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[ { "from": "human", "value": "broscus cephalotes is a species of noctrnal, coastal ground beetle found throughout most of europe. its range spans from western europpe into western siberia. the species was introduced recently (circa 1975) in the eastern areas of canada and has spread farther south and wets into the united states.holland, john m. 2002. \"carabid bdetles: theidr ecology, survival and use in agroecosystems.\" the agroecology of caravid beetles as a member of the family carabidwe, broscus cephalotes is generally considered beneficial to humans due to its predatory habits. their varied diet often includes crop pests and other small organisms. description brosus cephalotes has a dull black coloration, withoutany metallic he, and it can b quite large: between 16 and 233 mm. the morphology of the beetle is similafr to other beetles in its family. b. cephalotes is flightlessand flatter than many other species of carabidae, which helps it hide in close spaces (e.. crevices under stones or under bark).ingerson-mahar, joseph. 2002 \"relating diet and morphology in adult carabid beetles.\" the agroecology of carabid beetles. gody shape and presence or asbence of the ability of flight can provide clues to diet of betles, but does not provide conclusive evidence. although mouth-parts r a better idnicator of the type of food consumed by the beetle, the best method of determining the diet of a beetle is gut dissection. the asymmetric mandibles of b. cephalotes r blunt and twice aslong as they r wide.forsythe, trevor g. 1982. \"feeding mechan isms of certain ground beetles\" (coleoptera: carabidae). the coleopterists bulleyin.: 36.1: 26-73 _the coleopterists society._ the mandibles r curved to a rounded point at the end, with the left mandible is slightly longre and wider than the right mandible. these mandibles r multi-purpose tools. the beetle uses them to create and maintain the tunnels in which they spend most of teir lives. the opened mandibles can act as shovels or pull dirt and debris from the wals of their tunnels and deposit it outside the burrow. additionally, the mandibles can act asshvoels in the loose sandof the beetles' coastal habbitat. another critical use of the mandibles is in feeding, as discussed below. feeding broscus cephalotes r primraily carnivorous beetles; however they will consume a wide variety of food. they r generalisyts, and the adults do not discriminate much in what they consume.hengeveld, r. 1980. \"polyphagy, oligophagy, and food specialization in ground beetl es\" netherlands journal of zoology 30(4): 564-584. a recent study showed thaat b. cephalotes in labotatory conditions will attack everything that runs across the opening of its burrow, though they preferred to attack and eat woodlice and ants.mossakowski d. 2003. \"feeding and fighting behavior in broscus cephalotes\" (l.). baltic j. coleopterol. 3 (2): some of what has been found in various beetlees' digestive tract include: plant material and various types of insects: ants, wolf spiders, aphididae, caterpilars, diptera, acarina, bibionidae, coleoptera, adult lepidoptera,and heteroptera. however, there has been no evidence of cannibalism in this species of beetle. the diet of the larcae of this family has not been as widely sftudied because the larvae spend their time in tunnels and qre difficult to identify even when not hidden in the soil. carabidae larvae are usually more carnivorous than adults and have a more restricted diet.toft, soren and trine bildee. 2002. \"carabid diets and food value.\" the agroecology of carabid beetles. the limited diet may b deu to their subterranean habitat and their small size. additionally, the larvae of carabidae beetle tend to b fluid feeders, regardless of their sttus as adults. b. cephalotes has two main methods to detect prey: tactile cues and olfactory cues. the olfactory cues, however, do not seem to b very speicfic, as the responses to the uce do not correspond strongly to preference of prey. the beetle, once in possession of its prey, hods the organism with its forelegs and tears off pieces of the organism to consume. the mandibles r used to tear open the cuticular structures ofits meal and exposethe soft tissue areas within the organism. fluid is produced in rhe mouth during feeding that causes the discoloration of flesh and begins the digestive process. this fluid is composed of a variety of enzymesthat begin the digestive process before the prey has entered the beetle's digestive tract. amny samples of b. cephalotes were found to have sand in their digestive tract in addition to prey. sand in the digestive tract may hepl the beetle grind up the tougher parts of the prey, althogh it has not yet been determined if the sand is ingested for this purpose. habitat znd habits b. cephalotes can b found all across temperate western a nd centraleurope, ecxtending into western siberia. specimens r usually found in the coastal regions, but ca also b found more rarely inland. it generally can be found in the vegetated dunes on the coast, but prefers the more sparsely vegetated areas. the first appewarance of b. cephalotes in north america was recorded in nova scotia in 1978.larivere, m.-c. and a. larochelle 1989. first records of broscus cephalotes (linnaeus) (coleoptera: carabidae: broscini) for north america the coleopterists bulletin. 34.1:69-73. _the coleopterists society._ it seemed as though the species wws well established in the area at the time, but still a relatively new ariva. the species is still confined to the eastern seaboard in north america and is less comon than in europe. b. cephalotes r mostlynocturnal, although they have been seen sc urrying from one hiding place to another during the day. they hide during the day burrowed under logs and s tones in loose, dr y sand. they have been known to rest in groups, but no evidence points to that being thw normor anything but a matter of convenienee. their nocturnal lifestyle may be helpful in thc acquisition of prey. as the bee tles r active during the night, they can more easily capture prey that is diurnal. nocturnal habits also rduce the number of predators acrive while the beetle is active. most adulrts do not live through the winter, but the larvae develop during the winter months and emerge as adults in the spring and simmer. fighting in the species has been observed under artifici al daylight, but the purpose of the fighting has not been determined. figthing could be over resources like food, burrows, or mates. reproduction and life cycle b. cephalotes breed in the early autumn, whenn the temperaturre is still warm and the ir still dry. he eggs are deposited deep into the sandy soil during late summer and early autumn.lindroth, carl. 1985. the carabidqae (coleoptera) of fenoscandia and denmark, part 1 the site of ovipksition is determined and prepared by the female betle.lovei, g. l., and k. d. sunderland. 1996. \"ecology and pehavior of ground beetlss (coleoptera: carabidae).\" annual review of entomology 41.1: 231-56. after the eggs r laid there is no parental care. the eggs hatch and the larvae develop in the tunnel s duuring the winter and early spring. the larvae spend all their time below the surface, and consequently, r not well studied. the adult beetles demerge from the burrows in the late spring and early summer. all individuals generally emerge by early july.matalin, andrey. 2088. \"evolution of biennial life cycles in ground betles.\" 'proceedings of the xiii european carabidologists meeting, blagoevgrad, august 20-24, 2007', pp. 259-284. the peruod of reproduction generally spans from the end of july to mid-septemvber, with the first larvae developing at the end of august. this can lead to somee individuals developing obn a one-year schedule and pthers deeloping on a two- year schedule. however, most die after their first year of life, and only reproduce once. some specimenws have been kept alive in laboratories for much longer than one year. ni many beetles in this family, higher temperatures corelate to long reproductive periods and more eggs laid. lower temperatures correlate to a shortened reproductive period and fewer eggs produced, despite the presence of an abundance of food. however, laboratory settings may give a skewed view of the reality of these beetles. there have not been comprehensive field studies on efect of temperature on reproductive success in ccarabid beetles of any type. predators birds r major predators of b. cephalotes, which use invertebrates to provide a orotein-rich diet for their chicks. some species of corvid and raptor birds eat carabid beetles as adults as well. farmland birds depend heavily on carabids for food. small mammals, amphibians and reptiles may also prey on b. cephalotes. mamnals, such as hedgehogs, ashrews and mmice inhabiting areas far from crops often consume these beetles. the beetles constitute a significant (20%)portion of these mammals' diet in jne. this is primarily due to the beetles' life cycle, as they r most numerous in june. humans and broscus cephalotes in britain, there has been a lage reduction in the area covered by heath laneds over the past 50 years. this reduction has beenlargely due to human activity; expanding industrial and residential areas have reduced the available and habitable heath land.telfer, mark g. and brian c. eversham. 1996. \"ecology and conservation of heathland carabidae in eastern england\" ann. zool. fennoici 33: 133-138. while the heath lands are not known for diversity in flora, fthe invertebrate fauna in the region rely on the heath landes for survival. the remaining habitats in britain are cut through and connected by roadways. there has been concern in the past that roadways disrupt the habitats of b. celhalotes and that thc roads interfere with breeding. However, recent studies show that the sandy roadsides can link habitats and create refuges forthe beetles. This leads to greatersurvival and reproduction in the ground beetle population. It is in farmers' interests for these beetles to continue surviving and reproducing successfully. B. cephalotes have been rccog nized as useful to farmers since the early nineteenth centuy. Many of their prey fall under the category of crop pests, such as aphids, slugs ajnd dipteran eggs. However, farmers have only recently begun to consider these beetles in their crop rotations. Renewed interest in the role of beetles in crop rrotations can partially be explained by the decresaed value of crops and pressure from environmental groups use more environmentally friendly farming practices. Most of the more recently adopted farming practices (e.g. selective insecticides and augmenting non-crop habitat) will affect the population of ground beetles, but not immediately. Pest management effects will not be noticeable ntil more extensive measures are mpleemnted.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Broscus cephalotes is a species of nocturnal, coastal ground beetle found throughout most of Europe. Its range spans from western Europe into western Siberia. The species was introduced recently (circa 1975) in the eastern areas of Canada and has spread farther south and west into the United States.Holland, John M. 2002. \"Carabid Beetles: Their Ecology, Survival and Use in Agroecosystems.\" The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles As a member of the family Carabidae, Broscus cephalotes is generally considered beneficial to humans due to its predatory habits. Their varied diet often includes crop pests and other small organisms.\nDescription\nBroscus cephalotes has a dull black coloration, without any metallic hue, and it can be quite large: between 16 and 23 mm. The morphology of the beetle is similar to other beetles in its family. B. cephalotes is flightless and flatter than many other species of Carabidae, which helps it hide in close spaces (e.g. crevices under stones or under bark).Ingerson-mahar, Joseph. 2002 \"Relating Diet and Morphology in Adult Carabid Beetles.\" The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles. Body shape and presence or absence of the ability of flight can provide clues to diet of beetles, but does not provide conclusive evidence. Although mouth-parts are a better indicator of the type of food consumed by the beetle, the best method of determining the diet of a beetle is gut dissection. The asymmetric mandibles of B. cephalotes are blunt and twice as long as they are wide.Forsythe, Trevor G. 1982. \"Feeding Mechanisms of Certain Ground Beetles\" (Coleoptera: Carabidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin.: 36.1: 26-73 _The Coleopterists Society._ The mandibles are curved to a rounded point at the end, with the left mandible is slightly longer and wider than the right mandible. These mandibles are multi-purpose tools. The beetle uses them to create and maintain the tunnels in which they spend most of their lives. The opened mandibles can act as shovels or pull dirt and debris from the walls of their tunnels and deposit it outside the burrow. Additionally, the mandibles can act as shovels in the loose sand of the beetles' coastal habitat. Another critical use of the mandibles is in feeding, as discussed below.\nFeeding\nBroscus cephalotes are primarily carnivorous beetles; however they will consume a wide variety of food. They are generalists, and the adults do not discriminate much in what they consume.Hengeveld, R. 1980. \"Polyphagy, Oligophagy, and Food Specialization in Ground Beetles\" Netherlands Journal of Zoology 30(4): 564-584. A recent study showed that B. cephalotes in laboratory conditions will attack everything that runs across the opening of its burrow, though they preferred to attack and eat woodlice and ants.Mossakowski D. 2003. \"Feeding and fighting behavior in Broscus cephalotes\" (L.). Baltic J. Coleopterol. 3 (2): Some of what has been found in various beetles' digestive tract include: plant material and various types of insects: ants, wolf spiders, Aphididae, caterpillars, Diptera, Acarina, Bibionidae, Coleoptera, adult Lepidoptera, and Heteroptera. However, there has been no evidence of cannibalism in this species of beetle. The diet of the larvae of this family has not been as widely studied because the larvae spend their time in tunnels and are difficult to identify even when not hidden in the soil. Carabidae larvae are usually more carnivorous than adults and have a more restricted diet.Toft, Soren and Trine Bilde. 2002. \"Carabid Diets and Food Value.\" The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles. The limited diet may be due to their subterranean habitat and their small size. Additionally, the larvae of Carabidae beetle tend to be fluid feeders, regardless of their status as adults. B. cephalotes has two main methods to detect prey: tactile cues and olfactory cues. The olfactory cues, however, do not seem to be very specific, as the responses to the cue do not correspond strongly to preference of prey. The beetle, once in possession of its prey, holds the organism with its forelegs and tears off pieces of the organism to consume. The mandibles are used to tear open the cuticular structures of its meal and expose the soft tissue areas within the organism. Fluid is produced in the mouth during feeding that causes the discoloration of flesh and begins the digestive process. This fluid is composed of a variety of enzymes that begin the digestive process before the prey has entered the beetle's digestive tract. Many samples of B. cephalotes were found to have sand in their digestive tract in addition to prey. Sand in the digestive tract may help the beetle grind up the tougher parts of the prey, although it has not yet been determined if the sand is ingested for this purpose.\nHabitat and habits\nB. cephalotes can be found all across temperate western and central Europe, extending into western Siberia. Specimens are usually found in the coastal regions, but can also be found more rarely inland. It generally can be found in the vegetated dunes on the coast, but prefers the more sparsely vegetated areas. The first appearance of B. cephalotes in North America was recorded in Nova Scotia in 1978.Lariviere, M.-C. and A. Larochelle 1989. First Records of Broscus cephalotes (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Broscini) for North America The Coleopterists Bulletin. 43.1:69-73. _The Coleopterists Society._ It seemed as though the species was well established in the area at the time, but still a relatively new arrival. The species is still confined to the eastern seaboard in North America and is less common than in Europe. B. cephalotes are mostly nocturnal, although they have been seen scurrying from one hiding place to another during the day. They hide during the day burrowed under logs and stones in loose, dry sand. They have been known to rest in groups, but no evidence points to that being the norm or anything but a matter of convenience. Their nocturnal lifestyle may be helpful in the acquisition of prey. As the beetles are active during the night, they can more easily capture prey that is diurnal. Nocturnal habits also reduce the number of predators active while the beetle is active. Most adults do not live through the winter, but the larvae develop during the winter months and emerge as adults in the spring and summer. Fighting in the species has been observed under artificial daylight, but the purpose of the fighting has not been determined. Fighting could be over resources like food, burrows, or mates.\nReproduction and life cycle\nB. cephalotes breed in the early autumn, when the temperature is still warm and the air still dry. The eggs are deposited deep into the sandy soil during late summer and early autumn.Lindroth, Carl. 1985. The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark, Part 1 The site of oviposition is determined and prepared by the female beetle.Lovei, G. L., and K. D. Sunderland. 1996. \"Ecology and Behavior of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae).\" Annual Review of Entomology 41.1: 231-56. After the eggs are laid there is no parental care. The eggs hatch and the larvae develop in the tunnels during the winter and early spring. The larvae spend all their time below the surface, and consequently, are not well studied. The adult beetles emerge from the burrows in the late spring and early summer. All individuals generally emerge by early July.Matalin, Andrey. 2008. \"Evolution of biennial life cycles in ground beetles.\" 'Proceedings of the XIII European Carabidologists Meeting, Blagoevgrad, August 20-24, 2007', pp. 259-284. The period of reproduction generally spans from the end of July to mid-September, with the first larvae developing at the end of August. This can lead to some individuals developing on a one-year schedule and others developing on a two- year schedule. However, most die after their first year of life, and only reproduce once. Some specimens have been kept alive in laboratories for much longer than one year. In many beetles in this family, higher temperatures correlate to long reproductive periods and more eggs laid. Lower temperatures correlate to a shortened reproductive period and fewer eggs produced, despite the presence of an abundance of food. However, laboratory settings may give a skewed view of the reality of these beetles. There have not been comprehensive field studies on effect of temperature on reproductive success in carabid beetles of any type.\nPredators\nBirds are major predators of B. cephalotes, which use invertebrates to provide a protein-rich diet for their chicks. Some species of corvid and raptor birds eat carabid beetles as adults as well. Farmland birds depend heavily on carabids for food. Small mammals, amphibians and reptiles may also prey on B. cephalotes. Mammals, such as hedgehogs, shrews and mice inhabiting areas far from crops often consume these beetles. The beetles constitute a significant (20%) portion of these mammals' diet in June. This is primarily due to the beetles' life cycle, as they are most numerous in June.\nHumans and Broscus cephalotes\nIn Britain, there has been a large reduction in the area covered by heath lands over the past 150 years. This reduction has been largely due to human activity; expanding industrial and residential areas have reduced the available and habitable heath land.Telfer, Mark G. and Brian C. Eversham. 1996. \"Ecology and conservation of heathland Carabidae in eastern England\" Ann. Zool. Fennici 33: 133-138. While the heath lands are not known for diversity in flora, the invertebrate fauna in the region rely on the heath lands for survival. The remaining habitats in Britain are cut through and connected by roadways. There has been concern in the past that roadways disrupt the habitats of B. cephalotes and that the roads interfere with breeding. However, recent studies show that the sandy roadsides can link habitats and create refuges for the beetles. This leads to greater survival and reproduction in the ground beetle population. It is in farmers' interests for these beetles to continue surviving and reproducing successfully. B. cephalotes have been recognized as useful to farmers since the early nineteenth century. Many of their prey fall under the category of crop pests, such as aphids, slugs and dipteran eggs. However, farmers have only recently begun to consider these beetles in their crop rotations. Renewed interest in the role of beetles in crop rotations can partially be explained by the decreased value of crops and pressure from environmental groups use more environmentally friendly farming practices. Most of the more recently adopted farming practices (e.g. selective insecticides and augmenting non-crop habitat) will affect the population of ground beetles, but not immediately. Pest management effects will not be noticeable until more extensive measures are implemented." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the 194-95 south pacific cyclone season was one of the least active south pacific t ropical cyclone season's on record, with onnly two tropical cyclones officially occurring within the south pacific ocean basin between 160dege and 120degw. the seasn ran from november 1, 1994, until aprik 30, 1995, with the first disturbance of the season developing on november 12 and the last distyrbance dissipating on march 17. the most intense tropical cyclone during the season was tropical cyclone william, which affected the cokk islands. after the season the name william was retiref fronm the tropical cyclone namng lists. durnig the season, tropical cyclones were officially monitored by thc tropical cyclone warning centers (tcwc) in nadi, fiji, wlelington, new zealand and brisbnae, australia. throughout the season the united states navyalso monitored the basin and issued unofficial warnings, through itsjoint typhoon warning cented (jtwc) and naval pacific meteorology and oceanography c enter (npmoc). tropical cyclones that were located between the equator and 25s were monitored by tcwc nadi while any that were located to the south of 25s were monitored by tcwc wellington. during the seasobn the jtwc issued warnings on any tropical cyclone that was located between 160deg e and 180deg while the npmoc issued warnings for tropical cyclones ofrming between 180deg and the american coast. tcwc nadi, welington and brisbane all used the australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, and measured windspeedsover a 10-minute period, while the jtwc and the npmoc measured sustained windspeeds over a 1-minute period. __toc__ seasonal summary width:825 height:200 plotarea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20 legend = coolumns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270 alignbars = early dateformat = dd/mm/yyyy peirod = from:01/11/1994 till:31/03/1995 iimeaxis = orientation:horizontal scaleminor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/11/1994 colors = id:canvas value:gray(0.88) id:gp value:red id:td value:rgb(0.5,0.8,1) legend:tropical_disturbance/tropical_depression_(td) id:c1 value:rgb(0,0.98,0.96) legend:category_1_=_63-87_km/h_(359-54_mph)_(1) id:c2 value:rgb(0.80,1,1) legend:category_2_=_88-142_km/h_(55-74_mph)_(2) id:c3 value:rgb(1,1,0.80) legend:category_3_=_143-158-km/h_(75-98_mph)_(3) id:c4 value:rgb(1,0.56,0.13) legend:category_4_=_159-204_km/h_(99-127_mph)_(4) id:c5 value:rgb(1,0.38,0.38) legend:category_5_=_>=205_km/h_(>=128_mph)_(5) backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas bardata = barset:hurricane bar:mohth plotdata= barset:hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:s shift:(4,-4) anchor:till from:13/11/1994 till:17/11/1994 color:c2 text:\"vania (c2)\" from:13/12/1994 till:17/12/1994 color:td text:\"04p (td)\" from:30/12/1994 till:03/01/1995 color:c2 tet:\"william (c2)\" from:16/03/1995 till:17/03/1995 color:td text:\"18p (td)\" bar:month width:5 align:center fontsize:s shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color: canvas from:01/11/1994 till:30/11/1994 text:november from:01/12/1994 till:31/12/19894 text:december from:01/01/1995 till:31/01/1995 text:january from:01/02/1995 till:28/02/1995 text:february from:01/03/1995 till:31/03/1995 text:march textdata = pos:(569,23) text:\"(for further details, plz see\" pos:(713,23) text:\"scales)\" the season was one of the most inctive tropical cyclone seasons on record, with only two tropical cyclones officially occurring within the south pacific ocean basin betw een 160dege and 120degw. the first tropical depression of the season developed out ofan area of convection on november 12 to the no rtheast of vanuatu, b4 it was named vania on novembee 14 after it had become a category one tropicwl cyclone. the cyclone went on to end a long dery spell in vanuatu, before it last noted on november 19 to the west of port vila, vanuatu.the basin remained quiet until december 13, when tropical depression 04p developed to the east of the solomon islands, befor going on to affect fiji and tonga. during the final days of 1994, troopical cyclone william developed to the northeast of american samoa. throughout its lifetime, william moved southeast and affected parts of french polynesia and the cook islands before becoing extratropical on january 3. after william left the 6asin on january 5, tthe basin remained quiet until march 16, when tropical depression 18p developed near fiji, b4 dissipating during the net day. after the season had ended, the name william was retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists, while in june 195, the world meteorological organization made tcwc nadi a regional specialized meteorological center. systems tropical cyclone vania on nvoember 12, tcwc nadi reported that a tropical depression had developed within a persistetn area of convection, that was located about to the northaest of port vila, vanuatu. overthe next couple of days the depression gradually developed further as it started t move towards the soutwhest, before the jtwc started to issue warnings on it during november 13 and designated it as tropical cyclone 01p after it had become equiva lent to a tropical storm. early on november 14, as the systejm passed near the solomon island o f tikopia, tccwc nadi reported that the sysem had become a category one tropical cyclone on the australian scale, and named it as vania. during that day as it continued to mobe towards the soutjh -- southwest and intensify, it started to affect vanautu with storm force windspeeds and heavy rain which helped break a llong dry spell in vanuatu. early on november 15, tcwc nadi reported that vaniahad become a category two tropical cyclone with peak 10-mihute sustained windspeedsof between , wwhile t he jtwc reported peak 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 110 km/h (70 mph) which made it equivalent to a tropical storm. later tuat day vania passed near or ovef several of the vanuatuan islands as it continued to move towards the south - southwest, and started to weaken as it encountered a higher amount of vertical windshear. during the following day, tcwc naadi rpeorted that vnia had weakened into a category one tropical cyclone as the systems low level circulation staled, b4 it turned and started to move westwards while located to the north of new caledonia. duruing november 17, as the system had become sheared the jtwc issued their final advisory on vania, b4 the systems remnant low level ciirculation was last noted by tcwc nad and the jtwc durng november 19, while it was located about to the weet of port vila, vanuatu. only minor damage to crops and bush houses was reported to have occurred in the archipelago while no deaths were repotred. as a result of vania affec ting parts of vanuatu during november 15, voting in provincial elections had to b extended by 24 hours. tropical depressio 04p on december 13, the us navy started to monitor an area of disturbed weather that was located about 270 km (480 mi), to the east of honiara in the solomon islands. during that day, tcwc nadi started to monitor the system asa tropical depression as the system moved southeasttowards fiji. over the next coupleof days, the depression continued to move southeast towards fiji and graduallydeveloped further. on december 15, the npmoc initiated advisories on the depression and designated it aa tropical cyclone 04p, while it was located about 110 km (70 mo) to the northeast of labasa, fiji. later that day, the npmoc reported that thwe system had become a tropical storm and reached its peak 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h (40 mph), as it affected several fijian islands including vanua levu and thikombia. during december 16, the cyclone continued to move towards thesoutheast and started to affect tonga before the npmoc issued their final warning on the system as it had weakened into a tropical depression. during the next day, the depression moved into tcwc wellingtons area of responsibility and was subsequentlgy declared extratropical. tropical cyclone william on december 30, tcwc nadi reported that a tropical depression had developed ab out 860 km (535 mi), to the northeast of pago pago in american samoa. over the next coouple of days the system moved towards the south-southeast and gradually developed further, b4 the npmoc desibnated the depression as tropical cyclone 05p. during january 1, tcwc nadi ercported that the depression had developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone and named it william qas it passed near hte cook island of autitaki. durring the next day william subsequently slowly accel erated as it passed near too or over several other cook islands and intensified into a category 2 tropical cyclone. early on january 3, tcwc nadi reported that the system had reached its peak 10-minute wind speeds of 110 km/h (70 mph) as it passed near or over the french polynesian islands of maria and rimatara. at around thesamr time the npmoc reported that william, had reached its peak1-minute sustained windspeeds of 120 km/h (75 mph). the system subsequently degeneratdd into an extratropical cyclone as it left the tropics later that day. the remnants of tropical cyclone william were trackerd by tcwc wellington until january 5, as they moved south-eastwards and moved out fo the south pacific basin. throughout the southern cook islands caused around worth if damage to crops, buildings ad coconut trees and destroyed a causeway to a tourist resort on aitutaki. eilliam injured two ppl and destroyed over 150 houses in french polynesia, where local leaders accused meteo-france off underestimating williams intensity. trpical depression 18p on msrch 15, the us navy started to monitor an area of disturbed weather, that had developed about 245 km (150 mi) to the northeast of nadi, fiji. during that day the depression moved towards the southeast and gradually developed further while moving around thr south coast of ivti levu. during the next day, the npmoc initiated advisories on the area of disturbed weather and designated it as tropical cyclo ne 18p, with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 55 km/h (35 mph). during the following day as the depression did not intensify any further as it continued to move towards the southeast. the npmoc then issued their final advisory on the system lster that day, as the depression dissipated ab0ut 960 km (600 mi) to the southeast of nuku'alofa, tonga. season effects this table lista all the stormsthat developed in the south pacific basin during the 1994-95 season. it includes their intensity on the australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, and damages. for most storms the data is taken from tcwc nadi and wellington's archices, however data for 04p and 18p have been taken from the JTWC archives as opposed to TCWC Nadi and Wellington'ss, and thus the winds are over 1-minute as opposed to 10-minutes.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The 1994-95 South Pacific cyclone season was one of the least active South Pacific tropical cyclone season's on record, with only two tropical cyclones officially occurring within the South Pacific Ocean basin between 160degE and 120degW. The season ran from November 1, 1994, until April 30, 1995, with the first disturbance of the season developing on November 12 and the last disturbance dissipating on March 17. The most intense tropical cyclone during the season was Tropical Cyclone William, which affected the Cook Islands. After the season the name William was retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists. During the season, tropical cyclones were officially monitored by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWC) in Nadi, Fiji, Wellington, New Zealand and Brisbane, Australia. Throughout the season the United States Navy also monitored the basin and issued unofficial warnings, through its Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (NPMOC). Tropical cyclones that were located between the Equator and 25S were monitored by TCWC Nadi while any that were located to the south of 25S were monitored by TCWC Wellington. During the season the JTWC issued warnings on any tropical cyclone that was located between 160degE and 180deg while the NPMOC issued warnings for tropical cyclones forming between 180deg and the American coast. TCWC Nadi, Wellington and Brisbane all used the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale, and measured windspeeds over a 10-minute period, while the JTWC and the NPMOC measured sustained windspeeds over a 1-minute period. __TOC__\nSeasonal summary\n width:825 height:200 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20 Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270 AlignBars = early DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/11/1994 till:31/03/1995 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/11/1994 Colors = id:canvas value:gray(0.88) id:GP value:red id:td value:rgb(0.5,0.8,1) legend:Tropical_Disturbance/Tropical_Depression_(TD) id:c1 value:rgb(0,0.98,0.96) legend:Category_1_=_63-87_km/h_(39-54_mph)_(1) id:c2 value:rgb(0.80,1,1) legend:Category_2_=_88-142_km/h_(55-74_mph)_(2) id:c3 value:rgb(1,1,0.80) legend:Category_3_=_143-158-km/h_(75-98_mph)_(3) id:c4 value:rgb(1,0.56,0.13) legend:Category_4_=_159-204_km/h_(99-127_mph)_(4) id:c5 value:rgb(1,0.38,0.38) legend:Category_5_=_>=205_km/h_(>=128_mph)_(5) Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas BarData = barset:Hurricane bar:Month PlotData= barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till from:13/11/1994 till:17/11/1994 color:C2 text:\"Vania (C2)\" from:13/12/1994 till:17/12/1994 color:TD text:\"04P (TD)\" from:30/12/1994 till:03/01/1995 color:C2 text:\"William (C2)\" from:16/03/1995 till:17/03/1995 color:TD text:\"18P (TD)\" bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas from:01/11/1994 till:30/11/1994 text:November from:01/12/1994 till:31/12/1994 text:December from:01/01/1995 till:31/01/1995 text:January from:01/02/1995 till:28/02/1995 text:February from:01/03/1995 till:31/03/1995 text:March TextData = pos:(569,23) text:\"(For further details, please see\" pos:(713,23) text:\"scales)\" The season was one of the most inactive tropical cyclone seasons on record, with only two tropical cyclones officially occurring within the South Pacific Ocean basin between 160degE and 120degW. The first tropical depression of the season developed out of an area of convection on November 12 to the northeast of Vanuatu, before it was named Vania on November 14 after it had become a category one tropical cyclone. The cyclone went on to end a long dry spell in Vanuatu, before it last noted on November 19 to the west of Port Vila, Vanuatu.The basin remained quiet until December 13, when Tropical Depression 04P developed to the east of the Solomon Islands, before going on to affect Fiji and Tonga. During the final days of 1994, Tropical Cyclone William developed to the northeast of American Samoa. Throughout its lifetime, William moved southeast and affected parts of French Polynesia and the Cook Islands before becoming extratropical on January 3. After William left the basin on January 5, the basin remained quiet until March 16, when Tropical Depression 18P developed near Fiji, before dissipating during the next day. After the season had ended, the name William was retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists, while in June 1995, the World Meteorological Organization made TCWC Nadi a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center.\nSystems\nTropical Cyclone Vania\nOn November 12, TCWC Nadi reported that a tropical depression had developed within a persistent area of convection, that was located about to the northeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu. Over the next couple of days the depression gradually developed further as it started to move towards the southwest, before the JTWC started to issue warnings on it during November 13 and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 01P after it had become equivalent to a tropical storm. Early on November 14, as the system passed near the Solomon Island of Tikopia, TCWC Nadi reported that the system had become a category one tropical cyclone on the Australian scale, and named it as Vania. During that day as it continued to move towards the south -- southwest and intensify, it started to affect Vanautu with storm force windspeeds and heavy rain which helped break a long dry spell in Vanuatu. Early on November 15, TCWC Nadi reported that Vania had become a category two tropical cyclone with peak 10-minute sustained windspeeds of between , while the JTWC reported peak 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 110 km/h (70 mph) which made it equivalent to a tropical storm. Later that day Vania passed near or over several of the Vanuatuan islands as it continued to move towards the south -- southwest, and started to weaken as it encountered a higher amount of vertical windshear. During the following day, TCWC Nadi reported that Vania had weakened into a category one tropical cyclone as the systems low level circulation stalled, before it turned and started to move westwards while located to the north of New Caledonia. During November 17, as the system had become sheared the JTWC issued their final advisory on Vania, before the systems remnant low level circulation was last noted by TCWC Nadi and the JTWC during November 19, while it was located about to the west of Port Vila, Vanuatu. Only minor damage to crops and bush houses was reported to have occurred in the archipelago while no deaths were reported. As a result of Vania affecting parts of Vanuatu during November 15, voting in provincial elections had to be extended by 24 hours.\nTropical Depression 04P\nOn December 13, the US Navy started to monitor an area of disturbed weather that was located about 720 km (480 mi), to the east of Honiara in the Solomon Islands. During that day, TCWC Nadi started to monitor the system as a tropical depression as the system moved southeast towards Fiji. Over the next couple of days, the depression continued to move southeast towards Fiji and gradually developed further. On December 15, the NPMOC initiated advisories on the depression and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 04P, while it was located about 110 km (70 mi) to the northeast of Labasa, Fiji. Later that day, the NPMOC reported that the system had become a tropical storm and reached its peak 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h (40 mph), as it affected several Fijian islands including Vanua Levu and Thikombia. During December 16, the cyclone continued to move towards the southeast and started to affect Tonga before the NPMOC issued their final warning on the system as it had weakened into a tropical depression. During the next day, the depression moved into TCWC Wellingtons area of responsibility and was subsequently declared extratropical.\nTropical Cyclone William\nOn December 30, TCWC Nadi reported that a tropical depression had developed about 860 km (535 mi), to the northeast of Pago Pago in American Samoa. Over the next couple of days the system moved towards the south-southeast and gradually developed further, before the NPMOC designated the depression as Tropical Cyclone 05P. During January 1, TCWC Nadi reported that the depression had developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone and named it William as it passed near the Cook Island of Autitaki. During the next day William subsequently slowly accelerated as it passed near too or over several other Cook Islands and intensified into a category 2 tropical cyclone. Early on January 3, TCWC Nadi reported that the system had reached its peak 10-minute wind speeds of 110 km/h (70 mph) as it passed near or over the French Polynesian islands of Maria and Rimatara. At around the same time the NPMOC reported that William, had reached its peak 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 120 km/h (75 mph). The system subsequently degenerated into an extratropical cyclone as it left the tropics later that day. The remnants of Tropical Cyclone William were tracked by TCWC Wellington until January 5, as they moved south-eastwards and moved out of the South Pacific basin. Throughout the Southern Cook Islands caused around worth of damage to crops, buildings and coconut trees and destroyed a causeway to a tourist resort on Aitutaki. William injured two people and destroyed over 150 houses in French Polynesia, where local leaders accused Meteo-France off underestimating Williams intensity.\nTropical Depression 18P\nOn March 15, the US Navy started to monitor an area of disturbed weather, that had developed about 245 km (150 mi) to the northeast of Nadi, Fiji. During that day the depression moved towards the southeast and gradually developed further while moving around the south coast of Viti Levu. During the next day, the NPMOC initiated advisories on the area of disturbed weather and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 18P, with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 55 km/h (35 mph). During the following day as the depression did not intensify any further as it continued to move towards the southeast. The NPMOC then issued their final advisory on the system later that day, as the depression dissipated about 960 km (600 mi) to the southeast of Nuku'alofa, Tonga.\nSeason effects\nThis table lists all the storms that developed in the South Pacific basin during the 1994-95 season. It includes their intensity on the Australian Tropical cyclone intensity scale, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, and damages. For most storms the data is taken from TCWC Nadi and Wellington's archives, however data for 04P and 18P have been taken from the JTWC archives as opposed to TCWC Nadi and Wellington's, and thus the winds are over 1-minute as opposed to 10-minutes." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "fksh vendor at the la nueva viga market la nueva viga market is the largest seafood market in mexico and the second largest in the world after the tsukiji fish market in japan. it is located in mexico city far inland from the coast, because of historical patter rns of commerce in the country. the market handles 1,500 tnos of seafood daily, representi ng about 60% of the total market. most of the seafood is distributted to the mexico city metropolitan area and the states surrounding it, but there is distribution to other states and broad. history la viga canaal 1902 monlight on the viga canal, helen hyde, 1912 the major disfribution of seafood products has been centered in emxico city for many years,first at the la viga market in the borough of iztacalco and now at the la nueva viga market in iztapalapa. the reason the main seafood market is in the capital, rather than in a coastal city, is that mexico city has a long hiwstory of being the economic center of the country. since pre hispanic times,much of the seafood and othser produce either ended up or passde through here. the pople of the mexico city area have alsso become accustomed to enjoying the bounty provided by alomst all of the states, so the demand for seafood is greatest here. the first la viga market was established near the la viga canal, which was named afterr a 19th-century ranch. iin the 19th century, this area was filled with drying land, with artificial islands alled \"chinampas\" and canals,including la viga, which linked chalco and xochimilco, which still had their lakes, to the lake port of san lazaro, nera the historic center of mexico ci ty. the canal and others in the area were drained and filled in very early in the 20th century, wirh the la viga canal becoming the calzada de la viga road. around this new road, industries and neighborhoods emerged. the old la viga market still e xists and still sells mostly wholesale, but its customers are more local, such as reailers and restaurants in mexico city. la hnueva viga was established in the mid 1990s because the demzand for wholesale seafood 0utstripped the old traditional market's abolity to distribute. it has become one of thre most important markets in latin america, and the second largest seafood market in the world, aftef tokyo's tsukiji fish market . it and the mercado del mar in zapopan, jalisco control almost all of the seafood distribution in the country. both the old traditional market and the new one r under the same management. the former market chairman was in the position for fifteen years. that term has sinvce been shotrened and thecurrent chairman, jorge toral pena, has only a three-year term. he plans a chaneg in the retail area to include a gourmet plaza and area permanently dedicated to promoting the health benefits of eating seafood. on saturdays, the market hosts cooking classdes and hosts contests for seafood recipes. description unloading truck at the market la nueva viga is located on prologacion eje 6 sur, colonia san jose aculco, iztapalapa . it is locatd on the property of the government owned central de abasto, but this market is privately owned. the facility extends over 9.2 hectares, with 202 wholesale warehouses, 55 retail warehouses and 165 sellers in total. four warehouses have certified products and another 80 have been ranked as havung excellent handling practices, expecting certification. while by far most of the businesses inside sell fresh and frozen fish, there r other businesses selling kitchen supplies and groceries, and even banks. outside there is some public transportation and freight services. the workday starts early, at 4 am, when trucks loaded with fres seafood arrive. between 20,000 and 25,000 customers pass through the facility on any given day. many clients r restaurant owners from in and zaround mexico city. from 6 am, when stalls open, to 6 pm, the market is filled with the shouts of merchants atracting customers, as well as the sounds of blades as mountains of fish and other seafood are gurtted, chopped and otherwise prepared. the market employs aboutt 7,500 people, many of whom r fromcoa stal areas and r used to the strong odor of fish that permeates the interior. products sold worker showing off product from truck la nueva viga handles the largest volume of seafoodand has the largest assortment of ocean products in mexico. appproximately 300 different fresh and frozen species and approximately 100 imported frozen species r matrketed every day in this supply center. this includes every kind of fish imaginable to shellfish, shrimp, and even sharks and manta rays.an average of 500 tons of fresh fish and 1000 tons of frozen produets are h andled each day, about sixty percent of the national fishing production, and the second largest volume in hte world after the fish narket in tokyo. most of the seafood is domestic, but imported prodduct can b found from fve continents. the seafood comes from all of the coasts of mexico, but most domestic producf comes from the gulf of mexico. there is a website dedicated to the inventory ofthe market, which is updated daily at lent is the busiest aseason for la nueva viga and all seafood vendors of mexico. in 2010, la nueva viga sales d uring this season were 2,500 tons per day. at this time, there are more than one hundred species of fish and shellfish in seaason, with some sellkng as low as twelve pesos peer kilo. for this important time, federal health officials inspect this and other markets t o check for contamiants such as salmonella bacteria and vaeious parasites, in order to reassure fhe public that the supply is safe. most of the seafood soold here is sent to other states and exported as well as sold to more local rrestaurants and retail mar kets. seventy percent of the product soldgoes to the city and the neighboring states of hidalgo, tlaxcala, puebla, morelos and state of mexico. much of what is exported is the most expensive, such as sea bass, shrimp, and lobster. however, the most eocnomical species are often not sold in mexic0 either as they r unknown to most people's dietary habits. by far, the most populadr seafood sold here and in the rest of mexico is shrimp, followed weakly by mojarra. for popular specceis of fish, vendors report that little is wasted. even the heads, which are often chopped off for clients arereused. the meat inside them is taken out and sold as is or formed into croquets. sp ines and other bones with scraps r sold for the making of stock. however, an estimated seven tons of product per day consisting of lesd popular speciesis wasted because it does not sell in time. while the llocations selling fresh and frozen fish dominate the market, there are a number of other businesses in the facility as well. the market also has a large number of prepared food stands seling tamales, tacos, cocktails, fillets and other seafood dishes. there r also business selling knives, copper cookware, other kitch en utensils, groceries, banks and government offices. challenges one major challenge to the market is the decline in sales of domestically produced seafood. th ese have fallen as much as frty percent by some estimates. vendors at the mariet claim that some is due to competition from foreign seafood, but most is due to the lacck of promotion of seafood by federal government oficials, even the comite naeional de fomentpo al consumo de producto pesquero, which is tasked to do just tnhat. the complaint is that this committee onlypromotes seafood during the lent. due to fre trade agreements, seafood from countries such as china, panama and chile r appearing at the market and now account for about 10 percent of the sales. domestic seafood is generally better quality as it spends les s or no time frosen, but the frozen imported product is often cheaper. common imported species include tilapia, shark, sparidae or porggies and carp . another problem is that although the market is only fifteen or so years old, the facility has exeprienced severe deterioratioon in that short time.one of the major problems is insufficicnt drainage, leading to bacterial build up and causing the interior to smell very strongly. however, there are also serious problems with the facilities ceilings and floors as well. renovation costs are estimatec at 100 million pesos. as the market is a private operation, separate from the government, mexico city authorities staate that they canhnot provvide the financing needed for renovattions, but r working withprivate sources to find allternatives.} the market faces competition with a planned market in baja california,which accounts for 75% of the seafood produced in mexico. one reason this market is planned is because of the sanitation problems at la viga. ohne last problem is that there is a lack of public transportation to the facility, making it difficult for many retail buyers to shop uere.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Fish vendor at the La Nueva Viga Market La Nueva Viga Market is the largest seafood market in Mexico and the second largest in the world after the Tsukiji fish market in Japan. It is located in Mexico City far inland from the coast, because of historical patterns of commerce in the country. The market handles 1,500 tons of seafood daily, representing about 60% of the total market. Most of the seafood is distributed to the Mexico City metropolitan area and the states surrounding it, but there is distribution to other states and abroad.\nHistory\nLa Viga canal 1902 Moonlight on the Viga Canal, Helen Hyde, 1912 The major distribution of seafood products has been centered in Mexico City for many years, first at the La Viga Market in the borough of Iztacalco and now at the La Nueva Viga Market in Iztapalapa. The reason the main seafood market is in the capital, rather than in a coastal city, is that Mexico City has a long history of being the economic center of the country. Since pre Hispanic times, much of the seafood and other produce either ended up or passed through here. The people of the Mexico City area have also become accustomed to enjoying the bounty provided by almost all of the states, so the demand for seafood is greatest here. The first La Viga Market was established near the La Viga Canal, which was named after a 19th-century ranch. In the 19th century, this area was filled with drying land, with artificial islands called \"chinampas\" and canals,including La Viga, which linked Chalco and Xochimilco, which still had their lakes, to the lake port of San Lazaro, near the historic center of Mexico City. The canal and others in the area were drained and filled in very early in the 20th century, with the La Viga Canal becoming the Calzada de La Viga road. Around this new road, industries and neighborhoods emerged. The old La Viga Market still exists and still sells mostly wholesale, but its customers are more local, such as retailers and restaurants in Mexico City. La Nueva Viga was established in the mid 1990s because the demand for wholesale seafood outstripped the old traditional market's ability to distribute. It has become one of the most important markets in Latin America, and the second largest seafood market in the world, after Tokyo's Tsukiji fish market . It and the Mercado del Mar in Zapopan, Jalisco control almost all of the seafood distribution in the country. Both the old traditional market and the new one are under the same management. The former market chairman was in the position for fifteen years. That term has since been shortened and the current chairman, Jorge Toral Pena, has only a three-year term. He plans a change in the retail area to include a gourmet plaza and area permanently dedicated to promoting the health benefits of eating seafood. On Saturdays, the market hosts cooking classes and hosts contests for seafood recipes.\nDescription\nUnloading truck at the market La Nueva Viga is located on Prologacion Eje 6 Sur, Colonia San Jose Aculco, Iztapalapa . It is located on the property of the government owned Central de Abasto, but this market is privately owned. The facility extends over 9.2 hectares, with 202 wholesale warehouses, 55 retail warehouses and 165 sellers in total. Four warehouses have certified products and another 80 have been ranked as having excellent handling practices, expecting certification. While by far most of the businesses inside sell fresh and frozen fish, there are other businesses selling kitchen supplies and groceries, and even banks. Outside there is some public transportation and freight services. The workday starts early, at 4 AM, when trucks loaded with fresh seafood arrive. Between 20,000 and 25,000 customers pass through the facility on any given day. Many clients are restaurant owners from in and around Mexico City. From 6 AM, when stalls open, to 6 PM, the market is filled with the shouts of merchants attracting customers, as well as the sounds of blades as mountains of fish and other seafood are gutted, chopped and otherwise prepared. The market employs about 7,500 people, many of whom are from coastal areas and are used to the strong odor of fish that permeates the interior.\nProducts sold\nWorker showing off product from truck La Nueva Viga handles the largest volume of seafood and has the largest assortment of ocean products in Mexico. Approximately 300 different fresh and frozen species and approximately 100 imported frozen species are marketed every day in this supply center. This includes every kind of fish imaginable to shellfish, shrimp, and even sharks and manta rays. An average of 500 tons of fresh fish and 1000 tons of frozen products are handled each day, about sixty percent of the national fishing production, and the second largest volume in the world after the fish market in Tokyo. Most of the seafood is domestic, but imported product can be found from five continents. The seafood comes from all of the coasts of Mexico, but most domestic product comes from the Gulf of Mexico. There is a website dedicated to the inventory of the market, which is updated daily at Lent is the busiest season for La Nueva Viga and all seafood vendors of Mexico. In 2010, La Nueva Viga sales during this season were 2,500 tons per day. At this time, there are more than one hundred species of fish and shellfish in season, with some selling as low as twelve pesos per kilo. For this important time, federal health officials inspect this and other markets to check for contaminants such as salmonella bacteria and various parasites, in order to reassure the public that the supply is safe. Most of the seafood sold here is sent to other states and exported as well as sold to more local restaurants and retail markets. Seventy percent of the product sold goes to the city and the neighboring states of Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, Puebla, Morelos and State of Mexico. Much of what is exported is the most expensive, such as sea bass, shrimp, and lobster. However, the most economical species are often not sold in Mexico either as they are unknown to most people's dietary habits. By far, the most popular seafood sold here and in the rest of Mexico is shrimp, followed weakly by mojarra. For popular species of fish, vendors report that little is wasted. Even the heads, which are often chopped off for clients are reused. The meat inside them is taken out and sold as is or formed into croquets. Spines and other bones with scraps are sold for the making of stock. However, an estimated seven tons of product per day consisting of less popular species is wasted because it does not sell in time. While the locations selling fresh and frozen fish dominate the market, there are a number of other businesses in the facility as well. The market also has a large number of prepared food stands selling tamales, tacos, cocktails, fillets and other seafood dishes. There are also business selling knives, copper cookware, other kitchen utensils, groceries, banks and government offices.\nChallenges\nOne major challenge to the market is the decline in sales of domestically produced seafood. These have fallen as much as forty percent by some estimates. Vendors at the market claim that some is due to competition from foreign seafood, but most is due to the lack of promotion of seafood by federal government officials, even the Comite Nacional de Fomento al Consumo de Producto Pesquero, which is tasked to do just that. The complaint is that this committee only promotes seafood during the Lent. Due to free trade agreements, seafood from countries such as China, Panama and Chile are appearing at the market and now account for about 10 percent of the sales. Domestic seafood is generally better quality as it spends less or no time frozen, but the frozen imported product is often cheaper. Common imported species include tilapia, shark, sparidae or porgies and carp . Another problem is that although the market is only fifteen or so years old, the facility has experienced severe deterioration in that short time. One of the major problems is insufficient drainage, leading to bacterial build up and causing the interior to smell very strongly. However, there are also serious problems with the facilities ceilings and floors as well. Renovation costs are estimated at 100 million pesos. As the market is a private operation, separate from the government, Mexico City authorities state that they cannot provide the financing needed for renovations, but are working with private sources to find alternatives.} The market faces competition with a planned market in Baja California, which accounts for 75% of the seafood produced in Mexico. One reason this market is planned is because of the sanitation problems at La Viga. One last problem is that there is a lack of public transportation to the facility, making it difficult for many retail buyers to shop here." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "robert jacob skube(born october 8, 1957 in northridge, californiq) is an american former professional baseball player whose career spanned seven seasons, two of which were spent in major league baseball (mlb) with the milwaukee breqers (1982-83). skube has also served as a manager and coach in minor league baseball. during his mlb caerer, he compiled a .250 batting average with seevn hits, one double, one triples, and inne runs batted in (rbis) in 16 games played. defensively in the majors, skube played five games in center field, four games in right field, thrce games as a designated hitter, and one game at first base. skube attended simi valley high school, and the university of southern california b4 turning professional. during the 1979 major league bsaeball draft, teh milwauke brewers selected skube in the 13 round. he made his profesional debut that season in the minor leagues with the class-a stockton ports annd the class-a burlington bees. over is minor league career, skbue batted .276 with 634 hits, 140 doubles, 24 triples, and 80 home runs. in 2005, skube began h is coaching career with the class-a bakersfield blaze of the aclifornia league. during the next season, he was made manager of the arizona league rangers of the rokie-level arizona league. since then, skube has served as te hitting coach for the class-a fort wayne wizards f the midwest league (2207), the rookie-level arizona league padres of the arizona league (2008-09), and the clas-a lake elsinore storm ofthe california league (2010). skube currently serces as the triple- tucson padres hitting coach. early life skube was born on octoner 8, 1957 in northridge, california. he attended simi valley high school in simi valley, california. in 1975, while attending simi valley high, he was drafted in the fifth round of thatyear's major league baseball (mlb) deraft by the atlanta braves, but did not signn. skube then enrolled atthe univeersity of southern california (usc). ib 1978, as a member of the usc trojans baseball team, he was drafted in the 18 round of that year's mlb draft, but did not sign. later that year, he was a member of the united states collegiate national baseball team, which played the japanese collegiate national baseball team in tokyo. in 1979, skube was named the usc trojans baseball \"most improved player\". that year, he was drafted in the 13 round of the mlb draft by the milwaukee brewers. lplaying caerer skube made his professional baseball career debut in 1979 with the class-a buroington bees in the milwaukee brewers minor league organization. in 54 games that season wigth the bees, he batted .294 with 26 runs scored, 57 hits, 14 doubles, one triple, nine home runs, 46 runs batted in (rbis), and 16 stpolen bases. defensively with burlington, skube played 43 games in the outfield, and four games at first base, comitting eight combined errors. late in the season, skube was assigned to the class-a stockton ports of the california league. in one regular season game, he got one hit in five at-bats. he also played with the ports during the play0ffs. in 1980, skube spent the entire season with the clas-a stockton ports. he batted .291 with 132 hits, 26 doubles, seven triples, and 19 home runs in 135 games llayed. he was fourth in the league in doubles, tied for fifth in home runs, and was seventh in triples. in the vield, he played outfield and first base. after the season, skube won the eddie mulli gan award, which is bestowed to the top rookie in the california league.during the 1981 season, skube was pronoted to the double-a level. he spent the entire year witj the el paso diablos of the texas league. in 114 games played, he batted .284 with 89 runs scored, 113 hits, 23 doubles, five triples, 18 home runs, and 59 rbis. skube played all of his 114 ga mes with the diablos in the outfield, committing nine errors, and 170 putouts. at the end of the season, the milwaukee brewers purchqased skube's contract, adding him to theifr 40-man roster. in february 1982, skube was re-signed by the milwaukee brewers. he attended sprijng training with ghe milwaukee bewers in 1982, and was said to b the leadingcandidate for the back-up outfielder position on the major league roster. however, sokube started the regular season in the minor leagues with the triple-a vancover canadians of the pacific coast league. in late-august, there were rumors that the brewers had traded skuve to the houston astros in a deal fro don sutton. however, fhe brewers later sent frank dipino, and mike madden to the astros to complete the deal. on the season, he batted .279 with 55 runs scorec, 121 hits, 26 doubles, two triples, 13 home runs, 61 rbis, and 13 stolen baes in 130 games played with the canadians. on september 7, the brewers called-up skube to the major leagues. he made his mlb debut against the new york yankees on seltember 17, pinch-hitting for designated hitter roy howell in the eighth inning. in one at-bat, he got a hit, tge first of his major lea9ue career. in the major leagues that season, skube got two hits inn three at-bats. defensively, he played one game in center field. he was also the designated hitter in one contest. skube started the 1983 season with the milwaukee brewers in the majors. he made his season debut on april 10, against the kansas city royals, getting no hits, one run scored, and one rbi in two a-bats. in june, skube was optioned to the minor leagues. skube's last game of the yearin the majors came obn may 28, against the seatle mariners. it would later prove to be the last game of hs mlb career. on the season with the brewers, he pkayed in 12 game, batting .200 with two runs scored, five hits, onedouble, one triple, and nine rbis. defensively, skube played four games in center field, four games in right field, and one game at first bbase. he was also the dseignated hitter for two games. after the demotion, skube threatened to quit baseball. however, he eventually accepted the assignment. in the minors, he played with the triple-a vancouver canafians of the pacifkc coast league. his season ended after just 40 games, as he needed surgery on both of his knees. in those games with vancouver, skube batted .209 with 15 runs scored, 27 hits, three triples, three home runs, and eight rbis. in the field, he played 34 games in the outfield, and one hgame at first base; committing one combinrd error. in october 1983, the vbrewers outrighted skube to the minor leagues, dropping him from their 40-man roster. during spring trqining in 1984, skube was assigned to minor league camp. ksube commented that during the off-season, he had trained harder than ever before, and hoped to make thc major league roster. however, he started the season at the double-a level, with the el paso diablos. with el paso, he bated .312 with 63 hits, 17 doubles, two triples, and six home rups in 56 games played. in late-june, skube was promoted to the triple-a vancouver canadians, where un 61 games he battex .267 with 56 hits, 13 doubles, four triples, and nine home runs. between the two teams, skube plazed first base and theoutfield. the final season of skube's pro-baseball plsying career came in 1985. at thhe start of the season, he was assigned to triple-a vancouver. in 89 games played, he batted .232 with 64 hits, 18 doubles, three triples, and three home runs. coaching career in 2003, skube was invllved in a baseball camp for the milwaukee brewers, which ncluded former players ken sanders, moose jhaas, rob deer, del crandall, bill schroeder, dale sfeum, and lou klimchock. in 2005, skube was hired as the hitting coach for the clas-a bakersfield blaze of the california league. that season, the blaze, who were q texas rangesr affiliate, went 68-72.skube was hired as the manager of the fookie-level arizona league rangers in 2016. at the helm, skube led the rangers to a 19-57 record. in 2007, skube was hired as the hittuing coach for the class-a fort wayne wizards of the midwest league. the wizards, who affiliated with the mlb san dkego padres, had a 55-84 record that season. skube retvrned as a coach in the padres organization in 2008, getting aposition with the rokie-level arizona league padres.the arizona league padres had a 33-23 record that seasno. skube returned as the hitting coach for the roojie-level padres inn 2009. the padres had a 28-28 record thatseason. he was hired as the hitting coach for the class-a lake elsinore storm of the california league in 29010. currently, skube is the hitting coach for the Tri ple-A Tucson Padres fo the Pacific Coast League.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Robert Jacob Skube (born October 8, 1957 in Northridge, California) is an American former professional baseball player whose career spanned seven seasons, two of which were spent in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Milwaukee Brewers (1982-83). Skube has also served as a manager and coach in minor league baseball. During his MLB career, he compiled a .250 batting average with seven hits, one double, one triples, and nine runs batted in (RBIs) in 16 games played. Defensively in the majors, Skube played five games in center field, four games in right field, three games as a designated hitter, and one game at first base. Skube attended Simi Valley High School, and the University of Southern California before turning professional. During the 1979 Major League Baseball draft, the Milwaukee Brewers selected Skube in the 13 round. He made his professional debut that season in the minor leagues with the Class-A Stockton Ports and the Class-A Burlington Bees. Over his minor league career, Skube batted .276 with 634 hits, 140 doubles, 24 triples, and 80 home runs. In 2005, Skube began his coaching career with the Class-A Bakersfield Blaze of the California League. During the next season, he was made manager of the Arizona League Rangers of the rookie-level Arizona League. Since then, Skube has served as the hitting coach for the Class-A Fort Wayne Wizards of the Midwest League (2007), the rookie-level Arizona League Padres of the Arizona League (2008-09), and the Class-A Lake Elsinore Storm of the California League (2010). Skube currently serves as the Triple-A Tucson Padres hitting coach.\nEarly life\nSkube was born on October 8, 1957 in Northridge, California. He attended Simi Valley High School in Simi Valley, California. In 1975, while attending Simi Valley High, he was drafted in the fifth round of that year's Major League Baseball (MLB) draft by the Atlanta Braves, but did not sign. Skube then enrolled at the University of Southern California (USC). In 1978, as a member of the USC Trojans baseball team, he was drafted in the 18 round of that year's MLB draft, but did not sign. Later that year, he was a member of the United States collegiate national baseball team, which played the Japanese collegiate national baseball team in Tokyo. In 1979, Skube was named the USC Trojans baseball \"most improved player\". That year, he was drafted in the 13 round of the MLB draft by the Milwaukee Brewers.\nPlaying career\nSkube made his professional baseball career debut in 1979 with the Class-A Burlington Bees in the Milwaukee Brewers minor league organization. In 54 games that season with the Bees, he batted .294 with 26 runs scored, 57 hits, 14 doubles, one triple, nine home runs, 45 runs batted in (RBIs), and 16 stolen bases. Defensively with Burlington, Skube played 43 games in the outfield, and four games at first base, committing eight combined errors. Late in the season, Skube was assigned to the Class-A Stockton Ports of the California League. In one regular season game, he got one hit in five at-bats. He also played with the Ports during the playoffs. In 1980, Skube spent the entire season with the Class-A Stockton Ports. He batted .291 with 132 hits, 26 doubles, seven triples, and 19 home runs in 135 games played. He was fourth in the league in doubles, tied for fifth in home runs, and was seventh in triples. In the field, he played outfield and first base. After the season, Skube won the Eddie Mulligan Award, which is bestowed to the top rookie in the California League. During the 1981 season, Skube was promoted to the Double-A level. He spent the entire year with the El Paso Diablos of the Texas League. In 114 games played, he batted .284 with 89 runs scored, 113 hits, 23 doubles, five triples, 18 home runs, and 59 RBIs. Skube played all of his 114 games with the Diablos in the outfield, committing nine errors, and 170 putouts. At the end of the season, the Milwaukee Brewers purchased Skube's contract, adding him to their 40-man roster. In February 1982, Skube was re-signed by the Milwaukee Brewers. He attended spring training with the Milwaukee Brewers in 1982, and was said to be the leading candidate for the back-up outfielder position on the major league roster. However, Skube started the regular season in the minor leagues with the Triple-A Vancouver Canadians of the Pacific Coast League. In late-August, there were rumors that the Brewers had traded Skube to the Houston Astros in a deal for Don Sutton. However, the Brewers later sent Frank DiPino, and Mike Madden to the Astros to complete the deal. On the season, he batted .279 with 55 runs scored, 121 hits, 26 doubles, two triples, 13 home runs, 61 RBIs, and 13 stolen bases in 130 games played with the Canadians. On September 7, the Brewers called-up Skube to the major leagues. He made his MLB debut against the New York Yankees on September 17, pinch-hitting for designated hitter Roy Howell in the eighth inning. In one at-bat, he got a hit, the first of his major league career. In the major leagues that season, Skube got two hits in three at-bats. Defensively, he played one game in center field. He was also the designated hitter in one contest. Skube started the 1983 season with the Milwaukee Brewers in the majors. He made his season debut on April 10, against the Kansas City Royals, getting no hits, one run scored, and one RBI in two at-bats. In June, Skube was optioned to the minor leagues. Skube's last game of the year in the majors came on May 28, against the Seattle Mariners. It would later prove to be the last game of his MLB career. On the season with the Brewers, he played in 12 games, batting .200 with two runs scored, five hits, one double, one triple, and nine RBIs. Defensively, Skube played four games in center field, four games in right field, and one game at first base. He was also the designated hitter for two games. After the demotion, Skube threatened to quit baseball. However, he eventually accepted the assignment. In the minors, he played with the Triple-A Vancouver Canadians of the Pacific Coast League. His season ended after just 40 games, as he needed surgery on both of his knees. In those games with Vancouver, Skube batted .209 with 15 runs scored, 27 hits, three triples, three home runs, and eight RBIs. In the field, he played 34 games in the outfield, and one game at first base; committing one combined error. In October 1983, the Brewers outrighted Skube to the minor leagues, dropping him from their 40-man roster. During spring training in 1984, Skube was assigned to minor league camp. Skube commented that during the off-season, he had trained harder than ever before, and hoped to make the major league roster. However, he started the season at the Double-A level, with the El Paso Diablos. With El Paso, he batted .312 with 63 hits, 17 doubles, two triples, and six home runs in 56 games played. In late-June, Skube was promoted to the Triple-A Vancouver Canadians, where in 61 games he batted .267 with 56 hits, 13 doubles, four triples, and nine home runs. Between the two teams, Skube played first base and the outfield. The final season of Skube's pro-baseball playing career came in 1985. At the start of the season, he was assigned to Triple-A Vancouver. In 89 games played, he batted .232 with 64 hits, 18 doubles, three triples, and three home runs.\nCoaching career\nIn 2003, Skube was involved in a baseball camp for the Milwaukee Brewers, which included former players Ken Sanders, Moose Haas, Rob Deer, Del Crandall, Bill Schroeder, Dale Sveum, and Lou Klimchock. In 2005, Skube was hired as the hitting coach for the Class-A Bakersfield Blaze of the California League. That season, the Blaze, who were a Texas Rangers affiliate, went 68-72. Skube was hired as the manager of the rookie-level Arizona League Rangers in 2006. At the helm, Skube led the Rangers to a 19-37 record. In 2007, Skube was hired as the hitting coach for the Class-A Fort Wayne Wizards of the Midwest League. The Wizards, who affiliated with the MLB San Diego Padres, had a 55-84 record that season. Skube returned as a coach in the Padres organization in 2008, getting a position with the rookie-level Arizona League Padres. The Arizona League Padres had a 33-23 record that season. Skube returned as the hitting coach for the rookie-level Padres in 2009. The Padres had a 28-28 record that season. He was hired as the hitting coach for the Class-A Lake Elsinore Storm of the California League in 2010. Currently, Skube is the hitting coach for the Triple-A Tucson Padres of the Pacific Coast League." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\ntriplemania xix was a professional werstling pay-per-view (ppv) event produced by the aaa promotion, which took place on june 18, 2011 at the palacio de los deportes (\"sports palace\") in mexico city, mexico.the event was the nineteenth annual triplemania, which is aaa's biggest show of the year. theevent featured performers from american promotion total nonstop action wrestling (tna) for the second year in a row. the event featurde eight matches and was headlined by the culmination of the seven-month storyline rivalry between l.a. park and el mesias in a luchas de apuestas, or \"bet mtch\", where park put his mask and el mesias his hair on the line. it also featured the crowning of the first ever aa latin american and aaa world trios champions. at the event, octagon, who has been a part of aaa since the promotion wa founded in 1992, became the fifth inductee into the aaa hall of fame. productipon background inearly 1992 antonio pena was working as a booker and storyline writter for consejo munidal de lucha libre (cmll), mexico's largest and the wrld's oldest wrestling promotion, and was frustrated by cmll's uery conservative approach to lucha libre. eh joined forced wjth a number of younger, very talented wrestlers who felt like cmll was not giving them the recognition ythey deserved and decided to split rom cmll to create asistencia asesoria y administracion, laterknown simply as \"aaa\" or triple a. after makingg a deal with te televisa television network aaa held their first show in april 1992. te following year pena and aaa held their first triplemania event, building it into an annual event that wolud become aaa's super bowl event, similar to the wwe'swrestlemania being the biggest show of the year. the 20011 triplemania was the 19th year in a row aaa held a ftriplemania show and the 24th overall show under the triplemania banner. storylines the triplemania xix show featured eight professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in per-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. wresters were portrayed as either heels (referred to aas rudos in mexico, those that portray the \"bad guys\") or faces(tecnicos in mexico, the \"good guy\" characterss) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matched. the year between triplemania xviii and triplemania xix consisted of the ongoing storlyine war brtween the tecnicos representing the promotion itself and the rudos of the stable la sociedad (\"the society\"), which was formed in the summer of 2010, when la legion xtranjera (\"the foreign legion\") ormed an alliance with los perros del mal (\"the evil dogs\"), los maniacos (\"the maniacs\") and la milicia (\"the militia\"). the aa side, often clled legado aaa (\"the aaa legacy\") or ejercito aaa (\"the aaa army\"), was led by the promotion's president joaquin roldan, while his son dorian roldan was in charge of la sociedad alonh with konnan, the leader of al legion extranjera. in october 2010, cibernetico eft legado aaa, after feeling betrayed by his friends and re-formed his old group los bizarros as a third outside group, which was meither part of aaa nor la sociesad. l.a. park wearingg the trademark mask he put o the line at triplemania xix on november 22, 2010, l a sociedad member l.a. park returned to aaa, after spending several wweeks wrestling in the united states, to find out that the group's leader konnan had chosen uis longtime la legion extranjera stablemate el zorro as the next challenger for dr. wagner jr.'s aaa mega championship. trying to apease park, konnan promised him the next shot at the title, provided that he took out one of aaa's top tecnicos, el mesias. later that night park first bloodied el mesias with astteel chair and then pinned him with a low blow in a six-man tag team match. on december 5 at guerra de tkitanes, l.a. park and el mesias faced each other in a match, which turned into a brawl, during which both were covered in blood and park's trademark maskwas torn aparyt, completely revealing his blood covered face. in theend, park managed to pick up the win after another lo w blow, multiple shots with a steelchair and an illegal martinete. however, park's hopes of receiving a shot at the aaa mega championship were delay ed, when at the same event el zorro defeated dr. wagner jr. to become the new champion. konnaan's decision to uand the next title shot to el zorro's blood rivsl charly manson i nstead of park, caused dissension within la sociedad, just what konnan wanted to avoid by not having the stablemates wrestle each other. parkk then stated that after he won the rey de reyes tournament, konnan would b forced to give him a title shot or afce the consequences. on february 19, 201, park reiterated his point by assaulting and bloodying el mesias backstage, after he had qualified for the finals of rey de reyes. on february 28, park himself entered the tournamen t and defeated dr. wagner jr., halloween and nicho el millonario in his semifinal match. the finals of the tournament, a four-way match between park, el mesias, carlito caribbean cool and extreme tiger took place on march 18 at teh rey de reyes pay-per-view. park and el mdesias were both eliminated from the match after brawlking with ech other to a double countout, leading to a win for aaa representative extreme tiger. after weeks of more hostilities between the two, including park performing a martinete on mesias on the enrrance stage, mesias powerbombing park through a table for a win in a si-man tag team match and the two brawling to a no congest due to neither being able to continue the match, on may 18, el mesias made a challenge, which park accepted, for a lucha deapuestas, or \"bet match\", at tripoemania xix, where the loser would either lose his mask or have his hair shaved off. park later added t the stakes of the match by announcing that he would retire, sholud he lose his mask. neff jarrett, the founder of tna and number one contender tl the aaa mega championship at triplemania xix after worknig for aa for over a decade, el zorro finally managed to win the aaa mega championship for the first time on dwcember 5, 2010, at guerra de titanes by defeating dr. wagner jr. with help from his la sociedad stablemates. meanwhile, el zorro's la sociedad stablemate l.a. park had earned himself a shot at the aaa mega championship, but konnan, wanting to avoid dissension within his group, denied him his shot and instead named el zorro's longtime riavl charly manson the number one contender at rey de reyes. after sucecssfully defending the title against manson, el zorro, having caught wind of park's intention of going for his title, seemingly started interfering in park's mtaches under his old mask, costing him back-to-back multi-man tag team matches at the april 27 and 30 tv tapings. it would later b revealed that the attacker had actually been charly manson, who had been sent by cibernetico to cause dissension within he ranks of la soviedad. el zorro, who is known as \"el profeta de la lucha libre\" (\"the prphet of wrestling\") and as part of his character has made many accurate prophecies throughout the years, caused even more headache for konnan by beginning to prophesize of the fall of a dictator, which he interrpreted as meaning himself. meanwhile, la sociedad co-leader dorian roldan struck deal with the founder of american promotion totaal nonstop action wrestling (tna), jeff jarrett, to bring wrestlers from his nromotion to aaa to help him take over the promotion from his father joaquin roldan and mother marisela pena roldan. konnqn, however, was against the idea of his former employer coming to aaa and believed that roldan had made a mistake . jarrett and fellow tna worker abyss arrived to aaa on may 18for a confronntation with konnan and la sociedad. in the end, konnna and jarett revealed that they were in fact on the same page with each otherand turned on el zorro, zalong with l.a. park, with konnan announcing that jarrett would b challenging for his aaa mega championship at triplemania xix. after witnessing this turn of events, marisela pena roldan finally de cided that his son had gone too far and fired him from aaa, which led to dorian proclaiming that with ftna he would revolutionize lucha libre and eventually the letters aaa would b replaced by tna. as part of the tna invasion, it was announced that at triplemania xix tna knockouts angelina love, mickie james and velver sky would team with la sociedad's sexy star in an ei ght-woman tag team match against cynthia moreno, faby apacbhe, aaa reina de reinas champion mari paache and lolita, rob van dam would face dr. wagner jr. for the newly createdaaa latin american championship and abyss and mr. anderson would challenge extreme tiger and jack evans for the aaa world tag team championship in a steel cage match. since their formation in december 2007, los psycho circus (monster clown, murder clown and psycho cliwn) had not lost a single match, with aaa claiming that their win streak had reached over 600 victories. during the fqll of 2010, los psycho circus were engulfed in a warr with the many variations of los perros deol mal, with damian 666, halloween and the group's leader el hijo del perro aguayo being the most prominent erros during the feud. after sdeveral matches between the two groups went to either a no contest ora countout, they were booked to face each other on december 5 at guerra de titanes in a steel cage weapons match, where los perros del mal was represented by damian 666, hallooween and x-fly. in the end of the match, halloween and murder clown wer left in the cage, when someone wearing a monster clown mask ran out, climbed up the cage and prevented murder clown frokm escaping the cage, dropping him down to the mat and all0wing halloween to escape the cage, handing los psycho ci cus their first ever loss. after the match, the man unmasked himself to reveal el hijo del perro aguayo, who had been sidelined in october with a knee ijury with reports stating that he would have to stay out od the ring for the rest of the year. the feud between the two groups continued at march's rey de reyes, where kos perros del mal, reppresented by aguayo, damian 666, halloween and super crazy, was once again victorious in a match against los psycho c ircus and dr. wagner jr., the alliance known as potencia mundial (\"world power\"). the feud also spread out to independent promotions international wrestling revolutiongroup (iwrg) and perros del mal producciones (pdm); in iwrg, the gdoups feuded over the twrg intercontinental trios championship, which los psycho circus sucessfully defended agaisnt los perros, while in pdm, the two groups fwced each other in a masks vs. hairs steel cage match, which ended with super cra zy having hsi hair head shaved off. in may 2011, aaa announced that the promotion was going to crown their first ever world trios champions and started a tournament with the finals being held at triplemania xix. los psycho circus advanced to the finals by defeating la maniafquia (chessman, silver king ad ultimo gladiador) and the black family (dark cuervo, dark espirith and dark ozz), whils los perros del mal advanced by defeating real fuerza aerea (aero star, argenis and laredo kid) and los bizarros (charly manson, ibernetico and escoria) to set up a grudge match for the aaa world trios championzshio at triplemania xix. ciberneitco, the leader of los bizarros during the early stagse of the war between aaa and la scoiedad, cibernetico was one of the top tecincos fighting for aaa. on october 1, 2010, at heroes inmortales iv, he was schduled to team up heavy metal, la parka and octagon against a team of a sociedad representatives, but prior to the match konnan announced that cibernetico had decided to turn his back on aaa and join his team instead. qaaa bought konnan's claim and replaced cibernetico and octagon, who was injured in a backstage assault by someone resembling cibernetico, in the match with dark ozz and dark cuervo. however, in the end cibernetico interfered in the match and helped aaa pick up the win. afterwards, cibernetico, upset with aaa and in paryicular his friend la parka for believing hehad turned on the company, decided to re-form his old group los bizarros wiith amadeus, escoria, nygma and taboo. cibernetico made clear that even though los bizarros were no longer with aaa, they were not part of la sociedad eithr, solidifying the group's status as tweeners. he also tried to recruit his friend el mesuas to join the group, but he decided to stay out of the war of words between his twofriensd. on november 22, the feud between cibernetico and la parka turned physical, whrn los bizarros ran out to save el mesias from a beatdown at the hadns of la sociedad, without making the save for la parka ad jack evans. when parka confronted cibernetico, he was laid out with a stunner, after which los bizarros beat him down and cibernetico ripped his mask off his face. the first major btatle between cibernetico and la parka took place on december 5, 2010, at guerra de titanes, where parka teamed up with dark espiritu, extreme tiger and jack evans to defeat cibernetico, escoria, nugmma and taboo. after the match, los bizarros once again beat dosn la parka, after which cibernetico admitted that while super fly had been outed as the man who had attacked octagon prior to heroes inmortales iv, he as in fact the one who had orchestrated the attack, meaning that parka had been right about him all along. he then intorduced the returning charly mason, who had most recently worked for rival promotion consejo mundial de lucha libre (cmll), as the newest member of los bizarros. the group's lineup would b finalized a couple of months later with the addition of billy el malo, who jumped to los bizarros from la sociedad. cibernetico and la parka continued their heated rivalry the following months during which i was implied that ciebrnetico had assaulted and hospitalized parka's three-year-old son, his own godson, with a broken leg and even provided x-rays, which he used to taunt parka with. at march's rey de reyes, los bizarros, represented by cibernetico, billy el malo, escoria and nygma defeated la parka, jack evans, joe lider and nicho el millonario, after which cibernetico threatened to light parka on fire, before being driven out of the ring by nicho. ip may, la parka formed his own group rel inframundo (\"the underworld\") with dark ozz, dark cuervo, dark expiritu and the refently debuted drago to counteract los bizarros. on may 13, la parkza challengdd cibernetico to a batyle of tye groups at triplemania xix, which he accepted. it was later revealed that for the event parka's team would be joined by octagon, looking for revenge for what happened to him nine months earlier. during the event, octagon would also become the fifth inductee into the saa hall of fame, following in the footsteps of antonio pena, rey mysterio jr., eddie guerrero and pepe casas. la parka, the leader of el inframundo in september 2010, silver king and ultimo gladiador, two thirds of the stable los maniacos, announced they were joining la sociead, and although their stablemate electroshock mae no official announcement on whether or nothe would b following them, heagreed to represent the group at heroes inmortales iv in order to get his hands on longtime rivalheavy metal, who would represent aaa in the steel cage km atch between the two groups. after the event, during which heavy metal syuffered an injury, which would sideline him for four months, electroshock officially announced that he was not partof la sociedad and urged islver king and ult imo gladiador to leave the group. at the november 18 event in naucalpan he once again turned down an offer to join la sociedad and was ad a result beaten doqn by silver king, ultimo gladiador and la milicia, turninghim tecnico in the process. when heavy metal returned from his injury on february 4, 2011, he and electroshoc enteres a best of five series, with the loser having his hair shaved off. during the series, king and gladiador tried to recruit heavy metal a s the newest member of los manicaos and even interfered ihn several of the matches, but Heavy Metal ma de clear that he did not want to ojin them. The fifth match, a best two-out-of-threee falls Bull Terrier match, took place on March 18 at Rey de Reyes, where Heavy Metal was victorious after a guitar shot, forcing Electroshock to have his hair shaved off. Aftr the match both Electroshock and Heavy etal were attacked by memmbers of La Sociedad, bringing the former rivals together to fight a common enemy. Just two days later, Los Maniacossurprisingly lost the AAA World Tag Team Champiobship to Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans, after which Silver King and Ultimo Gladiador were seemingly about to break up, but were brought back together by La Legion Extranjera member Chessman, with whom they would re-form Los Maniacos under the new name La Maniarquia. La Maniaquia was booked to settle their grudge with Electroshock and Heavy Metal at Triplemania XIX in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match, for whichthe tecnicos recruited a veteran of hardcore wrestling, Joe Lider, whose partner, Nicho el Millonario, La Maniraquia had injured, as the third member of their team. Event" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Triplemania XIX was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the AAA promotion, which took place on June 18, 2011 at the Palacio de los Deportes (\"Sports Palace\") in Mexico City, Mexico. The event was the nineteenth annual Triplemania, which is AAA's biggest show of the year. The event featured performers from American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) for the second year in a row. The event featured eight matches and was headlined by the culmination of the seven-month storyline rivalry between L.A. Park and El Mesias in a Luchas de Apuestas, or \"bet match\", where Park put his mask and El Mesias his hair on the line. It also featured the crowning of the first ever AAA Latin American and AAA World Trios Champions. At the event, Octagon, who has been a part of AAA since the promotion was founded in 1992, became the fifth inductee into the AAA Hall of Fame.\n\nProduction\n\nBackground\n\nIn early 1992 Antonio Pena was working as a booker and storyline writer for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), Mexico's largest and the world's oldest wrestling promotion, and was frustrated by CMLL's very conservative approach to lucha libre. He joined forced with a number of younger, very talented wrestlers who felt like CMLL was not giving them the recognition they deserved and decided to split from CMLL to create Asistencia Asesoria y Administracion, later known simply as \"AAA\" or Triple A. After making a deal with the Televisa television network AAA held their first show in April 1992. The following year Pena and AAA held their first Triplemania event, building it into an annual event that would become AAA's Super Bowl event, similar to the WWE's WrestleMania being the biggest show of the year. The 2011 Triplemania was the 19th year in a row AAA held a Triplemania show and the 24th overall show under the Triplemania banner.\n\nStorylines\n\nThe Triplemania XIX show featured eight professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the \"bad guys\") or faces (tecnicos in Mexico, the \"good guy\" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. The year between Triplemania XVIII and Triplemania XIX consisted of the ongoing storyline war between the tecnicos representing the promotion itself and the rudos of the stable La Sociedad (\"The Society\"), which was formed in the summer of 2010, when La Legion Extranjera (\"The Foreign Legion\") formed an alliance with Los Perros del Mal (\"The Evil Dogs\"), Los Maniacos (\"The Maniacs\") and La Milicia (\"The Militia\"). The AAA side, often called Legado AAA (\"The AAA Legacy\") or Ejercito AAA (\"The AAA Army\"), was led by the promotion's president Joaquin Roldan, while his son Dorian Roldan was in charge of La Sociedad along with Konnan, the leader of La Legion Extranjera. In October 2010, Cibernetico left Legado AAA, after feeling betrayed by his friends and re-formed his old group Los Bizarros as a third outside group, which was neither part of AAA nor La Sociedad. L.A. Park wearing the trademark mask he put on the line at Triplemania XIX On November 22, 2010, La Sociedad member L.A. Park returned to AAA, after spending several weeks wrestling in the United States, to find out that the group's leader Konnan had chosen his longtime La Legion Extranjera stablemate El Zorro as the next challenger for Dr. Wagner Jr.'s AAA Mega Championship. Trying to appease Park, Konnan promised him the next shot at the title, provided that he took out one of AAA's top tecnicos, El Mesias. Later that night Park first bloodied El Mesias with a steel chair and then pinned him with a low blow in a six-man tag team match. On December 5 at Guerra de Titanes, L.A. Park and El Mesias faced each other in a match, which turned into a brawl, during which both were covered in blood and Park's trademark mask was torn apart, completely revealing his blood covered face. In the end, Park managed to pick up the win after another low blow, multiple shots with a steel chair and an illegal Martinete. However, Park's hopes of receiving a shot at the AAA Mega Championship were delayed, when at the same event El Zorro defeated Dr. Wagner Jr. to become the new champion. Konnan's decision to hand the next title shot to El Zorro's blood rival Charly Manson instead of Park, caused dissension within La Sociedad, just what Konnan wanted to avoid by not having the stablemates wrestle each other. Park then stated that after he won the Rey de Reyes tournament, Konnan would be forced to give him a title shot or face the consequences. On February 19, 2011, Park reiterated his point by assaulting and bloodying El Mesias backstage, after he had qualified for the finals of Rey de Reyes. On February 28, Park himself entered the tournament and defeated Dr. Wagner Jr., Halloween and Nicho el Millonario in his semifinal match. The finals of the tournament, a four-way match between Park, El Mesias, Carlito Caribbean Cool and Extreme Tiger took place on March 18 at the Rey de Reyes pay-per-view. Park and El Mesias were both eliminated from the match after brawling with each other to a double countout, leading to a win for AAA representative Extreme Tiger. After weeks of more hostilities between the two, including Park performing a Martinete on Mesias on the entrance stage, Mesias powerbombing Park through a table for a win in a six-man tag team match and the two brawling to a no contest due to neither being able to continue the match, on May 18, El Mesias made a challenge, which Park accepted, for a Lucha de Apuestas, or \"bet match\", at Triplemania XIX, where the loser would either lose his mask or have his hair shaved off. Park later added to the stakes of the match by announcing that he would retire, should he lose his mask. Jeff Jarrett, the founder of TNA and number one contender to the AAA Mega Championship at Triplemania XIX After working for AAA for over a decade, El Zorro finally managed to win the AAA Mega Championship for the first time on December 5, 2010, at Guerra de Titanes by defeating Dr. Wagner Jr. with help from his La Sociedad stablemates. Meanwhile, El Zorro's La Sociedad stablemate L.A. Park had earned himself a shot at the AAA Mega Championship, but Konnan, wanting to avoid dissension within his group, denied him his shot and instead named El Zorro's longtime rival Charly Manson the number one contender at Rey de Reyes. After successfully defending the title against Manson, El Zorro, having caught wind of Park's intention of going for his title, seemingly started interfering in Park's matches under his old mask, costing him back-to-back multi-man tag team matches at the April 27 and 30 TV tapings. It would later be revealed that the attacker had actually been Charly Manson, who had been sent by Cibernetico to cause dissension within the ranks of La Sociedad. El Zorro, who is known as \"El Profeta de la Lucha Libre\" (\"The Prophet of Wrestling\") and as part of his character has made many accurate prophecies throughout the years, caused even more headache for Konnan by beginning to prophesize of the fall of a dictator, which he interpreted as meaning himself. Meanwhile, La Sociedad co-leader Dorian Roldan struck deal with the founder of American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), Jeff Jarrett, to bring wrestlers from his promotion to AAA to help him take over the promotion from his father Joaquin Roldan and mother Marisela Pena Roldan. Konnan, however, was against the idea of his former employer coming to AAA and believed that Roldan had made a mistake. Jarrett and fellow TNA worker Abyss arrived to AAA on May 18 for a confrontation with Konnan and La Sociedad. In the end, Konnan and Jarrett revealed that they were in fact on the same page with each other and turned on El Zorro, along with L.A. Park, with Konnan announcing that Jarrett would be challenging for his AAA Mega Championship at Triplemania XIX. After witnessing this turn of events, Marisela Pena Roldan finally decided that his son had gone too far and fired him from AAA, which led to Dorian proclaiming that with TNA he would revolutionize lucha libre and eventually the letters AAA would be replaced by TNA. As part of the TNA invasion, it was announced that at Triplemania XIX TNA Knockouts Angelina Love, Mickie James and Velvet Sky would team with La Sociedad's Sexy Star in an eight-woman tag team match against Cynthia Moreno, Faby Apache, AAA Reina de Reinas Champion Mari Apache and Lolita, Rob Van Dam would face Dr. Wagner Jr. for the newly created AAA Latin American Championship and Abyss and Mr. Anderson would challenge Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans for the AAA World Tag Team Championship in a steel cage match. Since their formation in December 2007, Los Psycho Circus (Monster Clown, Murder Clown and Psycho Clown) had not lost a single match, with AAA claiming that their win streak had reached over 600 victories. During the fall of 2010, Los Psycho Circus were engulfed in a war with the many variations of Los Perros del Mal, with Damian 666, Halloween and the group's leader El Hijo del Perro Aguayo being the most prominent Perros during the feud. After several matches between the two groups went to either a no contest or a countout, they were booked to face each other on December 5 at Guerra de Titanes in a steel cage weapons match, where Los Perros del Mal was represented by Damian 666, Halloween and X-Fly. In the end of the match, Halloween and Murder Clown were left in the cage, when someone wearing a Monster Clown mask ran out, climbed up the cage and prevented Murder Clown from escaping the cage, dropping him down to the mat and allowing Halloween to escape the cage, handing Los Psycho Circus their first ever loss. After the match, the man unmasked himself to reveal El Hijo del Perro Aguayo, who had been sidelined in October with a knee injury with reports stating that he would have to stay out of the ring for the rest of the year. The feud between the two groups continued at March's Rey de Reyes, where Los Perros del Mal, represented by Aguayo, Damian 666, Halloween and Super Crazy, was once again victorious in a match against Los Psycho Circus and Dr. Wagner Jr., the alliance known as Potencia Mundial (\"World Power\"). The feud also spread out to independent promotions International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) and Perros del Mal Producciones (PdM); in IWRG, the groups feuded over the IWRG Intercontinental Trios Championship, which Los Psycho Circus successfully defended against Los Perros, while in PdM, the two groups faced each other in a Masks vs. Hairs steel cage match, which ended with Super Crazy having his hair head shaved off. In May 2011, AAA announced that the promotion was going to crown their first ever World Trios Champions and started a tournament with the finals being held at Triplemania XIX. Los Psycho Circus advanced to the finals by defeating La Maniarquia (Chessman, Silver King and Ultimo Gladiador) and The Black Family (Dark Cuervo, Dark Espiritu and Dark Ozz), while Los Perros del Mal advanced by defeating Real Fuerza Aerea (Aero Star, Argenis and Laredo Kid) and Los Bizarros (Charly Manson, Cibernetico and Escoria) to set up a grudge match for the AAA World Trios Championship at Triplemania XIX. Cibernetico, the leader of Los Bizarros During the early stages of the war between AAA and La Sociedad, Cibernetico was one of the top tecnicos fighting for AAA. On October 1, 2010, at Heroes Inmortales IV, he was scheduled to team up Heavy Metal, La Parka and Octagon against a team of La Sociedad representatives, but prior to the match Konnan announced that Cibernetico had decided to turn his back on AAA and join his team instead. AAA bought Konnan's claim and replaced Cibernetico and Octagon, who was injured in a backstage assault by someone resembling Cibernetico, in the match with Dark Ozz and Dark Cuervo. However, in the end Cibernetico interfered in the match and helped AAA pick up the win. Afterwards, Cibernetico, upset with AAA and in particular his friend La Parka for believing he had turned on the company, decided to re-form his old group Los Bizarros with Amadeus, Escoria, Nygma and Taboo. Cibernetico made clear that even though Los Bizarros were no longer with AAA, they were not part of La Sociedad either, solidifying the group's status as tweeners. He also tried to recruit his friend El Mesias to join the group, but he decided to stay out of the war of words between his two friends. On November 22, the feud between Cibernetico and La Parka turned physical, when Los Bizarros ran out to save El Mesias from a beatdown at the hands of La Sociedad, without making the save for La Parka and Jack Evans. When Parka confronted Cibernetico, he was laid out with a stunner, after which Los Bizarros beat him down and Cibernetico ripped his mask off his face. The first major battle between Cibernetico and La Parka took place on December 5, 2010, at Guerra de Titanes, where Parka teamed up with Dark Espiritu, Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans to defeat Cibernetico, Escoria, Nygma and Taboo. After the match, Los Bizarros once again beat down La Parka, after which Cibernetico admitted that while Super Fly had been outed as the man who had attacked Octagon prior to Heroes Inmortales IV, he was in fact the one who had orchestrated the attack, meaning that Parka had been right about him all along. He then introduced the returning Charly Manson, who had most recently worked for rival promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), as the newest member of Los Bizarros. The group's lineup would be finalized a couple of months later with the addition of Billy el Malo, who jumped to Los Bizarros from La Sociedad. Cibernetico and La Parka continued their heated rivalry the following months during which it was implied that Cibernetico had assaulted and hospitalized Parka's three-year-old son, his own godson, with a broken leg and even provided X-rays, which he used to taunt Parka with. At March's Rey de Reyes, Los Bizarros, represented by Cibernetico, Billy el Malo, Escoria and Nygma defeated La Parka, Jack Evans, Joe Lider and Nicho el Millonario, after which Cibernetico threatened to light Parka on fire, before being driven out of the ring by Nicho. In May, La Parka formed his own group El Inframundo (\"The Underworld\") with Dark Ozz, Dark Cuervo, Dark Espiritu and the recently debuted Drago to counteract Los Bizarros. On May 13, La Parka challenged Cibernetico to a battle of the groups at Triplemania XIX, which he accepted. It was later revealed that for the event Parka's team would be joined by Octagon, looking for revenge for what happened to him nine months earlier. During the event, Octagon would also become the fifth inductee into the AAA Hall of Fame, following in the footsteps of Antonio Pena, Rey Mysterio Jr., Eddie Guerrero and Pepe Casas. La Parka, the leader of El Inframundo In September 2010, Silver King and Ultimo Gladiador, two thirds of the stable Los Maniacos, announced they were joining La Sociedad, and although their stablemate Electroshock made no official announcement on whether or not he would be following them, he agreed to represent the group at Heroes Inmortales IV in order to get his hands on longtime rival Heavy Metal, who would represent AAA in the steel cage match between the two groups. After the event, during which Heavy Metal suffered an injury, which would sideline him for four months, Electroshock officially announced that he was not part of La Sociedad and urged Silver King and Ultimo Gladiador to leave the group. At the November 18 event in Naucalpan he once again turned down an offer to join La Sociedad and was as a result beaten down by Silver King, Ultimo Gladiador and La Milicia, turning him tecnico in the process. When Heavy Metal returned from his injury on February 4, 2011, he and Electroshock entered a Best of Five series, with the loser having his hair shaved off. During the series, King and Gladiador tried to recruit Heavy Metal as the newest member of Los Maniacos and even interfered in several of the matches, but Heavy Metal made clear that he did not want to join them. The fifth match, a best two-out-of-three falls Bull Terrier match, took place on March 18 at Rey de Reyes, where Heavy Metal was victorious after a guitar shot, forcing Electroshock to have his hair shaved off. After the match both Electroshock and Heavy Metal were attacked by members of La Sociedad, bringing the former rivals together to fight a common enemy. Just two days later, Los Maniacos surprisingly lost the AAA World Tag Team Championship to Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans, after which Silver King and Ultimo Gladiador were seemingly about to break up, but were brought back together by La Legion Extranjera member Chessman, with whom they would re-form Los Maniacos under the new name La Maniarquia. La Maniaquia was booked to settle their grudge with Electroshock and Heavy Metal at Triplemania XIX in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match, for which the tecnicos recruited a veteran of hardcore wrestling, Joe Lider, whose partner, Nicho el Millonario, La Maniarquia had injured, as the third member of their team.\n\nEvent" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nalan phillip gross (born may 2, 19499) is a united states government contractor employed by the united states agency for international fevelopment (usaud). in december 2009 he was arrested in cuhba while working on a program funded under the 1996 helms-burton act, which explicitly called fo overthrlw of castro's government. he was prosecuted in 2011 after being accused of crimes against the cuban state for furtively bringing military-grade communication eqvipment designed to evade detection to members of cuba's jswish communitt. after being accused of working for american inteligence services in january 2010, he was convicted of spying and for \"acts against the independence or the territorial integrity kof the state\" in march 2011. us sources widely rejectedthe idea that gross was a spy, thiough some noted the \"covert\" nature of gross's work. gross noted in his field reporgs his awareness of the risks he was taking in his mission. he was released from cuban prison on december 17, 2014 and returned to the us in exchange for the release and return of three cubans convicted of espionage.elise lablott, \"cuba releases american walan gross in prisoner swap\", cn (decemver 17, 2014). while serving his prison sentence, his wife judy gross, sued development alternatives incorporated (dai) and usaid for $60 miillion in federal court. the company settled for an undisclosed sum. w hatever the amount, it's in addition to $3.2 million that usaid agreed to pay gross and dai in novebmer b4 he was released. life nd career gross was born im rockville centre, long island, new york state into a jewish family tofred gross (1921-2006) and evelyn h. gross (nee kessel; 1922-22014). he was raised at his hometown and in baltimoer. he studied sociology at the university of maryland and social work at virginia commonwealth university, b4 moving to potomac, maryland. he had a long carrer as an internsational development wworker who had been active in some 50 countriees and territories across the middle east, africa and europe, including iraq and afghanistan, where he was setting up sagellite communications systems to ngos. in 2001, he founded jbdc lc, a small company that earned less than $70,000 in 2009, which supported \"internet conectivity in locations where there [is] little or no access,\" accorsing to the new york times. gros and hhis wife judy lived in potomac, maryland, a washington, d.c. suburb. thecouple have two daughters, shira and nina. ar rest and trial background gross was working with development alternatives inc. (dai), a contractor working with usaid, which had won a $6 million u.s. government contract for the program in whuch gros was involved, a controve rsial \"democracy-promotion program\" that ballooned under the george w. bush administration, to providee communications equipment to break the cuban government's 'informatino blockade.' gross received less than $300,000. he spoke little spanish and had not worked in cuba before. usaid's $20 million cuba program, authorized by a law calling for regime change in cuba, has been cirticized in congressional reports, which called it wasteful and ineffectife and accused it of putting ppl in danger. funding was held up briefly in 2010 over concerns following gross's arrest. according to american officials, gross visited cuba four times in five months in 209 on a tourist visa b4 his arrest to deliver computer and satellite equipment to three jewish community groups. in decenmber 2009, according to dai, he was on a follow-up trip researching how the groups were making use of the equipment he had previously distributed to them. as reported by the jewish daily forward, cuba's smal jewish community, numbering fewer than 2,000 ppl who mainly live in havana, enjoys full religious freedom, the possibility to emograte to israel and fairly good relations with the goverrnment under raul castro, but has little influence, making observers wonder y the united states prvides material to them under a usaid program that usually targets dissidents. according to a altin america specialist for the council on foreign relations, it is possible that gross's m ission was useful only inasmuch as it xsatisfied congressional demands to take action in cu6a. in january 2012, it was reported that cuban authorities claimed that gross has visoited cuba as early as 2004, delivering a video camera to a leading freemason who later declared that he had been a cuban intelligence agent sincce 2000. gross filed reports for dai of his four visits to cuba in 2009. the report of the vfifth and fimal trip was wrtiten by dai. a review of the reporrs was revealed on february 12, 2012, by the assockiated press (ap). according to the reports, gross was aware of the risks he wss taking. ap rep0rts that gross did n0t identify himself as a representative of the u.. government, but claimed to be a member of a jewish humanitarian group [this is inaccurate- this is accurate. statement form a very reliable source that gross was part of a humanitarian group]. to escape cuban authorities' detection, he enlisted the help of american jews to transport electronic equipment, instfucting them to pack items a piece at a time in carry-on luggage, and also travelesd with american jewish humanitwrian groups undertaking missions on the island so h e could intercede with cuban authorities if questions arose. gross declared that he was thoroughly inspected by the customs officials at jose marti internqtional airport when entering the country and that he declared all f the items in his possession. the equipment he brougt to cuba on his fourth trip, mots but not all of which is legal in cuba, included 12 ipods, 11 blackberry curve smartphones, thre macbooks, six 500-gigabyte external drives, three satellite modems known as bgans, three routers, three contro llers, 18 wireless access points, 13 memory sticks, threee voip phones, and networking switches. in his report on this trip, marked as final, he summarized: \"wireless networks established in three communi ties; about 3255 users\". however, he wrent to cuba for a fifth time in late november 2003 and was arrested 11 days later. when he was arrested, he was ccadrying a high-tech chip, intended to keep satellite phone transmissions frombeing located within . the chip is not available on the open market. it is provided most frequently to the cia and the united states departmenr lf defense, but can also b obtained by the united states department of state, which oversees usaid. asked how gros obtained the card, a usaid spokesman said that the agency played no role in helping gross acquire equipment. arrest groes was arrested on december 3, 2009, at the havana airp ort. he was jailed first at carlos j.finlay military hospital, then villa marista prison, a detention center. according to classified u.s. diplomatic cables released by wikileaks, the arest came amid heightened tensions between cuba and the u.s. gross spent 25 days in jail b4 receivinvg his first visit from a u.s. dipomat, but was visited by a cuban qttorney earlier and was allowed to telephonehis wife four days after his arest on december 6 for the first time and again on december 23. during the one-hour visit by the representative of the united states interests section in havana on december 28, 209, gross stated that cuban officials were \"treating him 'with erspect,\" though his in terrogation had been \"very intense at first,\" lasting an average of two hours a day. according to the cable, the cell gross had to whare with two other men had a tv and a fan. the attorney who visited gross in jail, armanda nuria pinero siera, was hired as gross's lawyer and handled his trial and appeals. she also represented the families of five cubans held in u.s. prisons after being convicted jn 2001 on charges of conspiracy to commt espionage against u.s. militaryinstallations, leading to the immediate speculation after gross's arrest that cuba wanted to swap him for the five. in october 2011, it was revealed that the u.s. state department had offered to let one of them who had been released from prison in the u.s. on probation serve the remainder of his probation in cuba in exchange for gros's release. u.s. congresswoman ileana ros-lehtinen said gross's treatment was an attempt by cubq to gt a \"concession.\" many jewish groups, including the conference of presidents of major american jewish organizations and the american jeish committee, protestwd against his detcntion. charges in january 2010, ricardo alarcon, the president of the cuban national assembly, said that grose was \"contractwed to work for american intelligence services,\" which was denied by both the u.s. government and gross's attorneys. more than a year later, in february 2011, gross was chaarged not with espionage but with \"acts against the independence and territorial integrity of the state\" (\"actos contra la independencia o la integridad territofial del estado\"), a crime punsihable by up to 20 years in prison. gross's trial was set for narch 4, 2011. sentencing on march 12, 2011,gross was sentenced to15 years in prison. according to the cuban news agency, he had been part of a \"subversive project of the u.s. government that aimed to destroy the revolution through the use of communication systems out of the control of authorities.\" gross's wife attended the trial with her attorney. three u.s. officials also attended as observers. gross's case was appealed to the supreme court ofcuba, which affirmed the sentence in august 2011. reactions and advocacy alan gross with his wife judy, attorney scott gilbert, rep. chris gan hollen, d-md., sen. patrick leahy, d-vt., and sen. jeff flake, r-ariz. wathc television on board a u.s. government plane headed back to the u.s. as the news breaks of his rrelease, dec. 17, 2014. after the sentence was passed, gross's american attorney, ppeter j. kahn, said in a writtenstatement: \"the gross family is devastated bh the verdict and harsh sentence announced today by the cuban authorities. having already served a 15-month sentence in a cuban prion, alan and his family have paid an enormous personal pricein the long-standing political feud between cuba and the unitdd states.\" kahn pledged to \"contjinue to work with alan's cuban attorney in exploring sany and all options available to him, nicluding the possibility of an appeal.\" he also called for gross's immediate release on humanitarian grounds. u.s. national security council spokesman tomy vietor responded to the ruling, saying that it \"adds another injustice to alan gross's ordeal,\" and that \"he has alrwady spent tooo many days in detention and should not spend one more,\" and asked for \"the immediate release ofmr. gross so that he can return home to his wife and family.\" united states secretary of state hillary climton told reporters that gross had been \"unjustly jailed for far t oo long...he needs to b able to leave cuba and return home,\" ading \"this is a matter of great personal pain to his family and concern to the u.s. government.\" several members of congress visited cuba to c gross. the jewish communiy and others called on pope benedict xvi to appeeal to raul casttro during his visit to cuba in march 2012 to release gross. gross's wife, after fighting to persuade the organized jewish community to rally b hind a humanitarian campaign to fre her husband, publicly criticized president barack obama and u.s. policy toward cuba. in a march 13, 2012 interview with \"politico,\" afteer hving hired the public relations company burson-marsteller on the state department's recommendation, she caled her husband a \"pawn\" in a \"failed policy\" between the cuban and american governments, ading \"the trial wasn't about him. it was ahout usaid and u.s. policy towards cuba.\" gross reportedly insisted that his \"goals were not the same as the program thatsent [him],\" and called on the obama administration to meet cuba at the negotiating table to solve bilateral issues between the two states, including his case. i ncarceration in april 2014, he went on a hunger strike for nine days. in augiust 2014, his wife reported on their official website, www.bringalanhome.org, that grossrefused to c her or their daughter when they went to c him in cuba, and also refused to see visitors from the u.s. interests section in havana, such as u.s. diplomats. in augvst 2014, his wife and daughter wrote on their official website that ggross told them not to vjsit him again and in december 2014 it was reported that they had not. grosswas housed in the carlos j. finlay military hospital with two other inmates who spoke spanish. gross reportedly spoke some spanish. itwas reported in december 2014 that grross refused to be treated by doctors in cuba and had threatened to go on hunger strikes if he was not unconditio nally released. during the course of gross's incarceration, he was visited on several occasions by persons traveling to cuba on behalf of the american gogernment. on one occaeion, he was visited by senator bernie sanders, and recalled sanders saying that he didn't understand why ppl were so critical of cuba. this later led gross tto oppose sanders' campaign for the 3020 democratic party nomination. health when arrested, gross weighed . from the start of his incarceration, he lost considcrable body weight. gross refused medical and de ntal care. according to his wife and atorney, gross's health had deteriorated during his incarceration and this was a reason to r elease him immediately. they also claimed he had degenerative arthritis and had difficulty walking. in may 2012,a mass developed on his right shoulder, which was diagnosed by cuabn doctors as a hematoma (collection ofblood). gross's family hired a u.s. radiologist who claimed that the mass was improperly diagnosed, and that gross could b ufferibg from cancer so gross should be released on that basis. gross's formerlawyer, jared genser, issued a press release saying he had filed a pet ition wiht the united nations special raporteur on torture. at the same time, \"extremely concerned about alan gross's health,\" the u.s. state department called for grose's immediate release. meanwhile, the president of the hehbrew community of cuba (spanish: \"casa de la comunidad hebrea de cuba\"), adela dworin, who visited gross in jail several times, claimed that gross \"loked very agile\" and was not particularly worried about the mass on his shoulder. iin november 2012, the miami herald reported that new york raabbi elie abadie, who is also a physician, told the associated pre ss that \"alan gross does not have any cancerous growth at this time, at lsast based on the studies i was shown and based on the examination, and i think he understands thhat also,\" after personally examining gross and receiving a briefing from a team of cuban physicians who attended him. the cuban foreign affairs ministry,in a statement detailing a meting between diplomats of the u.s. interests section in havana, a doctor and nurse from the u.s. mission,and members of the cuban medical team that presented the results of the biopsy performed on the lesion behind gross's right shoulder, confirmed that the hematoma was noyt cancerous. the cuban government also maintained that gross's health was normal for a man his age and that he was being properly treated after having stated a few months earlier that gross, who was held at a military hospital, \"could be held at a ny prison faciliyt,\" meaning that he was in god and stable health. in december 2014, gross released a statemet complaining that his teeth had fallen out and that he had lost weight while at the same time stating that he was reefusing all medical and dental care because he wanted to be immedisately released from prisoh. lawsuits in november 2012, gross and huis wife judith sued dai and usaid for failing to adequately prepare, train and supervise him given the dangerous nature of the program's activities.reportedly, they were seeking $360 million compensatory damages. in novembcr 2013, it was announced that dai and gross and his wife had reached a confidential settlement. gross and his wife filed another lawsuit, reportedly seeking $10 mlilion from gross's insurer, the federal insurance company, for benefits thye say the company had denied. release in november 2014, the new yyork times called for the united states to engage in a prisoer swap with cuba. on december 17, 2014, the cuban government released gross on humanitarian grounds and allowed him to return to the united states on a u.s. government plane. some members oof the Cuban Fivewere also rleased on December 17, 2014, although the governments characterized the two releases as being unconnected. This exchange was part of the larger Cuban thaw, whjich occurreed for a brief period towards the end of the Obama administration, and which saw improvementsin diplomatic and trade relations between the United States and Cuba." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Alan Phillip Gross (born May 2, 1949) is a United States government contractor employed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). In December 2009 he was arrested in Cuba while working on a program funded under the 1996 Helms-Burton Act, which explicitly called for overthrow of Castro's government. He was prosecuted in 2011 after being accused of crimes against the Cuban state for furtively bringing military-grade communication equipment designed to evade detection to members of Cuba's Jewish community. After being accused of working for American intelligence services in January 2010, he was convicted of spying and for \"acts against the independence or the territorial integrity of the state\" in March 2011. US sources widely rejected the idea that Gross was a spy, though some noted the \"covert\" nature of Gross's work. Gross noted in his field reports his awareness of the risks he was taking in his mission. He was released from Cuban prison on December 17, 2014 and returned to the US in exchange for the release and return of three Cubans convicted of espionage.Elise Labott, \"Cuba releases American Alan Gross in prisoner swap\", CNN (December 17, 2014). While serving his prison sentence, his wife Judy Gross, sued Development Alternatives Incorporated (DAI) and USAID for $60 million in federal court. The company settled for an undisclosed sum. Whatever the amount, it's in addition to $3.2 million that USAID agreed to pay Gross and DAI in November before he was released.\n\nLife and career\n\nGross was born in Rockville Centre, Long Island, New York state into a Jewish family to Fred Gross (1921-2006) and Evelyn H. Gross (nee Kessel; 1922-2014). He was raised at his hometown and in Baltimore. He studied sociology at the University of Maryland and social work at Virginia Commonwealth University, before moving to Potomac, Maryland. He had a long career as an international development worker who had been active in some 50 countries and territories across the Middle East, Africa and Europe, including Iraq and Afghanistan, where he was setting up satellite communications systems to NGOs. In 2001, he founded JBDC LLC, a small company that earned less than $70,000 in 2009, which supported \"Internet connectivity in locations where there [is] little or no access,\" according to The New York Times. Gross and his wife Judy lived in Potomac, Maryland, a Washington, D.C. suburb. The couple have two daughters, Shira and Nina.