webpage. For example, in a news report published through the Internet, by posting a real- time video interview of victims of an earthquake with a chart explaining the different scales of earthquakes, can efficiently inform the public about knowledge of earthquakes.\nImpact on journalism ideology\nRather than simply an emergent communication technology, new media need to be understood with respect to their practical usage. Scholars such as Deuze and Peters offer an insight view of multimedia's relationship to journalism. Journalism practices are described by five key concepts: public service, objectivity, autonomy, immediacy, and ethics. According to Deuze, journalism ideology is enhanced and reshaped by multimedia forces. First of all, the ideology of public service explains the journalists' responsibility of informing the public by serving as watchdogs of the society. Gant claims that \"journalists reference the public service they perform while pursuing avenues generally closed to the public\". Today's multimedia ecosystem nourishes a diversity of opinions, broadening the range of public discussion. Journalists provide various platforms to increase the opportunity for popular participation, ensuring an extensive public inclusion. In doing so, citizens' voices are heard by journalists, and they can thus seek a satisfying way to serve the needs of individuals. Objectivity, the second concept, is considered as one of the most important value of journalists' professional identity. It requires journalists to be impartial, neutral, and fair. By introducing interactive communication technology, citizens are able to take part in the process of journalistic practices, whether through commenting or producing their own content. They sometimes share events happened around them as traditional journalists, reporting objectively by looking for the truth. However, some scholars argue that such trend threatens the professional value of journalists. It is hard to distinguish the trustworthiness of content in the cyber space as the participatory group is growing exponentially and becoming more diverse. The emergence of multimedia therefore can both enhance and undermine the ideology of objectivity. Thirdly, autonomy refers to the independency of journalists, without interference of external forces such as governmental censorship. Multimedia journalism guarantees such autonomy as it encourages citizen's engagement. Since the Internet has become a forum for free speech, the virtual community created in cyber space is more democratic than the real life society. News content can be distributed autonomously, not having to undergo the checks of a political supervisor and regulation. The fourth concept, immediacy, is another component central to the professional journalism's ideology. It means the ability of delivering news timely and completely. One of the distinctive characteristics of data processor technology is its high speed of transmitting information. While news organizations are extending their distribution scope, especially the Internet, news is delivered quickly and immediately. Finally, ethics are the moral regulation, instructing journalists to \"have sense of right and wrong, or ethical, practice\". This ideology is challenged by today's news ecosystem. Even though journalists are ideally required to be unbiased and objective, acting as watchdogs to seek the truth; their personal needs and external pressure always conflict with this professional ideology. However, contemporary multimedia outlets are \"competing to win ratings\" or to gain readership by \"seeing how far they can lower the bar without getting hurt when covering celebrities\". Journalists, additionally, they want byline, position, and access to sources; they sometimes have to privilege the voice of those in power.\nImpact on labour\nMultimedia journalism, as an outcome of media convergence, introduces a series of changes in journalistic practices. Today's multimedia journalists creating content for newspapers, television, radio, websites, and so on. Many scholars believe that future journalists have to be familiar with different types of media. Media corporations have changed their institutional structures of their newsrooms in order to enable journalists to produce more content for various media platforms. Therefore, the boundary between journalists work for different sectors are now blurred. For example, online operations has integrated into broadcast newsroom, traditional journalists whose work emphasis is originally on writing and television reporting are now transformed to data processor content. In this context of convergent newsrooms, an increasing number of journalists are required to become multi-skilled. The common belief, \"all journalists must do all things\" becomes a built-in philosophy among news editors. Positively, many journalists regard being multi-skilled as a good trend, providing new opportunities and job possibilities for younger news workers. The capability of multi-skilling allows interns to freely transform their job field, ranging from newspaper to websites. However, such work requirement undoubtedly impose a heavy workload on journalists. Since technologies are used by the management level to increase the productivity and revenue, the work pressure is becoming a common problem among journalists. Due to the business end of media institutions, the drive for profit means the need of more content and continuity provided by journalists, which \"requires more planning, teamwork, and providing the type of depth impossible in television and print.