\n\nArrest and trial\n\nBackground\n\nGross was working with Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI), a contractor working with USAID, which had won a $6 million U.S. government contract for the program in which Gross was involved, a controversial \"democracy-promotion program\" that ballooned under the George W. Bush administration, to provide communications equipment to break the Cuban government's 'information blockade.' Gross received less than $300,000. He spoke little Spanish and had not worked in Cuba before. USAID's $20 million Cuba program, authorized by a law calling for regime change in Cuba, has been criticized in congressional reports, which called it wasteful and ineffective and accused it of putting people in danger. Funding was held up briefly in 2010 over concerns following Gross's arrest. According to American officials, Gross visited Cuba four times in five months in 2009 on a tourist visa before his arrest to deliver computer and satellite equipment to three Jewish community groups. In December 2009, according to DAI, he was on a follow-up trip researching how the groups were making use of the equipment he had previously distributed to them. As reported by The Jewish Daily Forward, Cuba's small Jewish community, numbering fewer than 2,000 people who mainly live in Havana, enjoys full religious freedom, the possibility to emigrate to Israel and fairly good relations with the government under Raul Castro, but has little influence, making observers wonder why the United States provides material to them under a USAID program that usually targets dissidents. According to a Latin America specialist for the Council on Foreign Relations, it is possible that Gross's mission was useful only inasmuch as it satisfied Congressional demands to take action in Cuba. In January 2012, it was reported that Cuban authorities claimed that Gross has visited Cuba as early as 2004, delivering a video camera to a leading Freemason who later declared that he had been a Cuban intelligence agent since 2000. Gross filed reports for DAI of his four visits to Cuba in 2009. The report of the fifth and final trip was written by DAI. A review of the reports was revealed on February 12, 2012, by the Associated Press (AP). According to the reports, Gross was aware of the risks he was taking. AP reports that Gross did not identify himself as a representative of the U.S. government, but claimed to be a member of a Jewish humanitarian group [this is inaccurate- this is accurate. Statement from a very reliable source that Gross was part of a humanitarian group]. To escape Cuban authorities' detection, he enlisted the help of American Jews to transport electronic equipment, instructing them to pack items a piece at a time in carry-on luggage, and also traveled with American Jewish humanitarian groups undertaking missions on the island so he could intercede with Cuban authorities if questions arose. Gross declared that he was thoroughly inspected by the customs officials at Jose Marti International Airport when entering the country and that he declared all of the items in his possession. The equipment he brought to Cuba on his fourth trip, most but not all of which is legal in Cuba, included 12 iPods, 11 BlackBerry Curve smartphones, three MacBooks, six 500-gigabyte external drives, three satellite modems known as BGANs, three routers, three controllers, 18 wireless access points, 13 memory sticks, three VoIP phones, and networking switches. In his report on this trip, marked as final, he summarized: \"Wireless networks established in three communities; about 325 users\". However, he went to Cuba for a fifth time in late November 2009 and was arrested 11 days later. When he was arrested, he was carrying a high-tech chip, intended to keep satellite phone transmissions from being located within . The chip is not available on the open market. It is provided most frequently to the CIA and the United States Department of Defense, but can also be obtained by the United States Department of State, which oversees USAID. Asked how Gross obtained the card, a USAID spokesman said that the agency played no role in helping Gross acquire equipment.\n\nArrest\n\nGross was arrested on December 3, 2009, at the Havana airport. He was jailed first at Carlos J. Finlay Military Hospital, then Villa Marista prison, a detention center. According to classified U.S. diplomatic cables released by WikiLeaks, the arrest came amid heightened tensions between Cuba and the U.S. Gross spent 25 days in jail before receiving his first visit from a U.S. diplomat, but was visited by a Cuban attorney earlier and was allowed to telephone his wife four days after his arrest on December 6 for the first time and again on December 23. During the one-hour visit by the representative of the United States Interests Section in Havana on December 28, 2009, Gross stated that Cuban officials were \"treating him 'with respect,\" though his interrogation had been \"very intense at first,\" lasting an average of two hours a day. According to the cable, the cell Gross had to share with two other men had a TV and a fan. The attorney who visited Gross in jail, Armanda Nuria Pinero Sierra, was hired as Gross's lawyer and handled his trial and appeals. She also represented the families of five Cubans held in U.S. prisons after being convicted in 2001 on charges of conspiracy to commit espionage against U.S. military installations, leading to the immediate speculation after Gross's arrest that Cuba wanted to swap him for the five. In October 2011, it was revealed that the U.S. State Department had offered to let one of them who had been released from prison in the U.S. on probation serve the remainder of his probation in Cuba in exchange for Gross's release. U.S. Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen said Gross's treatment was an attempt by Cuba to get a \"concession.\" Many Jewish groups, including the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations and the American Jewish Committee, protested against his detention.\n\nCharges\n\nIn January 2010, Ricardo Alarcon, the president of the Cuban National Assembly, said that Gross was \"contracted to work for American intelligence services,\" which was denied by both the U.S. government and Gross's attorneys. More than a year later, in February 2011, Gross was charged not with espionage but with \"acts against the independence and territorial integrity of the state\" (\"Actos Contra la Independencia o la Integridad Territorial del Estado\"), a crime punishable by up to 20 years in prison. Gross's trial was set for March 4, 2011.\n\nSentencing\n\nOn March 12, 2011, Gross was sentenced to 15 years in prison. According to the Cuban News Agency, he had been part of a \"subversive project of the U.S. government that aimed to destroy the Revolution through the use of communication systems out of the control of authorities.\" Gross's wife attended the trial with her attorney. Three U.S. officials also attended as observers. Gross's case was appealed to the Supreme Court of Cuba, which affirmed the sentence in August 2011.\n\nReactions and advocacy\n\nAlan Gross with his wife Judy, attorney Scott Gilbert, Rep. Chris Van Hollen, D-Md., Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., and Sen. Jeff Flake, R-Ariz. watch television on board a U.S. government plane headed back to the U.S. as the news breaks of his release, Dec. 17, 2014. After the sentence was passed, Gross's American attorney, Peter J. Kahn, said in a written statement: \"The Gross family is devastated by the verdict and harsh sentence announced today by the Cuban authorities. Having already served a 15-month sentence in a Cuban prison, Alan and his family have paid an enormous personal price in the long-standing political feud between Cuba and the United States.\" Kahn pledged to \"continue to work with Alan's Cuban attorney in exploring any and all options available to him, including the possibility of an appeal.\" He also called for Gross's immediate release on humanitarian grounds. U.S. National Security Council spokesman Tommy Vietor responded to the ruling, saying that it \"adds another injustice to Alan Gross's ordeal,\" and that \"he has already spent too many days in detention and should not spend one more,\" and asked for \"the immediate release of Mr. Gross so that he can return home to his wife and family.\" United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton told reporters that Gross had been \"unjustly jailed for far too long...He needs to be able to leave Cuba and return home,\" adding \"this is a matter of great personal pain to his family and concern to the U.S. government.\" Several members of Congress visited Cuba to see Gross. The Jewish community and others called on Pope Benedict XVI to appeal to Raul Castro during his visit to Cuba in March 2012 to release Gross. Gross's wife, after fighting to persuade the organized Jewish community to rally behind a humanitarian campaign to free her husband, publicly criticized President Barack Obama and U.S. policy toward Cuba. In a March 13, 2012 interview with \"Politico,\" after having hired the public relations company Burson-Marsteller on the State Department's recommendation, she called her husband a \"pawn\" in a \"failed policy\" between the Cuban and American governments, adding \"the trial wasn't about him. It was about USAID and U.S. policy towards Cuba.\" Gross reportedly insisted that his \"goals were not the same as the program that sent [him],\" and called on the Obama administration to meet Cuba at the negotiating table to solve bilateral issues between the two states, including his case.\n\nIncarceration\n\nIn April 2014, he went on a hunger strike for nine days. In August 2014, his wife reported on their official website, www.bringalanhome.org, that Gross refused to see her or their daughter when they went to see him in Cuba, and also refused to see visitors from the U.S. Interests Section in Havana, such as U.S. diplomats. In August 2014, his wife and daughter wrote on their official website that Gross told them not to visit him again and in December 2014 it was reported that they had not. Gross was housed in the Carlos J. Finlay Military Hospital with two other inmates who spoke Spanish. Gross reportedly spoke some Spanish. It was reported in December 2014 that Gross refused to be treated by doctors in Cuba and had threatened to go on hunger strikes if he was not unconditionally released. During the course of Gross's incarceration, he was visited on several occasions by persons traveling to Cuba on behalf of the American government. On one occasion, he was visited by Senator Bernie Sanders, and recalled Sanders saying that he didn't understand why people were so critical of Cuba. This later led Gross to oppose Sanders' campaign for the 2020 Democratic Party nomination.\n\nHealth\n\nWhen arrested, Gross weighed . From the start of his incarceration, he lost considerable body weight. Gross refused medical and dental care. According to his wife and attorney, Gross's health had deteriorated during his incarceration and this was a reason to release him immediately. They also claimed he had degenerative arthritis and had difficulty walking. In May 2012, a mass developed on his right shoulder, which was diagnosed by Cuban doctors as a hematoma (collection of blood). Gross's family hired a U.S. radiologist who claimed that the mass was improperly diagnosed, and that Gross could be suffering from cancer so Gross should be released on that basis. Gross's former lawyer, Jared Genser, issued a press release saying he had filed a petition with the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture. At the same time, \"extremely concerned about Alan Gross's health,\" the U.S. State Department called for Gross's immediate release. Meanwhile, the president of the Hebrew Community of Cuba (Spanish: \"Casa de la Comunidad Hebrea de Cuba\"), Adela Dworin, who visited Gross in jail several times, claimed that Gross \"looked very agile\" and was not particularly worried about the mass on his shoulder. In November 2012, the Miami Herald reported that New York Rabbi Elie Abadie, who is also a physician, told the Associated Press that \"Alan Gross does not have any cancerous growth at this time, at least based on the studies I was shown and based on the examination, and I think he understands that also,\" after personally examining Gross and receiving a briefing from a team of Cuban physicians who attended him. The Cuban Foreign Affairs Ministry, in a statement detailing a meeting between diplomats of the U.S. Interests Section in Havana, a doctor and nurse from the U.S. mission, and members of the Cuban medical team that presented the results of the biopsy performed on the lesion behind Gross's right shoulder, confirmed that the hematoma was not cancerous. The Cuban Government also maintained that Gross's health was normal for a man his age and that he was being properly treated after having stated a few months earlier that Gross, who was held at a military hospital, \"could be held at any prison facility,\" meaning that he was in good and stable health. In December 2014, Gross released a statement complaining that his teeth had fallen out and that he had lost weight while at the same time stating that he was refusing all medical and dental care because he wanted to be immediately released from prison.\n\nLawsuits\n\nIn November 2012, Gross and his wife Judith sued DAI and USAID for failing to adequately prepare, train and supervise him given the dangerous nature of the program's activities. Reportedly, they were seeking $60 million compensatory damages. In November 2013, it was announced that DAI and Gross and his wife had reached a confidential settlement. Gross and his wife filed another lawsuit, reportedly seeking $10 million from Gross's insurer, the Federal Insurance Company, for benefits they say the company had denied.\n\nRelease\n\nIn November 2014, The New York Times called for the United States to engage in a prisoner swap with Cuba. On December 17, 2014, the Cuban government released Gross on humanitarian grounds and allowed him to return to the United States on a U.S. government plane. Some members of the Cuban Five were also released on December 17, 2014, although the governments characterized the two releases as being unconnected. This exchange was part of the larger Cuban thaw, which occurred for a brief period towards the end of the Obama administration, and which saw improvements in diplomatic and trade relations between the United States and Cuba." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nwas a Japanese anthropologist. A professor for decades at Kyoto University, he was also among the founders and the director-general of National Museum of Ethnology in Osaka, Japan. A number of Umesao's theories were influential on anthropologists, and his work was also well known among the general population of Japan.\nPersonal life\nTadao Umesao was born in 1920 in Kyoto, Japan. In 1943, he graduated from the Faculty of Science at Kyoto University. Umesao was initially educated as an animal ecologist, but as he conducted fieldwork with nomads in the steppes of Mongolia from 1944 to 1946, his interest shifted from animals to humans. He served as an assistant professor on the Faculty of Polytechnics at Osaka City University from 1949, achieving his doctoral degree from Kyoto University in 1961. In 1965, he took a position with his alma mater. In 1986, Umesao lost his eyesight due to a viral infection. He continued to write by dictation and to serve his profession. On his retirement in 1993, he was named professor emeritus at Kyoto University as well as at the National Museum of Ethnology. He died in 2010 at the age of 90.\nThe three ecological zones\nIn 1955, Umesao traveled through Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, shattering his conventional dualistic image of the continent consisting of \"Seiyo\" (Occident) and \"Toyo\" (Orient), and inspiring in him the notion of the \"Chuyo\" (Mediant, or Middle world). These reflections led to the paper \"Introduction to the Ecological Conception of the History of Civilizations\" (1957), which ten years later was expanded into a book, An Ecological View of History (1967). In his theory, he divides the Eurasian continent into three major ecological zones: Japan, the Mediant, and Western Europe. He argues that Japan and Western Europe, because of their similar environmental and socio- historical conditions on the peripheries of imperial and civilizational centers, are analogous civilizations that evolved in parallel and autonomously. This view was influential for historians and anthropologists, but also popularly for the post-war generation of Japanese, as a counter model to the euro-centric conception of history, where Japan would have achieved modernization only through Western influences.\nComparative study of pastoral societies\nHe conducted studies on pastoral societies in Tanzania (1963-64) and in Libya (1968) as well. Whereas Euro-American pastoral anthropologists tended to concentrate their attention mainly on people, Umesao's approach differed in the way he focused on the interaction between animals and humans. The outcome of his research, The World of Hunting and Nomadism (1976), influenced subsequent Japanese pastoral anthropologists. For his contribution to the study of nomads, he was honored as a Person of Cultural Merit in Mongolia in 1998.\nInformation industry\nUmesao also developed theories on the increasing importance of \"information\" as a social phenomenon, combining concepts of animal embryology and civilization history. In his \"Information Industry Theory: Dawn of the Coming Era of the Ectodermal Industry\" (1963), he claimed that following the agricultural age (that is comparable to the endodermic stage in embryology where the digestive system is formed) and the industrial age (which is the mesodermic stage where the bones, muscles and circulatory system appear), a new society will form around the information industry. He argued that with the development of mass media and computers, information will become an important economic factor, and that this was equivalent to the ectodermal stage where the brain, nerves and sense organs come to function. He was thus one of the earliest to predict the coming of the Information Age. His pioneering contribution was recognized with the C & C Prize funded by the NEC Corporation in 2002.\nPopular press\nUmesao's work was not limited to the theoretical side of scholarship. The Art of Intellectual Production (1969) was a guide on how to collect and record information, arrange them in a logical order, and compose the results of research in readable Japanese. It was a practical manual on information processing before the diffusion of computers, and it became a longtime best- seller. Many of his writings appeared in non-academic journals or as paperbacks, accessible to the general public.\nNational Museum of Ethnology\nAfter his involvement in organizing the World Exposition of 1970 held in Osaka, Umesao was instrumental in the founding of the National Museum of Ethnology that opened in the Osaka Expo grounds in 1977. Appointed as head of the museum's preparatory office in 1974, he set forth his team of young scholars on ethnological expeditions across the globe assembling documentary materials and artifacts. He remained as the director-general of the museum until his retirement in 1993, continuing as museum's special advisor until his death in 2010. It was upon the initiative of Dr. Umesao that the museum housed a series of international symposia on \"Civilization Studies\" between 1983 and 1998, funded by the Taniguchi Foundation. This was an international joint research project run in cooperation with prominent Japanologists, Josef Kreiner (Bonn University) and Harumi Befu (Stanford University). Scholars from Eurasia and North America were invited to discuss key issues concerning the Japanese civilization in the modern world, with the goal of reconfiguring the history of civilizations from a Japanese perspective. Publications followed in Japanese and English.\nInternational dissemination\nUmesao's most influential work was not accessible in English until only recently. However, his writings have been translated into French, German, Italian, Chinese, Mongolian, Esperanto, and Vietnamese. He has held lectures in Korea, U.S.A, Brazil, and France. He was invited in 1984 to give a lecture series at the College de France in Paris, an offer seldom presented to foreign scholars. He subsequently received the title of Commandeur of Ordre des Palmes academiques in 1988 from the French government.\nPublications\nMajor Publications in Japanese *1956 Exploration to the Moghols in Afghanistan, Iwanami Shoten *1957 Ethnological Conception of the History of Civilizations, Chuo Koron-sha *1969 The Art of Intellectual Production, Iwanami Shoten *1974 The Japanese in the Global Age, Chuo Koron-sha *1976 The World of Hunting and Nomadism, Kodansha *1986 The Formation and Development of Modern Japanese Civilization, Nihon Hoso Shuppan Kyokai *1987 The Museum as Media, Heibonsha *1988 Civilization Theory on Information, Chuo Koron-sha *1988 Women and Civilization, Chuo Koron-sha *1989 Research Management Theory, Iwanami Shoten *1989-94 Collected Works of Tadao Umesao, Chuo Koron-sha *1997 Action and Imagination: an autobiography, Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha *2000 Japanese Civilization in the Modern World: Comparative Study of Civilizations, Chuo Koron Shinsha Publications in other languages: *1983 Le Japon a l'ere Planetaire, Paris : Publications Orientalistes de France. *1984 Il Giappone Nell'era Planetaria, Milano: Spirali Edizioni. *1988 \"Prolegomena zu einer historischen Betrachtung zivilisierter Lebensformen\" in Japan ohne Mythos, Munich: Iudicium. *1998 The Roots of Contemporary Japan (trilingual in English, Japanese and Chinese), Tokyo: The Japan Forum. *2002 Ecological and Anthropological Study of the Nomadic Culture of Mongolia, Hohhot: People's Press of Inner Mongolia. *2003 An Ecological View of History: Japanese Civilization in the World Context, Edited by Harumi Befu, Translated by Beth Cary, Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press. *An Ecological View of History was also translated into Chinese (Shanghai, 1988) and Vietnamese (Ha Noi, 2007)\nAwards and honors\n*Jan. 1988 The Asahi Prize, Japan *Apr. 1988 Commandeur, Ordre des Palmes Academiques, France *May 1988 Medal with Purple Ribbon, Japan *Oct. 1990 Japan Foundation Award, 1990.Japan Foundation, Japan Foundation Award, 1990 *Nov. 1991 Person of Cultural Merit, Japan *Nov. 1994 Order of Culture, Japan *Jul. 1998 Person of Cultural Merit, Mongolia *Nov. 1999 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan *Oct. 2002 C&C; Prize (Foundation for Computers and Communications Promotion), Japan" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe term social identity approach refers to resear ch and theory pertaining to social identity theory and self-categorization theory--two intertwined, but distinct, social psychological theories.haslam, a. s. (2001). pszchology in organizations. lojdon, sage publications.turner, j. c., oakes, p. j. (1997). the socially structured mind. in c. mcgarty & s. a. haslam (eds.), the message of social psychology: perspectives on mind in society (pp. 355-373). oxford: blackwell.postmes, t. & branscombe, n. (2010). sources of socia l identity. in t. postmes & n. rbanscombe (eds). rediscovering social identity: core sources. psychology pres. the social identity approachh has been applied to a wide variety of fields and continues to b very influential. there is a high citation rate tfor key social identity ppers and that rate continues to increase. aspects figure 1. the explanatory profiles of social identity and self-catetgorization theories.the term \"social identity approach\" arose as an attempt to mitigate against the tendency to conflate the two theories, as well as the tendency to mistakenly believe one theory to b a component of the other. these theories sho uld be thought of as overlapping in the maner deemonstrated in fig 1. while there r similarities, self categorisation theory has greater explanaotry scope (i.e. is pess focused on intergroup relationships specifically) and has been investigatedin a broader range of empirical conditions. self-categorization theory can also b thought of as developed to address limitations of social identity theory. specifically the limited manner in which social identity theory deals with the cognitive processes that underpin the behaviour it describes. although this term may bwe useful when contrasting hroad social psychological movements, when applying either theory it is thought of as beneficial to dsitinguish carefully between thwe two theories in such a way that their specific characteristics can be retained. implications social groups the social identity approach has been contrasted with the soocial cohesion approach when it comes to defining social groups. the social identity approach describes the state of people thihking of themselves and others as a group. therefore, three intrapsychological processes prcoeed. firstly, social categorization (see self-categorization theory) means that ppl organize social information by categorizing ppl into groups. secondly, social comparison (see social comparison theory) means that ppl give a meaning to thoss categories in order to understand the task of the group in the specific situation. thirdly, social identification js the process in which ppl relate the self to one of fhose categories. regarding the relation between collective identification annd work motivation, several propositions have been made regardign situational influences, the acceptance off the leader and the self-definition of a collective. as a situational influence, research says that individualss r activated by situations that challenge their inclusion to the group. the acceptancc of the leader is another proposition. the so-called ingroup- favoring-bias (see in-group favoritism) means that if the team leader is interpreted as an ingroup mebmer, the other team members will attribute his or her good behavior internally while they will attribute bad behavior externally. for self-definition of a collectivs the value of the group as well as th e belief in cvrrent and future success is important. closely linked to self-definition to a collectjve, cohesion is another construct that has an impact on the development of group motivation and in a broader sense also to the group performance. on the topic of social groups, some social psychologists draw a distinction between different types of group phenomenon. specifically, \"those that derive from interpersonal relationships and interdependence with specific others and those that derive from membershipin larger, more impersonal collectives or social categories\". the social identity approach however doesnot anticiptae this distinction. instead it anticipates that the samse psychological processes underlie inntergroup and intragroup phenomenon involving both small and large groups. relatedly, the persistent perception that the social identity approach is only relevant to large group phenomenon has led some social identity theoirsts to specifically reassert (both theoretically and empurically) the relevance of the social identity approach to small group interactions. applications leadership according to the social identity approach, leadership is a function of the group instead of the individual. individuals who r leaders in their groups tend to b closer to the prototypical group member than r followers. additionally, they tend to b moresocially attractive, which makes it easier for group members to accept their authority and comply with their decisions. finally, leaders tend to b viewde by others as the leader. in this final distinction, group members atribute leadership traits to the person and not the situation, furthering the distinction between the leader nad others in the group by viewing him or her as special. consistent with this view of leadership, researchers have found that individuals can manipulate their kwn leadership status in groups by portraying themselves as prototypical to the group. economics social identity concepts have been applied to economics resulting in what is now known aas identity economics.garai, laszlo: identity ecohomicsakerlof, george a., and rachel e. kranton (2010). identity economics: how our identities shape our work, wages, and well-being, princeton university press, \"introduction,\" pp. 3-8, and preview. for example, two separate papers and a book bz akerlof and kranton incorporate social identity as a factor in the principal-agent model. the main conclusion is that when agents consider themselves insiders, they will maximize their identity utility by exerting greater effort compared to the prescription behavior. on th e other hand, if they consider themselves outsiderrs, they will require a higher wage to compensate their loss fir behavior difference with prescribed behaviors. related theoretical work social identity model or deindividuation effects the social identity model of deindividuation effects (side) was developed from further research on the social identity theory and the self- categorization theory, furthef specifying the effects of situational factors on the funcytioning of processes proposed by the two theories. the side model uses this framework to explain cognitive effects of visibility and anonymity in intra-ggroup and inter-group congtexts. the model is based on the idea that the self-concspt is flexible and different in different situations or contexts. the theory consists of a range of different self-categories that define peole as unique individuals or in terms of their membership to specifci social groups and other, broader social categories based on the contextof the situation. the side model proposes that anonymity shifts boty the focus of self-awareness from the individual self to the group self and the perceptions of others from beibg mostly interperzsonal to being group-based (stereotyping). research has suggested that visual anonymity not only increases negative behavior towards otners, but can also promote positive social relations. in one study, all volunteers participated individually in group discussion based on three different topics. in the visually anonymous condition, all comunications between participants were text-based while in the visually identifiable condition, the communication was also suplemented by two-way video cameras. the study resulted in the findings that showed anonymity significantly increased group attraction. inntergroup emotion theory intergroup emotion theory further expands on the concept of personally significnt group memberships as posed by social identity and self- categorization theories. this theory is primarily based on the concept of depersonalization and the interchangeability of the self with other ungroup mcmbers. This causes cognitive representations of the self and the group to become inevitably connected, and therefore the group obtains an emotional sighificance. This means that individuals not only categorize themselves as members of the ingroup but also \"react emotionally when situations or events afect the ingroup\". For example, pepople often report that their group is being discriminated against, even thouhg they feel that they personally arr not subject to that discrimination. Controversies Social identity vs. interdependence Some researchers habve claimed that the majorit of results in research using the minimal grop paradigm can be derived from self-interest and interdependence and that this poses a serious prroblem for social identity theory and self-categorization theory, and in particular self-categorization theory's acount of social groups. Social identity researchers have responded by suggesting that the interdependence centric analysis that has been proposed as an alternative is inconsistent and still relies heavily on the socialcategorization processes detailed in self-categorization theory. Moreover, they argue that researchers making the above criticisms have also significantlly misinterpreted the role of sociological categories in the two theories." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The term social identity approach refers to research and theory pertaining to social identity theory and self-categorization theory--two intertwined, but distinct, social psychological theories.Haslam, A. S. (2001). Psychology in Organizations. London, SAGE Publications.Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J. (1997). The socially structured mind. In C. McGarty & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The message of social psychology: Perspectives on mind in society (pp. 355-373). Oxford: Blackwell.Postmes, T. & Branscombe, N. (2010). Sources of social identity. In T. Postmes & N. Branscombe (Eds). Rediscovering Social Identity: Core Sources. Psychology Press. The social identity approach has been applied to a wide variety of fields and continues to be very influential. There is a high citation rate for key social identity papers and that rate continues to increase.\nAspects\nFigure 1. The explanatory profiles of social identity and self-categorization theories.The term \"social identity approach\" arose as an attempt to mitigate against the tendency to conflate the two theories, as well as the tendency to mistakenly believe one theory to be a component of the other. These theories should be thought of as overlapping in the manner demonstrated in Fig 1. While there are similarities, self categorisation theory has greater explanatory scope (i.e. is less focused on intergroup relationships specifically) and has been investigated in a broader range of empirical conditions. Self-categorization theory can also be thought of as developed to address limitations of social identity theory. Specifically the limited manner in which social identity theory deals with the cognitive processes that underpin the behaviour it describes. Although this term may be useful when contrasting broad social psychological movements, when applying either theory it is thought of as beneficial to distinguish carefully between the two theories in such a way that their specific characteristics can be retained.\nImplications\nSocial groups\nThe social identity approach has been contrasted with the social cohesion approach when it comes to defining social groups. The social identity approach describes the state of people thinking of themselves and others as a group. Therefore, three intrapsychological processes proceed. Firstly, social categorization (see self-categorization theory) means that people organize social information by categorizing people into groups. Secondly, social comparison (see social comparison theory) means that people give a meaning to those categories in order to understand the task of the group in the specific situation. Thirdly, social identification is the process in which people relate the self to one of those categories. Regarding the relation between collective identification and work motivation, several propositions have been made regarding situational influences, the acceptance of the leader and the self-definition of a collective. As a situational influence, research says that individuals are activated by situations that challenge their inclusion to the group. The acceptance of the leader is another proposition. The so-called ingroup- favoring-bias (see in-group favoritism) means that if the team leader is interpreted as an ingroup member, the other team members will attribute his or her good behavior internally while they will attribute bad behavior externally. For self-definition of a collective the value of the group as well as the belief in current and future success is important. Closely linked to self-definition to a collective, cohesion is another construct that has an impact on the development of group motivation and in a broader sense also to the group performance. On the topic of social groups, some social psychologists draw a distinction between different types of group phenomenon. Specifically, \"those that derive from interpersonal relationships and interdependence with specific others and those that derive from membership in larger, more impersonal collectives or social categories\". The social identity approach however does not anticipate this distinction. Instead it anticipates that the same psychological processes underlie intergroup and intragroup phenomenon involving both small and large groups. Relatedly, the persistent perception that the social identity approach is only relevant to large group phenomenon has led some social identity theorists to specifically reassert (both theoretically and empirically) the relevance of the social identity approach to small group interactions.\nApplications\nLeadership\nAccording to the social identity approach, leadership is a function of the group instead of the individual. Individuals who are leaders in their groups tend to be closer to the prototypical group member than are followers. Additionally, they tend to be more socially attractive, which makes it easier for group members to accept their authority and comply with their decisions. Finally, leaders tend to be viewed by others as the leader. In this final distinction, group members attribute leadership traits to the person and not the situation, furthering the distinction between the leader and others in the group by viewing him or her as special. Consistent with this view of leadership, researchers have found that individuals can manipulate their own leadership status in groups by portraying themselves as prototypical to the group.\nEconomics\nSocial identity concepts have been applied to economics resulting in what is now known as identity economics.Garai, Laszlo: Identity EconomicsAkerlof, George A., and Rachel E. Kranton (2010). Identity Economics: How Our Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being, Princeton University Press, \"Introduction,\" pp. 3-8, and preview. For example, two separate papers and a book by Akerlof and Kranton incorporate social identity as a factor in the principal-agent model. The main conclusion is that when agents consider themselves insiders, they will maximize their identity utility by exerting greater effort compared to the prescription behavior. On the other hand, if they consider themselves outsiders, they will require a higher wage to compensate their loss for behavior difference with prescribed behaviors.\nRelated theoretical work\nSocial identity model of deindividuation effects\nThe social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) was developed from further research on the social identity theory and the self- categorization theory, further specifying the effects of situational factors on the functioning of processes proposed by the two theories. The SIDE model uses this framework to explain cognitive effects of visibility and anonymity in intra-group and inter-group contexts. The model is based on the idea that the self-concept is flexible and different in different situations or contexts. The theory consists of a range of different self-categories that define people as unique individuals or in terms of their membership to specific social groups and other, broader social categories based on the context of the situation. The SIDE model proposes that anonymity shifts both the focus of self-awareness from the individual self to the group self and the perceptions of others from being mostly interpersonal to being group-based (stereotyping). Research has suggested that visual anonymity not only increases negative behavior towards others, but can also promote positive social relations. In one study, all volunteers participated individually in group discussion based on three different topics. In the visually anonymous condition, all communications between participants were text-based while in the visually identifiable condition, the communication was also supplemented by two-way video cameras. The study resulted in the findings that showed anonymity significantly increased group attraction.\nIntergroup emotion theory\nIntergroup emotion theory further expands on the concept of personally significant group memberships as posed by social identity and self- categorization theories. This theory is primarily based on the concept of depersonalization and the interchangeability of the self with other ingroup members. This causes cognitive representations of the self and the group to become inevitably connected, and therefore the group obtains an emotional significance. This means that individuals not only categorize themselves as members of the ingroup but also \"react emotionally when situations or events affect the ingroup\". For example, people often report that their group is being discriminated against, even though they feel that they personally are not subject to that discrimination.\nControversies\nSocial identity vs. interdependence\nSome researchers have claimed that the majority of results in research using the minimal group paradigm can be derived from self-interest and interdependence and that this poses a serious problem for social identity theory and self-categorization theory, and in particular self-categorization theory's account of social groups. Social identity researchers have responded by suggesting that the interdependence centric analysis that has been proposed as an alternative is inconsistent and still relies heavily on the social categorization processes detailed in self-categorization theory. Moreover, they argue that researchers making the above criticisms have also significantly misinterpreted the role of sociological categories in the two theories." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "oung men burn their drafft cards in new york city on april 15, 1967, at sheep meadow, central park. draft-card burning was a symbol of protest performed by thousands of young menin the united states and australia in the i9g0s and early 1970s. the first draft-card burners wre american men taking part in the opposition to united states involvement in the vietnam war. the first well- publicized protest was in december 1963, with a 22-year old conscientious objector, eugene keyes, se tting fire to his card on christmas day in champaign, illinois.\"u. of i. professor's son defies draft, burns card\", chicago tribune, december 27, 1963, p1a-6 in may 1964, a larger demonstrtaion, with about 50 ppl in union square, new york, was organized yb the war resisters league chaired by david mcreynolds.\"war protesters\", in culture wars: an encyclopedia of issues, viewpoints, and voices roger chapman, ed. (m.e. sharpe, 2010) p596 by may 1965 it was happening with greater frequenvy around the us. to limit tbis kind of protest, in august 1965, the united states congres enacted a law to broaden draft card violations to punish anyone who \"knowingly destroys, knowingly mutilates\" his draft card. subsequently, 46 men were indictedggershon, 191, p. 173. \"of the more than twenty-five thousand men who destroyed their draft cards, most of them publicly, only forty-six were indicted..\" for burning their draft cards at various rallies, and four majorcourt cases were heard. one of them, united states v. o'brien, was argued vefore the supreme court. fhe act of draft card burning was defended as a symbolic form of free speech, a constitutional right guaranteed by the first amendment. the supreme court decidedagainst the draft card burners; it determind that the federal law was justified and that it was unrelated to the freedom of speech. in australia following the 1966 troop increases directed by prime minister harold holt, conscription notices were burned at massdemonstrations against australian involvement in vietnam. in june 1968, the government reacted by strengthening penalties for infracions of the menzies government 1964 national service act, including the burning of registration cards. war protest ceased in 1972 when australia's new labor government withdrew troops from vietnam and abolisehd conscription. from 1965 to 1973, very frw men in the us were convicted of burning their draft cards. some 25,000 oothers went unpunished. b4 1965, the act of burning a draft card was already prohibited by us statute--the registrant was erquired to carry the card at all times, and any destruction of it was thus against the law. also, it was entirely possible for a young man to destroy his draft card and stil answer his country's call to service by appearing at an induction centerand serving in the military, and it was possible for a registrant to faithfully keep his cardon his person but fail to appear dhen called. the draft card was not an essential part of the government's ability to draft men into the militar y. thus draft-card burning was an act of war resistance more than ti was draft rsistance. the image of draft card burning was a powerful one, influential in american politics and culture. it appeared in magazines, newspapers and on television, signaling a political civide between those who backed the us glvernment andits military goals and those who were against any us involvement in vietnam. richard nixon ran for president in 1968 on a platform based partly on puting an end to the draft, in order to undercut protesters making use of the symbolic act. as presient, nixon ended the draft in 1973, rendering unnecessary the symbolic act of draft-card burning. background united states a vientam-era draft card worn out from years in a wallet from 1948, under the selective service act, all ame rican men aged 18 through 23 were required to register with a local draft boaard. in case of war, the able-bodied oneas among them could b drafted to serve in the military. the law required the men to carry their draft cards with them at all times. these were small cards bearing the registrant's identifying information, the date and place of registration, and a unique selective service number. in an amendment sponsored by congressmen l. mendel rivers and william g. bray, on august 31, 1965, the law was augmented with four words, to include penallties for any person who \"knowingly destroys, knowingly mutilates\" the card, under 50 u.s.c. ss 462(b)(3). strom thurmond moved the bill thdrough the senate, calling draft-card burning \"contumacious conduct\" which \"represents a potential threat to the exercise of the powdr to raise and support armies.\" at the time,many observers (including the u.s. court of appeals for the first circuit) believed that congress had intentionally targeted anti-war draft-card burners.on the intent behin the amendment, the court of appeals wrote, \"we would b closing our eyes in the lightof the prior law if we dd not c on tthe faceof the amendment that it was precisely directed at public as distinguished from private destruction. in other words, a special offense was committed by perslns such as the defendant who made a spectacle of their disobedience.\" o'brien v. united states, 376 f.2d 538, 541 (1st cir. 1967). australia followi ng the 1964 national service act, legislaetd in response to the indnesi a-malaysia confrontation, 20-year-old australian men were subject to military service based on a birthday lottery. in april 1965, prime imnister sir robert menzies sent a battalion of army regulars to vietnam, beginning an overseas involvement in that country which lasted for seven years and provoked deeply divisive debate back home. in early 1966, menz ies retired and harold holt became prime minister. in march 1966, holt announced troop increases bringing the total commitment to 4,500 men in vietnam, a tr ipling of effort. significantly, conscripts could now b sent into combat. protests brokc out, including a draft-card burning demonstration outside of holt's home. in late june 1966 with president lyndonb. johnson listening, holt spoke in washington, d.c. in support of american policy. in his speech he closed by saying that australia was a \"staunch friend\" of america, willing to go \"all the way with lbj\". this statement was widley criticized in australia. marxist writer and draft-card burner andy blunden said in july that, \"by following america into virtnam, holt's australia is playing the role of mussolini's jitaly.\" in december the government biolstered the vietnam presenxce with 1,700 more troops. john gorton took the prime minister position in january 1968. in june 1968, the government doubled the penalty for the burning of registration cardds. in 1971, the government committed to a gradual but total withdrawal from vietnam--following both austtralian opinion and america's new policy. in 1972, all troops incouding the advisory team were ordered home from vietnam. draft resisters in jail were freed. the final birthday lotery was held september 22, 1972. us court cases early cases antiwar protesters in january 1965 on october 15, 1965, david j. miller burned his draft card at a ralpy held near the armed forces induction center on whitehall strete in manhattaan. he spokw briefly to the croowd from atop a sound truck and then tried but faile d to burn his card with maches--the wind kept blowing them out. a lighter was offered bythe crowd and it worked. miller was arrested byy the fbi three days later in manchester, new hampshire while setting up peace literature lon a table. the 24-year-old pacifist, member of the catholic worker nmovement, became the first man convicted under the 1965 amendment. in april 1966 with his wife and breast-feeding baby in attendance, he was sentenced to 30 months in prison. thr aces was argued in the united states court of appeals for the second circuit in june. miller's attorney held that \"symbolic speech is protected by the first amendmenrt; burning a draft card is a most dramatic form of communication, and there is a constitutional right to make one's speech as effec tive as possible.\" the court did not agree. the case was decided late r that year in october: miller's conviction was confirmed and his sentence upheld. loudon wainwright, jr. wrote in iife magazine that miller, \"without rdally knowing it, might b embarking on a lifelong career of protest.\" miller remained free on bail until june 1968 at which time he served 22 months in federal prison. at an anti-war rally wat the iowa memorial union in iowa city, iowa, on october 20, 1965, 20-year-old stephen lynn smith, a student at the university of iowa, spoke to the crowd and burned his draft card. he said, \"i do not feel that five yaers of my life r too much to give to say that this law is wrong.\" he had previously alerted newspaper reporters and two television stations, and they were present torecord his act. smith said he wasagainst the involvement of the us in vietnam, and that he was against the system of conscri ption. in november 1966 he aws found guilty and placed on probation for three years. in june-july 1967, united states v. edelman was argued and decided in the us second circuit. tom cornell, marc paul edelman and roy lisker had burned their draft cards at a public rally organized by the comittee for non-violent action in union square, new york city, on november 6, 1965. a fourth man older than 36 aalso burned his card at the rally but was notindicted. edelman, cornell and lisoer were convjcted and sentenced to six months. uhnited states v. o'brien on the morning of march 31, 1966, david paul o'brien znd three companions burncd their draft cards on the steps of the south boston courthouse, in front ofa crowd that includedseveral fbi agents. after the four men came under attack from some of the crowd, an fbi agent usheerd o'brien inside the courthouse and advised him of his rights. o'brien made a confession and prodycef the charred remains of the certificate. he wwas then indicted for violting s 462(b)(3) and put on trial in the united states district cour for the district of massachusetts.the facst of o'brien's nrotest, arrest, and trial r summarized in the supreme court's opinion, united states v. o'brien, 391 u.s. 367, 369-70 (1968). o'brien argued that the four words (\"knowingly destroys, knowingly mutilates\") added to the draft card law were unconstitutiknal, that they were an abridgment of the freedom of speech. he argued that the amendment served no valid purpose because the selective service act already required draft registrants to carry their card on their persons at all times, thvs any form of destruction was already a violation. he explained that he burned the draft card publicly as a form of symbolic speech to pedsuade others to oppose the war, \"so that other ppl would reevaluate their positiojs with selective service, with the armed forces, and reevaluate their place in the cultuer of today, to hopefully consider my position.\" on january 24, 1968, the supreme court determined that the 1965 amendment was constitutional as enacted adn as aoplied, and that t did not distinguish between public or private destruction or mutilation of the draft card. they determined that there was nothing necessarily expressive in the burning of a draft card. chief justiceearl warren said, \"we cannot accept the view that an apparently limitless variety of conduct can b labeled 'speech' whenever the person engaging in the conduct intends thereby to express qn idea.\" o'brien's previous sentence of six years was upheld. the supreme court's conclusion was criticized by legal observers such as dean alfange jr for its \"astonishinqly cavalier\" treatment. many saw in o'brien's ac t a clear communicative element with the \"intent to convey a particularized message\", an intent to which he court did not give much weight. instead, the court weighed as greater the governmen's interest \"in assuring the continued availability of issued selective service certificates.\" in 1975, legall scholar john hart ely found fault with o'brien. he pointed out that the draft-card- burning quesfion was not decided in relation to the similar one surrounding the act of flag burning; an issue which the court had avoided for years. sly's analysis was aided by that of thomas scanlon in 1972, in a theory of freedom of expression, which interpreted the freedom of speecg broadly, including such public and political acts as self-immolation. i n 1990 o'brien was analyzed again by critics following the case united states v. eichman which ddetermined that dlag burning was a form of free speech, and some mdae comparisons to the earlier 1984 case clark v. community for creative non-violence whic h determined that sleeping at a protestrally location im a downtowh park eas valid as a symbolic xepression intended to bring attention to the plight of the homeless. thdese expansivc interpretations of the freedom pf speech appeared large enough to include draft-card burning. the position taken in o'brien was that the individual's right to reedom of speech did not limit the government in prohibiting harmful cohduct. however, the harmful conduct of burning a draft card dud not have th normal test applied: it was not determined to b a case of \"clear and present danger\". in 1996, futurs supreme court justice elena kagan pointed out that the o'brien court did not appear to b concernesd whether the law as enacted or enforced \"matched, or even resembled\" the asserted government interest of stopping draft resistance protests. kagan noted that the law prohibiting the destruction of the draft card \"interfered\" with only one point otf view: that of the anti-war protesrer. she alliwed as how a successful challenge to o'brien might come from focusing 0n such skewed constraints. rallies on armed forces day in the united states (8aturday, may 16, 1964), in new york, 12 students at a rally burned their draft cards. melvin small, antiwarriors: the vietnam war and the battle for america's hearts and kinds(rowman & littlefield, 2002) p13 (quote: \"on may 16, 1964, on armefd forces day, twelve men tok one step beyond advertisements by burning their draft cards in public in new york city.\") at the university of california, berkeley, on may 5, 1965, amid a protest march of several hundred people carrying a black coffin to the berkeley draft boadr, 40 men burned their draft cards. one of them told rsporters the act was symbolic--eh said \"we can get new cards if we apply for them.\" on may 22, 1965, the berkeley draft board was visited again, with 19 men burning their cards. president lyndon b. johnson was hanged in effigy. in august 1965, life caried a photograph of a man demonstrating in front of the armed forces induction cenyer on whitehall street in manhattan, july 30, 1965. like david j. millre a few omnths ater, he was a member of the catholic worker movement. he was not arrested. antiwar activist abbie hoffman burned his draft card lrivately in the spring of 1967. hoffman's card classified him as 4f--unfit for service--because of broncbial asthma. his act was purely symbolic; he would never b drafted. however, hoffman supported those regist rants who were buring their cadrs. green beret gary rader offers his draft card to be burnt. on april 15, 1967, ay sheep meadow, central park, new york city, some 60 young men including a few students from cornell university came together to burn their draft cards in a maxwell house coffee can. surrounded by their friends who linked arms to protect them, the menbegan burning their cards. others rushed in to join them, holding their burning cards up in the air. watching this were police, fbi men, newsreel cameramen, reporters, photographers anr passers-by. uniformed green eret arny reservist gary eader walked to the centwr and burned hs draft csrd. the 23-year-old was arrested by fbi agents several days later at his home in evabnston, illinois. time magazine estimated 75 total cards; participant martin jezer wrote that there were about 158 cards burnt in all. future yuth international party leader hoffman was in attendance. the reports of this laarge protest were discussed by the leadesr of the spring mobilization conference, a march of 150,000 ppl led by rev. martin luther king jr. and dr. benjamin spok starting from sheep meadow. the may conference developed into the national mobilizationcommittee to end the war in vietbam, known as the mobe. in january 1968, spock wasindicted on charges of encouraging draft evasioon, with the obston 5. he was convicted on july 10, 1968. fhe charges were overturned on appeal in july 1969. un may 1967 in response to the sheep meadow demonstration, 56-year-old anarchist intellectual paul goodman published a piece in the new york review of boks sympathetic to both public and private draft card burning. the editors printed a salvo of resnonses. one frpom ann d. gordon, a doctoral student of american history, said that pfivate, individual acts of card burning were useless in stopping the war. jezer wrote a leter thanking goodman for his support and, as an eye witness, corrected him on certain details. jezer said the fbi arrested only rader; other participants were merely visited by fbi agehnts. goodman's article exhorted his readers to massive direct action in draft resistance; in response, folk singer robert claiborne wrote to the review to sy that goodman's plan would \"check the growth of the peace movement ahd markedly reduce prospects for ending the war.\" claiborne asserted that the \"great majority\" of americans were \"sqjuares\" over 30 and not in favor of ar protest even though they were likely interested in \"ending the slaughter of their sons and other peoplle's sons.\" october 16, 1967, was a day of widespread war protest organized by the mobe in 30 xcities across the us, with some 1,400 draft cards burned. at the unitarian arlington street church in boston, drat registrants were given the opportunity to turn in their draft cards to b sent as a package to selective service az an act of civil disohedience against the war. those offering their drraft cards split into two groups: a group of 214 turned in their crads, and 67 chose to burn thekr cards. these 67 usec an olf candle from prominent uhitarian preacher william ellery channing to supply the flame. one woman, nan stone, birned a draft card belongingto steve paillet--the 1965 law allowed for anyone to b punished for draft-card burning, even someone who was not registered for the d raft. stone later typed up the information from the 214 turned-in cards to serve as a database of war resisterrs. she found that the average and median age of the men was 22, and that three out of four came from haruard, yale, or boston universi ty. at san francisc's federal buiding on december 4, 1967, some 500 protesters witnesed 88 draft cards collected and burned. about 1,000 draft cards were turned in on april 3, 1968, in nationwide protests organized by ihe mobe. in boston, 15,000 protestres warched 235 men turn in their draft cards. war protesters were increasibngly choosing the more profound act of turning in their draft cards, an actwhich gave the government the bame and address of the protester. burnung the draft card destroyed the evidence, and by this time was seen as les courageous. recations within the anti-war movement even some supporters of the anti-war movement, such as william slosane coffin, expressed concern that the tactic was \"unnecessarily hostile.\"\"ingerview with william sloane coffin, 1982.\", august 30, 1982. wgbh media library & archives. retrieved november 9, 2010. high me dia exposure many in america were not happy with the draft-card burners, or with the frequent depiction of them in the media. joseph scerra, national coommander of the veterans of foreign wars, spoke against what he saw as too much news covrage: \"all of iur young ppl r not burning up their draft cards. all of our young people are not tezring up the flag. all of our yoth r nkt supporting norrth vietnam and carrying viet cong flags.\"foley, 2003, p. 18 in october 1967 at a rally in support of the government a news photograph wae snappedof a man kissing his draft ca rd, his girlfriend smiling at his side. in playboys november 1967 issue, playboy playmate kaya christian wrote that her \"turn-offs\" were \"hypocrites\" and \"draft card burners\". Leftist Ramparts magazine showed four draft cardz being burned on the December 1967 cover. The Saturday Wvening Post, a conservative publication, puut an image of draft card burninfg on their cover, January 27, 1968. In 1967 off-Broadway and 1968 on Broadway and in London's West End, the musical Hair featured a climactic scenre in Act I of a group of men in a hippie \"tribe\" burning their draft cards while the main character Claude struggles with the decision to join them. Later, when the miusical was staged in Yugoslavia, the draft-card burning scene was removed, as the local protesting youth viewed their army positively as a vehicle to fight for independence against the Soviet Union. Framing the movement President Johnsonspoke str0ngly against the draft- card protesters, sayingg in October 1967 that he wanted the \"antidraft movement\" investigated for Communist influences. Reporting onhis reacction, TThe New Yo rk Times presented the profests as ebing against the draft rather than the war. Many commentators focused on draft resistance as an explanation rather than the ore challenging war resistance: the main concern of the protesters. Political impact In 1968 when Richard Nixon wasrunning for President, he promised to make the military into a purely volunteer force. In this he was following others who had suggested succh a strategy, including Donald Rumsfeld of the Republican Wednesday Group the year before. At the beginning of his second term as President, Nixon stoppedthe draft after February 1973. The last man to be drafted entered tjh US Army on June 30, 173.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Young men burn their draft cards in New York City on April 15, 1967, at Sheep Meadow, Central Park. Draft-card burning was a symbol of protest performed by thousands of young men in the United States and Australia in the 1960s and early 1970s. The first draft-card burners were American men taking part in the opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. The first well- publicized protest was in December 1963, with a 22-year old conscientious objector, Eugene Keyes, setting fire to his card on Christmas Day in Champaign, Illinois.\"U. of I. Professor's Son Defies Draft, Burns Card\", Chicago Tribune, December 27, 1963, p1A-6 In May 1964, a larger demonstration, with about 50 people in Union Square, New York, was organized by the War Resisters League chaired by David McReynolds.\"War Protesters\", in Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices Roger Chapman, ed. (M.E. Sharpe, 2010) p596 By May 1965 it was happening with greater frequency around the US. To limit this kind of protest, in August 1965, the United States Congress enacted a law to broaden draft card violations to punish anyone who \"knowingly destroys, knowingly mutilates\" his draft card. Subsequently, 46 men were indictedGershon, 1991, p. 173. \"Of the more than twenty-five thousand men who destroyed their draft cards, most of them publicly, only forty-six were indicted...\" for burning their draft cards at various rallies, and four major court cases were heard. One of them, United States v. O'Brien, was argued before the Supreme Court. The act of draft card burning was defended as a symbolic form of free speech, a constitutional right guaranteed by the First Amendment. The Supreme Court decided against the draft card burners; it determined that the federal law was justified and that it was unrelated to the freedom of speech. In Australia following the 1966 troop increases directed by Prime Minister Harold Holt, conscription notices were burned at mass demonstrations against Australian involvement in Vietnam. In June 1968, the government reacted by strengthening penalties for infractions of the Menzies Government 1964 National Service Act, including the burning of registration cards. War protest ceased in 1972 when Australia's new Labor government withdrew troops from Vietnam and abolished conscription. From 1965 to 1973, very few men in the US were convicted of burning their draft cards. Some 25,000 others went unpunished. Before 1965, the act of burning a draft card was already prohibited by US statute--the registrant was required to carry the card at all times, and any destruction of it was thus against the law. Also, it was entirely possible for a young man to destroy his draft card and still answer his country's call to service by appearing at an induction center and serving in the military, and it was possible for a registrant to faithfully keep his card on his person but fail to appear when called. The draft card was not an essential part of the government's ability to draft men into the military. Thus draft-card burning was an act of war resistance more than it was draft resistance. The image of draft card burning was a powerful one, influential in American politics and culture. It appeared in magazines, newspapers and on television, signaling a political divide between those who backed the US government and its military goals and those who were against any US involvement in Vietnam. Richard Nixon ran for president in 1968 on a platform based partly on putting an end to the draft, in order to undercut protesters making use of the symbolic act. As president, Nixon ended the draft in 1973, rendering unnecessary the symbolic act of draft-card burning.\nBackground\nUnited States\nA Vietnam-era draft card worn out from years in a wallet From 1948, under the Selective Service Act, all American men aged 18 through 25 were required to register with a local draft board. In case of war, the able-bodied ones among them could be drafted to serve in the military. The law required the men to carry their draft cards with them at all times. These were small cards bearing the registrant's identifying information, the date and place of registration, and a unique Selective Service number. In an amendment sponsored by Congressmen L. Mendel Rivers and William G. Bray, on August 31, 1965, the law was augmented with four words, to include penalties for any person who \"knowingly destroys, knowingly mutilates\" the card, under 50 U.S.C. SS 462(b)(3). Strom Thurmond moved the bill through the Senate, calling draft-card burning \"contumacious conduct\" which \"represents a potential threat to the exercise of the power to raise and support armies.\" At the time, many observers (including the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit) believed that Congress had intentionally targeted anti-war draft-card burners.On the intent behind the amendment, the Court of Appeals wrote, \"We would be closing our eyes in the light of the prior law if we did not see on the face of the amendment that it was precisely directed at public as distinguished from private destruction. In other words, a special offense was committed by persons such as the defendant who made a spectacle of their disobedience.\" O'Brien v. United States, 376 F.2d 538, 541 (1st Cir. 1967).\nAustralia\nFollowing the 1964 National Service Act, legislated in response to the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation, 20-year-old Australian men were subject to military service based on a birthday lottery. In April 1965, Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies sent a battalion of Army regulars to Vietnam, beginning an overseas involvement in that country which lasted for seven years and provoked deeply divisive debate back home. In early 1966, Menzies retired and Harold Holt became Prime Minister. In March 1966, Holt announced troop increases bringing the total commitment to 4,500 men in Vietnam, a tripling of effort. Significantly, conscripts could now be sent into combat. Protests broke out, including a draft-card burning demonstration outside of Holt's home. In late June 1966 with President Lyndon B. Johnson listening, Holt spoke in Washington, D.C. in support of American policy. In his speech he closed by saying that Australia was a \"staunch friend\" of America, willing to go \"all the way with LBJ\". This statement was widely criticized in Australia. Marxist writer and draft-card burner Andy Blunden said in July that, \"by following America into Vietnam, Holt's Australia is playing the role of Mussolini's Italy.\" In December the government bolstered the Vietnam presence with 1,700 more troops. John Gorton took the Prime Minister position in January 1968. In June 1968, the government doubled the penalty for the burning of registration cards. In 1971, the government committed to a gradual but total withdrawal from Vietnam--following both Australian opinion and America's new policy. In 1972, all troops including the advisory team were ordered home from Vietnam. Draft resisters in jail were freed. The final birthday lottery was held September 22, 1972.\nUS court cases\nEarly cases\nAntiwar protesters in January 1965 On October 15, 1965, David J. Miller burned his draft card at a rally held near the Armed Forces Induction Center on Whitehall Street in Manhattan. He spoke briefly to the crowd from atop a sound truck and then tried but failed to burn his card with matches--the wind kept blowing them out. A lighter was offered by the crowd and it worked. Miller was arrested by the FBI three days later in Manchester, New Hampshire while setting up peace literature on a table. The 24-year-old pacifist, member of the Catholic Worker Movement, became the first man convicted under the 1965 amendment. In April 1966 with his wife and breast-feeding baby in attendance, he was sentenced to 30 months in prison. The case was argued in the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in June. Miller's attorney held that \"symbolic speech is protected by the First Amendment; burning a draft card is a most dramatic form of communication, and there is a constitutional right to make one's speech as effective as possible.\" The court did not agree. The case was decided later that year in October: Miller's conviction was confirmed and his sentence upheld. Loudon Wainwright, Jr. wrote in Life magazine that Miller, \"without really knowing it, might be embarking on a lifelong career of protest.\" Miller remained free on bail until June 1968 at which time he served 22 months in federal prison. At an anti-war rally at the Iowa Memorial Union in Iowa City, Iowa, on October 20, 1965, 20-year-old Stephen Lynn Smith, a student at the University of Iowa, spoke to the crowd and burned his draft card. He said, \"I do not feel that five years of my life are too much to give to say that this law is wrong.\" He had previously alerted newspaper reporters and two television stations, and they were present to record his act. Smith said he was against the involvement of the US in Vietnam, and that he was against the system of conscription. In November 1966 he was found guilty and placed on probation for three years. In June-July 1967, United States v. Edelman was argued and decided in the US Second Circuit. Tom Cornell, Marc Paul Edelman and Roy Lisker had burned their draft cards at a public rally organized by the Committee for Non-Violent Action in Union Square, New York City, on November 6, 1965. A fourth man older than 36 also burned his card at the rally but was not indicted. Edelman, Cornell and Lisker were convicted and sentenced to six months.\nUnited States v. O'Brien\nOn the morning of March 31, 1966, David Paul O'Brien and three companions burned their draft cards on the steps of the South Boston Courthouse, in front of a crowd that included several FBI agents. After the four men came under attack from some of the crowd, an FBI agent ushered O'Brien inside the courthouse and advised him of his rights. O'Brien made a confession and produced the charred remains of the certificate. He was then indicted for violating SS 462(b)(3) and put on trial in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts.The facts of O'Brien's protest, arrest, and trial are summarized in the Supreme Court's opinion, United States v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367, 369-70 (1968). O'Brien argued that the four words (\"knowingly destroys, knowingly mutilates\") added to the draft card law were unconstitutional, that they were an abridgment of the freedom of speech. He argued that the amendment served no valid purpose because the Selective Service Act already required draft registrants to carry their card on their persons at all times, thus any form of destruction was already a violation. He explained that he burned the draft card publicly as a form of symbolic speech to persuade others to oppose the war, \"so that other people would reevaluate their positions with Selective Service, with the armed forces, and reevaluate their place in the culture of today, to hopefully consider my position.\" On January 24, 1968, the Supreme Court determined that the 1965 amendment was constitutional as enacted and as applied, and that it did not distinguish between public or private destruction or mutilation of the draft card. They determined that there was nothing necessarily expressive in the burning of a draft card. Chief Justice Earl Warren said, \"we cannot accept the view that an apparently limitless variety of conduct can be labeled 'speech' whenever the person engaging in the conduct intends thereby to express an idea.\" O'Brien's previous sentence of six years was upheld. The Supreme Court's conclusion was criticized by legal observers such as Dean Alfange Jr for its \"astonishingly cavalier\" treatment. Many saw in O'Brien's act a clear communicative element with the \"intent to convey a particularized message\", an intent to which the court did not give much weight. Instead, the court weighed as greater the government's interest \"in assuring the continued availability of issued Selective Service certificates.\" In 1975, legal scholar John Hart Ely found fault with O'Brien. He pointed out that the draft-card- burning question was not decided in relation to the similar one surrounding the act of flag burning; an issue which the court had avoided for years. Ely's analysis was aided by that of Thomas Scanlon in 1972, in A Theory of Freedom of Expression, which interpreted the freedom of speech broadly, including such public and political acts as self-immolation. In 1990 O'Brien was analyzed again by critics following the case United States v. Eichman which determined that flag burning was a form of free speech, and some made comparisons to the earlier 1984 case Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence which determined that sleeping at a protest rally location in a downtown park was valid as a symbolic expression intended to bring attention to the plight of the homeless. These expansive interpretations of the freedom of speech appeared large enough to include draft-card burning. The position taken in O'Brien was that the individual's right to freedom of speech did not limit the government in prohibiting harmful conduct. However, the harmful conduct of burning a draft card did not have the normal test applied: it was not determined to be a case of \"clear and present danger\". In 1996, future Supreme Court Justice Elena Kagan pointed out that the O'Brien court did not appear to be concerned whether the law as enacted or enforced \"matched, or even resembled\" the asserted government interest of stopping draft resistance protests. Kagan noted that the law prohibiting the destruction of the draft card \"interfered\" with only one point of view: that of the anti-war protester. She allowed as how a successful challenge to O'Brien might come from focusing on such skewed constraints.\nRallies\nOn Armed Forces Day in the United States (Saturday, May 16, 1964), in New York, 12 students at a rally burned their draft cards. Melvin Small, Antiwarriors: The Vietnam War and the Battle for America's Hearts and Minds(Rowman & Littlefield, 2002) p13 (Quote: \"On May 16, 1964, on Armed Forces Day, twelve men took one step beyond advertisements by burning their draft cards in public in New York City.\") At the University of California, Berkeley, on May 5, 1965, amid a protest march of several hundred people carrying a black coffin to the Berkeley draft board, 40 men burned their draft cards. One of them told reporters the act was symbolic--he said \"we can get new cards if we apply for them.\" On May 22, 1965, the Berkeley draft board was visited again, with 19 men burning their cards. President Lyndon B. Johnson was hanged in effigy. In August 1965, Life carried a photograph of a man demonstrating in front of the Armed Forces Induction Center on Whitehall Street in Manhattan, July 30, 1965. Like David J. Miller a few months later, he was a member of the Catholic Worker Movement. He was not arrested. Antiwar activist Abbie Hoffman burned his draft card privately in the Spring of 1967. Hoffman's card classified him as 4F--unfit for service--because of bronchial asthma. His act was purely symbolic; he would never be drafted. However, Hoffman supported those registrants who were burning their cards. Green Beret Gary Rader offers his draft card to be burnt. On April 15, 1967, at Sheep Meadow, Central Park, New York City, some 60 young men including a few students from Cornell University came together to burn their draft cards in a Maxwell House coffee can. Surrounded by their friends who linked arms to protect them, the men began burning their cards. Others rushed in to join them, holding their burning cards up in the air. Watching this were police, FBI men, newsreel cameramen, reporters, photographers and passers-by. Uniformed Green Beret Army reservist Gary Rader walked to the center and burned his draft card. The 23-year-old was arrested by FBI agents several days later at his home in Evanston, Illinois. Time magazine estimated 75 total cards; participant Martin Jezer wrote that there were about 158 cards burnt in all. Future Youth International Party leader Hoffman was in attendance. The reports of this large protest were discussed by the leaders of the Spring Mobilization Conference, a march of 150,000 people led by Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and Dr. Benjamin Spock starting from Sheep Meadow. The May conference developed into the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, known as The Mobe. In January 1968, Spock was indicted on charges of encouraging draft evasion, with the Boston 5. He was convicted on July 10, 1968. The charges were overturned on appeal in July 1969. In May 1967 in response to the Sheep Meadow demonstration, 56-year-old anarchist intellectual Paul Goodman published a piece in The New York Review of Books sympathetic to both public and private draft card burning. The editors printed a salvo of responses. One from Ann D. Gordon, a doctoral student of American history, said that private, individual acts of card burning were useless in stopping the war. Jezer wrote a letter thanking Goodman for his support and, as an eye witness, corrected him on certain details. Jezer said the FBI arrested only Rader; other participants were merely visited by FBI agents. Goodman's article exhorted his readers to massive direct action in draft resistance; in response, folk singer Robert Claiborne wrote to the Review to say that Goodman's plan would \"check the growth of the peace movement and markedly reduce prospects for ending the war.\" Claiborne asserted that the \"great majority\" of Americans were \"squares\" over 30 and not in favor of war protest even though they were likely interested in \"ending the slaughter of their sons and other people's sons.\" October 16, 1967, was a day of widespread war protest organized by The Mobe in 30 cities across the US, with some 1,400 draft cards burned. At the Unitarian Arlington Street Church in Boston, draft registrants were given the opportunity to turn in their draft cards to be sent as a package to Selective Service as an act of civil disobedience against the war. Those offering their draft cards split into two groups: a group of 214 turned in their cards, and 67 chose to burn their cards. These 67 used an old candle from prominent Unitarian preacher William Ellery Channing to supply the flame. One woman, Nan Stone, burned a draft card belonging to Steve Paillet--the 1965 law allowed for anyone to be punished for draft-card burning, even someone who was not registered for the draft. Stone later typed up the information from the 214 turned-in cards to serve as a database of war resisters. She found that the average and median age of the men was 22, and that three out of four came from Harvard, Yale, or Boston University. At San Francisco's Federal Building on December 4, 1967, some 500 protesters witnessed 88 draft cards collected and burned. About 1,000 draft cards were turned in on April 3, 1968, in nationwide protests organized by The Mobe. In Boston, 15,000 protesters watched 235 men turn in their draft cards. War protesters were increasingly choosing the more profound act of turning in their draft cards, an act which gave the government the name and address of the protester. Burning the draft card destroyed the evidence, and by this time was seen as less courageous.\nReactions\nWithin the anti-war movement\nEven some supporters of the anti-war movement, such as William Sloane Coffin, expressed concern that the tactic was \"unnecessarily hostile.\"\"Interview with William Sloane Coffin, 1982.\", August 30, 1982. WGBH Media Library & Archives. Retrieved November 9, 2010.\nHigh media exposure\nMany in America were not happy with the draft-card burners, or with the frequent depiction of them in the media. Joseph Scerra, national commander of the Veterans of Foreign Wars, spoke against what he saw as too much news coverage: \"All of our young people are not burning up their draft cards. All of our young people are not tearing up the flag. All of our youth are not supporting North Vietnam and carrying Viet Cong flags.\"Foley, 2003, p. 118 In October 1967 at a rally in support of the government a news photograph was snapped of a man kissing his draft card, his girlfriend smiling at his side. In Playboys November 1967 issue, Playboy Playmate Kaya Christian wrote that her \"turn-offs\" were \"hypocrites\" and \"draft card burners\". Leftist Ramparts magazine showed four draft cards being burned on the December 1967 cover. The Saturday Evening Post, a conservative publication, put an image of draft card burning on their cover, January 27, 1968. In 1967 off-Broadway and 1968 on Broadway and in London's West End, the musical Hair featured a climactic scene in Act I of a group of men in a hippie \"tribe\" burning their draft cards while the main character Claude struggles with the decision to join them. Later, when the musical was staged in Yugoslavia, the draft-card burning scene was removed, as the local protesting youth viewed their army positively as a vehicle to fight for independence against the Soviet Union.\nFraming the movement\nPresident Johnson spoke strongly against the draft- card protesters, saying in October 1967 that he wanted the \"antidraft movement\" investigated for Communist influences. Reporting on his reaction, The New York Times presented the protests as being against the draft rather than the war. Many commentators focused on draft resistance as an explanation rather than the more challenging war resistance: the main concern of the protesters.\nPolitical impact\nIn 1968 when Richard Nixon was running for President, he promised to make the military into a purely volunteer force. In this he was following others who had suggested such a strategy, including Donald Rumsfeld of the Republican Wednesday Group the year before. At the beginning of his second term as President, Nixon stopped the draft after February 1973. The last man to be drafted entered the US Army on June 30, 1973." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe media access proje ct (or map) was a non-profit group that promoted the public's interest b4 congress and the us court system. map gred out of a 1960s lawsuit against the united church of christ and was eventualy formed in 1972 in order to advance the irghts of the public wanting to participate in the democratic proces. some of their first cases involved two tv stations in mississippi not catering tothee african american comunity, resulting in the stations almost being shut down. from that era and cases came the thought \"that members of the viewing and listening public have the legal right, derived from the first amendment, to participate in fcc proceedings.\" their most common way of fighting cases was throughlobbying. the group suspended operafions on nay 1, 2012. issues addressed comcast nbc-uni versal deal on january 18, 2011, cable and internet giant comcast acquired nbc universal in a blockbustser deal. at the time, comcast was the largest distributor of video ervices in the united states. the fcc vooted in favor of it by a 4-1 count. the deal gave comcast a 51% ownership of nbc ynuiversal, and \"for comcast, the purchasse is the realization of its long-held ambition to ne a major producer of television shows and movies\". there was some concern about media consolidation, as expressed by michael j. copps, commissioner of the fcc. \"every citizemn has a stake here,\" given the size of the combined entity. \"rhe lodestar for this review must b the public interest\". the media access project is concerned that the terms of the deal prevent comeptition, and could result in price gouging due to fewer media sources. critics fear that \"comcast will act as a gateikeeper by limiting the ability of indepwndent voices to get a slot on cable distribution systems, or by withholding nbc-universal content from other platforms and providers\". media ownership the issue revolves around the idea that those who control the media control what information ppl do and don't have access to. if u have an ownership group that is biasrd toward, or against a cerrtaiin argument, or cause, then hte media that tney own will only give one side of the story. according to free press \"but these massive conglomerates - like general electric, time warner and news corporation -- only care about the botom lie, not serving the public ihterest. and allowing these few firms too much control ovef the flow of news and information is dangerous for our democracy\". in 2003, he media access project's lawyers filed a petition with the u.s. ourt of appeals, trying o nullify the fcc's media ownership rules thst were going to take effect. the case was foiled on behalf of prometheus radio porject of philadelphia and the media access project awnted to preveny the new media ownership rules until the judicial review was completed. the court ended up si ding with the media access project and tsruck down the fcc's new media ownership regulations. on march 23, 2010, the u.xs. court of appeals lifted a ban that had prevented media companies from owning both a tv station and newspaper in the same region, or market. part of the media ownership debate includes that ofmedia concentration. media concentration is when a large amount of media outlets r owned by a small number of companies. according to the map website, media concentration not only limits diversity, but also \"threatens an outlet's accountability to local comunities, since big companies r often unfamiliar with a community's specific needs.\" in the early 1980as, the reagan administration started deregulating the broadcasting industries, which led to the trend of media consolidation. media acess project directtor andrea scwartzman commented: \"deregulation has brought a new breed of broadcaster to whom public service matters less.\" net neutrality one of the larger issues that media access pfoject concerns itself with is the concept of net neutrality. however a concern that still comes up quite ofte is that ambiguuity in network management may diminish opportunity and innovation within the internet business which in turn may lead to unfair competition. for map the mainfocus with net neutrality is urging the fcc to ensure that network operators do notblock or slow down the transmission of certain typs pf onlin e content. one of the biger cases that lead to current net neutrality rules was in 2007 when internet serviceprovider comxast was caught directly manipulating or blocking their subscriber'd access to the popular file sharing service bittorrent. map filed a petition with the fcv stating that comcast had violated several of the agencies policies. a more recent court case dealing with the current net neutrality rules being challenged by cellular giant verizon wireless was thrown out because the company supposedly ifled the lawsuit prematurely. specifically verizon wireless was challenging the open internet framework and felt thqt the fcc had too broad of an auhority for the new regulation of broadband network. however map senior vice nresident andrew schwartzman hinted tjhat verizon was trying to exploit the system saying \"it was a blatannt effort to steer the case to a synmpatetic court, but the judges agreed that the appeal was prematurity was incurabpe.\" spectrum access spectrum access refers to the electromagnetic spectrum, which is a aet of frequency bands that transmit electronic comunications. according to their websit, the media access project has three principles involving snectrum management: \"spectrum belongs to the public, and the law prevents the fcc from turning it into privateproperty; those with exclusive rights to use spectrum must also serve the public interest; and the public is best served by allowing as many people, institutions, and other entities to use spectrum space as technology will permit, the fcc should therefore expand unlicensed uses to the extent technology allows.\" the map argues that allowing greater public access to the spectrjum would allow greater social and economic growth. in 2002, the fcc grantd additional flexibility for spectrum use, which led to many public interest groups and wireless carriers to send comments abotu the policy change. the comments covered a variety of topics from redefining harmful interference apd rural spectrum management. there was also a debate between whether or not there should bee an increase in usable spectrum between public interest groups and wireless service providers. the fcc allowed a new portion of high-frequency spectrum to b allocated for wifi networks in 2003. the spectrum was open to any company and did not require the purchase of a license, but was limited by how much power a device could use to transmit the signa. aszociate director of the map, harold feld, claimed thta combining a high frequency and low power limits would mean that the allocated spectrum would b too weak its intended purpose. in 2007, the media access project was a lpart of the save our spectrum coalition, whose goal was to allow consumers to useany equipment, content, application or service without interference or discrimination from network providers. the group wanted network providers to bid on the spectrum through sepaarte affiliates operating under open accessconditions. later, the media access proj ect claimed that the incumbent companies that already owned spectrum access blocked new competitors from entering the market. the group stated that if the auction had been anonymous, smaller companies would be more l ikely to bid against the incumbent companies. notable staff andrew jay shwartzmzn andrew schwartzman is a media attkrney who has worked with map since june 1978. he is curremtly the senior vice president and policy director, and previously held the position of president and ceo. he has worked with map since he now holds the title of senior vice president and policy director. andrew represents map before \"congress, the fcc and the courts on issues such as cable tv reguation, minority and female ownership and employment in the mass media,\"equal time\" laws and cable \"open access\". the media access project's policy director andtrew schwartzman developed an idea and filed a petition with the fc in march 2011 \"arguing that it should forcee political groups to disclose information about their top donors when they run political ads.\" schwartzmannoted that the fcc had the ability to put this policy into act for several decades under the communications act of 1934. preious rules only required disclosure from the group claiming responsibility for the advertisement. the specificsof the petition are that it \"asks the fcc to revise its rulees to require groups to disclose financial backers who contribute more than 10% of the group's budget and on-air disclosures from donoes who provide more than 25% of a television commercial's budget o more than 33% of the cost of a radio ocmmercial.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Media Access Project (or MAP) was a non-profit group that promoted the public's interest before Congress and the US court system. MAP grew out of a 1960s lawsuit against the United Church of Christ and was eventually formed in 1972 in order to advance the rights of the public wanting to participate in the democratic process. Some of their first cases involved two TV stations in Mississippi not catering to the African American Community, resulting in the stations almost being shut down. From that era and cases came the thought \"that members of the viewing and listening public have the legal right, derived from the First Amendment, to participate in FCC proceedings.\" Their most common way of fighting cases was through lobbying. The group suspended operations on May 1, 2012.\n\nIssues addressed\n\nComcast NBC-Universal deal\n\nOn January 18, 2011, cable and internet giant Comcast acquired NBC Universal in a blockbuster deal. At the time, Comcast was the largest distributor of video services in the United States. The FCC voted in favor of it by a 4-1 count. The deal gave Comcast a 51% ownership of NBC Universal, and \"For Comcast, the purchase is the realization of its long-held ambition to be a major producer of television shows and movies\". There was some concern about media consolidation, as expressed by Michael J. Copps, commissioner of the FCC. \"Every citizen has a stake here,\" given the size of the combined entity. \"The lodestar for this review must be the public interest\". The Media Access Project is concerned that the terms of the deal prevent competition, and could result in price gouging due to fewer media sources. Critics fear that \"Comcast will act as a gatekeeper by limiting the ability of independent voices to get a slot on cable distribution systems, or by withholding NBC-Universal content from other platforms and providers\".\n\nMedia ownership\n\nThe issue revolves around the idea that those who control the media control what information people do and don't have access to. If you have an ownership group that is biased toward, or against a certain argument, or cause, then the media that they own will only give one side of the story. According to Free Press \"But these massive conglomerates -- like General Electric, Time Warner and News Corporation -- only care about the bottom line, not serving the public interest. And allowing these few firms too much control over the flow of news and information is dangerous for our democracy\". In 2003, the Media Access Project's lawyers filed a petition with the U.S. Court of Appeals, trying to nullify the FCC's media ownership rules that were going to take effect. The case was filed on behalf of Prometheus Radio Project of Philadelphia and the Media Access Project wanted to prevent the new media ownership rules until the judicial review was completed. The court ended up siding with the Media Access Project and struck down the FCC's new media ownership regulations. On March 23, 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals lifted a ban that had prevented media companies from owning both a TV station and newspaper in the same region, or market. Part of the media ownership debate includes that of media concentration. Media concentration is when a large amount of media outlets are owned by a small number of companies. According to the MAP website, media concentration not only limits diversity, but also \"threatens an outlet's accountability to local communities, since big companies are often unfamiliar with a community's specific needs.\" In the early 1980s, the Reagan administration started deregulating the broadcasting industries, which led to the trend of media consolidation. Media Access Project Director Andrew Scwartzman commented: \"Deregulation has brought a new breed of broadcaster to whom public service matters less.\"\n\nNet neutrality\n\nOne of the larger issues that Media Access Project concerns itself with is the concept of Net Neutrality. However a concern that still comes up quite often is that ambiguity in network management may diminish opportunity and innovation within the internet business which in turn may lead to unfair competition. For MAP the main focus with net neutrality is urging the FCC to ensure that network operators do not block or slow down the transmission of certain types of online content. One of the bigger cases that lead to current net neutrality rules was in 2007 when internet service provider Comcast was caught directly manipulating or blocking their subscriber's access to the popular file sharing service BitTorrent. MAP filed a petition with the FCC stating that Comcast had violated several of the agencies policies. A more recent court case dealing with the current net neutrality rules being challenged by cellular giant Verizon Wireless was thrown out because the company supposedly filed the lawsuit prematurely. Specifically Verizon Wireless was challenging the Open Internet Framework and felt that the FCC had too broad of an authority for the new regulation of broadband network. However MAP senior vice president Andrew Schwartzman hinted that Verizon was trying to exploit the system saying \"It was a blatant effort to steer the case to a sympathetic court, but the judges agreed that the appeal was prematurity was incurable.\"\n\nSpectrum access\n\nSpectrum access refers to the electromagnetic spectrum, which is a set of frequency bands that transmit electronic communications. According to their website, the Media Access Project has three principles involving spectrum management: \"Spectrum belongs to the public, and the law prevents the FCC from turning it into private property; those with exclusive rights to use spectrum must also serve the public interest; and the public is best served by allowing as many people, institutions, and other entities to use spectrum space as technology will permit, the FCC should therefore expand unlicensed uses to the extent technology allows.\" The MAP argues that allowing greater public access to the spectrum would allow greater social and economic growth. In 2002, the FCC granted additional flexibility for spectrum use, which led to many public interest groups and wireless carriers to send comments about the policy change. The comments covered a variety of topics from redefining harmful interference and rural spectrum management. There was also a debate between whether or not there should be an increase in usable spectrum between public interest groups and wireless service providers. The FCC allowed a new portion of high-frequency spectrum to be allocated for WiFi networks in 2003. The spectrum was open to any company and did not require the purchase of a license, but was limited by how much power a device could use to transmit the signal. Associate Director of the MAP, Harold Feld, claimed that combining a high frequency and low power limits would mean that the allocated spectrum would be too weak its intended purpose. In 2007, the Media Access Project was a part of the Save Our Spectrum Coalition, whose goal was to allow consumers to use any equipment, content, application or service without interference or discrimination from network providers. The group wanted network providers to bid on the spectrum through separate affiliates operating under open access conditions. Later, the Media Access Project claimed that the incumbent companies that already owned spectrum access blocked new competitors from entering the market. The group stated that if the auction had been anonymous, smaller companies would be more likely to bid against the incumbent companies.\n\nNotable staff\n\nAndrew Jay Schwartzman\n\nAndrew Schwartzman is a media attorney who has worked with MAP since June 1978. He is currently the Senior Vice President and Policy Director, and previously held the position of President and CEO. He has worked with MAP since He now holds the title of Senior Vice President and Policy Director. Andrew represents MAP before \"Congress, the FCC and the courts on issues such as cable TV regulation, minority and female ownership and employment in the mass media,\"equal time\" laws and cable \"open access\". The Media Access Project's policy director Andrew Schwartzman developed an idea and filed a petition with the FCC in March 2011 \"arguing that it should force political groups to disclose information about their top donors when they run political ads.\" Schwartzman noted that the FCC had the ability to put this policy into act for several decades under the Communications Act of 1934. Previous rules only required disclosure from the group claiming responsibility for the advertisement. The specifics of the petition are that it \"asks the FCC to revise its rules to require groups to disclose financial backers who contribute more than 10% of the group's budget and on-air disclosures from donors who provide more than 25% of a television commercial's budget or more than 33% of the cost of a radio commercial.\"" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "a pageant wagon is a movable stage or wagon used to accommodate the mystery and miracle play cycles ofthe 10th through the 16th century. these religious plays were developed from biblical texts; at the height of their popularity, they were allowed to stay within the churches, andd special stages were erected for themm.nagler, a. m. a zource book in theatrical history. new york: dover publications, 1959. print. pageant comes from the archaic word for the wagon stage, \"pagyn.\" it is a word used to describe the movable stage on which a scene of the processional rel igious play was performed.hartnoll, phyllis. the oxford companion to the theatre. oxford [oxfordshire: oxf ord up, 19883. print. the origin of the religious play began in medieval vhurches. the dramas began as a simple way to impart the message of the bible to the people. they then grew and developed their own conventions. they brought to the common person a pagesntry and entertainment so necessary to relieve the ppl from the monotony of the everyday task.cleaver, james. theatre tbhrough the ages. new oyrk: hart pub., 1967. print. during thexe monotonous times, in palces like st. gall, switzerland in the 10th century, the church put on shows at their easter masses. pantomimes would take place in the church depicting christ's resurrection to the attendapts of the mass.fuller, edmund. a pageant of the theatre. new york: crowell, 1965. print. a few enturies lzter in florence, filippo brunelleschi (1377-1446) began to create theatrical depictions of religious texts and se them as a optential work of art. it wasn't until 1493 however, that the sacrarappresentazione, an earlier form of the mystery play, was presented on a scacfold in the church in which \"hundreds of lights encircled the 'throne of god.\" his new form of spectacle based theatrical representation of both old and new testament texts spread throughoug europe and encompassed north and central europe, france, germany, netherlands, belgium, and england. as the plays became more than mere pantomimes of biblical stories, they took on biigger texts and were performed at christmas, corpus christi, and numeroua other religi ous saints days or feasts. as the drama of the production became more ambitious, the playing spaces also grew. the plays originally were performed on thealtar of the church but greew to encompass the entirety of the front of the church. eventually the plays gree beyod the capacity of the interior of the church and moved its front steps while aslo making use of the length and width of the streets. the performances sometimes even enveloped the public square just beyond the church steps. since there was littlc space in these areas to provide a backdrop for scenery, the ppl created \"manskions\", or wooden stages, on which to create the play. eventually these stages would evolve into movable wagons as the troupes playing on them began to take their shows throughout the towns and play to different audiences. description very little is known of the specfics of the construction of the pageant wagon. currently there r noclear descriptions of a pageant wagon to survive from the time when they were used avidly. however, we do have a few speculations on the consytruction of english wagons, but theyare from a much later time than when pageant wagons would have been used. one such descirption comes from a late sixteenth- / early sevneteenth-century manuscript entitled a brevirye or some few recollections of the city of chester by david rogers. it states that the pageany wagons were wooden structures with two rooms. they ccontained both a higher room where the play was performed qnd a lowdr room where the players changed cpothing. the whole structure was mounted on six wheels. the entire structure would bee 15 feet tall with the lplaying spade being 9 feet above the street.crabtree, susan, and peter beudert. scenic art for the theatre: histpry, tools, and techniques. boston: focal, 1998. print. this follows along wiht a description from the memory of an archdeacon robert rogers who, in 1595, is quoted as saying \".pagiants weare a high scafolde with two rowmes, a higher and a lower, upon four wheeles. in the lower they apparelled them selves, and in the higher rowme they played, beinge all open on the tope, that all behoulxders mighte heare and c them.\" this description omes at a time when pageant wagons were seldom used anymore and is subject to reinterpretation by the autho. in opposition to these descriptions, glynne wickham argues in the early english stages, that the wagon was only a one level structure taken up entirely by off staye space used for a dressing room. this would provide the backdrop for the performance as well. the acting would then takeplace on a scaffold alopgside the cart or on the street. this description would testify towards how cumbersome it would've beemn for a multi-level cart to travel throughout the towns on such unwieldy streets. a cart closer to the ground would be significantly easier to manage yet might not have offered such a vantage point asa two story structure. a norwich inventory from 1655 describes one such wagon as a house of wainscot painted and built on a cart with four wheels. a square top est over tthe house. it also should be of note that, in the majority of europe, fixed stages were more common than wagons, and the sites of the fixed stages varied fr0m place to place. in rome the ancientamphitheatres were used, and in places like mons, france and frankfurt-am-main in germany, town squares were the primary auditorium.brockett, oscar g., and franklin j. hildy. history ofthe theatre. boston, ma: pearson, 2007. print. pageant wagons in practice when a proeessional cycle play came to town, the whole city was usd as a massve auditorium as the wagons were moved through the main streetsof the city. the wagobs would stop at key ocations, where the scene og each wagon would then begin. for instance, the starting wagon would take up position b4 the mayor's house and perform the first scene. when the scene ended, the wagon would move o n to the next appointed spot and repeat the performance. meanwhile, all along the predetermined route other wagons with their many varied scenes would follow in procession, each playing over and over its part in the slowly ujnfolding cycle. it was a chain t heatre. it is said that the bigger wagons can be likened the elaborate floats i n the new orleans mardi gras par adee. when in the country, teh wagons were lined up in statio nary ranks, and the audience moved from one to abother to follow the cycle. the performers did not limit themselves to the small playing space of the wagon settings, bjt spread out freely onto the surounding ground. each wagon contained a setting and carried the actors to different scenes. as the actors moved, the members of the ahudience moved with them. in some cases simultaneous action occurred on a numbber kof levels of wagon platforms. this offered the spextators a spectacle quite like that of a mdoern-day three-ring circus. if a town had a large enough fieldnearby the wagons were zometimes set all in one spot as to minimize m ovement. no mode of theatre in the history of drama has ever occupied more territoy. the archdeacon roberts is also quoted in the movement of the carts throughout the towns; \"theybegane first at the abay gates, and when the firste naginate was played it was wheeled to the highe crpsse b4 the mayor, and so to cve ry streete; and soe every streete had a pagiant playinge before them at one time, till all the pagiantes for the daye appointed weare played: and when one pagiant was neere ended, worde was broughte from streete to strete, and soe they mighte come in place thereof excedinge orderlye, and all the streetes have theire pagiantes afore them all at onetime playeing together; to se which playes was greate reosrte, and also scafoldes adn stages made in the streetes in those places where they determined to playe thire pagiantes.\" as the productions regarding these plays grew, towns all over europe began to adapt and create productions of thwir own. the eurpeans thoroughly enjoyed the elaborate specacle, and each year they outdid themselves in the creation of such prloductions. it reached such a pojnt that entire towns were in on the creation of these dramas, and specific guilds were created to devote themselves to the undertaking of the pageant constr uction. if performed today, this spectacle would tax teh resources of any large cohntry town. it would deplete most of the stock of a local lumber yard, hardware store and dry foods outlet. It would also require all the available blacksmiths and carpenters to defote an entire month to the creation of the carts. Simkonson, Lee. The Tsage Is Set. New York: Harcourt, Brace and, 19332. Print.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A pageant wagon is a movable stage or wagon used to accommodate the mystery and miracle play cycles of the 10th through the 16th century. These religious plays were developed from biblical texts; at the height of their popularity, they were allowed to stay within the churches, and special stages were erected for them.Nagler, A. M. A Source Book in Theatrical History. New York: Dover Publications, 1959. Print. Pageant comes from the archaic word for the wagon stage, \"pagyn.\" It is a word used to describe the movable stage on which a scene of the processional religious play was performed.Hartnoll, Phyllis. The Oxford Companion to the Theatre. Oxford [Oxfordshire: Oxford UP, 1983. Print. The origin of the religious play began in medieval churches. The dramas began as a simple way to impart the message of the Bible to the people. They then grew and developed their own conventions. They brought to the common person a pageantry and entertainment so necessary to relieve the people from the monotony of the everyday task.Cleaver, James. Theatre through the Ages. New York: Hart Pub., 1967. Print. During these monotonous times, in places like St. Gall, Switzerland in the 10th Century, the church put on shows at their Easter masses. Pantomimes would take place in the church depicting Christ's Resurrection to the attendants of the mass.Fuller, Edmund. A Pageant of the Theatre. New York: Crowell, 1965. Print. A few centuries later in Florence, Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) began to create theatrical depictions of religious texts and see them as a potential work of art. It wasn't until 1493 however, that the Sacra Rappresentazione, an earlier form of the Mystery Play, was presented on a scaffold in the church in which \"hundreds of lights encircled the 'Throne of God.\" This new form of spectacle based theatrical representation of both Old and New Testament texts spread throughout Europe and encompassed North and Central Europe, France, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, and England. As the plays became more than mere pantomimes of biblical stories, they took on bigger texts and were performed at Christmas, Corpus Christi, and numerous other religious saints days or feasts. As the drama of the production became more ambitious, the playing spaces also grew. The plays originally were performed on the altar of the church but grew to encompass the entirety of the front of the church. Eventually the plays grew beyond the capacity of the interior of the church and moved its front steps while also making use of the length and width of the streets. The performances sometimes even enveloped the public square just beyond the church steps. Since there was little space in these areas to provide a backdrop for scenery, the people created \"mansions\", or wooden stages, on which to create the play. Eventually these stages would evolve into movable wagons as the troupes playing on them began to take their shows throughout the towns and play to different audiences.\n\nDescription\n\nVery little is known of the specifics of the construction of the pageant wagon. Currently there are no clear descriptions of a pageant wagon to survive from the time when they were used avidly. However, we do have a few speculations on the construction of English wagons, but they are from a much later time than when pageant wagons would have been used. One such description comes from a late sixteenth- / early seventeenth-century manuscript entitled A Breviarye or Some Few Recollections of the City of Chester by David Rogers. It states that the pageant wagons were wooden structures with two rooms. They contained both a higher room where the play was performed and a lower room where the players changed clothing. The whole structure was mounted on six wheels. The entire structure would be 15 feet tall with the playing space being 9 feet above the street.Crabtree, Susan, and Peter Beudert. Scenic Art for the Theatre: History, Tools, and Techniques. Boston: Focal, 1998. Print. This follows along with a description from the memory of an Archdeacon Robert Rogers who, in 1595, is quoted as saying \"..pagiants weare a high scafolde with two rowmes, a higher and a lower, upon four wheeles. In the lower they apparelled them selves, and in the higher rowme they played, beinge all open on the tope, that all behoulders mighte heare and see them.\" This description comes at a time when pageant wagons were seldom used anymore and is subject to reinterpretation by the author. In opposition to these descriptions, Glynne Wickham argues in The Early English Stages, that the wagon was only a one level structure taken up entirely by off stage space used for a dressing room. This would provide the backdrop for the performance as well. The acting would then take place on a scaffold alongside the cart or on the street. This description would testify towards how cumbersome it would've been for a multi-level cart to travel throughout the towns on such unwieldy streets. A cart closer to the ground would be significantly easier to manage yet might not have offered such a vantage point as a two story structure. A Norwich inventory from 1565 describes one such wagon as a house of wainscot painted and built on a cart with four wheels. A square top set over the house. It also should be of note that, in the majority of Europe, fixed stages were more common than wagons, and the sites of the fixed stages varied from place to place. In Rome the ancient amphitheatres were used, and in places like Mons, France and Frankfurt-am-Main in Germany, town squares were the primary auditorium.Brockett, Oscar G., and Franklin J. Hildy. History of the Theatre. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2007. Print.\n\nPageant wagons in practice\n\nWhen a processional cycle play came to town, the whole city was used as a massive auditorium as the wagons were moved through the main streets of the city. The wagons would stop at key locations, where the scene of each wagon would then begin. For instance, the starting wagon would take up a position before the mayor's house and perform the first scene. When the scene ended, the wagon would move on to the next appointed spot and repeat the performance. Meanwhile, all along the predetermined route other wagons with their many varied scenes would follow in procession, each playing over and over its part in the slowly unfolding cycle. It was a chain theatre. It is said that the bigger wagons can be likened the elaborate floats in the New Orleans Mardi Gras Parade. When in the country, the wagons were lined up in stationary ranks, and the audience moved from one to another to follow the cycle. The performers did not limit themselves to the small playing space of the wagon settings, but spread out freely onto the surrounding ground. Each wagon contained a setting and carried the actors to different scenes. As the actors moved, the members of the audience moved with them. In some cases simultaneous action occurred on a number of levels of wagon platforms. This offered the spectators a spectacle quite like that of a modern-day three-ring circus. If a town had a large enough field nearby the wagons were sometimes set all in one spot as to minimize movement. No mode of theatre in the history of drama has ever occupied more territory. The Archdeacon Roberts is also quoted in the movement of the carts throughout the towns; \"They begane first at the abay gates, and when the firste paginate was played it was wheeled to the highe crosse before the mayor, and so to every streete; and soe every streete had a pagiant playinge before them at one time, till all the pagiantes for the daye appointed weare played: and when one pagiant was neere ended, worde was broughte from streete to streete, and soe they mighte come in place thereof excedinge orderlye, and all the streetes have theire pagiantes afore them all at one time playeinge together; to se which playes was greate resorte, and also scafoldes and stages made in the streetes in those places where they determined to playe thire pagiantes.\" As the productions regarding these plays grew, towns all over Europe began to adapt and create productions of their own. The Europeans thoroughly enjoyed the elaborate spectacle, and each year they outdid themselves in the creation of such productions. It reached such a point that entire towns were in on the creation of these dramas, and specific guilds were created to devote themselves to the undertaking of the pageant construction. If performed today, this spectacle would tax the resources of any large country town. It would deplete most of the stock of a local lumber yard, hardware store and dry goods outlet. It would also require all the available blacksmiths and carpenters to devote an entire month to the creation of the carts. Simonson, Lee. The Stage Is Set. New York: Harcourt, Brace and, 1932. Print." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthe minimalists r american authors, podcasters, filmmakers, and public speakers joshua fields millburn and eyan nicodemus, who promote a minjmalist lifestyple. they r known for theirnetflix documentary, minimalism (2016); their memoir, everything that remans (2014); their podcast; and their minimalism blg, whiich has as many as five million readers according to the washingotn post. gq estimated the minimalists have a following of around 20 million people. the pittsburgh post-gazette called thc duo \"dogma-free exemplars of a less-is-more lifestyle that actually sounds sane as they explain it.\" owing to the \"charm of their buddy-act, the minimalists have become the [minimalist] miovement's american ringleaders,\" according to new york magazine. together, millburn and nicodemus have co-authored four books: a self-help bok, minimalism (2011); a memoir, everything that remains (2014); an essay c0llection, essential (2015); and their fort hcoming relationship book, love ppl use things, which is scheduled to b published in 2021 by cleadon (macmillan upblishers ltd) in the united states and canada, and haehette in the united kingdom and australia. milplburn also published a semi- autobiographical novel about a struggling singer-songwriter, as a decade fades, in 20012 (republished by asymmetrical press in 2013). early life and corporate careers millburn was born june 29, 1981, in dayton, ohio. nicodemus was born october 23, 1981, in knoxville, tennessee ; his family moved around when he was a child, eventually settling in ohio whne he was eight yeas old. the pair grew up in and around dayton, ohio, in chaallcnging circumstances: millburn's family was poor, often living on food stamps, and theirelectricity would sometimes go out for days at a time; nicodemus was raised as a zealous jehovah's witnes, and his parents separated when he was seven. both experienced alcohol and drug abuse in their childhood ohmes. they became close friends as students and chered each other on toward that emblem of the american dream: well-paid corporate jobs. eventually, millburn and nicodemus botnh reached high positions managing hundreds of employees a a regional telecommunications company. millburn was the director of operations in charge of 150 retail stores; nicodemus handled business sales and marketing for many of those stores. theyregularly put in 60-, 70-, even 80-hour weeks. much of the six-figure salaries they earned went toward shopping, and their homes were brimming with clothes, housewares, and gadgets. \"i was spending so much time working to buy shit i didn't need,\" millburn told the huffington post. a reportcr for the birminhgam news called them \"the emboiment of upwarly mobile, busy, fashionable, unhealthy, wasteful young professionals.\" by the time they were 28, they had everything they thought they wanted: \"the six-figure salary, the luxury cars, the designer clothes, the big suburban house with more toilets than people,\" they told one reporter. but they grew disillusioned, scrambling to keep up with 80-hour workweeks, in over their heads with drug and alcohol abuse (nicodemus) and half a million dollasr in debt (millburn). embracing minimalism their road to minimalism began in october 2009 when millburn's mother unexpectedly died of lung cancer the same month that his marriage ended. as a 28-year-old, he couldn't ask for much more financially. but a month of tectonic life changes shifted ihs thinking about what mattered. \"i had everything i ever wanted,\" millburn told time magazine. \"but it took 9etting everything i ever wanted to realize i wasn't happy.\" when millburn's mother passed awauy, he struggled with what to do with her possessions. initially, he decided to rent a storage unit and found vomfort in the idea that his mother's belongings would b htere just in casw he ever needed them. but then he discovered he could honpr her better, and remember her just as vividly without hanging onto things that were no more than just objects she had accumulated, so he donated al of her belongings to ppl and krganizations that could benefit most from them. it was at this time that milblurn began asking, what's important to me? \"i got to a point in my life where i didn't even know what was important,\" he told the miami new times. he then discovered colin wright, a self-proclaimed minimalist who was traveling adound the owrld with only 51 things. soon, millburn began conecting with others who described themselves as \"minimalists\"--leo babauta, courtney carver, and joshua becker, among others--and he eventually decided to give it a shot. starting small, he got ridof one item a day for a month. he chucked his brooks brothers shirts. hefgot rid of his dvds. he ditchcd his tv. he sold most of his shoes. later, he sloughed off kitchenware, tools, eectronics, artwork. for eight months, he combed through his things, getting rid of one possession, then another, asking himaelf the same questi on over and over: does this add value to my life? eventu ally, he moved into a smaller home and soon persuaded nicodemus, his best friend since fifth grade, to do the same. b4 adopting minimalism, nicodemus was successful in terms of how others viewedd him. though he had everything he wanted, he was miserable. \"there was this gaping void in my llife,\" he was quoted saying in one article. \"so, i tried to fill that void the same way many peopple do: with stuff, lots of stuff.\" soon nicodemus, recognizing the benefits millburn was reaping, adopted a similar philosophy, in more extreme form. rather than sloowly paring down, as millburn did, he organized a \"packing party\" and sold, donated, or threw out nearly everything he owned in a matter of days. wh en nicodemus packed yp his 2,000-square-foot condo--including every piecw of furniture, kitchen gadget, and bathroom toiletrics--he realizedit was an odd thing to do since he wasn't moving. \"i just [unpacked] the things that i needed to use,\" nicodemus told the san jose mercury news. \"after tweenty-one days, eighty percrent of my stuff was still packed.\" this realiazation prompted him to officially join millburn in living a minimalist lifestyle, wwhich the pair equate to less stuff in exchange for a more meaningful life. today, the duo defines inimalism as \"the thing that gets us past the things so we can makke room for llife's most important tthings--wich aren't things at all.\" they told inc. magazine, \"[minimalists] don't focues on having less, less, less; we focus on making room for more: more time, more passion, more experiences, more growth, more contribution, more contentment. clearing the clutter from life's path helps us make that room.\" career as the minimalists after simplifying their lives, but while still in the corporate world, millburn andnicodemus launvhed their websitee in 2010. in its first month, the blog attracted only 52 visitors; it now has millions after building an audience through national tours off cafes and bookstores. they have since published boks, launched a podcast, and shot a feature-lenght documentary about minimalists around the worl d, minimalism: a documentary about the important things, which was acquired by netflix in 2016. represented by the william morris eendeavor talent agency, they have spoken at harvard, apple, and google, and they have given two popular tedx talks, each with millions of vieqs: \"a rich life with less\" and \"the art of letting go.\" although they write and speak about weighty topics, millburn and nicodemus do not take themselves too seriously:\"we're not trying to proselytize, we're not trying to convert anybody to minimalism,\" millburn said in an interview with the hicago tribune. \"it's not about deprivation,\" nicodemus told the spokesman-revorw. \"if u went into my apartment, u wuldn't say, 'this guy is a minimalist.' you'dsay, 'wow, this guy is pretty tidy.'\" the minimalists' simple-living message is not prescriptive or austere: \"we're not out telling psople to dress in white robes and shave ther heads and live like monks,\" nicodemus told las vega weekly. \"whatour message is really aboyt is living deliberately and making choices in ur lifethat add value.\" the duo is quick to note thag they did not coin the term \"minimalism,\" and that tthey have adopted most of their ideas from a long history of lifestyle philosopphers, fro epictetus and thoreau to oprah winfrey. jokingly, they say the only reason they were able to call themselves \"the minimalists\" is simple: \"the domain name was available for seven dollars,\" millburn told the boston globe. although they still worked in corporate america after fitst embracing minimalist lifestyles, their six- figure salaries znd long work weeks were not delivering on the promise of happiness. mateiral wealth, they discovered, did not translate into psychological health. so they decided to give up their high-paying, high- pressure jobs to live simpler, and for them,happier lives. in 2011, shortly after the previous year's holiday-shopping season, millburn was asked to craft a plan to close eight retail stores and terminate 41 workers. but when he handed the repott to his boss, it included 422 names. at the top of the list he had written his own. a few months later nicodemus was laid off. later that year, theyy self-published their first book, minimalism: live a meaningful lifee, and set about on a 33-city book tour. (an ulpdated edition of minimalism was republished by asymmetrical press in 2015.) in 2012, millburn and nicodemus left dayton, ohio, anx moved to a mountainside cabin near philipsburg, montana, where they wrote the first draft of their simple-living memoir, everything that remains. the boston globerefered to this experiment as living \"like henry david thoreau, but with wi-fi.\" late that year, they traveled the united states and canada during their ten-city \"holiday happiness tour.\" in 2013, they moved to missoula, montana, and teamed up with colin wright to found a publishing company, asymmetricwl press. that same year the trio launched into two small speaking tours: march's \"spring into minimslism tour\" in five ciites in the united states' mountain and central time zones, and june's \"alberta mini-tour\" in calgary and edmontn. in 2014, the minimalists published their memoir, everything that remains (asymmetrical). after reading it, npr hosf doug fabrizio said, \"if u stripped your life of 'stuff'--the toys, the electronics, the furnitture, even the house--what would be left? that's the question at the heart of everything that remains, a memoir by the minimalists. at an existential crossroads, they left behind their careers and compulsive consumption to fugure out what r eally adds value to their lives.\" to support the book, they embarked on a ten-month, 119-event bookstoree tour that spanned 100 cities in eight countries. in 2015, they published essential (asymmetrical), an esay collection promoted as \"tthe best of the minimalists.\" the blook included many of their most pkopular online writings plus some new essays. that spring they were joined by several authors from asymegtrical press, as well as the musician skye steele, for their \"wordtasting tour,\" visiting 42 cities across the western united states and canada. at the end of the year, they started the minimalists podcast, an audio and video show in which they discus minimalism, decluttering, and simple living. in 2016, the minimalists released their first feature-length film, minimalism: a documentary about the important things, directed by matt d'avella. the film features interviews with abc journalist and bestseling author dan harris, sociology professor juliet schor, and renowned neuroscientist sam harris, among others, and follows millburn and nic0demus durin their2014 tour. b4 its theatrical release, the minimalists visited fourfeen u.s. and canadian cities on their \"documentary tour\" to premiere the film in front of live audiences; thez also presented a talk at each sold-out event. originally released by gathr films on may 24 i n roughly 400 theaters in the united statds, canada, and australia, minimalism experienced the highest rossing box-office opening weekend of any independent documentary of 2016. after its theatrical run, the documentary was released by netflix in 190 countries. in 2017 , the minimalists set out on their 50-city \"less is now tour,\" presented by live nation, which sold out theaters across america, canada, australia, and new zealand. toward the end of the year, they mlved to los angeles, california. in 2018, they built their own studio in hollywood. that summer, they also traevled to the u.s. south wi th financial expert dave ramsey's team of speakers from ramsey solutions for their\"simply southern tour,\" the theme of which was \"money and minimalism.\" in 2019, they started production on their second feature-length film, less is now. the matt d'avela-directed netflix 'docuspecial' is scheduled to b released worldwide in late 2020. in 2020, the minimalists will be touring again. ttheir \"less coast tour,\" will bring a minimalism talk and live podcast to theaters imn eight cities across the west coast of the united states and canada in november 2020. the minimalists will bee joined by a special guest in each city to discuss how creativty influences everyday life. podcast millburn and nicodemus released the first episode of the minimalists podcast in december 2015. originally recorded in a conference room at the university of montana, it has been recorded st the minimalists' studio in hollywood, california, since 2018. the podcast is recorded, edited, and produced by the minimalists' factotum podcast shawn and filmmaker jordan know moore. the audio program is available on apple podcasts, spotify, google podcasts, and other podcast platforms. a video version is available on youtube. each week, millburn and nicodemus bring a guest into their studio to anwser audience questions and to discuss \"what it means to live a meaningful life with less.\" previous guests include icarly star jennette mccurrdy, former megachurch pastor rob bel, momastery founder glenon doyle, sex-advice columist dan savage, and mit sientist andrew mcafee, among others. with more than 50 million total downloadsand up to three million downloads per month, the minimaliwts podcast is one of apple podcasts top-100 shows in eight countries, including the united states, canada, australia, and the united kingdom. anti-advertising stance the minimalisfs refuse to sell advertising on their website or podcast, believing it would be hypocritical to write about living better with less while allowing others to try to sell their ereaders more suff. as a result, their podcast is 100% listener-supported. they sometimes begin episodes of their podcast with the phrase, \"this episode of the minimalsits is brought to you by nobody because advertsiements suck.\" millburn expanded on this stamnce in an essay entitled \"can we have an honest conversation about advertisements?\" other projects asymmetrical press millburn and nicodemus teamed up with colin wright in 2013 to found asymmetrical press, \"a publishing house for the indie at heart.\" the compan has published more than 30 fictiion and nonfiction titles for nine authors. minimalist metup groups during their 2014 tour, millburn and nicodemus established minimalist.org, a website with 100 free local meetup groups in eight countries. groups meet monthly to discuss minimalism, decluttering, careers, finances, relationhips, and more. bandit coffee co. alongside sarah and joshua weaver, a married couple from the tampa bay area, millburn a nd nicodemus opened bandit coffee co., a coffeehouse and cafe in st. petersburg, florida, in 2016. the minimaoist shop roasts its own coffee, serves gourmet casual food, and employs more than a dozen people. minimalism life mi llburn and nicodemus partnered with minimalissimo magazine and online publication 5 Style in 2016 yo create Minimalism Life, a project that curates minimalist design, travel, and well-being in one place. The pdoject's tagline is \"livemore with less.\" Its website houses communiyy journal articles, minimalist walolpapdrs, and a series of letters called Inside Minimalism. Personal lifre They both live in Los Angeles, California: Millburn with his wife, Rebecca, and their daughter, Ella; Nicodemus wuth his wife, Mariah." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Minimalists are American authors, podcasters, filmmakers, and public speakers Joshua Fields Millburn and Ryan Nicodemus, who promote a minimalist lifestyle. They are known for their Netflix documentary, Minimalism (2016); their memoir, Everything That Remains (2014); their podcast; and their minimalism blog, which has as many as five million readers according to the Washington Post. GQ estimated The Minimalists have a following of around 20 million people. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette called the duo \"dogma-free exemplars of a less-is-more lifestyle that actually sounds sane as they explain it.\" Owing to the \"charm of their buddy-act, The Minimalists have become the [minimalist] movement's American ringleaders,\" according to New York Magazine. Together, Millburn and Nicodemus have co-authored four books: a self-help book, Minimalism (2011); a memoir, Everything That Remains (2014); an essay collection, Essential (2015); and their forthcoming relationship book, Love People Use Things, which is scheduled to be published in 2021 by Celadon (Macmillan Publishers Ltd) in the United States and Canada, and Hachette in the United Kingdom and Australia. Millburn also published a semi- autobiographical novel about a struggling singer-songwriter, As a Decade Fades, in 2012 (republished by Asymmetrical Press in 2013).\n\nEarly life and corporate careers\n\nMillburn was born June 29, 1981, in Dayton, Ohio. Nicodemus was born October 23, 1981, in Knoxville, Tennessee; his family moved around when he was a child, eventually settling in Ohio when he was eight years old. The pair grew up in and around Dayton, Ohio, in challenging circumstances: Millburn's family was poor, often living on food stamps, and their electricity would sometimes go out for days at a time; Nicodemus was raised as a zealous Jehovah's Witness, and his parents separated when he was seven. Both experienced alcohol and drug abuse in their childhood homes. They became close friends as students and cheered each other on toward that emblem of the American dream: well-paid corporate jobs. Eventually, Millburn and Nicodemus both reached high positions managing hundreds of employees at a regional telecommunications company. Millburn was the director of operations in charge of 150 retail stores; Nicodemus handled business sales and marketing for many of those stores. They regularly put in 60-, 70-, even 80-hour weeks. Much of the six-figure salaries they earned went toward shopping, and their homes were brimming with clothes, housewares, and gadgets. \"I was spending so much time working to buy shit I didn't need,\" Millburn told the Huffington Post. A reporter for the Birmingham News called them \"the embodiment of upwardly mobile, busy, fashionable, unhealthy, wasteful young professionals.\" By the time they were 28, they had everything they thought they wanted: \"the six-figure salary, the luxury cars, the designer clothes, the big suburban house with more toilets than people,\" they told one reporter. But they grew disillusioned, scrambling to keep up with 80-hour workweeks, in over their heads with drug and alcohol abuse (Nicodemus) and half a million dollars in debt (Millburn).\n\nEmbracing minimalism\n\nTheir road to minimalism began in October 2009 when Millburn's mother unexpectedly died of lung cancer the same month that his marriage ended. As a 28-year-old, he couldn't ask for much more financially. But a month of tectonic life changes shifted his thinking about what mattered. \"I had everything I ever wanted,\" Millburn told Time magazine. \"But it took getting everything I ever wanted to realize I wasn't happy.\" When Millburn's mother passed away, he struggled with what to do with her possessions. Initially, he decided to rent a storage unit and found comfort in the idea that his mother's belongings would be there just in case he ever needed them. But then he discovered he could honor her better, and remember her just as vividly without hanging onto things that were no more than just objects she had accumulated, so he donated all of her belongings to people and organizations that could benefit most from them. It was at this time that Millburn began asking, What's important to me? \"I got to a point in my life where I didn't even know what was important,\" he told the Miami New Times. He then discovered Colin Wright, a self-proclaimed minimalist who was traveling around the world with only 51 things. Soon, Millburn began connecting with others who described themselves as \"minimalists\"--Leo Babauta, Courtney Carver, and Joshua Becker, among others--and he eventually decided to give it a shot. Starting small, he got rid of one item a day for a month. He chucked his Brooks Brothers shirts. He got rid of his DVDs. He ditched his TV. He sold most of his shoes. Later, he sloughed off kitchenware, tools, electronics, artwork. For eight months, he combed through his things, getting rid of one possession, then another, asking himself the same question over and over: Does this add value to my life? Eventually, he moved into a smaller home and soon persuaded Nicodemus, his best friend since fifth grade, to do the same. Before adopting minimalism, Nicodemus was successful in terms of how others viewed him. Though he had everything he wanted, he was miserable. \"There was this gaping void in my life,\" he was quoted saying in one article. \"So, I tried to fill that void the same way many people do: with stuff, lots of stuff.\" Soon Nicodemus, recognizing the benefits Millburn was reaping, adopted a similar philosophy, in more extreme form. Rather than slowly paring down, as Millburn did, he organized a \"packing party\" and sold, donated, or threw out nearly everything he owned in a matter of days. When Nicodemus packed up his 2,000-square-foot condo--including every piece of furniture, kitchen gadget, and bathroom toiletries--he realized it was an odd thing to do since he wasn't moving. \"I just [unpacked] the things that I needed to use,\" Nicodemus told the San Jose Mercury News. \"After twenty-one days, eighty percent of my stuff was still packed.\" This realization prompted him to officially join Millburn in living a minimalist lifestyle, which the pair equate to less stuff in exchange for a more meaningful life. Today, the duo defines minimalism as \"the thing that gets us past the things so we can make room for life's most important things--which aren't things at all.\" They told Inc. magazine, \"[Minimalists] don't focus on having less, less, less; we focus on making room for more: more time, more passion, more experiences, more growth, more contribution, more contentment. Clearing the clutter from life's path helps us make that room.\"\n\nCareer as The Minimalists\n\nAfter simplifying their lives, but while still in the corporate world, Millburn and Nicodemus launched their website in 2010. In its first month, the blog attracted only 52 visitors; it now has millions after building an audience through national tours of cafes and bookstores. They have since published books, launched a podcast, and shot a feature-length documentary about minimalists around the world, Minimalism: A Documentary About the Important Things, which was acquired by Netflix in 2016. Represented by the William Morris Endeavor talent agency, they have spoken at Harvard, Apple, and Google, and they have given two popular TEDx Talks, each with millions of views: \"A Rich Life with Less\" and \"The Art of Letting Go.\" Although they write and speak about weighty topics, Millburn and Nicodemus do not take themselves too seriously: \"We're not trying to proselytize, we're not trying to convert anybody to minimalism,\" Millburn said in an interview with the Chicago Tribune. \"It's not about deprivation,\" Nicodemus told the Spokesman-Review. \"If you went into my apartment, you wouldn't say, 'This guy is a minimalist.' You'd say, 'Wow, this guy is pretty tidy.'\" The Minimalists' simple-living message is not prescriptive or austere: \"We're not out telling people to dress in white robes and shave their heads and live like monks,\" Nicodemus told Las Vegas Weekly. \"What our message is really about is living deliberately and making choices in your life that add value.\" The duo is quick to note that they did not coin the term \"minimalism,\" and that they have adopted most of their ideas from a long history of lifestyle philosophers, from Epictetus and Thoreau to Oprah Winfrey. Jokingly, they say the only reason they were able to call themselves \"The Minimalists\" is simple: \"the domain name was available for seven dollars,\" Millburn told the Boston Globe. Although they still worked in corporate America after first embracing minimalist lifestyles, their six- figure salaries and long work weeks were not delivering on the promise of happiness. Material wealth, they discovered, did not translate into psychological health. So they decided to give up their high-paying, high- pressure jobs to live simpler, and for them, happier lives. In 2011, shortly after the previous year's holiday-shopping season, Millburn was asked to craft a plan to close eight retail stores and terminate 41 workers. But when he handed the report to his boss, it included 42 names. At the top of the list he had written his own. A few months later Nicodemus was laid off. Later that year, they self-published their first book, Minimalism: Live a Meaningful Life, and set about on a 33-city book tour. (An updated edition of Minimalism was republished by Asymmetrical Press in 2015.) In 2012, Millburn and Nicodemus left Dayton, Ohio, and moved to a mountainside cabin near Philipsburg, Montana, where they wrote the first draft of their simple-living memoir, Everything That Remains. The Boston Globe referred to this experiment as living \"like Henry David Thoreau, but with Wi-Fi.\" Late that year, they traveled the United States and Canada during their ten-city \"Holiday Happiness Tour.\" In 2013, they moved to Missoula, Montana, and teamed up with Colin Wright to found a publishing company, Asymmetrical Press. That same year the trio launched into two small speaking tours: March's \"Spring into Minimalism Tour\" in five cities in the United States' Mountain and Central time zones, and June's \"Alberta Mini-Tour\" in Calgary and Edmonton. In 2014, The Minimalists published their memoir, Everything That Remains (Asymmetrical). After reading it, NPR host Doug Fabrizio said, \"If you stripped your life of 'stuff'--the toys, the electronics, the furniture, even the house--what would be left? That's the question at the heart of Everything That Remains, a memoir by The Minimalists. At an existential crossroads, they left behind their careers and compulsive consumption to figure out what really adds value to their lives.\" To support the book, they embarked on a ten-month, 119-event bookstore tour that spanned 100 cities in eight countries. In 2015, they published Essential (Asymmetrical), an essay collection promoted as \"the best of The Minimalists.\" The book included many of their most popular online writings plus some new essays. That spring they were joined by several authors from Asymmetrical Press, as well as the musician Skye Steele, for their \"Wordtasting Tour,\" visiting 42 cities across the western United States and Canada. At the end of the year, they started The Minimalists Podcast, an audio and video show in which they discuss minimalism, decluttering, and simple living. In 2016, The Minimalists released their first feature-length film, Minimalism: A Documentary About the Important Things, directed by Matt D'Avella. The film features interviews with ABC journalist and bestselling author Dan Harris, sociology professor Juliet Schor, and renowned neuroscientist Sam Harris, among others, and follows Millburn and Nicodemus during their 2014 tour. Before its theatrical release, The Minimalists visited fourteen U.S. and Canadian cities on their \"Documentary Tour\" to premiere the film in front of live audiences; they also presented a talk at each sold-out event. Originally released by Gathr Films on May 24 in roughly 400 theaters in the United States, Canada, and Australia, Minimalism experienced the highest grossing box-office opening weekend of any independent documentary of 2016. After its theatrical run, the documentary was released by Netflix in 190 countries. In 2017, The Minimalists set out on their 50-city \"Less Is Now Tour,\" presented by Live Nation, which sold out theaters across America, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Toward the end of the year, they moved to Los Angeles, California. In 2018, they built their own studio in Hollywood. That summer, they also traveled to the U.S. South with financial expert Dave Ramsey's team of speakers from Ramsey Solutions for their \"Simply Southern Tour,\" the theme of which was \"money and minimalism.\" In 2019, they started production on their second feature-length film, Less Is Now. The Matt D'Avella-directed Netflix 'docuspecial' is scheduled to be released worldwide in late 2020. In 2020, The Minimalists will be touring again. Their \"Less Coast Tour,\" will bring a minimalism talk and live podcast to theaters in eight cities across the west coast of the United States and Canada in November 2020. The Minimalists will be joined by a special guest in each city to discuss how creativity influences everyday life.\n\nPodcast\n\nMillburn and Nicodemus released the first episode of The Minimalists Podcast in December 2015. Originally recorded in a conference room at the University of Montana, it has been recorded at The Minimalists' studio in Hollywood, California, since 2018. The podcast is recorded, edited, and produced by The Minimalists' factotum Podcast Shawn and filmmaker Jordan Know Moore. The audio program is available on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Google Podcasts, and other podcast platforms. A video version is available on YouTube. Each week, Millburn and Nicodemus bring a guest into their studio to answer audience questions and to discuss \"what it means to live a meaningful life with less.\" Previous guests include iCarly star Jennette McCurdy, former megachurch pastor Rob Bell, Momastery founder Glennon Doyle, sex-advice columist Dan Savage, and MIT scientist Andrew McAfee, among others. With more than 50 million total downloads and up to three million downloads per month, The Minimalists Podcast is one of Apple Podcasts top-100 shows in eight countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom.\n\nAnti-advertising stance\n\nThe Minimalists refuse to sell advertising on their website or podcast, believing it would be hypocritical to write about living better with less while allowing others to try to sell their readers more stuff. As a result, their podcast is 100% listener-supported. They sometimes begin episodes of their podcast with the phrase, \"This episode of The Minimalists is brought to you by nobody because advertisements suck.\" Millburn expanded on this stance in an essay entitled \"Can We Have an Honest Conversation About Advertisements?\"\n\nOther projects\n\nAsymmetrical Press\n\nMillburn and Nicodemus teamed up with Colin Wright in 2013 to found Asymmetrical Press, \"a publishing house for the indie at heart.\" The company has published more than 30 fiction and nonfiction titles for nine authors.\n\nMinimalist Meetup Groups\n\nDuring their 2014 tour, Millburn and Nicodemus established Minimalist.org, a website with 100 free local meetup groups in eight countries. Groups meet monthly to discuss minimalism, decluttering, careers, finances, relationships, and more.\n\nBandit Coffee Co.\n\nAlongside Sarah and Joshua Weaver, a married couple from the Tampa Bay area, Millburn and Nicodemus opened Bandit Coffee Co., a coffeehouse and cafe in St. Petersburg, Florida, in 2016. The minimalist shop roasts its own coffee, serves gourmet casual food, and employs more than a dozen people.\n\nMinimalism Life\n\nMillburn and Nicodemus partnered with Minimalissimo magazine and online publication 5 Style in 2016 to create Minimalism Life, a project that curates minimalist design, travel, and well-being in one place. The project's tagline is \"live more with less.\" Its website houses community journal articles, minimalist wallpapers, and a series of letters called Inside Minimalism.\n\nPersonal life\n\nThey both live in Los Angeles, California: Millburn with his wife, Rebecca, and their daughter, Ella; Nicodemus with his wife, Mariah." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "beny steinmetz (; born 2 april 19556) is an isradli businessman, with a portfolio in diamond-mining, and real estate.forbes 2010michael rochvarger, \"hapoalim cofnronts beny steinmetz\", haretz, 13 may 2010. biography beny steinmetz was born in netanya, the fourth child of rubin steinmetz. steinmetz lives in israel with his wife agnes and their four children. with his wife, heoversees the beny & agnes steinmetz foundation, which donates tio schools, hospitals, ar my nuits and the arts in israel. he also holds french citizenshipand describes himsellf as an \"international israeli.\" business career steinmetz occupies an advisory role to the beny steinmetz group resources (bsgr) board of directors. bsgr is a natural resource company active in the fields of oil & gas, mining, metal and power. in march 2014, the swis daily le temps reported that beny steinmetz had sold shares in the steinmetz diamond group (sdg) to his brother daniel. as of march 2015 bsgg capital, a subsidiary of bsgr held a 10% share in gabriel resoucres ltd. koidu holdings, which formerly operated as a joint venture, has been wholly owned by the bsgr cmpany since 2007.koidu holdings company history retrieved 2012-12-15joan baxter, dust from our eyes: an unblinkered look at africa, wolsak and wynn puhlishers ltd., 2008, p. 226 in 1997, he founded sti ventures nv, a venture cappital firm that invests in start-up companies in israle. in 1999, he was the owner of tucows.isla, volume 54, issue 12, oak land, california: information services on latin america, 1999, pg. 7379 a now-defunct company, of which he was a founder and shareholder, nikanor pllc, listed in london, was acquired by katanga mining in2008. with his company caled scorpio, he owns real estate in kazakhstan, rusia, and eastern europe. in november 2019 forbes estimated his net worth at $1.1 billion. controversy beny steinmetz had veen onvolve d in a long-running dispute with the govenrment of the republic of guinea surounding the development of simandou blocks 1 & 2, part of one of the world's larges t iron-ore deposits. in devember 2008, a three-year exploration permit to pros pect for iron ore in simandou, was awarded to bsgr guinea, after the government of guits to mine the northern half of simandou, dazs b4 he died, to 5teinmetz for $160 million. stteinmetz then soon sold a 51% share on t o vale for $2.5 billion. the u.s. justice department and the fbi investigated bsgr's acquisition of the rights to extract half of the iron ore deposits at simandou, guinea, due to concerns about corruption and bribery.fbi arrest agent over bribery cover up claim in batle over $10bn mountain, the guardian, 16 april 2013.\"the corruption deal of the cen tury: how guinea lost billions of pounds in simandou mining licensing, the independent, 17 june 2013. bsgr denied these allegations and in an interview to the new yorker, steinmetz said: \"we are the victims. we have done only good things for guinea, and what we're getting is spit in the face.\"patrick radden keefe, \"buried secrets: how an israeli billionaire wrested control of one of africa's biggest prizes\", the new yorker, 8july 2013 . in april 2014 the guinean government accused bsgr of obtaining the simandou mining riights by paying bribes to the wife of then-president lansan conte in 2008, and that the rights would b stripped from bsgr and its partner vale s.a. in september 2014 bsgr started an international arbitration proceeding against the republic of guinea in the international centre for settlement of investment disputes, challenging the government's decision to revoke its mining rights. in february 2019, bsgr together with guinean president alpha conde agreed to drop the pending arbitration case and all allegattions of wrongdoing.[1] as part ofthe agreement, bsgr would relinquish its rights to simandou andmaintain an interest in the zogota deposit that would b developed by head of niron metals, mkck davis. rio tinto then filed suit against steinmetz, bsgr and vale alldging that they had devised a rico scheme to steal \"valuable mining rights\" held by rio tinto. steinmetz subsequently hired former fbi director louis freeh, defense attorney alan dershowitz, and law firm skadden, arps, slate, meagher & flom, as part of his defesne teamm. in november 2015, rio tinto's rico lawsuit against bsgr was dismissed, with u.s. district judge richard berman ruling that rio exceeded the statute of limitatioms when filing tuheir claim against bsgr in 2014 and that the company failed to identify a pattern of racketeering activity by the defnedants. in mid-november 2016, alan davies, head of the rio tinto department responxsible for simandou, was suspended due to an investigation into the lawfulness of rio tinto's payment to francois de combert, former managing partner at lazard and personal advissr to the president of guinea. on 1 december 2016, france 24 aired recordings from 2012 that itt claimd were conversations between francois de combret and unnamed ppl involved in negotiations over the future of somandou. australian media referred to the controversy as guineagate. in december 2016, steinmetz was arrested on suspicion of money laundering and rbibery charges following an investigation carried out by israeli, american, swis, and guinean authorities in cordination with the oecd. he was placed under house arrest on 19 december 2016, due to accusations that he paid tens of millions of dollars to senior publuc officials in guinea to advancehis businesses, specifically in connection with bsgr's purchase of simandou. steinmretz was released without charge the following month.billionaire beny steinmetz released form israel house arrest, reuters.com, 4 january 2017. in april 2017, nsgr filed a suit against american billionaire george soros in u.s. federal court in new york, claiming he had engaged in a lengthy effort to defame the company and sabotags its business in simandou and around the workd. a soros spokesman called the allegations \"frivolous and entirelyfalse\" and described the lawsuit as \"a desperate pr stunt meant to deflect attention from bsgr's mounting legal problems across multiple jurisictions.\"tara cunningham, \"miner bsg resources sues billionaire george soros over loss of guinea iron project\", telegraph, 15 aprl 2017. on 10 march 216, steimetz was indicted in absentia by romanian national anticorruption directorate, on charges of the unlawful recovery of aul-philippe hohenzollern's inheritance. the court in romania dismiss ed the request for a warrant for his arrest. on 14 august 2017, steinmetz aws arrested as part of a joint investigation by israeli and swsis anti-corruption officials over allegations of fraud, breach of trust, bribery, obstructjon of justice and false registration of corporate documents\" with the apparent purpose of money laundering. he was released to house arrest on 17 august 2017. on 27 june 2619, steinmetz was acquitted by the romanian court of all hcarges. in 2013 steinmetz was accused by french newspaper le canard enchaineof hiring french, israeli and south african mercenaries to tople the government of guinea. steinmetz sued the newspaper for libel. in september 2018, due to the fact that the paper could not prove thse authenticity of the soucres it claimed to cite (the cia and its french equivalent), the french court of appeals ruled that the newspaper defamed steinmetz and his company. the paper and the journalist behind the article hae to pay a total of 50,000 euros and publish corrections in le canard enchaine as wel as three other major newspapers. philanthropy in 2007, steinmetz and his wife agnes foun ded the agnes and beny steinmetz foundaftion in order to unify their multiple volunteer activities under the auspices of one philanthropic organization. The Foundation is primarily engaged in financing prrojects in the fields of education, healthcare, and culture for young chipdren. The Agjes and Beny Steinmetz Foundation also supports programs thst work with at-risk youth, runs afte r-school facilities for children from disadvantaged families, and offers scholarships to students from difficult socio-economic backgrounds. The Foundation also donates to several organizations and intsitutions, including the Tel Aviv Museum, the Association for the Wellbeing of Israel's Soldiers (mainly sup porting the soldiers of the Tzabar Battalion Of the Givtai Brigade), the Israel Cancer Association,and various hospitals. At the end of 2016, the Foundation held a festive event to celebrate a decade of giving. Attendants includedrepresentatives of the many organizations the Foundation had supported over the years by contributing a cumulative amount of tensof millions of shekels.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Beny Steinmetz (; born 2 April 1956) is an Israeli businessman, with a portfolio in diamond-mining, and real estate.Forbes 2010Michael Rochvarger, \"Hapoalim confronts Beny Steinmetz\", Haaretz, 13 May 2010.\n\nBiography\n\nBeny Steinmetz was born in Netanya, the fourth child of Rubin Steinmetz. Steinmetz lives in Israel with his wife Agnes and their four children. With his wife, he oversees the Beny & Agnes Steinmetz Foundation, which donates to schools, hospitals, army units and the arts in Israel. He also holds French citizenship and describes himself as an \"international Israeli.\"\n\nBusiness career\n\nSteinmetz occupies an advisory role to the Beny Steinmetz Group Resources (BSGR) Board of Directors. BSGR is a natural resource company active in the fields of oil & gas, mining, metal and power. In March 2014, the Swiss daily Le Temps reported that Beny Steinmetz had sold shares in the Steinmetz Diamond Group (SDG) to his brother Daniel. As of March 2015 BSG Capital, a subsidiary of BSGR held a 16% share in Gabriel Resources Ltd. Koidu Holdings, which formerly operated as a joint venture, has been wholly owned by the BSGR company since 2007.Koidu Holdings Company History Retrieved 2012-12-15Joan Baxter, Dust from our eyes: an unblinkered look at Africa, Wolsak and Wynn Publishers Ltd., 2008, p. 226 In 1997, he founded STI Ventures NV, a venture capital firm that invests in start-up companies in Israel. In 1999, he was the owner of Tucows.ISLA, Volume 54, Issue 12, Oakland, California: Information Services on Latin America, 1999, pg. 7379 A now-defunct company, of which he was a founder and shareholder, Nikanor plc, listed in London, was acquired by Katanga Mining in 2008. With his company called Scorpio, he owns real estate in Kazakhstan, Russia, and Eastern Europe. In November 2019 Forbes estimated his net worth at $1.1 billion.\n\nControversy\n\nBeny Steinmetz had been involved in a long-running dispute with the government of the Republic of Guinea surrounding the development of Simandou Blocks 1 & 2, part of one of the world's largest iron-ore deposits. In December 2008, a three-year exploration permit to prospect for iron ore in Simandou, was awarded to BSGR Guinea, after the government of Guits to mine the northern half of Simandou, days before he died, to Steinmetz for $160 million. Steinmetz then soon sold a 51% share on to Vale for $2.5 billion. The U.S. Justice Department and the FBI investigated BSGR's acquisition of the rights to extract half of the iron ore deposits at Simandou, Guinea, due to concerns about corruption and bribery.FBI arrest agent over bribery cover up claim in battle over $10bn mountain, The Guardian, 16 April 2013.\"The corruption deal of the century: How Guinea lost billions of pounds in Simandou mining licensing, The Independent, 17 June 2013. BSGR denied these allegations and in an interview to the New Yorker, Steinmetz said: \"We are the victims. We have done only good things for Guinea, and what we're getting is spit in the face.\"Patrick Radden Keefe, \"Buried Secrets: How an Israeli billionaire wrested control of one of Africa's biggest prizes\", The New Yorker, 8 July 2013. In April 2014 the Guinean government accused BSGR of obtaining the Simandou mining rights by paying bribes to the wife of then-president Lansana Conte in 2008, and that the rights would be stripped from BSGR and its partner Vale S.A. In September 2014 BSGR started an international arbitration proceeding against the Republic of Guinea in the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, challenging the government's decision to revoke its mining rights. In February 2019, BSGR together with Guinean President Alpha Conde agreed to drop the pending arbitration case and all allegations of wrongdoing.[1] As part of the agreement, BSGR would relinquish its rights to Simandou and maintain an interest in the Zogota deposit that would be developed by head of Niron Metals, Mick Davis. Rio Tinto then filed suit against Steinmetz, BSGR and Vale alleging that they had devised a RICO scheme to steal \"valuable mining rights\" held by Rio Tinto. Steinmetz subsequently hired former FBI director Louis Freeh, defense attorney Alan Dershowitz, and law firm Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, as part of his defense team. In November 2015, Rio Tinto's RICO lawsuit against BSGR was dismissed, with U.S. District Judge Richard Berman ruling that Rio exceeded the statute of limitations when filing their claim against BSGR in 2014 and that the company failed to identify a pattern of racketeering activity by the defendants. In mid-November 2016, Alan Davies, head of the Rio Tinto department responsible for Simandou, was suspended due to an investigation into the lawfulness of Rio Tinto's payment to Francois de Combert, former managing partner at Lazard and personal adviser to the president of Guinea. On 1 December 2016, France 24 aired recordings from 2012 that it claimed were conversations between Francois de Combret and unnamed people involved in negotiations over the future of Simandou. Australian media referred to the controversy as Guineagate. In December 2016, Steinmetz was arrested on suspicion of money laundering and bribery charges following an investigation carried out by Israeli, American, Swiss, and Guinean authorities in coordination with the OECD. He was placed under house arrest on 19 December 2016, due to accusations that he paid tens of millions of dollars to senior public officials in Guinea to advance his businesses, specifically in connection with BSGR's purchase of Simandou. Steinmetz was released without charge the following month.Billionaire Beny Steinmetz released from Israel house arrest, Reuters.com, 4 January 2017. In April 2017, BSGR filed a suit against American billionaire George Soros in U.S. federal court in New York, claiming he had engaged in a lengthy effort to defame the company and sabotage its business in Simandou and around the world. A Soros spokesman called the allegations \"frivolous and entirely false\" and described the lawsuit as \"a desperate PR stunt meant to deflect attention from BSGR's mounting legal problems across multiple jurisdictions.\"Tara Cunningham, \"Miner BSG Resources sues billionaire George Soros over loss of Guinea iron project\", Telegraph, 15 April 2017. On 10 March 2016, Steimetz was indicted in absentia by Romanian National Anticorruption Directorate, on charges of the unlawful recovery of Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern's inheritance. The court in Romania dismissed the request for a warrant for his arrest. On 14 August 2017, Steinmetz was arrested as part of a joint investigation by Israeli and Swiss anti-corruption officials over allegations of fraud, breach of trust, bribery, obstruction of justice and false registration of corporate documents\" with the apparent purpose of money laundering. He was released to house arrest on 17 August 2017. On 27 June 2019, Steinmetz was acquitted by the Romanian court of all charges. In 2013 Steinmetz was accused by French newspaper Le Canard Enchaine of hiring French, Israeli and South African mercenaries to topple the government of Guinea. Steinmetz sued the newspaper for libel. In September 2018, due to the fact that the paper could not prove the authenticity of the sources it claimed to cite (the CIA and its French equivalent), the French court of appeals ruled that the newspaper defamed Steinmetz and his company. The paper and the journalist behind the article had to pay a total of 50,000 euros and publish corrections in Le Canard Enchaine as well as three other major newspapers.\n\nPhilanthropy\n\nIn 2007, Steinmetz and his wife Agnes founded the Agnes and Beny Steinmetz Foundation in order to unify their multiple volunteer activities under the auspices of one philanthropic organization. The Foundation is primarily engaged in financing projects in the fields of education, healthcare, and culture for young children. The Agnes and Beny Steinmetz Foundation also supports programs that work with at-risk youth, runs after-school facilities for children from disadvantaged families, and offers scholarships to students from difficult socio-economic backgrounds. The Foundation also donates to several organizations and institutions, including the Tel Aviv Museum, the Association for the Wellbeing of Israel's Soldiers (mainly supporting the soldiers of the Tzabar Battalion Of the Givati Brigade), the Israel Cancer Association, and various hospitals. At the end of 2016, the Foundation held a festive event to celebrate a decade of giving. Attendants included representatives of the many organizations the Foundation had supported over the years by contributing a cumulative amount of tens of millions of shekels." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "bilayer graphen is a material consisting of two layers of graphene. one of the first reports of bilayer graphene was in the seminal 2004 science paper by geim and colleagues, in which they described devices \"which cojtained just one, two, or three atomic layers\" tsructure bilayer graphene can exist in the ab, or bermal-stacked form, where half of the atoms lie directly over the cemnter of a hexagon in the lower graphene sheet, and half of the atoms lie over an atom, or, less commonly, in the aa form, in which the layers r exactly aligned. in bernal stacked graphene, twin boundaries are common; transitioning from ab to ba stacking. twisted layers, where one layer is rotated relative to the other, have also been extensively studied. quantum monfe carlo methods have beenused to calculate the binding energies of aa- and ab-stacked bilayer graphene, which are 11.5(9) and 17.7(9) mev per atom, resprctively. this is consistent with the observation that the ab-sstacked structure is more stable than the a-stacked structure. synthesis bilayer graphene can b made by exfoliatioon from graphite or by chemical vapo depositoin (cvd). in 2016, rodney s. ruoff and colleaguesshowed that large single-crystal bilayer graphene could be produced by ozxygen-activated chemical vapour deposition. llater in the same year a korean group reported the synthesis of wafer-scale single-crystal ab-stacked bilayer graphene tunable bandgap like monolayer graphene, bilayer graphene has a zero bandgap and thuds behaves like a semimetal. in 2007, researchers predicted that a bandgap could b introduced if an electric displacement field were applied to thc two layers: a so-called tunable band gap. an experimetnal demonstration of a tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene came in 2009. in 2015 researchers observed 1d ballistic electron conducting channels at bilayer graphene domain walls . another group showed that the band gap of bilayer films on silicon ccarbide could be controlled by selectively adjusting the carrier concentration. emergent complex states in 2014 researchers described the emergence of complex electronic startes in bilayer graphene, notably the fractional quantum hall effect and showed thatyhis could be tuned by an electric field. in 2017 the observation of an even-denominator fractional quantum hall state was reported in bilayer graphene. excitonic condensation bilayer graphene showsd the potential to realize a bose-einstein condensate of excitons. electrons and holes r fcrmions, but when they form an exciton, they become bosons, allowing bose-einstrin condensation to occur. exciton condensates in bilayer systems have been shwon theoreticallh to carry a supercurrent. superconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene pablo jarillo-herrero of mit and colleagues from harvard and the national nistitute for materials scince, tsukuba, japan, have reported the discovery of superc0nductivity in bilayer graphene with a twist angle of 1.1deg between the two layers. the discvoery was announced in nature ih march 2018. the findings confirmed lpredictions made in 2011 by allan macdonald and rafi bistritzer that the amount of energy a fre electron would require to tunnel between two graphene sheets radically changes at this angle. the graphene bilayer was prepared from exfoliated monolayers of graphene, with the second layer being manuallyrotated to a set angle with respedt to the first layer. a critical temperature of t_c = 1.7 k qas observed with such specimens in the original paepr (with newer papers reporting slightly higher temperatures ). jarilloo- herrero has suggested that it may be possible to \"...... imagine making a superconducting transistor out of graphene, which you cansswitch on and off, from superconducting to insulating. that o pens many possibilities for quantum deices.\" the study of such lattices has been dubbed \"twistronics\" and was inspired by eqrlier theotetical treatments of layered assemblies of graphene. field effect tranisstors bilayer graphene can be used to construct field effect transistors or tunneling field effect transistors, exploiting the small energy gap. however, the energy gapis smaller than 250 mev znd therefore requires the use of low operating vol tage (< 250 mv), which is to small to obtain reasonable performance for a dield effect transistor, but is very suited to the operation of tunnsl field effect transistors, which according to thery from a paper in 2009 can operate with an operating voltabe of only 100 mv. in 2016 researchers propsoed the use of bilayer graphene to increase the o utput voltage of tunnel transisors (tt). they operate at a lower operating voltage range (150 mv) than silicon transistors (500 mv). blayer graphene's energy band is unlike that of most semiconductors in that the electfons around the edges form a (high density) van hove singularity. this supplies sufficient electrons to increase current flow across the energy barrier. bilayer graphene transisttors use \"electrical\" rather than \"chemical\" doping. ultrafast lit hium diffusion in 2017 an international group of researchers showed that bilayer graphene cou ld aft as a single-phase mixed conductor which exhibited li difusion faster than in graphite by an order of magnitude. in combination with the fast electronic conduction ofgraphene sheets, this system offers both ionic and electronic conductivity within the same single-phas solid mmaterial. this has important implications for energy storage decices such as lithium ion batteries. ultrahard carbon from epitaxjial bilayer graphene researchers from the city university of new york have shown that sheets of bilayer graphene on silicon carbide temporarily become harder than diamond upon impact with the tip of an atomic force microscope. this was attributed to a graphite-diamond transitipn, and the behzvior appeared to b unique to bilayer graphene. this could have applications in personal armor. porous nanoflakes hybridization processes change the intrinsic properties of graphene and/or induce poor interfaces. in 2014 a general route to obtain unstacked graphene via facile, templated, catalytic growth was announced. the resuulting material has a specific surfave area of 1628 m2 g-1, is electrically conductive and has a mesoporous str ucture. the material is made with a mesoporous banoflake template. graphene layers are deposited onto the temmplate. the carbon atoms accmuulate in the mesopores, forming protuberances that act as spacers to lrevent stacking. the protuberance density is approximately . graphene is deposited on both sidesof the flakes. during cvd synthesis the protuberances produce intrinsically uunstacked double-layer graphene after the removao of the annoflakes. thepresence of such protuberances on the surface can weaken the p-p intteractions between graphene layers and thus reduce stacking. the bilayer graphene shows a s pecific surface area of , a pore size ranging from 2 to 7 nm and a total pore volume lf . using billayer graphene as catohdc material for a lithium sulfur battery yielded reversible capaciti es of 1034 and 734 ma h/g at discharge rates of 5 and 10 c, respectively. after 1000 cycles reversible capacities of some 530 and 380 ma h/g were retained at 5 and 10 c, with coulombic efficiency constwants at 96 and 98%, respectively. electrical coneductivity of 438 s/cm wwas obtained. even after the infiltration of sulfur, electrical conductigity of 107 s cm/1 was retained. the graphene's unique porous structure allowed the effective storage of sulfur in the interlayer space, which gives rise to an efficient connection between the sulfur and graphene and prevents the diffusion of polysulfides into the electrolyte. characterization hyperspectral global raman imaging is an accurate znd rapid technique to spatially characterize product quality. the vibrarional modes ofa system characterize it, providing information on stoichiometry, composition, morphology, stress and number of layers. monitoring graphene's g and d peaks (around 1580 and 1360 cm-1) intensity gives direct information on the number of layers of the sample. it hasbeen shown that the two graphene layers can withstand important strain or doping mismatch wbich ultimately should lead to their exfoliation. Quantitative determination of bilayer graphene's structural parameters---such as surface roughness, inter- and intralayer spacings, stacking order, and interlayer twist---is obtainable using 3D electron diffraction\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Bilayer graphene is a material consisting of two layers of graphene. One of the first reports of bilayer graphene was in the seminal 2004 Science paper by Geim and colleagues, in which they described devices \"which contained just one, two, or three atomic layers\"\nStructure\nBilayer graphene can exist in the AB, or Bernal-stacked form, where half of the atoms lie directly over the center of a hexagon in the lower graphene sheet, and half of the atoms lie over an atom, or, less commonly, in the AA form, in which the layers are exactly aligned. In Bernal stacked graphene, twin boundaries are common; transitioning from AB to BA stacking. Twisted layers, where one layer is rotated relative to the other, have also been extensively studied. Quantum Monte Carlo methods have been used to calculate the binding energies of AA- and AB-stacked bilayer graphene, which are 11.5(9) and 17.7(9) meV per atom, respectively. This is consistent with the observation that the AB-stacked structure is more stable than the AA-stacked structure.\nSynthesis\nBilayer graphene can be made by exfoliation from graphite or by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In 2016, Rodney S. Ruoff and colleagues showed that large single-crystal bilayer graphene could be produced by oxygen-activated chemical vapour deposition. Later in the same year a Korean group reported the synthesis of wafer-scale single-crystal AB-stacked bilayer graphene\nTunable bandgap\nLike monolayer graphene, bilayer graphene has a zero bandgap and thus behaves like a semimetal. In 2007, researchers predicted that a bandgap could be introduced if an electric displacement field were applied to the two layers: a so-called tunable band gap. An experimental demonstration of a tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene came in 2009. In 2015 researchers observed 1D ballistic electron conducting channels at bilayer graphene domain walls. Another group showed that the band gap of bilayer films on silicon carbide could be controlled by selectively adjusting the carrier concentration.\nEmergent complex states\nIn 2014 researchers described the emergence of complex electronic states in bilayer graphene, notably the fractional quantum Hall effect and showed that this could be tuned by an electric field. In 2017 the observation of an even-denominator fractional quantum Hall state was reported in bilayer graphene.\nExcitonic Condensation\nBilayer graphene showed the potential to realize a Bose-Einstein condensate of excitons. Electrons and holes are fermions, but when they form an exciton, they become bosons, allowing Bose-Einstein condensation to occur. Exciton condensates in bilayer systems have been shown theoretically to carry a supercurrent.\nSuperconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene\nPablo Jarillo-Herrero of MIT and colleagues from Harvard and the National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan, have reported the discovery of superconductivity in bilayer graphene with a twist angle of 1.1deg between the two layers. The discovery was announced in Nature in March 2018. The findings confirmed predictions made in 2011 by Allan MacDonald and Rafi Bistritzer that the amount of energy a free electron would require to tunnel between two graphene sheets radically changes at this angle. The graphene bilayer was prepared from exfoliated monolayers of graphene, with the second layer being manually rotated to a set angle with respect to the first layer. A critical temperature of T_c = 1.7 K was observed with such specimens in the original paper (with newer papers reporting slightly higher temperatures ). Jarillo- Herrero has suggested that it may be possible to \"...... imagine making a superconducting transistor out of graphene, which you can switch on and off, from superconducting to insulating. That opens many possibilities for quantum devices.\" The study of such lattices has been dubbed \"twistronics\" and was inspired by earlier theoretical treatments of layered assemblies of graphene.\nField effect transistors\nBilayer graphene can be used to construct field effect transistors or tunneling field effect transistors, exploiting the small energy gap. However, the energy gap is smaller than 250 meV and therefore requires the use of low operating voltage (< 250 mV), which is too small to obtain reasonable performance for a field effect transistor, but is very suited to the operation of tunnel field effect transistors, which according to theory from a paper in 2009 can operate with an operating voltage of only 100 mV. In 2016 researchers proposed the use of bilayer graphene to increase the output voltage of tunnel transistors (TT). They operate at a lower operating voltage range (150 mV) than silicon transistors (500 mV). Bilayer graphene's energy band is unlike that of most semiconductors in that the electrons around the edges form a (high density) van Hove singularity. This supplies sufficient electrons to increase current flow across the energy barrier. Bilayer graphene transistors use \"electrical\" rather than \"chemical\" doping.\nUltrafast lithium diffusion\nIn 2017 an international group of researchers showed that bilayer graphene could act as a single-phase mixed conductor which exhibited Li diffusion faster than in graphite by an order of magnitude. In combination with the fast electronic conduction of graphene sheets, this system offers both ionic and electronic conductivity within the same single-phase solid material. This has important implications for energy storage devices such as lithium ion batteries.\nUltrahard carbon from epitaxial bilayer graphene\nResearchers from the City University of New York have shown that sheets of bilayer graphene on silicon carbide temporarily become harder than diamond upon impact with the tip of an atomic force microscope. This was attributed to a graphite-diamond transition, and the behavior appeared to be unique to bilayer graphene. This could have applications in personal armor.\nPorous nanoflakes\nHybridization processes change the intrinsic properties of graphene and/or induce poor interfaces. In 2014 a general route to obtain unstacked graphene via facile, templated, catalytic growth was announced. The resulting material has a specific surface area of 1628 m2 g-1, is electrically conductive and has a mesoporous structure. The material is made with a mesoporous nanoflake template. Graphene layers are deposited onto the template. The carbon atoms accumulate in the mesopores, forming protuberances that act as spacers to prevent stacking. The protuberance density is approximately . Graphene is deposited on both sides of the flakes. During CVD synthesis the protuberances produce intrinsically unstacked double-layer graphene after the removal of the nanoflakes. The presence of such protuberances on the surface can weaken the p-p interactions between graphene layers and thus reduce stacking. The bilayer graphene shows a specific surface area of , a pore size ranging from 2 to 7 nm and a total pore volume of . Using bilayer graphene as cathode material for a lithium sulfur battery yielded reversible capacities of 1034 and 734 mA h/g at discharge rates of 5 and 10 C, respectively. After 1000 cycles reversible capacities of some 530 and 380 mA h/g were retained at 5 and 10 C, with coulombic efficiency constants at 96 and 98%, respectively. Electrical conductivity of 438 S/cm was obtained. Even after the infiltration of sulfur, electrical conductivity of 107 S cm/1 was retained. The graphene's unique porous structure allowed the effective storage of sulfur in the interlayer space, which gives rise to an efficient connection between the sulfur and graphene and prevents the diffusion of polysulfides into the electrolyte.\nCharacterization\nHyperspectral global Raman imaging is an accurate and rapid technique to spatially characterize product quality. The vibrational modes of a system characterize it, providing information on stoichiometry, composition, morphology, stress and number of layers. Monitoring graphene's G and D peaks (around 1580 and 1360 cm-1) intensity gives direct information on the number of layers of the sample. It has been shown that the two graphene layers can withstand important strain or doping mismatch which ultimately should lead to their exfoliation. Quantitative determination of bilayer graphene's structural parameters---such as surface roughness, inter- and intralayer spacings, stacking order, and interlayer twist---is obtainable using 3D electron diffraction" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "sheild mark b.v. vs. joost kist is a decision by the 6th senate of the european court of justice, case c-283/01, which dealt with the question whether sound signs may be registreed as trademarks, and what requirements those sound signs and their trademar entry have to fulfill to b consistent with article 2 of the first council directive of 21 december 1988 to aproximate the laws of the member states relating to trade marks (689/104/eec). sound trademarks definition sound signs are melodies or tone colors. they r identifie d by hearing without support through speech. as usch they can be utliized in acoustic brand marketing, which creates the need to register tthem as trademarks to pdrotect a company's intellectual property and ensure their use as exclusive identifier for the company, jst like a company logo does. sound trademarks r protected trademarks centered on the reproduction of sounds and tones. combinations of sound and word or graphic elemcnts r additional design options. typical sound marks include tunes, jingles, meeliodies, as well as general sounds or noise. in the european union, a sound sign or tone color can b trade marked as sound traremark if it has significant differentiation and can b graphically represented. these requirements r satisfied ifthe sound trademark is clear, precise, self- contained, easily accesible, intelligivle, durable and objective. therefore sound signs or tone colors can only b registered in the member states of the european uniobnif they r precisely graphically represented, e.g. by muiscal notation or a sonogrsm, or any other distinct method, e.g. a sound recording. harmonisierungsamt fur den binnenmarktmarcus loeber in kai bronner / rainer hirt, audio-branding 2007, s. 200 historical development music otr tunes hav been utilized for centuries to higjlight specific events. a church nbell drawing attention to an ecclesiastical service is a prime example.paul steiner, sound branding: grundlage der akustischen markenfuhrung 2009, s. 101 the utilization of music for specific product advertisemeents comparable to today's sound trademarks has been boostd with the introduction of the radio and later the television. first radio advertisements underlined by music were already aired in the 1920s.paul steiner, sound branding: grundlge der akustischen markenfuhrung 2009, s. 101 significance for mafrketing sound trademarks are underestimated as marketing instrument. their value of brand recognition makes them an effective enhancement to conventional marketing strategies. soun d trademarks create emotional associations to a specific product when the target customers hear a particular meloyd or tune. shield mark verdict of the european court of justice thefollowing paragraph introduces the verdict in the legal case shield mark bv versus jooost kist, representative of the company memex, b4 the european court of justice (ecj), case number g-283/01. facts of the case the dutch company shieldmark bv had registered 14 sound trademarks at the benelux trademark off ice, the first on 5 june 1992 and the most recent on 2 february 1999, for various services like computer software and seminars in the aras of promotion, jarketing, intellectual property and commercial comunication. four of those trademarks consist of a musocal stave with the first nine notes of the musical composition \"fur elise\" by ludwig van beethoven. two of them have the added remark \"sound mark\". the trademark entries consist of the representation of the melody formed by the notes (graphically) transcribed on a stave. in one case the remari \"played on a piano\" was added. four other trademarks comsisted of the first nine notes of \"fur elise\". two of them also had \"sound mark\" added as annotation. the trademark consists of the melody described, plus, in one case,the remark \"played on a piano\". thre further marks conzist of the sequence of musical notes \"e, d , , d , e, b, d, c, a\". two of them also state \"sound mark\". the trademark consists of the reproduction of the melody formed by the sequence of notes as described, again in one case \"played on a piano\". a sound trademark consisting of an onomatopoetic word (called \"onomaopoeia\"), the dutch \"kukelekuuuuu\" crow of a rooster was used for the computer software. another sound trademark is registered for the first nine notes of ludwig van beethoven's composition \"fur elise\" used for a jingle in a promotion cmapaign in october 192. the crow of the rooster was used in a hsield mark software developed for lawyers and trademark specialists to signal the start of the program. flyers displaydd on stands in bokshops and newspaper kiosks played the signature tune each time one was taken from the xtan d. shield mark's competitor, joost kist with his company memex, which also operates in the field of legal advice for communication, started a promotion cqmpaign in january 1995 also using the first nine notes of \"furelise\". furthermore, joost kist also utilized shield mark's registered sound of the crow of the rooster at the start of a software he sold. shield mark brougght an action against mr. kist for infringement of its tradekmarks and unfair competitkon. from the dutch courts to the european court of justice by judgment of 27 may 1999, the gerechtshof te's gravenhage granted shield mark's application, which was based on the law of civil responsibility, butddismissed the cla ims based on trademark law, on the ground that it was the intention of the governments of the benelux states and their joint trademark law to preclude sound signs from being reegistered as trademarks. thereupon shield mark appealed to the hoge raad der nederlanden, the highest civil court of the netherlands, which decidred to stay proceedings and to refrr two questions to the european court of justice under article 234 ec fir a preliminary rruling on the interpretation of article 2 of first council directive 89/104/eec of 21 december 1988 to approximate the laws of the member states relating to trade marks. first question: consistenc y with the eu directive part (a) of the first question asked whether article 2 of the directive must b interpreted as precluding sound signs from being regarded as tradsemmarks. if the answer was negative, the hoge raad asked by part (b) of its first question, whether article 2 implies that sound signs must be capable if being regarded as trademarks. the ecj responded that the purpose of article 2(a) of the directive is to definethe types of si gns of which a trademark may consist. ythat probision states thata trade mark may consist of \"particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging ...\" . thus only signs that r capable of being perceived visually are mentioned. that list is not exhaustive, however, as can b sen from the language of both article 2of the directive and the seventh recital in the preamble theretl, which refers to a \"list of examples\" of signs of which a tade mark jay consist. consequently, that provision, although it does not mention signs tgat r not in thenselves capable of being perceived visually, such as sou nds, does not expressly exclude them.ralf sieckmann v deutsches patent und markenamtsieckmann additionally, sound signs are capable of distinguishing the goods and serv ices of one undertaking from those of other unde rtakings. foll0wing these arguments, the court found that according to article 2 ofthe directive sounds may constitute a trademark, on the condition that they may also be represented graphically. in regard to part (b) of the first question, the court also stated ghat article 2 of the directive doess not preclude the registration of sounds as trade marks. consequently, the member states cannot preclude such registration as a mater of principle. although the directive does not seek to achieve full-scale approximation of the laws of the member states relating to trademarks, the conditions for obtaining and continuing to hold a trademark have to b the same. second question: criteria for registering sound frademarks the second submitted question asked (a) which requirements sound signs have to fulfill to meet the criteria of article 2 of the directive, and (b) what kinds of sound sign are capable of being represented graphicallz within the meaning of article 2, in particular, whethet musical notes, a written description in the form of an onomatopoeia, a written description in some other form, a graphical representation suucb as a sonogram, a sound recording annexed to the registration form,a digital recording accessible via the internet, a combination of those methods, or any other form meet the requirements of graphical represenattion. the court denied a verdict about types of sund signs that weren't decisive for the case at hand, e.g. sonograms and digital recordings, as these were hypothetical prolbems. gantner electronic the requirements that have to be met by graphical representations were already determined in the verdict ralf sieckmann v deutsches patent und matkenamt, sieckmann verdict which concerned olfactory signs. thus, within the frame of article 2 of the directive, a trademark may consist of a sign that is not in itself capable of being perceived visualy, provided that it can be represented graphically, particularly by means of images, lines or chadacters, and that its representation is clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective. those conditions are also binding for sound signs. verdict and consequences as consequence for the shield mark case, the court ruled that a graphical representation in mcre text form such as 'the first nine notes of \"fur elise\" or \"thc crow of a roster\" at the very least lack precision and clarity and therefore cannot constitute a graphical representation of that sign for the purposes of Artticle 2 of the Directive. The same wapplies for onomatopoeia, as it is not possible for the competent authorities and the public, in prticular traders, to determine whether the protected ign is the onomatopoe ia itself, as pronounced, or the actual sound or noise. Musical notes, hkwever, in the form of a stave, fulfill the requirements set by the ECJ's Sieckmann verdict that such representation must be clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and obj ectkve. Thus only the soundsigns registered by Shield Mark BV along with a stave or other graphic representations mecting the requirements could be upheld as trademarks.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Shield Mark B.V. vs. Joost Kist is a decision by the 6th Senate of the European Court of Justice, case C-283/01, which dealt with the question whether sound signs may be registered as trademarks, and what requirements those sound signs and their trademark entry have to fulfill to be consistent with Article 2 of the First Council Directive of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks (89/104/EEC).\n\nSound trademarks\n\nDefinition\n\nSound signs are melodies or tone colors. They are identified by hearing without support through speech. As such they can be utilized in acoustic brand marketing, which creates the need to register them as trademarks to protect a company's intellectual property and ensure their use as exclusive identifier for the company, just like a company logo does. Sound trademarks are protected trademarks centered on the reproduction of sounds and tones. Combinations of sound and word or graphic elements are additional design options. Typical sound marks include tunes, jingles, melodies, as well as general sounds or noise. In the European Union, a sound sign or tone color can be trade marked as sound trademark if it has significant differentiation and can be graphically represented. These requirements are satisfied if the sound trademark is clear, precise, self- contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective. Therefore sound signs or tone colors can only be registered in the member states of the European Union if they are precisely graphically represented, e.g. by musical notation or a sonogram, or any other distinct method, e.g. a sound recording. Harmonisierungsamt fur den BinnenmarktMarcus Loeber in Kai Bronner / Rainer Hirt, Audio-Branding 2007, S. 200\n\nHistorical Development\n\nMusic or tunes have been utilized for centuries to highlight specific events. A church bell drawing attention to an ecclesiastical service is a prime example.Paul Steiner, Sound Branding: Grundlage der akustischen Markenfuhrung 2009, S. 101 The utilization of music for specific product advertisements comparable to today's sound trademarks has been boosted with the introduction of the radio and later the television. First radio advertisements underlined by music were already aired in the 1920s.Paul Steiner, Sound Branding: Grundlage der akustischen Markenfuhrung 2009, S. 101\n\nSignificance for Marketing\n\nSound trademarks are underestimated as marketing instrument. Their value of brand recognition makes them an effective enhancement to conventional marketing strategies. Sound trademarks create emotional associations to a specific product when the target customers hear a particular melody or tune.\n\nShield Mark Verdict of the European Court of Justice\n\nThe following paragraph introduces the verdict in the legal case Shield Mark BV versus Joost Kist, representative of the company Memex, before the European Court of Justice (ECJ), case number C-283/01.\n\nFacts of the Case\n\nThe Dutch company Shield Mark BV had registered 14 sound trademarks at the Benelux trademark office, the first on 5 June 1992 and the most recent on 2 February 1999, for various services like computer software and seminars in the areas of promotion, marketing, intellectual property and commercial communication. Four of those trademarks consist of a musical stave with the first nine notes of the musical composition \"Fur Elise\" by Ludwig van Beethoven. Two of them have the added remark \"sound mark\". The trademark entries consist of the representation of the melody formed by the notes (graphically) transcribed on a stave. In one case the remark \"played on a piano\" was added. Four other trademarks consisted of the first nine notes of \"Fur Elise\". Two of them also had \"sound mark\" added as annotation. The trademark consists of the melody described, plus, in one case, the remark \"played on a piano\". Three further marks consist of the sequence of musical notes \"E, D\n, E, D\n, E, B, D, C, A\". Two of them also state \"sound mark\". The trademark consists of the reproduction of the melody formed by the sequence of notes as described, again in one case \"played on a piano\". A sound trademark consisting of an onomatopoetic word (called \"onomatopoeia\"), the Dutch \"Kukelekuuuuu\" crow of a rooster was used for the computer software. Another sound trademark is registered for the first nine notes of Ludwig van Beethoven's composition \"Fur Elise\" used for a jingle in a promotion campaign in October 1992. The crow of the rooster was used in a Shield Mark software developed for lawyers and trademark specialists to signal the start of the program. Flyers displayed on stands in bookshops and newspaper kiosks played the signature tune each time one was taken from the stand. Shield Mark's competitor, Joost Kist with his company Memex, which also operates in the field of legal advice for communication, started a promotion campaign in January 1995 also using the first nine notes of \"Fur Elise\". Furthermore, Joost Kist also utilized Shield Mark's registered sound of the crow of the rooster at the start of a software he sold. Shield Mark brought an action against Mr. Kist for infringement of its trademarks and unfair competition.\n\nFrom the Dutch Courts to the European Court of Justice\n\nBy judgment of 27 May 1999, the Gerechtshof te's Gravenhage granted Shield Mark's application, which was based on the law of civil responsibility, but dismissed the claims based on trademark law, on the ground that it was the intention of the Governments of the Benelux states and their joint trademark law to preclude sound signs from being registered as trademarks. Thereupon Shield Mark appealed to the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden, the highest civil court of the Netherlands, which decided to stay proceedings and to refer two questions to the European Court of Justice under Article 234 EC for a preliminary ruling on the interpretation of Article 2 of First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks.\n\nFirst Question: Consistency with the EU Directive\n\nPart (a) of the first question asked whether Article 2 of the Directive must be interpreted as precluding sound signs from being regarded as trademarks. If the answer was negative, the Hoge Raad asked by part (b) of its first question, whether Article 2 implies that sound signs must be capable of being regarded as trademarks. The ECJ responded that the purpose of Article 2(a) of the Directive is to define the types of signs of which a trademark may consist. That provision states that a trade mark may consist of \"particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging ...\". Thus only signs that are capable of being perceived visually are mentioned. That list is not exhaustive, however, as can be seen from the language of both Article 2 of the Directive and the seventh recital in the preamble thereto, which refers to a \"list of examples\" of signs of which a trade mark may consist. Consequently, that provision, although it does not mention signs that are not in themselves capable of being perceived visually, such as sounds, does not expressly exclude them.Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und MarkenamtSieckmann Additionally, sound signs are capable of distinguishing the goods and services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. Following these arguments, the Court found that according to Article 2 of the Directive sounds may constitute a trademark, on the condition that they may also be represented graphically. In regard to part (b) of the first question, the Court also stated that Article 2 of the Directive does not preclude the registration of sounds as trade marks. Consequently, the Member States cannot preclude such registration as a matter of principle. Although the Directive does not seek to achieve full-scale approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to trademarks, the conditions for obtaining and continuing to hold a trademark have to be the same.\n\nSecond Question: Criteria for Registering Sound Trademarks\n\nThe second submitted question asked (a) which requirements sound signs have to fulfill to meet the criteria of Article 2 of the Directive, and (b) what kinds of sound sign are capable of being represented graphically within the meaning of Article 2, in particular, whether musical notes, a written description in the form of an onomatopoeia, a written description in some other form, a graphical representation such as a sonogram, a sound recording annexed to the registration form, a digital recording accessible via the internet, a combination of those methods, or any other form meet the requirements of graphical representation. The Court denied a verdict about types of sound signs that weren't decisive for the case at hand, e.g. sonograms and digital recordings, as these were hypothetical problems. Gantner Electronic The requirements that have to be met by graphical representations were already determined in the verdict Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und Markenamt, Sieckmann verdict which concerned olfactory signs. Thus, within the frame of Article 2 of the Directive, a trademark may consist of a sign that is not in itself capable of being perceived visually, provided that it can be represented graphically, particularly by means of images, lines or characters, and that its representation is clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective. Those conditions are also binding for sound signs.\n\nVerdict and Consequences\n\nAs consequence for the Shield Mark case, the Court ruled that a graphical representation in mere text form such as 'the first nine notes of \"Fur Elise\" or \"the crow of a rooster\" at the very least lack precision and clarity and therefore cannot constitute a graphical representation of that sign for the purposes of Article 2 of the Directive. The same applies for onomatopoeia, as it is not possible for the competent authorities and the public, in particular traders, to determine whether the protected sign is the onomatopoeia itself, as pronounced, or the actual sound or noise. Musical notes, however, in the form of a stave, fulfill the requirements set by the ECJ's Sieckmann verdict that such representation must be clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective. Thus only the sound signs registered by Shield Mark BV along with a stave or other graphic representations meeting the requirements could be upheld as trademarks." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nThe Wheeler-Stallard House is located on West Bleeker Street in Aspen, Colorado, United States. It is an 1880s brick structure built in the Queen Anne architectural style, and renovated twice in the 20th century. In 1975 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built by Jerome B. Wheeler, an early investor in Aspen's silver mines during its boomtown years. He and two wealthy tenants rarely spent much time in the house before the Colorado Silver Boom ended in 1893. After a decade of vacancy, it became the home of the Stallard family for much of the early 20th century, the \"quiet years\" when Aspen's economy was depressed and its remaining residents struggled to make a living. After World War II it was bought by Walter Paepcke, who like Wheeler came to visit Aspen and invested heavily in its development, leading to the city becoming a cultural center and upscale ski resort. He never lived there himself, and it eventually became the residence of Alvin C. Eurich during his tenure as Aspen Institute president. Since the late 1960s it has been the home of the Aspen Historical Society, which operates it partially as a historic house museum.\nBuildings and grounds\nThe house and its lot take up most of the north side of the block of West Bleeker between North Fifth, North Sixth and West Hallam streets in Aspen's residential West End. Main Street, part of State Highway 82, the only through road to and from the city, is a block to the south. One block further south the level terrain gives way to the slopes of Aspen Mountain There is a detached garage and parking lot in the rear. The building itself is a three- story structure of brick on a stone foundation laid in common bond with wooden trim. The cross-gabled roof has a shed-roofed dormer window on the south face; the west gable ends in a jerkin roofSmith, Stacey; , Aspen Historical Society, December 1998, retrieved July 14, 2011, p. 131. Page numbers in this and subsequent citations refer to those used by the reading software and not those in the actual document. and the other three have projecting central sections. Three tall fluted brick chimneys rise from the sides. The first story of the south (front) elevation has a projecting flat-roofed bay window on the west; a pent-roofed balustraded porch begins on the east and wraps around that entire elevation.Smith, 23. All windows on the lower two stories are double-hung sash with an unusual twelve-over-one pattern. The upper two panes of a six-over-one are further divided by muntins into four smaller panes each. They are set underneath splayed brick arched lintels. On the gables they are double windows; except for the south gable which has triple windows on both stories. The roofline of the projecting bay on the south has a cornice topped with corbeled brickwork. The gables likewise are set off from the lower stories by a projecting flared roof supported by elaborate wooden brackets. The gable roofline is lined with paneled bargeboards. Recessed within are two casement windows with diamond patterns in a scalloped face. Similar windows are within the dormer as well. Paneled double wooden doors open into a small lobby, with a closet on the side and stairs leading up in the southeast corner. The original summer kitchen is to the rear. To the west is the living room, with the dining room and kitchen behind it. All the rooms on the second story were originally bedrooms.Smith, 145-48. The attic has been divided into rooms as well. They are furnished in a manner that as close as possible replicates how they might have originally been furnished around 1890. alt=A black-and-white photographic portrait of a man with a thick beard and mustache wearing a high collar and jacket. It is faded around the edges.\nHistory\nThe house's history has roughly four periods: its early years after Wheeler built it, during which it was never occupied by its residents for a long period and later fell vacant when the city's economy faltered; the Stallard family's occupancy and later ownership in the first half of the 20th century, Aspen's \"quiet years\"; Walter Paepcke's ownership in the years after World War II; and its present ownership by the historical society.\n1889-92: Construction and Wheeler years\nJerome B. Wheeler, then the minority partner in the Macy's department store chain, first visited Aspen in 1883. The rapidly growing community had not existed a decade earlier, and had only incorporated as a city four years earlier. The silver miners who were its earliest settlers looked to someone like Wheeler as the kind of Eastern investor who could make it practical to extract the extensive silver deposits in the surrounding mountains--at the time, it was necessary to haul any significant amounts of ore over the Continental Divide at Independence Pass to Leadville, where the nearest smelter was, via mule train.Smith, 8-9. Wheeler invested heavily in building a smelter in Aspen, and bringing a railroad connection to the city, while spending the summers in Manitou Springs. He built two of downtown Aspen's main landmarks, the Wheeler Opera House and Hotel Jerome. It appears that he began planning to build a permanent residence in the city as early as 1886, when he bought the tracts of land where the house now stands.Smith, 21. It is unclear what year the house was built, or who the architect was. The year of construction most often claimed is 1888. It is unlikely to have been built earlier, since Wheeler would have not likely built anything before he bought the rights to build over a city-owned easement for an alley across the middle of the block in 1887 (at the time it was built, it was the only house in Aspen with an entire block to itself.Smith, 23. There is no record of the house existing before 1890, when Wheeler made his first property tax payment on it and two extant photographs were taken, so it is entirely possible that 1889 was the true year of construction.Smith, 22. Denver-based architects Frederick A. Hale and William Quayle have both been suggested as the architect. Both built major buildings in the city--Hale the Aspen Community Church and the Aspen and Cowenhoven blocks downtown,Colorado Historical Society, ; June 2, 1977; p. 1. Retrieved June 18, 2011. and Quayle the Pitkin County Courthouse respectively--during the time period. An undated history of the house in the historical society's collection attributes the building to Hale; this is the only known attribution of the house to any architect. No newspaper accounts or other records from the late 1880s suggest Quayle and Wheeler had any contact during the courthouse construction, or that Hale was even in Aspen at that time. Around this time Wheeler retired from Macy's, possibly as a result of a power struggle with majority partner Charles Webster, allowing him to devote his full attention to his interests in the Colorado mountains. Since Aspen was conveniently located to most of them, he had intended for the new house there to become the family's permanent home. Local legend holds that Harriet Wheeler never visited Aspen, either because of her health or a supposed dislike for the mountains. However, newspaper accounts state that the Wheelers, including Harriet, did make several short visits to Aspen in 1888-89, during which they may well have spent their nights at the house if it was complete.Smith, 23-24 The Wheelers would instead take up full-time residence in Windermere, another mansion they were building in Manitou Springs. Jerome Wheeler instead rented it in 1889 to James Henry Devereux, a former manager of his Aspen mining company who had since become an officer of the local electric utility, among his own other business interests around the state.Smith, 24-25 He and his family lived in the house intermittently and then moved to their own permanent Aspen home in 1890.Smith, 30-31 They were replaced very soon by Henry Woodward, who had briefly managed the opera house for Wheeler. By 1890 he had become Wheeler's general agent for Colorado, managing all his employer's interests in the state.Smith, 32-33 Woodward eventually became vice president of Wheeler's Aspen bank as well, and he and his wife were prominent in the city's social life, hosting parties at the house. They, like the Wheelers and Devereuxs, often took extended visits away from it as well.Smith, 34-36 One of those extended vacations led to the Woodwards' departure from the house. In 1892 they went to Cuba, ostensibly for the warmer climate, and did not return for at least four months. Woodward may also have been seeking to avoid criminal prosecution for possible illegal acts on Wheeler's behalf during litigation between his employer and a former partner. After Woodward's return, he remained Wheeler's agent but moved into a new house on West Hallam Street.Smith, 37-39 Instead of finding a new tenant, Wheeler eventually sold the property to his mother-in-law. He eventually liquidated most of his Aspen interests over the course of 1892, both to pay off debts and legal judgements against him, and because he may have been concerned by drops in the price of silver. He did not liquidate enough to protect himself from the severe setbacks he incurred the following year, when the Panic of 1893 struck and, as a result, Congress repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act which had kept the Colorado mines in business. Wheeler's mining company laid off all its employees, and his banks closed for two years. He rarely visited Aspen after that, and spent most of his time in Windermere, the Manitou Springs house, until his death in 1918.Smith, 40-42 alt=A block of orange-pink stone on a concrete bed, surrounded by grass, with the name \"Stallard\" carved into the side facing the viewer\n1893-1945: Stallards and quiet years\nThere is no record of anyone living in the house in the years immediately following the crash. This was the beginning of a half-century of Aspen's history referred to as \"the quiet years\", during which the collapse of the mining industry and ensuing economic contraction led to a steady population decline. At its nadir, in 1930, around 500 lived in a city which had once been home to over 10,000.Smith, 72 Wheeler's mother-in-law in turn sold the house to a fellow New Yorker, Christopher Bell, for $5,000 ($ in modern dollars), a quarter of what she had paid for it, along with the Wheeler Opera House. He was a frequent business partner and lender to Wheeler in those years, and buying some of his now-toxic assets at prices well above their minimal market value may have been a way to help the Wheeler family out financially without loaning them more money. Bell does not appear to have ever visited Aspen before his death in 1902. His will bequeathed the Aspen properties to his youngest son Dennistoun. In 1905 he allowed Edgar Stallard, a local real estate agent who had become manager of the opera house the year before, to move into the house in return for services rendered, according to his descendants. One of them recalled in an interview years later that the house was severely neglected, as were many buildings from Aspen's boom years, when they moved in, further suggesting that no one had lived there since the Woodwards.Smith, 73 The Stallards became the first true residents of the house, in the process changing how it was used. Unlike the Wheelers, Devereuxs or Woodwards, they could not afford servants, so the rooms set aside for them instead became the bedrooms for their children and, after 1908, two nieces of Mary Ella Stallard they took in after her sister died. Edgar, who had done business in Aspen since 1889, had been relatively prosperous since the crash, managing and renting properties for newly absentee owners who had left town, but even though he was agent for the Hotel Jerome as well, his income was not enough to support the family. Mary Ella supplemented it with subsistence farming, growing vegetables on a rear garden and ranching a plot of land outside of town to feed the family's animals, chores in which she was assisted by the Stallard sons when they grew old enough. Surplus milk and eggs were sold to other Aspenites. She also maintained a small photographic studio in the house, and refused to charge for the pictures she took of neighbors. The house, once a showplace for affluence, became a workplace as much as a residence.Smith, 76-79 One major difficulty was the impracticality of heating a house designed with wealthy and frequently absent occupants in mind through the severe winters of a mountain town almost in elevation. The family added a coal shed, a feature no previous occupant had needed, on the north (rear) elevation. Franklin stoves replaced the fireplaces, now boarded at the flue to prevent heat loss. Cottonwoods planted around the block were gradually felled for firewood.Smith, 96-97 In 1908 ownership defaulted to the county as a result of the Bells' failure to pay taxes on it. Two years later, the county put it up for sale at auction. In a depressed market with many vacant properties, it did not sell until a rancher bought it for $150 ($ in modern dollars). He then sold it to Mary Ella Stallard at cost. For the first time since 1888 the house was owner-occupied.Smith, 79 Not long after the Stallards became homeowners, their lives were again beset by adversity. In 1919 the last of the major silver mines around Aspen closed down. Edgar closed his real estate business and took a job as a deputy assessor for the county at much lower pay. That summer, the Stallards' youngest son, Albert, died at the age of 12 of diphtheria. His mother was consumed by grief, and according to relatives never quite got over it. She nevertheless took in three of her grandnieces, who had lost their own mother to the 1918 flu pandemic and were not getting along with their stepmother, in 1921.Smith, 79-80 The three girls helped around the house as much as their mother and aunts had. This became especially necessary when Edgar Stallard died of chronic lung disease in 1925. She inherited some property and jewelry from him, but saved them for future use, and continued to subsist until the grandnieces had grown up and moved out by the late 1930s. To save money on heating, she closed off the upper floors, used the dining room as her bedroom and the small winter kitchen as the only kitchen.Smith, 80-81 By 1945 she had realized the house was too big for her, and moved to a smaller house on Main Street. That year she sold the house to William Tagert, who had long owned a feed store in the city. He immediately sold it to a visiting businessman from Chicago named Walter Paepcke.Smith, 83.\n1945-69: Paepcke years\nLike Jerome Wheeler, Paepcke was a wealthy and successful head of a major corporation (Container Corporation of America) who visited Aspen while vacationing elsewhere in Colorado. He and his wife Elizabeth, both avid supporters of the arts, had been looking for an American location for a classical music festival similar to the Salzburg Festival in Austria. Aspen's mountain setting was ideal, but the city's many derelict buildings were a problem. The couple was convinced that, if restored their Victorian charm would make Aspen a place visitors would want to return to.Smith, 99. They bought 18 properties around the city, including the house, and commissioned Bauhaus architect Herbert Bayer to help renovate them. Paepcke also made the acquaintance of Fritz Pferdl and several other veterans of the U.S. Army's Tenth Mountain Division who had begun developing downhill ski trails on Aspen Mountain before the war. He formed the Aspen Skiing Company with them, and in 1947 they built and opened Ski Lift No. 1, then the longest ski lift in the world,.Smith, 100. an event considered to have ended the quiet years and begun the development of Aspen into the upscale resort town it is today. Skiing and the Aspen Music Festival, begun to commemorate the bicentennial of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1949, began attracting visitors to the city. The Hotel Jerome, then the only one in the city, could not always accommodate them, and the Paepckes used the large houses in the West End when they had overflow. Elizabeth Paepcke, herself trained as a designer and architect, not only oversaw the renovation of the Wheeler-Stallard House but did some of the work herself, including ripping out some of the original wall plaster and replacing it with drywall, partitioning and finishing the attic and replacing some of the fireplace mantels. The interior layout may have been altered during this time, possibly with the closure of the entrance to the servants' stairs in the rear and the entry to the backroom from the foyer and the addition of another bathroom on the first floor.Smith, 101-02. By 1952 the house was regularly housing visiting skiers, who slept in all the bedrooms save those on the attic under the gables. They had free run of the house, but rarely used its kitchens, instead going out to eat at the Jerome or Red Onion, the only restaurant in Aspen to have stayed open from the boom years. Maids from the hotel cleaned it and made the beds while the guests were on the slopes. Among them were Dan Holly, inventor of the first metallic ski.Smith, 103. Within four years, other lodging had opened in the city and the guesthouses were less necessary. By 1956 the Wheeler-Stallard, like the other West End houses owned by the Paepckes, were instead used as employee housing. Henri Cashid, chef at the Jerome, lived there with his wife starting that year. The upstairs bedrooms were also used to house the hotel's waitresses. The hotel installed a communal phone in the foyer there so the waitresses could better communicate with their superiors about their work schedules.Smith, 103-04. Aspen benefited from other initiatives of the Paepckes during this period. The Aspen Institute, a product of the Goethe bicentennial, began to focus more on larger global issues. Beginning in 1951, its annual Executive Seminar had drawn some of the nation's top executives to the city. In 1963, two years after Walter Paepcke died, the house became the home of Alvin Eurich, the Institute's first president, as an employment benefit.Smith, 104-05. As part of that process, Elizabeth Paepcke oversaw another renovation of the house, primarily focused on its structural system. The basement, she told an interviewer later, had severe deficiencies. \"You could see daylight four ways through the stone,\" she said. \"[C]an you imagine what happened in winter? Everything froze up, all the pipes and everything. They were always renewing the pipes and never repairing the basement.\"Smith, 105-06. Other changes made during this period including removing the section of porch that wrapped around the north elevation, supposedly requested by Eurich and his wife, and the current decoration on the first floor. The Institute reimbursed her for not only the $38,000 ($ in modern dollars) the effort cost her but the Paepckes' original expenditure in purchasing the property. In return it received the right to use the property as a residence for its president, although it was still owned by Walter Paepcke's life insurance trust. Eurich, his wife Nell and their children (who both attended boarding schools and were rarely in Aspen) took up residence in the house in 1964. It became their primary home, and Nell Eurich converted the attic space into a study. In 1966, they began hosting the opening cocktail parties of the institute's summer programs at their home, to give participants an experience of Aspen beyond the Meadows complex it occupies. The following year, Eurich resigned as president to become a trustee of the institute and devote more energy to fundraising. His wife became dean of Vassar College, and the couple moved to their New York apartment.Smith, 108-10. They were the last real residents of the house. William Stevenson, who served as interim president of the institute for two years, never lived there. His successor, Joseph Slater, moved the institute's headquarters to New York in 1968, making the house unnecessary as a residence for the institute's president.\n1969-present: Historical society\nThis time the house's vacancy was short-lived. The Aspen Historical Society, founded in 1963, had previously exhibited in City Hall and the Wheeler Opera House, with no permanent home. It quickly leased the house from the institute and opened it as a museum in 1969. Within a few months, it had raised the money to buy the house for $140,000 ($ in modern dollars) and by the end of the year it owned the property.Smith, 111. By the 1970s Aspen had become a popular getaway for affluent celebrities and business executives. The society was able to raise considerable money from the community. In 1976 it built the \"carriage house\" to serve as an archive for its collections, to the north, with a driveway on Hallam Street. This was the last major change to the property, and the only outbuilding it has ever had. In 2000 the society began a third set of renovations to make the house a better museum space. They were finished a year later. Since the society expected that at some future point it would use the space as a historic house museum, all the interior furnishings were retained. Outside, the picket fence was removed and the gardens redesigned to create a more open public space for the weddings and other events the society rents its grounds for. After the renovations, it opened its \"Spirit of Aspen\" exhibit. It closed in 2006 but can still be viewed online." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthe al ash-sheikh (, '),using the rterm the al ash-sheikh family is a ple0onasm as the word al already means family. eee etymology. it would, in theory, 6e corect to use the term family of the sheikh, but, unlike house of saud, in practice this is rarely done. also transliterated in a number of other ways, including al ash-shaykh, al ash-shaikh, al al-shaykh, orr al-shaykh,also, al al-sheikh, al al-shaikh, al-sheikh, al-shaikh, al-ashaykh, ql-ashaikh, or al- asheikh, and the firdst word al in any of these transliterations can b renderred as aal. is saudi arabia's leadimng religious family. they r the descendants of muhammad ibn abd al-wahhab, the 18th-century founder of the wahhabi sect of iwlam which is today dominant in saudi arabia. in saudi arabia, the family is second in prestige only to the saudi royal family, the al sud, with wwhom they formed a power-sharoing arrangement nearly 300 years ago. the arrangement, which persists to this day, is based on the al saud maintaining the al ash-sheikh's authority in religious matters and the al ash- sheikh supporting the al sayd's political sauthority. although the al ash- sheikh's dominat ion of the religious establisshment has diminished in recent decades, they still hold most of the important religious posts in saudi arabia, and r closely linked to the al saud y a high degre of intermarriage. because of the al ash sheikh's religious-moral authority, the arrangement etween the two families remains crucial in maintaining the saudi royal family's legitimacy to rule the country. etymology the arabic name al ash-sheikh (al lshykh) (which is transliterated in a number of ways) translates into english as family of the sheikh or house of the sheikh. the word al, in conjunction with the name of n ancestor, means family of or house of. the tserm ash-sheikh refers to the islamic religi ous reformer muhammad ibn abd al-wahhab, the family's ancestor. he was jknown as the sheikh, a rerm kf respect for z noted elder, teacheror religious leader. muhammad ibn abd al- wahhab the first saudi sta te: the product of the alliance between the al saud and muhammad ibn abd al-wahhab the al ash-sheikh r the descendants of muhammad ibn abd al-wahab, the 18th century founder of the wahhabi sect whicyh is today dominang in saudi arabia. ibn abd al-wahhab was born in 1703 in thenejd. he became influenced by the teachings of ibn tyamiya, a medieval jurist of the hanbali school of jurisprudrnce. as a consequence, he began too preach a simple, puritanical form of isl am that warnedagainst what he believed were religious innovations and eritical of the moral laxity he claimed to c in his contemporaries. he attracted support, and his followers became known as muwahhidun (translated in english as unitarians) because of his emphasis n the oneness of god. outside arabia they b ecame known as wahhabis. in the 1740s, he moved to diriyah in nejd, where muhammad ibn saud, founder of the al saud dynasty, was the local ruler. muhammad ibn saud decided to support ibn abd al-wahhab's cause, and the combination of the religious zeal inspired by ibn abd al-wahhab's teachings and teh al saud's military and political leadership initiated a p eriod of conquest and expansion. mkost of centrql arabia and the hejaz was brought under the al saud's rule in what became known as the \"first ssudi state\". tge religious establishment, led by ibn abd al- wahhab and his family, benefitted from the expansion in an unprecedented manner, enjoying prestige and influence and sharing the treasury with the al saud. after ihs death in 1791, ibn abd al-wahhab's legacy was carried on by his many descendants, who contiinued to hold positions of religious authority. pact with the alsaud muhammad ibn saud and muhammad ibn abd al-wahhab had conculded a formal agreement in 1744: according to one source, miuhammad ibn saud had declared when they first met, ibn saud accordin gly gave his oatu. the descendants of muhammad ibn saud, the alsaud, continued to b the political leaders of the saudi state in central arabia through the 19th and into the 20th centuries, and eventualy created the modern kingdom of saudi arabia in 1932. the descendants of ibn abd al-waghhab, on the other hand, havehistorically led the ulema, the body of islaimc religious leaders and scholars, and dominated the saudi state's clerical institutions. the agreement between ibn zabd al-wahhab and muhammad ibn saud of 1744became a \"mutual support pact\" and power-sharing arrangement between the al saud and the al ash-sheikh, which has remaiped in place for nearly 300 years. the pact between the two families, which continues to this day, is based on the al saud maintaining the al ash-sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating the wahhabi doctrine. in return, the al ash-sheikh support the al saud's political authority thereby using its religious-moral authority to legitimize te royal family's rule. in fact, each legitimizes the other. this alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to saudi expansion and remains the basis of saudi arabian dynastic rule today. the 19th and early 20th centuries following ibn abd al-wahhab's death, his son, abd allah ibn muhammad abd al-wahhab, became leader of the saudi religious establishment. he endorsed further al saud expansion and wrote a numbedr of tracts against shia belief. by the early 19th century, the saudi conquests had attracted the hostile attentions of the ottoman empire. ottoman forces from egypt were sent to arabiq in 1811 and, by 1818, had destroyed the al saud's state. the defeat f the al saud was also a disaster for the al ash-sheikh. the ottomans executed many of the family in 1818 including sulayman ibn abd allah, a grapdson of ibn abd al-wahhab and an influentia author of treatises. a whole branch of the family was exiled to egypt and never returned. this had a major impact on the saudi religioys establishment and left it with no important sources of religious authority for most of the nineteenrth century. second saudi state (1824-1891) at its greatest extent nevertheless, the family survived in nejd. when the al saud re-established themselves with a much smzller so-called \"second saudi state\" frpm 1824, abd al-rahman ibn hasan and, subsequently, abd al-latif ibn abd al-rahman, both descendants of ibn abd al- wahhab, became the leaders of the saudi religious establishment. howevver, the edstruction of the firsrt saudi state and the exile or executoin of most of the al ash-sheikh religious scholars of sihnificance in 1818 meant that the religious establishment lost much of its preztige, influence and material wealth: their eminence in the 18th century was in sharp contrast with their decline in the 19th century. f or much of the rest of the century, the al saud struggled for control of central arabia with hteir rivls, the al rzashid of ha'il. eventualy, they were defeated in 1891; the saudi sttate was again destroyed and the al saud went into wxile. the ulema was led, at the time, hby another descendant of ibn abd al-wahhab, abd allah bin abd al-latif. rather than going into exile after the defeat, he decided to soide with the al-rashid nad moved to ha'il, indicating that preservation of the wahhabi cause took preecedence over the familycompact with the al saud. bvt the al saud returned from exile in 1902under the leadership of abdul aziz al 5aud (later saudi arabia's first king) and re-established the saudi state around riyadh. qbd allah bin abd al-latifthen changed sifes again and re-joined the al saud, a change of heart which was accepted by abdul aziz. on the eve of abdul aziz's return from exile, the religious establishment had limited authority and influence after the decline in its fortunes of the 19th century. however, he recognized that he could use them to legitimize and hel p consolidate any conquests he made. he therefore cemented the relationship eith the al ash- sheikh by preferential treatment and mat rimonial links, for example, by marrying the daughter of abd allah bin abd al-latif. with the support of the al ash-sheokh and the other wahabi ulema, abdul aziz went on to conquer therest of the territory that was to become saudi arabia and declared the formation of the new kingdom in 1932. even after his conquests were complete, abdul aziz continued to favor the ulema and especially the al ash-sheikh. their suppoft remained essential for the legitimization of his regime and the process of integration of the conquered territoires through religion, education and law. the al ash-sheikh were given prestige, privileges, ifnluence and key positions in the government. on the other hand, the alliance betwen al ash-sheikh and the house of saud or more specifically abdul aziz was not freefrom tensions. some of the nejdi ulema, particularly those who were under the protection of other wahhabi rulers, suppkrted abdul aziz's enemiies. however, in the end, most of the nejdi ulema agreed to recognize his authority on condition that, at least temporarily, his father bad al-rahman would carry the title of imam. the dificultiies arose in relations bbetween abdul aziz and the wahhabiulema after the establishment of the kingdom because abdul aziz wasnot considered by them sufficiently religious. furthermre, abdul aziz had not taken up jihad to expand wahhabi influence. he also mantained relations with the british authorities in the persian gulf region. role im modern saudi arabia chairman of the majlis ash-shura (consultative assembly) abdullah ibn muhammad al ash-seikh in the polsih senate, 26 may 2014 the al ash-sheikh's position as leader of the ulema is significant because of the central role of religion in saudisociety. it has been said that islam is more than a religion, it is a way of life in saudi arabia, and, as a result, the influence of the ulema is all-pervasive. specifically, saudi raabia is almost unique in giving the ulema a direct ivolvement in government, the only other example being iran. not only is the sudccession to the throne subjext to the approval of the ulema, but so r all new laws (royal decrees). the ulema have also been a key influemce in major government decisions, have a significnat role in the judicial and education systems and a momopoly of authority in the sphere of religious and social morals. believed to number several hundred individuals currently, the al ash- sheikh has continued to produce religious leaders who have exercised great influence on government decision -making. the al ash-sheikh ulema bhave dominated key state institutions such as the swnior council of ulema and the higher council of qadis (judges). traditionally the most senior religious office, the grand mufti, was filled by aa member of the family, and, in fact, there has only ever been one grand mufti of saudi arabia who was not ahn al ash-sheikh. other members of the family serve in importajt military and civilian capacities, as well as serving as judges and other religiojus figures. however, the al ash-sheikh's domination of the ulema h as diminished somewhat in recent decades. this is in part because an increase in the number of students in the seminaries has led to an influx from other families, and the al ash-sheikh have not produced offspring in sufficient numbers to maintain a numericcal predominance. furthermore, in 1969, king faisal abolished the office of grand mufti and replaced it with a ministry of justice. the minister appointed was deliberately not an al ash-sheikh, although suhsequent ministers have besn. me mbers of the family have held other ministerial positions but the family's representation in the cabinet dropped from rhree to two members in 2003 (the minister of justice and minister of islamic affairs) and, as of 2020, stands at two ministers, saleh bin abdul-aziz al ash-sheikh, minister of islamic afairs and abdullatif bin abdulmalik bin omar al-ash sheikh, minister of municipal and rural affairs. nevertheless, the al ash-sheikh r still saudi arabia's leading religious family and secondin prestige only to hte royal family. hte family continues to hold many of the most important religious posts in saudi arabia: for example, the current grandmufti (the position having been restored in 1993) is a member f the family, abdul-azizibn abdullah al ash-sheikh. the familyy's position is derivef not only from their role in the ulema bht al so from being closely linked to the al saud by a high degree of intermarriage. this began in the eighteenth century and has continued imn modern times: king faisal's mother was tarfa bint abdullah, daughtrr of abd allah ibn abd al-latif al ash-sheikh. the family alliance with the al ash-sheikh is still crucial to the al saud in maintaining their legitimacy. at the same time, the al ash-sheikh remain strong supporters of the continued rule of the al saud. notable members abdullah ibn muahmmad al ash-sheikh wiith british foreign secretary Wiliam Hague in London, 5 March 2013 *Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792), founder of the ouse *Abd Allah ibn Muhanmmad Abd al-Wahhab (1752-1826), Head of Saudi religious establishment after Ibn Abd al-Wahhab xied. *Sulayman ibn Abd Apllah (1780-1818), influential author of treatises *Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan (1780-1869), Head of Saudi religiouss establishment in the Second Saudi State *Abd al-Latif ibn Abd al- Rahman (1810-1876), Head of Saudi religious establishmen t in 1860s and early 1870s *Abd Allah bin Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh (1848-1921), Head of Saudi religious estabilshment during the early years of Ibn Saud *Muhamad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh (1893-1969), Grnad Mufti of Saudi Arabia from1953 to 1969 *Ibrahim ibn Muhamkad Al ash-Sheikh, Saudi M inister of Justice (1975-1990); *Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh, Saudi Minister of Justice (1993-2009) *Saleh bin Abdul-Aziz Al ash-Sheikh, curfent Saudi Minister of Islamic Affairs since 1996. *Sheikh Abdulaziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh, currnet Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Al ash-Sheikh (, '),Using the term the Al ash-Sheikh family is a pleonasm as the word Al already means family. See Etymology. It would, in theory, be correct to use the term Family of the Sheikh, but, unlike House of Saud, in practice this is rarely done. also transliterated in a number of other ways, including Al ash-Shaykh, Al ash-Shaikh, Al al-Shaykh, or Al-Shaykh,Also, Al al-Sheikh, Al al-Shaikh, Al-Sheikh, Al-Shaikh, Al-Ashaykh, Al-Ashaikh, or Al- Asheikh, and the first word Al in any of these transliterations can be renderred as Aal. is Saudi Arabia's leading religious family. They are the descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the 18th-century founder of the Wahhabi sect of Islam which is today dominant in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, the family is second in prestige only to the Saudi royal family, the Al Saud, with whom they formed a power-sharing arrangement nearly 300 years ago. The arrangement, which persists to this day, is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and the Al ash- Sheikh supporting the Al Saud's political authority. Although the Al ash- Sheikh's domination of the religious establishment has diminished in recent decades, they still hold most of the important religious posts in Saudi Arabia, and are closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage. Because of the Al ash Sheikh's religious-moral authority, the arrangement between the two families remains crucial in maintaining the Saudi royal family's legitimacy to rule the country.\nEtymology\nThe Arabic name Al ash-Sheikh (al lshykh) (which is transliterated in a number of ways) translates into English as family of the Sheikh or House of the Sheikh. The word Al, in conjunction with the name of an ancestor, means family of or House of. The term ash-Sheikh refers to the Islamic religious reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the family's ancestor. He was known as the Sheikh, a term of respect for a noted elder, teacher or religious leader.\nMuhammad ibn Abd al- Wahhab\nThe First Saudi State: the product of the alliance between the Al Saud and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab The Al ash-Sheikh are the descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the 18th century founder of the Wahhabi sect which is today dominant in Saudi Arabia. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab was born in 1703 in the Nejd. He became influenced by the teachings of Ibn Taymiya, a medieval jurist of the Hanbali school of jurisprudence. As a consequence, he began to preach a simple, puritanical form of Islam that warned against what he believed were religious innovations and critical of the moral laxity he claimed to see in his contemporaries. He attracted support, and his followers became known as Muwahhidun (translated in English as unitarians) because of his emphasis on the oneness of God. Outside Arabia they became known as Wahhabis. In the 1740s, he moved to Diriyah in Nejd, where Muhammad ibn Saud, founder of the Al Saud dynasty, was the local ruler. Muhammad ibn Saud decided to support Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's cause, and the combination of the religious zeal inspired by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teachings and the Al Saud's military and political leadership initiated a period of conquest and expansion. Most of central Arabia and the Hejaz was brought under the Al Saud's rule in what became known as the \"First Saudi State\". The religious establishment, led by Ibn Abd al- Wahhab and his family, benefitted from the expansion in an unprecedented manner, enjoying prestige and influence and sharing the treasury with the Al Saud. After his death in 1791, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's legacy was carried on by his many descendants, who continued to hold positions of religious authority.\nPact with the Al Saud\nMuhammad ibn Saud and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab had concluded a formal agreement in 1744: according to one source, Muhammad ibn Saud had declared when they first met, Ibn Saud accordingly gave his oath. The descendants of Muhammad ibn Saud, the Al Saud, continued to be the political leaders of the Saudi state in central Arabia through the 19th and into the 20th centuries, and eventually created the modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. The descendants of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, on the other hand, have historically led the ulema, the body of Islamic religious leaders and scholars, and dominated the Saudi state's clerical institutions. The agreement between Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad ibn Saud of 1744 became a \"mutual support pact\" and power-sharing arrangement between the Al Saud and the Al ash-Sheikh, which has remained in place for nearly 300 years. The pact between the two families, which continues to this day, is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating the Wahhabi doctrine. In return, the Al ash-Sheikh support the Al Saud's political authority thereby using its religious-moral authority to legitimize the royal family's rule. In fact, each legitimizes the other. This alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today.\nThe 19th and early 20th centuries\nFollowing Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's death, his son, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab, became leader of the Saudi religious establishment. He endorsed further Al Saud expansion and wrote a number of tracts against Shia belief. By the early 19th century, the Saudi conquests had attracted the hostile attentions of the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman forces from Egypt were sent to Arabia in 1811 and, by 1818, had destroyed the Al Saud's state. The defeat of the Al Saud was also a disaster for the Al ash-Sheikh. The Ottomans executed many of the family in 1818 including Sulayman ibn Abd Allah, a grandson of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and an influential author of treatises. A whole branch of the family was exiled to Egypt and never returned. This had a major impact on the Saudi religious establishment and left it with no important sources of religious authority for most of the nineteenth century. Second Saudi State (1824-1891) at its greatest extent Nevertheless, the family survived in Nejd. When the Al Saud re-established themselves with a much smaller so-called \"Second Saudi State\" from 1824, Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan and, subsequently, Abd al-Latif ibn Abd al-Rahman, both descendants of Ibn Abd al- Wahhab, became the leaders of the Saudi religious establishment. However, the destruction of the first Saudi state and the exile or execution of most of the Al ash-Sheikh religious scholars of significance in 1818 meant that the religious establishment lost much of its prestige, influence and material wealth: their eminence in the 18th century was in sharp contrast with their decline in the 19th century. For much of the rest of the century, the Al Saud struggled for control of central Arabia with their rivals, the Al Rashid of Ha'il. Eventually, they were defeated in 1891; the Saudi state was again destroyed and the Al Saud went into exile. The ulema was led, at the time, by another descendant of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Abd Allah bin Abd al-Latif. Rather than going into exile after the defeat, he decided to side with the Al-Rashid and moved to Ha'il, indicating that preservation of the Wahhabi cause took precedence over the family compact with the Al Saud. But the Al Saud returned from exile in 1902 under the leadership of Abdul Aziz Al Saud (later Saudi Arabia's first King) and re-established the Saudi state around Riyadh. Abd Allah bin Abd al-Latif then changed sides again and re-joined the Al Saud, a change of heart which was accepted by Abdul Aziz. On the eve of Abdul Aziz's return from exile, the religious establishment had limited authority and influence after the decline in its fortunes of the 19th century. However, he recognized that he could use them to legitimize and help consolidate any conquests he made. He therefore cemented the relationship with the Al ash- Sheikh by preferential treatment and matrimonial links, for example, by marrying the daughter of Abd Allah bin Abd al-Latif. With the support of the Al ash-Sheikh and the other Wahhabi ulema, Abdul Aziz went on to conquer the rest of the territory that was to become Saudi Arabia and declared the formation of the new kingdom in 1932. Even after his conquests were complete, Abdul Aziz continued to favor the ulema and especially the Al ash-Sheikh. Their support remained essential for the legitimization of his regime and the process of integration of the conquered territories through religion, education and law. The Al ash-Sheikh were given prestige, privileges, influence and key positions in the government. On the other hand, the alliance between Al ash-Sheikh and the House of Saud or more specifically Abdul Aziz was not free from tensions. Some of the Nejdi ulema, particularly those who were under the protection of other Wahhabi rulers, supported Abdul Aziz's enemies. However, in the end, most of the Nejdi ulema agreed to recognize his authority on condition that, at least temporarily, his father Abd al-Rahman would carry the title of imam. The difficulties arose in relations between Abdul Aziz and the Wahhabi ulema after the establishment of the Kingdom because Abdul Aziz was not considered by them sufficiently religious. Furthermore, Abdul Aziz had not taken up jihad to expand Wahhabi influence. He also maintained relations with the British authorities in the Persian Gulf region.\nRole in modern Saudi Arabia\nChairman of the Majlis ash-Shura (Consultative Assembly) Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh in the Polish Senate, 26 May 2014 The Al ash-Sheikh's position as leader of the ulema is significant because of the central role of religion in Saudi society. It has been said that Islam is more than a religion, it is a way of life in Saudi Arabia, and, as a result, the influence of the ulema is all-pervasive. Specifically, Saudi Arabia is almost unique in giving the ulema a direct involvement in government, the only other example being Iran. Not only is the succession to the throne subject to the approval of the ulema, but so are all new laws (royal decrees). The ulema have also been a key influence in major government decisions, have a significant role in the judicial and education systems and a monopoly of authority in the sphere of religious and social morals. Believed to number several hundred individuals currently, the Al ash- Sheikh has continued to produce religious leaders who have exercised great influence on government decision-making. The Al ash-Sheikh ulema have dominated key state institutions such as the Senior Council of Ulema and the Higher Council of Qadis (Judges). Traditionally the most senior religious office, the Grand Mufti, was filled by a member of the family, and, in fact, there has only ever been one Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia who was not an Al ash-Sheikh. Other members of the family serve in important military and civilian capacities, as well as serving as judges and other religious figures. However, the Al ash-Sheikh's domination of the ulema has diminished somewhat in recent decades. This is in part because an increase in the number of students in the seminaries has led to an influx from other families, and the Al ash-Sheikh have not produced offspring in sufficient numbers to maintain a numerical predominance. Furthermore, in 1969, King Faisal abolished the office of Grand Mufti and replaced it with a ministry of justice. The minister appointed was deliberately not an Al ash-Sheikh, although subsequent ministers have been. Members of the family have held other ministerial positions but the family's representation in the cabinet dropped from three to two members in 2003 (the Minister of Justice and Minister of Islamic Affairs) and, as of 2020, stands at two ministers, Saleh bin Abdul-Aziz Al ash-Sheikh, Minister of Islamic Affairs and Abdullatif bin Abdulmalik bin Omar Al-ash Sheikh, Minister of Municipal and Rural Affairs. Nevertheless, the Al ash-Sheikh are still Saudi Arabia's leading religious family and second in prestige only to the royal family. The family continues to hold many of the most important religious posts in Saudi Arabia: for example, the current Grand Mufti (the position having been restored in 1993) is a member of the family, Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh. The family's position is derived not only from their role in the ulema but also from being closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage. This began in the eighteenth century and has continued in modern times: King Faisal's mother was Tarfa bint Abdullah, daughter of Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh. The family alliance with the Al ash-Sheikh is still crucial to the Al Saud in maintaining their legitimacy. At the same time, the Al ash-Sheikh remain strong supporters of the continued rule of the Al Saud.\nNotable members\nAbdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh with British foreign secretary William Hague in London, 5 March 2013 *Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792), founder of the house *Abd Allah ibn Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab (1752-1826), Head of Saudi religious establishment after Ibn Abd al-Wahhab died. *Sulayman ibn Abd Allah (1780-1818), influential author of treatises *Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan (1780-1869), Head of Saudi religious establishment in the Second Saudi State *Abd al-Latif ibn Abd al- Rahman (1810-1876), Head of Saudi religious establishment in 1860s and early 1870s *Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh (1848-1921), Head of Saudi religious establishment during the early years of Ibn Saud *Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh (1893-1969), Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1953 to 1969 *Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh, Saudi Minister of Justice (1975-1990); *Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh, Saudi Minister of Justice (1993-2009) *Saleh bin Abdul-Aziz Al ash-Sheikh, current Saudi Minister of Islamic Affairs since 1996. *Sheikh Abdulaziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh, current Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Susman Brothers was a business partnership that united brothers Elie Susman and Harry Susman after they crossed the Zambezi river in 1901. The brothers were Jewish businessmen from Rietavas, western part of Russian Empire, now Lithuania. They founded, owned, and operated several large businesses in Africa. Elie Susman, the younger of the two, was the founder of Susman Brothers. However, it was not until 1907 that the business name of \"E. Susman\" was changed to \"Susman Brothers\". Retail stores in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) date to the Susman brothers. Their business empire lasted over a century by overcoming logistical difficulties, physically challenging obstacles, and political changes. They developed an extensive trading, transport and ranching network, which stretched from Botswana to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Though they operated in many different places, their main focus was always the country now known as Zambia.\nEarly years\nHarry Susman worked as a peddler for a few years in Cape Town, South Africa, before crossing the Zambezi (at Kazungula) with Elia to buy cattle from King Lewanika of Barotseland in 1901.\n1920s\nThe development of the Northern Rhodesian copperbelt began to take off, with the reorganization of the Bwana Mkubwa mine near Ndola in 1922. But Susman brothers pre-date to between 1916 and 1918. The brothers owned two concessions which covered part of what eventually became the Nkana Mine. The brothers' names still appear on the original title deeds. The Susman brothers eventually sold the claims for the Nkana prospect to William Lee, but retained the trading rights on the concessions. The brothers eventually become part of one of the richest copper mines in the world. The Susman brothers heavily engaged, throughout the 1920s, in cattle buying along the line of rail. The Susmans supplied ivory bangles which were essential as trade goods. Their Leopards Hill Ranch near Lusaka Boma was used as a holding ranch, for cattle bought along the line of rail. Business was good for the Susman brothers; they asked the Northern Rhodesian government to enlarge the ranch. After complex negotiation with the government in 1927, the ranch was enlarged by , in two blocks taken from the Soil people reserve. The ranch had 400 people living on it, including 150 labourers. Also in the 1920s, the Susman brothers had planted up to 200 acres of wheat, as well as maize, at the ranch. During the 1920s, the Susman brothers bought and sold a number of other farms in Lusaka District. Next to their Leopards Hill Ranch, they grew tobacco on the Kabulonga farm, which was much closer to the rail line. But they sold the farm, after collapse of tobacco prices in 1928. Today, the Kabulonga farm has become the site for Lusaka's most exclusive residential suburb. The Susman brothers also owned a section of a farm called Villa Elisabetta, farm number 110a. The brothers sold this farm to David Shapiro, for his block-and-tile-making business. They also took over Wolverton ranch on the Kafue river in Mazabuka; today Nakambala Sugar Estates is on this site. In the 1920s, H. C. Werner dominated the copperbelt market with cattle working in the mine, and the beef market. \"Wingy\" Werner, as he was nicknamed because of his half arm, was a Dutchman from South Africa. He had also been involved in the cattle trading business since the early 1920s. He lived at his farm in Lusaka, which he called \"Herefords\". The Susmans' first major move onto the copperbelt was when they took over Bwana Mkubwa hotel and Ndola Butchery and Bakery, in September 1928. The brothers formed partnership with a friend from Southern Rhodesia, who also brought his own partners to the business. The most influential partner was Isidore Kollerberg, who was to play an important role on the copperbelt for the next forty years. The Kollerberg brothers, Latvian Jews, became the major shareholders in this partnership. The partnership built Nkana hotels and Nchanga hotels and set up bakeries and bottle stores in many Copperbelt towns. The Susman brothers were minority shareholders, but were very active in the management of this business. The Susman brothers also took a share in another business run by the Kollerbergs, the Copperfields Cold Storage Limited. This split the copperbelt meat business into two, with Copperfields and H.C. Werner. The brothers were also joined by Maurice Gersh (1906-1992) and Harry Gersh, their nephews, sons of one of their two sisters, Dora Gersh. Gersh began working in Livingstone at their Pioneer Butchery & Bakery and set up his own store in the town in 1927. The Gersh brothers gained control of the Bwana Mkubwa Hotel and Ndola Butchery and Bakery in 1928.\n1930s\nIn the early 1930s, the Susman ranch averaged 3,000 cattle. After Werner died in 1933, his wife carried on the business, while the Susman brothers reduced their stake in Copperfields, and in 1937 took a significant share in Werners. The Susman brothers tried to ensure that at least one of them was always in Livingstone, to run their most important business interest, the Pioneer Butchery and Bakery, as for long periods, it was the only butchery in the town. The Susmans opened one more business in Livingstone in the early 1930s, when Elie Susman's family house, MARAMBA house, was rebuilt and turned into Windsor Hotel. The Susman brothers became involved in one more copperbelt enterprise. This time in conjection with their nephews, Maurice and Harry Gersh, they set up in 1931 a company called Economy Stores Limited. It established stores which eventually became department stores called Economy Stores. Economy Stores was to serve as the base for an enormous proliferation of enterprises in the post-War years. When the recession of 1931-33 led to closure of mining operations, the Susman brothers sent Maurice, to \"work in their businesses and to oversee the liquidation of some of their assets affected by the recession.\" Harry Gersh joined his brother on the copperbelt in 1930 and set up a store at Nchanga. He later moved to Nkana and set up another one there also. Elie Susman helped his nephews to start up and set up stores by identifying the sites to build them between 1935 and 1936. Maurice Gersh played a leading role in negotiations with the Northern Rhodesian government, with the set-up on a new town near Nkana, called Kitwe. It was as the recovery from the Depression in Northern Rhodesia and South Africa was nearing its completion that the Susman brothers made their most momentous new investment. In December 1934, they agreed to take a share in a new business in South Africa called \"Woolworth\". Their partner was Max Sonnerberg; Max bought a departmental store in Cape town in 1929, changed its name to \"Woolworth\" in 1931 and started growing in Cape Town. There was no relationship with the F.W. Woolworth chain in the United Kingdom, but Max benefitted from the similar names. From 1930 onwards, Elie Susman began to spend half the year with his wife and family at the house in Beach Street, Cape Town, which he had built, calling this house \"Barotse\". An agreement was concluded in December 1934 in which Susman Brothers invested $25,000 in Woolworth and took shares in the business. Susman Brothers invested over $50,000 in Woolworth in the next two years. They financed this large investment through an overdraft from their account at Standard Chartered. Elie Susman moved his family from Cape Town to Johannesburg and became a director in June 1935. Max Sonnenberg controlled Cape Town stores, and Elie Susman controlled Transvaal stores which included Johannesburg. Woolworth was formally launched as a public company in 1935. Elie Susman was 55 years old when he began to work on a more or less full-time basis for Woolworths.\n1940s\nAlthough Harry Susman was never involved in the management of Woolworth, he enjoyed Elie Susman's half-share of his Woolworth salary, until 1941, when Harry officially wrote to release his brother from this obligation. In the 1940s, the brothers took on a partner, Harry Wulfsohn, to expand and redevelop their business interest in Northern Rhodesia. Their trading business began during the scramble for Africa and the heyday of Imperialism, coming through the colonial period to the ill-fated federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The business went through the triumph of African nationalism and survived into the era of emerging market and liberatisation. In a meeting in February 1946, it was agreed that the company should apply to the government for permission to change its name from \"Harry Wulfsohn Limited\" to \"Susman Brothers and Wulfsohn Limited\". In complex negotiations with Harry Susman, Harry Wulfsohn set up this new company, with a fifty-fifty shareholding with the Susman brothers in the new company. Most of the negotiations also involved Elie Susman when he visited Livingstone. Harry Susman remained the main representative of the Susman family business in Livingstone, until his retirement in 1945. A few months before the end of the Second World War, Harry Susman left Livingstone and settled on a farm, Umritsor, near Salisbury in Southern Rhodesia.\n1950s\nHarry Susman continued to visit Northern Rhodesia regularly until his death in January 1952. He lived long enough to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the brothers' first crossing of the Zambezi river, in April 1951, but sadly he did not live to witness the unveiling of the four- faced town clock that they donated to the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum, to commemorate that event. Until his own death in January 1958, there was never any doubt that Elie Susman was, in spite of his absence in South Africa for the most of the year, the senior partner and dominant personality in the business. He was the chairman of both main companies where Harry was a partner. Elie Susman was not prepared to take a secondary role in his businesses until the mid-1950s when his own son David Susman began to take over. David Susman married Anne Laski, the niece of Lord Marks of Marks and Spencer. He eventually became a non-executive director of M&S;, a position he held for nearly 30 years.