\" It thus leads to the emergence of team-based work and collaborative journalism, challenging the traditional norm of independent journalism. Even though such trend undermines the existing modality, most scholars conclude that such \"new media way\" of journalism has \"increased the quality of journalistic work, improved journalists' career opportunities, and enhanced their sense of doing a good job as a journalist. \"" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, replace 'function' with 'behavior'. Your response should be the same passage, but with the words replaced. Do not change anything else in the passage.\n\nIn clinical cardiology the term \"diastolic function\" is most commonly referred as how the heart fills. Parallel to \"diastolic function\", the term \"systolic function\" is usually referenced in terms of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), which is the ratio of stroke volume and end-diastolic volume. Due to the epidemic of heart failure, particularly the cases determined as diastolic heart failure, it is increasingly urgent and crucial to understand the meaning of \"diastolic function\". Unlike \"systolic function\", which can be simply evaluated by LVEF, there are no established dimensionless parameters for \"diastolic function\" assessment. Hence to further study \"diastolic function\" the complicated and speculative physiology must be taken into consideration. How the heart works during its filling period still has many misconceptions remaining. To better understand diastolic function, it is crucial to realize that the left ventricle is a mechanical suction pump at, and for a little while after, the mitral valve opening. In other words, when mitral valve opens, the atrium does not push blood into the ventricle, instead, it is the ventricle that mechanically \"sucks\" in blood from the atrium. The energy that drives the suction process is generated from phase of systole. During systole, to overcome the peripheral arterial load at ejection, ventricle contracts, which also compresses elastic tissues internal to and external to the myocardium. Then, when cardiac muscle relaxes, the energy captured by compressed elements releases, driving the recoil of ventricular wall until a new balanced equilibrium state is reached. During diastole, the ventricle of heart must remain elastic or compliant enough and have capacity to hold incoming blood to guarantee effectiveness of the filling phase. Hence stiffness and relaxation are ventricle's intrinsic feature parameters that are practical in evaluating and quantifying diastolic function. In addition, volumetric load serves as an extrinsic indicating parameter that modulates diastolic function.\n\nMeasurement\n\nThe most established index to describe left ventricular diastolic function is Tau, left ventricular diastolic time constant. Measurement of Tau is traditionally delivered in a catheter lab by an invasive method. Recently, non-invasive measurement of Tau is available for mitral regurgitation or aortic regurgitation patients in an Echo lab. There have been many attempts intending for extracting both intrinsic and extrinsic properties. Early attempts concentrated on pulse-wave Doppler-echo measured trans-mitral flow velocity contours. In terms of filling, diastolic intervals consist of early rapid filling E-waves followed by diastasis and followed by atrial systole-generated A-waves. Empirically, E- and A- wave contours were simplified as triangles. Nowadays, triangle-based indexes, such as the peak velocities of the E- and A-waves and ratio of them, the deceleration time and time duration of the E-wave, and the velocity time integral of both E- and A- waves, are usually measured and evaluated. The triangular approach applies to E-wave shape conveniently, especially in the past when the images rendered by technology back in days are of poor resolution quality. Nevertheless, with rapidly improving temporal resolution and image processing capabilities, the curvature of E-wave contours can be clearly identified with detailed information revealed. Due to advancement of modern medical imaging technology, the measurement of even smaller (i.e. tissue) velocities are possible to be made, which even leads to capability to measure the longitudinal displacements of the mitral annulus. The shapes of mitral annular velocity contours used to be approximated to be triangles, whose peak height is label to be E'. E' proved useful in selected patient populations for estimation of end-diastolic pressure (EDP). Other innovative imaging modalities consist of techniques such as speckle tracking. Speckle tracking enables strain and strain-rate measurements. It is a relatively recent instance of technological progress, due to the fact that it relies on the information content inherent in the seemingly random arrangement of bright speckles present in all echocardiographic images. Even though a variety of echo-based imaging technologies represent multiple levels of research innovation, much remains to be studied in relation to how to interpret the recorded data embedded in images." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In clinical cardiology the term \"diastolic behavior\" is most commonly referred as how the heart fills. Parallel to \"diastolic behavior\", the term \"systolic behavior\" is usually referenced in terms of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), which is the ratio of stroke volume and end-diastolic volume. Due to the epidemic of heart failure, particularly the cases determined as diastolic heart failure, it is increasingly urgent and crucial to understand the meaning of \"diastolic behavior\". Unlike \"systolic behavior\", which can be simply evaluated by LVEF, there are no established dimensionless parameters for \"diastolic behavior\" assessment. Hence to further study \"diastolic behavior\" the complicated and speculative physiology must be taken into consideration. How the heart works during its filling period still has many misconceptions remaining. To better understand diastolic behavior, it is crucial to realize that the left ventricle is a mechanical suction pump at, and for a little while after, the mitral valve opening. In other words, when mitral valve opens, the atrium does not push blood into the ventricle, instead, it is the ventricle that mechanically \"sucks\" in blood from the atrium. The energy that drives the suction process is generated from phase of systole. During systole, to overcome the peripheral arterial load at ejection, ventricle contracts, which also compresses elastic tissues internal to and external to the myocardium. Then, when cardiac muscle relaxes, the energy captured by compressed elements releases, driving the recoil of ventricular wall until a new balanced equilibrium state is reached. During diastole, the ventricle of heart must remain elastic or compliant enough and have capacity to hold incoming blood to guarantee effectiveness of the filling phase. Hence stiffness and relaxation are ventricle's intrinsic feature parameters that are practical in evaluating and quantifying diastolic behavior. In addition, volumetric load serves as an extrinsic indicating parameter that modulates diastolic behavior.\n\nMeasurement\n\nThe most established index to describe left ventricular diastolic behavior is Tau, left ventricular diastolic time constant. Measurement of Tau is traditionally delivered in a catheter lab by an invasive method. Recently, non-invasive measurement of Tau is available for mitral regurgitation or aortic regurgitation patients in an Echo lab. There have been many attempts intending for extracting both intrinsic and extrinsic properties. Early attempts concentrated on pulse-wave Doppler-echo measured trans-mitral flow velocity contours. In terms of filling, diastolic intervals consist of early rapid filling E-waves followed by diastasis and followed by atrial systole-generated A-waves. Empirically, E- and A- wave contours were simplified as triangles. Nowadays, triangle-based indexes, such as the peak velocities of the E- and A-waves and ratio of them, the deceleration time and time duration of the E-wave, and the velocity time integral of both E- and A- waves, are usually measured and evaluated. The triangular approach applies to E-wave shape conveniently, especially in the past when the images rendered by technology back in days are of poor resolution quality. Nevertheless, with rapidly improving temporal resolution and image processing capabilities, the curvature of E-wave contours can be clearly identified with detailed information revealed. Due to advancement of modern medical imaging technology, the measurement of even smaller (i.e. tissue) velocities are possible to be made, which even leads to capability to measure the longitudinal displacements of the mitral annulus. The shapes of mitral annular velocity contours used to be approximated to be triangles, whose peak height is label to be E'. E' proved useful in selected patient populations for estimation of end-diastolic pressure (EDP). Other innovative imaging modalities consist of techniques such as speckle tracking. Speckle tracking enables strain and strain-rate measurements. It is a relatively recent instance of technological progress, due to the fact that it relies on the information content inherent in the seemingly random arrangement of bright speckles present in all echocardiographic images. Even though a variety of echo-based imaging technologies represent multiple levels of research innovation, much remains to be studied in relation to how to interpret the recorded data embedded in images." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The Opemso Festival is a bi-annual festival held in Ghana to commemorate the iconic birth of Otumfuo Osei Tutu I, the first king of the Ashantis. The title Opemso, first given to Otumfuo Osei Tutu I, is given to Ashanti kings to indicate a fearless and persistent nature in executing plans without giving in to any obstacles. During the festival, events that led to Tutu's birth are mimicked until the final rites are performed in the Teneabasaso or Kwantakese sacred grove where he was born at Kokofu-Anyinam in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The sacred grove is called Teneabasaso because it is said that the mother of Otumfuo Osei Tutu I held the branches of the Ceiba tree in pushing hard to deliver him. The sacred grove is sometimes also called Kwantakese because the Ashanti people assert that the road to where their monarch was delivered is a great path.\nHistorical background\nThe Opemso festival is celebrated to mark the events that led to the birth of the first king of the Ashanti people, Otumfuo Osei Tutu I who is credited to have united the seven Akan clans to form the Asante Kingdom.Oral tradition has it that Nana Gyamfua Manu Kutusi, the mother of Otumfuo Osei Tutu I, desperately needed a child but her efforts proved futile after experiencing several miscarriages. Finally, a traditional priest at Awukugua in the Akuapim district in Eastern Region of Ghana who serves the Tutu deity helped her spiritually to conceive a male child. When his birth was due, Osei Tutu's mother journeyed to his grandmother's hometown at Esiase in the Ashanti Region. Unfortunately, on her way, the birth pangs increased. She then solicited for spiritual help from the Kaakawere River at Kokofu-Anyinam and promised her of a fowl as well as a bottle of schnapps after her safe delivery. The river deity helped her by redirecting some three hunters to come to assist her. They took her to the then queenmother of Kokofu-Anyinam who took her to a safe spot under a big Ceiba or Onyina tree that is now called Onyina Sei. It was on a Friday, hence his name Kofi.\nObservance\nThe festival is observed once every two years. The festival is very important to the Ashanti people because the birth of the king gave the Asante people hope of freedom from the Gyamans and Denkyiras. During the festival commemoration, thousands of Ashantis and their kings led by the Asantehene or his representative walks via the street to the sacred grove where their first king was born. Special rituals as well as offerings of fowls and schnapps are offered to the Kaakawere river on their way. The jubilant crowd of residents and visitors then wait at the entrance of the sacred grove for the traditional priests, chiefs and elders in the traditional council of Anyinam-Kokofu to perform the required rituals in the sacred grove since it is a taboo for non-royals to enter the grove. Dramatic episodes of the events that occurred prior to the birth of the Ashanti king are staged with some residents playing the role of the three hunters and so forth. After a successful performance, drumming, dancing, merry making continues. A beauty pageant dubbed \"Miss Opemso\" as well as singing and dancing competitions, cooking, traditional cloth wearing competition and a cultural knowledge quiz on proverbs are carried out as part of the event. These performances are used as a means of reviving the cultural values of the Ashantis while teaching children and visitors the rich cultural heritage of the Ashanti people.\n\n\nReplace 'festival' with 'commemoration' in the above passage. Do not modify anything else in the passage, and write the entire passage as your response." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Opemso Commemoration is a bi-annual commemoration held in Ghana to commemorate the iconic birth of Otumfuo Osei Tutu I, the first king of the Ashantis. The title Opemso, first given to Otumfuo Osei Tutu I, is given to Ashanti kings to indicate a fearless and persistent nature in executing plans without giving in to any obstacles. During the commemoration, events that led to Tutu's birth are mimicked until the final rites are performed in the Teneabasaso or Kwantakese sacred grove where he was born at Kokofu-Anyinam in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The sacred grove is called Teneabasaso because it is said that the mother of Otumfuo Osei Tutu I held the branches of the Ceiba tree in pushing hard to deliver him. The sacred grove is sometimes also called Kwantakese because the Ashanti people assert that the road to where their monarch was delivered is a great path.\nHistorical background\nThe Opemso commemoration is celebrated to mark the events that led to the birth of the first king of the Ashanti people, Otumfuo Osei Tutu I who is credited to have united the seven Akan clans to form the Asante Kingdom.Oral tradition has it that Nana Gyamfua Manu Kutusi, the mother of Otumfuo Osei Tutu I, desperately needed a child but her efforts proved futile after experiencing several miscarriages. Finally, a traditional priest at Awukugua in the Akuapim district in Eastern Region of Ghana who serves the Tutu deity helped her spiritually to conceive a male child. When his birth was due, Osei Tutu's mother journeyed to his grandmother's hometown at Esiase in the Ashanti Region. Unfortunately, on her way, the birth pangs increased. She then solicited for spiritual help from the Kaakawere River at Kokofu-Anyinam and promised her of a fowl as well as a bottle of schnapps after her safe delivery. The river deity helped her by redirecting some three hunters to come to assist her. They took her to the then queenmother of Kokofu-Anyinam who took her to a safe spot under a big Ceiba or Onyina tree that is now called Onyina Sei. It was on a Friday, hence his name Kofi.