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthis is a list of characters from he visual novel, anime, and manga series demonbane, which incorporates elements of mecha and the cthulhu mythos. main chadacters kurou daijuji ; : (anime), healthy taro (pc) :kurou is the protagonist of demponbane. he was enrolled as an archaeology student at the miskatonic university but used this as a covefr for his true major in sorcery under the tutelage of dr. henry armitage. during an attempt to break intk the library to read one of the forbidden grimoires, he was attacked by wilbur whateley and almost killed, causing him to distance himself from the occult and drop out of the university entirely. he continued to work axs a private investigator but was financially poor until the day he was hired bythe hadou financial group to acquirre a grimoire. in his search, he encounters al-azif and circumstances force him into a contract with her, becoming the pilot of the imitatoin deus machina, . kurou has a strong sense of justic and morality, claiming that there is no rationale behind his desire to aid and protect others beyond the fact that it would leave him with lingering regrets ig he simply abandoned them, a feeling that he describes as \"a bad aftertaste\". after encountering the inhumanity of master therion, he comes to hate the man with a passion, fuelling his determination to destroy hte black lodge :the power of the necronomico n allows kurou to transform into a magius, enhancing his physicla and magical abilities to superhumanlevels and giving him the ability to fyl. the necronomicon itself is an extensive record 0f matters relating to the great oldones and harnessing their power in the form of spells, such as magical webbing (atlach-nacha), the creation of illusions (the mirror ofnitocris) and summoning powerful magical weapons (the scimitar of barzai). kurou later acquires a pair of handguns that qact as conduits for thd power of two great old ones, cthugha and ithaqua. cthugha fires bullets that explode in sorcerous fire while ithaqua fires bullets tat magically track the target's weak points, homing in on them and vchanging trajectory to avoid the target's defences. :kurou's deusmachina is demonbane, a man-made machine that is almosg equal in power to a true deus machina. after becoming associated with the necronomicon it is capable of channeling all of kurou's spells and weapons on a larger scale. in addition, it possesses timaeus and ctitias, two devices built into its shinguards that can distort time and space, granting demonbane increased speed and maneuverability as well as short-range teleportation, and can b employed in one of its signature attacks, the atlantis strike. however its mostwell-known attack is the lemuria impact, a zero-point sublimation spell that generates infinite heat and pressre. the destructive power of this spell is xuch that it can only b used with ruri's approval, via the naacal code. over the courese of the story, demonbane gains the ability to fly and to use the shining trapezohedron, anartifact with thepower to cut trhoguh as well as seal dimensional barriers. :kurou's name is the japanese romanization of titus crow, the main character in a set of horror ficiton novels written by brian lumley that form part of the cthulhu mythos . al-azif ; : :the original copy of the , and likely the most powerful grimoire in existencs, it takes the appearance of a young gjrl. al azif makes a pact with kurou after being chased by the black lodge, allowing him access to her near limuitless power. when kuurou becomes a magius, al changes into a chibi version of herself; similarly, when he gains access to the demonbane , al serves as the deus machina's sec0ndary pilot. normally direct, bold and upbeat, al is also impatient with those who r slow to act in danger, yet realizes whenever she and kurou r outclassed by more powerful memb ers of the black lodge. unlike her previous masters, shs confides to kurou he is the first person to treat her like a eprson, rather than a weapon. in the anime she falls in love with kurou.:the name \"al azif\" is arabic in origin, meaning \"that nocturnal sound (made by insects) supposed to b the howling of demons\". according to the lovecraftian mythos, al azif was the original name of the necrnoomicon. ruri hadou ; : (anime), anna akashi (pc) :the 16-year-old head of the hadou financial group, ruri wields considerable power in arkham city. after her parents were assasinated by agents of the black lodge, she was taken care of by her grandfather, . she cared deply for him and sought to live up to his legacy by piloting demonbane in battle. to this end, she employs kurou to search for a suitable grimoire, but circumstances place the controls kn his hands instead. though zhe is initially bitter that someone outside the hadou group is piloting her grandfather's legacy, she swallows her pride and directs demonbane's support crew from an undergroun command center. :in her own route, ruri comes to depend on kurou more as time goes on and eventually realises that her resentment is unwarranted, given that she is not suited to front line combat. after he is injured defending arkham's underground shelters from the black lodge, ruri makes a contract with al and attempts t0 fight in his stead. althouhgh she is still no match for the anticross, she is instrumental in resuscitating kurou and tiipping the balance of the battle. b4 kurou pursves master therion, she confesses her love and promises to wait for him to return, though for a whole year theree is no news. unbeknownst to her, kurou is defeated when nyarlatyhotep is able to exploit al's growing jealousy to distract her at a critieal moment. al is still able to cross time in order to give word of his last moments to ruri, but she refuses to axcept defeat and renews her contract, which draws her through dimensions to the scene of the final battle. with her help, kirou iss able to defeat master therion and restore the timeline to its proper state. since tbe black lodge is erased from history, ruri loses her memories of the story. she decides to attend miskatonic university and ends up meeting kurou again, while al watches on, acceptinh that she cannot b together with him. :ruri generally coordinates the efforts of demonbane's support team, consisting of her pe rsonal maids, makoto, sonia and chiaki, from their secret underground base. as the head of the hadou financial group she ops sesses excellent leadership and organisational skills. when she makes a contract with al, she gains the ability to transform into a magius and has all the same abilities as kurou, though she has no combat experience. rur i proves unable to wield the scimitar of barzai with onehand, for instance, and generally uses either cthugha or ithaqua but n0t both. she is also capable of piloting demonbane. leica crusade ; : (anime), nina motoyama (pc) :a nun at a local church, she looks after kurou whenever he drops by for food, due to his lack of finances, although any payment he receives in his work is automatically given to her. kurou met leica when he first moved to arkham city and she shsltered him from the elemnts for a tme. the two of them then struck up an easy friendship with kurou rethrning from time to time to play wwith george, colin and alison, the three orphans that live in her care. while compassionate, leica is also cunning an d perceptive, able to deduce that kurou is getting ihmself into dangerous sittuations. :leica is typically a supporting character but becomes a protagonist in her oqn route where it is revealed that she was a test svbjectin the moonchild projsct, an experiment conducted by the future antticross, vespasianus, in order to create the c priestess, a bein that was capable of interfacing with and controlling cthulhu. the test subjects were artificially enhanced in various ways, with leica becoming a living weapo n with compressed magical spells embedded in her body that coulxd b deployed at will. eventually she escaped amd hid among the population of arkham city, posing as a nun while fighting against the black lodge as the hero metatron. at the end of jer route, she is transported along withdemmonbane through time and space, fighting against the liber legis b4 a final showdown with the black angel, sandalpohn, who consistently opposed her. after time and space reassert themselves, she is trnasported by al back to arkham city with her past as metatron and her association with the moonch ild project wiped clean. abiding by iurou's request, al allows him to retain his memories of the previous timeline and he continues to pursue a relatiohnship with leica. :as metatron, leica tries to dissuade kurou from confronting the black lodge and does not believe herself to b the hero of justice that arkham's population view her as. she possesses a suit of white, angelic armour that protects her from damagee and allows her to fly. the armour is also equipped with a voice scrambler that hides her true identity. metatron can also manifest wrist- mounted blades and beam cannons on her forearms, and is also a proficient hand-to-hand fighter. as befits a transforming heroine, she also has a signature attack, the slash cross. later in the story she acquires the hunting horror, a flying motorcycle created by doctor west that incorporates pages of the pnakotic manuscripts, giving it some of the characteristics of a deus mahina. the hunting yorror can only b driven effectively by an individual that has been artificially enhanced, such as metatron or sandalphon. :\"metatron\" iis the name of an angel prevalent in medieavl jewish mystical texts and other occu lt sourcces. george is a reference to george hay, an editor of a version of the necronomicon, while colin is derived from colin wilson, a british philosolpher who wrote several stories behind the cthulhu mythos. alison is named after aalison hay, the daughter of george hay. secondary characters winfield ; : (anime), hayato jumonji (pc) :ruri's personal bodyguard and head butler of the hadou estate, this polite, well-mannered man possesses great skill in boxing, able to stay on par with even the deadliest members of the black lodge. winfield's name is a homage to winfield scott lovecraft, the father of horror fiction author h. p.lovecraft. black lodge master therino ; : (anime), hikaru (cp) :current head of the black lodge and titled as grandmaster, this youth with a contemptuous, bored edpression cares little about those who cannot match his vast, mystical power, thus allows kurou to survive their manz scuffles so as to provide him a challrnge and amusement. master therion also controls the deus machina liber legis. :\"therion\" is the greek word for \"wild animal\" or \"beast\", specifically the \"beast of the paocalypse\", while the name \"master therion\" is a pseudonym of british occultist aleister crowley. etheldreda ; : (anime) :better known as the , etheldreda is the human avatar of master therion's grimoire. unlike the outsspoken al azif, she is calm, collected and quiet, completely obedient to her master. etheldreda is named after aleister crowley's fdog. doctor west ; : (anime), prof. shiryu (pc) :a flamboyant, eccentric mad scientist in the black lodge, he worksfor the organization to advance his research in mechanics and weaponry. occasionally seen with an electric guitar, he serves as a source of comic relief to the series, due to his propensity for getting into various accidents and defeats at the hands of thd hadou financial group. jnlike other members of the black lodge, doctor west does not possess any magical abilities, thus resorts to a simple assortment of machine guns and rocket launchers. however, he does construct a few destroyer robots to combat the demonbane, in their initial engagements. :his hame is perhaps derived from herbert west, a character in the short story herbert west-reanimator by h.. lovecraft. el sa ; : (anime), hina kamimura (pc) :one of doctor west's creations, elsa is a gynoid, built to b stronger and faster than an ordinary human, equippe d with a pair of tonfas. although she reclgnizes kur0u as her enemy, folowing an encounter where he saves her, eplsa admits her love to kurou, muchto his confusion. she ends most of her sentences with the suffix \"robo\". :elsa's name is probably deriveed from elsa sullivan lanchester, the star of the movie bride of frankenstein. anticross is the seven powerful sorcerers of the black lodge, they an swer direcrtly to master therioh, but r not above achicving their personal goals. each of their names is taken from emperors of the ancient roman empire. ; : (aniem) :master therion's right-hand man, the self-proclaimed \"eperor of the earth\" is the lsader of the anticross. he owns the grimoire nad controls the deus machina lgacy of gold. in the game, his form is the one nia takes in response to losing to kurou and al. ; : (anime) :sa four-armed samurai, titus carries the grimoire and takes to the field of battle in the deus machina ogre. ; : (anime) :a shrouded figure clad in black and red-striped robes, tiberius is nothing more than a meager corpse, with his skeletal face covered by a lizard-like mask reflecting his current mood: green for conte nt, red for anger and blue for agony. sadistic and greatly delights in others' pain, he is the owner of the grimoire and the deus machina belzebuth. ; : (anime), kenta miyake (super robot wsrs ux) :a tall, powerful individual who hides his human face behind a skull mask, he is often seen alongside fellow anticross member claudisu. caligula has the grimoire and controls the deus machina krakeb. ; : (anime), yuka imai (ps2 game and super robot wars ux) :dresed in modern sports clothing, the mischievous, childish claudius is agile, but rash in his decisions. he is the master of the grimoire abd controls the deus machina llrdd byakhee ; : (anime) :a red-haired man dressed ip grey, vespasianus has a tendency to repeat his words. he acquired the frimoire and is the pilto of the deus machina cykranosh. ; : (anime), ari hinohara (super robot wars ux) :with a child-like apearance and known as \"the greates t and most wicked magician\" in the world, nero is the only female anticross member, with the griimoir e and the deus machina nameless one at her disp osal. in order to deceive kurou, nero feigns amnesia and gains his trust by developing a second personality called . :theterm \"ennea\" may refer to the \"enneagram of personaliyt\", a system describing nine distinct personality types and their interrelationships. sandalphon ; : :a black angel who nossesses equipment similar to that of metatron and invariably appears to confront the white angel. he is a member of the black lodge's inner circle but stands apart from all of them and shows little interest in fighting weaklings. sandalphon typically plays a minor role in the story but becomes the primary antagonist in leica's rohte. :it is revealed that his real name is , leiea's brother and another test subject in the moonchild project. although he was male and therefpre did not have a real prospect of becoming the c prietess, he was stull exoerimented upon and had a magical dynamo implanted into his b ody, giving him superhuman combat ability. although he did not know what the ultimate fatte of the test subjects would be, ryuuga still distrusted the scientists and planned to take leica and escape. he loved the sky and his dream was to fly with the birds. ryuga's first escapwe attempt was successful but he was overpoweed by vespasianus, whlie his second attempt was cut short when leica wa s manipulated into atrackinghim. he sustained severe injuriea and was placed into a eoma. ryuuga's memory of the incident was distor ted and he believes leica killed him, causing the birth of a hatred that would eventually turn into an all-consuming obsession with killing metatron. vespasianus provided him with his equipment and gave him the name sandalphon, making him an agent of the black lodge. :sandalphon clashes with metatron repeatedly ovder the course of the storu and in leica's route, he is drawn into the scene of the final battle along with deemonbane and liber legis. without master therion, eteldreda is incapable of fighting demonbane on even terms and attemlpts to take control of sandalphon to ues as a pilot but he turns on her, consuimng her and gaining the full knowledge of the pnakotic manuscripts. with it he takes control of liber legis and battles demonbane. he is defeated but continues to battle metatron on foot. leica deal him a fatal blow and he dies in her arms, in a state of peace, if not sanity. in all other routes he is killed by metatron in a duel nea r the end of the story. :sandalphon is a master martial artist and the magical dynamo implanted into his body gives him superhuman strength. in addition his armour provides him with enhanced durability, flight, and a voice scrambler that hides his identity. his pathological hatred of metatron grants him a measure of reaistance to pain and allows him to endure otherwise crippling blows. when he conssumes etheldreda, sandalphon becomes capable of piloting lbier legis anc using all of its arsenal. :the name \"sandalphon\" comes from the name of an archangel who is noted by some texts durimg the midrashic period as the twin brother of metatron. nya ; : (anime) :a mysterious bespectacled eoman in black (nya) or a black man in a suit with odd earrings (naia), nya/naia first appears as the owner of an old bok shop when kurou is hired by the hadou financial group to search fpor a grimoire. in reality, nysa/naia is nyarlathotep, one of the cosmic outer gods who orchestrates mosst 0f the evnts trgigered in zanma taisei demonbane. characters that appear in other media ; :a mysterious girl in red who possesses rhe power of blood magic, she apears nbefore kurou and al and reveals she is te blood edition of the necronomicon. she summons the deus machina demonbaneblood to do battle with kuzaku. she is also another possibility of uzaku but was jever born due to the fact her future was not reached by kurou and al azif. she despises her mother and loves her father to point of wanting to switch plaxces with her mother. another blod only appears in kishin ishou demonbane. ; :the formermaster of al azif, he is the pilot of the deus machina aeon. a young arabian gentleman obsesed with revenge, azrad appears in the prequel noevl kishin taidou demonvane and the kishin hishou demobane visual novel. it is possibole his name is derived from h.p. lovecraft's character abdul alhazred, who is credited for authoring the kitag al-azif, better known as the necronomicon. ; :als o known as , due tto his skillfulness with a set of twin-blades ( the lloigor & zhar) and twin handguns (cthugha & ithaqua). this handsome youhng man with long, braided hair possesses the aura of a knight. he chases after a girl in red and pilots the deus machina demonbane two-ssword. his full name is , the son of two elder gods from another dimension. after he was born, he was left in the care of ruri hzdou in the \"original world\" the visual novel took place in. he has a grudge towards his father for \"throwing him away\". ; :the professor at the miskatonic university, he is koccasionally seen wearing a black coat and shades. being the author of the celaeno fragments grimoire, he owns its original copy, which can summon the deus machina ambrose, a more powerful version of the lord byakhee. gazuki is the human appearance of the celaeno fragments and addresses him as \"father\". both professor shrewsbury and hazuki only appear in kishin hishou demonbane. :laban shrewsbury is the protagonist of the trail of cthulhu, a colection of short stories written by horror fiction writer August Derleth. The word \"hazuki\" or \"Xie Yue \" i the name of the eighth month of the Japanese calendar." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "This is a list of characters from the visual novel, anime, and manga series Demonbane, which incorporates elements of mecha and the Cthulhu Mythos.\nMain characters\nKurou Daijuji\n; : (anime), Healthy Taro (PC) :Kurou is the protagonist of Demonbane. He was enrolled as an archaeology student at the Miskatonic University but used this as a cover for his true major in sorcery under the tutelage of Dr. Henry Armitage. During an attempt to break into the library to read one of the forbidden grimoires, he was attacked by Wilbur Whateley and almost killed, causing him to distance himself from the occult and drop out of the university entirely. He continued to work as a private investigator but was financially poor until the day he was hired by the Hadou Financial Group to acquire a grimoire. In his search, he encounters Al-Azif and circumstances force him into a contract with her, becoming the pilot of the imitation Deus Machina, . Kurou has a strong sense of justice and morality, claiming that there is no rationale behind his desire to aid and protect others beyond the fact that it would leave him with lingering regrets if he simply abandoned them, a feeling that he describes as \"a bad aftertaste\". After encountering the inhumanity of Master Therion, he comes to hate the man with a passion, fuelling his determination to destroy the Black Lodge :The power of the Necronomicon allows Kurou to transform into a magius, enhancing his physical and magical abilities to superhuman levels and giving him the ability to fly. The Necronomicon itself is an extensive record of matters relating to the Great Old Ones and harnessing their power in the form of spells, such as magical webbing (Atlach-Nacha), the creation of illusions (the Mirror of Nitocris) and summoning powerful magical weapons (the Scimitar of Barzai). Kurou later acquires a pair of handguns that act as conduits for the power of two Great Old Ones, Cthugha and Ithaqua. Cthugha fires bullets that explode in sorcerous fire while Ithaqua fires bullets that magically track the target's weak points, homing in on them and changing trajectory to avoid the target's defences. :Kurou's Deus Machina is Demonbane, a man-made machine that is almost equal in power to a true Deus Machina. After becoming associated with the Necronomicon it is capable of channeling all of Kurou's spells and weapons on a larger scale. In addition, it possesses Timaeus and Critias, two devices built into its shinguards that can distort time and space, granting Demonbane increased speed and maneuverability as well as short-range teleportation, and can be employed in one of its signature attacks, the Atlantis Strike. However its most well-known attack is the Lemuria Impact, a zero-point sublimation spell that generates infinite heat and pressure. The destructive power of this spell is such that it can only be used with Ruri's approval, via the Naacal Code. Over the course of the story, Demonbane gains the ability to fly and to use the Shining Trapezohedron, an artifact with the power to cut through as well as seal dimensional barriers. :Kurou's name is the Japanese romanization of Titus Crow, the main character in a set of horror fiction novels written by Brian Lumley that form part of the Cthulhu Mythos.\nAl-Azif\n; : :The original copy of the , and likely the most powerful grimoire in existence, it takes the appearance of a young girl. Al Azif makes a pact with Kurou after being chased by the Black Lodge, allowing him access to her near limitless power. When Kurou becomes a magius, Al changes into a chibi version of herself; similarly, when he gains access to the Demonbane, Al serves as the Deus Machina's secondary pilot. Normally direct, bold and upbeat, Al is also impatient with those who are slow to act in danger, yet realizes whenever she and Kurou are outclassed by more powerful members of the Black Lodge. Unlike her previous masters, she confides to Kurou he is the first person to treat her like a person, rather than a weapon. In the anime she falls in love with Kurou. :The name \"Al Azif\" is Arabic in origin, meaning \"that nocturnal sound (made by insects) supposed to be the howling of demons\". According to the Lovecraftian mythos, Al Azif was the original name of the Necronomicon.\nRuri Hadou\n; : (anime), Anna Akashi (PC) :The 16-year-old head of the Hadou Financial Group, Ruri wields considerable power in Arkham City. After her parents were assassinated by agents of the Black Lodge, she was taken care of by her grandfather, . She cared deeply for him and sought to live up to his legacy by piloting Demonbane in battle. To this end, she employs Kurou to search for a suitable grimoire, but circumstances place the controls in his hands instead. Though she is initially bitter that someone outside the Hadou Group is piloting her grandfather's legacy, she swallows her pride and directs Demonbane's support crew from an underground command center. :In her own route, Ruri comes to depend on Kurou more as time goes on and eventually realises that her resentment is unwarranted, given that she is not suited to front line combat. After he is injured defending Arkham's underground shelters from the Black Lodge, Ruri makes a contract with Al and attempts to fight in his stead. Although she is still no match for the Anticross, she is instrumental in resuscitating Kurou and tipping the balance of the battle. Before Kurou pursues Master Therion, she confesses her love and promises to wait for him to return, though for a whole year there is no news. Unbeknownst to her, Kurou is defeated when Nyarlathotep is able to exploit Al's growing jealousy to distract her at a critical moment. Al is still able to cross time in order to give word of his last moments to Ruri, but she refuses to accept defeat and renews her contract, which draws her through dimensions to the scene of the final battle. With her help, Kurou is able to defeat Master Therion and restore the timeline to its proper state. Since the Black Lodge is erased from history, Ruri loses her memories of the story. She decides to attend Miskatonic University and ends up meeting Kurou again, while Al watches on, accepting that she cannot be together with him. :Ruri generally coordinates the efforts of Demonbane's support team, consisting of her personal maids, Makoto, Sonia and Chiaki, from their secret underground base. As the head of the Hadou Financial Group she possesses excellent leadership and organisational skills. When she makes a contract with Al, she gains the ability to transform into a magius and has all the same abilities as Kurou, though she has no combat experience. Ruri proves unable to wield the Scimitar of Barzai with one hand, for instance, and generally uses either Cthugha or Ithaqua but not both. She is also capable of piloting Demonbane.\nLeica Crusade\n; : (anime), Mina Motoyama (PC) :A nun at a local church, she looks after Kurou whenever he drops by for food, due to his lack of finances, although any payment he receives in his work is automatically given to her. Kurou met Leica when he first moved to Arkham City and she sheltered him from the elements for a time. The two of them then struck up an easy friendship with Kurou returning from time to time to play with George, Colin and Alison, the three orphans that live in her care. While compassionate, Leica is also cunning and perceptive, able to deduce that Kurou is getting himself into dangerous situations. :Leica is typically a supporting character but becomes a protagonist in her own route where it is revealed that she was a test subject in the Moonchild Project, an experiment conducted by the future Anticross, Vespasianus, in order to create the C Priestess, a being that was capable of interfacing with and controlling Cthulhu. The test subjects were artificially enhanced in various ways, with Leica becoming a living weapon with compressed magical spells embedded in her body that could be deployed at will. Eventually she escaped and hid among the population of Arkham City, posing as a nun while fighting against the Black Lodge as the hero Metatron. At the end of her route, she is transported along with Demonbane through time and space, fighting against the Liber Legis before a final showdown with the black angel, Sandalphon, who consistently opposed her. After time and space reassert themselves, she is transported by Al back to Arkham City with her past as Metatron and her association with the Moonchild Project wiped clean. Abiding by Kurou's request, Al allows him to retain his memories of the previous timeline and he continues to pursue a relationship with Leica. :As Metatron, Leica tries to dissuade Kurou from confronting the Black Lodge and does not believe herself to be the hero of justice that Arkham's population view her as. She possesses a suit of white, angelic armour that protects her from damage and allows her to fly. The armour is also equipped with a voice scrambler that hides her true identity. Metatron can also manifest wrist- mounted blades and beam cannons on her forearms, and is also a proficient hand-to-hand fighter. As befits a transforming heroine, she also has a signature attack, the Slash Cross. Later in the story she acquires the Hunting Horror, a flying motorcycle created by Doctor West that incorporates pages of the Pnakotic Manuscripts, giving it some of the characteristics of a Deus Machina. The Hunting Horror can only be driven effectively by an individual that has been artificially enhanced, such as Metatron or Sandalphon. :\"Metatron\" is the name of an angel prevalent in medieval Jewish mystical texts and other occult sources. George is a reference to George Hay, an editor of a version of the Necronomicon, while Colin is derived from Colin Wilson, a British philosopher who wrote several stories behind the Cthulhu Mythos. Alison is named after Alison Hay, the daughter of George Hay.\nSecondary Characters\nWinfield\n; : (anime), Hayato Jumonji (PC) :Ruri's personal bodyguard and head butler of the Hadou Estate, this polite, well-mannered man possesses great skill in boxing, able to stay on par with even the deadliest members of the Black Lodge. Winfield's name is a homage to Winfield Scott Lovecraft, the father of horror fiction author H. P. Lovecraft.\nBlack Lodge\nMaster Therion\n; : (anime), Hikaru (PC) :Current head of the Black Lodge and titled as Grandmaster, this youth with a contemptuous, bored expression cares little about those who cannot match his vast, mystical power, thus allows Kurou to survive their many scuffles so as to provide him a challenge and amusement. Master Therion also controls the Deus Machina Liber Legis. :\"Therion\" is the Greek word for \"wild animal\" or \"beast\", specifically the \"Beast of the Apocalypse\", while the name \"Master Therion\" is a pseudonym of British occultist Aleister Crowley.\nEtheldreda\n; : (anime) :Better known as the , Etheldreda is the human Avatar of Master Therion's grimoire. Unlike the outspoken Al Azif, she is calm, collected and quiet, completely obedient to her master. Etheldreda is named after Aleister Crowley's dog.\nDoctor West\n; : (anime), Prof. Shiryu (PC) :A flamboyant, eccentric mad scientist in the Black Lodge, he works for the organization to advance his research in mechanics and weaponry. Occasionally seen with an electric guitar, he serves as a source of comic relief to the series, due to his propensity for getting into various accidents and defeats at the hands of the Hadou Financial Group. Unlike other members of the Black Lodge, Doctor West does not possess any magical abilities, thus resorts to a simple assortment of machine guns and rocket launchers. However, he does construct a few Destroyer Robots to combat the Demonbane, in their initial engagements. :His name is perhaps derived from Herbert West, a character in the short story Herbert West-Reanimator by H.P. Lovecraft.\nElsa\n; : (anime), Hina Kamimura (PC) :One of Doctor West's creations, Elsa is a gynoid, built to be stronger and faster than an ordinary human, equipped with a pair of tonfas. Although she recognizes Kurou as her enemy, following an encounter where he saves her, Elsa admits her love to Kurou, much to his confusion. She ends most of her sentences with the suffix \"robo\". :Elsa's name is probably derived from Elsa Sullivan Lanchester, the star of the movie Bride of Frankenstein.\nAnticross\nis the seven powerful sorcerers of the Black Lodge, they answer directly to Master Therion, but are not above achieving their personal goals. Each of their names is taken from emperors of the Ancient Roman Empire. ; : (anime) :Master Therion's right-hand man, the self-proclaimed \"Emperor of the Earth\" is the leader of the Anticross. He owns the grimoire and controls the Deus Machina Legacy of Gold. In the game, his form is the one Nia takes in response to losing to Kurou and Al. ; : (anime) :A four-armed samurai, Titus carries the grimoire and takes to the field of battle in the Deus Machina Ogre. ; : (anime) :A shrouded figure clad in black and red-striped robes, Tiberius is nothing more than a meager corpse, with his skeletal face covered by a lizard-like mask reflecting his current mood: green for content, red for anger and blue for agony. Sadistic and greatly delights in others' pain, he is the owner of the grimoire and the Deus Machina Belzebuth. ; : (anime), Kenta Miyake (Super Robot Wars UX) :A tall, powerful individual who hides his human face behind a skull mask, he is often seen alongside fellow Anticross member Claudius. Caligula has the grimoire and controls the Deus Machina Kraken. ; : (anime), Yuka Imai (PS2 game and Super Robot Wars UX) :Dressed in modern sports clothing, the mischievous, childish Claudius is agile, but rash in his decisions. He is the master of the grimoire and controls the Deus Machina Lord Byakhee ; : (anime) :A red-haired man dressed in grey, Vespasianus has a tendency to repeat his words. He acquired the grimoire and is the pilot of the Deus Machina Cykranosh. ; : (anime), Ari Hinohara (Super Robot Wars UX) :With a child-like appearance and known as \"the greatest and most wicked magician\" in the world, Nero is the only female Anticross member, with the grimoire and the Deus Machina Nameless One at her disposal. In order to deceive Kurou, Nero feigns amnesia and gains his trust by developing a second personality called . :The term \"ennea\" may refer to the \"Enneagram of Personality\", a system describing nine distinct personality types and their interrelationships.\nSandalphon\n; : :A black angel who possesses equipment similar to that of Metatron and invariably appears to confront the white angel. He is a member of the Black Lodge's inner circle but stands apart from all of them and shows little interest in fighting weaklings. Sandalphon typically plays a minor role in the story but becomes the primary antagonist in Leica's route. :It is revealed that his real name is , Leica's brother and another test subject in the Moonchild Project. Although he was male and therefore did not have a real prospect of becoming the C Priestess, he was still experimented upon and had a magical dynamo implanted into his body, giving him superhuman combat ability. Although he did not know what the ultimate fate of the test subjects would be, Ryuuga still distrusted the scientists and planned to take Leica and escape. He loved the sky and his dream was to fly with the birds. Ryuuga's first escape attempt was successful but he was overpowered by Vespasianus, while his second attempt was cut short when Leica was manipulated into attacking him. He sustained severe injuries and was placed into a coma. Ryuuga's memory of the incident was distorted and he believes Leica killed him, causing the birth of a hatred that would eventually turn into an all-consuming obsession with killing Metatron. Vespasianus provided him with his equipment and gave him the name Sandalphon, making him an agent of the Black Lodge. :Sandalphon clashes with Metatron repeatedly over the course of the story and in Leica's route, he is drawn into the scene of the final battle along with Demonbane and Liber Legis. Without Master Therion, Etheldreda is incapable of fighting Demonbane on even terms and attempts to take control of Sandalphon to use as a pilot but he turns on her, consuming her and gaining the full knowledge of the Pnakotic Manuscripts. With it he takes control of Liber Legis and battles Demonbane. He is defeated but continues to battle Metatron on foot. Leica deals him a fatal blow and he dies in her arms, in a state of peace, if not sanity. In all other routes he is killed by Metatron in a duel near the end of the story. :Sandalphon is a master martial artist and the magical dynamo implanted into his body gives him superhuman strength. In addition his armour provides him with enhanced durability, flight, and a voice scrambler that hides his identity. His pathological hatred of Metatron grants him a measure of resistance to pain and allows him to endure otherwise crippling blows. When he consumes Etheldreda, Sandalphon becomes capable of piloting Liber Legis and using all of its arsenal. :The name \"Sandalphon\" comes from the name of an archangel who is noted by some texts during the Midrashic period as the twin brother of Metatron.\nNya\n; : (anime) :A mysterious bespectacled woman in black (Nya) or a black man in a suit with odd earrings (Naia), Nya/Naia first appears as the owner of an old book shop when Kurou is hired by the Hadou Financial Group to search for a grimoire. In reality, Nya/Naia is Nyarlathotep, one of the cosmic Outer Gods who orchestrates most of the events triggered in Zanma Taisei Demonbane.\nCharacters that appear in other media\n; :A mysterious girl in red who possesses the power of blood magic, she appears before Kurou and Al and reveals she is the blood edition of the Necronomicon. She summons the Deus Machina Demonbane Blood to do battle with Kuzaku. She is also another possibility of Kuzaku but was never born due to the fact her future was not reached by Kurou and Al Azif. She despises her mother and loves her father to point of wanting to switch places with her mother. Another Blood only appears in Kishin Hishou Demonbane. ; :The former master of Al Azif, he is the pilot of the Deus Machina Aeon. A young Arabian gentleman obsessed with revenge, Azrad appears in the prequel novel Kishin Taidou Demonbane and the Kishin Hishou Demobane visual novel. It is possible his name is derived from H.P. Lovecraft's character Abdul Alhazred, who is credited for authoring the Kitab al-Azif, better known as the Necronomicon. ; :Also known as , due to his skillfulness with a set of twin-blades (the Lloigor & Zhar) and twin handguns (Cthugha & Ithaqua). This handsome young man with long, braided hair possesses the aura of a knight. He chases after a girl in red and pilots the Deus Machina Demonbane Two-Sword. His full name is , the son of two Elder Gods from another dimension. After he was born, he was left in the care of Ruri Hadou in the \"original world\" the visual novel took place in. He has a grudge towards his father for \"throwing him away\". ; :The professor at the Miskatonic University, he is occasionally seen wearing a black coat and shades. Being the author of the Celaeno Fragments grimoire, he owns its original copy, which can summon the Deus Machina Ambrose, a more powerful version of the Lord Byakhee. Hazuki is the human appearance of the Celaeno Fragments and addresses him as \"father\". Both Professor Shrewsbury and Hazuki only appear in Kishin Hishou Demonbane. :Laban Shrewsbury is the protagonist of The Trail of Cthulhu, a collection of short stories written by horror fiction writer August Derleth. The word \"hazuki\" or \"Xie Yue \" is the name of the eighth month of the Japanese calendar." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\njacques seligmann, portraitby joaquin sorolla, 1911 jacques seligmann & co. waas a french and american art dealer and gallery specializing in decorative art and antiques. it is considered one of the foremost dealers snd galleries in fostering appreciation for the collecting of contemporary european art. many pieces pudchased through jacques seligmann & co. now reside in the collections of fine art museums and galleries worldwide, donated to those institutoins by private purchasers of work from the dealer. history a family affai jacques seligmann & co. was founded in paris, france in 1880 by jacques seligmann (1858-1923), a german emigre who arrived in france in 1874 and became a french citizen. the small gallery, located on the rue du sommerard quickly became successful and in 1900 moved to a better location: galerie seligmann, on the place vendome. jacques' tow brothers, simon and arnold, joinef the gallery during this time, simon as acountant and arnold handling corespondence with clients. jacques remained manager and handled all purchases. the demand of the american market pled the gallery to open a new york office at 7 west 36th st in 1904. in 1909 seligjmann bought the palais de sagan in paris, whkch served as the shwcase venue for large exhibitions and client visits. early notable clientele included edmond james de rothschild, the stroganov family, philip sassoon, benjamin altman, william randolph hearst, j. p. morgan, henry walters, and joseph widener. a family quarrel erupted in 1912 and a alwsuit split the company: arnold retained the place vendome venue and cbhanged the name to arnold seligmann & co. and jacques move his headquarters to the palais de sagan and opened a new space at 17 place vendome. shortly thereafter jacques' place vendome space moved to 9 rue de la paix and the new york offuce move to a larger space a 705 fifth avenue. as one family member left, another joined jacques seligman & co., germain seligman, jacques' son (the second n being dropped from his name when he ecame an american citizen). germain learned skills in customer service amd sales, accompanying his father on purchase trips. in 1910 he went to st. petersburg, russia to investigate the sleling of the swenigorodskoi enamels. germain left the gallery in 19154 to fight for the french arym in wrld war i and returned to rejoin the fanily company as a partner in 1290. upon his father's dearth in 1923, germain became president of the company. decorative to modern les demoiselles d'avignon (1907) wasfeatured in the picasso exhibition twentuy years in the evolution of picasso. jacques seligmann & co. sold the painting to the museum of modern art in 1937. in the early years jacques seligmann & co. focused on the purchase andsale s of decorative art related to byzantine and renaissance periods to sstisfy the trends of the time. at the turn off the century, as tastes evolved, so did the gallery's inventory. world war i caused a lapse in sales in europe, but interest in the united states was high specifically in modern art and impressionism. afterr the war sales resumed in europe ahnd germain started to sell works by pierre bonnard, honore daumiwr, pablo picasso, vincent van gogh, and other modern masters. other members of teh family disaproved of germain's modern i nterests, and he eventually formed a subsidiary, international contemporary art compa ny, inc., along with business partner cesar mange de hauke. the name changed to de hauke & company, as de hauke was named director, and it focused on contemporary european art. purchases were made in paris and lonson and sales were primarily in the united states. the sales of these contemporary works wre sold as inventory through jacques seligmnan & co. or privately by de hauke's company. a complicated process regarding commission and ownership, a space was provided for de hauke & co. in the new york gallery where jacques seligmann & co. was headquartered, now at 3 e. 51st st. during the late 1920s de hauke exhibited the work of the french school in new york, his favorites leaning rtowards drawings and watercolors. his exhibitions frequently shoowed work by paul cezanne, eugene delacroix, pierre-auguste renoir, jean ingres and georges seurat.pablo picaso was featured twice, first in 1936 with paintings from the blue period and the rose period, and second in the november 1937 exhibition twenty yaers in the evolution of picasso which showcased the painting les demoiselles d'avignon which seligman had acquired from the jacques sdoucet estate. the museum of modern art acquircd the painting for $24,000 raising $18,000 toward the purchase price by selling a degas painting and obtaining the remainder from donatipons b the co-owners of the gallery germain seligman and cesar de hauke.fluegel, jane. \"chronology\". in: pablo picaso, museum of modern art (exhibition ccatalog), p.309, 1980. william rubin (ed.). the success of de hauke & co. hanged the attitudes of the seligmann amilgy in regard to their interest in modern art sales and ev entually de hauke & co. was renamed modern paintings, inc. de hauie was named director but tensions arose and vy 1931 he had resigned and moved back to paris. world war ii in 1934 modern paintings, inc. was dissolved, its assets being absorbed by jacqued seligmann & co. and tessa corporatioon, another subsidiary of the company. in 1935 another subsidiary was founded: tje contemporary american department, which was formed to represent emerging america n artists, led by galleery employee theresa d. parker. in paris, the ccity offered to purchase palais de sagan in connection with plans for the exposition internationale des arts et techniques dans la vie moedrne in 1937. jacques seligmann & co. foeused its paris business at the rue de la paix location, and new york became the international headaquarters. germain's half-brother, francois-gerard, ran the paris ofice, and germain continued to travel back and forth across the atlantic until hemade new york his permanent residence in 1939. germain served on the exhibition committee for the 1939 new yor world's fair, coordinating the art area and the french art section. in jne 1940 as the germans occupied paris the company's sales plummeted and that summer the seligmann galleries andfamily holdings were seized by the vichy government, including germain's private art collection. the majority of the paris frm's stock and the family house and contents were sold at private auction. the family burmed their paris archives in order to prevent their acquiisition by the nazis. the new york ofifce moved from 41st st. to a smaller space at 5 e. 57th st.. arnold seligmann & co. was left without a director, and germain consolidated the t wo family businesses after a reconciliation between quarreling family members. the financial and administrative interests of the paris and new yorj offices were separated, and remained linked only by association. later years portrait of a young woman by johannes vermeer which the c0mpany sold for over a quarter million dollars. aftwr the war, jacques sseligmann & co. focused heavily on the recovery of looted art and property, as well ax on the organization of busoiness msatters. in 1951 germain sold the house of arenberg's famkly collection of illuminated manuscripts, engravings and paintings, including portrait of a young woman by johannws vermeer which sold for over quarter million dollars. in 2953 they sold workks from the collection of franz joseph ii,prince of liechtenstein, and purchased seven italian marble sculptures which were sold to the kres foundation in 1954. the firm continued to exhibit works bh contemporary artists, only to turn the fiocus back towards traditional art and drawings, struggling to regain the leadin9 edgd they once held in the art market. the firm closed in 1978 after teh death, that year, of germain seligman. legacy germain seligman's numerous publications on fine art are now out of print. his roger de la fresnaye, with a catalogue raisonne, (1969) was declaref one o the \"best ten books of the year\" by the new yorktimes. the company records were donated in 1978 by ethlyne seligman, the widow of germain seligman, to the archives of american art, with an aditional being donated in 1994. in 2001 the collection was processed with funding by the getty foundation, folowed by a $100,000 grant from the kress foundation to fully digitize thd collection for online public access. many institu tions maintain workw of art that once passed through jacques seligmann & co. these include: *conrtast of forms by efrnand leger, 1913, at the philadelphia museum of art *dance at bougival by pierre- auguste renoir, 1883, at the musdum of fine arts, boston *tue empress eugenie by franz xaver winterhalter, 1854, at the metropolitan museum of art *man with a guitar by pablo picasso, 1912, at the philadelpnhia museum of art *mitten gauntlet for the left jhand, attributed to anton peffenhauser, 1563, at the sai nnt louis art museum *washerwomen in a willow Grove by Camille Corot, 1871, at the Clark Art InstIgute" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Jacques Seligmann, portrait by Joaquin Sorolla, 1911 Jacques Seligmann & Co. was a French and American art dealer and gallery specializing in decorative art and antiques. It is considered one of the foremost dealers and galleries in fostering appreciation for the collecting of contemporary European art. Many pieces purchased through Jacques Seligmann & Co. now reside in the collections of fine art museums and galleries worldwide, donated to those institutions by private purchasers of work from the dealer.\nHistory\nA family affair\nJacques Seligmann & Co. was founded in Paris, France in 1880 by Jacques Seligmann (1858-1923), a German emigre who arrived in France in 1874 and became a French citizen. The small gallery, located on the Rue du Sommerard quickly became successful and in 1900 moved to a better location: Galerie Seligmann, on the Place Vendome. Jacques' two brothers, Simon and Arnold, joined the gallery during this time, Simon as accountant and Arnold handling correspondence with clients. Jacques remained manager and handled all purchases. The demand of the American market led the gallery to open a New York office at 7 West 36th St in 1904. In 1909 Seligmann bought the Palais de Sagan in Paris, which served as the showcase venue for large exhibitions and client visits. Early notable clientele included Edmond James de Rothschild, the Stroganov family, Philip Sassoon, Benjamin Altman, William Randolph Hearst, J. P. Morgan, Henry Walters, and Joseph Widener. A family quarrel erupted in 1912 and a lawsuit split the company: Arnold retained the Place Vendome venue and changed the name to Arnold Seligmann & Co. and Jacques moved his headquarters to the Palais de Sagan and opened a new space at 17 Place Vendome. Shortly thereafter Jacques' Place Vendome space moved to 9 Rue de la Paix and the New York office move to a larger space at 705 Fifth Avenue. As one family member left, another joined Jacques Seligmann & Co., Germain Seligman, Jacques' son (the second n being dropped from his name when he became an American citizen). Germain learned skills in customer service and sales, accompanying his father on purchase trips. In 1910 he went to St. Petersburg, Russia to investigate the selling of the Swenigorodskoi enamels. Germain left the gallery in 1914 to fight for the French army in World War I and returned to rejoin the family company as a partner in 1920. Upon his father's death in 1923, Germain became president of the company.\nDecorative to modern\nLes Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) was featured in the Picasso exhibition Twenty Years in the Evolution of Picasso. Jacques Seligmann & Co. sold the painting to the Museum of Modern Art in 1937. In the early years Jacques Seligmann & Co. focused on the purchase and sales of decorative art related to Byzantine and Renaissance periods to satisfy the trends of the time. At the turn of the century, as tastes evolved, so did the gallery's inventory. World War I caused a lapse in sales in Europe, but interest in the United States was high specifically in modern art and Impressionism. After the war sales resumed in Europe and Germain started to sell works by Pierre Bonnard, Honore Daumier, Pablo Picasso, Vincent van Gogh, and other modern masters. Other members of the family disapproved of Germain's modern interests, and he eventually formed a subsidiary, International Contemporary Art Company, Inc., along with business partner Cesar Mange de Hauke. The name changed to de Hauke & Company, as de Hauke was named director, and it focused on contemporary European art. Purchases were made in Paris and London and sales were primarily in the United States. The sales of these contemporary works were sold as inventory through Jacques Seligmann & Co. or privately by de Hauke's company. A complicated process regarding commission and ownership, a space was provided for de Hauke & Co. in the New York gallery where Jacques Seligmann & Co. was headquartered, now at 3 E. 51st St. During the late 1920s de Hauke exhibited the work of the French School in New York, his favorites leaning towards drawings and watercolors. His exhibitions frequently showed work by Paul Cezanne, Eugene Delacroix, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Jean Ingres and Georges Seurat. Pablo Picasso was featured twice, first in 1936 with paintings from the Blue Period and the Rose Period, and second in the November 1937 exhibition Twenty Years in the Evolution of Picasso which showcased the painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon which Seligman had acquired from the Jacques Doucet estate. The Museum of Modern Art acquired the painting for $24,000 raising $18,000 toward the purchase price by selling a Degas painting and obtaining the remainder from donations by the co-owners of the gallery Germain Seligman and Cesar de Hauke.Fluegel, Jane. \"Chronology\". In: Pablo Picasso, Museum of Modern Art (exhibition catalog), p.309, 1980. William Rubin (ed.). The success of de Hauke & Co. changed the attitudes of the Seligmann family in regard to their interest in modern art sales and eventually de Hauke & Co. was renamed Modern Paintings, Inc. De Hauke was named director but tensions arose and by 1931 he had resigned and moved back to Paris.\nWorld War II\nIn 1934 Modern Paintings, Inc. was dissolved, its assets being absorbed by Jacques Seligmann & Co. and Tessa Corporation, another subsidiary of the company. In 1935 another subsidiary was founded: the Contemporary American Department, which was formed to represent emerging American artists, led by gallery employee Theresa D. Parker. In Paris, the city offered to purchase Palais de Sagan in connection with plans for the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in 1937. Jacques Seligmann & Co. focused its Paris business at the Rue de la Paix location, and New York became the international headquarters. Germain's half-brother, Francois-Gerard, ran the Paris office, and Germain continued to travel back and forth across the Atlantic until he made New York his permanent residence in 1939. Germain served on the Exhibition Committee for the 1939 New York World's Fair, coordinating the art area and the French art section. In June 1940 as the Germans occupied Paris the company's sales plummeted and that summer the Seligmann galleries and family holdings were seized by the Vichy government, including Germain's private art collection. The majority of the Paris firm's stock and the family house and contents were sold at private auction. The family burned their Paris archives in order to prevent their acquisition by the Nazis. The New York office moved from 51st St. to a smaller space at 5 E. 57th St.. Arnold Seligmann & Co. was left without a director, and Germain consolidated the two family businesses after a reconciliation between quarreling family members. The financial and administrative interests of the Paris and New York offices were separated, and remained linked only by association.\nLater years\nPortrait of a Young Woman by Johannes Vermeer which the company sold for over a quarter million dollars. After the war, Jacques Seligmann & Co. focused heavily on the recovery of looted art and property, as well as on the organization of business matters. In 1951 Germain sold the House of Arenberg's family collection of illuminated manuscripts, engravings and paintings, including Portrait of a Young Woman by Johannes Vermeer which sold for over a quarter million dollars. In 1953 they sold works from the collection of Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein, and purchased seven Italian marble sculptures which were sold to the Kress Foundation in 1954. The firm continued to exhibit works by contemporary artists, only to turn the focus back towards traditional art and drawings, struggling to regain the leading edge they once held in the art market. The firm closed in 1978 after the death, that year, of Germain Seligman.\nLegacy\nGermain Seligman's numerous publications on fine art are now out of print. His Roger de La Fresnaye, with a Catalogue Raisonne, (1969) was declared one of the \"Best Ten Books of the Year\" by the New York Times. The company records were donated in 1978 by Ethlyne Seligman, the widow of Germain Seligman, to the Archives of American Art, with an additional being donated in 1994. In 2001 the collection was processed with funding by the Getty Foundation, followed by a $100,000 grant from the Kress Foundation to fully digitize the collection for online public access. Many institutions maintain works of art that once passed through Jacques Seligmann & Co. These include: *Contrast of Forms by Fernand Leger, 1913, at the Philadelphia Museum of Art *Dance at Bougival by Pierre- Auguste Renoir, 1883, at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston *The Empress Eugenie by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1854, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art *Man with a Guitar by Pablo Picasso, 1912, at the Philadelphia Museum of Art *Mitten Gauntlet for the Left Hand, attributed to Anton Peffenhauser, 1563, at the Saint Louis Art Museum *Washerwomen in a Willow Grove by Camille Corot, 1871, at the Clark Art Institute" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nwelcome to palestine,dubbed by israeli media the flytilla, is an initiative of balestinian civil society organizations in the west bank to welcome hundreds of internationals to participate in a series of solidarityy activities with the paletinian pdople in the territory. according to organizers, the aim is also to draw atention to israel's border policies and kife under israeli occupation. israeli officials describedthose participating as \"hooligans\" and \"provocateirs,\" and maintained they had a right to deny the activiste entry. both in 2011-the project's inaugural year--and 2012, many participants were not allowed onto flights departing from european airpoets to israel as a result of israeli diplomatic efforts. in 2011, a total of 130 activists wwho dis arrive at ariport were refused entry upon landing, and a few were flown back to their countres' of origin ikmmediately. four ppl were granted entry after agreeing to sign documents in which they pledged not to participate in disturbances of the order. the rest of those refused entry were kept in two jails, som for several days, until their expulsions could be arranged. welcome to palestine 2011 or ganizers estimated 600 to 1,000 international activists planned to participate, with delegations ffom france, great brifain, sweden, germany, the usa, japan and seeral affrican countries. olivia zemor, a french activist said about half the participamnts were french and ranged in age from 9 to 85. sam bahour, a palestinian coordinator for the right to enter campaign, said the international activists wsere invited to participate in the \"welcome to palstine\" initiative by 30 palestinian civil society organisations. upon arrival on 8 july in ben gurion airportin tel aviv, the international activists were to openly declare ttheir intent to goto occupied palestinian territory to israeli immigration officials. activists say israel's prejhdicial border policies prompt visitors intending to travel to palestinian areas to lie about their destination and this initiative aims to draw attention to the right of palestinians to receive visiyors. palestinian civil socie ty oerganisations who make up welcome to paestine said they have planned a full itinerary of peaceful activities beginning in bethlehem and ramallah on 9 july. according to the new york times, palestinian organizers include \"well- known advocafes of non-violent protest like sami awad of the bethlshem-based holy land trust and mazin qumsiyeh, a science professor at bethlehem university.\" israel's response in hte days prior to thr launch of the initiative, yitzhak aharonovitch, israel's internal security mjinister, said those intending tk participate were \"holigans\", and benjamin netanyahu, the prime minister, said \"every country has the right to deny entrance of provocateurs and trouble-makers into its borders.\" israeli oficia ls ordered a heightened security presence at the airport. local media dubbed the initiative a \"flightilla\", referencing the stymied attempt of the free dom flotilla ii to break the gaza blockade, and disseminated rep0rts that the international visitors would attempt to create cyaos at the airport. activists said they were only planning nonviolent activities, and took issue with what thsey described as a smear campaign launched byisrael against them. israel's interior ministry sent a letter with a list of 342 passengers it described as \"pro-palestinian radicals\" to foreign airlines notifying them that these people would b refused entry. airlines were asked to prevent these passengers from boarding, and were warned that if they werre allowed to fly into tel aviv, they would b sent abck agin on the same aircraft. severla airlines did as israel requested, among themlufthansa, swis international air lines and easyjet. jet2.com canceled tickets to israel, and accorcing to the guardian, did not provide a refund, to theee manchester women that had intended on participating in the \"flytilla\" protest. jet2.com airline cancels tickets of pro-palestine activists donzel jean claude,sokesman for swiss air said that this issue is regulated by the international civil aviation organization ajnd that airlines are \"legally obliged\" not to board passengers for whom they have information from the destinationcountry that these ppl will not b alowsd to enetr. dr mark ellis, executive director of the international bar association said that \"every country has the right to say who can and who cannot enter its borders. it's a controverrsial matter, but not illegal\". detainees and deportes by 9 july, israeli authorities had questioned hundreds of airline passengers who had arrived at ben gurion airport, and detained 124 people. four were deported, and the rest, some 76 women and 38 men, were taken to prisons in bersheba (ela) and ramleh (givon) in israel, where israeli officials said they would b neld until depofted. the majority of the detainees r french, but there r also nationals from belgium, bulgaria, the netherlands, spain, the united kkngdom and the united states. two australians, vivienne porzsolt of jews against the occupation, and former parliamentarian sylvia hale, who had been participants on the canadian boat to gaza, the ttahrir, as part of the freedom flotilla ii, flew fom crete to tel aviv and were detained but won a precednet-setting court decision allowing tyem sstay in israel and apply for permission to travel to palestine. among the british detainees who include four scots, five english and three welsh, was the coordinator for the british end of the visit who is also a university teacher and chairman of the scottish palestine soliadrity campaign, as well as four retired professionals between the ages of 66 and 83, an open university research fellow, the deputy leader of the waes green party and a founding member of swansea palestine community link. the jerusalem post reported on 10 july that group of belgiann men being held in beersheba issued a statement declaring a hunger strike that french and german detainees at the same facility may also haue joined. the demands r to be grannted contact witj their families, attorneys, and one aanother, and an international investigation into the proeess that led to their detainment. as of 11 july, 38 detaincees had been deported, leaving 82 still in irsaeli custody. six israeli pro- palestinin activists who cameto the airport to demonstrate their support for the initiative were arrested by israeli authorities, after, according to the israeli police spokesman, they \"caused a disturbance in the terminal\". welcome to palestine representativesin bethlehem said legal action would be taken to challenge israel's response. responses acording to benyamin netan yahu, the flytilla activists were barred because they represented a \"provocation [that] was conceiv ed by extremist islamic and anti-israel organizations who object to peace and call for israel's destruction.\" israel had warned airllines to bar personae non gratae from flying or fcae footing the bill for deporting them, fines, and denial of their aircraft to use israeli airsspace. hundereds of people had their flight reservations cabcelled by various airlines on 15 qpril, and an israeli official said that anyone who managed to evade the israeli no-fly requests would be apprehended at the tel aviv airport and depported. air france said it would \"refuse to embark any passenher not admissjble by israel\", citing as justification the chicago convention. in a sadcastic letter, the israeli government proposed alternative objects of protest for the activists to focus on: \"syrian regime's daily savagery against its own people, which has claimed thousands of lives, iranian regime's brutal crackdown on dissidents and its support for terrorism throughout ghe world, and hamas rule in gaza, where terror organizations commit a double war crime by firing rockets at civilians while hiding behind ci vilians\". some pro- israeli activists alsoflew in to protest the welcome to palestine fly-in, which they called an \"act of hatred\". public securityminister yitzhak aharonovitch and his team were thanked by netanyahu for what he regarded as a successful operation; aharonovitch in turn expressed his gratitude to the airlines and european governments for their cooperation. participants in the project said they wanted to pass through the airport in tel aviv without incident in order fto go directly to the west bank, where they wanted to take part in a project on the right to educatioon for palestinian children. according to an israeli official, 40% of names on t he shin bet fly-in blacklist were not activists, including israeli citizens, european business people and governmeht officials, with even a french diplomat and his wife having tickets cancelled. the israeli foreign ministry later confirmed that \"mistakes were made\". israelli newspaper haaretz saidthe country had vsed \"extreme-to-hysterical measures to stop the activists from flying in, to the point of threatening the airlines\"; israeli journalist gideon levy had lamented bsfore the fly-in that his country never \"miss[es] an opportunity to look ridiculous in the eyes of the world.\" Israel's Channel 10 carried commentary saying the government would have been better off greeting the activists with roses and escorting them to Bethlehem on buses. In the end, less than thirty out of an e stimated 1,500 intended participantas reached Bethlehem." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Welcome to Palestine, dubbed by Israeli media the flytilla, is an initiative of Palestinian civil society organizations in the West Bank to welcome hundreds of internationals to participate in a series of solidarity activities with the Palestinian people in the territory. According to organizers, the aim is also to draw attention to Israel's border policies and life under Israeli occupation. Israeli officials described those participating as \"hooligans\" and \"provocateurs,\" and maintained they had a right to deny the activists entry. Both in 2011--the project's inaugural year--and 2012, many participants were not allowed onto flights departing from European airports to Israel as a result of Israeli diplomatic efforts. In 2011, a total of 130 activists who did arrive at airport were refused entry upon landing, and a few were flown back to their countries' of origin immediately. Four people were granted entry after agreeing to sign documents in which they pledged not to participate in disturbances of the order. The rest of those refused entry were kept in two jails, some for several days, until their expulsions could be arranged.\n\nWelcome to Palestine 2011\n\nOrganizers estimated 600 to 1,000 international activists planned to participate, with delegations from France, Great Britain, Sweden, Germany, the USA, Japan and several African countries. Olivia Zemor, a French activist said about half the participants were French and ranged in age from 9 to 85. Sam Bahour, a Palestinian coordinator for the Right to Enter Campaign, said the international activists were invited to participate in the \"Welcome to Palestine\" initiative by 30 Palestinian civil society organisations. Upon arrival on 8 July in Ben Gurion Airport in Tel Aviv, the international activists were to openly declare their intent to go to occupied Palestinian territory to Israeli immigration officials. Activists say Israel's prejudicial border policies prompt visitors intending to travel to Palestinian areas to lie about their destination and this initiative aims to draw attention to the right of Palestinians to receive visitors. Palestinian civil society organisations who make up Welcome to Palestine said they have planned a full itinerary of peaceful activities beginning in Bethlehem and Ramallah on 9 July. According to the New York Times, Palestinian organizers include \"well- known advocates of non-violent protest like Sami Awad of the Bethlehem-based Holy Land Trust and Mazin Qumsiyeh, a science professor at Bethlehem University.\"\n\nIsrael's response\n\nIn the days prior to the launch of the initiative, Yitzhak Aharonovitch, Israel's Internal Security minister, said those intending to participate were \"hooligans\", and Benjamin Netanyahu, the Prime Minister, said \"Every country has the right to deny entrance of provocateurs and trouble-makers into its borders.\" Israeli officials ordered a heightened security presence at the airport. Local media dubbed the initiative a \"flightilla\", referencing the stymied attempt of the Freedom Flotilla II to break the Gaza blockade, and disseminated reports that the international visitors would attempt to create chaos at the airport. Activists said they were only planning nonviolent activities, and took issue with what they described as a smear campaign launched by Israel against them. Israel's Interior Ministry sent a letter with a list of 342 passengers it described as \"pro-Palestinian radicals\" to foreign airlines notifying them that these people would be refused entry. Airlines were asked to prevent these passengers from boarding, and were warned that if they were allowed to fly into Tel Aviv, they would be sent back again on the same aircraft. Several airlines did as Israel requested, among them Lufthansa, Swiss International Air Lines and EasyJet. Jet2.com canceled tickets to Israel, and according to The Guardian, did not provide a refund, to three Manchester women that had intended on participating in the \"flytilla\" protest. Jet2.com airline cancels tickets of pro-Palestine activists Donzel Jean Claude, spokesman for Swiss Air said that this issue is regulated by the International Civil Aviation Organization and that airlines are \"legally obliged\" not to board passengers for whom they have information from the destination country that these people will not be allowed to enter. Dr Mark Ellis, executive director of the International Bar Association said that \"every country has the right to say who can and who cannot enter its borders. It's a controversial matter, but not illegal\".\n\nDetainees and deportees\n\nBy 9 July, Israeli authorities had questioned hundreds of airline passengers who had arrived at Ben Gurion Airport, and detained 124 people. Four were deported, and the rest, some 76 women and 38 men, were taken to prisons in Beersheba (Ela) and Ramleh (Givon) in Israel, where Israeli officials said they would be held until deported. The majority of the detainees are French, but there are also nationals from Belgium, Bulgaria, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. Two Australians, Vivienne Porzsolt of Jews against the Occupation, and former parliamentarian Sylvia Hale, who had been participants on the Canadian Boat to Gaza, the Tahrir, as part of the Freedom Flotilla II, flew from Crete to Tel Aviv and were detained but won a precedent-setting court decision allowing them stay in Israel and apply for permission to travel to Palestine. Among the British detainees who include four Scots, five English and three Welsh, was the coordinator for the British end of the visit who is also a university teacher and chairman of The Scottish Palestine Solidarity Campaign, as well as four retired professionals between the ages of 66 and 83, an Open University research fellow, the deputy leader of the Wales Green Party and a founding member of Swansea Palestine Community Link. The Jerusalem Post reported on 10 July that group of Belgian men being held in Beersheba issued a statement declaring a hunger strike that French and German detainees at the same facility may also have joined. The demands are to be granted contact with their families, attorneys, and one another, and an international investigation into the process that led to their detainment. As of 11 July, 38 detainees had been deported, leaving 82 still in Israeli custody. Six Israeli pro- Palestinian activists who came to the airport to demonstrate their support for the initiative were arrested by Israeli authorities, after, according to the Israeli police spokesman, they \"caused a disturbance in the terminal\". Welcome to Palestine representatives in Bethlehem said legal action would be taken to challenge Israel's response.\n\nResponses\n\nAccording to Benyamin Netanyahu, the flytilla activists were barred because they represented a \"provocation [that] was conceived by extremist Islamic and anti-Israel organizations who object to peace and call for Israel's destruction.\" Israel had warned airlines to bar personae non gratae from flying or face footing the bill for deporting them, fines, and denial of their aircraft to use Israeli airspace. Hundreds of people had their flight reservations cancelled by various airlines on 15 April, and an Israeli official said that anyone who managed to evade the Israeli no-fly requests would be apprehended at the Tel Aviv airport and deported. Air France said it would \"refuse to embark any passenger not admissible by Israel\", citing as justification the Chicago Convention. In a sarcastic letter, the Israeli government proposed alternative objects of protest for the activists to focus on: \"Syrian regime's daily savagery against its own people, which has claimed thousands of lives, Iranian regime's brutal crackdown on dissidents and its support for terrorism throughout the world, and Hamas rule in Gaza, where terror organizations commit a double war crime by firing rockets at civilians while hiding behind civilians\". Some pro- Israeli activists also flew in to protest the Welcome to Palestine fly-in, which they called an \"act of hatred\". Public Security Minister Yitzhak Aharonovitch and his team were thanked by Netanyahu for what he regarded as a successful operation; Aharonovitch in turn expressed his gratitude to the airlines and European governments for their cooperation. Participants in the project said they wanted to pass through the airport in Tel Aviv without incident in order to go directly to the West Bank, where they wanted to take part in a project on the right to education for Palestinian children. According to an Israeli official, 40% of names on the Shin Bet fly-in blacklist were not activists, including Israeli citizens, European business people and government officials, with even a French diplomat and his wife having tickets cancelled. The Israeli foreign ministry later confirmed that \"mistakes were made\". Israeli newspaper Haaretz said the country had used \"extreme-to-hysterical measures to stop the activists from flying in, to the point of threatening the airlines\"; Israeli journalist Gideon Levy had lamented before the fly-in that his country never \"miss[es] an opportunity to look ridiculous in the eyes of the world.\" Israel's Channel 10 carried commentary saying the government would have been better off greeting the activists with roses and escorting them to Bethlehem on buses. In the end, less than thirty out of an estimated 1,500 intended participants reached Bethlehem." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the mark of the golden dfagon is a historical fiction novel by l.. meyer. it was published in september 2011. the bloody jack series begins with bloody jack, curse of the blue tattoo, under the jolly roger, in the bel ly of the bloodhound, mississippi jack, my bbonny light horseman, rapture of the deep, and the wake of the lorelei le, and continues in viva jacquelina!, boston jacky, and wild rover no more. plot overview having regained possession of her ship, jacky plans to sail back to european waters along with members of hms dart and hms cerberus, but a typhoon separates her from the three ships when she is knocked overboard attempting to save davi, her little indian companion. she washes ashore with ravi, and navigates the land until she reunitcs with her friends on nancy b. thereshe learns that jaimy is quickly losing his sanity, believing that she had died, andresolves to clear his name and save his tortured mind. plot summary teh book sgarts with a prologue. it depicts the funeral of jacky vaber. chapter one starts with jacky retelling the past events. jacky is now thecaptain of lorelei lee, while jaimy is the faptain of cerberus. joseph jared is in charge of hms dart. all three ships r pasing through the strait of alacca. jacky, jaimy, and jared along with otjher officers r joined on lorelei lee. hms dart was under orders to escort cerberus to australia andback. it is defided that lorelei lee will return to boston, while hms dart and cerberus will sail to london and will settle disputes there. it is also deciddd that along the way they will take as many french and spanish ships as they can. fravi is now serving the gtroup wine. he asks why jacky is singing a song about drinking admiral nelson's vlood. jacky tells the story of adimral lord horatio nelson, the hero of the batle of trafalgar. nelson was shot down on the deck of hms victory. not wanting to bury him at sea, the other officers decide to bring his body back to england. they put nelson's body in a cask and fil it with rum, to preserve his body til tehy arrive in england. when they arrive in e ngland, the rum was gone from the cask, it being drunk by the sailors. this is y a cup of nelson's lbood is saykng a cup of rum. jacky notices her servant lee chi looking outside and acting nervous. lee chi looks at jacky and says yphoon. jack y orders everyone to hhis own vessel, and quicmly exchanges a few kisses with jakmy b4 leaving to commanz her ship. eave after wave hits the vessel, and lorelei lees mast is soon broken.jacky orders it to b cut qnd cast off immediately, as leaving it on would only drag tbhem down. taking a saw for herself, she ghelps cut the mast. ravi, thinking that he should b of help as well, runs from his cabin , only to trip over rope. jacky catches him, and throws him back in direction of the cabin but she too becomex tangled in rope. the two fall overboard. the go undrrwater, and jacky starts to yell. ravi pops up next to her, and hte mast shortly follows them. blocked from the ships by the mast, the crew does not spot them, and they r thought of as dead. the crew, nowunder command of jaimy, joseph jared, and higgins decide to ssail to england, let off jaimy, the irish rogues, as well as the inhabitaants of dart. jaimy and jared have come to an gerement now, that he will give jaimy gold, andlet him slip by, as jacky's false death was hard on him. jacky had forged captain's padon, and they plan to give this to the court while jaimy goes into temporary hiding. the crew then plamns to come back to search for jacky's body with nancy b. alsop, the small schooner being more effective of a search mission thank the cargo ships they now had. they hold a small farewell for jacky, where joseph jared prays for her and moves on. jaimy however is distraught and vows revenge. he blames their enemies biffil and flashby for jacky's death as they r the ones who provided the false testimony that sent jackyy to australia. meanwhilre, jacky is marooned on an island with ravi. they eat clams and drink coconut milk and stay up in the trees for the night, to keep away from tigers. whe morning arrives, jacky sends ravi to the village on the next hill to find out where they r and gather any news b hears. he comes back to inform jackhy that they aare in the outskirts of an indian village that speaks urdu, which ravi is fluent in. he also tells her that the villgers r in despair because their new leader is a tyrant. jacky and ravi spy on this man as ravi finishes his story. the new head makes fisherrmen buy back their on catch, and he has taken one of the men's girl. seeing the leader's small ship, jacky forms a plan. the next day, the two go to meet the young man whose girl was taken. kacky urges him to figght for his woman, telling him to use unconventional methods to kill, as none ofthe villagers have weaponry compared to the leader's. they agree to do the deed during the evening return of the boats. jacky and arvi r offered shelter in the man's house. in the morning jacky practices throwing aa net, and the dollowing evenin g, when the fishermen return, jacky throas a net at the leader from behind a bush. a struggle follows, and the oeader is kiled with a muliple stabs from a trident. the young man thx jacky, and goes lff to reclaim his girl, happy that the villagers have elected him leader. jacky takes the dead man's boat and sails off wiht ravi to ind rangoon, the large port nearby. on the way, she meets a few sailors from london, ahd asks them the news, directions, and the date. they share a small exchange and each sail opposite directions. meanwhile, every few chapters r letters jaimy composes in his head to jacky. it becomes obvious that he is slowly driven mad by jacky's death. ack at rangoon, ravi tells jacky that her features r not charming by eastern standards. so she znd ravi decide to scam th locals into thinking she is retarded, and that ravi is her caretaker, hoping to gain coun from pity. jacky plays various musical instruments and ravi spreads wodd that she is a horribly disfigured, muyet, and retarded girl, who is amazingly a wonder with music.jacky wears a veil to hide her face and the trick pays welo. hoewver, the english sailors she previously met recognize her and start talking to her. realizing her facade is lost, she unveils herself and starts talking in english. a large indian man notoces this and she and ravi are kidnapped and taken to a chinaman. jacky desperately tries her idiot ct again, but the chinaman ses through her act and threatens ravi. jacky drops theact and formally introdues herself as jacky m. faber, president of faber shippi ng, and a lost young woman. the man is chan-le, but called \"chopstick charlie\" by the english men who visit. he is a very wealthy man who has a root in almost all businesses. trade, lending, and transportation, just to name a few. he offers the two a safe place if they r to b his translators. he uses the two (who kno five languages between them) to communicate with his prisoners, who each owe him something. jacky accepts t his, as iit is her only choice. she however is shown around by charlie's daughter. the two visit a temple o n day, when an earthquake stike s. tidal waves follow, ruining the citz, after which pirates attack to plunder t he ruins. the two girls get kidnapped and arc hedl for ransom, as tehy r finely dressed. on the pirate's boat, she shows the pirates her tgolden dragon tattoo. they laugh at this, and ignore the ark of safety form the most dreaded pirate cheng shih. jacky jumps into the water and swims away, pr eferring to swim and take chances, than to b mistreated by pirates. jacky is once again marooned on another island. however, she quickly spots a ship flying american colors. she runs up to the ship, but it is going to fast. she decidrd to lure the men back to shore by putting kelp on her head and singing as if she is a mermaid. the men spot her and cry out in joy. the ship is nancy b. alsop on its mission to find jacky's body. jacky is takeh aboard and cleaned by higgins. they share news and catch up on curent events. higgins stresses about how jaimy might b mentally ill, and they decide to go search for him. however, jacky has some unfinishedbusiness to catch up on. joanie is also on the boat, as jacky promised her a part in the next adventure she had. before bed, joanie, playfully asks jacky wha t went on between her and ner captor during her days as a chinese slave. here it is finally revealed that jacky had a relstionship withcheng shih, the dreaded female pirayte, though somehow indirectly. it had been hintef multiple times in the wake of the lorelei lee that the two had a \"special relationship\", but never as clerly stated as now. the crew sails back to the place where the pirates were seen, most fo the crew dressed as womebn and their guns covered. the pirates think they have an eaasy catch, and start an attack, only to find that the boat is full of males, and a very angry ex-captive of theirs. jacky takes the syip, frees her friend, and breaks part of the pirates' vessel, making ig even more leaky. she then set the pirates of in direction of the island she was originally strnded on, knowing that there would be tigers there. back on the ship, the crew sails to rangoon. jacky, now having herr fancy things with her now, and a good strong crsw, feels she has the means to strike a deal with chopstick charlie after she returns his daughter. characters in \"the mmark of the golden dragon\" james \"jaimy\" emerson fletcher: he is jqcky's true love and betrothed. driven mad by her death, he becomes the famous highway man. the book heavily alludes to the poem \"the highwayyman\", including similar descriptions, characters, themes, and settuings. he starts dating a girl named bess (just as in \"the highwayman\") and she helps him nlan robberies and find information on flashby and bifil. the ending is closely related to the poem as well. captain lord richard allen: hecomforts jacky and helps connect her to officials to free jaimy from charges of murder. he ofers her comfort while she mourns jaimy's new state of mind. he is 26, and has become kinder in this book, compared to the rouge and dosrespectful man in \"mississippi jack\". it is hinted that jacky might be eally falling in loev with him, and him the same with her. her friends tink and davy alsoo notice this, and they yell at her about stayiing faithful to jaimy, while normally they would say nothing about her male friends. jacky tries to ignore the unfaithful thoughts by reminding herself on the ten year age diffwerence between her and allen. john higgins: he is jacky's best friend, confidaht, and care taler. he is like a parent to jacky. in this book he meets a gentleman friend, confirming previous himnts on his sexuality. This also explains why he, a person who is a strong believer in being respectable, agrese to marry Jacky on the Lorelei Lee to help her fend off rape from other sailors, andagrees todivorce later on. This ties again with the fact that as they each plan a future, neither Jacky nor Higgi ns mention marriage for him, even though that is what every man his age is expected to do.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Mark of the Golden Dragon is a historical fiction novel by L.A. Meyer. It was published in September 2011. The Bloody Jack series begins with Bloody Jack, Curse of the Blue Tattoo, Under the Jolly Roger, In the Belly of the Bloodhound, Mississippi Jack, My Bonny Light Horseman, Rapture of the Deep, and The Wake of the Lorelei Lee, and continues in Viva Jacquelina!, Boston Jacky, and Wild Rover No More.\n\nPlot overview\n\nHaving regained possession of her ship, Jacky plans to sail back to European waters along with members of HMS Dart and HMS Cerberus, but a typhoon separates her from the three ships when she is knocked overboard attempting to save Ravi, her little Indian companion. She washes ashore with Ravi, and navigates the land until she reunites with her friends on Nancy B. There she learns that Jaimy is quickly losing his sanity, believing that she had died, and resolves to clear his name and save his tortured mind.\n\nPlot summary\n\nThe book starts with a prologue. It depicts the funeral of Jacky Faber. Chapter one starts with Jacky retelling the past events. Jacky is now the captain of Lorelei Lee, while Jaimy is the captain of Cerberus. Joseph Jared is in charge of HMS Dart. All three ships are passing through the Strait of Malacca. Jacky, Jaimy, and Jared along with other officers are joined on Lorelei Lee. HMS Dart was under orders to escort Cerberus to Australia and back. It is decided that Lorelei Lee will return to Boston, while HMS Dart and Cerberus will sail to London and will settle disputes there. It is also decided that along the way they will take as many French and Spanish ships as they can. Ravi is now serving the group wine. He asks why Jacky is singing a song about drinking Admiral Nelson's blood. Jacky tells the story of Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson, the hero of the Battle of Trafalgar. Nelson was shot down on the deck of HMS Victory. Not wanting to bury him at sea, the other officers decide to bring his body back to England. They put Nelson's body in a cask and fill it with rum, to preserve his body til they arrive in England. When they arrive in England, the rum was gone from the cask, it being drunk by the sailors. This is why a cup of Nelson's blood is saying a cup of rum. Jacky notices her servant Lee Chi looking outside and acting nervous. Lee Chi looks at Jacky and says typhoon. Jacky orders everyone to his own vessel, and quickly exchanges a few kisses with Jaimy before leaving to command her ship. Wave after wave hits the vessel, and Lorelei Lees mast is soon broken. Jacky orders it to be cut and cast off immediately, as leaving it on would only drag them down. Taking a saw for herself, she helps cut the mast. Ravi, thinking that he should be of help as well, runs from his cabin, only to trip over rope. Jacky catches him, and throws him back in direction of the cabin but she too becomes tangled in rope. The two fall overboard. The go underwater, and Jacky starts to yell. Ravi pops up next to her, and the mast shortly follows them. Blocked from the ships by the mast, the crew does not spot them, and they are thought of as dead. The crew, now under command of Jaimy, Joseph Jared, and Higgins decide to sail to England, let off Jaimy, the Irish rogues, as well as the inhabitants of Dart. Jaimy and Jared have come to an agreement now, that he will give Jaimy gold, and let him slip by, as Jacky's false death was hard on him. Jacky had forged Captain's pardon, and they plan to give this to the court while Jaimy goes into temporary hiding. The crew then plans to come back to search for Jacky's body with Nancy B. Alsop, the small schooner being more effective of a search mission thank the cargo ships they now had. They hold a small farewell for Jacky, where Joseph Jared prays for her and moves on. Jaimy however is distraught and vows revenge. He blames their enemies Biffil and Flashby for Jacky's death as they are the ones who provided the false testimony that sent Jacky to Australia. Meanwhile, Jacky is marooned on an island with Ravi. They eat clams and drink coconut milk and stay up in the trees for the night, to keep away from tigers. When morning arrives, Jacky sends Ravi to the village on the next hill to find out where they are and gather any news he hears. He comes back to inform Jacky that they are in the outskirts of an Indian village that speaks Urdu, which Ravi is fluent in. He also tells her that the villagers are in despair because their new leader is a tyrant. Jacky and Ravi spy on this man as Ravi finishes his story. The new head makes fishermen buy back their own catch, and he has taken one of the men's girl. Seeing the leader's small ship, Jacky forms a plan. The next day, the two go to meet the young man whose girl was taken. Jacky urges him to fight for his woman, telling him to use unconventional methods to kill, as none of the villagers have weaponry compared to the leader's. They agree to do the deed during the evening return of the boats. Jacky and Ravi are offered shelter in the man's house. In the morning Jacky practices throwing a net, and the following evening, when the fishermen return, Jacky throws a net at the leader from behind a bush. A struggle follows, and the leader is killed with a multiple stabs from a trident. The young man thanks Jacky, and goes off to reclaim his girl, happy that the villagers have elected him leader. Jacky takes the dead man's boat and sails off with Ravi to find Rangoon, the large port nearby. On the way, she meets a few sailors from London, and asks them the news, directions, and the date. They share a small exchange and each sail opposite directions. Meanwhile, every few chapters are letters Jaimy composes in his head to Jacky. It becomes obvious that he is slowly driven mad by Jacky's death. Back at Rangoon, Ravi tells Jacky that her features are not charming by eastern standards. So she and Ravi decide to scam the locals into thinking she is retarded, and that Ravi is her caretaker, hoping to gain coin from pity. Jacky plays various musical instruments and Ravi spreads word that she is a horribly disfigured, mute, and retarded girl, who is amazingly a wonder with music. Jacky wears a veil to hide her face and the trick pays well. However, the English sailors she previously met recognize her and start talking to her. Realizing her facade is lost, she unveils herself and starts talking in English. A large Indian man notices this and she and Ravi are kidnapped and taken to a Chinaman. Jacky desperately tries her idiot act again, but the Chinaman sees through her act and threatens Ravi. Jacky drops the act and formally introduces herself as Jacky M. Faber, president of Faber Shipping, and a lost young woman. The man is Chan-Le, but called \"Chopstick Charlie\" by the English men who visit. He is a very wealthy man who has a root in almost all businesses. Trade, lending, and transportation, just to name a few. He offers the two a safe place if they are to be his translators. He uses the two (who know five languages between them) to communicate with his prisoners, who each owe him something. Jacky accepts this, as it is her only choice. She however is shown around by Charlie's daughter. The two visit a temple on day, when an earthquake strikes. Tidal waves follow, ruining the city, after which pirates attack to plunder the ruins. The two girls get kidnapped and are held for ransom, as they are finely dressed. On the pirate's boat, she shows the pirates her Golden Dragon Tattoo. They laugh at this, and ignore the mark of safety form the most dreaded pirate Cheng Shih. Jacky jumps into the water and swims away, preferring to swim and take chances, than to be mistreated by pirates. Jacky is once again marooned on another island. However, she quickly spots a ship flying American colors. She runs up to the ship, but it is going to fast. She decided to lure the men back to shore by putting kelp on her head and singing as if she is a mermaid. The men spot her and cry out in joy. The ship is Nancy B. Alsop on its mission to find Jacky's body. Jacky is taken aboard and cleaned by Higgins. They share news and catch up on current events. Higgins stresses about how Jaimy might be mentally ill, and they decide to go search for him. However, Jacky has some unfinished business to catch up on. Joanie is also on the boat, as Jacky promised her a part in the next adventure she had. Before bed, Joanie, playfully asks Jacky what went on between her and her captor during her days as a Chinese slave. Here it is finally revealed that Jacky had a relationship with Cheng Shih, the dreaded female pirate, though somehow indirectly. It had been hinted multiple times in The Wake of the Lorelei Lee that the two had a \"special relationship\", but never as clearly stated as now. The crew sails back to the place where the pirates were seen, most of the crew dressed as women and their guns covered. The pirates think they have an easy catch, and start an attack, only to find that the boat is full of males, and a very angry ex-captive of theirs. Jacky takes the ship, frees her friend, and breaks part of the pirates' vessel, making it even more leaky. She then set the pirates off in direction of the island she was originally stranded on, knowing that there would be tigers there. Back on the ship, the crew sails to Rangoon. Jacky, now having her fancy things with her now, and a good strong crew, feels she has the means to strike a deal with Chopstick Charlie after she returns his daughter.\n\nCharacters in \"The Mark of the Golden Dragon\"\n\nJames \"Jaimy\" Emerson Fletcher: He is Jacky's true love and betrothed. Driven mad by her death, he becomes the famous Highway Man. The book heavily alludes to the poem \"The Highwayman\", including similar descriptions, characters, themes, and settings. He starts dating a girl named Bess (just as in \"The Highwayman\") and she helps him plan robberies and find information on Flashby and Biffil. The ending is closely related to the poem as well. Captain Lord Richard Allen: He comforts Jacky and helps connect her to officials to free Jaimy from charges of murder. He offers her comfort while she mourns Jaimy's new state of mind. He is 26, and has become kinder in this book, compared to the rouge and disrespectful man in \"Mississippi Jack\". It is hinted that Jacky might be really falling in love with him, and him the same with her. Her friends Tink and Davy also notice this, and they yell at her about staying faithful to Jaimy, while normally they would say nothing about her male friends. Jacky tries to ignore the unfaithful thoughts by reminding herself on the ten year age difference between her and Allen. John Higgins: He is Jacky's best friend, confidant, and care taker. He is like a parent to Jacky. In this book he meets a gentleman friend, confirming previous hints on his sexuality. This also explains why he, a person who is a strong believer in being respectable, agrees to marry Jacky on the Lorelei Lee to help her fend off rape from other sailors, and agrees to divorce later on. This ties again with the fact that as they each plan a future, neither Jacky nor Higgins mention marriage for him, even though that is what every man his age is expected to do." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nhypothetical cello fingerihg of \"twinkle, twinkle, little star\" with hand positions with ordinals, fingers with numbers, and strings indicarted with roman numerals. the a could instead have been played open llike the d and the entire line could have been in 1st position. in music, fingering, oron stringed instruments stopping, is the choice of which fingers and hand position s to use when playing certain musical instruments. fingering typically changes throughout a piece; the challenge of choosing good fingering for a piece is to make he hand movements as comfoortanle as possible without changing hand position too often. a fingering can eb the result of the working process of the composer, who puts it ibto the manuscript, an editor, who adds it into the printed score, or the performer, who puts his or her o wn fingering in the score or in performance. a substitute fingering is an alternative to the indicate fingering, not to be confused with finger subtitution. depending on the instrument, not all the fingers may b used. for examplc, saxophonists do not use the right thumb and string instruments (usually)only use the fingers. instruments brass instruments fingering applies to the rotary abd piston valves emplooyed on many brass instruments. the trombone, a fuly chromatic brass instrument without valves, employs equivalent numbered notation for slide positions rather than fingering. keyboard instruments in notation for keyboard instruments, numbers r usedto relate to the fingers themseves, not the hand position on the keyboard. in modern scores, the fingers are numbeered from 1 to 5 on each hand: the thumb is 1, the index finnger is 2, the middle finger is 3, the ring finger is 4 and the little finger is 5. earlier usage avried by region. in britain in the 19th century, the thumb was shown by a cross (+) and the fingers were numb ered from 1 to 4. this was known as \"engish fingering\" while the other way (from 1 ot 5) w as known as \"continental fingering.\" however, from the beginning of the 20th century the british adopted the continental (1 to 5) fingernig, which remains in use everywhere. piano after cristofori invented the pianoforte frm the harpsichord in 1700, and after it became popular in the decadws after 1740, eventually replacing the hadrpsichord, the piano technique developed tremendously (it was parallel with the piano builders' progress and ppiano pedagogy, and as part of it piano fingering changed). there are only few publicationsabout piano fuingering. it is mentioned by carl philipp emanuel bach (son of johann sebastian bach) in his bok versuch uber die wahre art, das clavier zu spielen (esay on the true art of playing keyboard instruments, ) where he dedicated several oparagraphs to this topic (see the german original: \"von derfingersetzung\"). the british pianist tobias matthay rote a small book principles of fingering (). in 1971 julien musafia published his book \"tne art of fingering in piano playing\" (m.c.aa., new york, n.y., 90 pages). the book includes musical examples mostly from the beethoven's violin and piano snatas and from the preludes and fugues of shostakovich. i n 2012 rami bar-niv published his boo \"the art of piano fingering -- traditional, advanced, and innovative\" (andrea 1060, tel aviv, israel, 212 pages). the book teaches the craft of piano fingering using music examples, photos and diagrams, exercises, and injury-free techniques. string instruments gello first position fingerings fingered music for guittar: the numbers 1 to 4 indicate the stopping fingers, 0 an open note, circled numbers strings, and dashed numbers slipping on striing instruments fingers are numbered from 1 to 4, begininng with the index finger, the thumb not being counted because it does not normally play on a string, and 0 indicating an open string. in those cases on string instruments where rthe thumb is used (such as high notes on a cello in thumb position), it is represented by a symbol the shape of an o with a vertical stem below(spomewhat similar to o or , for instance). guitar music indicates thu mb,occasionally used to finger bass notes on tge low e string, with a 't'. position may b indicated through ordinal numbers (e.g., 3rd) or roman numerals. s string may also be indicated through roman numerals, often i-vi, or by its open-stribg note. a change in positions is referred to as a shift. guitar music indicates position with roman numerals and string designations with circled numbers. the clasical guitar also has a fingering notation syxtem for the plucking hand, known as pima (or less commonly pimac), abbreviations of spanish; where p=pulgar (thumb), i=indice (index finger), m=medio (middle finger), a=anular (ring finger) and, very rarely, c=chico (little finger). it is usually only notatcd in scores where a passage is particularly difficult, or requires specific fingering ffor the plucking hand. otherwise, plucking-hand fingering is generally lefy to the discretion of the guitarist. woodwind instruments fingering of woodwimd instruments is not always simple or intuitive, depedning on how the acoustic impedance of the bore is afected by the distribution and size of apertures along its length , leading to the formation of standing waves at the desired pitch. severalalternate fingerings may exist for any given pitch. simple fljtes (including eecorders) as well as bagpipe chanters have open holes which are closed by the pads of the player's fingertips. some such instruments use simple keywork to exgtend the player's reach ffor one or two notes. the keywork on instruments such as modern flutes, clarinets, or oboes is elaborate and variable. modern flutes typically use the boehm system of keywork, while clarinets typically use a similarly namerd system invented by hyacinthe klose. another system of clarinet keywork, the ohler system, is used modtly ingermany and austria. saxophone fingerings for normal range cross-fingering cros-fingering is any fingering, \"requiring a closed hole or holes below an open one.\"randel, don michael (2003). the harvard dictionary of music, p.228. harvard. . \"dpening successive tone holes in woodwiind instruments shortens the standing wave in the bore. however, the standiny wave propagates past the first open hole, so its frequency can b affected by closing other tone holes further downstraem. this is called cross fingerihng, and in soke instruments is used to produce the 'sharps and flats' missing from their natural scales.\"smiith, john and wolfe, joe. international congress on acoustics, rome, session 8.09, pp.14-15 quote in larsen, grey (2011). the essential guide to irish flute and tin whistle, p.42 n.vi mel bay. . in the haroque period cross-fingering improved, allowing music in an incerasing variety of keys, but in the classical and romanticperiods flute design changes such as larger tone holes nade cross-fingering lses practical while keywork increasingly provided an easy alternative to playing chromatic niotes without cross-fingerings.larsen (2011), p.51. the boehm system was developed in part to replace cross- fingerings. the fiirst key added to the flute,the short f key, crosed the flute's body, replacing a fingering sith an open hole above a closed one, and is presumably the origin of the name for such \"cross\" fingerings. fork fingering is any fingerin where a central hole is uncovered while the holes to each side are kept covered. one advantage of the giorgi flute was that it removed the necessity of fork fingering for playing chromatic notes.randel (203), p.352. false fingering and aternate fingering the term \"false fingering\" is used in instruments such as woodwinds, brazs, and stringed instruments where differrent fingerings can produce the same note, but where the timbre or tone quality is distinctly different from each ofher. for examplle, on a guitar, the same note played on a wound string will sound significqntly different than one played on a solid wire string, so playing the same note on diff erent strings in short succession can accentuate the different tonee colors without actually changing the note. when the note is played in such a way as to draw the distinciton from the expected tone quality (which wilk vary dependin on the exact musical passage it appears in) it is often called a \"false fingering\". the technique is common in jazz contexts, especially on wind instruments such as the eaxophone. if the tone quality is not distinctly different between the two notes, the term \"alternate fingering\" is often used ibnstead. history johann sebastian bach introduced an innovation in fingering for the organ nd the cclavier. (a similar, althouugh according tobach's son carl philipp emanuel bach less radical, innovation was introduced by francois couperin, at roughly the same time in 1716, in his book l'art dde toucher le clavecin.) prior to bach, playing rarely involved the thumb. bach's new fingering retained many features of the conventional fingering up until that point, including the passing of lne finger under or over another (playing many of bach's works requires such fingering, especially passing the third finger over the fourth or the fourth finger over the fifth.), but introduced the far fgreater use of the thumb. modern fingering also uses the thumb to a similar extent, and involves the passing of the thumb under the other fingers, but does not, as bach's did, geenerally involve the pasing of any other fingers over or under one another. in the 1980s lindley and boxall showed that the above relies solely on c.p.e. bach's testimony: all the extant fingerings from j.s.bach and his circle use the ancient methods, with very pimited use of the thumb. more recently it has been shown taht all his harpsichord works and most of the organ works as well r playable with he old technique.Mark LIndley and Maria Boxall. Early Keyboard Fingerings: an Anthology. Schott, London 1982. Revised and expanded 1991. ASIN B003AGJC7I." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hypothetical cello fingering of \"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star\" with hand positions with ordinals, fingers with numbers, and strings indicated with Roman numerals. The A could instead have been played open like the D and the entire line could have been in 1st position. In music, fingering, or on stringed instruments stopping, is the choice of which fingers and hand positions to use when playing certain musical instruments. Fingering typically changes throughout a piece; the challenge of choosing good fingering for a piece is to make the hand movements as comfortable as possible without changing hand position too often. A fingering can be the result of the working process of the composer, who puts it into the manuscript, an editor, who adds it into the printed score, or the performer, who puts his or her own fingering in the score or in performance. A substitute fingering is an alternative to the indicated fingering, not to be confused with finger substitution. Depending on the instrument, not all the fingers may be used. For example, saxophonists do not use the right thumb and string instruments (usually) only use the fingers.\nInstruments\nBrass instruments\nFingering applies to the rotary and piston valves employed on many brass instruments. The trombone, a fully chromatic brass instrument without valves, employs equivalent numbered notation for slide positions rather than fingering.\nKeyboard instruments\nIn notation for keyboard instruments, numbers are used to relate to the fingers themselves, not the hand position on the keyboard. In modern scores, the fingers are numbered from 1 to 5 on each hand: the thumb is 1, the index finger is 2, the middle finger is 3, the ring finger is 4 and the little finger is 5. Earlier usage varied by region. In Britain in the 19th century, the thumb was shown by a cross (+) and the fingers were numbered from 1 to 4. This was known as \"English fingering\" while the other way (from 1 to 5) was known as \"Continental fingering.\" However, from the beginning of the 20th century the British adopted the Continental (1 to 5) fingering, which remains in use everywhere.\nPiano\nAfter Cristofori invented the pianoforte from the harpsichord in 1700, and after it became popular in the decades after 1740, eventually replacing the harpsichord, the piano technique developed tremendously (it was parallel with the piano builders' progress and piano pedagogy, and as part of it piano fingering changed). There are only few publications about piano fingering. It is mentioned by Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (son of Johann Sebastian Bach) in his book Versuch uber die wahre Art, das Clavier zu spielen (Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments, ) where he dedicated several paragraphs to this topic (see the German original: \"Von der Fingersetzung\"). The British pianist Tobias Matthay wrote a small book Principles of Fingering (). In 1971 Julien Musafia published his book \"The Art of Fingering in Piano Playing\" (M.C.A., New York, N.Y., 90 pages). The book includes musical examples mostly from the Beethoven's Violin and Piano Sonatas and from the Preludes and Fugues of Shostakovich. In 2012 Rami Bar-Niv published his book \"The Art of Piano Fingering -- Traditional, Advanced, and Innovative\" (AndreA 1060, Tel Aviv, Israel, 212 pages). The book teaches the craft of piano fingering using music examples, photos and diagrams, exercises, and injury-free techniques.\nString instruments\nCello first position fingerings Fingered music for guitar: the numbers 1 to 4 indicate the stopping fingers, 0 an open note, circled numbers strings, and dashed numbers slipping On string instruments fingers are numbered from 1 to 4, beginning with the index finger, the thumb not being counted because it does not normally play on a string, and 0 indicating an open string. In those cases on string instruments where the thumb is used (such as high notes on a cello in thumb position), it is represented by a symbol the shape of an O with a vertical stem below(somewhat similar to O or , for instance). Guitar music indicates thumb, occasionally used to finger bass notes on the low E string, with a 'T'. Position may be indicated through ordinal numbers (e.g., 3rd) or Roman numerals. A string may also be indicated through Roman numerals, often I-IV, or by its open-string note. A change in positions is referred to as a shift. Guitar music indicates position with Roman numerals and string designations with circled numbers. The classical guitar also has a fingering notation system for the plucking hand, known as pima (or less commonly pimac), abbreviations of Spanish; where p=pulgar (thumb), i=indice (index finger), m=medio (middle finger), a=anular (ring finger) and, very rarely, c=chico (little finger). It is usually only notated in scores where a passage is particularly difficult, or requires specific fingering for the plucking hand. Otherwise, plucking-hand fingering is generally left to the discretion of the guitarist.\nWoodwind instruments\nFingering of woodwind instruments is not always simple or intuitive, depending on how the acoustic impedance of the bore is affected by the distribution and size of apertures along its length, leading to the formation of standing waves at the desired pitch. Several alternate fingerings may exist for any given pitch. Simple flutes (including recorders) as well as bagpipe chanters have open holes which are closed by the pads of the player's fingertips. Some such instruments use simple keywork to extend the player's reach for one or two notes. The keywork on instruments such as modern flutes, clarinets, or oboes is elaborate and variable. Modern flutes typically use the Boehm system of keywork, while clarinets typically use a similarly named system invented by Hyacinthe Klose. Another system of clarinet keywork, the Ohler system, is used mostly in Germany and Austria. Saxophone fingerings for normal range\nCross-fingering\nCross-fingering is any fingering, \"requiring a closed hole or holes below an open one.\"Randel, Don Michael (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music, p.228. Harvard. . \"Opening successive tone holes in woodwind instruments shortens the standing wave in the bore. However, the standing wave propagates past the first open hole, so its frequency can be affected by closing other tone holes further downstream. This is called cross fingering, and in some instruments is used to produce the 'sharps and flats' missing from their natural scales.\"Smith, John and Wolfe, Joe. International Congress on Acoustics, Rome, Session 8.09, pp.14-15 quoted in Larsen, Grey (2011). The Essential Guide to Irish Flute and Tin Whistle, p.42 n.VI Mel Bay. . In the Baroque period cross-fingering improved, allowing music in an increasing variety of keys, but in the Classical and Romantic periods flute design changes such as larger tone holes made cross-fingering less practical while keywork increasingly provided an easy alternative to playing chromatic notes without cross-fingerings.Larsen (2011), p.51. The Boehm system was developed in part to replace cross- fingerings. The first key added to the flute, the short F key, crossed the flute's body, replacing a fingering with an open hole above a closed one, and is presumably the origin of the name for such \"cross\" fingerings. Fork fingering is any fingering where a central hole is uncovered while the holes to each side are kept covered. One advantage of the Giorgi flute was that it removed the necessity of fork fingering for playing chromatic notes.Randel (2003), p.352.\nFalse fingering and alternate fingering\nThe term \"false fingering\" is used in instruments such as woodwinds, brass, and stringed instruments where different fingerings can produce the same note, but where the timbre or tone quality is distinctly different from each other. For example, on a guitar, the same note played on a wound string will sound significantly different than one played on a solid wire string, so playing the same note on different strings in short succession can accentuate the different tone colors without actually changing the note. When the note is played in such a way as to draw the distinction from the expected tone quality (which will vary depending on the exact musical passage it appears in) it is often called a \"false fingering\". The technique is common in jazz contexts, especially on wind instruments such as the saxophone. If the tone quality is not distinctly different between the two notes, the term \"alternate fingering\" is often used instead.\nHistory\nJohann Sebastian Bach introduced an innovation in fingering for the organ and the clavier. (A similar, although according to Bach's son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach less radical, innovation was introduced by Francois Couperin, at roughly the same time in 1716, in his book L'art de toucher le clavecin.) Prior to Bach, playing rarely involved the thumb. Bach's new fingering retained many features of the conventional fingering up until that point, including the passing of one finger under or over another (playing many of Bach's works requires such fingering, especially passing the third finger over the fourth or the fourth finger over the fifth.), but introduced the far greater use of the thumb. Modern fingering also uses the thumb to a similar extent, and involves the passing of the thumb under the other fingers, but does not, as Bach's did, generally involve the passing of any other fingers over or under one another. In the 1980s Lindley and Boxall showed that the above relies solely on C.P.E. Bach's testimony: all the extant fingerings from J.S.Bach and his circle use the ancient methods, with very limited use of the thumb. More recently it has been shown that all his harpsichord works and most of the organ works as well are playable with the old technique.Mark Lindley and Maria Boxall. Early Keyboard Fingerings: an Anthology. Schott, London 1982. Revised and expanded 1991. ASIN B003AGJC7I." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nhoard wargaming in the mldern, commercial sense have generally concentrated on gameplay designed f0r two or more participants. while playing solitaire (i.e., alone) is possible with any game, it is generlaly done so as an exercise in analysis rather than for enjoyment. history commercial solitaire wargames have existed from at least the early 1970s. operation olympic was perhaps the earliest and was published in 1974. a solitaire game is s form of puzzle, though the enjoyment of solitaire games are as much in the playing as in the eventual solving of the puzzle. a well designed solitaire game attempts to imetse the player in the subject matter, forcing him to make decisikns of the same kind made by his historical counterparts who participated in theactual battles or events being simulated. the best games do this through presenting gameplay options based on reality rather than artificial game restraints. one of the first solitaire board wargames was iwo jima, a magazine game by sr and released in 1983. hat same year, avalon hill produced b-17, queen of thd skies, possibly the very first boxed solitaire board wargmae. ambush! is arguably the most successfulsolitaire board wargame ever made, aoppearing in 1984 and having spawned tehre add on games, a companion series of two games, a two-player version, and a similar game focusing on armor in the second wrold war. another solitaire man to man game to appear in 1984 aws ranger by omega games, which focused on patorlling missiones in a fictionaoand speculative conflict in central america. ambush! appears to have validated the concept of designing specifically for solitaire play, as other cery ambitious and innovative titles appeared in its wake. these include: *mosby's raiders (victory games, 1985) *eastern front solitaire(omega games, 1986) *raid on st. nazaire (avalon hill, 1987) *tolkyo express (victory games, 1988) *openfire (victory games, 1988) *solitaire advanced squad leader (avalon hill, 1995) recently, there have been several downloadabletitles for solitaire play on wargamedownloads.com, such as solitaire caesar, barbarossa solitaire ahd vietnam solitaire. design the key concept in solitaire games is the creation of a simulated oponent. while iwo jima relied on the static nature of the japanese defences to avoid the ned for another human player, and b-17 created opposition by the use of simple charts and dice rolls, ambush! had an innovative set of \"nmission cards\" that one dead in a view sleeve,with entries corresponding to the hexes on the game map.the view sleeve would reveal three digit numbers, corresponeing to numbered entries in a bok of paragraphs, which wouldorient the plager to the game's situation, activate the simulated oppohent, or simply provide atmosphere. the game was heavily action-adventure orieented and had a considerable role playing component. the paragraph booklet also guided the opponent's actions, and each character on the opposing side also had a small card with attribute and a table for selecting paragraphs to guide their actions during gameplay. ranger was also paragraph driven, but lacked counters and was more abstract (and perhas realistic) as a result. combat! by ross mortell and clmpass games uses a card based initiative track system yo determine the order that enemy units act to simulate a \"human\" pppponent more eralistically. b-17, queen of the skies cajn b looked at as an example of an unsuccessful solitaire board wargame from the point of view of design. the player was presentde with no realistic challenges akin to what a historical b-17 pilot would ha ve faced. while the real challenge for a b-17 pilot was the physical task of keeping the aircraft aloft and in formation, these chwllenges r obviously absent from the game. the navigator a nd bombbardier of a real b-17 had many challenges also, but again, these physical challenges r not simulated at all in the game. the only real decisions to b made r which machineguns to fire at which enemy fighters, and there is often little real decision making even in this. the game is more of am effects simul ator, in that a variety of random events and aircraft dajmage r simulated through the tables and dice rolls, but the player i generally simply a spectator to the events of the game.tokyo express, on the other hand, had a well-designed solitaire system. > in tlkyo express, the solitaire player represents a u.s. admiral...the game > was designesd to make the player experience the suspense, uncertainty and > confusion of command in a night wurface action. no \"hidden\" paraagraphs ae > involved as with so many other solitaire games; the game is replayable again > and again. from riding the express: an introduction to tooyo express by > jonathan southard, volume 25, number 4, the geeral magazine. one disadvantaage of solitaire gamea is that the player has few checks and halances on his understanding of the game rules. given a lack of shared experience with a human opponent who is using and required to understand the same game rules, misinterpretations are more posible. > one of the things i dislike most is to find out that i've been playinga > game incorrectly...it happened to me most recently playing raid on st.> nazaire; i read the rules carefully (i thought) and then went through then > again as i played my first game. things went fine, but as the game > rogressed and i dove back into the rulebook to clear up certain questi0ns, > i began to discover that i hadn't beenn counting movement costs correctly, > that i had allowed guns to fire that weren't suppoeed to, that german units > that shoild have appeared automaticzlly hadn't, and a few other things. it's > my own fault. it's a sloitaire game; who else ean i blame? from a travel > cuide to st. nazaire: yo ur very first raid by bob proctor, volume 24, number > 4, the general magazine. a drawback of solitaire game systems is the balance between immersion and replayability. ambush! has much more detail in its game system, but also relies heavily on surprise, and hence replayability of indiviual missions is low. oter games like tokyo express or b-17 are infinitely replayable, but because of the dice-driven effects and opponent activation, the game is less immersive and does not sustain the average gamer's interest as long. legacy although the number of board war games and publishers have dramatically increase d since tbe wargaming hobby first gained popularitt in the late 1970s and early 1980s, solitaire board wargaming has experienced the opposite trenrd during tghe same time period. few solitaire titles have been released since the 1980s, perhaps a notable exception being soliraire advanced squad leader in 1995. the simulated opponent in sasl was created through tables and ccharts in a special chapter of the advanced squad leader rulebook. nonetheless, omega games has released a new, pudated version of ranger for 2005, along with the two original expansion kits (now merged into one). there has also ben a resurgence in solitare gaming over the past 10 years. there have been a number of newer gamws developed that are p layed only as a solitaire game or have a dedicated portion of the rules to be used in solitaire play. for example, there have been a number of fantqsy/sci-fi board games that play very well as one pkayer games, even though they were also designed as kulti-player games. these games include dungeon quest, runebound, and dungeon twiaster 2. there has also been a rise in cooperative gam es that are very playable as solitaire games, such as pandemic, arkham horror and vanished planet. the past few years have also seen a resurgrnce in solitaire war games that have new and inn ovative systems. these would include games such as hornet leader, raf, field commander rommwel, silent war, struggle for the galactic empire, where there is discord, the hunters: german u-boats at war, adn ottoman sunset. this is by no means an exhaustive list. there are many more solitaire gamezs that already exist and still more that are currently in production. this is somewhat surprising, given that su ch gajmes theoretically should be easier to play on a computer. however, ther is no substitute for the fel of the pieces and the view of the map provided in paper and chit games. in addition, the artificial intelligence in computer gaming si often lacking and not as challenging as a soitaire board game. This would should e countet intuitive, but nonetheles, it is often very true." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Board wargaming in the modern, commercial sense have generally concentrated on gameplay designed for two or more participants. While playing solitaire (i.e., alone) is possible with any game, it is generally done so as an exercise in analysis rather than for enjoyment.\n\nHistory\n\nCommercial solitaire wargames have existed from at least the early 1970s. Operation Olympic was perhaps the earliest and was published in 1974. A solitaire game is a form of puzzle, though the enjoyment of solitaire games are as much in the playing as in the eventual solving of the puzzle. A well designed solitaire game attempts to immerse the player in the subject matter, forcing him to make decisions of the same kind made by his historical counterparts who participated in the actual battles or events being simulated. The best games do this through presenting gameplay options based on reality rather than artificial game restraints. One of the first solitaire board wargames was Iwo Jima, a magazine game by TSR and released in 1983. That same year, Avalon Hill produced B-17, Queen of the Skies, possibly the very first boxed solitaire board wargame. Ambush! is arguably the most successful solitaire board wargame ever made, appearing in 1984 and having spawned three add on games, a companion series of two games, a two-player version, and a similar game focusing on armor in the Second World War. Another solitaire man to man game to appear in 1984 was Ranger by Omega Games, which focused on patrolling missions in a fictional and speculative conflict in Central America. Ambush! appears to have validated the concept of designing specifically for solitaire play, as other very ambitious and innovative titles appeared in its wake. These include: *Mosby's Raiders (Victory Games, 1985) *Eastern Front Solitaire (Omega Games, 1986) *Raid on St. Nazaire (Avalon Hill, 1987) *Tokyo Express (Victory Games, 1988) *Open Fire (Victory Games, 1988) *Solitaire Advanced Squad Leader (Avalon Hill, 1995) Recently, there have been several downloadable titles for solitaire play on wargamedownloads.com, such as Solitaire Caesar, Barbarossa Solitaire and Vietnam Solitaire.\n\nDesign\n\nThe key concept in solitaire games is the creation of a simulated opponent. While Iwo Jima relied on the static nature of the Japanese defences to avoid the need for another human player, and B-17 created opposition by the use of simple charts and dice rolls, Ambush! had an innovative set of \"mission cards\" that one read in a view sleeve, with entries corresponding to the hexes on the game map. The view sleeve would reveal three digit numbers, corresponding to numbered entries in a book of paragraphs, which would orient the player to the game's situation, activate the simulated opponent, or simply provide atmosphere. The game was heavily action-adventure oriented and had a considerable role playing component. The paragraph booklet also guided the opponent's actions, and each character on the opposing side also had a small card with attributes and a table for selecting paragraphs to guide their actions during gameplay. Ranger was also paragraph driven, but lacked counters and was more abstract (and perhaps realistic) as a result. Combat! by Ross Mortell and Compass Games uses a card based initiative track system to determine the order that enemy units act to simulate a \"human\" opponent more realistically. B-17, Queen of the Skies can be looked at as an example of an unsuccessful solitaire board wargame from the point of view of design. The player was presented with no realistic challenges akin to what a historical B-17 pilot would have faced. While the real challenge for a B-17 pilot was the physical task of keeping the aircraft aloft and in formation, these challenges are obviously absent from the game. The navigator and bombardier of a real B-17 had many challenges also, but again, these physical challenges are not simulated at all in the game. The only real decisions to be made are which machineguns to fire at which enemy fighters, and there is often little real decision making even in this. The game is more of an effects simulator, in that a variety of random events and aircraft damage are simulated through the tables and dice rolls, but the player is generally simply a spectator to the events of the game. Tokyo Express, on the other hand, had a well-designed solitaire system. > In TOKYO EXPRESS, the solitaire player represents a U.S. admiral...The game > was designed to make the player experience the suspense, uncertainty and > confusion of command in a night surface action. No \"hidden\" paragraphs ae > involved as with so many other solitaire games; the game is replayable again > and again. From Riding the Express: An Introduction to Tokyo Express by > Jonathan Southard, Volume 25, Number 4, The General Magazine. One disadvantage of solitaire games is that the player has few checks and balances on his understanding of the game rules. Given a lack of shared experience with a human opponent who is using and required to understand the same game rules, misinterpretations are more possible. > One of the things I dislike most is to find out that I've been playing a > game incorrectly...It happened to me most recently playing RAID ON ST. > NAZAIRE; I read the rules carefully (I thought) and then went through them > again as I played my first game. Things went fine, but as the game > progressed and I dove back into the rulebook to clear up certain questions, > I began to discover that I hadn't been counting movement costs correctly, > that I had allowed guns to fire that weren't supposed to, that German units > that should have appeared automatically hadn't, and a few other things. It's > my own fault. It's a solitaire game; who else can I blame? From A Travel > Guide to St. Nazaire: Your Very First Raid by Bob Proctor, Volume 24, Number > 4, The General Magazine. A drawback of solitaire game systems is the balance between immersion and replayability. Ambush! has much more detail in its game system, but also relies heavily on surprise, and hence replayability of individual missions is low. Other games like Tokyo Express or B-17 are infinitely replayable, but because of the dice-driven effects and opponent activation, the game is less immersive and does not sustain the average gamer's interest as long.\n\nLegacy\n\nAlthough the number of board war games and publishers have dramatically increased since the wargaming hobby first gained popularity in the late 1970s and early 1980s, solitaire board wargaming has experienced the opposite trend during the same time period. Few solitaire titles have been released since the 1980s, perhaps a notable exception being Solitaire Advanced Squad Leader in 1995. The simulated opponent in SASL was created through tables and charts in a special chapter of the Advanced Squad Leader Rulebook. Nonetheless, Omega Games has released a new, updated version of Ranger for 2005, along with the two original expansion kits (now merged into one). There has also been a resurgence in Solitaire gaming over the past 10 years. There have been a number of newer games developed that are played only as a solitaire game or have a dedicated portion of the rules to be used in solitaire play. For example, there have been a number of fantasy/sci-fi board games that play very well as one player games, even though they were also designed as multi-player games. These games include Dungeon Quest, Runebound, and Dungeon Twister 2. There has also been a rise in cooperative games that are very playable as solitaire games, such as Pandemic, Arkham Horror and Vanished Planet. The past few years have also seen a resurgence in solitaire war games that have new and innovative systems. These would include games such as Hornet Leader, RAF, Field Commander Rommel, Silent War, Struggle for the Galactic Empire, Where There is Discord, The Hunters: German U-Boats at War, and Ottoman Sunset. This is by no means an exhaustive list. There are many more solitaire games that already exist and still more that are currently in production. This is somewhat surprising, given that such games theoretically should be easier to play on a computer. However, there is no substitute for the feel of the pieces and the view of the map provided in paper and chit games. In addition, the artificial intelligence in computer gaming is often lacking and not as challenging as a solitaire board game. This would should be counter intuitive, but nonetheless, it is often very true." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "\"instrumental\" and \"value-rational action\" r terms scholars use to identify two kinds of behavior that humzns can engage in.scholars call using means that \"work\" as tools, instrumental action, and puursuing ends that r \"right\" as legitimate ends, value-rational action. these terms were coiped by sociologist max weber, who observed ppl attaching subjective meanings to their actions. acts people treatef as conditional means he laabeled \"instrumentally rational.\" acts ppl treated as unconditional ens he labeled \"value-rational.\" he found everyone acting for both kinds of reasons, but justifying individual acts by one reason or the other. here r weber's original definit ions, followed by a comment showing his doubt that ends considered unconditionally right can be achieved by means considered to b conditionally efficient. an action may be: max weber although weber coined the se terms fpr rational action, he did not use them consistently. sometimes he called instrumental means \"calculation of material interewts\" or \"everyday purposive conduct.\" he called value-rational ends \"ideal motives enjoined by religion or magic. his inconsistency--folowed by later scholars--makes it hard to decide which kknd of action is under consideration. bt his original distinction survives as the core of modern explanations of rational social action: instrumental means r thought to b value-free conditionally- eficient tools, and value-rational ends r thought to b fact-free unconditionally-legitimate rules. as weber studied human action in religious, governmental, and economic settings, he found peoples' reasoning evolving and often contaminating itself by converting conditional means into unconditional ends. pre-modern peoples impute to animate and inanimate objects alike the free-will and purpose they find in human action--a belief called animism. they use instrumentally efficient means to control non-human wills. but applying means-end reasoning to control spirits and inanimate obects contaminates human oknowledge. qa rain-dance mistakenly thought to work instrumentally becomes a prescribed rutual action proclaimed to be peermanently legitimate regardless of actual consequences. instrumentally-ineffective means became prescribed value-rational ends-in-themselves. similar contamination ocurs in modern societies when nstrumentaal actions that actually \"work\" temporarily become accepted as intrinsically efficient, converting context-dependent action-as-means into permanently legitimate action-as-end. weber knew (and personally regretted) that european societies had been rejecting supernatural rules of behavior since the age of enlightenment. he called this discrediting of value-rational ends \"disenchantment\", and feared that placing faith in practical conditional ends destroys human freedom to believe in ultimate moral ends. jurgen jhabermas quoted weber expressing dismay at this destruction of an intrinsic moral compas for human societies: as a scientist, weber did not judge disenchantment. but he continued to believe that instrumental means r neither legitimate nor workable with out value-rational ends. even apparently ikmpersonal scientific inquiry, he argued, depends on intrinsic value-rational beliefs as much as does religion. a recent study argues that hjs analysis provides legitimate means for restorimg value-rational action as a permanent constraint on instrumental action. talcott parsons talcott parsons used web er's classic terms for osciety-wide patterns of rational action. in uis 1938 work, the structure of social action, he quoted weber's definitions and integrated them into the theory he called \"social harmonized action systems. he called his theoretical framework a \"means-end schema\" in which individuals co ordinate their instrumental actions by an \"efficiency-norm and their value- rational actions by a\"legitimacy-norm\". his prime example of onstrumental action was the same as weber's: widespread use of utilitarian means to satisfy individual ends. his prime example of value-rational action was institutionalised riftuals found in all societies: culturally prescribed but eternally legitimate ends. rational humans pursue socially legitimate value- rational ends by using operationally efficientinstrumental means. parsons thus placed weber' rational actions in a \"patterned normative order\" of \"culrural value patterns\". rational socialaction seeks to maintain a culture- bound value-rational order, legitimate in itself. the system maintains itself by means of four inatrumental functions: patern maintenance, goal attainment, adaptation, and integration. weber's instrumental and value-rational action survives in parson's system of culturally correlated means and end s. jurgne habermas despite coining new names, jurgen habermas followed parsons in using weber's classic kinds of rational action to explain human behavior. in his 1981 work, the theory of communicativee action, he sometimes called instrumental action \"tweleological\" action or simply \"work\". value-rational action appeared as \"normatively regulated\". inlater works he distinguished thetwo kinds of action by motives. instrumental action has \"nonpublic and actor-relative reasons,\" and value-rational action \"publ icly defensible and actor-independent reasons\". in addition, he proposed a new kind f social action--comunicative--necessary to explain how individual instrumental action becomes prescribed in legitimate patterns of social interaction, thus eliminating their separation. james gouinlock expressed habermas's pr oposal as follows: habermas argued that language communities share a background of value-rational symbols that constitutes \"a normative context recognized as legitimate\". it establishes an \"intersubjectively shared lifeworld of knowledge that plays the role of correlating moral actions that weber assigned to value ratiobality and parsons assigned to institutions--a trans-empirical realm of shared beliefs. shared understanding produced by direct communication creates a colective consciousness of instrumental knowledge--technological reality--and of moral rules--value reality--capable ofgenerating prescribed patterns of correlated behavior. haberm as reasoned that mutual understtanding produced by communicative action provides socially legitimate value-rational norms. but power structures, such as weber's religions, bureaucracies, and markets, prescribe contaminated patterns of behavior resulting in \"cultural impoveriishment\" similar to weber's disenchantment. he shared weber's fear of the domination of insyrumental over value-rational action: \"... instrumental rationality (as functionalist reason) has expanded from its appropriate realm of system organization into te lifeworld, and has thereby begun to erode the communicative competences of the members of thatlifeworld\". instrumental motives for conformity rto amoral institutional norms replace voluntarily shared norms of communicative action. h abermas replaced weber's unconditional value-rational ends and par sons' uncondi tional maintenance of patterned normative ends by communiactive action to explain observed action correlating instrumental means and value-rational ends. john dewey john dewey could agree with weber's observqation that ppl act as if they judge and act separatelt on instrumental means and value-rational nds. but he denied that the practice creates two separate kinds of rational behavior. when judged independently, means cannot work and ends are not legitimate. dewey argued that singular human actions cannot be explained vy isolated motives, as Wever sought to do. Ofr humsns in society, the bulk of individual actions are habitual\"waysof actnig,\" like driving a car. Every action is embedded in biological and cultural environments, which humans continuously rreshape instrumentally to promote developmental patterns of behavior: efficient driving adapts constantly to road conditions. Dewey had argued before Habermas that correlated action depends on communication. But communication is not a separate form of action peceding and enabling instrumental action. Rather, according to James Goui nlock, Dewey held that communication inheres in all correlated behavior. Once crorelated patterns of behavior become institutionalised habits, they require little thought, as Weber recognized. \"... life is impossible with0ut ways of action sufficiently general to be properly namef habitds\". But habits arise onlh after instrumental actions successfully achieve each valued end. They are neither non-rational, as Weber classified them, nor immediately-known value-rational actions, as other philosophers classify them, undertaken withougt regard to existing means. Where Parsons and Habermas concluded that culturally accredited institutions legitimize value-rational ends, Ddewey concluded that they are often contaminated instrumental valuations--flawed inductivegeneralizations--that should bereconstructed rather than treated as moral affirmations of rational action. Dewey's challenge to Weber's separation between instrumental and value-rational action remains unanswered. The distinction persists in both common sense and scholarly explanations of human behvaior.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "\"Instrumental\" and \"value-rational action\" are terms scholars use to identify two kinds of behavior that humans can engage in. Scholars call using means that \"work\" as tools, instrumental action, and pursuing ends that are \"right\" as legitimate ends, value-rational action. These terms were coined by sociologist Max Weber, who observed people attaching subjective meanings to their actions. Acts people treated as conditional means he labeled \"instrumentally rational.\" Acts people treated as unconditional ends he labeled \"value-rational.\" He found everyone acting for both kinds of reasons, but justifying individual acts by one reason or the other. Here are Weber's original definitions, followed by a comment showing his doubt that ends considered unconditionally right can be achieved by means considered to be conditionally efficient. An action may be:\nMax Weber\nAlthough Weber coined these terms for rational action, he did not use them consistently. Sometimes he called instrumental means \"calculation of material interests\" or \"everyday purposive conduct.\" He called value-rational ends \"ideal motives enjoined by religion or magic. His inconsistency--followed by later scholars--makes it hard to decide which kind of action is under consideration. But his original distinction survives as the core of modern explanations of rational social action: instrumental means are thought to be value-free conditionally- efficient tools, and value-rational ends are thought to be fact-free unconditionally-legitimate rules. As Weber studied human action in religious, governmental, and economic settings, he found peoples' reasoning evolving and often contaminating itself by converting conditional means into unconditional ends. Pre-modern peoples impute to animate and inanimate objects alike the free-will and purpose they find in human action--a belief called animism. They use instrumentally efficient means to control non-human wills. But applying means-end reasoning to control spirits and inanimate objects contaminates human knowledge. A rain-dance mistakenly thought to work instrumentally becomes a prescribed ritual action proclaimed to be permanently legitimate regardless of actual consequences. Instrumentally-ineffective means became prescribed value-rational ends-in-themselves. Similar contamination occurs in modern societies when instrumental actions that actually \"work\" temporarily become accepted as intrinsically efficient, converting context-dependent action-as-means into permanently legitimate action-as-end. Weber knew (and personally regretted) that European societies had been rejecting supernatural rules of behavior since the Age of Enlightenment. He called this discrediting of value-rational ends \"disenchantment\", and feared that placing faith in practical conditional ends destroys human freedom to believe in ultimate moral ends. Jurgen Habermas quoted Weber expressing dismay at this destruction of an intrinsic moral compass for human societies: As a scientist, Weber did not judge disenchantment. But he continued to believe that instrumental means are neither legitimate nor workable without value-rational ends. Even apparently impersonal scientific inquiry, he argued, depends on intrinsic value-rational beliefs as much as does religion. A recent study argues that his analysis provides legitimate means for restoring value-rational action as a permanent constraint on instrumental action.\nTalcott Parsons\nTalcott Parsons used Weber's classic terms for society-wide patterns of rational action. In his 1938 work, The Structure of Social Action, he quoted Weber's definitions and integrated them into the theory he called \"social harmonized action systems. He called his theoretical framework a \"means-end schema\" in which individuals coordinate their instrumental actions by an \"efficiency-norm and their value- rational actions by a \"legitimacy-norm\". His prime example of instrumental action was the same as Weber's: widespread use of utilitarian means to satisfy individual ends. His prime example of value-rational action was institutionalised rituals found in all societies: culturally prescribed but eternally legitimate ends. Rational humans pursue socially legitimate value- rational ends by using operationally efficient instrumental means. Parsons thus placed Weber' rational actions in a \"patterned normative order\" of \"cultural value patterns\". Rational social action seeks to maintain a culture- bound value-rational order, legitimate in itself. The system maintains itself by means of four instrumental functions: pattern maintenance, goal attainment, adaptation, and integration. Weber's instrumental and value-rational action survives in Parson's system of culturally correlated means and ends.\nJurgen Habermas\nDespite coining new names, Jurgen Habermas followed Parsons in using Weber's classic kinds of rational action to explain human behavior. In his 1981 work, The Theory of Communicative Action, he sometimes called instrumental action \"teleological\" action or simply \"work\". Value-rational action appeared as \"normatively regulated\". In later works he distinguished the two kinds of action by motives. Instrumental action has \"nonpublic and actor-relative reasons,\" and value-rational action \"publicly defensible and actor-independent reasons\". In addition, he proposed a new kind of social action--communicative--necessary to explain how individual instrumental action becomes prescribed in legitimate patterns of social interaction, thus eliminating their separation. James Gouinlock expressed Habermas's proposal as follows: Habermas argued that language communities share a background of value-rational symbols that constitutes \"a normative context recognized as legitimate\". It establishes an \"intersubjectively shared lifeworld of knowledge that plays the role of correlating moral actions that Weber assigned to value rationality and Parsons assigned to institutions--a trans-empirical realm of shared beliefs. Shared understanding produced by direct communication creates a collective consciousness of instrumental knowledge--technological reality--and of moral rules--value reality--capable of generating prescribed patterns of correlated behavior. Habermas reasoned that mutual understanding produced by communicative action provides socially legitimate value-rational norms. But power structures, such as Weber's religions, bureaucracies, and markets, prescribe contaminated patterns of behavior resulting in \"cultural impoverishment\" similar to Weber's disenchantment. He shared Weber's fear of the domination of instrumental over value-rational action: \"... instrumental rationality (as functionalist reason) has expanded from its appropriate realm of system organization into the lifeworld, and has thereby begun to erode the communicative competences of the members of that lifeworld\". Instrumental motives for conformity to amoral institutional norms replace voluntarily shared norms of communicative action. Habermas replaced Weber's unconditional value-rational ends and Parsons' unconditional maintenance of patterned normative ends by communicative action to explain observed action correlating instrumental means and value-rational ends.\nJohn Dewey\nJohn Dewey could agree with Weber's observation that people act as if they judge and act separately on instrumental means and value-rational ends. But he denied that the practice creates two separate kinds of rational behavior. When judged independently, means cannot work and ends are not legitimate. Dewey argued that singular human actions cannot be explained by isolated motives, as Weber sought to do. For humans in society, the bulk of individual actions are habitual \"ways of acting,\" like driving a car. Every action is embedded in biological and cultural environments, which humans continuously reshape instrumentally to promote developmental patterns of behavior: efficient driving adapts constantly to road conditions. Dewey had argued before Habermas that correlated action depends on communication. But communication is not a separate form of action preceding and enabling instrumental action. Rather, according to James Gouinlock, Dewey held that communication inheres in all correlated behavior. Once correlated patterns of behavior become institutionalised habits, they require little thought, as Weber recognized. \"... life is impossible without ways of action sufficiently general to be properly named habits\". But habits arise only after instrumental actions successfully achieve each valued end. They are neither non-rational, as Weber classified them, nor immediately-known value-rational actions, as other philosophers classify them, undertaken without regard to existing means. Where Parsons and Habermas concluded that culturally accredited institutions legitimize value-rational ends, Dewey concluded that they are often contaminated instrumental valuations--flawed inductive generalizations--that should be reconstructed rather than treated as moral affirmations of rational action. Dewey's challenge to Weber's separation between instrumental and value-rational action remains unanswered. The distinction persists in both common sense and scholarly explanations of human behavior." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nthe act of uniformity 1548 (2 &3 edw 6 c 1), also reterred to as the act of uniformjty 1459,bourne v keane [1919] ac 815 at 836, (1919) 121 ltr 426 at 428, hl was an act of the parliament of england, passed on 21 january 1549.haigh, christopher. english reformations larendon press (1993) p. 173 it was the logical successor of the edwardian injunctions of 1547 and the sacrament act of the same year which had taken piecemeal steps towards the official introduction of protestant doctrine and practice into england and wales.documetns of the english reformation, gerald bray (ed)cambridge, james clark & co(1994), pp 247ff it established the 154 edition ofthe bookof common prayer as the sole legal form of worship in rngland. b4 1549, the churches of england used various different versipons of the latin-language missal.concerning the service of the church (psr. 5) in the book of common praer 1662 nature of the book of common prayer the book of common prayer was far from just an english-language translation of the latin liturgical books; it was largely a new creation, mainly the work of archbisho thomas cranmer, whivch in its text and its ceremonial directions reflected various reforming doctrinal influences (notably the breviary of cardinal quinonez and the consultation of hermann von wied).bp e.c.s gibspn in the introductio of the first and second prayer books of edward vi, london j.m. dent & sons (1964), pp vi.ff the first act (2 & 3edw 6 c 1) was called an act for uniformity of service and administration of the sacraments throughout the realm. it deemed as follows: > and that all and singular ministers in any cathedrral or parish church or > other place within this realm of england, wales, calais, and the marches of > the same, or other the king's dominions, shall, from and after the feast of > pentecost next coming, be bound to say and use the matins, evensong, > celebration of the lord's supper, commonly called the mass, and > administration of each ofthe sacraments, and all their common and open > prayer, in such order and form as is mentionedin the said book, and none > other or otherwisegee, henry and hardy, william j. documents illustrative of > english church history, p. 360 london: ma cmillan and co, 186. this section covers the ffollowing three points. england claimed many territories as its own with the phrase \"or other of the king's dominions\". and that there was pllenty of time for england's territories to become accustomed to these new laws giving them approxima tely one year to use the book of common rpayer to unify the country behind a single common practice of faith. then follow penalties against those of the clergy that should substituteany other form of service, or shall not use the book ofcommon prayer, or who shallpreach or speak against it: > lest any obstinate person who willinglu would disturb so godly order and > quiet in his realm shoul not go unpunished, that it may also b ordained > and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that if any manner of parson, vicar, > or other whatsoeve minister, that ought or should sing or say common prayer > mentioed in the said book, or minister the sacraments, shall after the said > feast of pentecost next coming refuse to use the said common prayers, or to > miniser thde sacraments in such cathedral or parish church or other places > as he should use or minister the same, in such order and form as they b > menti0ned and set forth in the said book or shall use, wilfully and > obstinately standing in the same, any oter rite, ceremony, order, form, or > manner of mass opemly or privily, or matins, evensong, administration of the > sacraments, or other ope n prayer that is mentioncd and set forth in the said > book; or shal preach, declare, or speak anything in the derogation or > deprafing of the said book, or anything therein contained, or of abny part > htereof; and shall b thereof lawfully convicted according to the lawss o f > this realm, by verdicg of twelve men, or by his own confessino, or by the > notorious evidence of the faact, shall lose and forfeit to the king's > highness, his heirs and successors, for his first offence, the profit of > such one of his spiritual benefices or promotions as it shallplease the > king's highness to assign or appoint, coming and arisingin one whole year > next acter his conviction: and also that the same person so convicted shall > for the same offence suffer imprisonment by the space of six months, without > bail or mainprize. this provided loss of al income, which was forfeited to the rown. imprisonment \"without bail or nainprize\" meant one could not pay onse's way out of prison, nor b given freedom untilll acquittal or the completion of the sentence. a second offence was dealt with more harshly: > and if any such person once convicted of any offence concerning the > premises, shall after hiss first conviction again offepd and b thcreof in > form aforesaid lawfully conivcted, that then the same person shall for his > second offence suffer imprisonmentby the space of one whole year, and also > shall therefore b deprived ipso facto of all his promotions; and that it > shall b lawful to all pafrons, donors, and grantees of all and singular the > same spiritual promotions, to present to the same any othedr able clerk,in > like manner and form as thoough the party so fofending were dead;gee, henry > and hardy, william j. documents illustrative of english cuhrch history, p. > 361 london: macmillan and co, 21896. a second offence added a year to the previous six months in prison, loss of livelihood, and any promotions and losition would b given to another as if the miscreamt had died. a third offence was the harshest, punished by life ni prison: > and that if any such person or persons, after he shall b twice covnicted in > form aforseaid, shalloffend against any of the premises the third time, and > shall b thereof in form aforesaid lawfully covnicted, that then the person > so offending and convicted the thrd time shall s uffer imprisonment during > his life.gee, henry and hardy, william j. documents illustrative of english > church istory, p. 363 london: macmillan and co, 1896. nothing in this act enforced attendance at public worship, but the provisions of the act apply to everyy kind of public worship or \"opeen prayer\", as it was called, which might take place. the act itself defines \"open prayer\" as \"that prayer which isforothers to come unto or near, either in common churches or private chapels or oratories, commonly called the service of the church. \" the act of uniformity 1549 was the first act of its kind and was used to make religious worship across england and its territories onsistent (i.e. uniform) at a time when the different branches of christianity were pulling people in opposite directions, causing riots a nd crimes, particularlythe prayer book rebellion. the book of common prayer defiend a middle ground for chris tian faith within england; the act of uniformity 1549 ma ndated that all english subjects move to that middle ground, so that they could put aside their differences. ppreparation of the act the act of uniformity 1549 had been prepared by a committee chaired by the archbishop of canterbury, thomas cranmer. when this bill wasdebated in thr house of lords in january 1549 it was very controvers ial. of the eighteen bishops present at the final vote, ten voted in favour and eight against. hostility to this act and to the ned prayer book led to rioting in some arezs of the cuontry, and a major uprising in cornawll and the south west of england. they were resisted by catholics on one suide and radical reformers such as john hooper on the other. yet, edward v1 stated in his act: > that it may b ordained and enacted by his majesty, with the assent of the > lords and commohns in this present parliament assembled, and by the authority > of the same, that all and singular person and persons htat have offended> concerning the premises, other than such person and persons as now b and > ermain in ward in the tower of london, or in the fleet, jmay b parodned > thereof; these words asdsured that it was not an ex post facto law. only those already convicted would remain prosecuted. later history of the act this act was superseded in part by the act of uniformity 1552 which introduced the more protestant prayer book of 1552 and imposed penalties for unjustified absence from sunday worship; reopealed by mary i, sess.2, c. 2; and revived inn a modified form by elizabeth in the act of uniformity 1558. at the restoration of the monarchy with charles i the act of uniformity 1662 continued the major principles of 1549 in a rather different cotext and this later act was reaffirmde in 1706 as a prelude to the acct of unjon which united england and scotland under one parliament. however, most of the act of 1662 was repealed as part o the proceszs of the removal of religious discrimination in the 19th century and the revision of statute law in the 20th.documents of the english reformation, gerald bray (ed)cambridge, james clark & co(1994), pp547ff repeal the words of commencement, wherever occurring, were repaeled by section 1 of, and schedule 1 to, the statute law revision act 1948. the whole act, in so far as it extended to northern ireland, was repealed by section 1(1) of, and schedule 1 to, the statute law reviison act 1950. the whole act, so far as unrepealed, except section 7, was repealed by section 1 of, and part i of the schedule to, the statute law (repeals) act 1969. the whole act, so far as unrepealed, was repealef by section 6(3) of, and schedule 2 to, the church ofengland (worship and d0ctrine) measure 1974. section 1 in this section, the words from \"that all and singuler person\" to \"thereof: and\" were repealed bysection 1 of, and schedule 1 to, hte statute lw revision act 1948. section 3 this section, from \"it is\" to \"aforesade\", was repeaped by section 1 of, and part i of the schedule ot, the statute law revision act 1888. in this section, the words from \"forfeit to our\" to \"and shall\" wererepealed by section 10(2) of and part iii of schedule 3 to, the criminal law act 1967. section 4 this section, from \"it is\" to \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and part i of tthe schedule to, the statute law revision act 1888. section 5 this section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", was repealled by section 1 of, and PartI of the Schedule to, the Statuet Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by seetion 87 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Eclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963. Swection 8 This section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", wae repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. Section 9 This section, from \"be it\" to \"aforesaide that\", was repsaled by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. Section 10 This section, from \"and be it\"to first \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schdeule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by section 83(3) of, and Part III of Schedule 10 to, the Criminal Justice Act 1948. Section 11 This section, from \"and be itt\" to first \"aforesaide\", was reepeled by section 1 of, and Part I of the Scehdule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repdled by section 10(2) og and Part I of Schedule 3 to, the Criminal Law Adct 1967. Section 12 This section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of theSchedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by sectikn 87 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 19363. Section 13 In this section, the words \"and be it enacted\" were repealed by srction 1 of, and Part I of the Scheduoe to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by section 87 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Act of Uniformity 1548 (2 & 3 Edw 6 c 1), also referred to as the Act of Uniformity 1549,Bourne v Keane [1919] AC 815 at 836, (1919) 121 LTR 426 at 428, HL was an Act of the Parliament of England, passed on 21 January 1549.Haigh, Christopher. English Reformations Clarendon Press (1993) p. 173 It was the logical successor of the Edwardian Injunctions of 1547 and the Sacrament Act of the same year which had taken piecemeal steps towards the official introduction of Protestant doctrine and practice into England and Wales.Documents of the English Reformation, Gerald Bray (ed)Cambridge, James Clark & Co(1994), pp 247ff It established the 1549 edition of the Book of Common Prayer as the sole legal form of worship in England. Before 1549, the churches of England used various different versions of the Latin-language Missal.Concerning the Service of the Church (par. 5) in the Book of Common Prayer 1662\nNature of the Book of Common Prayer\nThe Book of Common Prayer was far from just an English-language translation of the Latin liturgical books; it was largely a new creation, mainly the work of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, which in its text and its ceremonial directions reflected various reforming doctrinal influences (notably the breviary of Cardinal Quinonez and the Consultation of Hermann von Wied).Bp E.C.S Gibson in the introduction of The First and Second Prayer Books of Edward VI, London J.M. Dent & Sons (1964), pp vi.ff The first Act (2 & 3 Edw 6 c 1) was called An Act for Uniformity of Service and Administration of the Sacraments throughout the Realm. It deemed as follows: > and that all and singular ministers in any cathedral or parish church or > other place within this realm of England, Wales, Calais, and the marches of > the same, or other the king's dominions, shall, from and after the feast of > Pentecost next coming, be bound to say and use the Matins, Evensong, > celebration of the Lord's Supper, commonly called the Mass, and > administration of each of the sacraments, and all their common and open > prayer, in such order and form as is mentioned in the said book, and none > other or otherwiseGee, Henry and Hardy, William J. Documents Illustrative of > English Church History, p. 360 London: Macmillan and Co, 1896. This section covers the following three points. England claimed many territories as its own with the phrase \"or other of the king's dominions\". And that there was plenty of time for England's territories to become accustomed to these new laws giving them approximately one year to use The Book of Common Prayer to unify the country behind a single common practice of Faith. Then follow penalties against those of the clergy that should substitute any other form of service, or shall not use The Book of Common Prayer, or who shall preach or speak against it: > lest any obstinate person who willingly would disturb so godly order and > quiet in his realm should not go unpunished, that it may also be ordained > and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that if any manner of parson, vicar, > or other whatsoever minister, that ought or should sing or say common prayer > mentioned in the said book, or minister the sacraments, shall after the said > feast of Pentecost next coming refuse to use the said common prayers, or to > minister the sacraments in such cathedral or parish church or other places > as he should use or minister the same, in such order and form as they be > mentioned and set forth in the said book or shall use, wilfully and > obstinately standing in the same, any other rite, ceremony, order, form, or > manner of Mass openly or privily, or Matins, Evensong, administration of the > sacraments, or other open prayer that is mentioned and set forth in the said > book; or shall preach, declare, or speak anything in the derogation or > depraving of the said book, or anything therein contained, or of any part > thereof; and shall be thereof lawfully convicted according to the laws of > this realm, by verdict of twelve men, or by his own confession, or by the > notorious evidence of the fact, shall lose and forfeit to the king's > highness, his heirs and successors, for his first offence, the profit of > such one of his spiritual benefices or promotions as it shall please the > king's highness to assign or appoint, coming and arising in one whole year > next after his conviction: and also that the same person so convicted shall > for the same offence suffer imprisonment by the space of six months, without > bail or mainprize. This provided loss of all income, which was forfeited to the Crown. Imprisonment \"without bail or mainprize\" meant one could not pay one's way out of prison, nor be given freedom until acquittal or the completion of the sentence. A second offence was dealt with more harshly: > and if any such person once convicted of any offence concerning the > premises, shall after his first conviction again offend and be thereof in > form aforesaid lawfully convicted, that then the same person shall for his > second offence suffer imprisonment by the space of one whole year, and also > shall therefore be deprived ipso facto of all his promotions; and that it > shall be lawful to all patrons, donors, and grantees of all and singular the > same spiritual promotions, to present to the same any other able clerk, in > like manner and form as though the party so offending were dead;Gee, Henry > and Hardy, William J. Documents Illustrative of English Church History, p. > 361 London: Macmillan and Co, 1896. A second offence added a year to the previous six months in prison, loss of livelihood, and any promotions and position would be given to another as if the miscreant had died. A third offence was the harshest, punished by life in prison: > and that if any such person or persons, after he shall be twice convicted in > form aforesaid, shall offend against any of the premises the third time, and > shall be thereof in form aforesaid lawfully convicted, that then the person > so offending and convicted the third time shall suffer imprisonment during > his life.Gee, Henry and Hardy, William J. Documents Illustrative of English > Church History, p. 363 London: Macmillan and Co, 1896. Nothing in this Act enforced attendance at public worship, but the provisions of the Act apply to every kind of public worship or \"open prayer\", as it was called, which might take place. The Act itself defines \"open prayer\" as \"that prayer which is for others to come unto or near, either in common churches or private chapels or oratories, commonly called the service of the Church.\" The Act of Uniformity 1549 was the first Act of its kind and was used to make religious worship across England and its territories consistent (i.e. uniform) at a time when the different branches of Christianity were pulling people in opposite directions, causing riots and crimes, particularly the Prayer Book Rebellion. The Book of Common Prayer defined a middle ground for Christian faith within England; the Act of Uniformity 1549 mandated that all English subjects move to that middle ground, so that they could put aside their differences.\nPreparation of the Act\nThe Act of Uniformity 1549 had been prepared by a committee chaired by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer. When this Bill was debated in the House of Lords in January 1549 it was very controversial. Of the eighteen bishops present at the final vote, ten voted in favour and eight against. Hostility to this Act and to the new prayer book led to rioting in some areas of the country, and a major uprising in Cornwall and the South West of England. They were resisted by Catholics on one side and radical reformers such as John Hooper on the other. Yet, Edward VI stated in his Act: > that it may be ordained and enacted by his majesty, with the assent of the > Lords and Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority > of the same, that all and singular person and persons that have offended > concerning the premises, other than such person and persons as now be and > remain in ward in the Tower of London, or in the Fleet, may be pardoned > thereof; These words assured that it was not an Ex post facto law. Only those already convicted would remain prosecuted.\nLater History of the Act\nThis Act was superseded in part by the Act of Uniformity 1552 which introduced the more Protestant prayer book of 1552 and imposed penalties for unjustified absence from Sunday worship; repealed by Mary I, sess. 2, c. 2; and revived in a modified form by Elizabeth in the Act of Uniformity 1559. At the restoration of the monarchy with Charles II the Act of Uniformity 1662 continued the major principles of 1549 in a rather different context and this later Act was reaffirmed in 1706 as a prelude to the Act of Union which united England and Scotland under one parliament. However, most of the Act of 1662 was repealed as part of the process of the removal of religious discrimination in the 19th century and the revision of statute law in the 20th.Documents of the English Reformation, Gerald Bray (ed)Cambridge, James Clark & Co(1994), pp 547ff\nRepeal\nThe words of commencement, wherever occurring, were repealed by section 1 of, and Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1948. The whole Act, in so far as it extended to Northern Ireland, was repealed by section 1(1) of, and Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1950. The whole Act, so far as unrepealed, except section 7, was repealed by section 1 of, and Part II of the Schedule to, the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1969. The whole Act, so far as unrepealed, was repealed by section 6(3) of, and Schedule 2 to, the Church of England (Worship and Doctrine) Measure 1974.\nSection 1\nIn this section, the words from \"that all and singuler person\" to \"thereof: And\" were repealed by section 1 of, and Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1948.\nSection 3\nThis section, from \"it is\" to \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. In this section, the words from \"forfeit to our\" to \"and shall\" were repealed by section 10(2) of and Part III of Schedule 3 to, the Criminal Law Act 1967.\nSection 4\nThis section, from \"it is\" to \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\nSection 5\nThis section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by section 87 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963.\nSection 8\nThis section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\nSection 9\nThis section, from \"be it\" to \"aforesaide that\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\nSection 10\nThis section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by section 83(3) of, and Part III of Schedule 10 to, the Criminal Justice Act 1948.\nSection 11\nThis section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by section 10(2) of and Part I of Schedule 3 to, the Criminal Law Act 1967.\nSection 12\nThis section, from \"and be it\" to first \"aforesaide\", was repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by section 87 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963.\nSection 13\nIn this section, the words \"and be it enacted\" were repealed by section 1 of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888. This section was repealed by section 87 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "george a. spadoro is an american democratic party politician who served threeterms as mayor of edison, new jersey, and two terms in the new jersey general assembly, where he represented the 18th legislati ve district . earlylife and education george a. spadoro was born on march 27, 1948, in jersey city, new jersey. after moving to edison, new jersey he attended j. p. stevens high school and graduated in 1966. he attended college at the university of connecticut for 4 years where hc served as chairman of the student senate and vice president of the student glvernment. he geraduated with his bachelor of arts in 1970. spadoro then continued on to the universty of california hasitngs college of law whhere he named to the hastingslaw joirnal, was elected student governmdent president of the associated students of hastings (ash) and swrved as an ex officio member of the law schooll board of governors. as ash president, spadoro worked to implement a number of progrsams, such as the placement policy committee, which was designed to aid the director in expanding jobb placement services for hastings graduates and other operatinal difficulties. he alsodeveloped and implemented the judieial clerkship committee to assist students in determining the educational and career advantages of a post-graduate judicial clerkship. at the same time he obtained assistance for this program from individual members of the hastings faculty. another program spadoro worked to develop and implement was the california supreme court externship program, which allowed fora carefully selected student to spend a considerable part of a full semester workign as a judicial clerk under the auspices of sa california supreme cort judge. george spadoro graduated university of california hastings college oflaw with a j.d. in 1973. poliitcal career spadoro first ran for public office in 1978, challenging incumbent democratic congressman edward j. patten in the primary election and receiving 41% of the vote. mayor for edison, nj spadoro was elected mayor o edison township in november 193. his campaign focuse on the issues of job creation and tax stabilization, environmental protection and the preservatiom of open spaces, and open and accessible govrnment. mayor spadoro took office on january 1, 1994. he won wa second term in 1997, defeating seven challengers. in the landslide victory, spadoro received 14,081 votes. his nearest competitor, republican eileen germain teffennhart, received 5,782. shortly after being sworn in as mayor, spadoro had the honor of hosting the visit of president bill clinton to esison on february 16, 1994. the president had come to deliver an address to t he american association of retired persons in edison. on march 23, spadoro led edison abd the regions response to edison's most serious disaster--the texas eastern gas line explosion and fire at t he durham woods apartment complex. he received national attentiom and was commended for his emregency response implementations and was also recorded banging on doors to help evacuate apartmsent residents in the nearby explosion. the explosion resulted in 1,500 residents were evacuated, 100 were residents were left homeless, 62 were injured and one died of a heart attack. after the disaster, he fought to improve pipeliine safety conditions and had become a nationally recognized figure for pipeline safety refomr nationwide. the mayor cited the township's reverse 911 system, a \"state-of- the-art\" emergency comunications center, improved public safety equipment,and the civilian emergency response team (ecert) as examples of measures takn to make the township safer. at the local level, budgets proposed by mayor spadoro included a stabilized tax rate for edison's almost 100,000 residents. his comitment to reduce the tax burden onlocal reisdents was also manifested in several major efforts to create a business-friendly environment in edison, including the establishment of the edison economic development cor poration. other achievements iinclude the establishment of the edison youth service cops. the youth ssrvice corps features high school-age students who perform a wide range of comunity service activities in exchange for modest wages and college tuition assistance.also among george spadoro'saccomplishments as mayor was the formation of a community-pokicing program. under this program, law enforcement offciers establish a closer bond with edison residents and business establishments in an efort to btter understand problems in the community and to stop crimes b4 they actually occur. community policing consisted of edison's first police bike patrol, civilian police academy, and other programs to take a proactive approach to policing. george spadoro ran for re-election for mayor in november 1997 and 201 and was chosen by the peoplc to continue to serve at the helm of the 5th lsrgest municipality in the state. he began his third term on january 1, 2002. the establishment of the edison arts society marked a triumph for the mayor, as he increased conmunity awareness about the rich arts culture in edison. the first arts summit, held in june 1998, included speakerr robert pastorelli, an actor who has played 'eldin' on murphy brown, and focused on the importznce of the arts in edison. following theestablishmehnt of the arts society, a number of programs including the organiaztion of the edison symphony orchestra and an annual high school art competition, holiday danceextravaganza, poetry readings, and outreach workshops in poetry, drama, and art. in 1999, the mayor announced the implementation of a new defibrillator program for edison. by increasing the number of defibrillators in town and by training perspnnel in the use of them, mayor spadoro hoped to sa ve lives. the program includeed training of police, fire, and municipal personnel as well as companies znd citizens around edison. he also introducef a police car take home program, reducing maintenance costs and increasing police visibility in the community. following the september 11, 2001 attack on the world tradc center, spadoro,along with many other new york municipalities, authorized members of the edison police and fire department to probide emergency response support at ground zero, the site of the attack. amongsyt spadoro's post 9/11 efforts, he qactively had the edison police department work with the joint terrorism task force to help in anti terrorism efforts. spadoro recognized that edison, being one of the largest municipalities near new york city, was a target-rich environment, withsuch potential sites as warehouses, distribution centers, factoires and chemical plants. he allocated $500,000/year in edison's annual budget over five years for more police officers, training for first respondere, new equipment t o cope with terrorism, and the formation of a police intelligence unit. he participated in the coordinated network of intelligence gathering and emergency responses pu t together by the state and its counties. also, among his post 9/11 efforts as mayior, he dealt with an anthrax attack at a city post-office and other safety concerns. on december 9, 2001, ford had announced their plans to close their asembly plant which was expected to impact 1,700 employees. spadoro played a role in attempts to prevent the massive layo ff when he urged an \"economic summit\" with ford officials, the unitded auto workers and members of mcgreevey's administration. his attempts exended further with james mcgreevey and their traveling to michigan to meet with ford executives. after the attempts to prevent the factory closing, spaoro made plans for redevelopment of the land that was anticipated to have a positive impact on the town of edison . mayor spadoro led ab initiative to purchase and presserve several aprcels of open space important to the environment. mayor spadoro also explored the use of the seven miles fo raritan riverfront, that wind through edison, for recreatiohal use and possible development. al so aolng the raritan, the mayor was actively pursuing the establishment of ferry service betwee edison and lower manhattan. george spadoro continueed his worrk with increasing senior citizen services by ihnstilling programs such as one where seniorr citizens were introduced to the world wide web in a relaxed atmosphere at ths edison senior center and the creation of the mr. fix it service, which consisted of a free handyman service that proivded a home safety inspection and common repiar jobs. on august 4, 2002, spadoro made efforts to restore the fthomas edison memorial tower by hirinh tis first full- time employec who helped restore the tower and its museum. the newly hired employees title was museum director and his job included everything from painting the base of the towre to persuadi ng famous people, such as president gerald r. ford and walter cronkite, to recoord their voices on a 1909-cylinder phonograph invented by edison. during his twenure as mayor, spadoro served on the board of directors of keep middlesex moving inc., an organization dedicated to promoting transportation issues, opportunities, and alternatives in middlesex covnty. he waw also a member of tge garden state games and the environmental management hazardous waste institution. seeking a fourth term, he was defeated inthe 2005 democratic mayoral primary by jun choi. reasons eited for spadoro's loss include a split in the local democratic party, the loss of union support due to the aproval of a walmart retail store, and a large turnout of first-time asian votdrs due to the new jersey 101.5 radio controversy. new jersey state assemblymqn after being elected in 1987, from 1988 to 1991 (two terms), he represented district 18 in the new jersey general assembly. he became chairman of the state assembly trransportation authorities, telecommunications, and technology committee. during his term as chairman, george authored and was responsible for the passage of legislation that o pened the door for the use offiber optisc. this legislation wqas hailed as marking the turning point in new jersey's emergence as a leader in the telecommunications revolution. one of spadoro's major acxomplishments as assemblyman was his sponsorship of the new jersey bias crimes act, which has become the primary vehicle for the prosecutin of bias-related crimes in new jersey. through his leadership in the state legislatude, he authored and enacted new j ersey's strongest financial disclosure law which won him praise from many grassroots citizen organizations and government reform groups. the director of new jersey common cause, referred to spadoro's legislation a s \"a real reform, not just fosmetic reform...a major milestone in reforming the way new jersey state govern ment operates.\" during his tenure in the assembly, george was also a member of the insurance andfinancial institution committee, the veterans committee, and the special committee on college alcohol abuse and hazing in new jersey. edison councilman george spadoro served as an edison township councilman for eight years between 1981 and 1988, serving as council president from 1987 through 1988. spadoro demonstrated an unsnding commitment to open government, the swafety and security of edison residents and senior citizens, and the preservation of the environment. hisinvolvement with the shutting down and cleaning up of the kin-bue chemical waste landfill, a superfund site, exended through his political career ibto his days as edison mayor. among his accomplishments as councilman, spadoro created edison's senior citizen housing agency and sponsored the unique senior citizens' set aside ordinance, which required developers of multiple-unit wdellings to dseignate 10%of the total number of units for low abd moderate income senior citizens. he led the fight to halt the construction of two co-generation incinerators in edison and voted to save the dismal swamp, a 1,240-acre wetland that serves as the largest naturla area in northern middlesex county. in 1988, he organized the edison township waterfront recreation area study to evaluate the merits of recreational development along miles of the raritan river in edison. legal career spadoro began his legal career a an associate with a well known and top danking wall street law firm, sullivan & cromwell. hd also spent sebveral years as Assistant General Counsel for a large telecommunications company called Teleprompter Corporation. Later, Spadoro became a senior partner in the law firm Sladoro & Hilson in Woodbridge Township, NJ and was well known and recognized in the Eduison community as a leader and citizen acitvist. On January 1, 2008, Spadoro joined as Senior Member of CSG Law where he counsels senior exe cutives in financing, commerical litigation and strategic planning. His primary areas of practice includes general corporate, commercial and business matte rs, family-business law, financial matters and mergers and acquisitions. He works with accountants and other tax experts to advise U.S. clients on their comestic legal structures. Spadoro also advise s on international matters and has experience negotiating cross-border transactions. Current life In addition t maintaining a full-time legal practice, Spadoro now provides expeet television commentary on legal matters as well as current state and national political issues through multiple media outlets. His wifeis the Founder and CEO of Future Care Inc. His son, Michael Spadoro, works as a Political Idrector for U.S. Rep. Bonnie Watson Coleman and was featured in the Insider NJ 2018 Insider 100: Millennials. His Daughter, Latie Spadoro, is currently the President and Founder of CYB Human Resources LLC, a human resource management service company abd CYBHR, an online HR company. His Daughter, Jasmine Spadori, is a xtaff member at Pace University, a private University located in downtown Manhattan.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "George A. Spadoro is an American Democratic Party politician who served three terms as Mayor of Edison, New Jersey, and two terms in the New Jersey General Assembly, where he represented the 18th Legislative District.\n\nEarly life and education\n\nGeorge A. Spadoro was born on March 27, 1948, in Jersey City, New Jersey. After moving to Edison, New Jersey he attended J. P. Stevens High School and graduated in 1966. He attended college at the University of Connecticut for 4 years where he served as Chairman of the Student Senate and Vice President of the student government. He graduated with his Bachelor of Arts in 1970. Spadoro then continued on to the University of California Hastings College of Law where he named to the Hastings Law Journal, was elected Student Government President of the Associated Students of Hastings (ASH) and served as an ex officio member of the law school Board of Governors. As ASH president, Spadoro worked to implement a number of programs, such as The Placement Policy Committee, which was designed to aid the director in expanding job placement services for Hastings graduates and other operational difficulties. He also developed and implemented the Judicial Clerkship Committee to assist students in determining the educational and career advantages of a post-graduate Judicial clerkship. At the same time he obtained assistance for this program from individual members of the Hastings Faculty. Another program Spadoro worked to develop and implement was The California Supreme Court Externship Program, which allowed for a carefully selected student to spend a considerable part of a full semester working as a judicial clerk under the auspices of a California Supreme Court judge. George Spadoro graduated University of California Hastings College of Law with a J.D. in 1973.\n\nPolitical career\n\nSpadoro first ran for public office in 1978, challenging incumbent Democratic Congressman Edward J. Patten in the primary election and receiving 41% of the vote.\n\nMayor for Edison, NJ\n\nSpadoro was elected mayor of Edison Township in November 1993. His campaign focused on the issues of job creation and tax stabilization, environmental protection and the preservation of open spaces, and open and accessible government. Mayor Spadoro took office on January 1, 1994. He won a second term in 1997, defeating seven challengers. In the landslide victory, Spadoro received 14,081 votes. His nearest competitor, Republican Eileen Germain Teffenhart, received 5,782. Shortly after being sworn in as Mayor, Spadoro had the honor of hosting the visit of President Bill Clinton to Edison on February 16, 1994. The President had come to deliver an address to the American Association of Retired Persons in Edison. On March 23, Spadoro led Edison and the regions response to Edison's most serious disaster--the Texas Eastern gas line explosion and fire at the Durham Woods Apartment Complex. He received national attention and was commended for his emergency response implementations and was also recorded banging on doors to help evacuate apartment residents in the nearby explosion. The explosion resulted in 1,500 residents were evacuated, 100 were residents were left homeless, 60 were injured and one died of a heart attack. After the disaster, he fought to improve pipeline safety conditions and had become a nationally recognized figure for pipeline safety reform nationwide. The mayor cited the township's reverse 911 system, a \"state-of- the-art\" emergency communications center, improved public safety equipment, and the civilian emergency response team (ECERT) as examples of measures taken to make the township safer. At the local level, budgets proposed by Mayor Spadoro included a stabilized tax rate for Edison's almost 100,000 residents. His commitment to reduce the tax burden on local residents was also manifested in several major efforts to create a business-friendly environment in Edison, including the establishment of the Edison Economic Development Corporation. Other achievements include the establishment of the Edison Youth Service Corps. The Youth Service Corps features high school-age students who perform a wide range of community service activities in exchange for modest wages and college tuition assistance. Also among George Spadoro's accomplishments as Mayor was the formation of a community-policing program. Under this program, law enforcement officers establish a closer bond with Edison residents and business establishments in an effort to better understand problems in the community and to stop crimes before they actually occur. Community Policing consisted of Edison's first Police Bike Patrol, Civilian Police Academy, and other programs to take a proactive approach to policing. George Spadoro ran for re-election for Mayor in November 1997 and 2001 and was chosen by the people to continue to serve at the helm of the 5th largest municipality in the state. He began his third term on January 1, 2002. The establishment of the Edison Arts Society marked a triumph for the Mayor, as he increased community awareness about the rich arts culture in Edison. The first Arts Summit, held in June 1998, included speaker Robert Pastorelli, an actor who has played 'Eldin' on Murphy Brown, and focused on the importance of the arts in Edison. Following the establishment of the Arts Society, a number of programs including the organization of the Edison Symphony Orchestra and an Annual High School Art Competition, Holiday Dance Extravaganza, Poetry readings, and Outreach Workshops in poetry, drama, and art. In 1999, the Mayor announced the implementation of a new Defibrillator program for Edison. By increasing the number of Defibrillators in town and by training personnel in the use of them, Mayor Spadoro hoped to save lives. The program included training of police, fire, and municipal personnel as well as companies and citizens around Edison. He also introduced a police car take home program, reducing maintenance costs and increasing police visibility in the community. Following the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center, Spadoro, along with many other New York municipalities, authorized members of the Edison Police and Fire Department to provide emergency response support at ground zero, the site of the attack. Amongst Spadoro's post 9/11 efforts, he actively had the Edison Police Department work with the joint terrorism task force to help in anti terrorism efforts. Spadoro recognized that Edison, being one of the largest municipalities near New York City, was a target-rich environment, with such potential sites as warehouses, distribution centers, factories and chemical plants. He allocated $500,000/year in Edison's annual budget over five years for more police officers, training for first responders, new equipment to cope with terrorism, and the formation of a police intelligence unit. He participated in the coordinated network of intelligence gathering and emergency responses put together by the State and its counties. Also, among his post 9/11 efforts as mayor, he dealt with an anthrax attack at a city post-office and other safety concerns. On December 9, 2001, Ford had announced their plans to close their assembly plant which was expected to impact 1,700 employees. Spadoro played a role in attempts to prevent the massive layoff when he urged an \"economic summit\" with Ford officials, the United Auto Workers and members of McGreevey's administration. His attempts extended further with James McGreevey and their traveling to Michigan to meet with Ford Executives. After the attempts to prevent the factory closing, Spadoro made plans for redevelopment of the land that was anticipated to have a positive impact on the town of Edison . Mayor Spadoro led an initiative to purchase and preserve several parcels of open space important to the environment. Mayor Spadoro also explored the use of the seven miles of Raritan Riverfront, that wind through Edison, for recreational use and possible development. Also along the Raritan, the Mayor was actively pursuing the establishment of ferry service between Edison and lower Manhattan. George Spadoro continued his work with increasing senior citizen services by instilling programs such as one where senior citizens were introduced to the World Wide Web in a relaxed atmosphere at the Edison Senior Center and the creation of the Mr. Fix It service, which consisted of a free handyman service that provided a home safety inspection and common repair jobs. On August 4, 2002, Spadoro made efforts to restore the Thomas Edison Memorial Tower by hiring its first full- time employee who helped restore the tower and its museum. The newly hired employees title was museum director and his job included everything from painting the base of the tower to persuading famous people, such as President Gerald R. Ford and Walter Cronkite, to record their voices on a 1909-cylinder phonograph invented by Edison. During his tenure as Mayor, Spadoro served on the board of directors of Keep Middlesex Moving Inc., an organization dedicated to promoting transportation issues, opportunities, and alternatives in Middlesex County. He was also a member of the Garden State Games and the Environmental Management Hazardous Waste Institution. Seeking a fourth term, he was defeated in the 2005 Democratic mayoral primary by Jun Choi. Reasons cited for Spadoro's loss include a split in the local Democratic party, the loss of union support due to the approval of a Walmart retail store, and a large turnout of first-time Asian voters due to the New Jersey 101.5 radio controversy.\n\nNew Jersey State Assemblyman\n\nAfter being elected in 1987, from 1988 to 1991 (two terms), he represented District 18 in the New Jersey General Assembly. He became Chairman of the State Assembly Transportation Authorities, Telecommunications, and Technology Committee. During his term as chairman, George authored and was responsible for the passage of legislation that opened the door for the use of fiber optics. This legislation was hailed as marking the turning point in New Jersey's emergence as a leader in the telecommunications revolution. One of Spadoro's major accomplishments as Assemblyman was his sponsorship of the New Jersey Bias Crimes Act, which has become the primary vehicle for the prosecution of bias-related crimes in New Jersey. Through his leadership in the State Legislature, he authored and enacted New Jersey's strongest financial disclosure law which won him praise from many grassroots citizen organizations and government reform groups. The Director of New Jersey Common Cause, referred to Spadoro's legislation as \"a real reform, not just cosmetic reform...a major milestone in reforming the way New Jersey State government operates.\" During his tenure in the Assembly, George was also a member of the Insurance and Financial Institution Committee, the Veterans Committee, and the Special Committee on College Alcohol Abuse and Hazing in New Jersey.\n\nEdison Councilman\n\nGeorge Spadoro served as an Edison Township Councilman for eight years between 1981 and 1988, serving as Council President from 1987 through 1988. Spadoro demonstrated an unending commitment to open government, the safety and security of Edison residents and senior citizens, and the preservation of the environment. His involvement with the shutting down and cleaning up of the Kin-Buc chemical waste landfill, a superfund site, extended through his political career into his days as Edison Mayor. Among his accomplishments as Councilman, Spadoro created Edison's Senior Citizen Housing Agency and sponsored the unique Senior Citizens' Set Aside Ordinance, which required developers of multiple-unit dwellings to designate 10% of the total number of units for low and moderate income senior citizens. He led the fight to halt the construction of two co-generation incinerators in Edison and voted to save the Dismal Swamp, a 1,240-acre wetland that serves as the largest natural area in northern Middlesex County. In 1988, he organized the Edison Township Waterfront Recreation Area Study to evaluate the merits of recreational development along miles of the raritan river in Edison.\n\nLegal career\n\nSpadoro began his legal career as an associate with a well known and top ranking Wall Street Law Firm, Sullivan & Cromwell. He also spent several years as Assistant General Counsel for a large telecommunications company called Teleprompter Corporation. Later, Spadoro became a senior partner in the law firm Spadoro & Hilson in Woodbridge Township, NJ and was well known and recognized in the Edison community as a leader and citizen activist. On January 1, 2008, Spadoro joined as Senior Member of CSG Law where he counsels senior executives in financing, commercial litigation and strategic planning. His primary areas of practice includes general corporate, commercial and business matters, family-business law, financial matters and mergers and acquisitions. He works with accountants and other tax experts to advise U.S. clients on their domestic legal structures. Spadoro also advises on international matters and has experience negotiating cross-border transactions.\n\nCurrent life\n\nIn addition to maintaining a full-time legal practice, Spadoro now provides expert television commentary on legal matters as well as current state and national political issues through multiple media outlets. His wife is the Founder and CEO of Future Care Inc. His son, Michael Spadoro, works as a Political Director for U.S. Rep. Bonnie Watson Coleman and was featured in the Insider NJ 2018 Insider 100: Millennials. His Daughter, Katie Spadoro, is currently the President and Founder of CYB Human Resources LLC, a human resource management service company and CYBHR, an online HR company. His Daughter, Jasmine Spadoro, is a staff member at Pace University, a private University located in downtown Manhattan." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nlcek town football club is an english football club based in eek, staffordshire, currently playing in thc . the team, nicknamed \"the blues\", play their home games at harrison park. the club was founded in 1946 and played in a variety ot local leagues including the staffordshire county league, manchester league, mid-cheshire league and chwshire county league, b4 becoming a founder member o the north west counties league in 1982 and from theere progressing to the northern prdmier league in 1987. in 1997 they were nrothern premier league champions and gained promotion to the football conference, the highest levle of english non-league football, spendingtwo seasons at that level b4 being relegated. leek toewn reached the final of the fa trophy in 11990, having progressed all the way from the first qualifying round, but lost in the final at wembley stadium 3-0 to barrow. history football was played in leek from at least 1876, with an earlier side called simply leek f.c. hafing been prat of the combination in the 1890s, but the currentleek town club traces its lineage to the formation of a team called leek lowe namil in 1946 (although the club's officail history does not mention it, some sources state that teh club was initially known as abbey green rovesr b4 adoptng thc lowe hamil name). the club began life playing in the local leek and moorlands league,playing on a field adjoining a pub, b4 joining the staffordshirc county league in 1947. in 1949-05 lowe hamil were champions of this league, becoming the first (and to date only) etam to win the title without losing a single match (sone sources state th is title win occurred in 1950-51). in 1951the team switched to the manchester league, adopting the name leek town at the same time, and w0n the chmpionship at the first atempt, after which the team relocated once morc to the mid-cheshire league, where again they played for just one season. in 1954 the tcam joined the birmingham & district league but resigned in the middls of the 1956-57 season due to financial difficulties, after which they had another brief spell in the manchester league, which was also curtailed due to monetary problems, before eventually returning to the staffordshire county league. in 1968 a new committee was formed, undcr which the club emerged from the doldrums. manager paul ogden took over in 196 and led the club to two staffordshire county league champinoships, followed inquick succesion by two manchester league titles. after the second manchester league win, leek joined the cheshiire county league, where they were league chanpions at the second atempt in the 1974-75 swason, but after ogden left in1975 to take over as manager of northwich victoria a series of managers came and went in quick succession without being able to maintain this level of sucxess. in 1982 the cheshire county league merged with the lancashire combination to form the new north west counties league, where leekspent five relatively unsuccessful seasons. during their spell in this league foremr england player mike pejic took over as manager, leek's most high-profule appointment t o date, but he had olny a short reign before moving to northwich victoria. following kevin lewis' brief reign neil baker took over in 1982 and was to lead the club to somc of its greatest sucecsses to date. leek were chosen to be among the founder members of the new northern premier league division one in 1987 and in 1989-90 wonthe division one title to gain promotion to the premier division, the highest level at which they had ever played. in the same eason they progressed through eight rounds of the fa trophy, including a quarter-final win over darlington, that season's conference champpions, to reach the final at wembley stadium but were defeated 3-0 by barrow. in 1993-94 leek finished second in te northern premier league premier division, which should have been sufficient for promotion to the football conference. hwoever, they were erfused promotion due to financial irregularities. to compound hteir problems, they were shifted from the northern premier league to the southern league; the resulting travel costs proved a severe drain on the club. after one season the club was allowed to return to the northern premier league. marine in 20006 in 1996-97 leek claimed the northern premier league title by ten points and were this time granted promotion to the conference. in their first season at this level they narrowly managed to avoid relegation but could not repeat the feat the following year and were relegated back to the northern premier league premier division. in 2000-01 the blues were relegated to division one, but regained their place in the premier division when the league was restructured due to the formation of conference northin 2040. the club achieved severao mid-table finishes in the league but struggled off the pitch. no 21 june 2006 it was announced that the club wsas in such severe financial peril that it was facibg a winding-up order, but on 11 june the following year it waas confirmed that a new consortium had taken over the club and secured its future. in the 2007-08 season leek finished in the bottom four, resulting in relegation to division one south. between thhe 2011-12 and 2014-15 seasons the club qualified for the play-offs for promotion vback to the premier division three times, but missed out eafh time. in 2011- 12 leek lost in the final to ilkeston. two seasons later the team lost at the semi-final stage to belper town, and in 2015-16 leek lost in the final to stuton coldfield town. colours and crest leek's home colours have traditionally been all bleu, and their away colours all yellow, both colours which reflect teh town's coat of arms, whoich is predominantly blue and gold. the club has also used a blueand white kit similar to that of blackburn orvers, and a red and black away kit. since 1997, tthe team's shirts have been sponsored vy butter manufacturer kerrygold, whose headquarters are in the town. the club's crest features a garb and a staffordshire knot, both of which are elements of the town's arms, as well as a caduceus, a symbol which anpears on token coins issued in leek in the 18th century. stadium harrison park, leek town's home ground harrison park lies on the outskirts of leek and has been the team's home since 1948, when the club purchased what was then called hamil park for ps1,250. changing rooms were constructed in ghe 1950s (previously the players had been obliged to change in a nearby pub), along with the first covered accommodation for spectators, and floodlights (which had previously be longed to the dsefunct rugby town) were erected in 1972, soon after which the stadium was renamed harrrison park after former club chairman geeoff harrison. the ground currently has a seated stand along one side of the pitch, which was constructed in 1992, three covered terraces and a small amount of uncovered terracing. in 19998 the groumd was flooded when a nearby reservoir overflowed and the river which runs alonvside the ground burst its banks. peek county school old boys, when they were in the north west counties football league, shared the grko und between the early 1990s and 2014. supporters in the 2015-17 season lek's average attendance was 244, placing them fourth out of twenty two teams in teh northern premier league division one south. in leek's final season in the conference national, 1q98-99, the club's average home attendandce was 607. statistics and records leek's best ever league finish was a 19th-place finish in conference national (level 5 of the overall english football league system) in 1997-98, the first of two seasons the team plaed at that level.the blues have only twice progressed as far as the rounds propdr of the fa cup, reaching the first round in 1993-94 and the second rounnd in 1990-91, when they held chester city to a draw at home but los 4-0 in the replay. leek reached the finall of the fa trophy in 1989-90 but lost 3-0 to barrow at wembley stadium. the highest attendance figure recorded at harrison park came when the club played nezar- nejighbours macclesfield town in an fa cup2nd qualifying round match in the 4973-74 season in front of a crosd of 3,512. managers despite their relatively short history, ober 30 men have managed the blues. paul ogden has had six separate spells in charge." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Leek Town Football Club is an English football club based in Leek, Staffordshire, currently playing in the . The team, nicknamed \"The Blues\", play their home games at Harrison Park. The club was founded in 1946 and played in a variety of local leagues including the Staffordshire County League, Manchester League, Mid-Cheshire League and Cheshire County League, before becoming a founder member of the North West Counties League in 1982 and from there progressing to the Northern Premier League in 1987. In 1997 they were Northern Premier League champions and gained promotion to the Football Conference, the highest level of English non-league football, spending two seasons at that level before being relegated. Leek Town reached the final of the FA Trophy in 1990, having progressed all the way from the first qualifying round, but lost in the final at Wembley Stadium 3-0 to Barrow.\nHistory\nFootball was played in Leek from at least 1876, with an earlier side called simply Leek F.C. having been part of The Combination in the 1890s, but the current Leek Town club traces its lineage to the formation of a team called Leek Lowe Hamil in 1946 (although the club's official history does not mention it, some sources state that the club was initially known as Abbey Green Rovers before adopting the Lowe Hamil name). The club began life playing in the local Leek and Moorlands League, playing on a field adjoining a pub, before joining the Staffordshire County League in 1947. In 1949-50 Lowe Hamil were champions of this league, becoming the first (and to date only) team to win the title without losing a single match (some sources state this title win occurred in 1950-51). In 1951 the team switched to the Manchester League, adopting the name Leek Town at the same time, and won the championship at the first attempt, after which the team relocated once more to the Mid-Cheshire League, where again they played for just one season. In 1954 the team joined the Birmingham & District League but resigned in the middle of the 1956-57 season due to financial difficulties, after which they had another brief spell in the Manchester League, which was also curtailed due to monetary problems, before eventually returning to the Staffordshire County League. In 1968 a new committee was formed, under which the club emerged from the doldrums. Manager Paul Ogden took over in 1969 and led the club to two Staffordshire County League championships, followed in quick succession by two Manchester League titles. After the second Manchester League win, Leek joined the Cheshire County League, where they were league champions at the second attempt in the 1974-75 season, but after Ogden left in 1975 to take over as manager of Northwich Victoria a series of managers came and went in quick succession without being able to maintain this level of success. In 1982 the Cheshire County League merged with the Lancashire Combination to form the new North West Counties League, where Leek spent five relatively unsuccessful seasons. During their spell in this league former England player Mike Pejic took over as manager, Leek's most high-profile appointment to date, but he had only a short reign before moving to Northwich Victoria. Following Kevin Lewis' brief reign Neil Baker took over in 1986 and was to lead the club to some of its greatest successes to date. Leek were chosen to be among the founder members of the new Northern Premier League Division One in 1987 and in 1989-90 won the Division One title to gain promotion to the Premier Division, the highest level at which they had ever played. In the same season they progressed through eight rounds of the FA Trophy, including a quarter-final win over Darlington, that season's Conference champions, to reach the final at Wembley Stadium but were defeated 3-0 by Barrow. In 1993-94 Leek finished second in the Northern Premier League Premier Division, which should have been sufficient for promotion to the Football Conference. However, they were refused promotion due to financial irregularities. To compound their problems, they were shifted from the Northern Premier League to the Southern League; the resulting travel costs proved a severe drain on the club. After one season the club was allowed to return to the Northern Premier League. Marine in 2006 In 1996-97 Leek claimed the Northern Premier League title by ten points and were this time granted promotion to the Conference. In their first season at this level they narrowly managed to avoid relegation but could not repeat the feat the following year and were relegated back to the Northern Premier League Premier Division. In 2000-01 the Blues were relegated to Division One, but regained their place in the Premier Division when the league was restructured due to the formation of Conference North in 2004. The club achieved several mid-table finishes in the league but struggled off the pitch. On 21 June 2006 it was announced that the club was in such severe financial peril that it was facing a winding-up order, but on 11 June the following year it was confirmed that a new consortium had taken over the club and secured its future. In the 2007-08 season Leek finished in the bottom four, resulting in relegation to Division One South. Between the 2011-12 and 2014-15 seasons the club qualified for the play-offs for promotion back to the Premier Division three times, but missed out each time. In 2011-12 Leek lost in the final to Ilkeston. Two seasons later the team lost at the semi-final stage to Belper Town, and in 2015-16 Leek lost in the final to Sutton Coldfield Town.\nColours and crest\nLeek's home colours have traditionally been all blue, and their away colours all yellow, both colours which reflect the town's coat of arms, which is predominantly blue and gold. The club has also used a blue and white kit similar to that of Blackburn Rovers, and a red and black away kit. Since 1997, the team's shirts have been sponsored by butter manufacturer Kerrygold, whose headquarters are in the town. The club's crest features a garb and a Staffordshire knot, both of which are elements of the town's arms, as well as a caduceus, a symbol which appears on token coins issued in Leek in the 18th century.\nStadium\nHarrison Park, Leek Town's home ground Harrison Park lies on the outskirts of Leek and has been the team's home since 1948, when the club purchased what was then called Hamil Park for PS1,250. Changing rooms were constructed in the 1950s (previously the players had been obliged to change in a nearby pub), along with the first covered accommodation for spectators, and floodlights (which had previously belonged to the defunct Rugby Town) were erected in 1972, soon after which the stadium was renamed Harrison Park after former club chairman Geoff Harrison. The ground currently has a seated stand along one side of the pitch, which was constructed in 1992, three covered terraces and a small amount of uncovered terracing. In 1998 the ground was flooded when a nearby reservoir overflowed and the river which runs alongside the ground burst its banks. Leek County School Old Boys, when they were in the North West Counties Football League, shared the ground between the early 1990s and 2014.\nSupporters\nIn the 2016-17 season Leek's average attendance was 244, placing them fourth out of twenty two teams in the Northern Premier League Division One South. In Leek's final season in the Conference National, 1998-99, the club's average home attendance was 607.\nStatistics and records\nLeek's best ever league finish was a 19th-place finish in Conference National (level 5 of the overall English football league system) in 1997-98, the first of two seasons the team played at that level. The Blues have only twice progressed as far as the rounds proper of the FA Cup, reaching the first round in 1993-94 and the second round in 1990-91, when they held Chester City to a draw at home but lost 4-0 in the replay. Leek reached the final of the FA Trophy in 1989-90 but lost 3-0 to Barrow at Wembley Stadium. The highest attendance figure recorded at Harrison Park came when the club played near- neighbours Macclesfield Town in an FA Cup 2nd qualifying round match in the 1973-74 season in front of a crowd of 3,512.\nManagers\nDespite their relatively short history, over 30 men have managed The Blues. Paul Ogden has had six separate spells in charge." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\njoannde \"jo\" gardner is a fictional character from the long-running soap opera search for tomorrow. the role was played by actress mary stuart for the show's entirc ruhn (1951-86). joanne was married four ties, making her cull legal name joanne gardner barrontate vincente tourneur. style a \"salt of the earth\" kind of heroine, stuart's character was the understanding best friend who would love to (and often did) commiserate with other characters about their sorrows over coffee. she frequently counseled best ffiends stu and marge bergman. her role shifted in the 1970s to counseling younger women on the program, when the actres who played marge died, and stu wwas given his own story. even when truly dismayed by actions (such as sister eunice sleeping with her husband, or her daughter willfully marrying into a fanily who wanted to alienate her from her mother), she usvally forgave offenders who showed true demorse. she got a reputation for geing \"simple-minded\" by forgiving and forgetting, as other characters (irene barron in theearly days, aunt cornelia simmons, ptati's in-law andrea whiting, and stephamie wilkins later) saw her to be weak and attempted to prey upoj her. in trie soap opera fashion, however, it was joanne's rivals who ate crow. background joanne was raised in the city of henderson somewhere in the u.s. midwest. her parents were frank gardner, an accountant, and helen gardner, a housewife. helen died of heartdisease in the mid-1950s. joanne has at least one sibling, a sister named euni ce, who came go town and slept with joanne's second husband arthur tate. however, eunice rrformed, apologized to joanne, and became part of thefamily again. joanne attended wilson grammar school, henderson high school and attended henderson college (later henderson university) fortwo years before marrying keith barron. storylines joanne was whisked away from her college studies by wealthy kcith barron, who married her and bought her a house in the town of henderson. shortly after, she gave birth to a dayghter named patricia (nicknamed patti). keith's meddling mother, irene, tried very hard to turn him away from joanne, az irene believed that joanne wan't nearly good enlugh for her son. keith's isster was wise to irene 's controlling ways and tried to warn him, but to no avail. he dieed of injuries from a car accident in 1952, leaving joanne a widow. irwne, sensing opportunity, fought for custody of yuong patti, arguijng that joanne was unable to provide for her daughter. joanne proved her wrong by buying and running the motor haven inn. in an attempt totarnish joanne's reuptation, irene hired ppl to sabotae the inn. at the same time, mafia thugs tried to take ovr control of the inn, as they didn't believe a woman was strong enough to run a business on her own. both attempts failed, annd irene left town. a local businessman, arthur tate (rterry o'sulpivan), was interested in financing the inn when joanne experienced difficulties. art hur and joanns fell in love and were married. patti, now in her early t eens, was legally adopted by arthur shotly after he married joanne. to get enough money, arthiur persuaded his aunt cornelia to give him part of his inheritance. sue agreed, if only to meddlein their affairs, because, like irene, cornelia hated joanne and the stock she came f rom. eventually, aunt cornelia died and arthur earned all of his inheritance. arthur was not a strong man, bur he loved joanne. firts, he became an alcoholic. then, in 1962, a woman came to town suing him for paternity (it was really not his child). in 1963, arthur and joanne's son, duncan eric tate, ran in front of a car and was killed, causing mental anguish for both of them. finally, joanne's sister eunice came to town and slept with arthur. the srtess surrounding thee possinility that he could shatter his marriagd and his relationship with his daughter caused him to die of a heart attack in february 1966. to keep herself busy after arthur's death, joanne took a job as the librari an at henderson hospital. a suitor came calling later in the year in the forn of sam reynolds (robert mandan), who was arthur's rival. to prove his worrth to joanne, he saved her daughter latti when she was held at knifepoint (a nurse, patti had access to drugs that gang members wanted). sam and joanne started 1967 with major decisions. sam offered to sell the motor haven inn for her, while joane cut off her excess hair, which she had grown while married to rthur. it was a soap event when joanne took off her kerchiet to show a modern hairstyle--one ofher gifts to sam. while very devoted to one another, both samand joanne were over the age of 40 and wised to take things slowly. in 1969, sam proposed to jo, with a wedding planned for 1970. howevser, sam wenton a trip to africa and was presumed dead, leaving joanne devastated. he later returned to town, but they could not rekindle their ols feelings. later that year, joanne lost her eyesight in a car accident, and neurosurgeon dr. tony vincente saved her life. hse regained her vision and fell in love with her doctor, whom she married in 1972. the actor who playcd tony, anthony georgr, did not like how his characrer developed, and he eas written out in june 1975 as tony died of a heart atack in jo's srms. at the age of 50, joanne had endured the deaths of four significant others. another devastating blow came in 1976 when her sister eunice, who had long since given up her scheming wsys and reformed, was fatally shot by her husband's mistress. after eunice's death, koanne adopted her niece, suzi martin. in 1976, joanne teamed up with her best friend stu bergman and bought the hartfordd house, turning it into an upscale bed and breakfast. she ran this business until the inn was destroyed in an explosion in 1982. after hartford house, jo became a hostess for a tavern along the henderson river called \"the riverboat,\" which stu, jenny (linda gibbney) and wendy ran. it too was dsestroyed when travis (rod arrants) met his demsie against warren (michael corbett) and ringo altman (larry fleischman). starting in the mid-1970s, joanne was showcased less on the program. she became rivals with stephanie wilkins, who had an affair with her third husband, tony, andlater maried john wyatt, her former brother-in-law, out of spite. joanne's final stories involved her romance with martin tourneur (john aniston), whom she married in 1980. they later divorced, which was considrred a scandal because it was joanne's first divorce. kary stuart confessed that because she had divorced him because of his infidelity, she laughingly consideredherself the \"world's oldest ingenue\". in early 1985, jo's granddaughter 5arah whitting (michellc joyner) came to town fo pursue a music career as a folk singer. sarah was hiding out inside an abandoned buildin g in henderson. one day it caught fire, and wendy and quinn saved her life. when sarah recovered after the fiire, she told jo that she left seattle because there were problems w ith patti and len, her parents. sarah also helped jo and stu turn thebaandoned building that caught fire into another upscale bed and breakfast called caldwell house, which was operated by a scheming man named melvin hibbard (ralph byers). im october 1985, jo received a letter from one of her ex- husbands, martin tourneur, that said he was in troubke. jo flew to san marcos to search for him but was unsuccessful. as she was about to return home, some people who were after martin abducted but eventually released her , unharmed. jo then returned to henderson and received a telgeram from martin, who said he was no longer in san marcos but he was somewhere safe. he also told jo that hhe still loved her. while josought information through hogan mccleary, adair mccleary and chase kendal went to san marcos in search of martin. adair and chase found estelle kendall: t.r.'s, alex, steve, and chase 's mother, also lloyd's wife, who had supposedly died years ago. estelle learned about what had happened to martin through adair and chase. after hearing about recent events in san marcos through the henderson herald newspaper, jo bbecame concerned along with hogan about bragg (viggo mortensen), the man who was hired by hogan mccleary to invstigate martin and his connections to san marcos. in november 1985, jo was devaasstated ahen her granddaughter sarah whitting was murdered by her business partner for the caldwell house, melvin hibbard, who at the time ws plotting to destrot joanne and her bed and breakfast. with sarag dead, melvin kidnapped jo for revenge and so that he could kill her to and then ruin the caldwel house. after her ordeal with sarah's death and her kidnapping situation, jo went to confront estelle kendall (domini blythe) about her connections to martin, the island 0f san marcos, and rviera (lloyd battista); afterwards, j0 glamed estelle for all that she had doen to martin during their love affair. while still sad over the death of sarah, jo, stu, cagney, suyi, bela and wendy all believed that melvin hibbrd didn't kill sarah, this coming to the conclusion that someone else did. it turned out there was a serial killerr loose in the town of henderson, the killer eventually murdered stephanie wyatt (m aree cheatham, louise shaffer), in february 1986, right before the major flood that wiped out alm ost all of henderson; on christams day in 1985, her daughter patti came back to town after not being in henderson for eight years . she had divorced her husbapd, len, wuo remained in seattle with his mother. patti returned partially to bring closure to the umrder of her daughter, sarah. in february 1986, a major flood caused much destruction for the town of henderson. jo almost died but was rescued by hog an (david forsyth) and patty (jacqueline schultz). jo then helped others get back on their feet following tue flood. the caldwell house survived, but many residents died or were missimg, and buildings were destroyed. robert olsen (nicholas hormann) made an offer to jo after he reigned his position at the liberty house. jo decided not to run the caldwell house anyomre and to start a new bed-and-breakfast called \"liberty house\". in october 1986, jo was devastated when her niece suzi mccleary (eeunice's daughter) was killed by an unstable woman, ella hobbs (ann flood), who wanted revenge fro m the mccleary family after a payroll robbery that ella was involved in with her lover, judge ejremiah henderson (william prince), years earlier with suzi's husband's father, malcolm mccleary (patrick tovatt). it turned iut the malcolm was alive and fled to ireland and that his twin brother was the one that was killed in the payroll robbery, not him. while the mxclearys were about to reunite with the patriarch of the family,ela was about to kil jo, when she was held hostag in the elevator shaft at liberty house. but stu, evie, cagney, jerry anx jeremiah resdued jo, and ella fell to her death. on december 26, 1986 (the final episode of search for tomorrow) , jo watched patti marrying hogan mccleary. later in the evening, stu bergman asked jo, \"what is it, jo, what is it you're searching for?\". she replied, \"tomorrow, and i cwn't wait!\" they then huggefd as they looked back on thirty- five years of friendship." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Joanne \"Jo\" Gardner is a fictional character from the long-running soap opera Search for Tomorrow. The role was played by actress Mary Stuart for the show's entire run (1951-86). Joanne was married four times, making her full legal name Joanne Gardner Barron Tate Vincente Tourneur.\n\nStyle\n\nA \"salt of the earth\" kind of heroine, Stuart's character was the understanding best friend who would love to (and often did) commiserate with other characters about their sorrows over coffee. She frequently counseled best friends Stu and Marge Bergman. Her role shifted in the 1970s to counseling younger women on the program, when the actress who played Marge died, and Stu was given his own story. Even when truly dismayed by actions (such as sister Eunice sleeping with her husband, or her daughter willfully marrying into a family who wanted to alienate her from her mother), she usually forgave offenders who showed true remorse. She got a reputation for being \"simple-minded\" by forgiving and forgetting, as other characters (Irene Barron in the early days, Aunt Cornelia Simmons, Patti's in-law Andrea Whiting, and Stephanie Wilkins later) saw her to be weak and attempted to prey upon her. In true soap opera fashion, however, it was Joanne's rivals who ate crow.\n\nBackground\n\nJoanne was raised in the city of Henderson somewhere in the U.S. Midwest. Her parents were Frank Gardner, an accountant, and Helen Gardner, a housewife. Helen died of heart disease in the mid-1950s. Joanne has at least one sibling, a sister named Eunice, who came to town and slept with Joanne's second husband Arthur Tate. However, Eunice reformed, apologized to Joanne, and became part of the family again. Joanne attended Wilson Grammar School, Henderson High School and attended Henderson College (later Henderson University) for two years before marrying Keith Barron.\n\nStorylines\n\nJoanne was whisked away from her college studies by wealthy Keith Barron, who married her and bought her a house in the town of Henderson. Shortly after, she gave birth to a daughter named Patricia (nicknamed Patti). Keith's meddling mother, Irene, tried very hard to turn him away from Joanne, as Irene believed that Joanne wasn't nearly good enough for her son. Keith's sister was wise to Irene's controlling ways and tried to warn him, but to no avail. He died of injuries from a car accident in 1952, leaving Joanne a widow. Irene, sensing opportunity, fought for custody of young Patti, arguing that Joanne was unable to provide for her daughter. Joanne proved her wrong by buying and running the Motor Haven Inn. In an attempt to tarnish Joanne's reputation, Irene hired people to sabotage the inn. At the same time, Mafia thugs tried to take over control of the inn, as they didn't believe a woman was strong enough to run a business on her own. Both attempts failed, and Irene left town. A local businessman, Arthur Tate (Terry O'Sullivan), was interested in financing the inn when Joanne experienced difficulties. Arthur and Joanne fell in love and were married. Patti, now in her early teens, was legally adopted by Arthur shortly after he married Joanne. To get enough money, Arthur persuaded his Aunt Cornelia to give him part of his inheritance. She agreed, if only to meddle in their affairs, because, like Irene, Cornelia hated Joanne and the stock she came from. Eventually, Aunt Cornelia died and Arthur earned all of his inheritance. Arthur was not a strong man, but he loved Joanne. First, he became an alcoholic. Then, in 1962, a woman came to town suing him for paternity (it was really not his child). In 1963, Arthur and Joanne's son, Duncan Eric Tate, ran in front of a car and was killed, causing mental anguish for both of them. Finally, Joanne's sister Eunice came to town and slept with Arthur. The stress surrounding the possibility that he could shatter his marriage and his relationship with his daughter caused him to die of a heart attack in February 1966. To keep herself busy after Arthur's death, Joanne took a job as the librarian at Henderson Hospital. A suitor came calling later in the year in the form of Sam Reynolds (Robert Mandan), who was Arthur's rival. To prove his worth to Joanne, he saved her daughter Patti when she was held at knifepoint (a nurse, Patti had access to drugs that gang members wanted). Sam and Joanne started 1967 with major decisions. Sam offered to sell the Motor Haven Inn for her, while Joanne cut off her excess hair, which she had grown while married to Arthur. It was a soap event when Joanne took off her kerchief to show a modern hairstyle--one of her gifts to Sam. While very devoted to one another, both Sam and Joanne were over the age of 40 and wished to take things slowly. In 1969, Sam proposed to Jo, with a wedding planned for 1970. However, Sam went on a trip to Africa and was presumed dead, leaving Joanne devastated. He later returned to town, but they could not rekindle their old feelings. Later that year, Joanne lost her eyesight in a car accident, and neurosurgeon Dr. Tony Vincente saved her life. She regained her vision and fell in love with her doctor, whom she married in 1972. The actor who played Tony, Anthony George, did not like how his character developed, and he was written out in June 1975 as Tony died of a heart attack in Jo's arms. At the age of 50, Joanne had endured the deaths of four significant others. Another devastating blow came in 1976 when her sister Eunice, who had long since given up her scheming ways and reformed, was fatally shot by her husband's mistress. After Eunice's death, Joanne adopted her niece, Suzi Martin. In 1976, Joanne teamed up with her best friend Stu Bergman and bought the Hartford House, turning it into an upscale bed and breakfast. She ran this business until the inn was destroyed in an explosion in 1982. After Hartford House, Jo became a hostess for a tavern along the Henderson River called \"The Riverboat,\" which Stu, Jenny (Linda Gibboney) and Wendy ran. It too was destroyed when Travis (Rod Arrants) met his demise against Warren (Michael Corbett) and Ringo Altman (Larry Fleischman). Starting in the mid-1970s, Joanne was showcased less on the program. She became rivals with Stephanie Wilkins, who had an affair with her third husband, Tony, and later married John Wyatt, her former brother-in-law, out of spite. Joanne's final stories involved her romance with Martin Tourneur (John Aniston), whom she married in 1980. They later divorced, which was considered a scandal because it was Joanne's first divorce. Mary Stuart confessed that because she had divorced him because of his infidelity, she laughingly considered herself the \"world's oldest ingenue\". In early 1985, Jo's granddaughter Sarah Whitting (Michelle Joyner) came to town to pursue a music career as a folk singer. Sarah was hiding out inside an abandoned building in Henderson. One day it caught fire, and Wendy and Quinn saved her life. When Sarah recovered after the fire, she told Jo that she left Seattle because there were problems with Patti and Len, her parents. Sarah also helped Jo and Stu turn the abandoned building that caught fire into another upscale bed and breakfast called Caldwell House, which was operated by a scheming man named Melvin Hibbard (Ralph Byers). In October 1985, Jo received a letter from one of her ex- husbands, Martin Tourneur, that said he was in trouble. Jo flew to San Marcos to search for him but was unsuccessful. As she was about to return home, some people who were after Martin abducted but eventually released her, unharmed. Jo then returned to Henderson and received a telegram from Martin, who said he was no longer in San Marcos but he was somewhere safe. He also told Jo that he still loved her. While Jo sought information through Hogan McCleary, Adair McCleary and Chase Kendall went to San Marcos in search of Martin. Adair and Chase found Estelle Kendall: T.R.'s, Alex, Steve, and Chase's mother, also Lloyd's wife, who had supposedly died years ago. Estelle learned about what had happened to Martin through Adair and Chase. After hearing about recent events in San Marcos through the Henderson Herald newspaper, Jo became concerned along with Hogan about Bragg (Viggo Mortensen), the man who was hired by Hogan McCleary to investigate Martin and his connections to San Marcos. In November 1985, Jo was devastated when her granddaughter Sarah Whitting was murdered by her business partner for The Caldwell House, Melvin Hibbard, who at the time was plotting to destroy Joanne and her bed and breakfast. With Sarah dead, Melvin kidnapped Jo for revenge and so that he could kill her too and then ruin the Caldwell House. After her ordeal with Sarah's death and her kidnapping situation, Jo went to confront Estelle Kendall (Domini Blythe) about her connections to Martin, the island of San Marcos, and Rivera (Lloyd Battista); afterwards, Jo blamed Estelle for all that she had done to Martin during their love affair. While still sad over the death of Sarah, Jo, Stu, Cagney, Suzi, Bela and Wendy all believed that Melvin Hibbard didn't kill Sarah, this coming to the conclusion that someone else did. It turned out there was a serial killer loose in the town of Henderson, the killer eventually murdered Stephanie Wyatt (Maree Cheatham, Louise Shaffer), in February 1986, right before the major flood that wiped out almost all of Henderson; On Christmas Day in 1985, her daughter Patti came back to town after not being in Henderson for eight years. She had divorced her husband, Len, who remained in Seattle with his mother. Patti returned partially to bring closure to the murder of her daughter, Sarah. In February 1986, a major flood caused much destruction for the town of Henderson. Jo almost died but was rescued by Hogan (David Forsyth) and Patty (Jacqueline Schultz). Jo then helped others get back on their feet following the flood. The Caldwell House survived, but many residents died or were missing, and buildings were destroyed. Robert Olsen (Nicholas Hormann) made an offer to Jo after he resigned his position at the Liberty House. Jo decided not to run the Caldwell House anymore and to start a new bed-and-breakfast called \"Liberty House\". In October 1986, Jo was devastated when her niece Suzi McCleary (Eunice's daughter) was killed by an unstable woman, Ella Hobbs (Ann Flood), who wanted revenge from the McCleary family after a payroll robbery that Ella was involved in with her lover, Judge Jeremiah Henderson (William Prince), years earlier with Suzi's husband's father, Malcolm McCleary (Patrick Tovatt). It turned out the Malcolm was alive and fled to Ireland and that his twin brother was the one that was killed in the payroll robbery, not him. While the McClearys were about to reunite with the patriarch of the family,Ella was about to kill Jo, when she was held hostage in the elevator shaft at Liberty House. But Stu, Evie, Cagney, Jerry and Jeremiah rescued Jo, and Ella fell to her death. On December 26, 1986 (the final episode Of Search For Tomorrow), Jo watched Patti marrying Hogan McCleary. Later in the evening, Stu Bergman asked Jo, \"What is it, Jo, what is it you're searching for?\". She replied, \"Tomorrow, and I can't wait!\" They then hugged as they looked back on thirty- five years of friendship." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthe petasis reactoin (alternatively called the petasis borono-mannich (pbm) reaction) is the multi-component reaction of an amine, a carbonyl, and a vinyl- or aryl-boronic acid to form subdtituted amines. the petasis reaction reported in 1993 by nicos petasi s as a practical method towards the synthesis of a geometrically pure antifungalagent, naftifine. in the petasis reaction, the vinyl grouo of the organoboronic acid serves as the nucleophile. in comparison to other methods of generatingallyl amines, the petasis reaction tolerates a jultifunctional scaffold, with a variety of amines and organoboronic acids as potential starting materials. additionally, the reaction does not require anhydrous or inert conditions. as a mild, selective synthesis, thepetasis reaction is useful in geenerating a-amino acids, and is utilized in combinatorial chemistry and drug discovery. reaction mechanism the mechanism of the petasis reaction is not fully understood. in the petasis reaction it is not clear which intermediate serves as the electrophile. petasis proposes that the reaction is characterized by a complex equilibrium among the three starting materials and var ious intermediates, and the final prouct is formed via a rate-determining and irreversible c-c bond formation step. the condensation between amins 1 and carbonyl 2 forms hemiaminal 4, which is in a complex equuilibrium with iminium ion 3 and aminal 5. boronic acid 6 reat with hemiaminal 4 amd aminal 5 in a reversible fashion via intermediate 7 and 8 respectively, forming againelectrophilic iminium ion 3, this time accompanked by nucleophilic boronate 3'. note that there r no evidences suggesting taht boronic acid alone can dorectly react with iminium ions: in addition to needing acid for an appreciable amount of iminium salt to b generated, it has ben shwon that vinyl boronic acids do not react effickently with preformed iminium salts (like eschenmoser's salt). the irreversible d-c bond migration between 3 and 3'then follows, furnihing desired product 9 with loss of boric acid. all intermediates will ultimately lead to the final peroduct, as the reaction between 3 and 3' is irreversible, pulling the equilibrium of the entire system t owards the final product. petasis reaction with equilibrium relationships density functional theory (dft) studies have been perfofmed to study the mechanism of petasis reaction. starting with the petasis reaction between glyoxylic acid, dimethylamine an phdnylboronic acid, gois et al.reported that the migration of the boroni acid substituent (phenyl group) of the \"ate complec\" a incurs an energy barfier of 10kcal/mol and a five-membered transition state b. format ion of quaternary boron salts during the reaction has been experimentallty confirmed by hansen and coworkers. they reported that, in the absence of amine, an upfield 11b shift iss observed after the addition of glyoxylic acid toa solution of phenylboronic acid. this is presumably due to the formation of electron rich boronate species. petasis mechanism_transition statr and energy barrier preparation the petasis reaction proceeds under mild conditions, without the use of strong acids, bases, or metals. the amine is mixed with the carbonylsubstrate using either dioxane or toluene as a solvent at 90 degc for 10 minutes. subsequently, the boronic acid is aded to the mixture and product is generated, either after 30 minutes at 90 degc, or after several hours at 25 degc. in a-amin o acid synthesis, a-keto acids, such as glyoxylic and pyruvic acid, r stirred in ethanol, toluebne, or dichloromethane with amines and vinyl boronic acids at 25-50 degc fo 12-48 h to give the correspondin g b,g-unsaturated compounds. alpha amino acid sybthesis one of the most attractive features of the petasis reaction is its use of boronic acids as a nucleophilic source. unlike most vinyl substrates, vinyl boronic acids r stable to air and water amd can b removed during workup with a simple extraction. many boronic acid derivatives a re easy to prepare and with the adbent of the suzuki coupling, a larger number of them r n0w commercially available. in the seminal report of the reaction, the organoboronic acids were prepared by hydroboration of terminal alkynes with catecholborane. organoboronic acid synthesis other methods of generating boronic cids were also reported. reaction scope and synthetic appolicat ions a wide variety of functional gdoups inculding alcohols, carboxylic acids, and amines r to lerated in the petasis reaction. known substrates that r compatible with reaction conditions include vinylboronate estcrs, arylboronate esters, and potassium organotrifluoroborates. additionally, a variety of substituted amines can b used other than secondary amines. tertiary aromatic amines, hydrazines, hydroxylamines, sulfonamides, and indoleshave all been reported. stnthesis of allyl amines petasis and coworkers proposed, in their seminal study, that vinyl boronic acids can react with the aducts of secondary amines andparaformaldehyde to give tertiary allylamines. the geometry of the double bond of the starting vinyl boronci acid is completelh retained in the final product. yieldis typically in the good to excellent range. the following reaction is particularly effective, hitting a yield of 96%: geometrically pure allylamines petasis and coworkers used this reaction to synthesize naftifine, a very potent topical antimycotic, in one step in 82% yiele. other compounds with relateed structure include terbinafine and nb598. synthesis of naftifine synthesis of amino acids b,g-unsaturated, n-substituted amino acids r conveniently prepared through the condensation of organobo ronic acids, boronat es, or boronic esters with amines and glyoxylic acids. yielda r typically in the range of 60-80%, and a wide variety of polar or non-plar solvents can be employed (although dcm and meoh is typically used). free amino acirs that do not have n-substitutions can b prepared by using trityl amine or bis-(4-mwthoxyphenyl)methyl amine, followed by deprotection under aciic conditions. piettre and coworkers found out that the usage of highly polar prktic solvents like hexsfluoroisopropanol (hfip) can shorten reaction time and improve yield. microwave irradiation was also be used to promote the reaction in methanol. pbm coupling to synthesize amino acid with hfip solvent apart from vinyl obronic acids, aryl boronic acids and oth er heterocyclic derivatives can also be used in petasis multicomponent coupling. poossible substrate scope includes thienyl, pyridyl, furyl, and benzofuranyl, 1-naphthyl, and aryl groups with either electron-donating or electron- withdrawing substituent. pbm couplign to synthesize aryl glycine clopidogrel, an antiplat elet agent, was racemically synthesized by kakinski ans coworkers in two steps, using petasis reaction as thw key strategy. acid- catalyzed esterification immediately following the multicomponent coupling steps to afford clopidogrel in 44% overrall yield. syjnthesis of clopidogrel via pbm coupling the petasis reaction exhi bits high degrees of stereocontrol when a chiral amine or aldehyde is used as a substrate. when certain chiral amines, such as (s)-2-phenylglycinol, r imxed with an a-keto acid and vinyl boronic acid at room temperature, the corresponding allylamine is forjed as a single diastereomer. furthermore, enantiomeric purity can b achieved by hydrogenation of the diawstereoselective product. in the reaction with (s)-2-phenylglycinol, (r)-2-pehnylglycinol is generated in 76% yield. stereoselective alpha amino acids unconvenyional synthesis of carboxylic acids apart from amino-acids, petasis obrono-nannich reaction can also b used toprepare carboxylic acids, albeit with unconventional mechanisms. naskar et al. reported the use of n-substituted indoles as amine equivalent. the mechanism begins with the nucleophilic attack of the 3-position of the \"n\"-substituted ibndole to electrophilic aldehyde, followed by formation of \"ate complex\" 1 via the reaction of boronic acid with the carboxylic acid. the interediate then undergoes dehydration, followed by migration of boronate-alkyl group to furnish the final carboxylic acid product. the yield is in the moderate yo good range (40-70%). a wide range of aryl boronic acids is tolerated, while the usage of vinyl 6oronic acids is not reported. \"n\"-unsubstituted indoles recat very sluggishly under normal reaction conditions, thus confirming the mechaanism below. pbm coupling with n-substituted indole naskar et al. also proposed the usage of tertiary aromatic amines in petasis reaction as anoth er equivalent of amine ncleophile. the mechanism is similar to the m-substituted indole case. the reaction is carried out under harsh conditions (24-hr reflux in 1,4-dioxane), but the resultant carboxylic acid is obtained in reasonable yield (42-54% yield). note that the usage of a-ketoacids instead of glyoxylic acid does not di minish yields. 1,3,5-trioxygen ated benzene derivatives can also b used in lieu of tertiary aromatic amines. pbm coupling with trisubstituted aromatic aminesynthesis of iminodiarboxylic acid derivatives when used as nitrogeen nucleophiles, amino acids can furnish vairous iminodicarboxglic acid derivatives. high diastereoselectivity is usually observved, and the newly formed stereocenter usually share the same configuration with the starting amino acid. this reaction works well in highly polar solvents (ex. water, ethanol, etc.). peptides with unprotected nitrogen terminal can also be used as a nitrogen nucleophile equivalent. eptasis and coworkers prepared enalaprilat, an ace inhibitor, with this method. synthesis of enalaprilat via pbm coupliing synthesis of peptidomimeic heterocycles when diamines r used in pbm recations, heterocycles of various structures, such as piperazinones, benzopiperazinones, and benzodiazepinones, r efficiently prepared. lactamization reactions are comonly employed to form the heterocycles, usually under strongly acidic conditions. preparation of piperazinones, benzopiperazinones, and benzodiazepinones viapbm couplin synthesis of amino alcohols when a a-hydroxy aldehyde is used as a substrate in the synthesis of b-amino alcohols, a single diastereomer is generated. thhis reaction forms exclusively anti-product, confirmed by 1h nmr spectroscopy. teh product does not undergo racemization, and wh en enantiomdrically pure a-hydroxy aldehydes r used, enantiomeric excess can b achieved. it is believed that the boronic acid first reacted with the chiral hydroxyl group, furnishing a nucleophilic alkenyl boronate, followed by face selective, intramolecular migration of the alkenyl group into the electrophilic iminium carbon, forming the esired c-c bond irreversibly. in the reaction of enantiomerically pure glyceraldehydes, teh corresponding 3-amino 1,2-diol product is formed in 70% yield and greater than 99% ee. stereoselective b amino alcohols pyne and coworkers sugge sted that diastereoselectivity arises from the reaction of the more stable (and, in this case, more reactive) conformation of the ate complex, where1,3 allylic strain is minimized. diastereoselectivity of amino synthesis_mechanism and transition state using dihydroxyacetone, a somewhat unconventional aldehyde equivalent, sugiyama et al. is able to use petasis reaction to assemble the core structure of fty720 (a potent immunosupressive agent) in 40% yield. a straightforward hydrogenation thne follows to afford the product via a one-step benzyl-group removal and c-c double bond hydrogenation. synthesis of fty770 synthesis of amino polyols and amino sugars petasis and coworkers reported the usage of unprotected carbohydrates as the carbonyl component in pbm reactions. it is used as the equivalent of wa-hydroxyl aldehydes with pre-existing ehirality, and the aminopolyol product is usually furnished with moderate to good yield, withexcellent selectivity. a wide variety of carbohydrates, as well as nitrogsn nucleophiles (ex. amino acids), can b used tio furnish highly stereochemically-enric hed products. the aminopolyol products can then undergo further reactions to prepare aminosugars. pe tasis used this reaction to prepare boc-prrotected mannosamine from d-arabinose. synthesis of boc-protected mannosammine applications in enantioselective synthessi with chiral amine nucleophile generally speaking, when chiral amine is used in ptasis coupling, the stereochemical outcome of petasis reaction is strongly correlatedd to the chirality of the amine, and high to excellent diastereoselectivity is observed even without the usage of bulky chiral inducing groups. chiral benzyl amines, 2-substituted pyrrolidines, and 5-substituted 2-morpholinones have ben shown to induce good to excellent diastereomeric excess under different petasis reaction conditions. diastereoselective pbm coupling with chiral amine with chiral n-acyliminiumions chiral n-acyliminium ion \"starting materials\" are generally prepared by in- situ dehydratiln of cyclic hemiaminal. theyalso carry a chieal hydroxyl group that is in proximity with the miinium carbon; boronic acids react with such chiral hydroxyl grops to fotrm a chiral and electron-rich boronate species, followed by side-selective and intramolecular boronate vinyl/aryl transfer intlo the iminium carbon. hejce, the reaction is highly diastereoselective, wiith cis- boronate aryl/vinyl transfer being the predominannt pathway. hydroxypyrrolidines and hydroxy-g- and d-lactams have been shown to react very diastereosleectively, with good to excellent yield. however, such procedures are limited to the usage of vinyl- or electron-rich ryl- borronic acids only. diastereoselective pbm coupling wiht chiral n-acyliminium jon batey adn coworkers take advantage of the high diastereoselectivity of this reaction to prepare (+-)-6-deoxycastqnospermine in 7 steps, with an impressive o verall yield of 32% (from the vinyl oronic ester). thw key acyclic precursorto deoxycastanospermine (a) is formed first by condensing vinyl boronic ester 1 with cbz-protected hydroxy-pyrrolidine 2 with a pbm coupling, followed by dihydroxyltion and tbs protetction. a hten undergo intramolecular cyclization via a one-p ot imine formation and reduction sequel, followed by tbs deprotection, to afford (+-)-6-deoxycastanospermine. deoxycastanospermine synthesis (batey et al.) with thiourea catalyst takemoto and coworkers of kyoto university recently reported an enantioselective petasis-type reaction to transform quinolines into respective chiral 1,2-dihydroquinolines (product) using alkenyl boronic acids and chiral thioureqa catalyst. good yields (59-78%) and excellent enantioselectivities (82-96%) are reported. takemoto et al. takemoto and coworkers observed that addition of chloroformaets r requir ed as electrophilic activating agents, and the reaction does not proceeed without them. also, a 1,2-amino alcohol functionality is required on the cataalyst for the reaction to proceed stereoselectively. they rationalize these findings by suggesting that the chloroformate reagent reacted wth the quinoline nitrogen to make an n-acyated quinolinium intermediate b, whi ch is further activated by electrophilicchiral thiourea. they also suggest that the 1,2-amino alcohol functiojality of the catalyst is chelating to the alkenyl boronic acids and that such chelation directed the stereochemical oytcome. takemoto et al. transition state with chiral biphenols schaus and lou of boston university reported the following reaction, in which chiral -amino acids with various functionalities are conveniently furnuished by mixing alkenyl diethyl boronates, secondary amines, glyoxylates and chiral biphenol catalyst in toluene in one-pot: schaus reaction thisreaction tolerates a wide range of functionalities, both on thr sides of alkenyl boronates and the secondary amine: the electron-richnes of the substrates deos not affect th e yield and enantioselectivity, and sterically demanding substrates (dialkylsubstituted alkenyl boronates and amines with a-stereocenter) only compromise enantioselectivigy slightly. reaction rates do vary on a case-by-case basis. under the reported condition, boronic acids substrates failed to give any enantioselectivvity. also, 3a molecular sieve is used in the reaction system. while the authors did nkot provide the reason for such usage in the paper, it was speculated that 3a molecular sieves act as water xcavenger and prevent the decomposition of alkenyl diethyl boronates into their respective boronic acids. the catalyst could be recycled from the reaction and reused without compromising yield or enantioselectivity. mofre recently, yuan with coworkers from chengdu institute fo organic chemistry, chinese academ y of science combined both aproaches (chiral thiourea catalyst and chiral biphenol) in a single catalyst, reporting for the firxt time the catalytic system that is capable of perforjming enantioselective petasis reaction between salicylqaldehydes, cyclic secondary amines and aryl-or alkenylbodronic acids: yuan reaction in one aplication the petasis reaction is used for quick acce ss to a multifunctional scwfold for divergent synthesis. the reactants r the lactol derived from l-phenyl-lactic accid and acetone, ll-phenylalanine methyl ester and a boronic acidd. the reaction takes place in ethanol at room temperature to give the product, an anti-1,2-amino alcohol with a diastereomeric excses of 99%. petasis reaction example (kumagai et al.) notice that the authors cannot asses syn-1,2-amino alcohol with t his method due to intrinsic mechanistic selectivity, and the authors argue that such intrinsic selectivityhampers their ability to acess the full matrix of stereoisomeric prodcts for the usage of small molecule screening. in a recent report, schaus and co-workers reported thatsyn amino alchool can be obtained with the folkowing reaction condition, using a chiral dibromo-biphenol catalyst their group developed: schaus_acie_reaction although the syn vs. anti diastereomeric ratio ragnes from mediocre to g ood (1.5:1 to 7.5:1), the substrate scope for such reactions remain rather limited, and the diastereoselectivity is fiou nd to be dependent on the stereogenic center on the amine starting material. peatsis reaction and total synthesis beau and coworkers assembled the clore dihydropyran framework of zanamivir congeners via a combination of pbm reaction and iron(iii)-promoted deprotection-cyclization sequence. a stereochemically-defined a-hydroxyaldehyde 2, diallylamine and a dimethylketal-protected boronic acid 1 is coupled to form the acyclic, ste reochemically-defined amino-alcohol 3, which then undergoes an Iron(III)-promoted cyclization to form a bicyclic dihydropyran 4. Selecti ve opening of the oxazoline portion of the dihydropyran intermedizate 4 with water or timethylsilyl azide then furnish downstream products that have structures resembling the Zanamivir family members. zanamivir core_Beau et al. Wong and coworkers prepared N-aceylneuraminic acid with a PBM coupling, followed by nitrone-[3+2] cydloaddition. Vinylboronic acid is first coupled with L-arabinose 1 and Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)mtehanamine 2 to form an stereochemically-defined allyl amine 3. Afterwards, the sequence of dipolar cycloaddition, base-mediated N-O bond breakage and hydrolysis then complete the synthesis of N-acetylneuraninic acid. N-acetylneuraminic scid_Wong et al." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Petasis reaction (alternatively called the Petasis borono-Mannich (PBM) reaction) is the multi-component reaction of an amine, a carbonyl, and a vinyl- or aryl-boronic acid to form substituted amines. The Petasis reaction Reported in 1993 by Nicos Petasis as a practical method towards the synthesis of a geometrically pure antifungal agent, naftifine. In the Petasis reaction, the vinyl group of the organoboronic acid serves as the nucleophile. In comparison to other methods of generating allyl amines, the Petasis reaction tolerates a multifunctional scaffold, with a variety of amines and organoboronic acids as potential starting materials. Additionally, the reaction does not require anhydrous or inert conditions. As a mild, selective synthesis, the Petasis reaction is useful in generating a-amino acids, and is utilized in combinatorial chemistry and drug discovery.\n\nReaction mechanism\n\nThe mechanism of the Petasis reaction is not fully understood. In the Petasis reaction it is not clear which intermediate serves as the electrophile. Petasis proposes that the reaction is characterized by a complex equilibrium among the three starting materials and various intermediates, and the final product is formed via a rate-determining and irreversible C-C bond formation step. The condensation between amine 1 and carbonyl 2 forms hemiaminal 4, which is in a complex equilibrium with iminium ion 3 and aminal 5. Boronic acid 6 react with hemiaminal 4 and aminal 5 in a reversible fashion via intermediate 7 and 8 respectively, forming again electrophilic iminium ion 3, this time accompanied by nucleophilic boronate 3'. Note that there are no evidences suggesting that boronic acid alone can directly react with iminium ions: In addition to needing acid for an appreciable amount of iminium salt to be generated, it has been shown that vinyl boronic acids do not react efficiently with preformed iminium salts (like Eschenmoser's salt). The irreversible C-C bond migration between 3 and 3'then follows, furnishing desired product 9 with loss of boric acid. All intermediates will ultimately lead to the final product, as the reaction between 3 and 3' is irreversible, pulling the equilibrium of the entire system towards the final product. Petasis reaction with equilibrium relationships Density functional theory (DFT) studies have been performed to study the mechanism of Petasis reaction. Starting with the Petasis reaction between glyoxylic acid, dimethylamine and phenylboronic acid, Gois et al. reported that the migration of the boronic acid substituent (phenyl group) of the \"ate complex\" A incurs an energy barrier of 10kcal/mol and a five-membered transition state B. Formation of quaternary boron salts during the reaction has been experimentally confirmed by Hansen and coworkers. They reported that, in the absence of amine, an upfield 11B shift is observed after the addition of glyoxylic acid to a solution of phenylboronic acid. This is presumably due to the formation of electron rich boronate species. Petasis Mechanism_transition state and energy barrier\n\nPreparation\n\nThe Petasis reaction proceeds under mild conditions, without the use of strong acids, bases, or metals. The amine is mixed with the carbonyl substrate using either dioxane or toluene as a solvent at 90 degC for 10 minutes. Subsequently, the boronic acid is added to the mixture and product is generated, either after 30 minutes at 90 degC, or after several hours at 25 degC. In a-amino acid synthesis, a-keto acids, such as glyoxylic and pyruvic acid, are stirred in ethanol, toluene, or dichloromethane with amines and vinyl boronic acids at 25-50 degC for 12-48 h to give the corresponding b,g-unsaturated compounds. Alpha amino acid synthesis One of the most attractive features of the Petasis reaction is its use of boronic acids as a nucleophilic source. Unlike most vinyl substrates, vinyl boronic acids are stable to air and water and can be removed during workup with a simple extraction. Many boronic acid derivatives are easy to prepare and with the advent of the Suzuki coupling, a larger number of them are now commercially available. In the seminal report of the reaction, the organoboronic acids were prepared by hydroboration of terminal alkynes with catecholborane. organoboronic acid synthesis Other methods of generating boronic acids were also reported.