\nObservance\nThe commemoration is observed once every two years. The commemoration is very important to the Ashanti people because the birth of the king gave the Asante people hope of freedom from the Gyamans and Denkyiras. During the commemoration commemoration, thousands of Ashantis and their kings led by the Asantehene or his representative walks via the street to the sacred grove where their first king was born. Special rituals as well as offerings of fowls and schnapps are offered to the Kaakawere river on their way. The jubilant crowd of residents and visitors then wait at the entrance of the sacred grove for the traditional priests, chiefs and elders in the traditional council of Anyinam-Kokofu to perform the required rituals in the sacred grove since it is a taboo for non-royals to enter the grove. Dramatic episodes of the events that occurred prior to the birth of the Ashanti king are staged with some residents playing the role of the three hunters and so forth. After a successful performance, drumming, dancing, merry making continues. A beauty pageant dubbed \"Miss Opemso\" as well as singing and dancing competitions, cooking, traditional cloth wearing competition and a cultural knowledge quiz on proverbs are carried out as part of the event. These performances are used as a means of reviving the cultural values of the Ashantis while teaching children and visitors the rich cultural heritage of the Ashanti people." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Substitute the word density with frequency in the document below, and re-write it. Do not change anything else in the document other than substituting the words as mentioned.\n\nDiagram of how a Buoyancy Engine works A buoyancy engine is a device that alters the buoyancy of a vehicle or object in order to either move it vertically, as in the case of underwater profiling floats and stealth buoys, or provide forward motion (therefore providing variable-buoyancy propulsion) such as with underwater gliders and some autonomous aircraft. For underwater applications, buoyancy engines typically involve a hydraulic pump that either inflates and deflates an external bladder filled with hydraulic fluid, or extends and retracts a rigid plunger. The change in the vehicle's total volume alters its buoyancy, making it float upwards or sink as required. Alternative systems employing gas obtained from water electrolysis, rather than hydraulic fluid, have also been proposed.\n\nOperation\n\nThe buoyancy engine is a fairly new piece of technology currently in research by many institutions and organizations that utilize underwater surveillance and mapping technologies. A buoyancy engine works by inflating and deflating an oil bladder. In doing so, this changes the density of the craft the engine is installed on. As a result, an autonomous underwater vehicle such as an underwater glider can adjust its buoyancy without external input. This allows the glider to remain in operation, untethered to a surface vessel, for a longer duration of time. This increases efficiency and makes the underwater glider a more viable tool for mapping the ocean floor. An underwater glider works similarly to how a normal glider works. It utilizes the flow of water over a set of wings to generate lift. The shape of the wings are a specially designed shape called an airfoil. Underwater gliders use this same principle and design to glide underwater. The way weight is distributed within the underwater glider helps with this by putting the center of gravity at or just in front of the leading edge of the wings. This promotes an efficient and smooth glide slope. The buoyancy engine allows an underwater glider to continue this gliding process for extended periods of time. Without a buoyancy engine, an underwater glider would either have to be towed by a surface vessel or only be used once and deploy a package that would float to the surface where it can be retrieved. However, if it is towed by a surface vessel, then it is no longer classified as a glider. With the addition of a buoyancy engine, the underwater glider becomes a viable tool as it can stay in operation longer and can be reused. An underwater glider, like a normal glider, loses altitude as it moves forward. In the case of an underwater glider, its depth increases. Eventually, any glider will touch the ground. With a normal glider, this is not much of an issue since normal gliders are expected to land and are reusable when they do so. This is not true for an underwater glider. If an underwater glider were to land on the ocean floor, it is essentially lost forever. Since a buoyancy engine allows a glider to change its density, the glider can glide in two directions. It can glide down like a normal glider, or it can glide up if it makes itself less dense than the water around it. In this way, as long as the buoyancy engine remains active, an underwater glider can continue to operate. The actual operation of a buoyancy engine occurs through a complex system of tubing, valves, and censors. When a glider equipped with a buoyancy engine is deployed, the glider will increase its density in order to sink beneath the surface of the water and to reach an appropriate depth at which to start its mission. Once at said depth, the glider will begin the mission and the buoyancy engine will adjust the density to a value that is most efficient for gliding. When a predetermined depth has been achieved, the buoyancy engine will decrease density and this will cause the glider to glide towards the surface. In this way, the underwater glider remains in operation between two preset depths.\n\nApplication\n\nThe buoyancy engine, when combined with the underwater glider, scientists as well as other individuals or organizations that survey the ocean and its depths would have access to a new piece of hardware to use. For instance, the buoyancy engine, since it is used on underwater gliders and extends the capabilities of such craft, would be able to more effectively map the ocean floor. The use of the buoyancy engine has other effects as well. It could be used to improve the detection of underwater stores of oil. In addition, since the operational range of underwater gliders is increased through the use of buoyancy engines, ocean floors can be mapped in greater sections. This means that we can learn more about our oceans than if we were to use pre existing technologies. Also, buoyancy engines do not give off environmentally harmful substances making them an environmentally safe technology. Other applications that extend from this include investigating disasters that happen at sea. Due to the increased mapping capabilities provided by the buoyancy engine, searching for the wreckage of an airlineror passenger ship can be conducted more effectively. As a result, the wreckage can be found sooner and evidence can be collected more efficiently. Ocean mapping and underwater surveillance are both very important as they can reveal the resources available to mankind that would not be available otherwise." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Diagram of how a Buoyancy Engine works A buoyancy engine is a device that alters the buoyancy of a vehicle or object in order to either move it vertically, as in the case of underwater profiling floats and stealth buoys, or provide forward motion (therefore providing variable-buoyancy propulsion) such as with underwater gliders and some autonomous aircraft. For underwater applications, buoyancy engines typically involve a hydraulic pump that either inflates and deflates an external bladder filled with hydraulic fluid, or extends and retracts a rigid plunger. The change in the vehicle's total volume alters its buoyancy, making it float upwards or sink as required. Alternative systems employing gas obtained from water electrolysis, rather than hydraulic fluid, have also been proposed.\n\nOperation\n\nThe buoyancy engine is a fairly new piece of technology currently in research by many institutions and organizations that utilize underwater surveillance and mapping technologies. A buoyancy engine works by inflating and deflating an oil bladder. In doing so, this changes the frequency of the craft the engine is installed on. As a result, an autonomous underwater vehicle such as an underwater glider can adjust its buoyancy without external input. This allows the glider to remain in operation, untethered to a surface vessel, for a longer duration of time. This increases efficiency and makes the underwater glider a more viable tool for mapping the ocean floor. An underwater glider works similarly to how a normal glider works. It utilizes the flow of water over a set of wings to generate lift. The shape of the wings are a specially designed shape called an airfoil. Underwater gliders use this same principle and design to glide underwater. The way weight is distributed within the underwater glider helps with this by putting the center of gravity at or just in front of the leading edge of the wings. This promotes an efficient and smooth glide slope. The buoyancy engine allows an underwater glider to continue this gliding process for extended periods of time. Without a buoyancy engine, an underwater glider would either have to be towed by a surface vessel or only be used once and deploy a package that would float to the surface where it can be retrieved. However, if it is towed by a surface vessel, then it is no longer classified as a glider. With the addition of a buoyancy engine, the underwater glider becomes a viable tool as it can stay in operation longer and can be reused. An underwater glider, like a normal glider, loses altitude as it moves forward. In the case of an underwater glider, its depth increases. Eventually, any glider will touch the ground. With a normal glider, this is not much of an issue since normal gliders are expected to land and are reusable when they do so. This is not true for an underwater glider. If an underwater glider were to land on the ocean floor, it is essentially lost forever. Since a buoyancy engine allows a glider to change its frequency, the glider can glide in two directions. It can glide down like a normal glider, or it can glide up if it makes itself less dense than the water around it. In this way, as long as the buoyancy engine remains active, an underwater glider can continue to operate. The actual operation of a buoyancy engine occurs through a complex system of tubing, valves, and censors. When a glider equipped with a buoyancy engine is deployed, the glider will increase its frequency in order to sink beneath the surface of the water and to reach an appropriate depth at which to start its mission. Once at said depth, the glider will begin the mission and the buoyancy engine will adjust the frequency to a value that is most efficient for gliding. When a predetermined depth has been achieved, the buoyancy engine will decrease frequency and this will cause the glider to glide towards the surface. In this way, the underwater glider remains in operation between two preset depths.