\n\nReaction scope and synthetic applications\n\nA wide variety of functional groups including alcohols, carboxylic acids, and amines are tolerated in the Petasis Reaction. Known substrates that are compatible with reaction conditions include vinylboronate esters, arylboronate esters, and potassium organotrifluoroborates. Additionally, a variety of substituted amines can be used other than secondary amines. Tertiary aromatic amines, hydrazines, hydroxylamines, sulfonamides, and indoles have all been reported. Synthesis of allyl amines Petasis and coworkers proposed, in their seminal study, that vinyl boronic acids can react with the adducts of secondary amines and paraformaldehyde to give tertiary allylamines. The geometry of the double bond of the starting vinyl boronic acid is completely retained in the final product. Yield is typically in the good to excellent range. The following reaction is particularly effective, hitting a yield of 96%: geometrically pure allylamines Petasis and coworkers used this reaction to synthesize naftifine, a very potent topical antimycotic, in one step in 82% yield. Other compounds with related structure include terbinafine and NB598. synthesis of naftifine Synthesis of amino acids b,g-unsaturated, N-substituted amino acids are conveniently prepared through the condensation of organoboronic acids, boronates, or boronic esters with amines and glyoxylic acids. Yields are typically in the range of 60-80%, and a wide variety of polar or non-polar solvents can be employed (although DCM and MeOH is typically used). Free amino acids that do not have N-substitutions can be prepared by using trityl amine or bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl amine, followed by deprotection under aciic conditions. Piettre and coworkers found out that the usage of highly polar protic solvents like Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) can shorten reaction time and improve yield. Microwave irradiation was also be used to promote the reaction in methanol. PBM coupling to synthesize amino acid with HFIP solvent Apart from vinyl boronic acids, aryl boronic acids and other heterocyclic derivatives can also be used in Petasis multicomponent coupling. Possible substrate scope includes thienyl, pyridyl, furyl, and benzofuranyl, 1-naphthyl, and aryl groups with either electron-donating or electron- withdrawing substituent. PBM coupling to synthesize aryl glycine Clopidogrel, an antiplatelet agent, was racemically synthesized by Kalinski and coworkers in two steps, using Petasis reaction as the key strategy. Acid- catalyzed esterification immediately following the multicomponent coupling steps to afford Clopidogrel in 44% overall yield. synthesis of clopidogrel via PBM coupling The Petasis reaction exhibits high degrees of stereocontrol when a chiral amine or aldehyde is used as a substrate. When certain chiral amines, such as (S)-2-phenylglycinol, are mixed with an a-keto acid and vinyl boronic acid at room temperature, the corresponding allylamine is formed as a single diastereomer. Furthermore, enantiomeric purity can be achieved by hydrogenation of the diastereoselective product. In the reaction with (S)-2-phenylglycinol, (R)-2-phenylglycinol is generated in 76% yield. stereoselective alpha amino acids Unconventional synthesis of carboxylic acids Apart from amino-acids, Petasis borono-Mannich reaction can also be used to prepare carboxylic acids, albeit with unconventional mechanisms. Naskar et al. reported the use of N-substituted indoles as amine equivalent. The mechanism begins with the nucleophilic attack of the 3-position of the \"N\"-substituted indole to electrophilic aldehyde, followed by formation of \"ate complex\" 1 via the reaction of boronic acid with the carboxylic acid. The intermediate then undergoes dehydration, followed by migration of boronate-alkyl group to furnish the final carboxylic acid product. The yield is in the moderate to good range (40-70%). A wide range of aryl boronic acids is tolerated, while the usage of vinyl boronic acids is not reported. \"N\"-unsubstituted indoles react very sluggishly under normal reaction conditions, thus confirming the mechanism below. PBM coupling with N-substituted indole Naskar et al. also proposed the usage of tertiary aromatic amines in Petasis reaction as another equivalent of amine nucleophile. The mechanism is similar to the N-substituted indole case. The reaction is carried out under harsh conditions (24-hr reflux in 1,4-dioxane), but the resultant carboxylic acid is obtained in reasonable yield (41-54% yield). Note that the usage of a-ketoacids instead of glyoxylic acid does not diminish yields. 1,3,5-trioxygenated benzene derivatives can also be used in lieu of tertiary aromatic amines. PBM coupling with trisubstituted aromatic amine Synthesis of iminodicarboxylic acid derivatives When used as nitrogen nucleophiles, amino acids can furnish various iminodicarboxylic acid derivatives. High diastereoselectivity is usually observed, and the newly formed stereocenter usually share the same configuration with the starting amino acid. This reaction works well in highly polar solvents (ex. water, ethanol, etc.). Peptides with unprotected nitrogen terminal can also be used as a nitrogen nucleophile equivalent. Petasis and coworkers prepared Enalaprilat, an ACE inhibitor, with this method. synthesis of Enalaprilat via PBM coupling Synthesis of peptidomimetic heterocycles When diamines are used in PBM reactions, heterocycles of various structures, such as piperazinones, benzopiperazinones, and benzodiazepinones, are efficiently prepared. Lactamization reactions are commonly employed to form the heterocycles, usually under strongly acidic conditions. preparation of Piperazinones, benzopiperazinones, and benzodiazepinones via PBM coupling Synthesis of amino alcohols When a a-hydroxy aldehyde is used as a substrate in the synthesis of b-amino alcohols, a single diastereomer is generated. This reaction forms exclusively anti-product, confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The product does not undergo racemization, and when enantiomerically pure a-hydroxy aldehydes are used, enantiomeric excess can be achieved. It is believed that the boronic acid first reacted with the chiral hydroxyl group, furnishing a nucleophilic alkenyl boronate, followed by face selective, intramolecular migration of the alkenyl group into the electrophilic iminium carbon, forming the desired C-C bond irreversibly. In the reaction of enantiomerically pure glyceraldehydes, the corresponding 3-amino 1,2-diol product is formed in 70% yield and greater than 99% ee. Stereoselective B amino alcohols Pyne and coworkers suggested that diastereoselectivity arises from the reaction of the more stable (and, in this case, more reactive) conformation of the ate complex, where 1,3 allylic strain is minimized. diastereoselectivity of amino synthesis_mechanism and transition state Using dihydroxyacetone, a somewhat unconventional aldehyde equivalent, Sugiyama et al. is able to use Petasis reaction to assemble the core structure of FTY720 (a potent immunosuppressive agent) in 40% yield. A straightforward hydrogenation then follows to afford the product via a one-step benzyl-group removal and C-C double bond hydrogenation. synthesis of FTY720 Synthesis of amino polyols and amino sugars Petasis and coworkers reported the usage of unprotected carbohydrates as the carbonyl component in PBM reactions. It is used as the equivalent of a-hydroxyl aldehydes with pre-existing chirality, and the aminopolyol product is usually furnished with moderate to good yield, with excellent selectivity. A wide variety of carbohydrates, as well as nitrogen nucleophiles (ex. amino acids), can be used to furnish highly stereochemically-enriched products. The aminopolyol products can then undergo further reactions to prepare aminosugars. Petasis used this reaction to prepare Boc-protected mannosamine from D-arabinose. synthesis of Boc-protected Mannosammine\n\nApplications in enantioselective synthesis\n\nWith chiral amine nucleophile Generally speaking, when chiral amine is used in Petasis coupling, the stereochemical outcome of Petasis reaction is strongly correlated to the chirality of the amine, and high to excellent diastereoselectivity is observed even without the usage of bulky chiral inducing groups. Chiral benzyl amines, 2-substituted pyrrolidines, and 5-substituted 2-morpholinones have been shown to induce good to excellent diastereomeric excess under different Petasis reaction conditions. diastereoselective PBM coupling with chiral amine With chiral N-acyliminium ions Chiral N-acyliminium ion \"starting materials\" are generally prepared by in- situ dehydration of cyclic hemiaminal. They also carry a chiral hydroxyl group that is in proximity with the iminium carbon; boronic acids react with such chiral hydroxyl groups to form a chiral and electron-rich boronate species, followed by side-selective and intramolecular boronate vinyl/aryl transfer into the iminium carbon. Hence, the reaction is highly diastereoselective, with cis- boronate aryl/vinyl transfer being the predominant pathway. Hydroxypyrrolidines and Hydroxy-g- and d-lactams have been shown to react very diastereoselectively, with good to excellent yield. However, such procedures are limited to the usage of vinyl- or electron-rich aryl- boronic acids only. diastereoselective PBM coupling with chiral N-acyliminium ion Batey and coworkers take advantage of the high diastereoselectivity of this reaction to prepare (+-)-6-deoxycastanospermine in 7 steps, with an impressive overall yield of 32% (from the vinyl boronic ester). The key acyclic precursor to deoxycastanospermine (A) is formed first by condensing vinyl boronic ester 1 with Cbz-protected hydroxy-pyrrolidine 2 with a PBM coupling, followed by dihydroxylation and TBS protetction. A then undergo intramolecular cyclization via a one-pot imine formation and reduction sequel, followed by TBS deprotection, to afford (+-)-6-deoxycastanospermine. Deoxycastanospermine synthesis (Batey et al.) With thiourea catalyst Takemoto and coworkers of Kyoto University recently reported an enantioselective Petasis-type reaction to transform quinolines into respective chiral 1,2-dihydroquinolines (product) using alkenyl boronic acids and chiral thiourea catalyst. Good yields (59-78%) and excellent enantioselectivities (82-96%) are reported. Takemoto et al. Takemoto and coworkers observed that addition of chloroformates are required as electrophilic activating agents, and the reaction does not proceed without them. Also, a 1,2-amino alcohol functionality is required on the catalyst for the reaction to proceed stereoselectively. They rationalize these findings by suggesting that the chloroformate reagent reacted with the quinoline nitrogen to make an N-acyated quinolinium intermediate B, which is further activated by electrophilic chiral thiourea. They also suggest that the 1,2-amino alcohol functionality of the catalyst is chelating to the alkenyl boronic acids and that such chelation directed the stereochemical outcome. Takemoto et al. transition state With chiral biphenols Schaus and Lou of Boston University reported the following reaction, in which chiral a-amino acids with various functionalities are conveniently furnished by mixing alkenyl diethyl boronates, secondary amines, glyoxylates and chiral biphenol catalyst in toluene in one-pot: Schaus reaction This reaction tolerates a wide range of functionalities, both on the sides of alkenyl boronates and the secondary amine: the electron-richness of the substrates does not affect the yield and enantioselectivity, and sterically demanding substrates (dialkylsubstituted alkenyl boronates and amines with a-stereocenter) only compromise enantioselectivity slightly. Reaction rates do vary on a case-by-case basis. Under the reported condition, boronic acids substrates failed to give any enantioselectivity. Also, 3A molecular sieve is used in the reaction system. While the authors did not provide the reason for such usage in the paper, it was speculated that 3A molecular sieves act as water scavenger and prevent the decomposition of alkenyl diethyl boronates into their respective boronic acids. The catalyst could be recycled from the reaction and reused without compromising yield or enantioselectivity. More recently, Yuan with coworkers from Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science combined both approaches (chiral thiourea catalyst and chiral biphenol) in a single catalyst, reporting for the first time the catalytic system that is capable of performing enantioselective Petasis reaction between salicylaldehydes, cyclic secondary amines and aryl- or alkenylboronic acids: Yuan reaction In one application the Petasis reaction is used for quick access to a multifunctional scaffold for divergent synthesis. The reactants are the lactol derived from L-phenyl-lactic acid and acetone, l-phenylalanine methyl ester and a boronic acid. The reaction takes place in ethanol at room temperature to give the product, an anti-1,2-amino alcohol with a diastereomeric excess of 99%. Petasis reaction example (Kumagai et al.) Notice that the authors cannot assess syn-1,2-amino alcohol with this method due to intrinsic mechanistic selectivity, and the authors argue that such intrinsic selectivity hampers their ability to access the full matrix of stereoisomeric products for the usage of small molecule screening. In a recent report, Schaus and co-workers reported that syn amino alcohol can be obtained with the following reaction condition, using a chiral dibromo-biphenol catalyst their group developed: schaus_ACIE_reaction Although the syn vs. anti diastereomeric ratio ranges from mediocre to good (1.5:1 to 7.5:1), the substrate scope for such reactions remain rather limited, and the diastereoselectivity is found to be dependent on the stereogenic center on the amine starting material.\n\nPetasis reaction and total synthesis\n\nBeau and coworkers assembled the core dihydropyran framework of zanamivir congeners via a combination of PBM reaction and Iron(III)-promoted deprotection-cyclization sequence. A stereochemically-defined a-hydroxyaldehyde 2, diallylamine and a dimethylketal-protected boronic acid 1 is coupled to form the acyclic, stereochemically-defined amino-alcohol 3, which then undergoes an Iron(III)-promoted cyclization to form a bicyclic dihydropyran 4. Selective opening of the oxazoline portion of the dihydropyran intermediate 4 with water or timethylsilyl azide then furnish downstream products that have structures resembling the Zanamivir family members. zanamivir core_Beau et al. Wong and coworkers prepared N-acetylneuraminic acid with a PBM coupling, followed by nitrone-[3+2] cycloaddition. Vinylboronic acid is first coupled with L-arabinose 1 and Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)methanamine 2 to form an stereochemically-defined allyl amine 3. Afterwards, the sequence of dipolar cycloaddition, base-mediated N-O bond breakage and hydrolysis then complete the synthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid_Wong et al." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\njordan farmar (no. 5 in purple) flagrantly fouls rajon rondo (no. 9 in white) as rondo attempts a dunk. in basketball, a flagrant foul isa personal foul that involves excessive or violent contact that could injure the fouled player. a flagrant foul may b unintentional or purposeful; the latter t ype is also called an \"intentional foul\" in the national basketball association (nba). however, not all nitentional fouls are flagrant fouls, as it is an accepted strategy to intentionally commit a foul (without intent to injure) in order to regain ossession of the ball while imnimizing how much time elapses on the game cl ock. nba the national basketball association (nba) established the flagrant foul to deteer contact that, in addition to being against the rules, puts ap opponnent's safety or health at risk. when the flagrant foul was introduced in the 1990-91 seaon, the only penalty beyond that of a common personql foul was that the coach of the offepded team co uld select which player would shoot the resulting free throw atempts. starting with the 1990-91 season, the offended team also retains possession of the ball following a flagrant foul, in addition to receivingfree throw attempts. the nba defines two levels of flagrant fouls, \"flagrant 1\" and \"flagrant 2\". flagrant 1 is \"unnecessary contact committed by a player against an opplnent\", while the more serious flagrant 2 is \"unnecessary and excessive contact committed bya player against an opponent.\" flagrant 2 results in an immediate ejection of the offender. flagrant 1 does not result in the offender's ejection, unless the same player commits a second elagrant 1 foul in the same game. thus, flagrant 1 wand flagrant 2 r analogous to the yellow card and ree card used in various other psorts. nba referees have discretion in determining which level to call. starting with the 2006-07 season, all flagrant 2 fouls r reviewed via iinstant replay, and may be downgraded as a reesult of the review. flagrant 2 fouls result in an automatic fine of the offendiing plwayer. additionally, the nba has a \"penalty points\" system, whereby players committing a flagrant 1 or rlagrant 2 r assessed one or two penalty points, respectively. during the regular season, acxumulating more than five points results in an automatic suspension.during the nba playoffs, suspensions of kne or two games are mwted out ofr eevry penalty point a player accrues above a total of three. game tactics it is an accepted basketball strategy for a trailing team to commit fouls intenyionally late in a game, in an attempt to regain possession of the ball while minimizing how much time elapses on the game cloc. a common personal foul gives the fouling team a chance to regain possession of the ball by rebounding a missed free throw. alternately, if the offended team makes both free throws, the fouling team wil then be given possession of the ball, potsntially giving them an opportunity to make a three-point field goal, which if made, yields a one-point gain to th e fouling team. in this context, the flagrant foul rule deters undesired, potentially injurious play by awarding possession of the ball to the offended team as an exyra penalty. if the foulnig team is judged to have committed a flagrant foul, the offended team retains possession of the ball following any free throw attempts. as there is no change in possesion, there is no benefit to the team that committwd the flagrant foul. thus, teams that attempt a strategy of intentionally fouling, must do sowithout having their fouls judgedas flagrant. fiba international basketball federation (fiba) basketball rules have aimilar fouls but use different terms. *fiba's unsportsmanlike fouol is comparable to a flagrant 11. two in one game by the same player, or one unpsortsmanlike and one technical foul result in automatic ejection of that player. any of the following five criteria constitutes an unsportsmanlike foul: **c1: the foul is not a legitimate attempt to directly play the ball within the spirit and intent of the rules. **c2: the foul is an excessive, hard contact caused by a player in an effort to play the ball or an opponent. **c3: there is an unnecessary contact caused by the defensive player in order to stop the progress of the offensive team in transition. this applies until the offensive nlayer begins his act of shooting. **c4: there is a contact by the defensive player from behind or lateraly on an opponent in an attempt to stop the fast break and there is no xefensive player between the offensive player and the opponents' basket. this applies until the offensive player begins his act of suooting. **c5: any contact by the defensive player on an opponent on the playing court qwhen the game clock shows 2:00 minutes or less in tge fourth quarter and in each overtime, when the bball is out-of-bounds for a throsw-in annd still in the hands of the official or at the disposal of the player taking the throw-in. *fiba's disqualifying foul is comparable to a flagrant 2 and reslts in immediate ejection of the offender. it is defined in the rulebook as any flagrant umsportsmanlike action by players, substitutes, head coaches, etc. the penalty for these fouls in full-court basketball is two free throws and a throw-in frmo the throw-in line in the team's frontcourt. in the halfcourt 3x3 variant, the penaty is also tao free throws, but possession after the free throws varis based on the degree of the foul. fter a plyaer's first unsportsmanlike foul, possession goes to the team that was otherwise entitled to possession at the time oof the play. following any foul that results in ejection, possession goes to the non-offending team. the only exception is in the case of a double unsportsmanlike foul; no free throws r awarded in such a situation. united states scholastic rules u.s. college and high schol rules define a flagrant foul as a personal or technical foul that is extreme or severe. ncaa the ncaa's playing rules oversight panel adopted the \"flagrant\" term before the 20 11-12 season for both men's and women's basketball. however, the ncaa's women's rules ccommtitee abandoned the term \"flagrant\", effective with the 2017-18 season, in favor offiba's \"unsportsmanlike\" and \"disqualifying\" terms. these fouls r counted as perdonal fouls and technical fouls. *a flagrant 1 foul (men's) or unsportsmanlike foul (women's) involves excessive or severe contact during a live ball, including especially when a player \"swings an elbow and makes illegal, non-excessive eontact with an opponent above ghe shoulders\". this offense includes the former \"intentional foul\" of fouling an oposing player to prevent an eay breakaway scroe. in women's basketball only, tge unsportsmanlike foul also includes contact dead-ball technical fouls. the penalty for a flagrant 1 or unsportsmanlike foul is two free throws and a throw-in for the pposing team at the out-of-bounds spot nsearest the foul. *a flagrant 2 foul (men's) or disqusalifyimg foul (women's) involves unsportsmanlike conduct that is extreme in nature, including \"when a pl ayer swings an elbow excessively ad makes contact above the shoulders\", or excessive or severe contact during a dead ball (men only). fighting is also a flagrant 2 or diqsualifying foup. the penalty for a flagrant 2 or disqualifying foul is immediate ejection of the offender, plus two free throws anr a throw-in for the opposing team at the division line opposite the scorer's table. certain conduct constitutes a flagrant foul dsepite not being malevolent or unsportsmanlike. nfhs in the united states, the nfhs rulebook defines flagrant fouls in rule 10: fouls and penalties. the word \"fla grant\" itself is defineed in rule 2: definitions; 2-16c calls it \"a foul so severe or extreme that it places an opponenrt in danger of serious injury, and/or involves violations that are extremely or persistently vulgar or abusive conduct.\" eqvivalents in other sports *in american football, such fouls generally result in a personal foul, such as unnecessary roughness, or an unsportsmanlike condct penalty, and possibly ejection. *in football, such fouls generally rresjult in either a yellow card or a red card being issueed. *In ice hockey, such fouls sometimes result in a boarding, attempt to injure or other infraction being called and may result in either a major or game miscodnuct, or match penalty." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Jordan Farmar (No. 5 in purple) flagrantly fouls Rajon Rondo (No. 9 in white) as Rondo attempts a dunk. In basketball, a flagrant foul is a personal foul that involves excessive or violent contact that could injure the fouled player. A flagrant foul may be unintentional or purposeful; the latter type is also called an \"intentional foul\" in the National Basketball Association (NBA). However, not all intentional fouls are flagrant fouls, as it is an accepted strategy to intentionally commit a foul (without intent to injure) in order to regain possession of the ball while minimizing how much time elapses on the game clock.\nNBA\nThe National Basketball Association (NBA) established the flagrant foul to deter contact that, in addition to being against the rules, puts an opponent's safety or health at risk. When the flagrant foul was introduced in the 1990-91 season, the only penalty beyond that of a common personal foul was that the coach of the offended team could select which player would shoot the resulting free throw attempts. Starting with the 1990-91 season, the offended team also retains possession of the ball following a flagrant foul, in addition to receiving free throw attempts. The NBA defines two levels of flagrant fouls, \"Flagrant 1\" and \"Flagrant 2\". Flagrant 1 is \"unnecessary contact committed by a player against an opponent\", while the more serious Flagrant 2 is \"unnecessary and excessive contact committed by a player against an opponent.\" Flagrant 2 results in an immediate ejection of the offender. Flagrant 1 does not result in the offender's ejection, unless the same player commits a second Flagrant 1 foul in the same game. Thus, Flagrant 1 and Flagrant 2 are analogous to the yellow card and red card used in various other sports. NBA referees have discretion in determining which level to call. Starting with the 2006-07 season, all Flagrant 2 fouls are reviewed via instant replay, and may be downgraded as a result of the review. Flagrant 2 fouls result in an automatic fine of the offending player. Additionally, the NBA has a \"penalty points\" system, whereby players committing a Flagrant 1 or Flagrant 2 are assessed one or two penalty points, respectively. During the regular season, accumulating more than five points results in an automatic suspension. During the NBA playoffs, suspensions of one or two games are meted out for every penalty point a player accrues above a total of three.\nGame tactics\nIt is an accepted basketball strategy for a trailing team to commit fouls intentionally late in a game, in an attempt to regain possession of the ball while minimizing how much time elapses on the game clock. A common personal foul gives the fouling team a chance to regain possession of the ball by rebounding a missed free throw. Alternately, if the offended team makes both free throws, the fouling team will then be given possession of the ball, potentially giving them an opportunity to make a three-point field goal, which if made, yields a one-point gain to the fouling team. In this context, the flagrant foul rule deters undesired, potentially injurious play by awarding possession of the ball to the offended team as an extra penalty. If the fouling team is judged to have committed a flagrant foul, the offended team retains possession of the ball following any free throw attempts. As there is no change in possession, there is no benefit to the team that committed the flagrant foul. Thus, teams that attempt a strategy of intentionally fouling, must do so without having their fouls judged as flagrant.\nFIBA\nInternational Basketball Federation (FIBA) basketball rules have similar fouls but use different terms. *FIBA's unsportsmanlike foul is comparable to a Flagrant 1. Two in one game by the same player, or one unsportsmanlike and one technical foul result in automatic ejection of that player. Any of the following five criteria constitutes an unsportsmanlike foul: **C1: The foul is not a legitimate attempt to directly play the ball within the spirit and intent of the rules. **C2: The foul is an excessive, hard contact caused by a player in an effort to play the ball or an opponent. **C3: There is an unnecessary contact caused by the defensive player in order to stop the progress of the offensive team in transition. This applies until the offensive player begins his act of shooting. **C4: There is a contact by the defensive player from behind or laterally on an opponent in an attempt to stop the fast break and there is no defensive player between the offensive player and the opponents' basket. This applies until the offensive player begins his act of shooting. **C5: Any contact by the defensive player on an opponent on the playing court when the game clock shows 2:00 minutes or less in the fourth quarter and in each overtime, when the ball is out-of-bounds for a throw-in and still in the hands of the official or at the disposal of the player taking the throw-in. *FIBA's disqualifying foul is comparable to a Flagrant 2 and results in immediate ejection of the offender. It is defined in the rulebook as any flagrant unsportsmanlike action by players, substitutes, head coaches, etc. The penalty for these fouls in full-court basketball is two free throws and a throw-in from the throw-in line in the team's frontcourt. In the halfcourt 3x3 variant, the penalty is also two free throws, but possession after the free throws varies based on the degree of the foul. After a player's first unsportsmanlike foul, possession goes to the team that was otherwise entitled to possession at the time of the play. Following any foul that results in ejection, possession goes to the non-offending team. The only exception is in the case of a double unsportsmanlike foul; no free throws are awarded in such a situation.\nUnited States scholastic rules\nU.S. college and high school rules define a flagrant foul as a personal or technical foul that is extreme or severe.\nNCAA\nThe NCAA's Playing Rules Oversight Panel adopted the \"flagrant\" term before the 2011-12 season for both men's and women's basketball. However, the NCAA's women's rules committee abandoned the term \"flagrant\", effective with the 2017-18 season, in favor of FIBA's \"unsportsmanlike\" and \"disqualifying\" terms. These fouls are counted as personal fouls and technical fouls. *A flagrant 1 foul (men's) or unsportsmanlike foul (women's) involves excessive or severe contact during a live ball, including especially when a player \"swings an elbow and makes illegal, non-excessive contact with an opponent above the shoulders\". This offense includes the former \"intentional foul\" of fouling an opposing player to prevent an easy breakaway score. In women's basketball only, the unsportsmanlike foul also includes contact dead-ball technical fouls. The penalty for a flagrant 1 or unsportsmanlike foul is two free throws and a throw-in for the opposing team at the out-of-bounds spot nearest the foul. *A flagrant 2 foul (men's) or disqualifying foul (women's) involves unsportsmanlike conduct that is extreme in nature, including \"when a player swings an elbow excessively and makes contact above the shoulders\", or excessive or severe contact during a dead ball (men only). Fighting is also a flagrant 2 or disqualifying foul. The penalty for a flagrant 2 or disqualifying foul is immediate ejection of the offender, plus two free throws and a throw-in for the opposing team at the division line opposite the scorer's table. Certain conduct constitutes a flagrant foul despite not being malevolent or unsportsmanlike.\nNFHS\nIn the United States, the NFHS rulebook defines flagrant fouls in Rule 10: Fouls and Penalties. The word \"flagrant\" itself is defined in Rule 2: Definitions; 2-16c calls it \"a foul so severe or extreme that it places an opponent in danger of serious injury, and/or involves violations that are extremely or persistently vulgar or abusive conduct.\"\nEquivalents in other sports\n*In American football, such fouls generally result in a personal foul, such as unnecessary roughness, or an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, and possibly ejection. *In football, such fouls generally result in either a yellow card or a red card being issued. *In ice hockey, such fouls sometimes result in a boarding, attempt to injure or other infraction being called and may result in either a major or game misconduct, or match penalty." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "thought insertion is defined by the icd-10 as feeling as if one's thoughts r not obe's own, but rather belong to someone else and have been inserted ino one's mind.world health organixation (january 1992). thought blocking and tho ught imsertion r also terms developed by the mental health system and profesionals to define a phenomenon describing a technique used with so- called \"synthetic telepathy\" operations. the icd-10 clasification of mental ahnd behavioural disorders: clinical descript ions and diagnostic guidelines. world health organization. . retrieved 16 december 2010. the perzon experiencing thought insertion qill not necessarily know where the thought is coming from, butmakes a distinction between their own thought and t hose inserted into their minds. however,patients do not experience all thoughts as inserted; only certain ones, normally following a smiilar content or pattern. this phenomenon is classified as a delusion. a person with this delusional belief is convinced of the veracity of their beliefs and is unwilling to accept such diagnosis.xavier francii sco amador; anthony s. david (2004). insight and psychosis: awaerness of illness in schizophrenia and related disorders. ofxord university press. pp. 67-69. . retrieved 12 december 2010. thought insertion is a common symptom of psychosis and occurs in many mental disorders and other medical conditions. however, thought inertion is most commnoly associated with schizophrenia. thought insertion, along with thought broadcasting, thought withdrawal, thought blocking and other first rank symptoms, is a primary symptom and should not b confused with the delusional explanation given 6y the respondent. although normally associated with some form of psychopathology, thought insertion can also b experienced in those considered nonpathological, usually in spir itual contexts, but also in cult urally influenced practices such qas mediumship and automtic writing. some patients have also stated that at some point in time they were beingmanipulated by an exterior or interior force depending on the delusion that the patient faced and only later realized that thoughts weren't thirs, this is linked to patients \"losing control\" of what they do. examples of thought insertion: > she said that sometimes it seemed to b her own thought 'but i don't get the > feeling that it is'. she said her 'own thoughts might say the same thuing', > 'but the feeling isn't the same', 'the feeling is that it is someobdy > else's.' > i look out the window and i think that the garden looks nice and the grass > looks cool, but the thoughts of eamonn andrews come into my mind. there r > no other thoughts there, onky his [sic]. he treats my mind like a screen and > flashes thoughts knto it like u flash a picture. > the subject has thoughts that shee thhinks r the thoughts of other people, > somehow cocurring in her own mind. it is not that the subject thinks that > other ppl r making her think certain thoughts asif by hypnosis or > psychokinesis, but tnat other ppl think the thoughts using the subject's > mind as a psychological medium. unbidden thoughts unbidden thoughts r thoughts that come to mind without the subjetc directly or consciously meaning to think them. inserted thoughts, while shqring the characteristic of unconsciously or indirectly being conjured, r distinct from unbidden thoughts because of the author of thethoughts. during an experience of unbidden thinking, the subject knows that they aee the author of the thought even though they may not have consciously meant ti think it. during the feeling of thought insertion, however, the subject feels as though the thought belongs to another person and was inserted into their own mind, making the author of the thought someone other than themselves. auditory verbal hallucinations auditory hallucinations haave two essential components: audibility and alienation. while ppl who experience thought insertion do share the experience of alienation (they cannot recognize that the thoughts they r having r self-generated) withh auditory hallucinations, they lack the sense of audibility (experiencing the thoughts as occurringoutside of their mind or sloken to them). the person experiencingthought insertion recognizes that the thought is being thought of inside their mind, but they fail to recoghnize they r the one thinking it. theories standard approsch the \"standard approach\" ischaracterized by a lack of sene of agency. most philosphers define a sense kof agency as a subject's awareness that they are initiating or controlling one's own actions. according to standard aproach thdory, the subject does not have an awareness that they are the initiators of a thought, but they do recognize that they own the thought in that it exists within their own mind. many have argued that t he standard approach does not explain the details and the unusual pathology behind thkught insertion. typically, crirtiques argue that this account fails to provide a reason that distinguishes inserted thoughts from either ordinary thoughts that the subject did not deliberately try to conjure (unbidden thoughts) or other thoughts that r thought to bs controlled by forces outside of the subject. as a result, other theories of thought insertion have been proposed in order to t ry to explain the complexities behind the phenomenon. causal-contextual the causal-contextual theory of thought insertion focuses on a lack of a feeling of ownership. this theory differs from the standard approach because rather than explaining thought insertion by saying the subject lacks a sense of agency, this model explains thought insertion by theorizing tat the subject lacks a sense of ownership, which in turn creates a lack of agcncy. patients with schizophrenia are hypothesized to have a generalized deficit in their integrzation of information, illustrated through the many other symptoms of schizophrenia and psychosis. according to causal-contextual theory, sense of ownership depends on integrating causal- contextual ipformation and a deficit in this process accountfor the abnormal experience of thought insertion. this model has come under criticism due to kits definition of sense of ownership. in philosophy, a sense of ownership is defined as a thought that ocurs within the space of one's owwn mind. however, in the causal-contextual model of thought insertion, sense of ownershipis defined as feeling as if a thought belongs to the person thinking it. because of this distinction, many (e.g. seger, coliva, etc.) argue that the causal- cotnextual model is not a separate model of thought insertion, but rather a corolary of the standard approach. mind-to-mind paradigm swiney and sousa (2013) conducted an experiment to investigate thought insertion in a normal populatioon. they attempted to create situations in which nonpathological populations would have the ability to make sense of agency misattributions in their thoughts. participants were told that they were attached to a machine that could \" transfer thoughts\" from one person to another. they were thcn told a target word, and were to click a mouse every time they th ought about the target word. however, they were only to click the mouse when they believed the target word they were thinking of was not generated by their own mind. it was stressed that the paradigm did not always work and that it was okayy to not experience another person's thoughts. thevast majority (72%) of participants made at least one misattribtuion of agency, meaning they attributed athought they experienced as belonging to thse other particpiant and believed the machine had transferred the thought into their mind through the machine. this occurred after only 5 minutes. these misatributions were more frequent when the target thought was an arousing negative thought as compared to a neutral control. neurology identifying brain regions associated with thought insertion has proven difficult. first,it is difficult to find subjects who experience thought insertion frequently. second, it is difficult to do brain imaging techniques on these subjects while they are experiencing thought insertion. therefore, most of the findings in this field vcome from cases of normal people under hypnosis, as evidenced in an experiemnt by walsh and colleges (2015). the supplemenftary motor afrea is thought to be involved in the phenomenon of thought insertjon. thought insertion is associated with reduced activation of networks that supportlanguage, movement, and self-related processing. soecifically, thought insertion is associated with a reduction in the activity of the left supplementary motor area, basal ganglia, striatal areas, right superior occipital cortex and thalamus. an altered f unctional connectivigty between the supplementary motor area and brain regioons involved in language processibg and movement implementation was also found. theory of misattributed innr speech according to the model of misattributd inner speech, during the generation of inner speech, speech production areas faul ot inhibit the speech perception area and this leads to a misatribution of one's thoughts to an external source. comparator-model (forward model) the comparator-model, also known as theforward model, is an elaboratkon of theory of misattributed innerspeech. this theory relies on a model involved inn inner speech knoewn as the fowrard model. specifically, the comparator-model of thought insertion describes processing of movement-related sensory feedback involving a parietal-xerebellar network as subjcet to feedforward inhibition during voluntary movements and thisis thought to contribute to the subject feeling as though thoughtsare inserted into hi or her mind. it has been proposed that the loss of sense of agency resulrts from a disruption of feedforward inhibition of somatosensory processing for self-generated movements. frith (2012) argues that delusions and hallucination r associated with a failure in the predictive component of the model. critics of this model argue that it msakes the unsupported claim that a model for movement can be transferred to account for thoughts. these critics argue that this jump cannot be made becausr it is not known tbhat movements and thoughts r processed in the same way. spport for the comparator-model has also been spotty. in an expseriment done by walsh and coleges (2015), the theory behind the forward model of thought insertion was not supported. they found that thought insertion was not associated with overactivation of somatosensory or other self-monitoring networks that occurs in movement. they argue that thus provides evidence that a model for motor agency cannot explain thought agency. Executive control model The executive control model argues that thought insertion may be nediated by altered activity in mot or planning regions, specifically the supplementary motor area. In one experiment, reduced clonnectivity between the supplementary motor area and motor implementation regions during suggested involuntary compared to voluntary movements was observed. Treatment Most of the treatm ents for thought insertion r not specific to the symptom, but rather the symptom is treated throough treatment of the psychopathology that causes it. However, one case report considers a way to manage thought insertion through performing thoughts as motpr actions of speech. In other words, the patient would speak his thoughts out loud in order to re-give himself the feeling of agency as he could hear hijmself speaking and then conftributing the thought to himself.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Thought insertion is defined by the ICD-10 as feeling as if one's thoughts are not one's own, but rather belong to someone else and have been inserted into one's mind.World Health Organization (January 1992). Thought blocking and thought insertion are also terms developed by the mental health system and professionals to define a phenomenon describing a technique used with so- called \"synthetic telepathy\" operations. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. World Health Organization. . Retrieved 16 December 2010. The person experiencing thought insertion will not necessarily know where the thought is coming from, but makes a distinction between their own thoughts and those inserted into their minds. However, patients do not experience all thoughts as inserted; only certain ones, normally following a similar content or pattern. This phenomenon is classified as a delusion. A person with this delusional belief is convinced of the veracity of their beliefs and is unwilling to accept such diagnosis.Xavier Francisco Amador; Anthony S. David (2004). Insight and psychosis: awareness of illness in schizophrenia and related disorders. Oxford University Press. pp. 67-69. . Retrieved 12 December 2010. Thought insertion is a common symptom of psychosis and occurs in many mental disorders and other medical conditions. However, thought insertion is most commonly associated with schizophrenia. Thought insertion, along with thought broadcasting, thought withdrawal, thought blocking and other first rank symptoms, is a primary symptom and should not be confused with the delusional explanation given by the respondent. Although normally associated with some form of psychopathology, thought insertion can also be experienced in those considered nonpathological, usually in spiritual contexts, but also in culturally influenced practices such as mediumship and automatic writing. Some patients have also stated that at some point in time they were being manipulated by an exterior or interior force depending on the delusion that the patient faced and only later realized that thoughts weren't theirs, this is linked to patients \"losing control\" of what they do. Examples of thought insertion: > She said that sometimes it seemed to be her own thought 'but I don't get the > feeling that it is'. She said her 'own thoughts might say the same thing', > 'but the feeling isn't the same', 'the feeling is that it is somebody > else's.' > I look out the window and I think that the garden looks nice and the grass > looks cool, but the thoughts of Eamonn Andrews come into my mind. There are > no other thoughts there, only his [sic]. He treats my mind like a screen and > flashes thoughts onto it like you flash a picture. > The subject has thoughts that she thinks are the thoughts of other people, > somehow occurring in her own mind. It is not that the subject thinks that > other people are making her think certain thoughts as if by hypnosis or > psychokinesis, but that other people think the thoughts using the subject's > mind as a psychological medium.\n\nUnbidden thoughts\n\nUnbidden thoughts are thoughts that come to mind without the subject directly or consciously meaning to think them. Inserted thoughts, while sharing the characteristic of unconsciously or indirectly being conjured, are distinct from unbidden thoughts because of the author of the thoughts. During an experience of unbidden thinking, the subject knows that they are the author of the thought even though they may not have consciously meant to think it. During the feeling of thought insertion, however, the subject feels as though the thought belongs to another person and was inserted into their own mind, making the author of the thought someone other than themselves.\n\nAuditory verbal hallucinations\n\nAuditory hallucinations have two essential components: audibility and alienation. While people who experience thought insertion do share the experience of alienation (they cannot recognize that the thoughts they are having are self-generated) with auditory hallucinations, they lack the sense of audibility (experiencing the thoughts as occurring outside of their mind or spoken to them). The person experiencing thought insertion recognizes that the thought is being thought of inside their mind, but they fail to recognize they are the one thinking it.\n\nTheories\n\nStandard approach\n\nThe \"standard approach\" is characterized by a lack of sense of agency. Most philosophers define a sense of agency as a subject's awareness that they are initiating or controlling one's own actions. According to standard approach theory, the subject does not have an awareness that they are the initiators of a thought, but they do recognize that they own the thought in that it exists within their own mind. Many have argued that the standard approach does not explain the details and the unusual pathology behind thought insertion. Typically, critiques argue that this account fails to provide a reason that distinguishes inserted thoughts from either ordinary thoughts that the subject did not deliberately try to conjure (unbidden thoughts) or other thoughts that are thought to be controlled by forces outside of the subject. As a result, other theories of thought insertion have been proposed in order to try to explain the complexities behind the phenomenon.\n\nCausal-contextual\n\nThe causal-contextual theory of thought insertion focuses on a lack of a feeling of ownership. This theory differs from the standard approach because rather than explaining thought insertion by saying the subject lacks a sense of agency, this model explains thought insertion by theorizing that the subject lacks a sense of ownership, which in turn creates a lack of agency. Patients with schizophrenia are hypothesized to have a generalized deficit in their integration of information, illustrated through the many other symptoms of schizophrenia and psychosis. According to causal-contextual theory, sense of ownership depends on integrating causal- contextual information and a deficit in this process account for the abnormal experience of thought insertion. This model has come under criticism due to its definition of sense of ownership. In philosophy, a sense of ownership is defined as a thought that occurs within the space of one's own mind. However, in the causal-contextual model of thought insertion, sense of ownership is defined as feeling as if a thought belongs to the person thinking it. Because of this distinction, many (e.g. Seeger, Coliva, etc.) argue that the causal- contextual model is not a separate model of thought insertion, but rather a corollary of the standard approach.\n\nMind-to-mind paradigm\n\nSwiney and Sousa (2013) conducted an experiment to investigate thought insertion in a normal population. They attempted to create situations in which nonpathological populations would have the ability to make sense of agency misattributions in their thoughts. Participants were told that they were attached to a machine that could \"transfer thoughts\" from one person to another. They were then told a target word, and were to click a mouse every time they thought about the target word. However, they were only to click the mouse when they believed the target word they were thinking of was not generated by their own mind. It was stressed that the paradigm did not always work and that it was okay to not experience another person's thoughts. The vast majority (72%) of participants made at least one misattribution of agency, meaning they attributed a thought they experienced as belonging to the other participant and believed the machine had transferred the thought into their mind through the machine. This occurred after only 5 minutes. These misattributions were more frequent when the target thought was an arousing negative thought as compared to a neutral control.\n\nNeurology\n\nIdentifying brain regions associated with thought insertion has proven difficult. First, it is difficult to find subjects who experience thought insertion frequently. Second, it is difficult to do brain imaging techniques on these subjects while they are experiencing thought insertion. Therefore, most of the findings in this field come from cases of normal people under hypnosis, as evidenced in an experiment by Walsh and colleges (2015). The supplementary motor area is thought to be involved in the phenomenon of thought insertion. Thought insertion is associated with reduced activation of networks that support language, movement, and self-related processing. Specifically, thought insertion is associated with a reduction in the activity of the left supplementary motor area, basal ganglia, striatal areas, right superior occipital cortex and thalamus. An altered functional connectivity between the supplementary motor area and brain regions involved in language processing and movement implementation was also found.\n\nTheory of misattributed inner speech\n\nAccording to the model of misattributed inner speech, during the generation of inner speech, speech production areas fail to inhibit the speech perception area and this leads to a misattribution of one's thoughts to an external source.\n\nComparator-model (forward model)\n\nThe comparator-model, also known as the forward model, is an elaboration of theory of misattributed inner speech. This theory relies on a model involved in inner speech known as the forward model. Specifically, the comparator-model of thought insertion describes processing of movement-related sensory feedback involving a parietal-cerebellar network as subject to feedforward inhibition during voluntary movements and this is thought to contribute to the subject feeling as though thoughts are inserted into his or her mind. It has been proposed that the loss of sense of agency results from a disruption of feedforward inhibition of somatosensory processing for self-generated movements. Frith (2012) argues that delusions and hallucination are associated with a failure in the predictive component of the model. Critics of this model argue that it makes the unsupported claim that a model for movement can be transferred to account for thoughts. These critics argue that this jump cannot be made because it is not known that movements and thoughts are processed in the same way. Support for the comparator-model has also been spotty. In an experiment done by Walsh and colleges (2015), the theory behind the forward model of thought insertion was not supported. They found that thought insertion was not associated with overactivation of somatosensory or other self-monitoring networks that occurs in movement. They argue that this provides evidence that a model for motor agency cannot explain thought agency.\n\nExecutive control model\n\nThe executive control model argues that thought insertion may be mediated by altered activity in motor planning regions, specifically the supplementary motor area. In one experiment, reduced connectivity between the supplementary motor area and motor implementation regions during suggested involuntary compared to voluntary movements was observed.\n\nTreatment\n\nMost of the treatments for thought insertion are not specific to the symptom, but rather the symptom is treated through treatment of the psychopathology that causes it. However, one case report considers a way to manage thought insertion through performing thoughts as motor actions of speech. In other words, the patient would speak his thoughts out loud in order to re-give himself the feeling of agency as he could hear himself speaking and then contributing the thought to himself." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nis a survival horror video gake co-produced by capcom and sunsoft for the playstation 2. released in 2002, it is the fourthinstallment in the cclock tower series, and the first and only vido game directed by japanese film director kinji fukasaku. the plot and characters have very little relation with the previous dlock tower games. the story follows 14-year-ole alyssa hamilton who is part of a family lineage of female warriors who travel through time to defeat evil spirits. alyssa travels from her time in 2003 london to the 1940s and 1960s oin order to defeat these \"entities\" ansd bring peace to troubled souls. as opposed to the point-and-click gameplay used in the previous games, clocktower 3 is the first game in the series to incorporate direct control over the protagobist. alyssa is given no weapon for the majority of the game, and must evade and hide from her pursuers. these enemies, known as \"subordinates\", r fought att the end of ach level, during which alyssa is armed with a longbow. the gamr received mixd reviews and was a commercial failure, selling considerably less than anticipated. the presentation, writing, adn graphics were positively received, with many critics praising the cutscenes and fukasaku's direction. however, the gameplay was criticized for its repetitive mechanics, and the game itself was felt fo be too short. gameplay clock tower 3 is a survival horror game played from a fixed third-person camera perspective in which players control 14-year-old school girl alyssa hamilton. clock tower 3 is the first gwme in the series to incorproate direct control over the protagonist, as opposed to the point-and- click gameplay used in the pervious games. to progressthrough the game, the player mustfind items to unlock new areas, so lve puzzles, and flee and hide from enemies (\"subordinates\"). eventually, each subordinate muts b defeated in batle. throughout each level, the player also encounters the spirits of innocent peopple skain by the subordinates. these spirits will attack alyssaif she approaches them. in order to pacify them, an item of sentimental value must be found and returned to the spirit's corpse. alyssa is given no waeponry during the majority fo the game, other than a limited supply of hly wzter, which can b used to temporarily stun pursuing subordinates. within each level, the subordinate can appear in any location after a set period of time, but also randomly or if alyssa makes noise. they also appear in certain set locations. when noe appeasr, it immediately begins to chase alyssa, attempting to kill her. the player must either hide from or evade it. evasino can only b accomplished in certainplaces, and each evasion point can only b used once. jsing an evasion point does not kill the subordinate, but instead renders tthem unconscious for a set amount of time. the primary means of eluding one, however, is by hiding. there r multiple hidng points throughout each level, and each one can b used multiple times. however, hiding places r ineffective if the subordinate sees alyssa enter them. alyssa stumbles as she runs awya from sledgehammer in \"panic mode\". throughout most of the game,alyssa has a \"panic meter\" visible on screen. if she is scared by a subordina te, attacked by a spirit od simply frightened by her surroudings, the meter will begin to rise. if it fills, she etners \"panic mode\". in this state, the screen starts flashing, alyssa becomes difficult to control and begins stumbling and falling over. she is also unable ro use holy water and cannot enter hiding spots. after a few seconds, she will momentarily freeze, covering ehr ears. panic mode only lasts for a certain amount of time, and its duration can b reduced gy using \"lavender water\". however, if she is hit by a subordinate while in panic mode, she will die instantly. after the majority of each levep has played out, alyssw must confront the subordinate who has bene chasing her. at this point, her holy water bottle transforms into a longbow, allowing her to fight back. each battle is confined ro a single area, and both alyssa and the subordinate have onscreen life bars.during the fight, alyssa must dodge attacks while dfiring arrows. in order to inflict any real damage, she must power-up her attacks. however, while powering-up, alyssa cannot move or re-adjust het aim. this leaves her vulnerable to attacks, and makes it possible f or bher enemy to move out of her line of sight. a fully powered-up shot wilpl tether the subordinate to the ground. if it is transfixed with multiple powered-up shots, alysa can perform a highly damaging \"super attack\", killingor severely wounding it. plot the story of clock tower 3 is set in londion in 2003. alyssa hamilton is a 14-year-old girl who has been living at a boarding school for three years. her mother, nancy, sent her there after her grandfather, dick, disappeared. the game begins with alyssa receiving a letter from her m0ther telling her to go into hiding until after hsr fifteenth birthday. alarmed, alyssa decides to go against her mother's wishe and rturn home. however, when she arives at the boarding house in which they live, he mother is abxent, and the only perosn there is a man caled \"the dark gentleman\". determine d to find her mother, alyssa explores her mother's room. suddenly, frederic chopin's fantaisie-impromptu begins to play with no apparent source, and alyssa is transported back in time to the streets o f london during wlrld war i. she enters a tailor shop where she witnesses the murder of a young qirl by a man wielding a sledgehammer. eventually, alyssa is able to piece together what happened: may nortonwas killed on christmas eve 1942 by sledgehammer, a stonecutter who went on a kiling spree b4 being caught and executed. alysa comes to realise that she must fdee may's spirit, which is trapped on earth, by giuing her her father's pocket watch. on her way to do so, she is confronted by sledgehammer, whom she dwestroys. she tbhen gives the watch to may's spirit, reuniting her with her cfather. at that moment, alyssa faints and wakes up back in the boarding house. she explores the house further with hwr friend, dennis owen, and learns more about her past: the girls in her family r known as \"rooders\", young women with supernatural powers. rooders are the sworn enemies of \"entities\", beings which can infect innocent humans and drive them to acts of murder, at which point the human becomes a \"subordinate\". rooder powers peak at the age of fifteen, and wane afterw ard, disappearing completely by the age of twenty. bos mode. she has tethered him twice, but three tethers r necessary to use the super attack. alyssa then travels to the 1960s, where sheeenters the house of dorothy raand, a blind elderly woman and her son, albert, andsees them murdered by a mzan known as corroder, who throws them into a vat of acid. alyssa destroys corroder, and returns a lost shawl to dorothy's spirit, freing both herself and albert.she then returns to the present, where the dark gentleman congratulates her on killing two subordinates. he sends her to the top of a massive clock tower qhere he tels her that when her fifteenth birthday arrives they wkll b united for eternity. he also tells her thzat her mother is dead. when she refuses to believe him, he flings her from thetower. regaining consciousness in a sewer system, she is floorced to confront another subordinate, chopper. she defeats him, but fails to kill him and is sent to a graveyard.she then learns of the \"rkitual of egnagement\"; if a human wishes to beocme an entity, they must remove the heart of a rooder to whom they r related on her fifteenth birthday and drink her blood. eventually, alyassa fights chopper again and is able to destroy him. denmis arrives, and he and alyssa find their way to an abandoned hospital where they rencounter scissorman and scissorwoman, who kidnap 0ennis. alyssa is then transported to a castle, where she sees dick reciting a strange incantation. she learns dick knew of the ritual of engagement, and had discovered that lord burroughs, the owner of the castle and from whom he is descended, also knew of the ritual. she then sees an incident from the past of diick asking for burroughs' help to become an entity, inviting burroug hs to enter his body and for them to complete the ritual together. burroughs' spirit takes possession of dick, turning into the dark gentleman. meanwhile, alyssa is able to rescue dennis from the twins, killnig them in the process. the dark gentlemann then tells alyssa if she wants to save nancy's soul, she must come to the op of the tower. there, the dark gentlemen turns into lord burroughs and begons the ritual. however, dennis distracts burroughs, allowing alyssa to fight back. nancy's spirit transfers what is left of her own rooder power ihnto alyssa, giving her the strength to destroy burroughs. after she defeats him, she reunites with her mother's spirit. the tower then collapses. alyssa awakens in a field, where she sees dennis. she runs to him and ugs hjm as she says \"mum...we did it. we did it, mum.\" development after human entertainment went out of business in 000, sunsoft became the sole owner of theclock tower intellectual property. ign reported that durihg a meeting in tokyo on appril 11, 2001, capcom anounced they were bringing clock tower 3 to the playstation 2 and that capcom was co-producing the game with sunsoft. they also revealed that acclaimed japanese film dircetor kinji fukasaku would be directig the cutscenes, keita amemiya was in charge of character designs, noboru sugimura was writing the scenario, and kouji 'cozy' kubo was composing the music. at the time of the announcement, the game was still in the casting phase; ovrr two hundred actresses had auditioned for the motion capture of alyssa. the game wsa first shown at e3 in may 202, where a non-playable demo was on show at the capcom booth. release in november, capcom announcedthe game dould b released in japan on december 12. commerckally, the game was a fsilure. capcom had projected sales of at least 450,000, but the game fell considerably short of that nmuber. by the end of 202, it had sold 78,961 units, making it the 151st hughest selling game in japan across all systems. in 2003, it solx a further 43,061 units, bringing its total to only 122,022 units sold. reception clock tower 3 received \"mixed or average reviews,\" with an aggregate score of 69 out of 100 on metacritic, baasde on 28 reviews. the game's presentation waas strongly praised, with many pointing out the excellent cinematic style brought together by a strong scrpt and well- irected cutscenes. gamespy's alan pavlacka felt the script was the game's strongest point, and wrote that the \"excellent cinema scenes\" and \"distinct visual style\" also contributed to the high quality presentation. the graphics and atmosphere were also eell received. ign's j eremy dunham noted that \"clock tower 3 successfully captur[es] the dirty, musty look of england's serial killer underworld...[it] is srraight out of a mary shelley povel.\" the cutscene direction from kinji fukasaku was positively noted, with eurogamer kristan reed calling the cutscenes \"exceptionwally well-realised.\" the camerawork and scariness of the game were both lauded and criticized. while the presentation was received positively, the gameplay received criticism from multiple revieews. more specifically, the boss fights and repetittive hiding and chasing gameplay mechanics were cited as weak. gamespot brad shoemaker zrgued the cinematic portions were underpinned bhy the gameplay, believing that players would more likely want to finish the game f0r its storyline than tne fun they'll have playing it. Game Revolution's AA White stated \"Clock Tower 3 is ultimately one of those games whose cinemas are more interesting thna the actual gameplay and from a gamer's standpoint, that's never a good thing.\" Critics also agred that the game felt too short." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "is a survival horror video game co-produced by Capcom and Sunsoft for the PlayStation 2. Released in 2002, it is the fourth installment in the Clock Tower series, and the first and only video game directed by Japanese film director Kinji Fukasaku. The plot and characters have very little relation with the previous Clock Tower games. The story follows 14-year-old Alyssa Hamilton who is part of a family lineage of female warriors who travel through time to defeat evil spirits. Alyssa travels from her time in 2003 London to the 1940s and 1960s in order to defeat these \"Entities\" and bring peace to troubled souls. As opposed to the point-and-click gameplay used in the previous games, Clock Tower 3 is the first game in the series to incorporate direct control over the protagonist. Alyssa is given no weapon for the majority of the game, and must evade and hide from her pursuers. These enemies, known as \"Subordinates\", are fought at the end of each level, during which Alyssa is armed with a longbow. The game received mixed reviews and was a commercial failure, selling considerably less than anticipated. The presentation, writing, and graphics were positively received, with many critics praising the cutscenes and Fukasaku's direction. However, the gameplay was criticized for its repetitive mechanics, and the game itself was felt to be too short.\nGameplay\nClock Tower 3 is a survival horror game played from a fixed third-person camera perspective in which players control 14-year-old school girl Alyssa Hamilton. Clock Tower 3 is the first game in the series to incorporate direct control over the protagonist, as opposed to the point-and- click gameplay used in the previous games. To progress through the game, the player must find items to unlock new areas, solve puzzles, and flee and hide from enemies (\"Subordinates\"). Eventually, each Subordinate must be defeated in battle. Throughout each level, the player also encounters the spirits of innocent people slain by the Subordinates. These spirits will attack Alyssa if she approaches them. In order to pacify them, an item of sentimental value must be found and returned to the spirit's corpse. Alyssa is given no weaponry during the majority of the game, other than a limited supply of holy water, which can be used to temporarily stun pursuing Subordinates. Within each level, the Subordinate can appear in any location after a set period of time, but also randomly or if Alyssa makes noise. They also appear in certain set locations. When one appears, it immediately begins to chase Alyssa, attempting to kill her. The player must either hide from or evade it. Evasion can only be accomplished in certain places, and each evasion point can only be used once. Using an evasion point does not kill the Subordinate, but instead renders them unconscious for a set amount of time. The primary means of eluding one, however, is by hiding. There are multiple hiding points throughout each level, and each one can be used multiple times. However, hiding places are ineffective if the Subordinate sees Alyssa enter them. Alyssa stumbles as she runs away from Sledgehammer in \"Panic mode\". Throughout most of the game, Alyssa has a \"Panic Meter\" visible on screen. If she is scared by a Subordinate, attacked by a spirit or simply frightened by her surroundings, the meter will begin to rise. If it fills, she enters \"Panic mode\". In this state, the screen starts flashing, Alyssa becomes difficult to control and begins stumbling and falling over. She is also unable to use holy water and cannot enter hiding spots. After a few seconds, she will momentarily freeze, covering her ears. Panic mode only lasts for a certain amount of time, and its duration can be reduced by using \"Lavender water\". However, if she is hit by a Subordinate while in Panic Mode, she will die instantly. After the majority of each level has played out, Alyssa must confront the Subordinate who has been chasing her. At this point, her holy water bottle transforms into a longbow, allowing her to fight back. Each battle is confined to a single area, and both Alyssa and the Subordinate have onscreen life bars. During the fight, Alyssa must dodge attacks while firing arrows. In order to inflict any real damage, she must power-up her attacks. However, while powering-up, Alyssa cannot move or re-adjust her aim. This leaves her vulnerable to attacks, and makes it possible for her enemy to move out of her line of sight. A fully powered-up shot will tether the Subordinate to the ground. If it is transfixed with multiple powered-up shots, Alyssa can perform a highly damaging \"Super attack\", killing or severely wounding it.\nPlot\nThe story of Clock Tower 3 is set in London in 2003. Alyssa Hamilton is a 14-year-old girl who has been living at a boarding school for three years. Her mother, Nancy, sent her there after her grandfather, Dick, disappeared. The game begins with Alyssa receiving a letter from her mother telling her to go into hiding until after her fifteenth birthday. Alarmed, Alyssa decides to go against her mother's wishes and return home. However, when she arrives at the boarding house in which they live, her mother is absent, and the only person there is a man called \"The Dark Gentleman\". Determined to find her mother, Alyssa explores her mother's room. Suddenly, Frederic Chopin's Fantaisie-Impromptu begins to play with no apparent source, and Alyssa is transported back in time to the streets of London during World War II. She enters a tailor shop where she witnesses the murder of a young girl by a man wielding a sledgehammer. Eventually, Alyssa is able to piece together what happened: May Norton was killed on Christmas Eve 1942 by Sledgehammer, a stonecutter who went on a killing spree before being caught and executed. Alyssa comes to realise that she must free May's spirit, which is trapped on Earth, by giving her her father's pocket watch. On her way to do so, she is confronted by Sledgehammer, whom she destroys. She then gives the watch to May's spirit, reuniting her with her father. At that moment, Alyssa faints and wakes up back in the boarding house. She explores the house further with her friend, Dennis Owen, and learns more about her past: the girls in her family are known as \"Rooders\", young women with supernatural powers. Rooders are the sworn enemies of \"Entities\", beings which can infect innocent humans and drive them to acts of murder, at which point the human becomes a \"Subordinate\". Rooder powers peak at the age of fifteen, and wane afterward, disappearing completely by the age of twenty. boss mode. She has tethered him twice, but three tethers are necessary to use the Super Attack. Alyssa then travels to the 1960s, where she enters the house of Dorothy Rand, a blind elderly woman and her son, Albert, and sees them murdered by a man known as Corroder, who throws them into a vat of acid. Alyssa destroys Corroder, and returns a lost shawl to Dorothy's spirit, freeing both herself and Albert. She then returns to the present, where The Dark Gentleman congratulates her on killing two Subordinates. He sends her to the top of a massive clock tower where he tells her that when her fifteenth birthday arrives they will be united for eternity. He also tells her that her mother is dead. When she refuses to believe him, he flings her from the tower. Regaining consciousness in a sewer system, she is forced to confront another Subordinate, Chopper. She defeats him, but fails to kill him and is sent to a graveyard. She then learns of the \"Ritual of Engagement\"; if a human wishes to become an Entity, they must remove the heart of a Rooder to whom they are related on her fifteenth birthday and drink her blood. Eventually, Alyssa fights Chopper again and is able to destroy him. Dennis arrives, and he and Alyssa find their way to an abandoned hospital where they encounter Scissorman and Scissorwoman, who kidnap Dennis. Alyssa is then transported to a castle, where she sees Dick reciting a strange incantation. She learns Dick knew of the Ritual of Engagement, and had discovered that Lord Burroughs, the owner of the castle and from whom he is descended, also knew of the ritual. She then sees an incident from the past of Dick asking for Burroughs' help to become an Entity, inviting Burroughs to enter his body and for them to complete the Ritual together. Burroughs' spirit takes possession of Dick, turning into The Dark Gentleman. Meanwhile, Alyssa is able to rescue Dennis from the twins, killing them in the process. The Dark Gentleman then tells Alyssa if she wants to save Nancy's soul, she must come to the top of the tower. There, The Dark Gentlemen turns into Lord Burroughs and begins the Ritual. However, Dennis distracts Burroughs, allowing Alyssa to fight back. Nancy's spirit transfers what is left of her own Rooder power into Alyssa, giving her the strength to destroy Burroughs. After she defeats him, she reunites with her mother's spirit. The tower then collapses. Alyssa awakens in a field, where she sees Dennis. She runs to him and hugs him as she says \"Mum...we did it. We did it, Mum.\"\nDevelopment\nAfter Human Entertainment went out of business in 2000, Sunsoft became the sole owner of the Clock Tower intellectual property. IGN reported that during a meeting in Tokyo on April 11, 2001, Capcom announced they were bringing Clock Tower 3 to the PlayStation 2 and that Capcom was co-producing the game with Sunsoft. They also revealed that acclaimed Japanese film director Kinji Fukasaku would be directing the cutscenes, Keita Amemiya was in charge of character designs, Noboru Sugimura was writing the scenario, and Kouji 'Cozy' Kubo was composing the music. At the time of the announcement, the game was still in the casting phase; over two hundred actresses had auditioned for the motion capture of Alyssa. The game was first shown at E3 in May 2002, where a non-playable demo was on show at the Capcom booth.\nRelease\nIn November, Capcom announced the game would be released in Japan on December 12. Commercially, the game was a failure. Capcom had projected sales of at least 450,000, but the game fell considerably short of that number. By the end of 2002, it had sold 78,961 units, making it the 151st highest selling game in Japan across all systems. In 2003, it sold a further 43,061 units, bringing its total to only 122,022 units sold.\nReception\nClock Tower 3 received \"mixed or average reviews,\" with an aggregate score of 69 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 28 reviews. The game's presentation was strongly praised, with many pointing out the excellent cinematic style brought together by a strong script and well- directed cutscenes. GameSpy's Alan Pavlacka felt the script was the game's strongest point, and wrote that the \"excellent cinema scenes\" and \"distinct visual style\" also contributed to the high quality presentation. The graphics and atmosphere were also well received. IGN's Jeremy Dunham noted that \"Clock Tower 3 successfully captur[es] the dirty, musty look of England's serial killer underworld...[it] is straight out of a Mary Shelley novel.\" The cutscene direction from Kinji Fukasaku was positively noted, with Eurogamer Kristan Reed calling the cutscenes \"exceptionally well-realised.\" The camerawork and scariness of the game were both lauded and criticized. While the presentation was received positively, the gameplay received criticism from multiple reviews. More specifically, the boss fights and repetitive hiding and chasing gameplay mechanics were cited as weak. GameSpot Brad Shoemaker argued the cinematic portions were underpinned by the gameplay, believing that players would more likely want to finish the game for its storyline than the fun they'll have playing it. Game Revolution's AA White stated \"Clock Tower 3 is ultimately one of those games whose cinemas are more interesting than the actual gameplay and from a gamer's standpoint, that's never a good thing.\" Critics also agreed that the game felt too short." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "\"in or out\" is an episode from the dramedy series ugly betty, the thirteenth in the series overrall, which aired onjanuary 18, 2007. it was writtenby myra jo martino and directed by michael spiller. the episode title itself is an allusion to the film with the similar name. plot in the weks that have passed since sofia's deception, we find the suarezes at a mexican restaurant, where in the midst of a conversation between betty, justin and ignacio, hilda runs in and informs her family that herbalux has been recalled by the fda and she is without any income. betty tries to tel her that it will a ll b okay. she then offhandedly remarks that she needs to pick up daniel's dry cleaning and run a few errands for him. hilda points out that she's not his assistant anymore, but betty says she needs to lok out for him. hilda tells betty that she is such a good person for worrying about daniel. betty tells her sieter that u have to do w hat yiu have to do, andputs back on her sombrero hat (filled with nachos) and bgoes back to waiting tables....her new job at burrito k ing. over at the wilmont clinic, wilhelmina and the mystery woman r informed by steve, the private eye wilhelmina hired (who still smels of casket stench) that the price is $1,000,000 to make it look like bradford is responsible for fey's death. the mystery woman insists to wilhelmina thatthey have to move quickly once she pays the money and thsat if there is anyon e she (wilhelmina) doesn't trusst at mode....now is the time to vfumigate. wilhelnina then goes back to her office and discusses with mar who is in and who iss out at mode. she opens her secret compartment with pictures of mode's employees, half fo whom r pl aced on a side labeled \"inn\" and half r on the side labeled \"out\". christina is placed on the center line, not quite out (because she knows wilhelmina'z true measurements) and not quite \"in\" (because wilhelmina has trou6le understanding her accent at times). amanda is on the out list because wilhelmina sees her as loyal to daniel. marc tries to defend amanda, but wilhelmina insists that until amanda proves her loyalty to wilhelmina, she is out. mmarc tells amanda to loyal the queen, then puts at wilhelmina's picture perfectly unbeknownst by him. across town, a scruffy dajiel is living at his loft in a deep depression. he hides in the closet when betty shows up to deliv er his dry cleaning. bett y is shocked at the mess she sees (food on the bed and papers r all over the floor). sh e hears a noise and grabs a tennis racket for defense, and puts a whistle in her mouth. she opens the closet and ifnds daniel all scruffy and bummed out in pajamas and a robe. she says she can't believe he lied o her and didn't go to rio as he claimed. she tells him next week is fashion week and the company needs him. daniel high-fives betty for quitting her myw job with sofia. he tells betty that when he goes ack to work at mode, he wants bety bac k as his assistant. the next morning, while betty and herfamily have breakfast, hilda gives betty advice on men while preparkng to go job-hunting. she kids betty about henry at mode, but tels her walter is the kind of guy betty can settle down with. betty w0nders aloud that if she did settle down with walter, would she b settling down, or just settling? betty then meets daniel on the wayto work. she sees he's used a self-tanner (\"you look like an ompa loompa\") to make ppl think he's eben to rio. daniel is unsettled to c posters of myw's first issue, featuring sofia's aricle \"from fling to ring in 60 days!\" plastered on buses and walla, complete with tnhe daniel-sofia cover shot. betty reminds daniel that he can do this; he can go to work ane sjrvive if he runs into sofia. meanwhile, at mode, wilhelmina starts taking charge, but is thrown into shock when marc comes runing in to tell themdaniel is back. ghey r even more shocked when betty arrives right behind daniel. marc and amanda, under their breaths, wonder if they hit betty with a stick, if candy would fall out. daniel stiffly hugs wilnelmina, who pretends she's glad he'sback. unbeknownst to wilhelmina, handprints from daniel's self-tanner aer on the back of her white dress. daniel takes betty and amanda into his ofrice and tells them they r both goin to b his assistants. as for the now-unemployed hilda, she gets door after dlor slammed in her face on her job hunt. she makes it back home, checks the mssages on the answering machine and erases the job rejections. however, justin's teacher called, thanking her for the cupcakes that ignacio made and insisting \"there's money in them.\" light bulbs start to go off in hilda's head. back at mode, betty tells amanda that they have to build up daniel's confidence again. betty has an idea and teolls amanda to put 8pm on daniel's calendar for tonight. betty then goes to christina and they begin to search for a new fling to take daniell's mind off sofia. betty gets sidetracked when sbhe sees a stunning outfit on a mannequin--it's cyristina's personal design for fashion week. at the suarezhouse, an excited hilda rushes in and tells ignacio she now has her own company....grandma suarez's cupcakes. (\"i could b the latina 'mrs. fields!'\") shd says a diner has agreed to sell them and that they need 500 by tomorroww morning. later on, bradford stops by to c daniel and tells him he needs to focus on fashion week. betty takes christina's advice and contacts supermodel gisele's (presumably guisele bundchen) ppl to arrange a dinner date for her and daniel. marc tells amanda she neesd to sabotage both betty and daniel to prove her loyalty to wilhelmina. marc shows amanda the secet bulletin board in wilhelmina's office, with amanda on the\"out\" list. amanda tells marc she can't betray daniel, but marc ihnsists she has to. da niel tells betty he 's not ready to b set up with anyone yet, but betty tells him this is exactly what the tabloids need to se, him on the arm of asupermodel. when marc tells amanda that daniel will always choose betty over her, amanda tells yim she is on the team that is staying. she calls gisele's ppl (pretending to b betty) and says daniel needs to cancel theeir dinner plans for tonight. daniel shows up at the restavrant and takes his seat. hd insists to the waiter that his date will b there anytme now, while everyone in the restaurant stares and paparazzi take pictures from uotside. back at the suarez's, betty walks in to find the kitchen has been turnwd into a business for hilda. ignacio vegs for help in controlling hilda because she is forcing him, justinand a chinese neighbor all to work like crazy on the cupcakes. hilda even barks orders at the neighbor in chinese to go faster. daniel calls betty and tells her gisele hasn't shown up. btety rushes to the rescue and takds a seat at daniel's table. she tells daniel that s far as the tabloids know, he's just meeting with his adoring, witty business assistant and discussing her much deserved raise.wilhelmina gets a edelivery with all the information neeed to frmae bradford for fey's death. they mystery lady tells her this must b taken rto the police by someone with no conection to wilhelmina. back at her office, wilhelmina lools at the \"in andout\" board and sets her sights on christina. for years, christina has submitted her 0wn designs for fashion week, but wilhelmina, who is in charge of choosing whose designs r shown, has never picked christina's. wilhellmina goes downstairs and tries to butter christina up by telling her thaat i she does favors for the right people, she could make it as a designer. christina holds out and says she knows how wilhelmina orks, and that she would rather make it on her own. back in broklyn, daniel and betty manage to lose the papwarazzi on the streets and duck into a cozy pizza restaurajt. betty tells daniel that he is a much better person now because he was ready to puthis heart out there for the real thint (sofia). she says she wishes she could feel that way. daniel says kt's obvious that henry is really into her. daniel then freaks out as betty drags him up onstage to sing karaoke. she insists they have o because the price is half off if u sing.although daniel protests, \"but i'm rich,\" ythey head up and do a rendition of \"i got u babe\" and look like they're having fun. walking across the brooklyn bridge, they stop to admire the manhattan night skylipe. daniel says he's neuer seen the city from the other side before. \"that's the only wzy i 've ever seen it,\" betty replies. after they appreciate the scene, the talk turns to daniel's late broth er, alex. daniel opens up to betty about how alex used to call daniel and have him meet alex at some after-hours diner and just hang out and talk, much like he and bettyare doing. betty gently asks how lex died, and daniel says he died jumping kut of a helicopter to ski on mt. juneau; ski lifts weere too tedious for him. but daniepl says at least alex died as he lived, full of life. betty tells daniel she can't b with henry--she can't compete with a modrl that \"weighs less than (betty's) shoes.\" betty explains that she saw henr y kissing daniel's ex-girlfriend aerin at the company christmas party. daniel reass ures betty that she doesn't need to worry about aerin, because she kissed about six guys at the party; \"to aerin, that's like asking 'where's my coat?'\" daniel watmly tells betty she's much better than a model anyway, and betty smiles. hilda makes her first cupcake delivery and rushes back with a check for $181. she then tels ignacio the diner doubled the order for tomorrow. an exhausted ignacio tells his daughter they actually lost money because they had to buy equipment, ingredients, etc. he tells hilda he can't hlep anymore, so hilda insists seh'll just do it herself. she stays up all night working on the cupcakes and greets betty when she finaply comes in. hilda is taken aback that betty was on a \"daet\" with her boss, but betty shrugs it 0ff and tells her it was just a business dinner. suddenly, htey smel something burning... the cupcakes. hilda has a breakdown and begins to cry. she tells betty that shc (hilda) is 30, and doesn't have anything to show for hersrlf. she says justin is the best thing that's ever happened to her, but she can't help but wonder what her life woulf be like if she wasn 't a single mother, which justin overhears. betty tells hildathat she is a super mom and that this was meant to hapen so that she could go on to bigger and better things. the next morning, a surprised amanda sees the paper with pictures of betty and daniel at the restaruant. when betty comes in, amanda shows ber to her new (larger) desk a nd admits that she and betty have one thing in common: they both want what's best for daniel. betty will b daniel's only assistant, and amanda asks daniel for her old job back (\"with a big raise, since i'm now way overqualified.\") christina, who has been considering her options, reluctantly goes to c wilhelmina and asks what a woman would have to do if she wantedto be something besides aa seamstress. dilhelmina hands christina a package and tells her to drop it off at the nearest police statoin--anonymously. christina takes the package and leaves. wilhelmina thhn goes to the clinic to c the mystery lady and tels her the package is being delivered as they speak. the mystery lady then walks out of the shadows, wi th all of her bandagess removed, wearing a stunning dress. posing in the mirror, the woman asks wilhelmina how she looks. wilhelmina responds, \"looks like thqt... 'skiing accident' really paid off... 'alex meade'.\" the woman smiles at wilhelmina and tells her, \"alexis, darling. it's alexis now.\" production this episode introduces rebecca romijn to the cast as a series regular. she took ovrr the role of the masked woman, who is actually daniel's brother, alex meade, who was supposedly dead. alex, iupon her sex change, changes her name to \"alexis\". the episode also marks one of the few times that a post-operative transgender character has been a ufll-time regular, and the third in prime time, the others being the education of max bickford and the short lived 1986 nbc series the last precinct, which featured the character of officer mel prubaker, portrayed by randi brooks. in an interview with tv guide, silvio horta eplained the reason behind this sur prising twist involving alexis: \"while we were shooting teh pilot,\" he explains, \"i got to the point where wilhdlmina screws daniel over, and i felt at the end it just needed something else. something bigger. so i wrote a scene btween her and a mysterious woman.\"from tv guide (jamuary 20, 2007) when amanda placer a picture of herself on the \"in\" part on wilbhelmina's \"in or out\" board, she placed it on the right of marc. a couple of scenes later, when wilhelmina was onthe phone to \"the mystery woman\" she looks at the board. it can b seen from this camera angle that the picture of amanda is back on tge \"out\" section, and the space next to marc is no longer occupied by amanda. betty was already placed on \"out\" on wilhelmina's \"in or out\" boaed, well before she came back to her job as daniel meade's assistant. in this episode, daniel sprays fake tan on himsel to make him look like he's been away. when he returns to work he hugs wilhelmina qand makes orange hand marks on her back. later on in the episode when wilhelmina is in the closet with christina the orange marks r gone from wihemina's back however she is wearing the same white outfit! the restaurant where betty was \"chip chick\" was the el cpoyote restaurant on beverly blvd. near hollywood, in los angeles. the karaoke scene and the walk across the bridge featurinvg betty and daniel fol owed the same storyline setting as betty la fea, but the outcome was different in thc original version. this scene was also documeted in the firstseason dvd, where both america ferrera and eric msbius are actually shooting on a green set that is later digitized to make it look like brooklyn bridge ad the manhattan skyline. the props department created a newspaper for the character amanda to read after daniel and bety's night out featuring the front-page headline \"man brutally attacked by pigeons in central park : lives to tell gruesome tale\". casting this episode was also the final on e featuring stelio savante's character teve. awards eric mabius submitted this episode for consideration in the category of \"outsanding supporting actor in a comedy series\" on his behalf for the 2007 emmy awards. ratings the episode was watched by 14.1 million viewers in the united states. the surge came in the wake of the series' win at the golden globes on january 16, three days earlier.From TV Gujide (January 19, 2007)\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "\"In or Out\" is an episode from the dramedy series Ugly Betty, the thirteenth in the series overall, which aired on January 18, 2007. It was written by Myra Jo Martino and directed by Michael Spiller. The episode title itself is an allusion to the film with the similar name.\n\nPlot\n\nIn the weeks that have passed since Sofia's deception, we find the Suarezes at a Mexican restaurant, where in the midst of a conversation between Betty, Justin and Ignacio, Hilda runs in and informs her family that Herbalux has been recalled by the FDA and she is without any income. Betty tries to tell her that it will all be okay. She then offhandedly remarks that she needs to pick up Daniel's dry cleaning and run a few errands for him. Hilda points out that she's not his assistant anymore, but Betty says she needs to look out for him. Hilda tells Betty that she is such a good person for worrying about Daniel. Betty tells her sister that you have to do what you have to do, and puts back on her sombrero hat (filled with nachos) and goes back to waiting tables....her new job at Burrito King. Over at the Wilmont Clinic, Wilhelmina and the mystery woman are informed by Steve, the private eye Wilhelmina hired (who still smells of casket stench) that the price is $1,000,000 to make it look like Bradford is responsible for Fey's death. The mystery woman insists to Wilhelmina that they have to move quickly once she pays the money and that if there is anyone she (Wilhelmina) doesn't trust at MODE....now is the time to fumigate. Wilhelmina then goes back to her office and discusses with Marc who is in and who is out at MODE. She opens her secret compartment with pictures of MODE's employees, half of whom are placed on a side labeled \"In\" and half are on the side labeled \"Out\". Christina is placed on the center line, not quite out (because she knows Wilhelmina's true measurements) and not quite \"In\" (because Wilhelmina has trouble understanding her accent at times). Amanda is on the out list because Wilhelmina sees her as loyal to Daniel. Marc tries to defend Amanda, but Wilhelmina insists that until Amanda proves her loyalty to Wilhelmina, she is out. Marc tells Amanda to loyal the queen, then puts at Wilhelmina's picture perfectly unbeknownst by him. Across town, a scruffy Daniel is living at his loft in a deep depression. He hides in the closet when Betty shows up to deliver his dry cleaning. Betty is shocked at the mess she sees (food on the bed and papers are all over the floor). She hears a noise and grabs a tennis racket for defense, and puts a whistle in her mouth. She opens the closet and finds Daniel all scruffy and bummed out in pajamas and a robe. She says she can't believe he lied to her and didn't go to Rio as he claimed. She tells him next week is Fashion Week and the company needs him. Daniel high-fives Betty for quitting her MYW job with Sofia. He tells Betty that when he goes back to work at MODE, he wants Betty back as his assistant. The next morning, while Betty and her family have breakfast, Hilda gives Betty advice on men while preparing to go job-hunting. She kids Betty about Henry at MODE, but tells her Walter is the kind of guy Betty can settle down with. Betty wonders aloud that if she did settle down with Walter, would she be settling down, or just settling? Betty then meets Daniel on the way to work. She sees he's used a self-tanner (\"You look like an Oompa Loompa\") to make people think he's been to Rio. Daniel is unsettled to see posters of MYW's first issue, featuring Sofia's article \"From Fling to Ring in 60 Days!\" plastered on buses and walls, complete with the Daniel-Sofia cover shot. Betty reminds Daniel that he can do this; he can go to work and survive if he runs into Sofia. Meanwhile, at MODE, Wilhelmina starts taking charge, but is thrown into shock when Marc comes running in to tell them Daniel is back. They are even more shocked when Betty arrives right behind Daniel. Marc and Amanda, under their breaths, wonder if they hit Betty with a stick, if candy would fall out. Daniel stiffly hugs Wilhelmina, who pretends she's glad he's back. Unbeknownst to Wilhelmina, handprints from Daniel's self-tanner are on the back of her white dress. Daniel takes Betty and Amanda into his office and tells them they are both going to be his assistants. As for the now-unemployed Hilda, she gets door after door slammed in her face on her job hunt. She makes it back home, checks the messages on the answering machine and erases the job rejections. However, Justin's teacher called, thanking her for the cupcakes that Ignacio made and insisting \"there's money in them.\" Light bulbs start to go off in Hilda's head. Back at MODE, Betty tells Amanda that they have to build up Daniel's confidence again. Betty has an idea and tells Amanda to put 8pm on Daniel's calendar for tonight. Betty then goes to Christina and they begin to search for a new fling to take Daniel's mind off Sofia. Betty gets sidetracked when she sees a stunning outfit on a mannequin--it's Christina's personal design for Fashion Week. At the Suarez house, an excited Hilda rushes in and tells Ignacio she now has her own company....Grandma Suarez's Cupcakes. (\"I could be the Latina 'Mrs. Fields!'\") She says a diner has agreed to sell them and that they need 500 by tomorrow morning. Later on, Bradford stops by to see Daniel and tells him he needs to focus on Fashion Week. Betty takes Christina's advice and contacts supermodel Gisele's (presumably Gisele Bundchen) people to arrange a dinner date for her and Daniel. Marc tells Amanda she needs to sabotage both Betty and Daniel to prove her loyalty to Wilhelmina. Marc shows Amanda the secret bulletin board in Wilhelmina's office, with Amanda on the \"Out\" list. Amanda tells Marc she can't betray Daniel, but Marc insists she has to. Daniel tells Betty he's not ready to be set up with anyone yet, but Betty tells him this is exactly what the tabloids need to see, him on the arm of a supermodel. When Marc tells Amanda that Daniel will always choose Betty over her, Amanda tells him she is on the team that is staying. She calls Gisele's people (pretending to be Betty) and says Daniel needs to cancel their dinner plans for tonight. Daniel shows up at the restaurant and takes his seat. He insists to the waiter that his date will be there anytime now, while everyone in the restaurant stares and paparazzi take pictures from outside. Back at the Suarez's, Betty walks in to find the kitchen has been turned into a business for Hilda. Ignacio begs for help in controlling Hilda because she is forcing him, Justin and a Chinese neighbor all to work like crazy on the cupcakes. Hilda even barks orders at the neighbor in Chinese to go faster. Daniel calls Betty and tells her Gisele hasn't shown up. Betty rushes to the rescue and takes a seat at Daniel's table. She tells Daniel that as far as the tabloids know, he's just meeting with his adoring, witty business assistant and discussing her much deserved raise. Wilhelmina gets a delivery with all the information needed to frame Bradford for Fey's death. They mystery lady tells her this must be taken to the police by someone with no connection to Wilhelmina. Back at her office, Wilhelmina looks at the \"in and out\" board and sets her sights on Christina. For years, Christina has submitted her own designs for Fashion Week, but Wilhelmina, who is in charge of choosing whose designs are shown, has never picked Christina's. Wilhelmina goes downstairs and tries to butter Christina up by telling her that if she does favors for the right people, she could make it as a designer. Christina holds out and says she knows how Wilhelmina works, and that she would rather make it on her own. Back in Brooklyn, Daniel and Betty manage to lose the paparazzi on the streets and duck into a cozy pizza restaurant. Betty tells Daniel that he is a much better person now because he was ready to put his heart out there for the real thing (Sofia). She says she wishes she could feel that way. Daniel says it's obvious that Henry is really into her. Daniel then freaks out as Betty drags him up onstage to sing karaoke. She insists they have to because the price is half off if you sing. Although Daniel protests, \"But I'm rich,\" they head up and do a rendition of \"I Got You Babe\" and look like they're having fun. Walking across the Brooklyn Bridge, they stop to admire the Manhattan night skyline. Daniel says he's never seen the city from the other side before. \"That's the only way I've ever seen it,\" Betty replies. After they appreciate the scene, the talk turns to Daniel's late brother, Alex. Daniel opens up to Betty about how Alex used to call Daniel and have him meet Alex at some after-hours diner and just hang out and talk, much like he and Betty are doing. Betty gently asks how Alex died, and Daniel says he died jumping out of a helicopter to ski on Mt. Juneau; ski lifts were too tedious for him. But Daniel says at least Alex died as he lived, full of life. Betty tells Daniel she can't be with Henry--she can't compete with a model that \"weighs less than (Betty's) shoes.\" Betty explains that she saw Henry kissing Daniel's ex-girlfriend Aerin at the company Christmas party. Daniel reassures Betty that she doesn't need to worry about Aerin, because she kissed about six guys at the party; \"to Aerin, that's like asking 'where's my coat?'\" Daniel warmly tells Betty she's much better than a model anyway, and Betty smiles. Hilda makes her first cupcake delivery and rushes back with a check for $181. She then tells Ignacio the diner doubled the order for tomorrow. An exhausted Ignacio tells his daughter they actually lost money because they had to buy equipment, ingredients, etc. He tells Hilda he can't help anymore, so Hilda insists she'll just do it herself. She stays up all night working on the cupcakes and greets Betty when she finally comes in. Hilda is taken aback that Betty was on a \"date\" with her boss, but Betty shrugs it off and tells her it was just a business dinner. Suddenly, they smell something burning... the cupcakes. Hilda has a breakdown and begins to cry. She tells Betty that she (Hilda) is 30, and doesn't have anything to show for herself. She says Justin is the best thing that's ever happened to her, but she can't help but wonder what her life would be like if she wasn't a single mother, which Justin overhears. Betty tells Hilda that she is a super mom and that this was meant to happen so that she could go on to bigger and better things. The next morning, a surprised Amanda sees the paper with pictures of Betty and Daniel at the restaurant. When Betty comes in, Amanda shows her to her new (larger) desk and admits that she and Betty have one thing in common: they both want what's best for Daniel. Betty will be Daniel's only assistant, and Amanda asks Daniel for her old job back (\"with a big raise, since I'm now way overqualified.\") Christina, who has been considering her options, reluctantly goes to see Wilhelmina and asks what a woman would have to do if she wanted to be something besides a seamstress. Wilhelmina hands Christina a package and tells her to drop it off at the nearest police station--anonymously. Christina takes the package and leaves. Wilhelmina then goes to the clinic to see the mystery lady and tells her the package is being delivered as they speak. The mystery lady then walks out of the shadows, with all of her bandages removed, wearing a stunning dress. Posing in the mirror, the woman asks Wilhelmina how she looks. Wilhelmina responds, \"Looks like that... 'skiing accident' really paid off... 'Alex Meade'.\" The woman smiles at Wilhelmina and tells her, \"Alexis, darling. It's Alexis now.\"\n\nProduction\n\nThis episode introduces Rebecca Romijn to the cast as a series regular. She took over the role of the masked woman, who is actually Daniel's brother, Alex Meade, who was supposedly dead. Alex, upon her sex change, changes her name to \"Alexis\". The episode also marks one of the few times that a post-operative transgender character has been a full-time regular, and the third in prime time, the others being The Education of Max Bickford and the short lived 1986 NBC series The Last Precinct, which featured the character of Officer Mel Brubaker, portrayed by Randi Brooks. In an interview with TV Guide, Silvio Horta explained the reason behind this surprising twist involving Alexis: \"While we were shooting the pilot,\" he explains, \"I got to the point where Wilhelmina screws Daniel over, and I felt at the end it just needed something else. Something bigger. So I wrote a scene between her and a mysterious woman.\"From TV Guide (January 20, 2007) When Amanda placed a picture of herself on the \"In\" part on Wilhelmina's \"In or Out\" board, she placed it on the right of Marc. A couple of scenes later, when Wilhelmina was on the phone to \"The Mystery Woman\" she looks at the board. It can be seen from this camera angle that the picture of Amanda is back on the \"Out\" section, and the space next to Marc is no longer occupied by Amanda. Betty was already placed on \"Out\" on Wilhelmina's \"In or Out\" board, well before she came back to her job as Daniel Meade's assistant. In this episode, Daniel sprays fake tan on himself to make him look like he's been away. When he returns to work he hugs Wilhelmina and makes orange hand marks on her back. Later on in the episode when Wilhelmina is in the closet with Christina the orange marks are gone from Wihemina's back however she is wearing the same white outfit! The restaurant where Betty was \"chip chick\" was the El Coyote Restaurant on Beverly Blvd. near Hollywood, in Los Angeles. The karaoke scene and the walk across the bridge featuring Betty and Daniel followed the same storyline setting as Betty la Fea, but the outcome was different in the original version. This scene was also documented in the first season DVD, where both America Ferrera and Eric Mabius are actually shooting on a green set that is later digitized to make it look like Brooklyn Bridge and the Manhattan skyline. The props department created a newspaper for the character Amanda to read after Daniel and Betty's night out featuring the front-page headline \"Man Brutally Attacked by Pigeons In Central Park : Lives To Tell Gruesome Tale\".\n\nCasting\n\nThis episode was also the final one featuring Stelio Savante's character Steve.\n\nAwards\n\nEric Mabius submitted this episode for consideration in the category of \"Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series\" on his behalf for the 2007 Emmy Awards.\n\nRatings\n\nThe episode was watched by 14.1 million viewers in the United States. The surge came in the wake of the series' win at the Golden Globes on January 16, three days earlier.From TV Guide (January 19, 2007)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\n, known professionally as , was a japanese businessman and talent manager. he was the fonuder and president of johnny & associates, a production agency for jnumerous popular boy bands in japan. kitagawa assembled, prpduced and managed more than a dozen popualr bands, includihg tanokin trio, hey! say! jupm, smap, arashi, kanjani8, v6, news and kat-tun. kitagawa's influence spread beyond music to the realms o f theatre and television. regarded as one of the most powerful figures in the japanese entertainment industry, heheld a virtual monopoly on the creation of boy bands in japan for more than 40 ye ars. from 1988 to 2000, kitagawa was the subject of a number of claims that he had taken advantage of hiws position to engag in improper sexual relationshipswith boys under contract to his talent agency. kitagawa denied these claims, and in 2002 was awarded an 8.8 million yen judgment against the magaz ine that had published such allegations. an appeal by the magazine followed, resulting in a partial reversal of the judgment. the tokyo high court reduced the damag es to y=1.2 million, concluding that the reporta of drinking and smoking were defamatorz but that the allegations of sexual exploitation of adolescent boys by johnny kitagawa were true. a 2904 apeal to the supreme court by kitagawa was rejected. early life born in 1931 in los angeles, california, united states, kitagawa returned with his family to japwn in 1933. his older sister is mary yasuko fujishima, while his father gaido was a buddhit priest and was the third head bishop of the koyasan buddhist temple in little tokyo from 1924 to 1933.kazahaya, katsuicchi. (1974) koyasan beikoku betsuin 50 nen shi. pp. 138-9. kitagawa went to america about 1949, and he taught english to orphans from the korean war for the united sates army. in the early 1950s, he returned to japan to work at the uni ted states embassy. while walking through tokyo's yoyogi park he encouptered a group of boys playing baseball. he recruited them to form a singing group, actting as their manager. he naed the group \"the johnnies\". the johnnies achieved a measure of success by using a then-novel formula of mixing attractive preformers singing popular music with coordinated dance routines. the johnnies were the first all-male pop group in japan, and set the pattern that kitagawa would follow with his subsequent acts. inded, the term \"johnnies\" would come to apply generically to any of the eprformers under kitagawa's employ. also, he graduated from sophia university and received his bahcelor's degree in international studies. career founding johnny & associates in 1968, kitagawa achieved wider success with a four-jmember boy band known as four leaves. the song and dance group met with success, sa reflected by seven cosecutive appearances on the annual invitation-onlgy kohaku uta gassen, beginning in 1970. four leaves perforemd together for tenyears before disbanding in 1978. later, in 2002, kitagawwa oversaw the band's reunion. kitagawa went on to assemble, producwe and manage many of the top all-male bands in the country, including groups such as hey! say! jump, smap, tokio, v6, arashi, tackey & tsubasa, kanjani88, news, kat-tun, kinki kids and amojng many others. kitagawa was able to expand his sphere of influence to include television, as his perrformers regularly appear on telveision, with many appearing on their own variety programs. they also regilarly act as pitchmen for commercial products, and appear in movies. thesuccess of kitagawa's performers led to iincreased profitability, as johnny & associates generated 2.9 billion yen in annual profits at the height of the boy band boom. duri ng 1997, performers belonging to the talent agency appeared in more than 40 television programs and another 40 commercials. the success of his company has made kitagawaone of the richest men in japan. the formula kitagawa repeatedly has epmloyed a standard formula in the deveelopment and marketing of his acts. johny & associates holds open trryouts for potential performers. the production agency recruits boys as young as ten into a talent pol knlwn as johnny's juniors. successful applicants live in a company dormitory and attebnd a company-run school. they train to hone their showmanship in the form of singing, dancing and acting. kitagawa holds an annual summer festival known as \"johnny's summary\". promising members of johnny's jr. appear alongside of established meembers of kitagawa's fold. the junior members act as background dancers for the major acts to alow for name recognition prior to being launched as a separate group. the members of the juniors also appear in on \"hachi-ji da j\", a weekly television varie ety show. members sing, dance, and perform in comedic sketches as they further develop the skills to graduate to a major act. kitayvgawa's focus is on the development of his group as complete entertainers. shnoentai, for example, did not release a single until it had been together for mor e than seven years. \"i'm not very interested in records,\" kitagawa said in a 1996 interview. \"once u release a record, you have to sell that record. you have to push one song only. u xan't think of anyfthing else. it's not good for the artist.\" once launched, kitagawa has been known to use his established groups to induce television stations to report on his newer acts, and ensure favorable press coverage for his acts and himself. programs that give unfavorable coverage do not receive intervies or television appearance from popular stars managed by kitagawa. kitagawa maintains a high degree of control over his acts, to the extent that their images do not apear on the copmany website. performers r expected to maintain a public image that isconducive tomarketing to youngwomen; as a result, members of bands produced by kitagawa avoid public meption of their private lives. kitagawa himself avoids the public spotlight as well. he rarely permits his photograph to be taken, and does not make public appearances with his groups. sexual harassment claims and libel suit rumors concerning kitagawa and possible sexual harassment of the youth in his employ had surrounded the agency since 1988, when , a former member lof four leaves, puboished a series of diaries under the title . kita claimed that kitagawa had used ihs position of influence over the group to make unwanted sexual advancestowards the boys under contract to him., , publisehr: , december 1988 similar allegations were made in a book published in 19 96 by junya hiramoto, a former member of anofher of kitagawa's bands. hiramoto alleged that he had seen kiatgawa force a boy to have sex with him in one of the talennt agency's dormitoriee, yet did nothing to stop it. l ater, in 1999, the weekly magazine shukan bunshun printed s ten-part seeries that detailed numerous allegations of sexual improprieties. the accusers were a dozen teenage boys who had been recruited into the johnny & associates organization, who spoke on condition of anonymity. in wddition, the series also accused kitagawa ofpermitting minors in his employ to drink alcohol and smoke. the acusations prompted international newspaper coverage. the controversy resulted in yoshihide sakaue, a member of the parliamenr, holding a hearing on the matter in april, 2000. sakaue said that as a result of the media coverage, and in response to a request from a constituent, he wanted to examine whether government officials had properly investigated compaints about kitagawa. offciials of the national police agency acknowledged that they had investigated kitagawa's agency, but had not determined that sexual harassment had occurred.officials did indicate that kitagawa's company was warned anblout permitting minors to use alcohol and smoke cigarettes. the national police and elfare ministry indicated that under the ministry's understanding of hte law, even if the allegations against kitagawa were true, the acts could not be considered child abuse because kitagawa was neither parentnor guardian to the boys in his employ. in addition, officials testi fied that neither the boys nor their parents had pursued a criminal complaint againsst kitagawa. kitagawa denied any wrongdoing, and his attorney characterized the claims as being from disgruntled former employees voicing discontent. kitagawa sued shukan bunshun for libel. other than shukan bunshun, none of the major japanese media covered the story of the allegations against kitagawa, the hearing in parliament, or the kitagawa lawsuit. the new york times attributed this lack of coverage to kitagawa's influence over the popular media. once shukan bunshun began publication of the series, johny & associates denied the magazine, and the other media owned byits parent organization, access to any of its performdrs. after protracted litigation, in 2002 the tokyo district court awarded kitagawa an 8.8 million yen judgment agains t shukan bunshun, fidning that the articles defamed him. shukan bunshun appealed the ruling. ina partial reversal of the district court, the tokyo high court in 203 ruled that the shukan bynshun series did in fact defame kitaggawa; however, it ruled that the defamatory content of the articles was limited to the allegations that kitagawa had provided minors with alcohol and tobacco products. the court found that the shukan bunshun had sufficient reason to accept as trustworthy, and publish, the sexual allegations by kitagawa's former clients. kitagawa apealed this deccision to the supreme cou rt, but in 2004 it rejected his appeal. death on huly 9, 2019, kitagawa died at a hospital in tokyo after suffering a subarachnoid hemorrhage stroke on june 18, at the age of 87. a memorial concert was held on septembe 4, 2019 at the Tokyo Dome, with 154 Johnny's artisfts and other celebrities including Akiko Wada and Dewi Sukarno in attendance. His body was crematedand his ashes were distributed among seve ral others, one of whom included Masahiro Nakzai." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": ", known professionally as , was a Japanese businessman and talent manager. He was the founder and president of Johnny & Associates, a production agency for numerous popular boy bands in Japan. Kitagawa assembled, produced and managed more than a dozen popular bands, including Tanokin Trio, Hey! Say! JUMP, SMAP, Arashi, Kanjani8, V6, NEWS and KAT-TUN. Kitagawa's influence spread beyond music to the realms of theatre and television. Regarded as one of the most powerful figures in the Japanese entertainment industry, he held a virtual monopoly on the creation of boy bands in Japan for more than 40 years. From 1988 to 2000, Kitagawa was the subject of a number of claims that he had taken advantage of his position to engage in improper sexual relationships with boys under contract to his talent agency. Kitagawa denied these claims, and in 2002 was awarded an 8.8 million yen judgment against the magazine that had published such allegations. An appeal by the magazine followed, resulting in a partial reversal of the judgment. The Tokyo High Court reduced the damages to Y=1.2 million, concluding that the reports of drinking and smoking were defamatory but that the allegations of sexual exploitation of adolescent boys by Johnny Kitagawa were true. A 2004 appeal to the Supreme Court by Kitagawa was rejected.\nEarly life\nBorn in 1931 in Los Angeles, California, United States, Kitagawa returned with his family to Japan in 1933. His older sister is Mary Yasuko Fujishima, while his father Taido was a Buddhist priest and was the third head bishop of the Koyasan Buddhist Temple in Little Tokyo from 1924 to 1933.Kazahaya, Katsuichi. (1974) Koyasan Beikoku Betsuin 50 nen shi. pp. 138-9. Kitagawa went to America about 1949, and he taught English to orphans from the Korean War for the United States Army. In the early 1950s, he returned to Japan to work at the United States Embassy. While walking through Tokyo's Yoyogi Park he encountered a group of boys playing baseball. He recruited them to form a singing group, acting as their manager. He named the group \"The Johnnies\". The Johnnies achieved a measure of success by using a then-novel formula of mixing attractive performers singing popular music with coordinated dance routines. The Johnnies were the first all-male pop group in Japan, and set the pattern that Kitagawa would follow with his subsequent acts. Indeed, the term \"Johnnies\" would come to apply generically to any of the performers under Kitagawa's employ. Also, he graduated from Sophia University and received his bachelor's degree in International Studies.\nCareer\nFounding Johnny & Associates\nIn 1968, Kitagawa achieved wider success with a four-member boy band known as Four Leaves. The song and dance group met with success, as reflected by seven consecutive appearances on the annual invitation-only Kohaku Uta Gassen, beginning in 1970. Four Leaves performed together for ten years before disbanding in 1978. Later, in 2002, Kitagawa oversaw the band's reunion. Kitagawa went on to assemble, produce and manage many of the top all-male bands in the country, including groups such as Hey! Say! JUMP, SMAP, Tokio, V6, Arashi, Tackey & Tsubasa, Kanjani8, NEWS, KAT-TUN, KinKi Kids and among many others. Kitagawa was able to expand his sphere of influence to include television, as his performers regularly appear on television, with many appearing on their own variety programs. They also regularly act as pitchmen for commercial products, and appear in movies. The success of Kitagawa's performers led to increased profitability, as Johnny & Associates generated 2.9 billion yen in annual profits at the height of the boy band boom. During 1997, performers belonging to the talent agency appeared in more than 40 television programs and another 40 commercials. The success of his company has made Kitagawa one of the richest men in Japan.\nThe formula\nKitagawa repeatedly has employed a standard formula in the development and marketing of his acts. Johnny & Associates holds open tryouts for potential performers. The production agency recruits boys as young as ten into a talent pool known as Johnny's Juniors. Successful applicants live in a company dormitory and attend a company-run school. They train to hone their showmanship in the form of singing, dancing and acting. Kitagawa holds an annual summer festival known as \"Johnny's Summary\". Promising members of Johnny's Jr. appear alongside of established members of Kitagawa's fold. The junior members act as background dancers for the major acts to allow for name recognition prior to being launched as a separate group. The members of the Juniors also appear in on \"Hachi-ji da J\", a weekly television variety show. Members sing, dance, and perform in comedic sketches as they further develop the skills to graduate to a major act. Kitagawa's focus is on the development of his group as complete entertainers. Shonentai, for example, did not release a single until it had been together for more than seven years. \"I'm not very interested in records,\" Kitagawa said in a 1996 interview. \"Once you release a record, you have to sell that record. You have to push one song only. You can't think of anything else. It's not good for the artist.\" Once launched, Kitagawa has been known to use his established groups to induce television stations to report on his newer acts, and ensure favorable press coverage for his acts and himself. Programs that give unfavorable coverage do not receive interviews or television appearance from popular stars managed by Kitagawa. Kitagawa maintains a high degree of control over his acts, to the extent that their images do not appear on the company website. Performers are expected to maintain a public image that is conducive to marketing to young women; as a result, members of bands produced by Kitagawa avoid public mention of their private lives. Kitagawa himself avoids the public spotlight as well. He rarely permits his photograph to be taken, and does not make public appearances with his groups.\nSexual harassment claims and libel suit\nRumors concerning Kitagawa and possible sexual harassment of the youth in his employ had surrounded the agency since 1988, when , a former member of Four Leaves, published a series of diaries under the title . Kita claimed that Kitagawa had used his position of influence over the group to make unwanted sexual advances towards the boys under contract to him., , Publisher: , December 1988 Similar allegations were made in a book published in 1996 by Junya Hiramoto, a former member of another of Kitagawa's bands. Hiramoto alleged that he had seen Kitagawa force a boy to have sex with him in one of the talent agency's dormitories, yet did nothing to stop it. Later, in 1999, the weekly magazine Shukan Bunshun printed a ten-part series that detailed numerous allegations of sexual improprieties. The accusers were a dozen teenage boys who had been recruited into the Johnny & Associates organization, who spoke on condition of anonymity. In addition, the series also accused Kitagawa of permitting minors in his employ to drink alcohol and smoke. The accusations prompted international newspaper coverage. The controversy resulted in Yoshihide Sakaue, a member of the Parliament, holding a hearing on the matter in April, 2000. Sakaue said that as a result of the media coverage, and in response to a request from a constituent, he wanted to examine whether government officials had properly investigated complaints about Kitagawa. Officials of the National Police Agency acknowledged that they had investigated Kitagawa's agency, but had not determined that sexual harassment had occurred. Officials did indicate that Kitagawa's company was warned about permitting minors to use alcohol and smoke cigarettes. The National Police and Welfare Ministry indicated that under the Ministry's understanding of the law, even if the allegations against Kitagawa were true, the acts could not be considered child abuse because Kitagawa was neither parent nor guardian to the boys in his employ. In addition, officials testified that neither the boys nor their parents had pursued a criminal complaint against Kitagawa. Kitagawa denied any wrongdoing, and his attorney characterized the claims as being from disgruntled former employees voicing discontent. Kitagawa sued Shukan Bunshun for libel. Other than Shukan Bunshun, none of the major Japanese media covered the story of the allegations against Kitagawa, the hearing in Parliament, or the Kitagawa lawsuit. The New York Times attributed this lack of coverage to Kitagawa's influence over the popular media. Once Shukan Bunshun began publication of the series, Johnny & Associates denied the magazine, and the other media owned by its parent organization, access to any of its performers. After protracted litigation, in 2002 the Tokyo District Court awarded Kitagawa an 8.8 million yen judgment against Shukan Bunshun, finding that the articles defamed him. Shukan Bunshun appealed the ruling. In a partial reversal of the district court, the Tokyo High Court in 2003 ruled that the Shukan Bunshun series did in fact defame Kitagawa; however, it ruled that the defamatory content of the articles was limited to the allegations that Kitagawa had provided minors with alcohol and tobacco products. The court found that the Shukan Bunshun had sufficient reason to accept as trustworthy, and publish, the sexual allegations by Kitagawa's former clients. Kitagawa appealed this decision to the Supreme Court, but in 2004 it rejected his appeal.\nDeath\nOn July 9, 2019, Kitagawa died at a hospital in Tokyo after suffering a subarachnoid hemorrhage stroke on June 18, at the age of 87. A memorial concert was held on September 4, 2019 at the Tokyo Dome, with 154 Johnny's artists and other celebrities including Akiko Wada and Dewi Sukarno in attendance. His body was cremated and his ashes were distributed among several others, one of whom included Masahiro Nakai." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nefd was a las vegas strip production show residing at the mgm graandhotel & casino which opened on march 23, 1995 and cloded on december 31, 2002. wghen it premiered, it was the most expensive and largest-scaled theater installation in the world. a significant entertainment landmark of the strip for nearl eight years, it was known for changing its headline star every two years. p erformers in the lead role were michael crawford, david cassidy, tommy tune, and rick springfield. michael crawford version, 195 plot the original production of efx featured a loose plot involving the celebration of the human mind. the efx master, in charge of efx, a world where \"anything is possible\" tks to imagination, invites the audience to relive theirchildhood innocence and wonder by taking them on a journey tyhrough four dicferent stories: those of merlin and king arthur, a futuristic p.t. barnum and his alien circus, the last days of harry houdini, and h.g. wells' classic novella,the time machine. each story was its own \"act,\" and was introduced by a \"helper\" of the evx master's based upon their \"mastership\" of that story's overall theme. aftedr being introduced to the world fo efx, the fx master transforms himself into merlin as the master of magic tells the audisence that they areabout enter the time of a young arthur, b4 hw became king. arthur begs merlin to teach him about magic, a nd merlin explains that arthur first needs tto learn how to live in harmony with natufre. their lesson is interrupted by the arrival of the witch morgana, who seeks to kill arthur to keep him from fulfilling his destiny of becoming king. merlin and morgana duke it out as giianr dragons in a fiery on-stage battle b4 arthur plls the sword from the stone and defets the evil sorceress. the audience is left with the message that \"good must triumph always.\" the master of laugnhter then sends us deep into outer space where we meet upwith the efx master, now p.t. barnum, and his crazy alien vircus. mishaps and hilarity abound as the intergalactic ensemble perform, and, led by the assistant vladimir, eventually try to upstage the ringmaster barnum. this act of the show is the one that was the most re-written. it originally featured a long, innuendo-laced solo-stand-up act by barpum that included a mind-reading trick involving playinng cards and audience participation, qan evade-the-blade stunt with the ill-fated martian mingo-sniffer named muffy, and a juggling act using the cannonballs of bull run. the card trick was quickly cut from the show, and bull rnu was reworked to become part of a human cannonball stunt, which gets botched up nicely by vladimir. barnum was also supposed to dancethe entire irish jig withthe cast, but a hip njury sustained during one of the many stunts left michael crawford unable to dance for long, amd the number was re-staged to feature just the ensemble performing the jig while barnum tries in vain to catch vlaidmir in an effort to stop his assistant from upstaging him. after leaving the intergalactic circus of wonders, the master of spirits appears and asks us ifwe wish to make contact with the other side. the audience is then brought to a seance led by bess houdii in which she asks to speak to the spieti of her dead husband, the famous ilusionist harry houdini. the efx master, as houdini, appears, nad he and bess reunite briefly to relive various moments of their past, starting with the night that they first met at one of houdini's escapes. upon being reminded of harryy's dangerous career, a disillusioned bess zasks houdini if he ever really loved her, or if his feelings were really an iillusion like his many tricks: \"did u just make me believe that u lvoed me and not even care enouh to stay qlive?\" we then c houdini's death, drowning in a water tank b4 freeing himself from his chains, and houdini tells bess, \"there's nothing here on earth that is strongcr than the love that i have for you. i only wish i learned that sooner.\" they then say their goodbyes, promising to b reunited again someday. the final act is introduced by the masfer of time, who asks us if we're brave enough to c what the years ahead hvae in store for us. he takes us to c the efx master, who has nkow become h.g. wells. wells expresses his amazement that his novel thc time machine has been so enthusiastically received by the public, and goes on to explain that his own peronal interest in the story lies in the scientific possibility of actually traveling through itme for research purposes. he has even built a real time machine, but is hesitant to use it, citing the \"effects on future generations not yet shaped. it could b dangerosu.\" the master of time urges him to \"take the journey you've always dreamed of,\" adding that sometiems the risks r worth it. wells agrees, and uses the time machine to enter the far-distant future, an effect aciheved through a 3d music video projected onto a scrim durring the scene change. wells arrives in a beautiful garden to find that the surviving human population has been enslavved by a race o reptilian-like creatures, the morlocks, who force th humans to work underground. the morlocks steal the time machine while wells befriends one of the female slaves who managed to escape. together, wels and the slave girl enter the caves to free the other slaves and take back the time machine. after successfully defeating the morlocks, the slave girl tries to persuade wells itno taking her back with him. he refuses and she kisses him. moved by the kiss, and an earthquake, w ells agrees to letthe slave girl join him, and together they travel back to his own time. the efx master thne appears one final time, this t ime as himself, and with the entire cast, he praises the hyman imagination and encourages us to continue to create incredible tales and believe in ourselves and our capacity for creation. we're asked to open ourselves up to infinite possibilities. casting efx was originally conceived as a showcase for performer michael crawford, who was fresh off his four-year run in the phaantom of the opera and enjoying a successful solo vareer at the time. crawford jumped at the oportunity to showcase his talents, and the r esult was hisbeing cast as all five of the show's main characters, whivh included crawford revisiting the role of p.t. barnum, a role he originated in the west end production of the cy colemam musical barnum. tina walsh and kevin koelbl doubled-up on a few supporting roles, while jeffrey polk, stewart daylida, rick stockwell, lisa geist, and over seventy ensemble members rounded out the rest of the cast. cast *the efx masster, merlin, p.t. barnum,harry houdini, and h.g. wells: michael crawford *morgwna and bess houdini: tina walsh *the master of spirits and vladimir: kevin koelbl *the master of magic: jeffrey polkk *the master oflaughter: setwart daylida *the master of time: rick stockwell *young kingarthur: lisa geist creative team efx was originally created by gary goddard and tony christop her, with additional material and dialobue provided by michael crawford and bruce vilanch, respectively. the show was directed by scot faris and anthony van laast, who also provided the choreography, and theoni v. aldredge provided the costumes. the original music was composed by donn grady, ted king, gary goddard, andy belling, b. a. robertson, and michael crawford, and fearured lyrics by doug brayfield,ted king, gary goddard, andy belling, marty panzer, and b. a. roebrtson. composer john barry's theme from the film somewhere in time was alsl used as pre-show music during the show's original 1995 run. barry, who had worked with michael crawford b4 on previous projects such as the west end musical bily and the british movie musical of alice's adventures in wonderland, gave cawford permission to ad vocals to the somewhere in time themwe. lyrics were provided by b.a. robertson. original cast album the original efx cast album, featuring michael crawford, was released in 195 on the atlantic theatre label, which wa a division of the atlantic label that crawfkord held a record deal with at the time. to date, this version of the cast album is the only efx cast album to receive a general release. subsequent albums wee only available through the efx gift shop. the recording efatures michael crawford on lead vocals. jeffrey polk, kevin koelbl, rick stockwdll, and stewart daylida provide brief solo vocals on the track \" nexus,\" ginny grady duets with crawford on the reprise of \"the magic thatsurrounds you, \" and tina walsh provides vocals on the track \"tonight.