\n\nApplication\n\nThe buoyancy engine, when combined with the underwater glider, scientists as well as other individuals or organizations that survey the ocean and its depths would have access to a new piece of hardware to use. For instance, the buoyancy engine, since it is used on underwater gliders and extends the capabilities of such craft, would be able to more effectively map the ocean floor. The use of the buoyancy engine has other effects as well. It could be used to improve the detection of underwater stores of oil. In addition, since the operational range of underwater gliders is increased through the use of buoyancy engines, ocean floors can be mapped in greater sections. This means that we can learn more about our oceans than if we were to use pre existing technologies. Also, buoyancy engines do not give off environmentally harmful substances making them an environmentally safe technology. Other applications that extend from this include investigating disasters that happen at sea. Due to the increased mapping capabilities provided by the buoyancy engine, searching for the wreckage of an airlineror passenger ship can be conducted more effectively. As a result, the wreckage can be found sooner and evidence can be collected more efficiently. Ocean mapping and underwater surveillance are both very important as they can reveal the resources available to mankind that would not be available otherwise." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The High Commission of Denmark in Greenland (, ) is a Danish institution in Greenland.\nFunctions\nThe High Commissioner represents the crown and the Kingdom Government (Regeringen) in Greenland. The office is responsible for liaising between the Territorial Self Rule Government (Naalakkersuisut) and the Kingdom Government. The High Commission deals with matters of family law in the capacity as Chief Administrative Officer. The Government of Greenland notifies the High Commission of all statutes and regulations adopted by the Parliament of Greenland (Inatsisartut) and of any other general legislation drawn up by the Government of Greenland. In addition, the Government of Greenland may call on the High Commissioner to participate in negotiations within Greenlandic institutions. The High Commissions tasks furthermore consist of: \nSubmitting periodic reports to the Kingdom's Ministry of State (Statsministeriet), attending meetings of the Parliament of Greenland, and submitting reports to the Prime Minister's Office and other relevant ministries about parliament's discussions. \nAddressing as the magistrates, like the Agency of Family Law in the Denmark (proper), for family law matters in the kingdom. \nParticipate in the planning and settlement of visits to Greenland from the royal family, the Kingdom Parliament (Folketinget), the government, others and participation in the related meeting activities. \nCo- ordination of the more principled inquiries made by the State to the Self Rule Government. \nCompletion of transit permits for Thule Air Base to Danish nationals residing in Greenland. \nHolding elections in Greenland to the Kingdom Parliament and any referendums decided by the Kingdom Government. \nDecisions on complaints about public registration. \nSetting the royal honors (knightly orders, medals and honors).\nHigh Commissioner\nThe High Commissioner (, ) may participate in all negotiations about matters of common interest in the Inatsisartut (the Parliament of Greenland), but has no vote. The High Commissioner is an ex-officio member of The Greenlandic Fund.\nList of High Commissioners\n\n\nIn the above document, substitute all instances of \"parliament\" with \"court\", and reproduce the same passage with the words swapped as requested." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The High Commission of Denmark in Greenland (, ) is a Danish institution in Greenland.\nFunctions\nThe High Commissioner represents the crown and the Kingdom Government (Regeringen) in Greenland. The office is responsible for liaising between the Territorial Self Rule Government (Naalakkersuisut) and the Kingdom Government. The High Commission deals with matters of family law in the capacity as Chief Administrative Officer. The Government of Greenland notifies the High Commission of all statutes and regulations adopted by the Court of Greenland (Inatsisartut) and of any other general legislation drawn up by the Government of Greenland. In addition, the Government of Greenland may call on the High Commissioner to participate in negotiations within Greenlandic institutions. The High Commissions tasks furthermore consist of: \nSubmitting periodic reports to the Kingdom's Ministry of State (Statsministeriet), attending meetings of the Court of Greenland, and submitting reports to the Prime Minister's Office and other relevant ministries about court's discussions. \nAddressing as the magistrates, like the Agency of Family Law in the Denmark (proper), for family law matters in the kingdom. \nParticipate in the planning and settlement of visits to Greenland from the royal family, the Kingdom Court (Folketinget), the government, others and participation in the related meeting activities. \nCo- ordination of the more principled inquiries made by the State to the Self Rule Government. \nCompletion of transit permits for Thule Air Base to Danish nationals residing in Greenland. \nHolding elections in Greenland to the Kingdom Court and any referendums decided by the Kingdom Government. \nDecisions on complaints about public registration. \nSetting the royal honors (knightly orders, medals and honors).\nHigh Commissioner\nThe High Commissioner (, ) may participate in all negotiations about matters of common interest in the Inatsisartut (the Court of Greenland), but has no vote. The High Commissioner is an ex-officio member of The Greenlandic Fund.\nList of High Commissioners" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Schematic cross-section of a hair plate. Hair plates are often positioned next to folds within the cuticle, so that the deflection of the hairs signals the movements of one joint segment relative to the adjoining segment. Hair plates are a type of mechanoreceptor found in insects. Hair plates are tightly packed groups of sensory hairs that sense movements of one body segment relative to an adjoining segment. Hair plates are considered external proprioceptors.\n\nStructure\n\nHair plates typically consist of several dozen individual sensory hairs. Each hair is innervated by a single sensory neuron (see schematic cross-section). Hair plates are often positioned next to folds within the cuticle, so that hairs are deflected during joint movement. Hair plates are located on different body parts, including the legs, the neck, and the antennae.\n\nFunction\n\nHair plates function as proprioceptors. The sensory neurons innervating the hair plate may respond phasically to hair movements (rapidly adapting) or tonically to maintained deflections (slowly adapting). Thus, hair plates can encode the position and movement of an adjoining body segment. Hair plate neurons project to the insect central nervous system, where they form synapses with multiple postsynaptic partners. They can provide direct excitatory and indirect inhibitory input to motor neurons as well as presynaptic inhibition to other proprioceptors. Hair plates located at the leg joints provide sensory feedback for the control of walking. In stick insects and cockroaches, the surgical removal of a hair plate on the proximal leg causes the leg to overstep and collide with the leg in front, indicating that proprioceptive signals from the hair plate limit the forward movement of the leg. This \"limit detector\" function is similar to that of mammalian joint receptors.Lateral view of a cockroach antenna, showing the hair plates at the base.Hair plates located on the neck (known as the prosternal organ) monitor head position relative to the thorax and provide sensory feedback for the control of head posture. In the blowfly Calliphora, surgical removal of the prosternal organ hairs on one side causes the fly to compensate by rolling the head toward the operated side. Hair plates located on the proximal segments of the antenna (see schematic) provide sensory feedback for the control of antennal movement and are thought to play an important role in active sensing, object localization, and targeted reaching movements.\n\n\nRe-write the above passage, replacing all occurrences of the word sensory, with the word neural. Respond with the entire passage with this word substitution." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Schematic cross-section of a hair plate. Hair plates are often positioned next to folds within the cuticle, so that the deflection of the hairs signals the movements of one joint segment relative to the adjoining segment. Hair plates are a type of mechanoreceptor found in insects. Hair plates are tightly packed groups of neural hairs that sense movements of one body segment relative to an adjoining segment. Hair plates are considered external proprioceptors.\n\nStructure\n\nHair plates typically consist of several dozen individual neural hairs. Each hair is innervated by a single neural neuron (see schematic cross-section). Hair plates are often positioned next to folds within the cuticle, so that hairs are deflected during joint movement. Hair plates are located on different body parts, including the legs, the neck, and the antennae.\n\nFunction\n\nHair plates function as proprioceptors. The neural neurons innervating the hair plate may respond phasically to hair movements (rapidly adapting) or tonically to maintained deflections (slowly adapting). Thus, hair plates can encode the position and movement of an adjoining body segment. Hair plate neurons project to the insect central nervous system, where they form synapses with multiple postsynaptic partners. They can provide direct excitatory and indirect inhibitory input to motor neurons as well as presynaptic inhibition to other proprioceptors. Hair plates located at the leg joints provide neural feedback for the control of walking. In stick insects and cockroaches, the surgical removal of a hair plate on the proximal leg causes the leg to overstep and collide with the leg in front, indicating that proprioceptive signals from the hair plate limit the forward movement of the leg. This \"limit detector\" function is similar to that of mammalian joint receptors.Lateral view of a cockroach antenna, showing the hair plates at the base.Hair plates located on the neck (known as the prosternal organ) monitor head position relative to the thorax and provide neural feedback for the control of head posture. In the blowfly Calliphora, surgical removal of the prosternal organ hairs on one side causes the fly to compensate by rolling the head toward the operated side. Hair plates located on the proximal segments of the antenna (see schematic) provide neural feedback for the control of antennal movement and are thought to play an important role in active sensing, object localization, and targeted reaching movements." } ]