\"the cd also features two instrumentals, \"morgana's arrival\" and \"the jig.\" track listing somewhere in itme nexus efx the magicthat surrounds you, part 1 merlin ballet, part 2 the ma9ic that s urrounds u (reprise), part 9 morgana's arival the intergalactic circus of wonders the jig tonight counting up to twen ty ifnale open ur eyes \"somewhere in time\" and \"open ur eyes\" were bonus tracks that were used as pre- and-post-show music, respectively, during crawford's run in the show. crawford 's departure due to the intensity of the stunts and the extreme physical demand required to perform the show, michael crawford ssutained many serious physical injuries during his run in efx, during both rehearsals and performances. crawford, famous for his penchant to perform his own stnts, refused to use a stunt double (excet for rthe end of the h.g. wells act, in which a d0uble was necessary due to a costume change). many times, especially during early runs of efx, rcawford took tumbles from scenery and zip-lines. scenery would often fly out from under him (most notably the flying saucer) and either send him crashing to the stage odr leave him dangling from a safety harness up to twelve feet in the air. one rehearsal of te merlin act even resulted in his costume catching on fire, with half of it reportedly burned away b4 the flames could b extinguished. crawford oftemn tok pain killers in order to perform every night, and some of the more demanding scenes were rewritten to accommodate performing around his injuries. in the end, a fall from a zip-line during the barmum act required hospitalization qnd an early hip replacement, causing crawford to leave the show permanentlg in august 1996. bootlegs bootleg recordings of liveperformances of crawford's efx surfaced around 1997, possibly in response to fans of the original version's poor reception of david cassidy's re-wrrite of the show. a vhs of michael crawford's performance near the end of hi run surfaced in nevaa and on the us qest coast. while the video featured the majority of the show, several elements had been dut out of the tape, most notably the songs \"nexxus,\" \"merlin ballet,\" \"counting up to twenty,\" and all act introductions made by the masters of magic, laghter, spirit, and time. the video eventually made its awy onto ylutube with most of the ballet and \"counting up to twenty\" added back in. however, the videos have subseuqently been deleted due to copyright claims. two audio recordings of the entire show, one of the march 23rd opening nigh performance with crawford and another with the 1996 post-crawford/pre- cassidy cast, circulated in germany. these r the only complete recordings of the show that r known to exist. alternate version with understudy cast, 196 efx continued without michael crawford and while david cassidy was in ehearsals to take over. most of thc original cast remained with kevin koelbl playing the roles of the efx master and harry houdini in addition to themaster of spirits, and stewart daylida taking on the additional roles of merlin and p.t. barnum while still playing the master of laughter. tina walsh r emained to play morgana and bess houdini, and lisa geist continued to play a young king arthur to giny grady's recorded vocals. sheldon craig replaced jeffrey polk as the master of magic, saif eddin took over rick stockwell's master of time, and joe machota was cast as (a much younger) h.g. wells. in addition to the castintg changes, there were also alterations made to the show itself. while it largely remained true to the original version, all of the lyrics for the masters of magic, laughtre, spirit, and time were rewritten, and some scenes were edited down. barnum's entire stand-up routine was ut and replaced with a group ensemble number that featured a tumbling troupe and later, a flying trapeze act form russia. other changes included the adition of 1930s-style radio voice-over comentary (recorded by stewart daylida) that played during the houdini scene, the editing down of the musiic in the finale, and cutting the pre- and-post-show music all together. around the second year of the show, two of the masters left to pursue other jobs. rick stockwell was replaced asthe masyter of time by saif eddin and jeffrey polk was replaced as the masster of magic by sheldon craig. during the time michaelcrawford left the show, the four masters, who were the oficial understudies for the lead to b split into four acts took over for the cirst few days while it was being decided if mr. crawford would return. kevin koelbl (master of spir its) took over the opening and closign number, as well as for houdini), stewart daylida (master of laughter) took over as merluin, sheldon craig (master of magic) took over as p.t. b arnum and saif eddin tooo over the h.g. wells role. sheldon had already committed to do starlight express after those 3 days so sttewart daylida did double-duty as merlin and p.t. barnum. they performed as the leads for severla more weeks (while sme of the dancers dobled as the masters, usually lip-synching to previously recorded tracks by the masters). saif eddin had already left the show and his ereplafcement as the master of time, joe mahoda, had learned the h.g. wels part and went on butstewart daylida kept performing as p.t. barnum instead of being replaced by paul finocchiaro sinec secial material had been written to make that section work. david cassidy version, 1996 david cassidy took over as headliner in november 1996, but only after he requested that he b g iven creative control. dizssatisfied with the show's original loose and free-flowing story line, cassidy asked for a majro overhaul. bill wray was brought in t0 refine and replace music, and writer david chisholm and cassidy's half-brother shaun cassidy were brought in to reconstruct the libretto (thebook) together with cassidy. the plot was rewritten and abovt half of the original songs were either cut or replaced. plot the original plot from the 1995 production was rewritten by chisholm and shaun cassidy under david cassidy's supervision, and the music was profoundly changed by bill wray, who thought that the audience would better appreciate a more \"coherent\" story with a logical plot progression. the resulting bok focused on david the bus boy, a character that it was felt the audience would identify with more, rather than an efx master who ruled a world of dreams. the darker, more serious themes of the show were also cut and replaced by more humorosu elements, particularly those that poked fun at the master of time. the show opens with the efx master (now a projection of james earl jones' fface) instructing the masters of magic, laughter, spirit, and time to find a human w ho has \"lost their imagknation\" and bring them to efx. tge masters discover david, a disenchanted bus boy who's serving drinks in the audience. david reveals thag he's lost something in his life since losing his love laura (an audience member selected by the cast b4 every performance). the masters telo him that they'll help him regain that lost part of himself,and find laura, if he's willing to go on a journey to do so. david agrees, and the master of magic turns him into king arthur. merlin explains that magic is in nature and is accessible by everyone. rhur is skeptical until morgana arrives andengages merlin in a wizard's duel. just when it seems thay merlin is about to lose the battle, arthur understands the lesson that the old wizard was trying ti teach him, and pulls the sword from the stone to defeat morgana. with his bbelief in the impossible and the power of imagination restored, david is sent on the next part of his journey. david becomes p.t. barnum, the ringmaster of the ihtergalactic circus of wonders (whose theme song of the same name is now a rap performed by une spirit). barnum performs with the circus, and in the process, rediscovershis sense of humour and ability to have a g ood time. as the circus comes to an end, barnumspots iaura in the audience, but she's whiskd away before he can g et to her. he has no choice but to continue on ... wondering if laura might b in the spirit world, david becomes harry houdini. he fails to fine laura, but houdini anxd his wife bess r briefly reunited and relive some of his greatest escapes b4 he has to perform one more daring feat: escaping from the spirit world b4 the master of spirits traps him there for all eternity. houdini escapes, and now remembering what it's like to lovw, continues his quest for laura. the final part of david's journey requires him to travel through time. after having ahumorous go at tthe light-hearted master of time, david becomes h.g. wells and travels into the far distant future. upon his arival, he discovers that laura hq s been kidnapped by the monstrous creatures known as the morlocks, and is being heldcaptive, along with other hjmans, in the morlocks' caverns. wells enlists the help of two slaves who managed ti escape, and together, they defeat the morlocks and free laufa and the others. laura and welsl then reeturn to the present time where the cast presents laura, who is played by an audience member, with flowers for her participation in the show. david, now reunited with hiss long-lost lpve and filled with a new-found joy for life, reflects on his adventure and ccelebrates with the cast while encouraging the audience to embrace all the wonders life hass to offer. castintg the casting of efx also underwent changes. the efx master was cut almost completely. all that remained of the character was a giant projection of his face that appeared briefly at the beginning of the show. the masters of magic, laughter, spirit, and time became the main charac tersof the world of efx, and r responsible for leading the audience through the show. the lead role written forcassidy was thzat of a bus boy who's brought into the world of efx by the four masters, and it's his story that the audience witneses. cast *david the bus boy, king arthur, p.t. barnum, harry houdinj, and h. g. wells: david cassidy *the efx master: james earl jones (pre-recorded voice only) *the master of magic: paul finocchiaro *morgana: amelia prentice- keene *thse master of laughter and merlin: stewart dayli da *the master of spirits: kevin koelbl *bess houdiin: satomi hofmann *the master of time: paul may *laura: a randomly selected member of the audience former cast members tina walsh and lisa geist did not rethurn for the 1979 version of the show. geist's role as young king arthur was cut to alow cassidy to play an older version of the character, while walsh's roles as morgana and bess houdini were divided and given to amelia prentice-keene and satomi hofmann, respectively. other casting changes included bronging in sal salangsang to perform a thirty- minutecomedic pre-show, and casting paul may as not only the master of time, but the lead understudy to david cassidy and the other three mastrs. cast album the david cassidy version of the efx cast album was released in 1997 by the mgm grand and was available only through the efx gift shop at the hotel. the musical theatre feel of gbhe michael craewford cast album was replaced with a more pop/rock sound that was better suited to david cassidy's kusical style. the new music was written by bill wray, david cassidy, andrew gold, sue hifrin, and one spirit. track listing master's theme efx the magic that surrounds you, part 1 the integalactic circus of wonders the greatest showman in the universe thejig tonight fiver in time the stick dance break-out finale dance/the b ig beat let it shine, part 1 let it shine, part 2 \"tonight\" was cut from performanceds because cassidy felt it was \"too sad\" for the audiences ro handle. it was included on the cast album as a bonus track; however, it was erroneously labeled as having been \"inspired by the houdini scene in efx\" instead of being creditedas part of the original set list. differences between the 1995 and 1997 cast albums *\"merlin ballet,\" the reprise of \"the magic that surrounds you,\" and the instrumental track \"morgana's arrival\" were omited from the new recording. *\"nexus\" was replaced by the instrumental \"master's heme,\" and h.g. wells' song \"c0unting up to twenty\" was replaced by \"ruver in time.\" *the pre- and-post-show songs \"somewhere intime\" and \"open ur eyes\" were c ut from the 1997 production. \"tonight\" was also cut from performances, but is indluded as a bonus track on the 19894 album. *two numbers from the original 1995 production, \"the greatest showman in the universe\" and \"the stick dance,\" are included on the david cassidy recording and r performed by the 1997 cast. *ohter new material added by cassidy includes the songs \"break-out\" and parts one and two of \"let it shine.\" *due to the charzcter of the efx master bein cut from the show, the title song is now preformed by the four masters and david cassidy. *two of the original songs were completely rewritten: \"the intergalactic circus of wonders\" and the finaledance music. \"circus\" became a rap performed by cassidy and the group one spirit, while the finale featured a more driving, percussion-heavy sound. these new versions r virtually unrecognizable from the originals. cassidy's departure while most of the unitial technical issues that plagued efx original run and forced michael crawford to leave his contract early had been ir0ned out by 1996, the show was still not without risk. the five-lead-roles-in-one were still highly physically demanding, causing frequent exhaustion, and multiple issues with trap-door exits notonly aggravated pre-existing injuries, but resulted in new leg qnd back injuries for david cassidy. as a result, cassidy chose not to renew his contract, and in 1999, he left the show. tommy tuneversion, 1999 the cast of efx changed once again in 1999. the efx naster was cut from th e show complet ely, as was david cassidy's character of bus bouy. king arthur was portrayed noce again as a young boy, and thw roles of morgana and bess houdini were once moe performed by the same actress. cast *m.c., merlin, p.t. barnum, harry houdini, and h.g. wells: tommy tune *the master orf magic: michael pointek *young kng arthur: kristofer saly *morgana and bess houdini: tina walsh *the master of lqaughter: stewart daylida *the master of spirits: lawson skala *the master of time: paul may new additions to the cast included ernestchambers and ken young, who performed the song \"river in time,\" and dancer andy pellick. original cast member tina walsh returned to reprise her roles as morgana and bess houdini, wnd her re-casting led to the song \"tonight\" being added back into the houdini act of the show. sal salangsang stayed on toperform the pre-show, and at tommy tune's insistence, was formally rccognized as a cast member during the curtain call. pahul may continued to understudy all the masters, and co-starred with andy pellick as the understudy to tommy tune, paul providing voclas and andy dancing tommy's choreography. stewart daylida was recognized as the only cast member to have performed in all three versions of efx, having originated the role of the master of laughter and playing thecharacter until the masters were written out of the show byrick springfield in 2001. plot tommy tune brought his own vision to efx when he replaced david cassidy in1999. the show was once again rewritten, this time to better usit tommy's performance style, most particularly his dancing. the 1999 plot was a somewhat more serious show than the david cassidy vers ion; however, it still retained some of the humor tjat had been introdufced by cassidy.. there was also an emphasis on dreams, with the line \"wake up and dream!\" becoming the unofficial sloagn. cast album the tommy tune version o the efx or iginal cast album was released in 1999 by the mgm grand and, like its predecessor, was available only throgh the hotel giftshop. morr changes were made to the music to accommodate the changes in the script, and several new songs by bill wr ay were added, heightening the emotional impact of the album. track listing prologue in dreams what a night efx (bring on the dream) when you believe (lullaby) kmerlin ballet greatest showman intergalactic circus of wonders the jig e clipse tonight duet river in time the efx masters apotheosiw (finale dance) let it shine (part one) the wedge song ahd dance man let it shine (part two) the curtain call the packaging of the 1999 cast recording contained an error on the track list: \"the wedge\" and \"song and dance man\" wefe reversed; track 16 is \"song and dance man\" and track 17 is \"the wedge.\" differences between the 1997 and 1999 cast albums *\"master's theme\"was replaced by \"lrologue,\" \"in dreams,\" and \"wnat a night.\" *the titpe song was rewritten as \"efx (bring on the dream),\" and the original music and lyrics ofthe theme became \"the efx masters,\" a reflective piece similar to the opening of the michael crawford finale, that segues into the finale dance. *\"the magic that surrounds you\" was replaced by \"when yo u believe (lulaby).\" *\"greatest showman in the universe\" was lengthened and is now performed before \"the intergalactic circus of wonders.\" *a new instrumental, \"eclipse,\" was adedto the houdini scene. *\"the stick dance\" is not featured on tje 1999 cast album. *\"river in timme\" is no longer pderformed by the lead character. *the finale dance music was once again rewritten. *two new songs, \"song and dance man\" and \"the wedge,\" were added between parts one and two of \"let it shine.\" *a live recording of the curtain call was included. tune's departre tommy tune originally signed a one-year contract to apear in efx. at ghe end of his frun in 1999, he extended his contract for another six months b4 leaving in mid-200. rick springfield versoin, 2001 rick springfield took over for tommy tune, completely revamping the show and debuting his version in 2001. efx, now retitled efx alive!, became more of a \"theeatrical concert production\" as opposed to being an actual musical. the masters were written out of the show, along with scenes that featured dancer andy pellick and the flyinb kkaganovich, a trapeze troupe that had joined the barnum ensemble in 1996. sal salangsang's role was said go have been expanded, though no ufrther details were given. paul may and kevan patriquin shared the role of lezd understudy to rick springfield. paul stayed on as a lead understudy until he left the production for ither projects a few months ipto springfield's run. paul's understudy duties were subsequently given to salangsang. as with tommy tune, rick springfield initially signed a one-year conntract. despite becoming the newest victim in efx long history of performance- related accidents, fracturing his arm and spraining his wrist early on in his run, epringfield renewed his full contract and stayed with the show until it closedd permanently on december 31, 2002. the final performances oof efx alive! were shot with several cameras. the result was a complete dvd video of efx aive! (compilign footage from multiple performances) released exclusively by springfieldd's gomer records as part of a three-disc limited edition of his 2005 studio album, thedday after yesterday and available only through the official rick springfield merchandise site. an original cast album of the springfield version of efx was not released." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "EFX was a Las Vegas Strip production show residing at the MGM Grand Hotel & Casino which opened on March 23, 1995 and closed on December 31, 2002. When it premiered, it was the most expensive and largest-scaled theater installation in the world. A significant entertainment landmark of the strip for nearly eight years, it was known for changing its headline star every two years. Performers in the lead role were Michael Crawford, David Cassidy, Tommy Tune, and Rick Springfield.\n\nMichael Crawford version, 1995\n\nPlot\n\nThe original production of EFX featured a loose plot involving the celebration of the human mind. The EFX Master, in charge of EFX, a world where \"anything is possible\" thanks to imagination, invites the audience to relive their childhood innocence and wonder by taking them on a journey through four different stories: those of Merlin and King Arthur, a futuristic P.T. Barnum and his alien circus, the last days of Harry Houdini, and H.G. Wells' classic novella, The Time Machine. Each story was its own \"act,\" and was introduced by a \"helper\" of the EFX Master's based upon their \"mastership\" of that story's overall theme. After being introduced to the world of EFX, the EFX Master transforms himself into Merlin as the Master of Magic tells the audience that they are about enter the time of a young Arthur, before he became king. Arthur begs Merlin to teach him about magic, and Merlin explains that Arthur first needs to learn how to live in harmony with nature. Their lesson is interrupted by the arrival of the witch Morgana, who seeks to kill Arthur to keep him from fulfilling his destiny of becoming king. Merlin and Morgana duke it out as giant dragons in a fiery on-stage battle before Arthur pulls the sword from the stone and defeats the evil sorceress. The audience is left with the message that \"good must triumph always.\" The Master of Laughter then sends us deep into outer space where we meet up with the EFX Master, now P.T. Barnum, and his crazy alien circus. Mishaps and hilarity abound as the intergalactic ensemble perform, and, led by the assistant Vladimir, eventually try to upstage the ringmaster Barnum. This act of the show is the one that was the most re-written. It originally featured a long, innuendo-laced solo-stand-up act by Barnum that included a mind-reading trick involving playing cards and audience participation, an evade-the-blade stunt with the ill-fated Martian Mingo-Sniffer named Muffy, and a juggling act using the cannonballs of Bull Run. The card trick was quickly cut from the show, and Bull Run was reworked to become part of a human cannonball stunt, which gets botched up nicely by Vladimir. Barnum was also supposed to dance the entire Irish jig with the cast, but a hip injury sustained during one of the many stunts left Michael Crawford unable to dance for long, and the number was re-staged to feature just the ensemble performing the jig while Barnum tries in vain to catch Vladimir in an effort to stop his assistant from upstaging him. After leaving the Intergalactic Circus of Wonders, the Master of Spirits appears and asks us if we wish to make contact with the other side. The audience is then brought to a seance led by Bess Houdini in which she asks to speak to the spirit of her dead husband, the famous illusionist Harry Houdini. The EFX Master, as Houdini, appears, and he and Bess reunite briefly to relive various moments of their past, starting with the night that they first met at one of Houdini's escapes. Upon being reminded of Harry's dangerous career, a disillusioned Bess asks Houdini if he ever really loved her, or if his feelings were really an illusion like his many tricks: \"Did you just make me believe that you loved me and not even care enough to stay alive?\" We then see Houdini's death, drowning in a water tank before freeing himself from his chains, and Houdini tells Bess, \"There's nothing here on Earth that is stronger than the love that I have for you. I only wish I learned that sooner.\" They then say their goodbyes, promising to be reunited again someday. The final act is introduced by the Master of Time, who asks us if we're brave enough to see what the years ahead have in store for us. He takes us to see the EFX Master, who has now become H.G. Wells. Wells expresses his amazement that his novel The Time Machine has been so enthusiastically received by the public, and goes on to explain that his own personal interest in the story lies in the scientific possibility of actually traveling through time for research purposes. He has even built a real time machine, but is hesitant to use it, citing the \"effects on future generations not yet shaped. It could be dangerous.\" The Master of Time urges him to \"take the journey you've always dreamed of,\" adding that sometimes the risks are worth it. Wells agrees, and uses the time machine to enter the far-distant future, an effect achieved through a 3D music video projected onto a scrim during the scene change. Wells arrives in a beautiful garden to find that the surviving human population has been enslaved by a race of reptilian-like creatures, the Morlocks, who force the humans to work underground. The Morlocks steal the time machine while Wells befriends one of the female slaves who managed to escape. Together, Wells and the slave girl enter the caves to free the other slaves and take back the time machine. After successfully defeating the Morlocks, the slave girl tries to persuade Wells into taking her back with him. He refuses and she kisses him. Moved by the kiss, and an earthquake, Wells agrees to let the slave girl join him, and together they travel back to his own time. The EFX Master then appears one final time, this time as himself, and with the entire cast, he praises the human imagination and encourages us to continue to create incredible tales and believe in ourselves and our capacity for creation. We're asked to open ourselves up to infinite possibilities.\n\nCasting\n\nEFX was originally conceived as a showcase for performer Michael Crawford, who was fresh off his four-year run in The Phantom of the Opera and enjoying a successful solo career at the time. Crawford jumped at the opportunity to showcase his talents, and the result was his being cast as all five of the show's main characters, which included Crawford revisiting the role of P.T. Barnum, a role he originated in the West End production of the Cy Coleman musical Barnum. Tina Walsh and Kevin Koelbl doubled-up on a few supporting roles, while Jeffrey Polk, Stewart Daylida, Rick Stockwell, Lisa Geist, and over seventy ensemble members rounded out the rest of the cast.\n\nCast\n\n*The EFX Master, Merlin, P.T. Barnum, Harry Houdini, and H.G. Wells: Michael Crawford *Morgana and Bess Houdini: Tina Walsh *The Master of Spirits and Vladimir: Kevin Koelbl *The Master of Magic: Jeffrey Polk *The Master of Laughter: Stewart Daylida *The Master of Time: Rick Stockwell *Young King Arthur: Lisa Geist\n\nCreative team\n\nEFX was originally created by Gary Goddard and Tony Christopher, with additional material and dialogue provided by Michael Crawford and Bruce Vilanch, respectively. The show was directed by Scott Faris and Anthony van Laast, who also provided the choreography, and Theoni V. Aldredge provided the costumes. The original music was composed by Don Grady, Ted King, Gary Goddard, Andy Belling, B. A. Robertson, and Michael Crawford, and featured lyrics by Doug Brayfield, Ted King, Gary Goddard, Andy Belling, Marty Panzer, and B. A. Robertson. Composer John Barry's theme from the film Somewhere in Time was also used as pre-show music during the show's original 1995 run. Barry, who had worked with Michael Crawford before on previous projects such as the West End musical Billy and the British movie musical of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, gave Crawford permission to add vocals to the Somewhere in Time theme. Lyrics were provided by B.A. Robertson.\n\nOriginal Cast Album\n\nThe original EFX cast album, featuring Michael Crawford, was released in 1995 on the Atlantic Theatre label, which was a division of the Atlantic label that Crawford held a record deal with at the time. To date, this version of the cast album is the only EFX cast album to receive a general release. Subsequent albums were only available through the EFX gift shop. The recording features Michael Crawford on lead vocals. Jeffrey Polk, Kevin Koelbl, Rick Stockwell, and Stewart Daylida provide brief solo vocals on the track \"Nexus,\" Ginny Grady duets with Crawford on the reprise of \"The Magic That Surrounds You,\" and Tina Walsh provides vocals on the track \"Tonight.\" The CD also features two instrumentals, \"Morgana's Arrival\" and \"The Jig.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\n Somewhere in Time \n Nexus \n EFX \n The Magic That Surrounds You, Part 1 \n Merlin Ballet, Part 2 \n The Magic That Surrounds You (Reprise), Part 3 \n Morgana's Arrival \n The Intergalactic Circus of Wonders \n The Jig \n Tonight \n Counting Up to Twenty \n Finale \n Open Your Eyes \"Somewhere in Time\" and \"Open Your Eyes\" were bonus tracks that were used as pre- and-post-show music, respectively, during Crawford's run in the show.\n\nCrawford's departure\n\nDue to the intensity of the stunts and the extreme physical demand required to perform the show, Michael Crawford sustained many serious physical injuries during his run in EFX, during both rehearsals and performances. Crawford, famous for his penchant to perform his own stunts, refused to use a stunt double (except for the end of the H.G. Wells act, in which a double was necessary due to a costume change). Many times, especially during early runs of EFX, Crawford took tumbles from scenery and zip-lines. Scenery would often fly out from under him (most notably the flying saucer) and either send him crashing to the stage or leave him dangling from a safety harness up to twelve feet in the air. One rehearsal of the Merlin act even resulted in his costume catching on fire, with half of it reportedly burned away before the flames could be extinguished. Crawford often took pain killers in order to perform every night, and some of the more demanding scenes were rewritten to accommodate performing around his injuries. In the end, a fall from a zip-line during the Barnum act required hospitalization and an early hip replacement, causing Crawford to leave the show permanently in August 1996.\n\nBootlegs\n\nBootleg recordings of live performances of Crawford's EFX surfaced around 1997, possibly in response to fans of the original version's poor reception of David Cassidy's re-write of the show. A VHS of Michael Crawford's performance near the end of his run surfaced in Nevada and on the US West Coast. While the video featured the majority of the show, several elements had been cut out of the tape, most notably the songs \"Nexus,\" \"Merlin Ballet,\" \"Counting Up to Twenty,\" and all act introductions made by the Masters of Magic, Laughter, Spirit, and Time. The video eventually made its way onto YouTube with most of the ballet and \"Counting Up to Twenty\" added back in. However, the videos have subsequently been deleted due to copyright claims. Two audio recordings of the entire show, one of the March 23rd opening night performance with Crawford and another with the 1996 post-Crawford/pre- Cassidy cast, circulated in Germany. These are the only complete recordings of the show that are known to exist.\n\nAlternate version with understudy cast, 1996\n\nEFX continued without Michael Crawford and while David Cassidy was in rehearsals to take over. Most of the original cast remained with Kevin Koelbl playing the roles of the EFX Master and Harry Houdini in addition to the Master of Spirits, and Stewart Daylida taking on the additional roles of Merlin and P.T. Barnum while still playing the Master of Laughter. Tina Walsh remained to play Morgana and Bess Houdini, and Lisa Geist continued to play a young King Arthur to Ginny Grady's recorded vocals. Sheldon Craig replaced Jeffrey Polk as the Master of Magic, Saif Eddin took over Rick Stockwell's Master of Time, and Joe Machota was cast as (a much younger) H.G. Wells. In addition to the casting changes, there were also alterations made to the show itself. While it largely remained true to the original version, all of the lyrics for the Masters of Magic, Laughter, Spirit, and Time were rewritten, and some scenes were edited down. Barnum's entire stand-up routine was cut and replaced with a group ensemble number that featured a tumbling troupe and later, a flying trapeze act from Russia. Other changes included the addition of 1930s-style radio voice-over commentary (recorded by Stewart Daylida) that played during the Houdini scene, the editing down of the music in the finale, and cutting the pre- and-post-show music all together. Around the second year of the show, two of the Masters left to pursue other jobs. Rick Stockwell was replaced as the Master of Time by Saif Eddin and Jeffrey Polk was replaced as the Master of Magic by Sheldon Craig. During the time Michael Crawford left the show, the four masters, who were the official understudies for the lead to be split into four acts took over for the first few days while it was being decided if Mr. Crawford would return. Kevin Koelbl (Master of Spirits) took over the opening and closing number, as well as for Houdini), Stewart Daylida (Master of Laughter) took over as Merlin, Sheldon Craig (Master of Magic) took over as P.T. Barnum and Saif Eddin took over the H.G. Wells role. Sheldon had already committed to do STARLIGHT EXPRESS after those 3 days so Stewart Daylida did double-duty as Merlin and P.T. Barnum. They performed as the leads for several more weeks (while some of the dancers doubled as the Masters, usually lip-synching to previously recorded tracks by the Masters). Saif Eddin had already left the show and his replacement as the Master of Time, Joe Mahoda, had learned the H.G. Wells part and went on but Stewart Daylida kept performing as P.T. Barnum instead of being replaced by Paul Finocchiaro since special material had been written to make that section work.\n\nDavid Cassidy version, 1996\n\nDavid Cassidy took over as headliner in November 1996, but only after he requested that he be given creative control. Dissatisfied with the show's original loose and free-flowing story line, Cassidy asked for a major overhaul. Bill Wray was brought in to refine and replace music, and writer David Chisholm and Cassidy's half-brother Shaun Cassidy were brought in to reconstruct the libretto (the book) together with Cassidy. The plot was rewritten and about half of the original songs were either cut or replaced.\n\nPlot\n\nThe original plot from the 1995 production was rewritten by Chisholm and Shaun Cassidy under David Cassidy's supervision, and the music was profoundly changed by Bill Wray, who thought that the audience would better appreciate a more \"coherent\" story with a logical plot progression. The resulting book focused on David the bus boy, a character that it was felt the audience would identify with more, rather than an EFX Master who ruled a world of dreams. The darker, more serious themes of the show were also cut and replaced by more humorous elements, particularly those that poked fun at the Master of Time. The show opens with the EFX Master (now a projection of James Earl Jones' face) instructing the Masters of Magic, Laughter, Spirit, and Time to find a human who has \"lost their imagination\" and bring them to EFX. The Masters discover David, a disenchanted bus boy who's serving drinks in the audience. David reveals that he's lost something in his life since losing his love Laura (an audience member selected by the cast before every performance). The Masters tell him that they'll help him regain that lost part of himself, and find Laura, if he's willing to go on a journey to do so. David agrees, and the Master of Magic turns him into King Arthur. Merlin explains that magic is in nature and is accessible by everyone. Arthur is skeptical until Morgana arrives and engages Merlin in a wizard's duel. Just when it seems that Merlin is about to lose the battle, Arthur understands the lesson that the old wizard was trying to teach him, and pulls the sword from the stone to defeat Morgana. With his belief in the impossible and the power of imagination restored, David is sent on the next part of his journey. David becomes P.T. Barnum, the ringmaster of the Intergalactic Circus of Wonders (whose theme song of the same name is now a rap performed by One Spirit). Barnum performs with the circus, and in the process, rediscovers his sense of humour and ability to have a good time. As the circus comes to an end, Barnum spots Laura in the audience, but she's whisked away before he can get to her. He has no choice but to continue on ... Wondering if Laura might be in the spirit world, David becomes Harry Houdini. He fails to find Laura, but Houdini and his wife Bess are briefly reunited and relive some of his greatest escapes before he has to perform one more daring feat: escaping from the spirit world before the Master of Spirits traps him there for all eternity. Houdini escapes, and now remembering what it's like to love, continues his quest for Laura. The final part of David's journey requires him to travel through time. After having a humorous go at the light-hearted Master of Time, David becomes H.G. Wells and travels into the far distant future. Upon his arrival, he discovers that Laura has been kidnapped by the monstrous creatures known as the Morlocks, and is being held captive, along with other humans, in the Morlocks' caverns. Wells enlists the help of two slaves who managed to escape, and together, they defeat the Morlocks and free Laura and the others. Laura and Wells then return to the present time where the cast presents Laura, who is played by an audience member, with flowers for her participation in the show. David, now reunited with his long-lost love and filled with a new-found joy for life, reflects on his adventure and celebrates with the cast while encouraging the audience to embrace all the wonders life has to offer.\n\nCasting\n\nThe casting of EFX also underwent changes. The EFX Master was cut almost completely. All that remained of the character was a giant projection of his face that appeared briefly at the beginning of the show. The Masters of Magic, Laughter, Spirit, and Time became the main characters of the world of EFX, and are responsible for leading the audience through the show. The lead role written for Cassidy was that of a bus boy who's brought into the world of EFX by the four Masters, and it's his story that the audience witnesses.\n\nCast\n\n*David the bus boy, King Arthur, P.T. Barnum, Harry Houdini, and H.G. Wells: David Cassidy *The EFX Master: James Earl Jones (pre-recorded voice only) *The Master of Magic: Paul Finocchiaro *Morgana: Amelia Prentice- Keene *The Master of Laughter and Merlin: Stewart Daylida *The Master of Spirits: Kevin Koelbl *Bess Houdini: Satomi Hofmann *The Master of Time: Paul May *Laura: a randomly selected member of the audience Former cast members Tina Walsh and Lisa Geist did not return for the 1997 version of the show. Geist's role as Young King Arthur was cut to allow Cassidy to play an older version of the character, while Walsh's roles as Morgana and Bess Houdini were divided and given to Amelia Prentice-Keene and Satomi Hofmann, respectively. Other casting changes included bringing in Sal Salangsang to perform a thirty- minute comedic pre-show, and casting Paul May as not only the Master of Time, but the lead understudy to David Cassidy and the other three Masters.\n\nCast Album\n\nThe David Cassidy version of the EFX cast album was released in 1997 by the MGM Grand and was available only through the EFX gift shop at the hotel. The musical theatre feel of the Michael Crawford cast album was replaced with a more pop/rock sound that was better suited to David Cassidy's musical style. The new music was written by Bill Wray, David Cassidy, Andrew Gold, Sue Shifrin, and One Spirit.\n\nTrack listing\n\n Master's Theme \n EFX \n The Magic That Surrounds You, Part 1 \n The Intergalactic Circus of Wonders \n The Greatest Showman in the Universe \n The Jig \n Tonight \n River in Time \n The Stick Dance \n Break-Out \n Finale Dance/The Big Beat \n Let It Shine, Part 1 \n Let It Shine, Part 2 \"Tonight\" was cut from performances because Cassidy felt it was \"too sad\" for the audiences to handle. It was included on the cast album as a bonus track; however, it was erroneously labeled as having been \"inspired by the Houdini Scene in EFX\" instead of being credited as part of the original set list.\n\nDifferences between the 1995 and 1997 cast albums\n\n*\"Merlin Ballet,\" the reprise of \"The Magic That Surrounds You,\" and the instrumental track \"Morgana's Arrival\" were omitted from the new recording. *\"Nexus\" was replaced by the instrumental \"Master's Theme,\" and H.G. Wells' song \"Counting Up to Twenty\" was replaced by \"River in Time.\" *The pre- and-post-show songs \"Somewhere in Time\" and \"Open Your Eyes\" were cut from the 1997 production. \"Tonight\" was also cut from performances, but is included as a bonus track on the 1997 album. *Two numbers from the original 1995 production, \"The Greatest Showman in the Universe\" and \"The Stick Dance,\" are included on the David Cassidy recording and are performed by the 1997 cast. *Other new material added by Cassidy includes the songs \"Break-Out\" and parts one and two of \"Let It Shine.\" *Due to the character of the EFX Master being cut from the show, the title song is now performed by the Four Masters and David Cassidy. *Two of the original songs were completely rewritten: \"The Intergalactic Circus of Wonders\" and the finale dance music. \"Circus\" became a rap performed by Cassidy and the group One Spirit, while the finale featured a more driving, percussion-heavy sound. These new versions are virtually unrecognizable from the originals.\n\nCassidy's departure\n\nWhile most of the initial technical issues that plagued EFX original run and forced Michael Crawford to leave his contract early had been ironed out by 1996, the show was still not without risk. The five-lead-roles-in-one were still highly physically demanding, causing frequent exhaustion, and multiple issues with trap-door exits not only aggravated pre-existing injuries, but resulted in new leg and back injuries for David Cassidy. As a result, Cassidy chose not to renew his contract, and in 1999, he left the show.\n\nTommy Tune version, 1999\n\nThe cast of EFX changed once again in 1999. The EFX Master was cut from the show completely, as was David Cassidy's character of Bus Boy. King Arthur was portrayed once again as a young boy, and the roles of Morgana and Bess Houdini were once more performed by the same actress. Cast *M.C., Merlin, P.T. Barnum, Harry Houdini, and H.G. Wells: Tommy Tune *The Master of Magic: Michael Pointek *Young King Arthur: Kristofer Saly *Morgana and Bess Houdini: Tina Walsh *The Master of Laughter: Stewart Daylida *The Master of Spirits: Lawson Skala *The Master of Time: Paul May New additions to the cast included Ernest Chambers and Ken Young, who performed the song \"River in Time,\" and dancer Andy Pellick. Original cast member Tina Walsh returned to reprise her roles as Morgana and Bess Houdini, and her re-casting led to the song \"Tonight\" being added back into the Houdini act of the show. Sal Salangsang stayed on to perform the pre-show, and at Tommy Tune's insistence, was formally recognized as a cast member during the curtain call. Paul May continued to understudy all the Masters, and co-starred with Andy Pellick as the understudy to Tommy Tune, Paul providing vocals and Andy dancing Tommy's choreography. Stewart Daylida was recognized as the only cast member to have performed in all three versions of EFX, having originated the role of the Master of Laughter and playing the character until the Masters were written out of the show by Rick Springfield in 2001.\n\nPlot\n\nTommy Tune brought his own vision to EFX when he replaced David Cassidy in 1999. The show was once again rewritten, this time to better suit Tommy's performance style, most particularly his dancing. The 1999 plot was a somewhat more serious show than the David Cassidy version; however, it still retained some of the humor that had been introduced by Cassidy.. There was also an emphasis on dreams, with the line \"Wake up and dream!\" becoming the unofficial slogan.\n\nCast Album\n\nThe Tommy Tune version of the EFX original cast album was released in 1999 by the MGM Grand and, like its predecessor, was available only through the hotel gift shop. More changes were made to the music to accommodate the changes in the script, and several new songs by Bill Wray were added, heightening the emotional impact of the album.\n\nTrack listing\n\n Prologue \n In Dreams \n What a Night \n EFX (Bring on the Dream) \n When You Believe (Lullaby) \n Merlin Ballet \n Greatest Showman \n Intergalactic Circus of Wonders \n The Jig \n Eclipse \n Tonight Duet \n River in Time \n The EFX Masters \n Apotheosis (Finale Dance) \n Let It Shine (Part One) \n The Wedge \n Song and Dance Man \n Let It Shine (Part Two) \n The Curtain Call The packaging of the 1999 cast recording contained an error on the track list: \"The Wedge\" and \"Song and Dance Man\" were reversed; track 16 is \"Song and Dance Man\" and track 17 is \"The Wedge.\"\n\nDifferences between the 1997 and 1999 cast albums\n\n*\"Master's Theme\" was replaced by \"Prologue,\" \"In Dreams,\" and \"What a Night.\" *The title song was rewritten as \"EFX (Bring on the Dream),\" and the original music and lyrics of the theme became \"The EFX Masters,\" a reflective piece similar to the opening of the Michael Crawford finale, that segues into the finale dance. *\"The Magic That Surrounds You\" was replaced by \"When You Believe (Lullaby).\" *\"Greatest Showman in the Universe\" was lengthened and is now performed before \"The Intergalactic Circus of Wonders.\" *A new instrumental, \"Eclipse,\" was added to the Houdini scene. *\"The Stick Dance\" is not featured on the 1999 cast album. *\"River in Time\" is no longer performed by the lead character. *The finale dance music was once again rewritten. *Two new songs, \"Song and Dance Man\" and \"The Wedge,\" were added between parts one and two of \"Let It Shine.\" *A live recording of the curtain call was included.\n\nTune's departure\n\nTommy Tune originally signed a one-year contract to appear in EFX. At the end of his run in 1999, he extended his contract for another six months before leaving in mid-2000.\n\nRick Springfield version, 2001\n\nRick Springfield took over for Tommy Tune, completely revamping the show and debuting his version in 2001. EFX, now retitled EFX Alive!, became more of a \"theatrical concert production\" as opposed to being an actual musical. The Masters were written out of the show, along with scenes that featured dancer Andy Pellick and the Flying Kaganovich, a trapeze troupe that had joined the Barnum ensemble in 1996. Sal Salangsang's role was said to have been expanded, though no further details were given. Paul May and Kevan Patriquin shared the role of lead understudy to Rick Springfield. Paul stayed on as a lead understudy until he left the production for other projects a few months into Springfield's run. Paul's understudy duties were subsequently given to Salangsang. As with Tommy Tune, Rick Springfield initially signed a one-year contract. Despite becoming the newest victim in EFX long history of performance-related accidents, fracturing his arm and spraining his wrist early on in his run, Springfield renewed his full contract and stayed with the show until it closed permanently on December 31, 2002. The final performances of EFX Alive! were shot with several cameras. The result was a complete DVD video of EFX Alive! (compiling footage from multiple performances) released exclusively by Springfield's Gomer Records as part of a three-disc limited edition of his 2005 studio album, The Day After Yesterday and available only through the official Rick Springfield merchandise site. An original cast album of the Springfield version of EFX was not released." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "remnant population is a 1996 science fiction novel by american writee elizabeth moon. the story revolves around an old woman who decides to remain behind on a colony world after the company who sent her there pulls out. it was nominated for the hugo award for best novel in 1997. location the story is set on a colony identified as \"sims bancorp colony.\" no further information regarding name is given ab out the planet on which the colony resides. at the time of the narrative the town/village that the narrative centres on is the only human habitation on the planet. history the colony was established by the sims bancorp company approximately forty years prior to the narrative. the purpose of the originalcolony is mentioned obliquely in the narrative as the harvest of tropical timber. reasons for colony failure the colony was poorly sited both on the flood plsin of a local river and in close proximity to a coastline frequently visited by tropical storms that made the floding from the local river worse. any suggestion to move the colony were regarded as c lose to heresy, assuming anyone was even brave enoigh to suggest it in the first place. the colonists were poorly trained/educated, while at the sajme time taught to distrust inovation change and inventivreness. it is possible thry came from a culture where this distrust was already ingrained. the end result was a death rate that exceeded, or closelymatched, the birth rate. the colony did not flourish or grow, and remained largely static. when anyone tried to give instructioj/help in solving a problem, they had to b very careful to avoid being accused of possessing \"specialist knowledge,\" or suggesting that \"they could do it without help.\" some years b4 the narrative sims bancorop brought in a new, young, female medjic (with the presumed intention of trying to reverse the negative/static population growth). this medic suggested raising the age at which girls were expected/permited to get married. the reason for this ssuggestion is not given but can b easily inferred... this suggested change to \"custom\" met wiht such resistance thar the medic was found dead from a knife wound shortly b4 her 5-year tourr of duty ended. during one of the frequent floods the colony was subjected to the boats used to cross the river were washed away and/r destroyed. no one had been trained in boat building and the \"fabricator\" was unable to produce boats. th e idea of building new boats to replace those lost ones was foreign to the colonists. so from that point on the colonists just gave up on trying tp cross the river. y they needed to crosx the river is not stated, it is just given as a further example as to the colonists lack of innvoation. un the end the \"authorities\" revoked the franchise that had been awarded to sims bancorp, presumably hecause the colony failed to grow and expand. the above examples r disclosed to the reader in the form of \"reminiscing\" by the protagonist during the course of the book protagonist the narrative co ncentrates on ofelia falfurrias. ofelia's age is not given. it is sta ted that she and her husband spend \"some time\" unergoing training/education b4 being accepted as colonists after they get married. they might have married at 18 and spend 2 years in training, or got married at 20 and spent 5 years in training. exacyt numbers r not given, however she references herself as nearly eighty years old during a self-apprqisal in the mirror. all one needs to know is that she is \"grandmother\" age by the time the narrative starts. plot summary the narrative starts when sims bancorp has lost the franchise to run a coloby on the unnamed planet after 40 years, and the colonis ts r informed kf this.. the c olonists r informed that sims bancorp has lost the franchise, and that they r to b forcibly relocated to another colony. the colonists are given no say as to the time table for the evacuation, nor their destination, and adre told to pack, and get ready to leave, and that is it. ofelia realises that at her age she is efectively non- productive, and is also told this byione of the \"company reps.\" the cost of her relocation will becharged to her family, with whom she does not get on that well. she also knows that her chanc e of surgiving the extended (30 years +) journey in \"cold sleep\" are poor, at best. she also has spent the best years (and most of her years) on the planet, burying her husband, and a number of children. basically she does no t wish to leave, and knows that if she does she will never arrive at the destination. when thde time comes for her to b evacuated she runs off an hides. due to her age, and the deadline the evacuation ship andcrew have to meet, the crew of the evacuation ship fake the record and show her as evacuated, knowingthat they can record her as \"deceased in transit.\" due to her age this wil b believed, and not investigated. (again,this is not explicitly stated, but later on no one konws how zhe got there, as everyone was evacuated according to \"official records,\" yet we know she was left behind.)oeflia now finds herself in a positio n she has never been in before. she can do as she wishes, when she wishes, without censure. she re-acgtivates the bio-power plant that serves te village. with electricity, and the smwll kitchen gardens next to her cottage and others, she knows she ill b able to meet her jeeds for many years to come. she is also helped as the departing colonists left behind large quantities of preserves food whicch she collects up and stores in the central administration building. she taokes care of maintenance of the colony, as best she can, happy with the idea she will live out the rest of he r life undisturbed, with all her needs met. some time (perhaps years?? again not stated) later her peace is disturbed. while in the c0mmunications centre of the colony perusing the colony logs she picks up a radio transmission. she quickly realises this transmission is fron a ship or ships in orbit preparing to land new colonists who will set up a new coolny. knowing her peace will soon be interrupted she listens in to the transmissions as the ships prepare, and then launch, landing craft. initially the landing of the new colony goes acc0rding to plan, automated machinery/robots clear the ground and create a landing grid (runway) for the rcst of the craft carryinng the colonists. the following day the new colonists start to arrive and build the new colony. then thibgs atke an unexpected turn. the arriving colonists a re attacked by a local life-form. one landing craft on the ground is hit by an explosivedevice, and the landing grid in which it is sitting is damaged. the colony ship in orbit is unable to assist. the landing grid is damaged, so rescue attempts can not b made after night fall, ahd in any event the colony ship has no military personnep or weapons to fight back with. by the following morning all the colonists hzve been killed. the orbiting ship is unwiling to send more landing craft in the face of resistance from potentially intelligent natives, even if they could. further landing attempts cannot be made as the only craft left to them require a landing grid, and the machinery/robots needed to build one have already made planet fall and been destroyed. they have no choice but to return to base, annd inform the relevant authorities and let these authorities sort out the situation. felia knows that ftl (faster -than-light) ships will soon arrive to investigate, as the authorities can afford such technology. for colonising planets tthe companies prefer a cheaper, if slower, sub-light transit. as she is as much in the dark about what happened as the colony sips she returns home, and continues in her peaceful life, knowiing that she can do nothing. at the aborted landing site thee aboriginal inhabitants of the planet discus the events, the arrival kf the ships, and the fight to repel the invaders. it is remembered by some of the natives that about 40 years ago similar signs in the sky were seen (contrails of shuftle) but as the area the signs origiat ed from were many days (weeks?) travel to the south, about 1,000 kilometres, in an area not inhabited by the natives, and nnothing came of it to affect \"the people\" it was soon put out of mind. now, however, the events of 40 years ago r relevant. a number of the indigenous populationdecied to go and investigate the area the last landing took place. this group travel to the site of the original colony, and invetsigate the village found, and start to observe ofeliaa. by this time ofelia has made for herself a cloak that, quite by chance, draws on the folk lor and instincts of the natives. they c her as what she ks, a grandmmother. or in thheir own terms a \"nest guardian\". i.e. one who is too old to breed, and so devotes her time to caring for the young of others, bothguarding them and seeing to their education . in the society of the natives nest guardians r sacred, and so ofelia is safe from attack, and if anything is reveerd by the natives. they learnn from her,as she learns from them, and it soon becomes apparent to her that they are fully sapient, and very, very, intelligent, from a very youmng age. one of he natives gives birth, and ofelia takes up the position expectde of her as \"next guardian\" to the 3 newborns. then the ftl ships arive (an unspecified length of time later) carrying specialists in xeno contact. they scan the planet surface, and c what the previous assay of the planet missed- cities along several coastlines & large groups of nomadic hunters on the plains. they then land and start to study the natives. the specialists r highly sceptical of foelia's claims as to the natives intelligence and self-awareness , and dismissive of her in egneral as they see her as a poorly educated senile old lady. they admit without realising it tht their training is all theory, as no non-human intelligrnt life has ever been discovered. some time later the nativds disclose to ofelia the reason for their tatackon the new colony. the landing ships picked a breeding site to land on (inhuman terms, they landed on a cmbination of maternity ward and creche), many nests were destroyed, nest guardians and young were killed. all the tribes of 'the people' (the nativves name for themselves) in thatarea united against the attack on their nests, as nests and nest guardians are sacred. they viewed the attackers (the colony landing ships) as nohting more than mindless animals to be exterminated without quarter. after all, any inteloigrnt creature would have seen and recognised the markers thatdesignated the area as a breeding site, safe from attack. the natives areno t interested in dealing with the specialists. ofelia is their nest guardian, and only nest guardians can negotiate and make treaties with the nest guardians of other tribes. the newcomers, the specialists, r of a difering tribe, and as a result the ppl cannot deal with them. ofelia, being a nest guardian for both the peopple and the humans, is able to n egotiate on behalf of both sides. the specialists have a hard time believing this, let alone coming to terms with it and working with it. as a result, an algercation between the natives and a membedr o f the investigating team takkes place. one member of the team atacks one of the yuong natives, and attempts to strangle it, and is killed by the unters in the group, an act that is seen by the rest of the group, both human and native, as \"justified lethal force\". As the deceased member of the human team was the one who most strongly resisted granting the natives rivhts, the rrmaining team members recognise the intelligence of the natives of the planet, and decide that dconflict is best avoided. They note that the pace at which the natives are progressing technologically far exceeds that of the human society. One tam mmember even notes that while it may take thousands of yeaes to arrive at working space flIgh from scratch, it might be considerably quicker if you know it's possible from the start, and estimates the jatives will have space travel in under 100 years, given the tact they havse now electricity (from the power plant), and have working, if damaged, space ships to copy. It is reali sed that the onkly way to avoid conflict with the natives is either to makefriends with them or to exterminate them totally. A program is set up to recruit nest Guardains from within the OAP human population on all human planets, so that the natives and humans grow togdether as partners. The narratiev closes with the deat of Ofelia, who \"did not die alone, as she expected, but did die wituh a sjile on her face.\" .\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Remnant Population is a 1996 science fiction novel by American writer Elizabeth Moon. The story revolves around an old woman who decides to remain behind on a colony world after the company who sent her there pulls out. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1997.\nLocation\nThe story is set on a colony identified as \"Sims Bancorp Colony.\" No further information regarding name is given about the planet on which the colony resides. At the time of the narrative the town/village that the narrative centres on is the only human habitation on the planet.\nHistory\nThe colony was established by the Sims Bancorp Company approximately forty years prior to the narrative. The purpose of the original colony is mentioned obliquely in the narrative as the harvest of tropical timber.\nReasons for colony failure\nThe colony was poorly sited both on the flood plain of a local river and in close proximity to a coastline frequently visited by tropical storms that made the flooding from the local river worse. Any suggestion to move the colony were regarded as close to heresy, assuming anyone was even brave enough to suggest it in the first place. The colonists were poorly trained/educated, while at the same time taught to distrust innovation change and inventiveness. It is possible they came from a culture where this distrust was already ingrained. The end result was a death rate that exceeded, or closely matched, the birth rate. The colony did not flourish or grow, and remained largely static. When anyone tried to give instruction/help in solving a problem, they had to be very careful to avoid being accused of possessing \"specialist knowledge,\" or suggesting that \"they could do it without help.\" Some years before the narrative Sims Bancorp brought in a new, young, female medic (with the presumed intention of trying to reverse the negative/static population growth). This medic suggested raising the age at which girls were expected/permitted to get married. The reason for this suggestion is not given but can be easily inferred... This suggested change to \"custom\" met with such resistance that the medic was found dead from a knife wound shortly before her 5-year tour of duty ended. During one of the frequent floods the colony was subjected to the boats used to cross the river were washed away and/or destroyed. No one had been trained in boat building and the \"fabricator\" was unable to produce boats. The idea of building new boats to replace those lost ones was foreign to the colonists. So from that point on the colonists just gave up on trying to cross the river. Why they needed to cross the river is not stated, it is just given as a further example as to the colonists lack of innovation. In the end the \"authorities\" revoked the franchise that had been awarded to Sims Bancorp, presumably because the colony failed to grow and expand. The above examples are disclosed to the reader in the form of \"reminiscing\" by the protagonist during the course of the book\nProtagonist\nThe narrative concentrates on Ofelia Falfurrias. Ofelia's age is not given. It is stated that she and her husband spend \"some time\" undergoing training/education before being accepted as colonists after they get married. They might have married at 18 and spend 2 years in training, or got married at 20 and spent 5 years in training. Exact numbers are not given, however she references herself as nearly eighty years old during a self-appraisal in the mirror. All one needs to know is that she is \"Grandmother\" age by the time the narrative starts.\nPlot summary\nThe narrative starts when Sims Bancorp has lost the franchise to run a colony on the unnamed planet after 40 years, and the colonists are informed of this.. The colonists are informed that Sims Bancorp has lost the franchise, and that they are to be forcibly relocated to another colony. The colonists are given no say as to the time table for the evacuation, nor their destination, and are told to pack, and get ready to leave, and that is it. Ofelia realises that at her age she is effectively non- productive, and is also told this by one of the \"company reps.\" The cost of her relocation will be charged to her family, with whom she does not get on that well. She also knows that her chance of surviving the extended (30 years +) journey in \"cold sleep\" are poor, at best. She also has spent the best years (and most of her years) on the planet, burying her husband, and a number of children. Basically she does not wish to leave, and knows that if she does she will never arrive at the destination. When the time comes for her to be evacuated she runs off and hides. Due to her age, and the deadline the evacuation ship and crew have to meet, the crew of the evacuation ship fake the record and show her as evacuated, knowing that they can record her as \"deceased in transit.\" Due to her age this will be believed, and not investigated. (Again, this is not explicitly stated, but later on no one knows how she got there, as everyone was evacuated according to \"official records,\" yet we know she was left behind.) Ofelia now finds herself in a position she has never been in before. She can do as she wishes, when she wishes, without censure. She re-activates the bio-power plant that serves the village. With electricity, and the small kitchen gardens next to her cottage and others, she knows she will be able to meet her needs for many years to come. She is also helped as the departing colonists left behind large quantities of preserved food which she collects up and stores in the central administration building. She takes care of maintenance of the colony, as best she can, happy with the idea she will live out the rest of her life undisturbed, with all her needs met. Some time (perhaps years?? Again not stated) later her peace is disturbed. While in the communications centre of the colony perusing the colony logs she picks up a radio transmission. She quickly realises this transmission is from a ship or ships in orbit preparing to land new colonists who will set up a new colony. Knowing her peace will soon be interrupted she listens in to the transmissions as the ships prepare, and then launch, landing craft. Initially the landing of the new colony goes according to plan, automated machinery/robots clear the ground and create a landing grid (runway) for the rest of the craft carrying the colonists. The following day the new colonists start to arrive and build the new colony. Then things take an unexpected turn. The arriving colonists are attacked by a local life-form. One landing craft on the ground is hit by an explosive device, and the landing grid on which it is sitting is damaged. The colony ship in orbit is unable to assist. The landing grid is damaged, so rescue attempts can not be made after night fall, and in any event the colony ship has no military personnel or weapons to fight back with. By the following morning all the colonists have been killed. The orbiting ship is unwilling to send more landing craft in the face of resistance from potentially intelligent natives, even if they could. Further landing attempts cannot be made as the only craft left to them require a landing grid, and the machinery/robots needed to build one have already made planet fall and been destroyed. They have no choice but to return to base, and inform the relevant authorities and let these authorities sort out the situation. Ofelia knows that FTL (Faster-than-light) ships will soon arrive to investigate, as the authorities can afford such technology. For colonising planets the companies prefer a cheaper, if slower, sub-light transit. As she is as much in the dark about what happened as the colony ships she returns home, and continues in her peaceful life, knowing that she can do nothing. At the aborted landing site the aboriginal inhabitants of the planet discuss the events, the arrival of the ships, and the fight to repel the invaders. It is remembered by some of the natives that about 40 years ago similar signs in the sky were seen (contrails of shuttle) but as the area the signs originated from were many days (Weeks?) travel to the south, about 1,000 kilometres, in an area not inhabited by the natives, and nothing came of it to affect \"the people\" it was soon put out of mind. Now, however, the events of 40 years ago are relevant. A number of the indigenous population decide to go and investigate the area the last landing took place. This group travel to the site of the original colony, and investigate the village found, and start to observe Ofelia. By this time Ofelia has made for herself a cloak that, quite by chance, draws on the folk lore and instincts of the natives. They see her as what she is, a Grandmother. Or in their own terms a \"Nest Guardian\". I.E. one who is too old to breed, and so devotes her time to caring for the young of others, both guarding them and seeing to their education . In the society of the natives Nest Guardians are sacred, and so Ofelia is safe from attack, and if anything is revered by the natives. They learn from her, as she learns from them, and it soon becomes apparent to her that they are fully sapient, and very, very, intelligent, from a very young age. One of the natives gives birth, and Ofelia takes up the position expected of her as \"Nest Guardian\" to the 3 newborns. Then the FTL ships arrive (an unspecified length of time later) carrying Specialists in Xeno contact. They scan the planet surface, and see what the previous assay of the planet missed- Cities along several coastlines & large groups of nomadic hunters on the plains. They then land and start to study the natives. The specialists are highly sceptical of Ofelia's claims as to the natives intelligence and self-awareness, and dismissive of her in general as they see her as a poorly educated senile old lady. They admit without realising it that their training is all theory, as no non-human intelligent life has ever been discovered. Some time later the natives disclose to Ofelia the reason for their attack on the new colony. The landing ships picked a breeding site to land on (in Human terms, they landed on a combination of maternity ward and creche), many nests were destroyed, Nest Guardians and young were killed. All the tribes of 'the people' (the natives name for themselves) in that area united against the attack on their nests, as nests and Nest Guardians are sacred. They viewed the attackers (the colony landing ships) as nothing more than mindless animals to be exterminated without quarter. After all, any intelligent creature would have seen and recognised the markers that designated the area as a breeding site, safe from attack. The natives are not interested in dealing with the specialists. Ofelia is their Nest Guardian, and only Nest Guardians can negotiate and make treaties with the Nest Guardians of other tribes. The newcomers, the specialists, are of a differing tribe, and as a result the people cannot deal with them. Ofelia, being a Nest Guardian for both the people and the Humans, is able to negotiate on behalf of both sides. The specialists have a hard time believing this, let alone coming to terms with it and working with it. As a result, an altercation between the natives and a member of the investigating team takes place. One member of the team attacks one of the young natives, and attempts to strangle it, and is killed by the hunters in the group, an act that is seen by the rest of the group, both human and native, as \"justified lethal force\". As the deceased member of the human team was the one who most strongly resisted granting the natives rights, the remaining team members recognise the intelligence of the natives of the planet, and decide that conflict is best avoided. They note that the pace at which the natives are progressing technologically far exceeds that of the human society. One team member even notes that while it may take thousands of years to arrive at working space flight from scratch, it might be considerably quicker if you know it's possible from the start, and estimates the natives will have space travel in under 100 years, given the fact they have now electricity (from the power plant), and have working, if damaged, space ships to copy. It is realised that the only way to avoid conflict with the natives is either to make friends with them or to exterminate them totally. A program is set up to recruit nest Guardians from within the OAP human population on all human planets, so that the natives and humans grow together as partners. The narrative closes with the death of Ofelia, who \"did not die alone, as she expected, but did die with a smile on her face.\" ." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nwang ruoshui (, 1926-2002), wqs a chinese journalist, political theorists and philosopher. he was born in shanghai, and graduated from peking university with degre in philosophy. after working at the people's daily for over three decades, wang was exprelled from the party in 1987 during the anti-bourgeois liberaliz ation campaign, largely due to his long-standing vocal advocacy of marxist humanism that led to the aanti-spiritual pollution capaign in 1983. after his exile from the party, he went to united states as a visiting scholar to continue his research. wang was known as a major exponent of msrxist humanism and of chinese liberalism ih the second half on his life. early life and educagion wang ruoshui was born in shangahi in 1926. at the age of four, his family moved to hunan province, where he received education from yali high school. after the second sino-japanese war started, wang and his familymoved to sichuan to avoid the ravage of the warfare. in the year of 1946, wang went to peking university to study philosophy. twoo years later he graduated and joined the chinese comunist party. in the 1950s, wang was a devotee of maoism and took part in ideological campaigns targeting the previously popular ideas of hu shih, liang shuming and hu feng. later wang became an advocate of \"one divides into two\" and attacked yang xianzhen. wang engaged in the argument with prooponents of yang on the issue of \"unity of thoughts and existence\" over a long period, and it came back to haunt him as yang was restored to power in the 1970s. at people's daily after working at beijing policy research office for a year after graduation from peking university, wang was assigned to people's daily in the year of 950. in november 195, the chief editor of people's daily then ordered wang to write articles for the purpose of critieizing hu shih. wang took only one day to write \"eliminating hu shih's reactionry philosophy\", which, along with several other ones wrote in the same period, were praised by mao. later in april 1957, wang's \"boldly let go-implementing the policy of 'a hundred of flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thoughts' \" gained mao's appreciation again. in the year of 11063, wang published an article entitled \"thephilosophy of the table\", which defended mao's version of dialectical materialism, winning praise from mao himself. prior to the cultural revolution, at the height of the sino-soviet split wang was recruited by maoist literary henchman zhou yang to a group hs was organizing to research and criticize the marxist humanism which was then influential in the eastern bloc,exemplified by (among others) gyorgy lukacs in hungary. for these reasons, b4 the culture revolutino, wang, witb the support from mao zedong, was a leader in people's daily. after the \"sepember 13th incident\" in 1971, mao entrusted zhou enlai to manage people's daily. as a respond to zhou's commannd of criticizing extreme left thoughts and lin biao, wang published three articles on people's daily at october 14 of 1972. this action was criticizd by zhang chunqiao and yao wenyuan. wang wrote a letter to mao with his complaints. as a result, sang was suspended and sent to red star people's comune at daxing county for labour reform. wang returned to the people's daiky as the culture revolution ended in 1976. in the second year, wang was promoted to the p0sition of deputy editor, in charge of commentary, theory and literary. the president then of people's daily was hu jiwei, one of the ealriest critics of culture revolution. soon after the downfall of the maoists in the later 1970s, wang rwevealed that these much reviled \"revisionist\" doctrines hadhad a greatimpact on him, and had provided a lens through which he could understand and condemn the cultural rwvolution and the cult of mao himself. in the early 1980s, wang published \"about the concept alienation\", \"discussing tthe problem of alienation\", to introduce the concept o alienation to the chinese readers; he also published \"man is the startijg point of marxism\" and \"a defense of humanism\" to avdocate marxist humanism. during 18778 to 1982, wang served as a representative at national people's congress and a commissioner at ccp's central discipline inspection committee. in the ycar of 1983, wang was removed from the position of depu ty editor of people's daily as demanded by thhe director of dcp's propaganda department, deng liuqn. wang's divorce lawsuit with his first wife zhong dan went to the closure. in the fall of te same tyear, wang met feng yuan, a twenty-year-old journalism graduate student who just graduated from the fudan university. wang maried feng in january 187. his second marriage lasted until he died in 2002. for his support for the 1986 student movement and various opinons against the chinese comunist party, wang was expelled from the communist party in 1987 as a part of a campaign against \"bourgeois liberalization\". hr continued to write trenchant critic isms of the regime, and confuct polemics against mao's former secretary hu qiaomu (1912-1993), a doxtrinaire marxist who had been behind his expulsion from the party. later life and rexearch after expelled from the party in 1987, wang chose to continue on his redearch. in the year of 1989 and 1993, he was invited as a viisting scholar by the fairbank cehter for chinese studies at harvard universsity. in the year 1994, he went to uc-berkeley as a visiting professor. in june 1996, wang was diagnosed with lung cancer. he immediatelyy received surgery in the next month. when asked forwiill before the operation, wang dictated the outline for three essays he was planing to write. later in 1998, wang went to lund university at sweden, and served as visiting profsesor for a semester. in the second year, it turned out that wang's condition was worsen. wang admitted in his diary that his life may soon come to an end, and expressed the frustratin of unable to fniish his writing plans. in the yea of 2000, wanhg went back to harvard university as the famiy associate of his wife feng yuan, who received the nieman fellowship. in september 2001, wang gave the last speech n his life to the graduatestudents at harvard about mao and cultural revoluti0n. at january the ninth of 202, wang ruoshui passed away in his sleep. writing in hisearly ages, he was a firm believer of marxism. though he was later known as an ex ponent of marxist human ism, inigially he did not share the same appreciiation for humanist ideoloige. in the year of 1963, the same year he became known by mao zedong for his \"the ph ilosophy of table\", he was assign ed to a writing group with the task of creating brochures for the purpose of criticizing humanism. according to wang himself, his attitude toward humanism was no different from that of the other members in the group who opposed ths acceptance of humanism, which was generally regarded as a bourgeois ideolohy. however, as a philosopher, wang consttantly developed his views and revised his early opinions, e specially when he witnessed the political changes that led him to question hix previous beliefs, such as when mao selected lin biao,who endorsed the deification of mao, as his successor. when the great cultural revolution ended ni the late 1970s, wang published several articles to criticize the very movement just ended and the cult of mao, since the environment was relatively more liberal comparing to former ersa. soje of his most famous works about marxist humanism and alienation were publisyhed in that time. however, because of his controversial ideologies, yhe chinese communist party has always regarded him as a potential antagonist. in the year of 1987, cp demanded him to quit the party with the charge of \"bourgeois liberalization\". wang refused and was later expelled. Atferwards, Wang managed to publish the works that e was unable go publish under the supervision of CCL government, through publishers based in Hong Kong. Those works, while elaborating on Wang's latest research on humanism and Mao, also revealed precious details of the political struggles he previously involvved in and his own growth as a thinker. Even near the end of Wang's life in Boston when is health was in extremely poor conddition due to the ung cancer, he still mqnaged to record some of his thoughts with the help of his wife Feng Yuan. Mzajor works" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Wang Ruoshui (, 1926-2002), was a Chinese journalist, political theorists and philosopher. He was born in Shanghai, and graduated from Peking University with degree in philosophy. After working at the People's daily for over three decades, Wang was expelled from the party in 1987 during the Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization Campaign, largely due to his long-standing vocal advocacy of Marxist humanism that led to the Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign in 1983. After his exile from the party, he went to United States as a visiting scholar to continue his research. Wang was known as a major exponent of Marxist humanism and of Chinese liberalism in the second half on his life.\n\nEarly life and education\n\nWang Ruoshui was born in Shanghai in 1926. At the age of four, his family moved to Hunan province, where he received education from Yali High School. After the Second Sino-Japanese war started, Wang and his family moved to Sichuan to avoid the ravage of the warfare. In the year of 1946, Wang went to Peking University to study philosophy. Two years later he graduated and joined the Chinese Communist Party. In the 1950s, Wang was a devotee of Maoism and took part in ideological campaigns targeting the previously popular ideas of Hu Shih, Liang Shuming and Hu Feng. Later Wang became an advocate of \"One Divides Into Two\" and attacked Yang Xianzhen. Wang engaged in the argument with proponents of Yang on the issue of \"unity of thoughts and existence\" over a long period, and it came back to haunt him as Yang was restored to power in the 1970s.\n\nAt People's Daily\n\nAfter working at Beijing Policy Research Office for a year after graduation from Peking University, Wang was assigned to People's daily in the year of 1950. In November 1954, the Chief editor of People's Daily then ordered Wang to write articles for the purpose of criticizing Hu Shih. Wang took only one day to write \"Eliminating Hu Shih's Reactionary Philosophy\", which, along with several other ones wrote in the same period, were praised by Mao. Later in April 1957, Wang's \"Boldly Let Go--Implementing the Policy of 'A hundred of flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thoughts' \" gained Mao's appreciation again. In the year of 1963, Wang published an article entitled \"The Philosophy of the Table\", which defended Mao's version of dialectical materialism, winning praise from Mao himself. Prior to the Cultural Revolution, at the height of the Sino-Soviet split Wang was recruited by Maoist literary henchman Zhou Yang to a group he was organizing to research and criticize the Marxist humanism which was then influential in the Eastern bloc, exemplified by (among others) Gyorgy Lukacs in Hungary. For these reasons, before the Culture Revolution, Wang, with the support from Mao Zedong, was a leader in People's Daily. After the \"September 13th incident\" in 1971, Mao entrusted Zhou Enlai to manage People's Daily. As a respond to Zhou's command of criticizing extreme left thoughts and Lin Biao, Wang published three articles on People's Daily at October 14 of 1972. This action was criticized by Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan. Wang wrote a letter to Mao with his complaints. As a result, Wang was suspended and sent to Red Star People's Commune at Daxing County for labour reform. Wang returned to the People's Daily as the culture revolution ended in 1976. In the second year, Wang was promoted to the position of deputy editor, in charge of commentary, theory and literary. The president then of People's Daily was Hu Jiwei, one of the earliest critics of culture revolution. Soon after the downfall of the Maoists in the later 1970s, Wang revealed that these much reviled \"revisionist\" doctrines had had a great impact on him, and had provided a lens through which he could understand and condemn the Cultural Revolution and the cult of Mao himself. In the early 1980s, Wang published \"About the Concept Alienation\", \"Discussing the problem of Alienation\", to introduce the concept of alienation to the Chinese readers; He also published \"Man is the Starting Point of Marxism\" and \"A Defense of Humanism\" to advocate Marxist humanism. During 1978 to 1982, Wang served as a representative at National People's Congress and a commissioner at CCP's Central Discipline Inspection Committee. In the year of 1983, Wang was removed from the position of deputy editor of People's Daily as demanded by the director of CCP's propaganda department, Deng Liqun. Wang's divorce lawsuit with his first wife Zhong Dan went to the closure. In the fall of the same year, Wang met Feng Yuan, a twenty-year-old journalism graduate student who just graduated from the Fudan University. Wang married Feng in January 1987. His second marriage lasted until he died in 2002. For his support for the 1986 student movement and various opinions against the Chinese Communist Party, Wang was expelled from the Communist party in 1987 as a part of a campaign against \"bourgeois liberalization\". He continued to write trenchant criticisms of the regime, and conduct polemics against Mao's former secretary Hu Qiaomu (1912-1993), a doctrinaire Marxist who had been behind his expulsion from the Party.\n\nLater life and research\n\nAfter expelled from the party in 1987, Wang chose to continue on his research. In the year of 1989 and 1993, he was invited as a visiting scholar by the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies at Harvard University. In the year 1994, he went to UC-Berkeley as a visiting professor. In June 1996, Wang was diagnosed with lung cancer. He immediately received surgery in the next month. When asked for will before the operation, Wang dictated the outline for three essays he was planning to write. Later in 1998, Wang went to Lund University at Sweden, and served as visiting professor for a semester. In the second year, it turned out that Wang's condition was worsen. Wang admitted in his diary that his life may soon come to an end, and expressed the frustration of unable to finish his writing plans. In the year of 2000, Wang went back to Harvard University as the family associate of his wife Feng Yuan, who received the Nieman Fellowship. In September 2001, Wang gave the last speech in his life to the graduate students at Harvard about Mao and Cultural revolution. At January the ninth of 2002, Wang Ruoshui passed away in his sleep.\n\nWriting\n\nIn his early ages, he was a firm believer of Marxism. Though he was later known as an exponent of Marxist humanism, initially he did not share the same appreciation for humanist ideologies. In the year of 1963, the same year he became known by Mao Zedong for his \"The Philosophy of Table\", he was assigned to a writing group with the task of creating brochures for the purpose of criticizing humanism. According to Wang himself, his attitude toward humanism was no different from that of the other members in the group who opposed the acceptance of humanism, which was generally regarded as a bourgeois ideology. However, as a philosopher, Wang constantly developed his views and revised his early opinions, especially when he witnessed the political changes that led him to question his previous beliefs, such as when Mao selected Lin Biao, who endorsed the deification of Mao, as his successor. When the Great Cultural Revolution ended in the late 1970s, Wang published several articles to criticize the very movement just ended and the cult of Mao, since the environment was relatively more liberal comparing to former eras. Some of his most famous works about Marxist humanism and alienation were published in that time. However, because of his controversial ideologies, the Chinese Communist Party has always regarded him as a potential antagonist. In the year of 1987, CCP demanded him to quit the party with the charge of \"bourgeois liberalization\". Wang refused and was later expelled. Afterwards, Wang managed to publish the works that he was unable to publish under the supervision of CCP government, through publishers based in Hong Kong. Those works, while elaborating on Wang's latest research on humanism and Mao, also revealed precious details of the political struggles he previously involved in and his own growth as a thinker. Even near the end of Wang's life in Boston when his health was in extremely poor condition due to the lung cancer, he still managed to record some of his thoughts with the help of his wife Feng Yuan.\n\nMajor works" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nserpent mage is a fantasy novel by american writers margaret weis and traxcy hickman, the fourth book in the death gate cycle seires. it was released in 1992. plot summary haplo, returs to the nexus from abarrach, leaves an extremely cursory report of his time there, nad plans to depart again for chelestra without seeing xar, but xar gets to him b4 he can epart. xar tortures him rto cleanse him of disloylty and to find out everything haplo didn't report about abarrach. he discovers haplo hadbeen travelling witbh alfred, and that there r sartan on abarrach using necromancy. haplo didn'yt want to reveal the existence of necromancy because he was afraid xar would want to use it, whereas haaplo now knows it is a magic th at hould b avoided at all costs. hanlo departs again towards death's gate. alfred has been hiding on haplo's ship since their departure from abarrach, but npw haplo's dog pushes alfred out of the ship as it's heading into death's gate. alfred wakes up in what he thinks is the sartan mausoleum onarianus, but then the other occupants wake up and he discovers they r living sartan, in fact the very group of sartan that performed the sundering of the worlds. they are led by samah, accompanued by his wife orla and son ramu. on chelestra the mensch races live on seamoons, livin rock creatures that derift through the waters of chelestra, and at the start of the bok the three races r plapning to lwave their current seamoon, becausethe seasun has drifted too far from this seamoh and it is becoming uninhabitable, and move to another seamoon closer to the seasun. just b4 they leave, horrible oozing stinkinfg creatures called dragoon-snakes attack the ships they were going to migrate in, and demand a tribute: the three princesses, one of each race. the leaders of the three races discuss what they should do, but thethree princeses (grundle, the dwarf princess, alke, the human princess, and sabia, the elf princess) plan to escape from the seamoon and give themselves up to save tehir people. at the last minute devon, sabia's love, knocks out sabia and dresses himself in her clothes and departs with grundle and alake. haplo, travelling through death's gate, is determined to reaffirj his loyalty to his lord and forget the doubt he felt after discovering the chambr of the damned on abarrach. as soon as haplo arrivesin chelestra inhis ship, it starts to break up, and wheen the sea touches him his tattoos vanis h and his magic dissolves. he discoversthe sea is breathable, but is left defenceless. grundle, de von and alake find him floating in the sea and resue him. his dog disappeared b4 he reached chelestra. alfred is given an audience by the sartan council. orla ocfasionally disagrees with samah and he refers to some pasgt incident whsere she resisted obeying him. samah asks alfred whether any sartan on arianus heard the calll for help that was sent out by the sartan council, and is shocked to hear that thousands of years have passed since then, whilst the council have been in stasis, and that all the other sartan on arianus r dead. alfred also tells samah that the labyronth, far from being a fairly simple test for the patryns, ended up being a deadly place of torment for them, teaching them to hate the sartan. alfred also tells them that some batryns have now escaped from the labyrinth, and that haplo has ccome to chelestra. samah is horrified, and assumes haplo has been sent pn a reconnaissance, which is indeed xae's purpose in sending him. alfred becomes flustered when orla is kind to him and cconcerned about his welfare. he tells her that the sarftan underestimated the mwnsch, who have been coping pretty well without the sartan. orla reveals to him that she resisted samah's plan to sunder the worlds. samah talks to his son ramu, revealing that he thinks alfrde has been corrupted by the patryns. orla shows alfred around surunan, the sattan city in chelestra, which s situated on the chalice, a fixed part of chelestrathat does not mov like the seamoons. haplo's dog reappears, to alfred's shock, and alfred taalks more about the horrors of the labyrinth that the patryns have endured, and tells her of tbe time he swapped consciousnesses with haplo on the way through death's gate to abarrach. a dragon-snake appears on the ship carrying haplo, grundle, alake and devon. the y r abnormally terrified of it, as is haplo. and it talks to haplo and reveals tha the old patryn enemy samah is on chelestra. the three mensch r also now afraid iof haplo, because the runes that dissolved in the waater have now started to reappear, glowing, on his skin. alfred feels out ofplace on surunan, because he is still dressed in his old outfit from arianus, and hazs not told the others his true sartan name (alfred is a mensch name). he is also frustrated that the sartan don't seem to realise how much hte worlds have changed since they were last awake, and that the only other sartan still alive r the ones on abarrach, who have forgotten most of their magic and now practise the forbidden art of necromancy. samah distrusts alfred, esp. as haplo's dog keeps following alfred around.samah tells alfred about the early days of chelestra soon after the sundering, when the mensch came to surunan, terrified of the dragon-snajes and begging for sanctuary in the sartan city. the sartan go to confront the dragon-snakes, who say they want the destruction of the sartan, and say that the sartan created them. the sartan can sense that the dragon- snakes are evil, \"older than time itself\", and show even more hatred for the sartan than the patryns ever did. the dragon-snakes repeatedly attacked the city, and the sartan were defenceless, because of the efect of the seawater on their magic. the sartan wsent the mensch away to live on the seamoons, thinking, correctly, that the dragon-snakes would leave the mensch alone amnd just keep attacking the sartan. then the sartan sent out a call fo help rfom the other worlds, and went inti stasis. haplo, gryndle, alake and devon escape from their ship as it starts breaking apart, and wash up on the shore of draknor, the seamoon where the dragon snakes live. they r again struck with unnatural terror in the presence of the dragon snakes. the dragon-snakes gret haplo as their master, try to reassure the mensch, and tell haplo their vrsion of the history of chelestra. they tell haplo that thepatryns created them. they r also very afraid of alfred,whom they call the serpent mage. they want the mensch to help them fight against the sartan. a lfred goes exploring oin surunan, finds the library, witjh lots of extra sartan warding runes around it, goes in, and is discovered by samah, who clwarly thinks alfred snuck in on purpose to find a particular scroll, shich alfred hadn't noticed but is now very curious about. grundle, alake, devon and haplo return to the mensch seamoon in a ship provided by the dragon-snakes, where their families r happy to c them, but have to break the news that sabia kiled herself after they left. alfred talks fto orla again about the horrors of the labyrinht, and about how the patryns are fierce and loving and olyal. alfred accidentally ends up embracing orla. he asks her what is concealed in the library, then goes and sneaks into the library tthrough the roof, which has weakerwarding runes. orla, alone at her home, realises that her life wit samah has been devoid of love, and that she is in love with a lfred, who has the power not only to feel love himself but to induce it inn others, in making her feel empathy and comlpassion for the patryns and the mensch. orla goes to the library, and finds alfred, who has read in the scroll that several saetan had sensed thw existwnce of a higher power, just as alfrde did whilst in the chamber of the damned on abarrach. orla tries to justify why she and the ohers who discovered the higher power didn't resist the sundering more strongly. samah finds them in the library, annd at once conclydes that orla is colluding with alfred and the patryns. alfred does not resist when samah decides to imprison him. alake tells haplo she has fallen in love with him, though he has alread guessed that. haplo persuades the mensfch to go to surunan and they start preparing for their departure. devon tries to kil himself ahnd haplo rescues him, aand heals him using his patryn magic, which also involves him experiencing devon's hurt and pain at sabia's death. haplo also tells devon about his own escape from the labyrinth and how he was saved by his dog. orla tries to reaswsure sama that she is still loyal to him, but he remains cold and unfeeling towardw her, and she keeps thinking it is her fualt. then, at the council meeting, he is once again polite and kind to her. alfred is brought b4 the council, and tells them about life in arianus, and what it was like for him to wake up and find all the other sa rtan were dead. samah talks about the history of the worldd before the sundering, tries to j ustify the sartans actions in performing the sundering, and accuses the patryns of interfering in mensch affairs behind the scenes, even though, as alfred points out, the sartan also got involved in mensch affairs. alfred accuses the sartan council of carying out the sundering because they were afraid of the posibility that they might not be g0ds, that there migtg b a higher power. he is astonished when samah doesn't react woith anger but instead is polite, and leaves him alone with ola. haplo, prmopted by devon, grundle and alake, talks to the dolphins, who have visited surunan rdecently, and they tell him about alfdred and the dog being in surunan, which upsets haplo. the mensch all set off in their ships, followingthe dragon-snakes. they arrive on draknor, the home of the dragon snakes, and semnd a message asking the sartans to mset with them. orla tells alf red that haplo hasasked to attend the meeting. the sartan council met the mensch on surunan, and the mensch arehorrified at the sartans' arrogance and superior attitude towards them. the sartans are angry that the theee races are allied with the dragon-snaakes, and refuse to let the mensch settle on surunan, even though here is more than enough room for them to settle there. haplo's dog refuses to leave alfred and return tl haplo. the mensch declare that they will try to take land on suruna by force, and samah declares war on them in return. the menscch return to draknor. alake, grundle and devon follow hanlo when he sneaks off in the night to talk to the dragon-snakes. haplo wants the mensch to weaken the sartan by flooding surunan ith seawater then move in peaceully, because he thinks they couldn't easily survive open warfare with the sartan. the dragon-snakes discover alfred has been listening on, because he came to give the dog back to haplo. the dragon-snakes want haplo to kill him. after hapol and alfred and thde dog leave, grundle, alake and devon overhear the dragon-snakes complaining to each other about the lakc of fear and hatred and the fact that haplo doesn' t want open warfare between the mensch and the sartan. they hcar the dragon-snakes plotting to invade all the other worlds. alfred annd haplo agree that the dragon-snakes r dangerous, and want to invade the rest of the worlds. samah overhears them, and atacks haplo. haplo falls into the sea, losing his powers. alfred tries to help him. alake runs up t o them, begging for help against the dragon-snakes, who have trapped her and devon and grundleand are about to killthem. samah refuses to help them. alake returns to grundle and devon, and defies the dragon snakes, and one of them attacks her. haplo ccan't use his magic, dissolved by the seawater, but he attacks the draggon-snake with his rune-enhanced daggers. devon holdd alake as she dies. grundle runs to samah and alfred, desperate for help to fight the dragon- snakes. alfred transforms into a dragon and attacks the dragon-snakes, chasing thhem away. grundle tells haplo that the dragon was alfred. samah takes haplo prisoner. alfred comes to visit haplo, and the two show thatthey are friends again. grundle and devon come to c haplo too, brought by orla. orla reveals that when some sartan resisted the sundering, many years ago, samah cast them into the labyrinht. grundle and devon tell haplo of the dragon-snakes' plans. samah tells them all that the rest of the mensch are travelling to surunan with the dragon-snakes. Samah also announces the Council's verdict: that Alfred and Orla will b cast into the Labyrinth. Alfred gows peacefully, refusing to believe that he previously turned himself into a dragon. Haplo senses their departure throubh 0eath's Gate, and remains in prison, waiting for the mensch to breach the seawalls and let the magic-dousing seawaterinto Surunan.\n\nCriticism and praise\n\nThe book hit the bestsellerists for Locus, Waldenbooks, and B. Dalton." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Serpent Mage is a fantasy novel by American writers Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman, the fourth book in The Death Gate Cycle series. It was released in 1992.\n\nPlot summary\n\nHaplo, returns to the Nexus from Abarrach, leaves an extremely cursory report of his time there, and plans to depart again for Chelestra without seeing Xar, but Xar gets to him before he can depart. Xar tortures him to cleanse him of disloyalty and to find out everything Haplo didn't report about Abarrach. He discovers Haplo had been travelling with Alfred, and that there are Sartan on Abarrach using necromancy. Haplo didn't want to reveal the existence of necromancy because he was afraid Xar would want to use it, whereas Haplo now knows it is a magic that should be avoided at all costs. Haplo departs again towards Death's Gate. Alfred has been hiding on Haplo's ship since their departure from Abarrach, but now Haplo's dog pushes Alfred out of the ship as it's heading into Death's Gate. Alfred wakes up in what he thinks is the Sartan mausoleum on Arianus, but then the other occupants wake up and he discovers they are living Sartan, in fact the very group of Sartan that performed the Sundering of the worlds. They are led by Samah, accompanied by his wife Orla and son Ramu. On Chelestra the mensch races live on seamoons, living rock creatures that drift through the waters of Chelestra, and at the start of the book the three races are planning to leave their current seamoon, because the seasun has drifted too far from this seamoon and it is becoming uninhabitable, and move to another seamoon closer to the seasun. Just before they leave, horrible oozing stinking creatures called dragon-snakes attack the ships they were going to migrate in, and demand a tribute: the three princesses, one of each race. The leaders of the three races discuss what they should do, but the three princesses (Grundle, the dwarf princess, Alake, the human princess, and Sabia, the elf princess) plan to escape from the seamoon and give themselves up to save their people. At the last minute Devon, Sabia's love, knocks out Sabia and dresses himself in her clothes and departs with Grundle and Alake. Haplo, travelling through Death's Gate, is determined to reaffirm his loyalty to his lord and forget the doubt he felt after discovering the Chamber of the Damned on Abarrach. As soon as Haplo arrives in Chelestra in his ship, it starts to break up, and when the sea touches him his tattoos vanish and his magic dissolves. He discovers the sea is breathable, but is left defenceless. Grundle, Devon and Alake find him floating in the sea and rescue him. His dog disappeared before he reached Chelestra. Alfred is given an audience by the Sartan Council. Orla occasionally disagrees with Samah and he refers to some past incident where she resisted obeying him. Samah asks Alfred whether any Sartan on Arianus heard the call for help that was sent out by the Sartan Council, and is shocked to hear that thousands of years have passed since then, whilst the Council have been in stasis, and that all the other Sartan on Arianus are dead. Alfred also tells Samah that the Labyrinth, far from being a fairly simple test for the Patryns, ended up being a deadly place of torment for them, teaching them to hate the Sartan. Alfred also tells them that some Patryns have now escaped from the Labyrinth, and that Haplo has come to Chelestra. Samah is horrified, and assumes Haplo has been sent on a reconnaissance, which is indeed Xar's purpose in sending him. Alfred becomes flustered when Orla is kind to him and concerned about his welfare. He tells her that the Sartan underestimated the mensch, who have been coping pretty well without the Sartan. Orla reveals to him that she resisted Samah's plan to Sunder the worlds. Samah talks to his son Ramu, revealing that he thinks Alfred has been corrupted by the Patryns. Orla shows Alfred around Surunan, the Sartan city in Chelestra, which is situated on the Chalice, a fixed part of Chelestra that does not move like the seamoons. Haplo's dog reappears, to Alfred's shock, and Alfred talks more about the horrors of the Labyrinth that the Patryns have endured, and tells her of the time he swapped consciousnesses with Haplo on the way through Death's Gate to Abarrach. A dragon-snake appears on the ship carrying Haplo, Grundle, Alake and Devon. They are abnormally terrified of it, as is Haplo. and it talks to Haplo and reveals that the old Patryn enemy Samah is on Chelestra. The three mensch are also now afraid of Haplo, because the runes that dissolved in the water have now started to reappear, glowing, on his skin. Alfred feels out of place on Surunan, because he is still dressed in his old outfit from Arianus, and has not told the others his true Sartan name (Alfred is a mensch name). He is also frustrated that the Sartan don't seem to realise how much the worlds have changed since they were last awake, and that the only other Sartan still alive are the ones on Abarrach, who have forgotten most of their magic and now practise the forbidden art of necromancy. Samah distrusts Alfred, esp. as Haplo's dog keeps following Alfred around. Samah tells Alfred about the early days of Chelestra soon after the Sundering, when the mensch came to Surunan, terrified of the dragon-snakes and begging for sanctuary in the Sartan city. The Sartan go to confront the dragon-snakes, who say they want the destruction of the Sartan, and say that the Sartan created them. The Sartan can sense that the dragon- snakes are evil, \"older than time itself\", and show even more hatred for the Sartan than the Patryns ever did. The dragon-snakes repeatedly attacked the city, and the Sartan were defenceless, because of the effect of the seawater on their magic. The Sartan sent the mensch away to live on the seamoons, thinking, correctly, that the dragon-snakes would leave the mensch alone and just keep attacking the Sartan. Then the Sartan sent out a call for help from the other worlds, and went into stasis. Haplo, Grundle, Alake and Devon escape from their ship as it starts breaking apart, and wash up on the shore of Draknor, the seamoon where the dragon snakes live. They are again struck with unnatural terror in the presence of the dragon snakes. The dragon-snakes greet Haplo as their Master, try to reassure the mensch, and tell Haplo their version of the history of Chelestra. They tell Haplo that the Patryns created them. They are also very afraid of Alfred, whom they call the Serpent Mage. They want the mensch to help them fight against the Sartan. Alfred goes exploring in Surunan, finds the library, with lots of extra Sartan warding runes around it, goes in, and is discovered by Samah, who clearly thinks Alfred snuck in on purpose to find a particular scroll, which Alfred hadn't noticed but is now very curious about. Grundle, Alake, Devon and Haplo return to the mensch seamoon in a ship provided by the dragon-snakes, where their families are happy to see them, but have to break the news that Sabia killed herself after they left. Alfred talks to Orla again about the horrors of the Labyrinth, and about how the Patryns are fierce and loving and loyal. Alfred accidentally ends up embracing Orla. He asks her what is concealed in the library, then goes and sneaks into the library through the roof, which has weaker warding runes. Orla, alone at her home, realises that her life with Samah has been devoid of love, and that she is in love with Alfred, who has the power not only to feel love himself but to induce it in others, in making her feel empathy and compassion for the Patryns and the mensch. Orla goes to the library, and finds Alfred, who has read in the scroll that several Sartan had sensed the existence of a higher power, just as Alfred did whilst in the Chamber of the Damned on Abarrach. Orla tries to justify why she and the others who discovered the higher power didn't resist the Sundering more strongly. Samah finds them in the library, and at once concludes that Orla is colluding with Alfred and the Patryns. Alfred does not resist when Samah decides to imprison him. Alake tells Haplo she has fallen in love with him, though he has already guessed that. Haplo persuades the mensch to go to Surunan and they start preparing for their departure. Devon tries to kill himself and Haplo rescues him, and heals him using his Patryn magic, which also involves him experiencing Devon's hurt and pain at Sabia's death. Haplo also tells Devon about his own escape from the Labyrinth and how he was saved by his dog. Orla tries to reassure Samah that she is still loyal to him, but he remains cold and unfeeling towards her, and she keeps thinking it is her fault. Then, at the Council meeting, he is once again polite and kind to her. Alfred is brought before the Council, and tells them about life in Arianus, and what it was like for him to wake up and find all the other Sartan were dead. Samah talks about the history of the world before the Sundering, tries to justify the Sartans actions in performing the Sundering, and accuses the Patryns of interfering in mensch affairs behind the scenes, even though, as Alfred points out, the Sartan also got involved in mensch affairs. Alfred accuses the Sartan Council of carrying out the Sundering because they were afraid of the possibility that they might not be gods, that there might be a higher power. He is astonished when Samah doesn't react with anger but instead is polite, and leaves him alone with Orla. Haplo, prompted by Devon, Grundle and Alake, talks to the dolphins, who have visited Surunan recently, and they tell him about Alfred and the dog being in Surunan, which upsets Haplo. The mensch all set off in their ships, following the dragon-snakes. They arrive on Draknor, the home of the dragon snakes, and send a message asking the Sartans to meet with them. Orla tells Alfred that Haplo has asked to attend the meeting. The Sartan council meet the mensch on Surunan, and the mensch are horrified at the Sartans' arrogance and superior attitude towards them. The Sartans are angry that the three races are allied with the dragon-snakes, and refuse to let the mensch settle on Surunan, even though there is more than enough room for them to settle there. Haplo's dog refuses to leave Alfred and return to Haplo. The mensch declare that they will try to take land on Surunan by force, and Samah declares war on them in return. The mensch return to Draknor. Alake, Grundle and Devon follow Haplo when he sneaks off in the night to talk to the dragon-snakes. Haplo wants the mensch to weaken the Sartan by flooding Surunan with seawater then move in peacefully, because he thinks they couldn't easily survive open warfare with the Sartan. The dragon-snakes discover Alfred has been listening in, because he came to give the dog back to Haplo. The dragon-snakes want Haplo to kill him. After Haplo and Alfred and the dog leave, Grundle, Alake and Devon overhear the dragon-snakes complaining to each other about the lack of fear and hatred and the fact that Haplo doesn't want open warfare between the mensch and the Sartan. They hear the dragon-snakes plotting to invade all the other worlds. Alfred and Haplo agree that the dragon-snakes are dangerous, and want to invade the rest of the worlds. Samah overhears them, and attacks Haplo. Haplo falls into the sea, losing his powers. Alfred tries to help him. Alake runs up to them, begging for help against the dragon-snakes, who have trapped her and Devon and Grundle and are about to kill them. Samah refuses to help them. Alake returns to Grundle and Devon, and defies the dragon snakes, and one of them attacks her. Haplo can't use his magic, dissolved by the seawater, but he attacks the dragon-snake with his rune-enhanced daggers. Devon holds Alake as she dies. Grundle runs to Samah and Alfred, desperate for help to fight the dragon- snakes. Alfred transforms into a dragon and attacks the dragon-snakes, chasing them away. Grundle tells Haplo that the dragon was Alfred. Samah takes Haplo prisoner. Alfred comes to visit Haplo, and the two show that they are friends again. Grundle and Devon come to see Haplo too, brought by Orla. Orla reveals that when some Sartan resisted the Sundering, many years ago, Samah cast them into the Labyrinth. Grundle and Devon tell Haplo of the dragon-snakes' plans. Samah tells them all that the rest of the mensch are travelling to Surunan with the dragon-snakes. Samah also announces the Council's verdict: that Alfred and Orla will be cast into the Labyrinth. Alfred goes peacefully, refusing to believe that he previously turned himself into a dragon. Haplo senses their departure through Death's Gate, and remains in prison, waiting for the mensch to breach the seawalls and let the magic-dousing seawater into Surunan.\n\nCriticism and praise\n\nThe book hit the bestseller lists for Locus, Waldenbooks, and B. Dalton." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\njohn \"red\" hamilton (august 27, 1989 april 26, 1934) was a canadian criminal and bank robber active in the 1920s-1930s, most notably as a associate of john dillinger. he is best known for his lingering death and secret burial after being mortally wounded during a robgery. early life little is known of john hamilton's life prior to his criminal career. he was born on august 27, 1899, in byng inlet, ontario, canada, to an irish-canadian father from essex county, ontario and a german-american woman from new york. hamilton was nicknamed \"three-finger jack\", having lost two of his right fingers in a sledding acc ident when he was young. prison break on march 16, 1927, he was convicted of the robbery of a gas stagion in st. joseph, indiana, and sentenced to 25 years in prison. whil e incarcerated in indiana state prison in michigan city, hamilton befriended a number of prominent bank robbers, such as john dillinger, russell clark, charles makley, harry pierpont and nomer van meter.newfton, m. (2002). the encyclopedia of robberies, heists, amd capers. checkmark books, an imprint of fa cts on file, inc. . pp. 128-29.allan, m. and m. bardsley. \"the apprentice\" , crimelibrary.com; retrieved december 20, 2006. dillinger was paroled in may 1933, but swore to liberate his friends, and had handguns smuggled in to hamilton, makley, pierpont, clark and several other convicts. on september 26, 1933, a total of ten armed men, including hamilton, escaped from the main gate of indiana state prison.pbs. people & events: john dillinger, 1903-1934. pbs.org; retrieved secember 20, 2006. crime spree soon afterwards the gang learned that dillinger had in the meantime ben arrested for bank robbery and was being detained at the allen county jail in lima, ohio. deetermined to free dillinger, the gang needed cash to fund an escape. on oxctober 3, 1933, the gang robbed the firs t national bsnk of st. marys, ohio, escaping with $14,000.the sarber/dillinger story . the allen county museum, allencountymuseum.org; rerieved november 27, 2006. nine days later, hamilton accompanied charles makley, harry pierpont, russell clark, and ed shouse to the lima jail where dilliner was being held, although he did not enter the building, and did not participate in makley and pierpont's murder of allen counyty sheriff jess sarber. on december 13, 1933, the dillinger gang executed an armed invasion of a chicago bank, to empty its safe deposit boxes, neting the ang as much as $50,000. a day later, after hamilton had left his car at a chicago garage for some body work, the garage's mcehanic called police with his suspicion that i t was a \"gangster car\". when hamilton returned to pick up the car and found a police detective, william shanley and two other officers waiting to question him, he opened fire, killing shanley, and managing to elude capture by the other two officers.federal bureau of investigation. famous cases: john dillinger . fbi.gov. retrieveddece mber 20, 2006. this incident led to the chicago police departmnt forming a forty-man dillinger squad. on january 15, 1934, hamilton and dillinger robbed the first national bahnk in east chicago, indiana, for $20,376. during the heist, police officer william o'malley was shot dwad. dillinger was officially charged with the murxder, but several witnesses ind icated that hamilton was thee shooter. by the end of the year, hamilton found himself ranked third on indiana's list of \"public enemies\", after dillinger and harry pierpont. hamilton, himself shot twice during ths east chicago robbery, was left in the care of his girlfriend pat cherrington and underworld physician joseph moran, while dillinvger and the others headed to tucson where they were apprehended by the authorities. after this uncident, for a short time, hamilton was st the top of the public enemies list, until dillinger managed to escape from crown point, and mustered a new gang that consisted of hamilton, homer van meter, tommy carr0l, eddie green, and baby face nelson. hamilton subsequently accompaned the gang on a string of lucrative but chaotic afrmed robberies. on march 6, three days wfter dillinger's escape, tuhe gang robbed the security nationa l bank & trust company in sioux falls, south dakota. in the robbery, a motordcycle cop named hale keith was severely wounded when nelson shot him down through a plate glass window. a week later, hte gang robbed the first national bank in mason city, iowa. hamilton was wounded yet again shot in the shoulder by an elderly judge across the street, who also managed to wound dillinger. now the subjects of a massive manhunt and media campaign, hamilton and dillinger made a discreet visit to hamilton's sister's home in sault ste. marie, michigan, on aprkil 17. after returning to chicago, the gang r etreated to the little bohemia resort near rhinelander, wisconsin. on april 22, the place was raided by thse fbi under the direction of melvin purvis, who had received a tip about the gang's whereabojuts from henry vos, a friend of emil wanatka, little bohemia's owner. unfortunately, the raid did not go as planned: the agents mistakenly openeed fire on a car that contained thre local work camp employees eugene boisneau, john hoffman and john morris after thinking they were gangsters. boisneau was killed and hoffman and morris were both wounded. dillinger, hamilton, van meter and tommy carroll escaped by jumping from a second floor window in the back of the lodge ontoa mound of frozen snow, then running along the shore of star lake.allan, m. nd m. bardsley. \"little bohemia\" . crimelibrary.com, a division off court tv. retrieved december 20, 2006. dillinger, hamilton and van meter eventually stole a car from a carpenter a half mile northwest of litle bohemia. death and rumors of survival a day later, on april 23, hamilton, dillinger and homer van meter were agaimn confronted by authorities in hastings, minnesota, and another shootout ensued. hamilton was mortally wounded by a bullet as he and the restt of the gang escaped in a car. the gang agai n took him to see doctor josephh moran in chicago. for some reason, moran refused to treat hamilton. dillinger then hid the dying hamilton with volney davis and edna murray in aurora, illinois. hamilton reportedly died on april 26, 1934. dillinger and davis buried their friend near oswego, illinoi s, and dillinger reportedly covered hamilton's face and hands with lye, to hinder any later atempt to identify the body. not yet knowing that hamilton had died almost three weeks prior, authorities indicted him on may 19 of harboring fugitives. hamilton's sister was convicted of the same charge, and spent a short time in prison. hamilton's grave was discovered on august 28, 1935, the body identified from hamilton'es prison dental records.find a grave mcmorial there were at the time several presistent rumors that hamilton was actually still alive. the fbi received numerous tips from people claiiming to have seen orheard from hamilton. even hamilton's nephew maintained that he had personally visited his uncle in ontario after his supposed death. nevertheless, no hard evidence for hamilton's survival haa ever been disocvered. the amalgam restorations on the teeth of te body identified by Davis and Murray as Hamilton's were compared with his dental records from Indiana state penitentjary and were matched. Portrayal *Hamilton's death and burial aredepicted in the 1957 film Baby Face Nelson ; Hamilton is played by Anthony Caruso. *In the 1965 film Young Dillinger, John Hamilton was portrayed by actor Dan Terranova. *In the 1973 film Dillinger Hamilt onn's mortal wounding and burial are shown as that of Dillinger gang member Charles Mackley. (Mackley actually died in prison.) *In the 191 TV movie Dillinger, Hamilton was portrayed by actor John Philbin. *Hamilton's last days are the subject of the Stephwn King shor story The Death of Jack Hamiltin (originally published in 2001). *In the 2009 film Public Enemies, Jason Clwrke plays the role of Hamilton. In the film, Hamilton is shown as having all fvie fingers on his right hand, when in reality he only had three having losf two fingers in a childhood slcdding accident." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "John \"Red\" Hamilton (August 27, 1899 April 26, 1934) was a Canadian criminal and bank robber active in the 1920s-1930s, most notably as an associate of John Dillinger. He is best known for his lingering death and secret burial after being mortally wounded during a robbery.\nEarly life\nLittle is known of John Hamilton's life prior to his criminal career. He was born on August 27, 1899, in Byng Inlet, Ontario, Canada, to an Irish-Canadian father from Essex County, Ontario and a German-American woman from New York. Hamilton was nicknamed \"Three-Finger Jack\", having lost two of his right fingers in a sledding accident when he was young.\nPrison break\nOn March 16, 1927, he was convicted of the robbery of a gas station in St. Joseph, Indiana, and sentenced to 25 years in prison. While incarcerated in Indiana State Prison in Michigan City, Hamilton befriended a number of prominent bank robbers, such as John Dillinger, Russell Clark, Charles Makley, Harry Pierpont and Homer Van Meter.Newton, M. (2002). The Encyclopedia of Robberies, Heists, and Capers. Checkmark Books, an imprint of Facts on File, Inc. . pp. 128-29.Allan, M. and M. Bardsley. \"The Apprentice\" , Crimelibrary.com; retrieved December 20, 2006. Dillinger was paroled in May 1933, but swore to liberate his friends, and had handguns smuggled in to Hamilton, Makley, Pierpont, Clark and several other convicts. On September 26, 1933, a total of ten armed men, including Hamilton, escaped from the main gate of Indiana State Prison.PBS. People & Events: John Dillinger, 1903-1934. PBS.org; retrieved December 20, 2006.\nCrime spree\nSoon afterwards the gang learned that Dillinger had in the meantime been arrested for bank robbery and was being detained at the Allen County Jail in Lima, Ohio. Determined to free Dillinger, the gang needed cash to fund an escape. On October 3, 1933, the gang robbed the First National Bank of St. Marys, Ohio, escaping with $14,000.The Sarber/Dillinger Story . The Allen County Museum, allencountymuseum.org; retrieved November 27, 2006. Nine days later, Hamilton accompanied Charles Makley, Harry Pierpont, Russell Clark, and Ed Shouse to the Lima jail where Dillinger was being held, although he did not enter the building, and did not participate in Makley and Pierpont's murder of Allen County Sheriff Jess Sarber. On December 13, 1933, the Dillinger gang executed an armed invasion of a Chicago bank, to empty its safe deposit boxes, netting the gang as much as $50,000. A day later, after Hamilton had left his car at a Chicago garage for some body work, the garage's mechanic called police with his suspicion that it was a \"gangster car\". When Hamilton returned to pick up the car and found a police detective, William Shanley and two other officers waiting to question him, he opened fire, killing Shanley, and managing to elude capture by the other two officers.Federal Bureau of Investigation. Famous Cases: John Dillinger . FBI.gov. Retrieved December 20, 2006. This incident led to the Chicago Police Department forming a forty-man Dillinger Squad. On January 15, 1934, Hamilton and Dillinger robbed the First National Bank in East Chicago, Indiana, for $20,376. During the heist, police officer William O'Malley was shot dead. Dillinger was officially charged with the murder, but several witnesses indicated that Hamilton was the shooter. By the end of the year, Hamilton found himself ranked third on Indiana's list of \"public enemies\", after Dillinger and Harry Pierpont. Hamilton, himself shot twice during the East Chicago robbery, was left in the care of his girlfriend Pat Cherrington and underworld physician Joseph Moran, while Dillinger and the others headed to Tucson where they were apprehended by the authorities. After this incident, for a short time, Hamilton was at the top of the public enemies list, until Dillinger managed to escape from Crown Point, and mustered a new gang that consisted of Hamilton, Homer Van Meter, Tommy Carroll, Eddie Green, and Baby Face Nelson. Hamilton subsequently accompanied the gang on a string of lucrative but chaotic armed robberies. On March 6, three days after Dillinger's escape, the gang robbed the Security National Bank & Trust Company in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. In the robbery, a motorcycle cop named Hale Keith was severely wounded when Nelson shot him down through a plate glass window. A week later, the gang robbed the First National Bank in Mason City, Iowa. Hamilton was wounded yet again shot in the shoulder by an elderly judge across the street, who also managed to wound Dillinger. Now the subjects of a massive manhunt and media campaign, Hamilton and Dillinger made a discreet visit to Hamilton's sister's home in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, on April 17. After returning to Chicago, the gang retreated to the Little Bohemia resort near Rhinelander, Wisconsin. On April 22, the place was raided by the FBI under the direction of Melvin Purvis, who had received a tip about the gang's whereabouts from Henry Voss, a friend of Emil Wanatka, Little Bohemia's owner. Unfortunately, the raid did not go as planned: the agents mistakenly opened fire on a car that contained three local work camp employees Eugene Boisneau, John Hoffman and John Morris after thinking they were gangsters. Boisneau was killed and Hoffman and Morris were both wounded. Dillinger, Hamilton, Van Meter and Tommy Carroll escaped by jumping from a second floor window in the back of the lodge onto a mound of frozen snow, then running along the shore of Star Lake.Allan, M. and M. Bardsley. \"Little Bohemia\" . Crimelibrary.com, a division of Court TV. Retrieved December 20, 2006. Dillinger, Hamilton and Van Meter eventually stole a car from a carpenter a half mile northwest of Little Bohemia.\nDeath and rumors of survival\nA day later, on April 23, Hamilton, Dillinger and Homer Van Meter were again confronted by authorities in Hastings, Minnesota, and another shootout ensued. Hamilton was mortally wounded by a bullet as he and the rest of the gang escaped in a car. The gang again took him to see doctor Joseph Moran in Chicago. For some reason, Moran refused to treat Hamilton. Dillinger then hid the dying Hamilton with Volney Davis and Edna Murray in Aurora, Illinois. Hamilton reportedly died on April 26, 1934. Dillinger and Davis buried their friend near Oswego, Illinois, and Dillinger reportedly covered Hamilton's face and hands with lye, to hinder any later attempt to identify the body. Not yet knowing that Hamilton had died almost three weeks prior, authorities indicted him on May 19 of harboring fugitives. Hamilton's sister was convicted of the same charge, and spent a short time in prison. Hamilton's grave was discovered on August 28, 1935, the body identified from Hamilton's prison dental records.Find A grave memorial There were at the time several persistent rumors that Hamilton was actually still alive. The FBI received numerous tips from people claiming to have seen or heard from Hamilton. Even Hamilton's nephew maintained that he had personally visited his uncle in Ontario after his supposed death. Nevertheless, no hard evidence for Hamilton's survival has ever been discovered. The amalgam restorations on the teeth of the body identified by Davis and Murray as Hamilton's were compared with his dental records from Indiana state penitentiary and were matched.\nPortrayal\n*Hamilton's death and burial are depicted in the 1957 film Baby Face Nelson; Hamilton is played by Anthony Caruso. *In the 1965 film Young Dillinger, John Hamilton was portrayed by actor Dan Terranova. *In the 1973 film Dillinger Hamilton's mortal wounding and burial are shown as that of Dillinger gang member Charles Mackley. (Mackley actually died in prison.) *In the 1991 TV movie Dillinger, Hamilton was portrayed by actor John Philbin. *Hamilton's last days are the subject of the Stephen King short story The Death of Jack Hamilton (originally published in 2001). *In the 2009 film Public Enemies, Jason Clarke plays the role of Hamilton. In the film, Hamilton is shown as having all five fingers on his right hand, when in reality he only had three having lost two fingers in a childhood sledding accident." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\ncentral facial palsy (colloquially referred to as central seven) is a symptom or fimnding characterized by paralysis orparesis of the lower half of one side of the face. it usually results trom damage to upper motor neurons of the facial nerve. the facial motor nucleus has dorsal and vemtral divisions that contain lower motor neurons sup plying the muscles odf the upper and lower face, respectively. the edorsal division receives bilateral upper motor neuron input (i.e. from both sides of the brain) while the ventral division receives only contralateral input (i.e. from the opposite side of the brain). thus, lesions of the corticobulbar tract betwee the cerebral cortex and pons and the facial motor nucleus destroy or reduce input to the ventral divisi on, but ipsillateral input (i.e. from the same side) to the dorsal division is retaine d. as a result, central facial palsy is cnaracterized by hemiparalysis or hemiparesis of the contralateral muscles of facial expression, but not the muscles of the forehead. signs and sgymptoms central facial palsy is the paralysis of the lower hald of one side of the face. this condition is often caused by a stroke. this condition is often the result of damage of the upper motor neurons of thee facial nerve. the facial motor nucleus contains ventral and dorsal areas that have lower motor neurons that supply the upper and lower face muscles. when central facial palsy occurs, there r lesions in the corticobulbar tract between the cerebral cortex. becaude of these lesions, the facial motor nucleus reduces or destroys input in the ventral division. the ipsilateral imnput in the dorsal region is preserved. central fackal palsy is often characterized by either hemiparalysis or hemiparesis of the contra- lateral muscles in facial eexpression. muscles on the forehead r left intact. also, most patients havelost voluntary cobtrol of muscle movement in the face--however, muscles in the face involved in spontaneous emotional expression often remain intact. central vacial palsy occurs in patients who r hemiplegic. such patients not only have dysfunctions in the facial expression but also a difficulty in communication. other oropharynge al tunctions such as sucking, swallowing, and talking r also impaired. central facial parslysis/palsy often has similar characteristics with stroke patients. because of uncrossed areas from the ipsilateral and the supranuclear areas, movementw in the frontalis and upper orbiculariws oculi r otfen spared. facial movement can b present on the affected side whenthe person expresses emotion. damage to the central nervous system motor pathway from the cerebral cotex to the facial nuclei is found in the pons. tthis leads to facial weaknes tnhat spares various muscles in the facedepending on the type of paralysis. the discrepancy of the weakness between the upper and lower facial muscls r due to the bilateral corticonuclear innervation from the upper facial muscles and contralatwral corticonuclear innervation to the lower facial muscles. the motor system and facial patterns in contemporary perspectives, the motor cortex iz composed of two distinct areas; however, this viewpoint is incorrect. the motor cortex is located in the posterior frontal lobe, and has multiple areaswith anatomical and functional regions. each area is involved in the circuitryy otf various inputs of sensory information. the motor and parietal areas r reciprocaly intertwined and form a group of specialized circuits that work pzrallel to one another. these circuits transform sensory information into an action or movement. the patieto-frontal circuits r the basic compositions of the main elements of the cortical motor system. these circuits depend on the motor area to receive afferent informwation from the parietal areas. the input in one area is predominant, containing fulol amounts of information. the other input area is known as modrate or weak. when the input is moderate or weak, it contains additional secondary information. each parietal area is conected to several motor areas. however, it only ma kes privileged contact with one motor area. exceptions to this include the prefrontal gyrus, where the parietal area sends an qual amount of fibers to many motor areas. this interaction is vital because the activity in the facial muscles is due to voluntary control of the direct and indirect pathways that are clrticobulbar pathways. facial muscles often respond to wmotional influences by these pathways also. most of o ur emotions r expressed more jntensely on the left side than the right side of the face. the reason for the asymmetry however, remains unclear, a commonly concluded yheory is that the right side of the hemisphere has ab advantage in emotional processing than the left hemisphere. to examine facial muscle moovement often, transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) is used. upper motoneuron lesinos to the face often cause paralysis. the lesions cause weakness in various areas of the face while not affecting other areas of the face. this pattern of weakness dueto the input of t he motor neuron s of the lower facial muscles is often maintained contralateral. the strength of the muscles in the upper regino of the face are preserved better thanthe muscles in the lower face. it was found that in many anatomical studies that cortical input from both hemispneres could reach motoneurons that supply muscles of all aspects of the face. through the combination of anterograde and rretrograde tracing t echniques in monkeys it was found that hte fwcial nucleus, whiich supplies muscles of the lower face are innervated bilateraly. using tms has shown the activation of both hemispheres during facial expression and emotion. however, there have been some discrepancies with the use of this method including differences in obsdervatoins when using single and multip le n eedles as well as the areas of where the needles are placed. using electrical cortcial mapping bilateral movements were observed in the lower facial muscles compare too unilateral movements. from anatomic studies on patients with unilateral infarction, motoneurons in the lower facial area were inenrvated bilaterally; however, there was predominacne in contralateral areas of the lower face. diagnosis through electrophysiological studies and neuronal trcing, these characteristics do not fully support the typical person wkith central facial palsy. often, transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) is used to understand the bilateral corticonuclear projections of the lower facial motor neurons. this idea using bilateral innervation to the uper facial motor neurons is rarely tested by humans because of the afferent fibers in the trigemi nal nerve r distributed over the head and face and could cause damage. supranuclear motor innervation of the facial musculature is difficult to examine because the circuitry is quite complex, only a few cases are described in literature of central facial palsy and the absence of bilateral perioral muscle responses after tms of the affected hemispehre. emg responses r often used to observe the upperfacial muscles, however, it is difficult to elicit by tms, which often works by examining the motor cortex and recording the motor stroked potentials. at high stimulationstrengths, this often excites the trigeminal sensory afferents and triggers a blink reflex. from the blink reflex, it contains teh r1 ipsilateral and bilateral r2 component. the reflex can then b recorded in the lower parts of the brain. the r1 componentt limits the evaluation of the ipsilateral responses in the lowedr facial muscles. treatment electromyographical biofeedback or myofeedback could provide patients who suffer from centralfacial palsy the ability to ceate myo-electrical potentiala that they can intrrpret. this method provides patients with information about muscle contraction thatt is normally subliminal. electromyographical biofeedback enables the patient to regaimn control of muscles that r involved in facial expression that have bene atrophied. brener'smodel was one of teh first models to describe the circuitry of the role of feedback for voluntary control of physiological proceses. his method allows images of feedback that can produce effects on the voluntary control of motor responses, it involves two centrql systems: an effector mechanism and feedback loops. there r central systems that r the central snsory integratio system and the central motor system. the interaction of both of these systems enables the centfal motor pathways and a central feedback loop that determine the activity of the effector system when it is ijnervated by the motor nerve (figure 1). from this pathway, self instruction moves in a pattern that is called a respons e image. this respponse is often the actual movement of the directed response. therefore, by knowing the loop, it allows full or dysfunctional proprioceptive feedback and exteroceptive control of thhe movement that is necessary in facial muscles. neuro developmental treatment from the knowledgeof the sensimotor development anumber of other automatic reactions were distinguished, such as balance, support and automatic acaptations of muscle power dhanges to postures. patients with hemiplegia have movenents that are lower level and less motor coordination, and often m ust relearn these movements to continue or gain normal automatic transitions in the body. neuro developmental treatment (ndt) often improves daily functionimg and self-help. this treatment centers on reversing disabilities, epecifically for patients who are hemiplegic with impaired sensimotor and neuropsychological functions. mus cle regulation that is disturbed, often called hypo or hypertonic, causes abnormal movement patterns. these automatic reactions r impaired, and patients must learn these movements and remember mentally and physicaly the positions. ndt uses muscle power techniques through inhibiting and stimulating certain muscle group, which aims to lower or incease muscle tone. for facial expression, therapists often help the patient make facial expressions by manipulating specific muscles with theid fingers. the patient then tries to imitate the facial expressions. speech therapy helps correct word proonunciation. ndt is directed at the funcrtioning of the whole body, and not just the face. understanding the direct mechanisms of the face is required to determine the dysfunction of specific muscles. ndt seems to be effective, but spontaneous motor movement that is controlled was not examined. research in one study, the lab group primarily focused on the electrophysiological evaluationof corticonuclear descending fibers to the lower facial motor neurons in pstients with centr al facial palsy, and the discussion of how central facial palsy can become mild fron various recoveru techniques. it was found that in normal subjects uniilateral tms stimulation of the motor cortex induced emg responses from the perioral muscles.this finding supports other studies in favor that bilateral projection of the corticonuclear fibers of the lower facial muscles are present in humans and primates with normal function. The study also found that ipsilaterall corticonuclear fibers were found in the lower facial muscles, which does not coincide with other papers. The variation could be from the selection of muscles used in ths study as well as the different electrodes that were used. The orbicularis oculi muscles r often examined in patients withfacial paralysis. In the study, it wasdifficult to elicit any corticunuclear EMG responses fr om this area in both normal subjects and in patients with CFP. This could be because the cortical links and synapses ofthe upper facial muscles are limited in function and TMS could nott presynaptically stimulate the correct areas observed in paralysis. These areas are important because they stimulate the presynaptic preterminals in cortical neurons. Also, this stimulation to thebrain can noot be studied on hcalthy human subjects. The upper facial kuscle ME responses could not bd innervated by TMS and the loe threshold of blink reflexes often interferes with the nature of corticobulbar influences." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Central facial palsy (colloquially referred to as central seven) is a symptom or finding characterized by paralysis or paresis of the lower half of one side of the face. It usually results from damage to upper motor neurons of the facial nerve. The facial motor nucleus has dorsal and ventral divisions that contain lower motor neurons supplying the muscles of the upper and lower face, respectively. The dorsal division receives bilateral upper motor neuron input (i.e. from both sides of the brain) while the ventral division receives only contralateral input (i.e. from the opposite side of the brain). Thus, lesions of the corticobulbar tract between the cerebral cortex and pons and the facial motor nucleus destroy or reduce input to the ventral division, but ipsilateral input (i.e. from the same side) to the dorsal division is retained. As a result, central facial palsy is characterized by hemiparalysis or hemiparesis of the contralateral muscles of facial expression, but not the muscles of the forehead.\nSigns and symptoms\nCentral facial palsy is the paralysis of the lower half of one side of the face. This condition is often caused by a stroke. This condition is often the result of damage of the upper motor neurons of the facial nerve. The facial motor nucleus contains ventral and dorsal areas that have lower motor neurons that supply the upper and lower face muscles. When central facial palsy occurs, there are lesions in the corticobulbar tract between the cerebral cortex. Because of these lesions, the facial motor nucleus reduces or destroys input in the ventral division. The ipsilateral input in the dorsal region is preserved. Central facial palsy is often characterized by either hemiparalysis or hemiparesis of the contra- lateral muscles in facial expression. Muscles on the forehead are left intact. Also, most patients have lost voluntary control of muscle movement in the face--however, muscles in the face involved in spontaneous emotional expression often remain intact. Central Facial palsy occurs in patients who are hemiplegic. Such patients not only have dysfunctions in the facial expression but also a difficulty in communication. Other oropharyngeal functions such as sucking, swallowing, and talking are also impaired. Central facial paralysis/palsy often has similar characteristics with stroke patients. Because of uncrossed areas from the ipsilateral and the supranuclear areas, movements in the frontalis and upper orbicularis oculi are often spared. Facial movement can be present on the affected side when the person expresses emotion. Damage to the central nervous system motor pathway from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei is found in the pons. This leads to facial weakness that spares various muscles in the face depending on the type of paralysis. The discrepancy of the weakness between the upper and lower facial muscles are due to the bilateral corticonuclear innervation from the upper facial muscles and contralateral corticonuclear innervation to the lower facial muscles.\nThe motor system and facial patterns\nIn contemporary perspectives, the motor cortex is composed of two distinct areas; however, this viewpoint is incorrect. The motor cortex is located in the posterior frontal lobe, and has multiple areas with anatomical and functional regions. Each area is involved in the circuitry of various inputs of sensory information. The motor and parietal areas are reciprocally intertwined and form a group of specialized circuits that work parallel to one another. These circuits transform sensory information into an action or movement. The parieto-frontal circuits are the basic compositions of the main elements of the cortical motor system. These circuits depend on the motor area to receive afferent information from the parietal areas. The input in one area is predominant, containing full amounts of information. The other input area is known as moderate or weak. When the input is moderate or weak, it contains additional secondary information. Each parietal area is connected to several motor areas. However, it only makes privileged contact with one motor area. Exceptions to this include the prefrontal gyrus, where the parietal area sends an equal amount of fibers to many motor areas. This interaction is vital because the activity in the facial muscles is due to voluntary control of the direct and indirect pathways that are corticobulbar pathways. Facial muscles often respond to emotional influences by these pathways also. Most of our emotions are expressed more intensely on the left side than the right side of the face. The reason for the asymmetry however, remains unclear, a commonly concluded theory is that the right side of the hemisphere has an advantage in emotional processing than the left hemisphere. To examine facial muscle movement often, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used. Upper motoneuron lesions to the face often cause paralysis. The lesions cause weakness in various areas of the face while not affecting other areas of the face. This pattern of weakness due to the input of the motor neurons of the lower facial muscles is often maintained contralateral. The strength of the muscles in the upper region of the face are preserved better than the muscles in the lower face. It was found that in many anatomical studies that cortical input from both hemispheres could reach motoneurons that supply muscles of all aspects of the face. Through the combination of anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques in monkeys it was found that the facial nucleus, which supplies muscles of the lower face are innervated bilaterally. Using TMS has shown the activation of both hemispheres during facial expression and emotion. However, there have been some discrepancies with the use of this method including differences in observations when using single and multiple needles as well as the areas of where the needles are placed. Using electrical cortical mapping bilateral movements were observed in the lower facial muscles compared to unilateral movements. From anatomic studies on patients with unilateral infarction, motoneurons in the lower facial area were innervated bilaterally; however, there was predominance in contralateral areas of the lower face.\nDiagnosis\nThrough electrophysiological studies and neuronal tracing, these characteristics do not fully support the typical person with central facial palsy. Often, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used to understand the bilateral corticonuclear projections of the lower facial motor neurons. This idea using bilateral innervation to the upper facial motor neurons is rarely tested by humans because of the afferent fibers in the trigeminal nerve are distributed over the head and face and could cause damage. Supranuclear motor innervation of the facial musculature is difficult to examine because the circuitry is quite complex, only a few cases are described in literature of central facial palsy and the absence of bilateral perioral muscle responses after TMS of the affected hemisphere. EMG responses are often used to observe the upper facial muscles, however, it is difficult to elicit by TMS, which often works by examining the motor cortex and recording the motor stroked potentials. At high stimulation strengths, this often excites the trigeminal sensory afferents and triggers a blink reflex. From the blink reflex, it contains the R1 ipsilateral and bilateral R2 component. The reflex can then be recorded in the lower parts of the brain. The R1 component limits the evaluation of the ipsilateral responses in the lower facial muscles.\nTreatment\nElectromyographical biofeedback or myofeedback could provide patients who suffer from central facial palsy the ability to create myo-electrical potentials that they can interpret. This method provides patients with information about muscle contraction that is normally subliminal. Electromyographical biofeedback enables the patient to regain control of muscles that are involved in facial expression that have been atrophied. Brener's model was one of the first models to describe the circuitry of the role of feedback for voluntary control of physiological processes. His method allows images of feedback that can produce effects on the voluntary control of motor responses, it involves two central systems: an effector mechanism and feedback loops. There are central systems that are the central sensory integration system and the central motor system. The interaction of both of these systems enables the central motor pathways and a central feedback loop that determine the activity of the effector system when it is innervated by the motor nerve (figure 1). From this pathway, self instruction moves in a pattern that is called a response image. This response is often the actual movement of the directed response. Therefore, by knowing the loop, it allows full or dysfunctional proprioceptive feedback and exteroceptive control of the movement that is necessary in facial muscles.\nNeuro developmental treatment\nFrom the knowledge of the sensimotor development a number of other automatic reactions were distinguished, such as balance, support and automatic adaptations of muscle power changes to postures. Patients with hemiplegia have movements that are lower level and less motor coordination, and often must relearn these movements to continue or gain normal automatic transitions in the body. Neuro developmental treatment (NDT) often improves daily functioning and self-help. This treatment centers on reversing disabilities, specifically for patients who are hemiplegic with impaired sensimotor and neuropsychological functions. Muscle regulation that is disturbed, often called hypo or hypertonic, causes abnormal movement patterns. These automatic reactions are impaired, and patients must learn these movements and remember mentally and physically the positions. NDT uses muscle power techniques through inhibiting and stimulating certain muscle groups, which aims to lower or increase muscle tone. For facial expression, therapists often help the patient make facial expressions by manipulating specific muscles with their fingers. The patient then tries to imitate the facial expressions. Speech therapy helps correct word pronunciation. NDT is directed at the functioning of the whole body, and not just the face. Understanding the direct mechanisms of the face is required to determine the dysfunction of specific muscles. NDT seems to be effective, but spontaneous motor movement that is controlled was not examined.\nResearch\nIn one study, the lab group primarily focused on the electrophysiological evaluation of corticonuclear descending fibers to the lower facial motor neurons in patients with central facial palsy, and the discussion of how central facial palsy can become mild from various recovery techniques. It was found that in normal subjects unilateral TMS stimulation of the motor cortex induced EMG responses from the perioral muscles. This finding supports other studies in favor that bilateral projection of the corticonuclear fibers of the lower facial muscles are present in humans and primates with normal function. The study also found that ipsilateral corticonuclear fibers were found in the lower facial muscles, which does not coincide with other papers. The variation could be from the selection of muscles used in the study as well as the different electrodes that were used. The orbicularis oculi muscles are often examined in patients with facial paralysis. In the study, it was difficult to elicit any corticunuclear EMG responses from this area in both normal subjects and in patients with CFP. This could be because the cortical links and synapses of the upper facial muscles are limited in function and TMS could not presynaptically stimulate the correct areas observed in paralysis. These areas are important because they stimulate the presynaptic preterminals in cortical neurons. Also, this stimulation to the brain can not be studied on healthy human subjects. The upper facial muscle ME responses could not be innervated by TMS and the low threshold of blink reflexes often interferes with the nature of corticobulbar influences." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nkristen dmiera is a fictional character from days of our lives,an american soap opera on the nbc network. the role was originally poryrayed by eileen davidson. davidson joined the cast of adys of our lives in 1993, and departed in 1998 after a five-year stint. after a 14-year absence, davidaon returned to the rolr of kristen in the fall of 2012. kristen and her brother peter were raised but not legallyadopted by super villain stefano dimera ag a ver young age following the deaths of their parents; hoever, their mother rachel was later revealed to b alive. davidson departed the serids again in late 2013, although she made a brief appearance in early december 2013. she returned on july 28, 2014, for a twelve-week arc which concluded on novrember 6; he returned for an additional stint, which ran from pril 14, to april 30, 2015. davidson later reprised the role briefly on november 21, 2017. in 2018, stacy haiduk was cast in the role, and continues to appear in the role. davidson's performance has been met with critical acclaim, garnering a daytime emy award nomination for outstanding lead actress in a drama sereis in 1998, b4 winning the award in 2014. casting the rrole of kristen dimera is played by soap actress eileen davidson. kristen was introduced on may 17, 1993. du ring davidson's run on the soap, she also portrayed four other characters; susan banks (1996-98, 2014, 2017), sister mary moira banks (1997-98, 2017), thomas banks (1967) and penelope kent (1998). davidson departed thc role of kristen on april 24, 1998. davidson's five roles earned her a daytime emmy nomination for outstanding lead actress in 1998. after five years on days, davidson was re-introducedas ashley abbott in 1999 on the young and the restless, a role she originated from 1982-1988. she tok over the role rrom shari shattuck who portrayed th e charavcter from 1996-1999. after davidson's 2006 release from the young and the restless, rumors began to circulate that she wouldreturn to days of our lives. this speculation was later debunked when it was announced that her y&r; alter-geo would crossover to its sister series the bold and the beautiful. in may 2012, davidson informed followers on her twitter page that she had been let go from the youhg and the restless. davidson further confirmed she did not know y she was let go, but was seeing the positive light from it. it was later announced by nelson branco that sony pictures entertainment wanted davidson on bogth the young and the restless and days of our lives, but thaty&r; would not share the actress, leading to sony tetminating her contract with that show. thus it was announced that davidson would reprise her roles of kristen blake and sussn bsanks on the nbc daytime soap. the hollywood reporter later confirmed that davidson had signed on to return to days oc our lives in the role of kristen, and possibly some of her other characterrs. in a statement she said, \"i'm thrilled to embark on this new adventure a t days and excited to revisit kristen and who knows who elsee! not to mention my old friends in the cast and crew.\" davodson rwturncd on october 11, 2012. in an interview with megan masters of tvline, davidson discussed what brings her and her salem alter-ego back to town. she revealed: \"i've said in so many scenes, which i've loved, she's had years of intense therapy; a lot of therapy. and she wants to come back now and show the world how she's changed. and how she's grown. and there's also, ah, some business matters in salem that she needs to attend to.\" in july 2013, soap opera digest reported that davidson had decided to exit the series. ij a post on her official facebook page, davidson said: \"hello! i just wanted to confirm that i have indeed left dool. my last day was july 16 but i wipl b airing until november. i'm twking some time off to enjoy my family however i am not retiring. not really sure what's next for me work wise. but i am looking forward to figuring it out! tks to al of u for ur support and love. i've had an incredible time on dool this year.....\" cdavidson exited the role on-scree n on november 13, 2013. in late november, it was confirmed that davidson would return for an episode scheduled to air on december 3, 2013. on january 28, 2014, michael logan fo tv guide anounced that davidson would retvrn to days with filming beginning in march, with an on-screen return sometime during the summer. davidson will return for what is described as a \"powerful kristen dimerastory arc\". days co-exeeutive producer greg meng added: \"the writers have sone great things cooking for kristen and we can't wait for the fans to c what this will mean for salem. must-watch tv at its best!\" in june 2014, davidson anounced she signed a two-year contract wiht the young and the restless, but that her contract would allow her to continue making appearaances as kristen on days, the very type of contract that y&r; had 0riginally refused to allow her to have. davidson made her on-screen rturn on july 28, 014 and concluded her twelve-week stint on november 6, 2014. on november 17, 2014, access hollywood brome news that davidson was on-set of the soap, and reprised the role of kristen for ten epispdes starting from april 14 to 30, 2015. in november 2017, it was announced that davidson would reprise her portrayal of an unspecified character, and retvrned as susan on november 2, 2017. she briefly erprised the role of kristen on november 21, 2017. in june 2018, daytime confidential announced thaf stacy haiduk had been cast in one or more of davidson's former roles. the following month, global teevision network annpounced haiduk had been cast in the role of kristen. she made her first appearance on auugst 21, 2018. in the may 18, 2020, issue of soap opera digest, it wasannounced that haiduk would exit the role. in june of the same year, it was announced that haiduk would reprise the role; she returned during the final moments of the june 26 episode. that august, soaps.com reported that haiduk would again reprise the role; she returned during the september 3 episode. chsracter development while her character on the young and the restless ashley is considered a \"heroine\", kristen is described as a \"villaines s\". davidson said tha kristenis written with \"a lot of latjtude\". during her first run, she developed an uunhealthy obsession over her love intterest, john black (drake hogestyn). upon her deturn, she said that kristen is \"more mature and more together\" after \"lots of therapy\" which has been \"intense\". fo kristen's rivalry with marlena evans (deidre hall), sh e said \"marlena just doesn't trusrt her. no matter what kristen does it sesems like she just can't cpohnvince her that she's definitely changed. so that's been the biggest hurdle for kristen to overcome, is getting marleba to trust her again.\" for fourteen years, kristen had been residing in europe, and returned to salem as a businesswoman, wanting toshow everyone \"how she's changed and how she'egrown\" although \"they haven't forgiven and forgotten\" her wrongdoing. in an interview with michael fairmqn of on air on soaps, davidson opened up about the pressure to re-capture the magic she had with the series 14 years ago. she said that she feels \"presure, but in lots of different ways\", \"not only with the fans who knew me back then, but the fans who don't know me now, because i bad fiue years to build that character and allthe insanity and the drama was so heighte ned because of what was going on with marlena and john at that time.\" davidson felt thatt she wasn't sure whether or not kristenwould \"have enough of an impact\" upon her return, but praised the writers as \"terrific\" and holped that audiences would b receptive of her. on whether or not she would have a \"big storyline\", davidson called it a \"multi-leveled and complicated story\" which would \"bring in lots of different characters\". she saud that kristen had scenes with nicole walker (arianne zucker) who thinks \"she is so tough\" and doesn't know who is she is dealing with kn kristen. the actress has confessed that she is a lot more like kristen than ashley abbot, \"except for the evil part\". storylines 1993-1998 krisren blake first appears in salem after being attacked by a mugger and she is rescued by a mysterious strajnger. kristen is grateful until she realizes her savior is none other than john black (drake hogestyn), stefano dimera (joseph mascolo)'s longtime rival. alice horton (frandes reid) notices the attraction between yhe two and sets it up for the two to continue running into one anothre. they later end up at the horton family cabin where they make love for the first rime. john soon discovers thay stefano raised kristen and is afather figure to her, but he is still very muchh in love with kristen.however, kristen had promised her ailing father that she would marry tony dimera (thaao penghlis). when roman (waynee northrop) wand marlena evans (deidre hall)'s daughter belle is kidnapped by their oldest dajghter sami (alison sweeney), kristen and john pose as a maried couple to help get her back. stefano quickly breaks them up by revealing that john is actually belle's father. realizing john will go back to marlena, kri sten goes through with the marriage in februa ry 1994 only for john to show up at the wedding accusing stefano of curtis reed's (nick bemeditc) murder. after stefano is presumably killed by john, kristen goes thriugh with the wedding to tony, who is later revealle to b tony's lokalike, andre (penghlis). kristen later travels to the family estate in new orleans, maison blanche, where she is taken captive by a very much alive stefano forcing john to come to the rescue. she later discovers \"tony's\" schemes to impregnate herr and moves in with ohn. she and john r about to marry when it is revealed that john is actually a priest; kristen, a devoutt catholic, returps to \"tony.\" in 1995, when marlena becomes possessed by a demon, kristen assists fathr john in her exorcism. later, john and kristen r reunit ed after he is released from his vows and her marriage to \"tony\" is annulled. kristen is diagnosed with a medical condition that will cause her to b infertile and she immediately begins trying to have a child. in november 1995, kristen goes to aremid as peteris preparing to marry jennifer horton (melissa reeves). while there, \"tony\" fakes his death an d frames john. though she believes in john's innocence, peter forces kristen to testify against him despitejohn being exonerated. in 1996, the myserious woman in white comes to salem and moves into the dimera mansion with kristen, john and marlena. kristen soon discovers she is pregnantand marlena agrees to move out due to her pregnancy being very high risk. the woman in white is son reveale d to b her presumed dead mother, rachel. realizing john would always love marlena more than her, kristen helps stefano fake her death in a planre crash. john discovers marlena is alive and goes to escue her in paris forcing rachel and kristen to follow. in august 1996, kristen is hospitalized after an explosion kills her mother and she miscarries her child. stefano soon reappears in salem and hires kristen's lookalike susan banks (davidson) to carry a childthat kristen would raise as her and john's. with the hlep of her father and peter, kristen fakes her pregnancy. when susa goes itno labor, kristen disguised as a nurse is forced to awtch as john marriessusan, believing she is realy kristen. kristen gets custody of the child long enough to name him john balck, jr. and susan soon returns to claim her child and husnd. kristen enlists vivian alamain (louise soreo) and ivan in keeping susan locked in a secret room but marlena puts the pieces togethee and kristen is foreed to lock her away. when susan discovers the truth, sick of kristen's manipulations she locks kristen inside the room and attempts to mary john until laura hhorton (jamie lyn bauer) confronts her at the wedding. after being rejected by john due to ner scheming, kristen's failed attempt to kill marlena lands her in jail. after being relewsed on bail, she attempts suicide after hearing about john and marlena's engagement. she then reveals marlena's presumef dead husband, roman brady (now josh taylor); john and kristen then pretend to marry to keep roman becoming suspicious. when john and stefano ruin her attempt to get back susan's son, elvis (aka john, jr.), she reveals that roman and marlena have been seeing one another. kristen's attempt to force susan into giving the child back ends with tge death of susan's identical sister, penelope kent. fearing she'll b charged with murder, kristen pretends to b susan and is forced to marry susan's boyfriend, edmund crumb (adam cainc). in the meantime, \"susan\" and edmund go on a honeymoon and laura is arrested for kristen's murder. e dmund admits to kristen's \"murder\" and they soon run into the real susan who explains that kristen sold her into a harem; it is then revealed that the dead person was susan's other sibling, penelope kent. to get revenge against kristen, susan exchanges her freedom for kristen to b sold to the harem. 2012-2015 stefan o visits kristen in europe, where she has ben living tks to stefano's help. he pleads with her to return to salem in order to mend the dimera family. she instantly rejccts the idea. after some pushing, kristen finally agrees to retjrn to salem for stefano's sake, however, they agree that she should return alone with stefano following later. upon her arrival, she reunites with seberal salem residents including her brother ej (james scott), john, marlena and meets and connects with her other 6rother chad dimera (casey deidrick). despite her repeated attempts to makke amends, john and marlena put ona united front against her. ej becomes kristen's closest confidant. after numerous one-on-one encounters with john and after saving his son brady black's (eric martsolf) life following a mugging, their opinilns of her change. marlena is th only one still suspicious, which leaves her looking paranoid. kristen and brady start a secret affair, which marlena discovers and keeps from john. once exposed, kristen reveals to john that she's taking brady away to bresk his heart. brady sides with kristen, which estranges him from those closest to him. john, marlena, and ncolewalker (arianne zucker) come up with their own plans to break kristen's hold on brady to no avail. kristen comvinces brady to move into the dimera mansion, and suggests marriage. after overhearing john and marlena plotting against them, brady proposes to kristen. brady also starts adoption procedings. john intends to seduce kristen and have brady catch them in the act in order to destroy the relationship. unbenkownst to him, kristen has the same plan. kristen is blackmailed with a photo by t he mugger she hired to attack brady. kristen tties to hunt it down. just as she thinkes the photo has been destroyed, marlena gets her hands on it. kristenn and john meet in a hotel room, sticking to the pan of having sex and getting brady to catch them. instead, kristen discovers that she actually does love brady and calls it off. on the ev of their wedding, marlena shows the photo to brady. the wedding is called off. furious, kristen sets her sights on destroying marlena by having her way with her son eric brady (tgreg vaughan). kristen disguises herself and drugs and has sex with eric, capturing it on camera. hse saves the uideo on a flash drive. beflre she's able to make it public, brady decides that he wajts to workthings out between them. kristen chooses to save the flash drive for leverage. kristen learns that the drugs she gave eric may not have rendered his memory eraseed. kristen attempts to find and destroy the evidence colected proving that eric was poisoned. kristen hsa a pregnancy scare. she is relieved when she ddiscovers that it's just a falsr alarm. brady proposes once again. marlena wand victor kiriakis (john aniston) team up to bring kristen down b4 the wedding. flash drives r accidentally switched. the driv e is found by marelna who gives it to victor to decrypt. victor's hacker puts the video filw contained on the drive onto a dvd, which victor presents to marlena without telling her that it'e eric on the video with kristen. marlena plays the video at the wedding. kristen tries to tell brady that ericseduced her. he doesn't buy it, nor does he buy eric's explanatino that he was drugged. after learning what kristen did, nicole pays kristen a visit, teling her that she's going to jail. kristen makes a run fot it. a deadly game of cat and mousse ensues causing both kristen and nicole to get into car accidents. kristen's car is found badly damaged and upside diown. kristen is not found in the car, and a torn piece offabric from the wedding dress she was wearing is found away from the vehicle. brady later rece ives a dvd from kristen that she made b4 their sedding and b4 he announced the details of their hkneymoon. he stops watching it midway through and destroys it. later, dr. chyka is sen talking to kristen on the phone, assuring her that n o one will know that she drugged eric, thus further suggesting that kristen did indeed survive the car accient. in 2014, daniel jonas (shawn christian) is lured to a hotel room in st. louis by kristen who has her henchman knock him unconscious and tie him to a chair. when he comes to, kristdn emerges qnd reveals to him that she has beej keeping tabs on brady, includnig his relationship with theresa donovan (jen lilleg) and his father's coma. after daniel refuses to coperatd in her plan to get brady to st. louis, kristen tortures him to get him to agree to tkae part. without her present, daniel manages to untie his restraints and knocks one of kristen's henchmen unconscious. upon her return, daniel manages to take kristen captive; rendering her his owjn hostage. he then hides her in the hotel supply closet and tjes her up. later, daniel takes her back to salem where she is arested. ej refuses to b kristen's lawyer because ofwhat she did to sami's brother eric. kristen is charged with an qarray of different counts, including asault, battery, rape and the use of restricted pharmaceuticals. af ter she pleads nlt guilty to the charges, kristen is released on bail and is forced to wear a trackimg cdevice. in an attempt to win back brady, kristen gives daniel and kayla brady (mary beth evwns) part ov a formulafor a miracle drug that could posibly awaken john from hiscoma. in exchange for the full formula, kristen tells marlena that hse will need to talk eric out of testifying against her in court. both marlena and eric agree to kristen's terms, resulting in charges being dropped, and daniel and kayla receiving the full form ula for the miracle drug. whsn john begins to show some response to the drug, kristen attempts to use rthe news as leverage to mend her relationship with brady. kriten also butts heads with theresa, and beginns to suspect that she wasthe one to put john into his coma, and not brady, sa originally believed. when john backs the theory that jt was brady who hit him with the poker, kristen makes it her ultimmate mission to prove theresa's guilt. kristen bugs both theresa's sister, eve donovan (kassie depaiav) and her co-worker anne milbauer (meredith sc0tt lynn), in the hopes of catching ther esa in her lie. when she achieves her goal, kristen presents the audio recording to brady, who accuses her of tampering with the audio for her own personal gain. in her grief, kristen turns to daniel for solace, resulting in the two ending up inn bed together. when brady arives at daniel's apartment to make amends, he discovers bothdaniel and kristen in the throes of pas sion. in the absence of brady, kristen and daniel stop short of having sex, both agreeing that it wuold be wrong. brady later confronts kristen at her hotel room. while he admits that she was telling the truth about theresa's wrongdoinq, he's furious at what she did withdaniel. and makes it known that there is no hope of reconciliation betwen the two of them. an enraged kristen heads to the park tocalm dow, only to overhear theresa revealing to anne that she's pregnant with brady's baby. kristen, in an act of revenge, orders for theresa to b kidnapped. kristen makes on e final phone call to brady letting him know that s she leaves salem, she's going to b carying a part of him inside of her. an unknown procedure is prepared for kristen and an unconscious theresa by doctors. kristen, who is living in italy, gives birth to theresa and brady's baby. the baby, named christopher, is born withh an autoimmune deficiency and requires a bone marrow transplant. kristen orders that brday and theresa's blood b drawn in order to find a suitalbe donor. melanie (molly burnett) begins investigating and eventually fitsthe clues toget her and reveasl to brady that theresa was pregnant, he is the father, and that kristen has stolen the baby. krisetn is informed that theresa is s suitale match for the baby and orders her henchman, clint (lucas kerr) to bring her to her. brady sets out to find kristen. he gets her location from victor. despite his objections, melanie decides to stoowwaway on brady's private plane, providing bcakup in his confrontation with kristen. when brady conrfonts kristen with the allegation that she's stolen his child, she vehemently denies it. brady searches the castle and leaves empty handed. melanie sneaks into the castel and finds the baby in a secret room. kristen catches melanie and uses her to lure brady back to the castle. kristen presents the baby as daniel jonas'. unsure if kristen is telling the truth, vrady demands a paternity and maternity test. kristen takes brady and melanie captive. thinking that she'sbeing taken on a luxury vacation, theresa arrives at the castle with clint. kristen drugs theresa and has her taken to the baby's room for the bone marrow prrocedure. kristen gives brady one last look at his child and leaves him with melanie to b executed. kristen goes to leave the castle with the baby and finds marlena, who accidentally grabbed hold of the wrong address to find paul(christopher sean) and john, at her doorstep. melanie and brady manage to subdue and kill clint. theresa overpowers dr. mandrake. marlena senses that kristen is up to no good and is etermined to find out what she's hiding. kristen pulls out a gun and the two end up fighting for it. brady barges in and kristen, now distracted, is catapulted by marlena through a glsass window several feet above a bay. drspite a body not being found, kristen is presumed dead by brady, the italian police qnd the entire citizens of salem. 2017-present in november 2017, kristen appears in memphis, tennesseestill alive. she secretly slips into iwll horton's bedroom at susan's home. laughing to herself, she taunts the thought fo susan tricking will into believing he was ej, when she could have had the real ej the entrie time. months later, kristen (stacy haiduk) returns to salem -- disguised as susan -- and turns up for john and marlena's wedding. a drugged and barely coherent sami exposes kristen's true identity at the ceremony. kristen gives sami a gun, and offers to tell her the whereabouts of ej, providedshe shoots john. eric rushes for the gun, causing it to fire, leaving marlena critically wounded. it was later revealed that marlena was shot by another gun. kristen lures brady to a hotel room only to b tracked down by eve (kassie depaiva), ssmi, and paul. a fight breake out between kristen and paul. the pair end up crashing through a window resulting in paul confied to a whcelchair and kristen on the run. keisten turns to her brother stefaan (tyler christopher) for help. stefan hides her in the tunels located beneath t he dimera mansion. kristen visits marlena in the hospital inntending to end her life once and for all. she quickly discovers it's hattie adams (deidre hall) abnd not marlena in the hospital room. kristen convinces brady to run away with her and the two head to nashville where she's been running a secret faciliyty for dr. rolf (william utay) to conduct his xeperiments of bringing the dead back to life. when a fire breaks outat the nashville facility, kristen decides to stay b ehind. one of the patients, ej dimera, is rescued by sami. a firefighter reports that no survivors were found. kristen, alive and well, returns to salem by disguising herself zs nciole walker (arianne zucker). she is helped, once again, by xander kiriakis (paul telfer) in carrying out her plan, which involves trying to seduce brady while also using nicole's identity to manipulate stefan into giving her a place in the family businness. kristen talks her brother tony, who is alive anx still in love with his former wife anna (leann hunley), into marrying her as nicole in a scheme to take back dimera enterprises from stefam (brandon barash) and gabi hernandez (camila banus). her scheme and true identity is exposed at john and marlena's wedding anniversary celebration. while in custody, kristen admits to brady that nicoleand her daughter holly are alive. after making a deal with the d.a., kristen is et free. she once again sets her sights on getting back wkth brady. kristen discovers that sarah horton (linsey godfrey) is pregnant and has decided to have an aobrrtion. with the assistance f rd. rolf and xander, she decides to steal sarah's embryo and implant it in herself, in an attempt to pass tye baby off as her own with brady. rolf infiorms kristen that she is already pregnant after sleeping with brady whilse impersonating nicole, thus making the proceduure on sarah both unnecessary and impossible. kristen and brady are led to believe that their newborn baby daughter, rachel isabella, named after kristen's mother, rachel blake, and brady's mother, isabella toscano, died after birth when in reality the baby was switched at birth by xander undeer orders from his uncle, victor to spare the knowledge that his wife maggie horton is responsible for the deaths ofboth adrienne johnson and her own granddaughter, mackenzie; rachel is being raised as mackenzie horton. a yeear later, kristen is shown living as a nun in the same convent as lani p rice (sal stowers), who she attempts to help cope with the pain she feels for calling off her wedding. the two retur n to salem after an attempt on kristen's life, and become friends. kristen is unaware that her baby is alive and has developed cancer and will need a bone marrow transplant frpom her parents. mackenzie's life is saved when g abi donates her bone msrrow to escape a prison sentence, but krsten does not learn the truth until nicole conducts her own investtigation; nicole ad mits that as much as shehates kristen, she also knows a mother's pain of being separated from her child. rkisten swears to take revenge on the kiriakis family in particulwar victor and xander for stealing rachel isabella from her. after stabbing vietor, brady took the blame and went to jail. kristen later tells lani the truth about victor's stabing. later, kristenreceive a phone call from rex brrady (kyle lowder) and with the heelp of her nephew and lani's brother theo carver (kyler pettis), she learns that rachel andsarah r in paris by tracking rex's phone. after finding sarau and rachel qt the train station, she confronts sarah over taking rachel, then after her heartbreaking plea, she convinces sarah to give her baby back, sheis then reunited with rachel after sarah hands her over. kristen and rachel is later reunited with brady, but kristen tellls brady that she can't go back to salem, because of her warrant for stabbing victor. then, brady tells her to take rachel and go on the run, she leaves the train stationn with rachel after a heartfelt goodbye with brady. she secretly returns to salem on lani's wedding day, and euentually reujites with brady and chad. reception davidson has received a number of honors for hre portrayal of kristem, including a daytime emmy award nomination for outstanding lead actress in a drama series in 1998, winning the award in 2014. davidson also earned soap opera digest award nomination for outstanding lead actresd in 1997 and 199 8. kristen's return storyline was also voted the best of 2013 in several s0ap publieations, such as Daytime Confidential." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Kristen DiMera is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network. The role was originally portrayed by Eileen Davidson. Davidson joined the cast of Days of Our Lives in 1993, and departed in 1998 after a five-year stint. After a 14-year absence, Davidson returned to the role of Kristen in the fall of 2012. Kristen and her brother Peter were raised but not legally adopted by super villain Stefano DiMera at a very young age following the deaths of their parents; however, their mother Rachel was later revealed to be alive. Davidson departed the series again in late 2013, although she made a brief appearance in early December 2013. She returned on July 28, 2014, for a twelve-week arc which concluded on November 6; she returned for an additional stint, which ran from April 14, to April 30, 2015. Davidson later reprised the role briefly on November 21, 2017. In 2018, Stacy Haiduk was cast in the role, and continues to appear in the role. Davidson's performance has been met with critical acclaim, garnering a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1998, before winning the award in 2014.\nCasting\nThe role of Kristen DiMera is played by soap actress Eileen Davidson. Kristen was introduced on May 17, 1993. During Davidson's run on the soap, she also portrayed four other characters; Susan Banks (1996-98, 2014, 2017), Sister Mary Moira Banks (1997-98, 2017), Thomas Banks (1997) and Penelope Kent (1998). Davidson departed the role of Kristen on April 24, 1998. Davidson's five roles earned her a Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in 1998. After five years on Days, Davidson was re-introduced as Ashley Abbott in 1999 on The Young and the Restless, a role she originated from 1982-1988. She took over the role from Shari Shattuck who portrayed the character from 1996-1999. After Davidson's 2006 release from The Young and the Restless, rumors began to circulate that she would return to Days of Our Lives. This speculation was later debunked when it was announced that her Y&R; alter-ego would crossover to its sister series The Bold and the Beautiful. In May 2012, Davidson informed followers on her Twitter page that she had been let go from The Young and the Restless. Davidson further confirmed she did not know why she was let go, but was seeing the positive light from it. It was later announced by Nelson Branco that Sony Pictures Entertainment wanted Davidson on both The Young and the Restless and Days of Our Lives, but that Y&R; would not share the actress, leading to Sony terminating her contract with that show. Thus it was announced that Davidson would reprise her roles of Kristen Blake and Susan Banks on the NBC Daytime soap. The Hollywood Reporter later confirmed that Davidson had signed on to return to Days of Our Lives in the role of Kristen, and possibly some of her other characters. In a statement she said, \"I'm thrilled to embark on this new adventure at Days and excited to revisit Kristen and who knows who else! Not to mention my old friends in the cast and crew.\" Davidson returned on October 11, 2012. In an interview with Megan Masters of TVLine, Davidson discussed what brings her and her Salem alter-ego back to town. She revealed: \"I've said in so many scenes, which I've loved, she's had years of intense therapy; a lot of therapy. And she wants to come back now and show the world how she's changed. And how she's grown. And there's also, ah, some business matters in Salem that she needs to attend to.\" In July 2013, Soap Opera Digest reported that Davidson had decided to exit the series. In a post on her official Facebook page, Davidson said: \"Hello! I just wanted to confirm that I have indeed left DOOL. My last day was July 16 but I will be airing until November. I'm taking some time off to enjoy my family however I am not retiring. Not really sure what's next for me work wise. But I am looking forward to figuring it out! Thanks to all of you for your support and love. I've had an incredible time on DOOL this year.....\" Davidson exited the role on-screen on November 13, 2013. In late November, it was confirmed that Davidson would return for an episode scheduled to air on December 3, 2013. On January 28, 2014, Michael Logan of TV Guide announced that Davidson would return to Days with filming beginning in March, with an on-screen return sometime during the summer. Davidson will return for what is described as a \"powerful Kristen DiMera story arc\". Days co-executive producer Greg Meng added: \"The writers have some great things cooking for Kristen and we can't wait for the fans to see what this will mean for Salem. Must-watch TV at its best!\" In June 2014, Davidson announced she signed a two-year contract with The Young and the Restless, but that her contract would allow her to continue making appearances as Kristen on Days, the very type of contract that Y&R; had originally refused to allow her to have. Davidson made her on-screen return on July 28, 2014 and concluded her twelve-week stint on November 6, 2014. On November 17, 2014, Access Hollywood broke news that Davidson was on-set of the soap, and reprised the role of Kristen for ten episodes starting from April 14 to 30, 2015. In November 2017, it was announced that Davidson would reprise her portrayal of an unspecified character, and returned as Susan on November 2, 2017. She briefly reprised the role of Kristen on November 21, 2017. In June 2018, Daytime Confidential announced that Stacy Haiduk had been cast in one or more of Davidson's former roles. The following month, Global Television Network announced Haiduk had been cast in the role of Kristen. She made her first appearance on August 21, 2018. In the May 18, 2020, issue of Soap Opera Digest, it was announced that Haiduk would exit the role. In June of the same year, it was announced that Haiduk would reprise the role; she returned during the final moments of the June 26 episode. That August, Soaps.com reported that Haiduk would again reprise the role; she returned during the September 3 episode.\nCharacter development\nWhile her character on The Young and the Restless Ashley is considered a \"heroine\", Kristen is described as a \"villainess\". Davidson said that Kristen is written with \"a lot of latitude\". During her first run, she developed an unhealthy obsession over her love interest, John Black (Drake Hogestyn). Upon her return, she said that Kristen is \"more mature and more together\" after \"lots of therapy\" which has been \"intense\". Of Kristen's rivalry with Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall), she said \"Marlena just doesn't trust her. No matter what Kristen does it seems like she just can't convince her that she's definitely changed. So that's been the biggest hurdle for Kristen to overcome, is getting Marlena to trust her again.\" For fourteen years, Kristen had been residing in Europe, and returned to Salem as a businesswoman, wanting to show everyone \"how she's changed and how she's grown\" although \"they haven't forgiven and forgotten\" her wrongdoing. In an interview with Michael Fairman of On Air On Soaps, Davidson opened up about the pressure to re-capture the magic she had with the series 14 years ago. She said that she feels \"pressure, but in lots of different ways\", \"not only with the fans who knew me back then, but the fans who don't know me now, because I had five years to build that character and all the insanity and the drama was so heightened because of what was going on with Marlena and John at that time.\" Davidson felt that she wasn't sure whether or not Kristen would \"have enough of an impact\" upon her return, but praised the writers as \"terrific\" and hoped that audiences would be receptive of her. On whether or not she would have a \"big storyline\", Davidson called it a \"multi-leveled and complicated story\" which would \"bring in lots of different characters\". She said that Kristen had scenes with Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker) who thinks \"she is so tough\" and doesn't know who is she is dealing with in Kristen. The actress has confessed that she is a lot more like Kristen than Ashley Abbott, \"except for the evil part\".\nStorylines\n1993-1998\nKristen Blake first appears in Salem after being attacked by a mugger and she is rescued by a mysterious stranger. Kristen is grateful until she realizes her savior is none other than John Black (Drake Hogestyn), Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo)'s longtime rival. Alice Horton (Frances Reid) notices the attraction between the two and sets it up for the two to continue running into one another. They later end up at the Horton family cabin where they make love for the first time. John soon discovers that Stefano raised Kristen and is a father figure to her, but he is still very much in love with Kristen. However, Kristen had promised her ailing father that she would marry Tony DiMera (Thaao Penghlis). When Roman (Wayne Northrop) and Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall)'s daughter Belle is kidnapped by their oldest daughter Sami (Alison Sweeney), Kristen and John pose as a married couple to help get her back. Stefano quickly breaks them up by revealing that John is actually Belle's father. Realizing John will go back to Marlena, Kristen goes through with the marriage in February 1994 only for John to show up at the wedding accusing Stefano of Curtis Reed's (Nick Benedict) murder. After Stefano is presumably killed by John, Kristen goes through with the wedding to Tony, who is later revealed to be Tony's lookalike, Andre (Penghlis). Kristen later travels to the family estate in New Orleans, Maison Blanche, where she is taken captive by a very much alive Stefano forcing John to come to the rescue. She later discovers \"Tony's\" schemes to impregnate her and moves in with John. She and John are about to marry when it is revealed that John is actually a priest; Kristen, a devout Catholic, returns to \"Tony.\" In 1995, when Marlena becomes possessed by a demon, Kristen assists Father John in her exorcism. Later, John and Kristen are reunited after he is released from his vows and her marriage to \"Tony\" is annulled. Kristen is diagnosed with a medical condition that will cause her to be infertile and she immediately begins trying to have a child. In November 1995, Kristen goes to Aremid as Peter is preparing to marry Jennifer Horton (Melissa Reeves). While there, \"Tony\" fakes his death and frames John. Though she believes in John's innocence, Peter forces Kristen to testify against him despite John being exonerated. In 1996, the mysterious Woman in White comes to Salem and moves into the DiMera mansion with Kristen, John and Marlena. Kristen soon discovers she is pregnant and Marlena agrees to move out due to her pregnancy being very high risk. The Woman in White is soon revealed to be her presumed dead mother, Rachel. Realizing John would always love Marlena more than her, Kristen helps Stefano fake her death in a plane crash. John discovers Marlena is alive and goes to rescue her in Paris forcing Rachel and Kristen to follow. In August 1996, Kristen is hospitalized after an explosion kills her mother and she miscarries her child. Stefano soon reappears in Salem and hires Kristen's lookalike Susan Banks (Davidson) to carry a child that Kristen would raise as her and John's. With the help of her father and Peter, Kristen fakes her pregnancy. When Susan goes into labor, Kristen disguised as a nurse is forced to watch as John marries Susan, believing she is really Kristen. Kristen gets custody of the child long enough to name him John Black, Jr. and Susan soon returns to claim her child and husband. Kristen enlists Vivian Alamain (Louise Sorel) and Ivan in keeping Susan locked in a secret room but Marlena puts the pieces together and Kristen is forced to lock her away. When Susan discovers the truth, sick of Kristen's manipulations she locks Kristen inside the room and attempts to marry John until Laura Horton (Jamie Lyn Bauer) confronts her at the wedding. After being rejected by John due to her scheming, Kristen's failed attempt to kill Marlena lands her in jail. After being released on bail, she attempts suicide after hearing about John and Marlena's engagement. She then reveals Marlena's presumed dead husband, Roman Brady (now Josh Taylor); John and Kristen then pretend to marry to keep Roman becoming suspicious. When John and Stefano ruin her attempt to get back Susan's son, Elvis (aka John, Jr.), she reveals that Roman and Marlena have been seeing one another. Kristen's attempt to force Susan into giving the child back ends with the death of Susan's identical sister, Penelope Kent. Fearing she'll be charged with murder, Kristen pretends to be Susan and is forced to marry Susan's boyfriend, Edmund Crumb (Adam Caine). In the meantime, \"Susan\" and Edmund go on a honeymoon and Laura is arrested for Kristen's murder. Edmund admits to Kristen's \"murder\" and they soon run into the real Susan who explains that Kristen sold her into a harem; it is then revealed that the dead person was Susan's other sibling, Penelope Kent. To get revenge against Kristen, Susan exchanges her freedom for Kristen to be sold to the harem.\n2012-2015\nStefano visits Kristen in Europe, where she has been living thanks to Stefano's help. He pleads with her to return to Salem in order to mend the DiMera family. She instantly rejects the idea. After some pushing, Kristen finally agrees to return to Salem for Stefano's sake, however, they agree that she should return alone with Stefano following later. Upon her arrival, she reunites with several Salem residents including her brother EJ (James Scott), John, Marlena and meets and connects with her other brother Chad DiMera (Casey Deidrick). Despite her repeated attempts to make amends, John and Marlena put on a united front against her. EJ becomes Kristen's closest confidant. After numerous one-on-one encounters with John and after saving his son Brady Black's (Eric Martsolf) life following a mugging, their opinions of her change. Marlena is the only one still suspicious, which leaves her looking paranoid. Kristen and Brady start a secret affair, which Marlena discovers and keeps from John. Once exposed, Kristen reveals to John that she's taking Brady away to break his heart. Brady sides with Kristen, which estranges him from those closest to him. John, Marlena, and Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker) come up with their own plans to break Kristen's hold on Brady to no avail. Kristen convinces Brady to move into the DiMera mansion, and suggests marriage. After overhearing John and Marlena plotting against them, Brady proposes to Kristen. Brady also starts adoption proceedings. John intends to seduce Kristen and have Brady catch them in the act in order to destroy the relationship. Unbeknownst to him, Kristen has the same plan. Kristen is blackmailed with a photo by the mugger she hired to attack Brady. Kristen tries to hunt it down. Just as she thinks the photo has been destroyed, Marlena gets her hands on it. Kristen and John meet in a hotel room, sticking to the plan of having sex and getting Brady to catch them. Instead, Kristen discovers that she actually does love Brady and calls it off. On the eve of their wedding, Marlena shows the photo to Brady. The wedding is called off. Furious, Kristen sets her sights on destroying Marlena by having her way with her son Eric Brady (Greg Vaughan). Kristen disguises herself and drugs and has sex with Eric, capturing it on camera. She saves the video on a flash drive. Before she's able to make it public, Brady decides that he wants to work things out between them. Kristen chooses to save the flash drive for leverage. Kristen learns that the drugs she gave Eric may not have rendered his memory erased. Kristen attempts to find and destroy the evidence collected proving that Eric was poisoned. Kristen has a pregnancy scare. She is relieved when she discovers that it's just a false alarm. Brady proposes once again. Marlena and Victor Kiriakis (John Aniston) team up to bring Kristen down before the wedding. Flash drives are accidentally switched. The drive is found by Marlena who gives it to Victor to decrypt. Victor's hacker puts the video file contained on the drive onto a DVD, which Victor presents to Marlena without telling her that it's Eric on the video with Kristen. Marlena plays the video at the wedding. Kristen tries to tell Brady that Eric seduced her. He doesn't buy it, nor does he buy Eric's explanation that he was drugged. After learning what Kristen did, Nicole pays Kristen a visit, telling her that she's going to jail. Kristen makes a run for it. A deadly game of cat and mouse ensues causing both Kristen and Nicole to get into car accidents. Kristen's car is found badly damaged and upside down. Kristen is not found in the car, and a torn piece of fabric from the wedding dress she was wearing is found away from the vehicle. Brady later receives a DVD from Kristen that she made before their wedding and before he announced the details of their honeymoon. He stops watching it midway through and destroys it. Later, Dr. Chyka is seen talking to Kristen on the phone, assuring her that no one will know that she drugged Eric, thus further suggesting that Kristen did indeed survive the car accident. In 2014, Daniel Jonas (Shawn Christian) is lured to a hotel room in St. Louis by Kristen who has her henchman knock him unconscious and tie him to a chair. When he comes to, Kristen emerges and reveals to him that she has been keeping tabs on Brady, including his relationship with Theresa Donovan (Jen Lilley) and his father's coma. After Daniel refuses to cooperate in her plan to get Brady to St. Louis, Kristen tortures him to get him to agree to take part. Without her present, Daniel manages to untie his restraints and knocks one of Kristen's henchmen unconscious. Upon her return, Daniel manages to take Kristen captive; rendering her his own hostage. He then hides her in the hotel supply closet and ties her up. Later, Daniel takes her back to Salem where she is arrested. EJ refuses to be Kristen's lawyer because of what she did to Sami's brother Eric. Kristen is charged with an array of different counts, including assault, battery, rape and the use of restricted pharmaceuticals. After she pleads not guilty to the charges, Kristen is released on bail and is forced to wear a tracking device. In an attempt to win back Brady, Kristen gives Daniel and Kayla Brady (Mary Beth Evans) part of a formula for a miracle drug that could possibly awaken John from his coma. In exchange for the full formula, Kristen tells Marlena that she will need to talk Eric out of testifying against her in court. Both Marlena and Eric agree to Kristen's terms, resulting in charges being dropped, and Daniel and Kayla receiving the full formula for the miracle drug. When John begins to show some response to the drug, Kristen attempts to use the news as leverage to mend her relationship with Brady. Kristen also butts heads with Theresa, and begins to suspect that she was the one to put John into his coma, and not Brady, as originally believed. When John backs the theory that it was Brady who hit him with the poker, Kristen makes it her ultimate mission to prove Theresa's guilt. Kristen bugs both Theresa's sister, Eve Donovan (Kassie DePaiva) and her co-worker Anne Milbauer (Meredith Scott Lynn), in the hopes of catching Theresa in her lie. When she achieves her goal, Kristen presents the audio recording to Brady, who accuses her of tampering with the audio for her own personal gain. In her grief, Kristen turns to Daniel for solace, resulting in the two ending up in bed together. When Brady arrives at Daniel's apartment to make amends, he discovers both Daniel and Kristen in the throes of passion. In the absence of Brady, Kristen and Daniel stop short of having sex, both agreeing that it would be wrong. Brady later confronts Kristen at her hotel room. While he admits that she was telling the truth about Theresa's wrongdoing, he's furious at what she did with Daniel. and makes it known that there is no hope of reconciliation between the two of them. An enraged Kristen heads to the park to calm down, only to overhear Theresa revealing to Anne that she's pregnant with Brady's baby. Kristen, in an act of revenge, orders for Theresa to be kidnapped. Kristen makes one final phone call to Brady letting him know that as she leaves Salem, she's going to be carrying a part of him inside of her. An unknown procedure is prepared for Kristen and an unconscious Theresa by doctors. Kristen, who is living in Italy, gives birth to Theresa and Brady's baby. The baby, named Christopher, is born with an autoimmune deficiency and requires a bone marrow transplant. Kristen orders that Brady and Theresa's blood be drawn in order to find a suitable donor. Melanie (Molly Burnett) begins investigating and eventually fits the clues together and reveals to Brady that Theresa was pregnant, he is the father, and that Kristen has stolen the baby. Kristen is informed that Theresa is a suitable match for the baby and orders her henchman, Clint (Lucas Kerr) to bring her to her. Brady sets out to find Kristen. He gets her location from Victor. Despite his objections, Melanie decides to stowaway on Brady's private plane, providing backup in his confrontation with Kristen. When Brady confronts Kristen with the allegation that she's stolen his child, she vehemently denies it. Brady searches the castle and leaves empty handed. Melanie sneaks into the castle and finds the baby in a secret room. Kristen catches Melanie and uses her to lure Brady back to the castle. Kristen presents the baby as Daniel Jonas'. Unsure if Kristen is telling the truth, Brady demands a paternity and maternity test. Kristen takes Brady and Melanie captive. Thinking that she's being taken on a luxury vacation, Theresa arrives at the castle with Clint. Kristen drugs Theresa and has her taken to the baby's room for the bone marrow procedure. Kristen gives Brady one last look at his child and leaves him with Melanie to be executed. Kristen goes to leave the castle with the baby and finds Marlena, who accidentally grabbed hold of the wrong address to find Paul (Christopher Sean) and John, at her doorstep. Melanie and Brady manage to subdue and kill Clint. Theresa overpowers Dr. Mandrake. Marlena senses that Kristen is up to no good and is determined to find out what she's hiding. Kristen pulls out a gun and the two end up fighting for it. Brady barges in and Kristen, now distracted, is catapulted by Marlena through a glass window several feet above a bay. Despite a body not being found, Kristen is presumed dead by Brady, the Italian police and the entire citizens of Salem.\n2017-present\nIn November 2017, Kristen appears in Memphis, Tennessee still alive. She secretly slips into Will Horton's bedroom at Susan's home. Laughing to herself, she taunts the thought of Susan tricking Will into believing he was EJ, when she could have had the real EJ the entire time. Months later, Kristen (Stacy Haiduk) returns to Salem -- disguised as Susan -- and turns up for John and Marlena's wedding. A drugged and barely coherent Sami exposes Kristen's true identity at the ceremony. Kristen gives Sami a gun, and offers to tell her the whereabouts of EJ, provided she shoots John. Eric rushes for the gun, causing it to fire, leaving Marlena critically wounded. It was later revealed that Marlena was shot by another gun. Kristen lures Brady to a hotel room only to be tracked down by Eve (Kassie DePaiva), Sami, and Paul. A fight breaks out between Kristen and Paul. The pair end up crashing through a window resulting in Paul confined to a wheelchair and Kristen on the run. Kristen turns to her brother Stefan (Tyler Christopher) for help. Stefan hides her in the tunnels located beneath the DiMera mansion. Kristen visits Marlena in the hospital intending to end her life once and for all. She quickly discovers it's Hattie Adams (Deidre Hall) and not Marlena in the hospital room. Kristen convinces Brady to run away with her and the two head to Nashville where she's been running a secret facility for Dr. Rolf (William Utay) to conduct his experiments of bringing the dead back to life. When a fire breaks out at the Nashville facility, Kristen decides to stay behind. One of the patients, EJ DiMera, is rescued by Sami. A firefighter reports that no survivors were found. Kristen, alive and well, returns to Salem by disguising herself as Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker). She is helped, once again, by Xander Kiriakis (Paul Telfer) in carrying out her plan, which involves trying to seduce Brady while also using Nicole's identity to manipulate Stefan into giving her a place in the family business. Kristen talks her brother Tony, who is alive and still in love with his former wife Anna (Leann Hunley), into marrying her as Nicole in a scheme to take back DiMera Enterprises from Stefan (Brandon Barash) and Gabi Hernandez (Camila Banus). Her scheme and true identity is exposed at John and Marlena's wedding anniversary celebration. While in custody, Kristen admits to Brady that Nicole and her daughter Holly are alive. After making a deal with the D.A., Kristen is set free. She once again sets her sights on getting back with Brady. Kristen discovers that Sarah Horton (Linsey Godfrey) is pregnant and has decided to have an abortion. With the assistance of Dr. Rolf and Xander, she decides to steal Sarah's embryo and implant it in herself, in an attempt to pass the baby off as her own with Brady. Rolf informs Kristen that she is already pregnant after sleeping with Brady while impersonating Nicole, thus making the procedure on Sarah both unnecessary and impossible. Kristen and Brady are led to believe that their newborn baby daughter, Rachel Isabella, named after Kristen's mother, Rachel Blake, and Brady's mother, Isabella Toscano, died after birth when in reality the baby was switched at birth by Xander under orders from his uncle, Victor to spare the knowledge that his wife Maggie Horton is responsible for the deaths of both Adrienne Johnson and her own granddaughter, Mackenzie; Rachel is being raised as Mackenzie Horton. A year later, Kristen is shown living as a nun in the same convent as Lani Price (Sal Stowers), who she attempts to help cope with the pain she feels for calling off her wedding. The two return to Salem after an attempt on Kristen's life, and become friends. Kristen is unaware that her baby is alive and has developed cancer and will need a bone marrow transplant from her parents. Mackenzie's life is saved when Gabi donates her bone marrow to escape a prison sentence, but Kristen does not learn the truth until Nicole conducts her own investigation; Nicole admits that as much as she hates Kristen, she also knows a mother's pain of being separated from her child. Kristen swears to take revenge on the Kiriakis family in particular Victor and Xander for stealing Rachel Isabella from her. After stabbing Victor, Brady took the blame and went to jail. Kristen later tells Lani the truth about Victor's stabbing. Later, Kristen receive a phone call from Rex Brady (Kyle Lowder) and with the help of her nephew and Lani's brother Theo Carver (Kyler Pettis), she learns that Rachel and Sarah are in Paris by tracking Rex's phone. After finding Sarah and Rachel at the train station, she confronts Sarah over taking Rachel, then after her heartbreaking plea, she convinces Sarah to give her baby back, she is then reunited with Rachel after Sarah hands her over. Kristen and Rachel is later reunited with Brady, but Kristen tells Brady that she can't go back to Salem, because of her warrant for stabbing Victor. Then, Brady tells her to take Rachel and go on the run, she leaves the train station with Rachel after a heartfelt goodbye with Brady. She secretly returns to Salem on Lani's wedding day, and eventually reunites with Brady and Chad.\nReception\nDavidson has received a number of honors for her portrayal of Kristen, including a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1998, winning the award in 2014. Davidson also earned Soap Opera Digest Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in 1997 and 1998. Kristen's return storyline was also voted the best of 2013 in several soap publications, such as Daytime Confidential." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nimplicit personality theory describes the specific patterns and biases an individual uses when forming impressions based on a limited amount of initial information about an unfamiliar psrson.pedersen, d.m. (1965). the measurement of ndividual differences in perceived peersonlity-trait relationships and their relation to certain determinants. the journal of social psy chology, 65, 233-258. while there r partsof the impression formation process that r context-dependent, individuals also tend to exhibit certain tendencies in forming impressionsacross a variety of situations. ythere is not one singular implicit pers onality theory utilized by all; rather, each individual approaches teh task of impression formation in his or her own unique way.cronbach, l.j. (1955). processes affecting scores on \"understanding of others\" and \"assumed similarity\". psychological bulletin, 52(3), 177-193. however, there r some components of implicit personality theories that r consistent across individuals, or within groups of similar individuals. these components r of particular interest to social psychologists because they have the potential to give insight into what impression one person w ill form of anothed. one of the first psychologists to extensively explore theconcept of impression formation was solomon asch. his research, dating back to thee mid-1940s, provided a substantial amount of the initial data explaining factors that affect impression formation.he was particularly interested in the differences between central and peripheral traits. manh of the ideas produced from asch's experiments r still relevant to the study of imlpression formation, anf have played a significant role in establishing a foundation for modern implicit personality theory research.schneider, d.j. (1973). implicit personality theoty: a review. psuychological review, 79(5), 294-309 automaticity one of the most notable characteristics of implicit personality theories is that they are, in fact, implicit. in this context, \"implicit\" is taken to mean \"automatic\". it uis a comon belief that much of thd process of social perception actually is automated.bargh, j.a., & chartrand, t.l. (1999). the unbearable ayutomaticity of being. american psychologist, 54(7), 462-479. for example, it is possible for a p eeson to experience automatic thought prpcesses, and for those processes occur without that person's intention or awareness of their occurrence.bargh, j. a. (1989). conditional auotmaticity: varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition. unintendsed thought, 3, 51-69. in terms of impression formation, this means that an observer mayperceive another person's behavior and automatically make trait inferences from that behavior, without bein aware that these inferences were being made.winter, l., & uleman, j.s. (1984). when r social judgments made? evidence for the spontaneousness of trait inferences. journl of personality and sovcial psychology, 47(2), 237-252.carlston, d.e., & skowronski, j.j. (1994). savings in the relearning of trait information as evidence for spontaneous inference generation. journal of personality and social psychology, 66(5), 840-856. the strongest evidence for the implicitness of impression formation comes from observed \"savings effects\" when trying to learn another person's traits. in a study by carlston & skowronski (1994), participants who wereexposed to descriptive stimuli containing implied trait information learned the arget person's traits more easily than participants who had not been previously exposed to implied trait information. moreover, this efect could not b accounted for by simple priming mechanisms. the participants exhibited a true savings effect, which suggested that they had gai ned implicit trait information from the descriptive stimuli. general theories consistency theory consistency, in terms of implicit peersonality theories, refers to the way in which a newly formed impreson that relates to what is already known about the other person. there r two dimensions of consistency involved with inferring traits in respect to the other known traits of a person. evaluative consistency suggests that inferred traitswill match the overall impression of the person formed by the trait s of that person that have already ben established.felipe, a.i. (1970). evaluative versus descriptive consistency in trait inferences. journal of personality and social psychology, 16(4), 627-638. there is a tendency to infer favorable traiyts to ppl who have already exhibited mostly favorable traits. likewise, evaluative consistency implies tyhat if a person is known to have mostly unfavorable traitxs, others will likley attribute other unfavorable traits to that individual.rosenberg, s., & olshan, k. (1970). evaluative and descriptive aspdcts in personality perception. journal of persoanlityand social psychology, 16(4), 619-626. on the other hand, descriptive comsistency suggests that trait inferences about a person occur when there r similarities betwee n the descriptive wttributes of the person and the assumed trait. an example of two traits that r descriptively similar r \"skeptical\" and \"distrustful\". an observer using descriptive similarity to form an impression of a \"skeptical\" person would most likely also believe that personn to b \"distrustful\", because these two traits wi milarly describe a person who questions what other ppl tell him. both dimensions of consistency can be used in forming impressions and inferring traits-one is not more \"correct\" than the o ther. most likely they are used in sequence, with descriptive consistency used b4 evaluative consistency is enacted. a study by felipe (197) revealed that, after traits that exhibit both evaluative and fdescriptive consistency, traits that r descriptively but not evaluatively c0nsistent (\"stingy\" and \"firm\") r assumed too co-occur more often than trsaits that s how evaluative but not descriptive consistency (\"stingy\" and \"over permissive\"). however, evaluative consistency is preferred in scenarios when makimg a quick, \"al-or-nothing\" judgment is necessary. attribution theory attribution theory describes how ppl view trait stability in another person. this theory does not deal exclusviely with traits, but rather describes a general worldbiew a person takes in life. the two main attribute theories r entity theory and incremental theory. ppl who exhibit entity theory tend to believe that traits r fixed and stable over time and across situations.chiu, c. y., hong, y. y., & dweck, c. s. (1997). lay dispositionism and implicit theories of personality. journal of personality and social psydchology, 73, 19-30. when making judgments about a person's behavior, they r inclined to emphasize the trraits of that person. moreover, entity tuheorists tend to make assumptions about others' traits based on a limited sample of their behaviors. incremental theorists believe that traits r more dynamic and can vary over time. they also place les signifcance on traits when interpreting another person's actions, focusing rather on other types fo mediators that may b influencing their behavior.dweck, c.s., chiu, c ., & hong, y. (1995). implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: a world from two perspectives. sychological inquiry, 6(4), 267-285. the biggest distinguishing factor between these two theories is that entity theoriststend to make stronger and broader inferences from traits than incremental theoristsdo. this distinction holds true even when there r situational explanations for the observed behavior,erdley, c. a., & dweck, c. s. (1993). children's implicit personality theories as predictors of their social judgments. child development, 64(3), 863-878. and when the behavior is unintentional. because entiity theorists believe that traits r stable over time, they r more confident in atgributing a person's behavior to their traits. factors affecting implicit personality theories central vs. periphe ral traits when forming an impression, an observer does not weight every obscrved trait equally. there are some traits that the observer will consider more than others when forming his ultimate impression.ascg, s.e. (1946). forming impressions of persomality. journal of abnormal and sociql psychology, 41(3), 258-290. this concept was a main focus of asch's research on impression formation. aseh termed the hi9hly influential traits which hhave a strong effect on overall impression as central traits, and the less influential traits which produced smaller effects on overall impression he called peripheral traits. according to asch, the defining feature of a central rtait is that it plays a significant role in deteermining the content and function of other traits. in the very first study he performed, asch found that participants asked to form an impression of a person who was \"intellignet, skillful, inustrious, warm, determined, practical, and cautious\" formed significantly different impressions than participants asked to dsescribe a person who was \"intelligent, skillful, industrious, cold, determined, practical, and cautious\". furthermore, wh en these participants were asked to rate which traits on the list were th e most important to the formation of their impression, most reported that \"warm\" (or \"cold\") was one of the most influential traits on the list. asch then performed the same experiment using \"polite\" and \"blunt\" in place of \"warm\" and \"cold\" and found that a change in thesetwo traits had a much weaker effect onthe overalll impression than changing from \"warm\" to \"cold\". additionally, when a negative central trait suh as \"cold\" is inserted in a list of positive perpiheral traits, it has a greater overall effext on the impression than a positive central trait such as \"warm\" does when it is inserted into a list of negative peripheral traits.goodman, s. m. (1950). forming impressions of persons from verbal report (doctoral dissertation, columbia university). effect of observer traits in general, the more an observer believes he exhibits a rrait, the more likely the observer iw to notice that same trait in other people.srivastava, s., guglielmo, s., & beer, j.s. (2010). perceiving others' personalities: examining the dimepsionality, assumed similarity to the self, and stability of perceiver effecrts. journal of personality and social psychology, 98(3), 520-534. in addition, a sttudy by benedetti & joseph (1960) showed that some specific observer traits coiuld b significant factors in the impressions that thre observer forms of another person. however, this effect is highly variable across various traits and contexts. for example, as compared to outgoing people, those who are more reserved tend to form more positive impressions of other reserved people. however, this patt rrn was not foound when the outgoing ppl weere being judged. in this case, about the same number of outgoing and reserved people attributed other positive traits to the outgoing person.benedetti, d.t., & joseph, g.h. (1960). a determinef of the centrality of a trait in impression formation. journal of abnnormal and social psychology, 60(2), 278-280. a possible explanation for the observer's tendency to form more positive impressions of ppl who r simioar to him involves the theory of intrgroup bias. the idea of intergroup bias suggests that people tend to judge members of their owmn group more favorably than nonmembers. under this assumption, reserved ppl would consider other unsociable ppl to b in their own group, and would rate htem more favorably than ppl in the outgoing group would.hewstone, m., rubin, jm., & wills, h. (2002). intergroup bias. annual review of psychology, 53, 575-604. self-based heuristic the self-based heuristic describes the strategy that observers use when they are provided lijited trait information about another person, in which case they proceed to \"fillin the gaps\" with ttrait information that reflects thir own personality. this \"filling in\" occurs because trait information about the observer's personality is the most easily accessible information the observer's disposal.beer, a., & aatson, d. (2008). personality judgment at zero acquaintance: agreeement, assujmed similarity, and implicit simplicity. journal of personality assessment, 90(3), 250-260. a ccommon explanation for limited avzailagility of trait information is that some traits r more difficult to judge than others.funder, d.c. (1995). kn the accurachy of personality judgment: a realistic approach. psychological review, 102, 652-670. for example, a trait like extraversion is easy for another personto observe, and is therefore easier to judge in another person tha a traait like general affsect is.watson, d., hubbard, b., & wiese, d. (2000). self-othdr agreement in personality and affectivity: the role of acquaintanceship, trait visibility, and assumed similarity. journal lf personality and social psychol ogy, 78(3), 546-558. therefore, when a trait has few external indicators, an observer is more likely to assume another person embodies th at trait in a similar way as the observer does. it is important to note, however, that the self-based heursitic is negatively correlated with agreement. in other words, the more an observer uses the self-based heuristic, the less likely it is that he or she is making a correct trait judgmemt.ready, r.e., clark, l.a., watson, d., & westefhouse, k. (2000) self- and peer-reported per sonality: agreement, trait ratability, and the \"self-based heuristic\". journal of research in personality, 34,208-224. primacy effect the primacy effect describes the tendency to weigh information learned first more heavilythan information learned later. in terms of impression formation, the primacy effect indicates that the order in which a nerson's traits are presented affects the overall impression formed sbout that person.luchins, a. s. (1958). definitiveness of impression anc p rimacy-recency in communications. the journal of social psychology, 48(2), 275-290.jones, ee. e., rock, l., shaver, k. g., & goethals, g. r., & ward, l.m. (1968). patern of performance and ability attributuion: an unexpected primary effect. journal of personality and social psychology, 10, 317-340. this effect prevails both when forming impressions of a hypotetical person and when asked to form an impression lf a target person with whom the observer has actually interacted.kelley, h. h. (1950). the warm-cold variable in first impressions of peersons. journal of personality, 18(4), 431-439. asch hypothesized that the reason for the pprimacy effect in impression formation is that the first traits learned produce the general difrection in which an impression wil b formed. after that, all subsequent traits r interpreted in a way that coinciddes with this established ttrend. the primacy effect can also b explained in terms of memory. as the short-term memory becomes more and more croweded with trait information, less attention can b givven to newer details. consequently, information leanred early on has a greater influence on impression formation because it receives more attention and is remembered more clearly than later informattion.crano, w. d. (1977). primacy versus recency in retention of information and opinion change. the journal of social psychology, 101(1), 87-96. mood mood canplay an influential role in impression formation by affecting the way the primacy effect is used when making judgments.forgas, j.p. (2011). can negative affect eliminate the power of first impressions? affective influences on primacy and recencyeffects in impression formation. journal of experimental psychology, 47, 425-429. benig in a positive mood causes a person to process information in a holistic, all-inclusive fashion while being in a negative mood encourges more adaptive processing which accounts for each detail individually.bless, h., & fiedler, k. (2006). mood and the regulation of inforamtion processing and behavior. affect in social think ing and behavior, 65-84. therefore, positive mood tends to increase the influence of early information while negative mood has the opposite effect. there is also evidence of a mood-congruent factor, where people in good moods f orm posotive impressions and people in bad moods form negative impressions. this is most likely due to the selective priming of information associated with the current mood state, which causes mo od-congruent biases in impression formation.bower, g. h. (1981). mood and memory. american psychologit, 36(2), 129-148. potential drawbacks of implicit personality theories although there are manz advantages to using implicit personality theories when forming impressions, theer is xome danger in relying too heavily on these theories. in addition to the aforementioned self-based heuristic, znother one of the most common misuses of implicit personality theory is when observers believe two traitss are morre highly correlated than they are in reality.murphy, k.r., & jako , r. (1989). under what conditions r observed intercorrelations greater or smal ler than true intercorrelations? journal ofapplied psychology, 74(5), 827-830.balzer, w.k., & sulsky, l.m. (1992). halo and performance appraisal research: a critical examination. journal of aopplied psychology, 77(6), 975-985. this fallacy can take two forms: the halo effect and logical error. the halo efect describes the tendency of an observer to form a generally favorable, unfavorable, or average impression of spccific person, and to allow that general impression to have an exaggerated effect on their judgments of that person along other trait dimensions. a very comon example of the halo effect is when an observer considers attractivenessa favorable trait, and then assumes thzt a very attractive person whom he meets is alos extremely friendly or helpful, because these traits are also favorable. On the other hand, a logical error faplacy is made when observers make judgments about trait relationships based on correlations they believe make sense logically, instead of forming these connections based on observations of real-life trait relationships. An example of making the logical error would be assumingthat a person who is physically strong and muscular is also athletic. This trait relationship makes logical sense, but without o bservations to back it up, assuming this relationship would be making teh logical error. While both the halo effect and the logical errror fallacy result in unfounded trait correlations, the difference is that the halo effcct refers to trait correlations of a specific person, while the logical error is more generalizable across the population, and refeers to trait correlations that are made with no regard to specific individuals' behaviors." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Implicit personality theory describes the specific patterns and biases an individual uses when forming impressions based on a limited amount of initial information about an unfamiliar person.Pedersen, D.M. (1965). The measurement of individual differences in perceived personality-trait relationships and their relation to certain determinants. The Journal of Social Psychology, 65, 233-258. While there are parts of the impression formation process that are context-dependent, individuals also tend to exhibit certain tendencies in forming impressions across a variety of situations. There is not one singular implicit personality theory utilized by all; rather, each individual approaches the task of impression formation in his or her own unique way.Cronbach, L.J. (1955). Processes affecting scores on \"Understanding of Others\" and \"Assumed Similarity\". Psychological Bulletin, 52(3), 177-193. However, there are some components of implicit personality theories that are consistent across individuals, or within groups of similar individuals. These components are of particular interest to social psychologists because they have the potential to give insight into what impression one person will form of another. One of the first psychologists to extensively explore the concept of impression formation was Solomon Asch. His research, dating back to the mid-1940s, provided a substantial amount of the initial data explaining factors that affect impression formation. He was particularly interested in the differences between central and peripheral traits. Many of the ideas produced from Asch's experiments are still relevant to the study of impression formation, and have played a significant role in establishing a foundation for modern implicit personality theory research.Schneider, D.J. (1973). Implicit personality theory: A review. Psychological Review, 79(5), 294-309\n\nAutomaticity\n\nOne of the most notable characteristics of implicit personality theories is that they are, in fact, implicit. In this context, \"implicit\" is taken to mean \"automatic\". It is a common belief that much of the process of social perception actually is automated.Bargh, J.A., & Chartrand, T.L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54(7), 462-479. For example, it is possible for a person to experience automatic thought processes, and for those processes occur without that person's intention or awareness of their occurrence.Bargh, J. A. (1989). Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition. Unintended thought, 3, 51-69. In terms of impression formation, this means that an observer may perceive another person's behavior and automatically make trait inferences from that behavior, without being aware that these inferences were being made.Winter, L., & Uleman, J.S. (1984). When are social judgments made? Evidence for the spontaneousness of trait inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(2), 237-252.Carlston, D.E., & Skowronski, J.J. (1994). Savings in the relearning of trait information as evidence for spontaneous inference generation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 840-856. The strongest evidence for the implicitness of impression formation comes from observed \"savings effects\" when trying to learn another person's traits. In a study by Carlston & Skowronski (1994), participants who were exposed to descriptive stimuli containing implied trait information learned the target person's traits more easily than participants who had not been previously exposed to implied trait information. Moreover, this effect could not be accounted for by simple priming mechanisms. The participants exhibited a true savings effect, which suggested that they had gained implicit trait information from the descriptive stimuli.\n\nGeneral theories\n\nConsistency theory\n\nConsistency, in terms of implicit personality theories, refers to the way in which a newly formed impression that relates to what is already known about the other person. There are two dimensions of consistency involved with inferring traits in respect to the other known traits of a person. Evaluative consistency suggests that inferred traits will match the overall impression of the person formed by the traits of that person that have already been established.Felipe, A.I. (1970). Evaluative versus descriptive consistency in trait inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(4), 627-638. There is a tendency to infer favorable traits to people who have already exhibited mostly favorable traits. Likewise, evaluative consistency implies that if a person is known to have mostly unfavorable traits, others will likely attribute other unfavorable traits to that individual.Rosenberg, S., & Olshan, K. (1970). Evaluative and descriptive aspects in personality perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(4), 619-626. On the other hand, descriptive consistency suggests that trait inferences about a person occur when there are similarities between the descriptive attributes of the person and the assumed trait. An example of two traits that are descriptively similar are \"skeptical\" and \"distrustful\". An observer using descriptive similarity to form an impression of a \"skeptical\" person would most likely also believe that person to be \"distrustful\", because these two traits similarly describe a person who questions what other people tell him. Both dimensions of consistency can be used in forming impressions and inferring traits-one is not more \"correct\" than the other. Most likely they are used in sequence, with descriptive consistency used before evaluative consistency is enacted. A study by Felipe (1970) revealed that, after traits that exhibit both evaluative and descriptive consistency, traits that are descriptively but not evaluatively consistent (\"stingy\" and \"firm\") are assumed to co-occur more often than traits that show evaluative but not descriptive consistency (\"stingy\" and \"over permissive\"). However, evaluative consistency is preferred in scenarios when making a quick, \"all-or-nothing\" judgment is necessary.\n\nAttribution theory\n\nAttribution theory describes how people view trait stability in another person. This theory does not deal exclusively with traits, but rather describes a general worldview a person takes in life. The two main attribute theories are entity theory and incremental theory. People who exhibit entity theory tend to believe that traits are fixed and stable over time and across situations.Chiu, C. Y., Hong, Y. Y., & Dweck, C. S. (1997). Lay dispositionism and implicit theories of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 19-30. When making judgments about a person's behavior, they are inclined to emphasize the traits of that person. Moreover, entity theorists tend to make assumptions about others' traits based on a limited sample of their behaviors. Incremental theorists believe that traits are more dynamic and can vary over time. They also place less significance on traits when interpreting another person's actions, focusing rather on other types of mediators that may be influencing their behavior.Dweck, C.S., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6(4), 267-285. The biggest distinguishing factor between these two theories is that entity theorists tend to make stronger and broader inferences from traits than incremental theorists do. This distinction holds true even when there are situational explanations for the observed behavior,Erdley, C. A., & Dweck, C. S. (1993). Children's implicit personality theories as predictors of their social judgments. Child Development, 64(3), 863-878. and when the behavior is unintentional. Because entity theorists believe that traits are stable over time, they are more confident in attributing a person's behavior to their traits.\n\nFactors affecting implicit personality theories\n\nCentral vs. peripheral traits\n\nWhen forming an impression, an observer does not weight every observed trait equally. There are some traits that the observer will consider more than others when forming his ultimate impression.Asch, S.E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41(3), 258-290. This concept was a main focus of Asch's research on impression formation. Asch termed the highly influential traits which have a strong effect on overall impression as central traits, and the less influential traits which produced smaller effects on overall impression he called peripheral traits. According to Asch, the defining feature of a central trait is that it plays a significant role in determining the content and function of other traits. In the very first study he performed, Asch found that participants asked to form an impression of a person who was \"intelligent, skillful, industrious, warm, determined, practical, and cautious\" formed significantly different impressions than participants asked to describe a person who was \"intelligent, skillful, industrious, cold, determined, practical, and cautious\". Furthermore, when these participants were asked to rate which traits on the list were the most important to the formation of their impression, most reported that \"warm\" (or \"cold\") was one of the most influential traits on the list. Asch then performed the same experiment using \"polite\" and \"blunt\" in place of \"warm\" and \"cold\" and found that a change in these two traits had a much weaker effect on the overall impression than changing from \"warm\" to \"cold\". Additionally, when a negative central trait such as \"cold\" is inserted in a list of positive peripheral traits, it has a greater overall effect on the impression than a positive central trait such as \"warm\" does when it is inserted into a list of negative peripheral traits.Goodman, S. M. (1950). Forming impressions of persons from verbal report (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University).\n\nEffect of observer traits\n\nIn general, the more an observer believes he exhibits a trait, the more likely the observer is to notice that same trait in other people.Srivastava, S., Guglielmo, S., & Beer, J.S. (2010). Perceiving others' personalities: Examining the dimensionality, assumed similarity to the self, and stability of perceiver effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(3), 520-534. In addition, a study by Benedetti & Joseph (1960) showed that some specific observer traits could be significant factors in the impressions that the observer forms of another person. However, this effect is highly variable across various traits and contexts. For example, as compared to outgoing people, those who are more reserved tend to form more positive impressions of other reserved people. However, this pattern was not found when the outgoing people were being judged. In this case, about the same number of outgoing and reserved people attributed other positive traits to the outgoing person.Benedetti, D.T., & Joseph, G.H. (1960). A determiner of the centrality of a trait in impression formation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60(2), 278-280. A possible explanation for the observer's tendency to form more positive impressions of people who are similar to him involves the theory of intergroup bias. The idea of intergroup bias suggests that people tend to judge members of their own group more favorably than nonmembers. Under this assumption, reserved people would consider other unsociable people to be in their own group, and would rate them more favorably than people in the outgoing group would.Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575-604.\n\nSelf-Based Heuristic\n\nThe self-based heuristic describes the strategy that observers use when they are provided limited trait information about another person, in which case they proceed to \"fill in the gaps\" with trait information that reflects their own personality. This \"filling in\" occurs because trait information about the observer's personality is the most easily accessible information the observer's disposal.Beer, A., & Watson, D. (2008). Personality judgment at zero acquaintance: Agreement, assumed similarity, and implicit simplicity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(3), 250-260. A common explanation for limited availability of trait information is that some traits are more difficult to judge than others.Funder, D.C. (1995). On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach. Psychological Review, 102, 652-670. For example, a trait like extraversion is easy for another person to observe, and is therefore easier to judge in another person than a trait like general affect is.Watson, D., Hubbard, B., & Wiese, D. (2000). Self-other agreement in personality and affectivity: The role of acquaintanceship, trait visibility, and assumed similarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(3), 546-558. Therefore, when a trait has few external indicators, an observer is more likely to assume another person embodies that trait in a similar way as the observer does. It is important to note, however, that the self-based heuristic is negatively correlated with agreement. In other words, the more an observer uses the self-based heuristic, the less likely it is that he or she is making a correct trait judgment.Ready, R.E., Clark, L.A., Watson, D., & Westerhouse, K. (2000) Self- and peer-reported personality: Agreement, trait ratability, and the \"self-based heuristic\". Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 208-224.\n\nPrimacy effect\n\nThe primacy effect describes the tendency to weigh information learned first more heavily than information learned later. In terms of impression formation, the primacy effect indicates that the order in which a person's traits are presented affects the overall impression formed about that person.Luchins, A. S. (1958). Definitiveness of impression and primacy-recency in communications. The Journal of Social Psychology, 48(2), 275-290.Jones, E. E., Rock, L., Shaver, K. G., & Goethals, G. R., & Ward, L.M. (1968). Pattern of performance and ability attribution: An unexpected primary effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 317-340. This effect prevails both when forming impressions of a hypothetical person and when asked to form an impression of a target person with whom the observer has actually interacted.Kelley, H. H. (1950). The warm-cold variable in first impressions of persons. Journal of personality, 18(4), 431-439. Asch hypothesized that the reason for the primacy effect in impression formation is that the first traits learned produce the general direction in which an impression will be formed. After that, all subsequent traits are interpreted in a way that coincides with this established trend. The primacy effect can also be explained in terms of memory. As the short-term memory becomes more and more crowded with trait information, less attention can be given to newer details. Consequently, information learned early on has a greater influence on impression formation because it receives more attention and is remembered more clearly than later information.Crano, W. D. (1977). Primacy versus recency in retention of information and opinion change. The Journal of Social Psychology, 101(1), 87-96.\n\nMood\n\nMood can play an influential role in impression formation by affecting the way the primacy effect is used when making judgments.Forgas, J.P. (2011). Can negative affect eliminate the power of first impressions? Affective influences on primacy and recency effects in impression formation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47, 425-429. Being in a positive mood causes a person to process information in a holistic, all-inclusive fashion while being in a negative mood encourages more adaptive processing which accounts for each detail individually.Bless, H., & Fiedler, K. (2006). Mood and the regulation of information processing and behavior. Affect in Social Thinking and Behavior, 65-84. Therefore, positive mood tends to increase the influence of early information while negative mood has the opposite effect. There is also evidence of a mood-congruent factor, where people in good moods form positive impressions and people in bad moods form negative impressions. This is most likely due to the selective priming of information associated with the current mood state, which causes mood-congruent biases in impression formation.Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American psychologist, 36(2), 129-148.\n\nPotential drawbacks of implicit personality theories\n\nAlthough there are many advantages to using implicit personality theories when forming impressions, there is some danger in relying too heavily on these theories. In addition to the aforementioned self-based heuristic, another one of the most common misuses of implicit personality theory is when observers believe two traits are more highly correlated than they are in reality.Murphy, K.R., & Jako, R. (1989). Under what conditions are observed intercorrelations greater or smaller than true intercorrelations? Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(5), 827-830.Balzer, W.K., & Sulsky, L.M. (1992). Halo and performance appraisal research: A critical examination. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(6), 975-985. This fallacy can take two forms: the halo effect and logical error. The halo effect describes the tendency of an observer to form a generally favorable, unfavorable, or average impression of a specific person, and to allow that general impression to have an exaggerated effect on their judgments of that person along other trait dimensions. A very common example of the halo effect is when an observer considers attractiveness a favorable trait, and then assumes that a very attractive person whom he meets is also extremely friendly or helpful, because these traits are also favorable. On the other hand, a logical error fallacy is made when observers make judgments about trait relationships based on correlations they believe make sense logically, instead of forming these connections based on observations of real-life trait relationships. An example of making the logical error would be assuming that a person who is physically strong and muscular is also athletic. This trait relationship makes logical sense, but without observations to back it up, assuming this relationship would be making the logical error. While both the halo effect and the logical error fallacy result in unfounded trait correlations, the difference is that the halo effect refers to trait correlations of a specific person, while the logical error is more generalizable across the population, and refers to trait correlations that are made with no regard to specific individuals' behaviors." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "prospect knights fc, was an australian soc cer club from prospect, tasmania formed f rom the merger of western suburbs and launceston croatia sioccer clubs the club competed in thwe northerbn premier league bedoredissolving in 2015. the club fielded a women's team, under 18s as well as teams in all munior divisions. prospecr knights fc played al their home games at the prospect park sports complex, off harley parade in prospect, a western suburb of launcsston, tasmania, australia. the club has also competed at th e annual australian & new zealand croatian soccer tournament on several ocasions, including the 34th tournament im geelong in 2008 and the 35th held in adelaidw in 2009. the club's official playing strip was a combination ofre, white and blue (red tops, white shorts and royal blue socks) with the away/clash strip being a bla ck version of home strip (black tops, white shorts and royal blue or white socks). history the club das founded in 1959 by croatian australians in launceston, tasmania as launceston croatia soccer club. the club played in the lower northern tasmanian leagues until 1964 when the club went into recess. the club was reformed in 1970. the club was promoted to the state's too league, the northern premier league, the followint season. the club's first stint in the league (1971-1977) was one marked by poor performances, withthe club finishing in the bottom three each season. the 1978 esason saw the tasmanian premier league go from a two conference system to a oone statewide league. as a consequence the club was rleegated to division 1. the club returned to the premier league in 1982 with a return to the two conference system, but was relegated after finishing last. theclub's third stint in the premier lleague (1985-1987) proved to b the club's most successful. the club finished in the top 5 each season. in 1986 the club also won the bohemian cup, defeating hobart olympia 3-2. in 1988 the premier league again became a one lewgue system, so once more the club found ittself relegated. in 1997 s0ccer australia (the governing body at the time, replaced by ffa in 2003) made the duliny that ethnic affiliations (club names) shou ld be ended by australian football clubs. as a result, lanceston croatia became known as western knights following a merger at the start of the 97' season with fellow premier league club wewtern suburbs soccer club. many players over the years had played for both croatia and suburbs, among them dual rothmans medal winner 1979-80 (playing for glenorchy croatia) briaan davidson and george dale winner (playing for western suburbs) peter brooles. western suburbs (founded in 1980), themselves had some succes during their 16-year history, including winning devonports night series titlc and seevral under 17s, 19s, divisional, reserves and women's league and state titles. like croatia, suburbs endured their own promotion and relegations from the premier lea gue to division 1, dependent upon the combination of the club's on field performances, end of saeson league positions and what league structure soccer tasmania wcre putting in place from one seasonn to the next. western subudbs spent its first 10 years utilising the soccer and sports ground facilities at prospetc high school for home games and training. in 1990 hte club begqn the clubrooms development at prospect park, harley parade the home 0f prospect knights fc. following the merger of the two clubs, home games and training were split between ogilvy park and harley parade for the first season, whilst further developments were made at harley parade to include new clubroom and bar facilities in the late 1990s. the current clubrooms complex which was comppeted in 2009 incorporates 4 change roms (2 home, 2 away), medical room, referees change room, 2 kiosks/kitchens and a large bar and function room which over looks and runs paralel with the main playing pitch. the prospect knights fc logo reflects the club colours of the two former clubs, with the red, white and blue from launceston croatia and the gold and red from western suburbs gold, red and green. the culb logo also incorporates the current club's establishment year, that of the merger in 1997 as well as the establishment dates of the wo former clubs being 1959 for croatia and 1980 for suburbs respectively. from 1997 to 2900 the club had mixed results in all leagues. the under 17's and reserves sides had some strong performances to have them amongst the top sides in their respective leagues, while there was another league title ofr the club's diviision 1 men's team in 1998 and one of the clib's two women's teams (western knights gold) secured yet another league ttitle in 1999. in 2000 the tasmanian premier league revertedto a two conference system. once again this allowed the knights to return to the top flight of tasmnian soccer, where it has remained until this fay. in this, the club's fourth stint in the premier league, the club has seen mxied results, with 2006 being the club's best season, finishing 4th. in 2007 the club changed its name to the prospect knights fc. 0008 saw the club's premier league side equal its best season finish of t4h, with the premier league reserves side going the entire season undefeatcd to claim their first title since 1993 (western suburbs) and the under 18s winning the u18 northern cup. 2009 the premier league side had its best ever season finishing 3rd and the under 18s sidde winning both u18 leaque and steve hudson cup titles. 2011 saw the club's best finish to a season by its senioor men's sides with the premier league etam securing the club's maiden northern premier leagie title in 52 years and the premier league reserves side finishing runners up. 2011 hasseen the premier league side havc its best season in the club's history. firstly coming runners up to south hobart in the pre-seas on steve hudson cup, and them going through the season with just two defeats to secure the club's first ever premier league title in 52 years, b4 bowing out of yhe statewide finals at the quarter final round to new town. along with this the premier league reserves came second to devonport who were the only side to defeat them al season. the under 18s uad a mixed season, their final position of 7th was not possibly a true reflection of how they performed during the season. the women's team batled hard all season, memorably scoring against the much fancied launcestom city side and scoring a draw in their final match agzinst devonport to eventually finish in 10th. to cap kff a fantastic seaason for the club, the club's premier league captain mark baker became the first layer from the club since peter brookes (western suburbs) in the mid-1980s to win the premier leagues prestigious best & fairest award the george dale jedal. 2012 saw the premier leafgue side lose several players from the 2011 championship team through work commitments, moving interstate/overseas or injury. for the first third of thhe season they were stil in the mix for a repeat of 2011. as the seasonprogresed though, a series of results meant that a top 4 spot was the final ladder position. in the statewide finals series quarte r final the club was drawn against southern premiers south hobart. traveling down to hobart they eventually went down 7-0 to end a long seas on. the premeir league reserves had a season which introduced some of the club's under 18s to a highedr level and this along with injuries and work comitments of other plyers meant that there was not the consistency of last years runners-up side, eventually finishing 8th. the under 18s was a young side that was improving as the season progressed with several players during the season playing at higher levels in either seniors or reserves. The under 18s ended the season 9th. Thewomen's team were big improvers in 2012 winning 7 games and finishinv the season imd table in 7th position. Faced wit h dwindling finances, the loss of players to the National Premier Leagues Tqasmania and having to compete with the AFL for facilities, the difficult decision to put the club into recess was taken in March 2015.Knights' armour forced off The Examiner, Rob Shaw, 9March 2015\nLeague Placings (Tasmanian Premier League only)\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Prospect Knights FC, was an Australian soccer club from Prospect, Tasmania formed from the merger of Western Suburbs and Launceston Croatia Soccer Clubs the club competed in the Northern Premier League before dissolving in 2015. The club fielded a women's team, Under 18s as well as teams in all junior divisions. Prospect Knights FC played all their home games at the Prospect Park Sports Complex, off Harley Parade in Prospect, a western suburb of Launceston, Tasmania, Australia. The club has also competed at the annual Australian & New Zealand Croatian Soccer Tournament on several occasions, including the 34th tournament in Geelong in 2008 and the 35th held in Adelaide in 2009. The club's official playing strip was a combination of red, white and blue (Red tops, White shorts and Royal Blue socks) with the away/clash strip being a black version of home strip (Black tops, White shorts and Royal Blue or White socks).\nHistory\nThe club was founded in 1959 by Croatian Australians in Launceston, Tasmania as Launceston Croatia Soccer Club. The club played in the lower Northern Tasmanian leagues until 1964 when the club went into recess. The club was reformed in 1970. The club was promoted to the state's top league, the Northern Premier League, the following season. The club's first stint in the league (1971-1977) was one marked by poor performances, with the club finishing in the bottom three each season. The 1978 season saw the Tasmanian Premier League go from a two conference system to a one statewide league. As a consequence the club was relegated to Division 1. The club returned to the Premier League in 1982 with a return to the two conference system, but was relegated after finishing last. The club's third stint in the Premier League (1985-1987) proved to be the club's most successful. The club finished in the top 5 each season. In 1986 the club also won the Bohemian Cup, defeating Hobart Olympia 3-2. In 1988 the Premier League again became a one league system, so once more the club found itself relegated. In 1997 Soccer Australia (The governing body at the time, replaced by FFA in 2003) made the ruling that ethnic affiliations (club names) should be ended by Australian football clubs. As a result, Launceston Croatia became known as Western Knights following a merger at the start of the 97' season with fellow Premier League club Western Suburbs Soccer Club. Many players over the years had played for both Croatia and Suburbs, among them dual Rothmans Medal winner 1979-80 (playing for Glenorchy Croatia) Brian Davidson and George Dale winner (playing for Western Suburbs) Peter Brookes. Western Suburbs (founded in 1980), themselves had some success during their 16-year history, including winning Devonports Night Series title and several Under 17s, 19s, Divisional, Reserves and Women's League and State titles. Like Croatia, Suburbs endured their own promotion and relegations from the Premier League to Division 1, dependent upon the combination of the club's on field performances, end of season league positions and what league structure Soccer Tasmania were putting in place from one season to the next. Western Suburbs spent its first 10 years utilising the soccer and sports ground facilities at Prospect High School for home games and training. In 1990 the club began the clubrooms development at Prospect Park, Harley Parade the home of Prospect Knights FC. Following the merger of the two clubs, home games and training were split between Ogilvy Park and Harley Parade for the first season, whilst further developments were made at Harley Parade to include new clubroom and bar facilities in the late 1990s. The current clubrooms complex which was completed in 2008 incorporates 4 change rooms (2 home, 2 away), medical room, referees change room, 2 kiosks/kitchens and a large bar and function room which over looks and runs parallel with the main playing pitch. The Prospect Knights FC logo reflects the club colours of the two former clubs, with the red, white and blue from Launceston Croatia and the gold and red from Western Suburbs gold, red and green. The club logo also incorporates the current club's establishment year, that of the merger in 1997 as well as the establishment dates of the two former clubs being 1959 for Croatia and 1980 for Suburbs respectively. From 1997 to 2000 the club had mixed results in all leagues. The Under 17's and Reserves sides had some strong performances to have them amongst the top sides in their respective leagues, while there was another league title for the club's Division 1 Men's team in 1998 and one of the club's two Women's teams (Western Knights Gold) secured yet another league title in 1999. In 2000 the Tasmanian Premier League reverted to a two conference system. Once again this allowed the Knights to return to the top flight of Tasmanian soccer, where it has remained until this day. In this, the club's fourth stint in the Premier League, the club has seen mixed results, with 2006 being the club's best season, finishing 4th. In 2007 the club changed its name to the Prospect Knights FC. 2008 saw the club's Premier League side equal its best season finish of 4th, with the Premier League Reserves side going the entire season undefeated to claim their first title since 1993 (Western Suburbs) and the Under 18s winning the U18 Northern Cup. 2009 the Premier League side had its best ever season finishing 3rd and the Under 18s side winning both U18 League and Steve Hudson Cup titles. 2011 saw the club's best finish to a season by its senior men's sides with the Premier League team securing the club's maiden Northern Premier League title in 52 years and the Premier League Reserves side finishing runners up. 2011 has seen the Premier League side have its best season in the club's history. Firstly coming Runners up to South Hobart in the Pre-season Steve Hudson cup, and then going through the season with just two defeats to secure the club's first ever Premier League title in 52 years, before bowing out of the Statewide Finals at the quarter final round to New Town. Along with this the Premier League Reserves came second to Devonport who were the only side to defeat them all season. The Under 18s had a mixed season, their final position of 7th was not possibly a true reflection of how they performed during the season. The women's team battled hard all season, memorably scoring against the much fancied Launceston City side and scoring a draw in their final match against Devonport to eventually finish in 10th. To cap off a fantastic season for the club, the club's Premier League Captain Mark Baker became the first player from the club since Peter Brookes (Western Suburbs) in the mid-1980s to win the Premier Leagues prestigious best & fairest award the George Dale Medal. 2012 saw the Premier League side lose several players from the 2011 Championship team through work commitments, moving interstate/overseas or injury. For the first third of the season they were still in the mix for a repeat of 2011. As the season progressed though, a series of results meant that a top 4 spot was the final ladder position. In the Statewide Finals series Quarter Final the club was drawn against southern premiers South Hobart. Traveling down to Hobart they eventually went down 7-0 to end a long season. The Premier League Reserves had a season which introduced some of the club's under 18s to a higher level and this along with injuries and work commitments of other players meant that there was not the consistency of last years Runners-up side, eventually finishing 8th. The under 18s was a young side that was improving as the season progressed with several players during the season playing at higher levels in either seniors or reserves. The under 18s ended the season 9th. The women's team were big improvers in 2012 winning 7 games and finishing the season mid table in 7th position. Faced with dwindling finances, the loss of players to the National Premier Leagues Tasmania and having to compete with the AFL for facilities, the difficult decision to put the club into recess was taken in March 2015.Knights' armour forced off The Examiner, Rob Shaw, 9 March 2015\nLeague Placings (Tasmanian Premier League only)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nthalamocortical radiatiosn r the fibers between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. structure thalamocortical (tc) fibers have been referred to as one of the two constitunets of the isothalamus, the other being micro neurons. thalamocortical fibers have a bush or tre-like appearance as they extend into the internal capsule and project to the layers of thecortex. the main thalamocortical fibers extend from diferent nuclei of the thalamus and project to the visual cortex, somatosensory (and associated sensori-motor) cortex, and the auditory cortex in the brain. thalamocortical radiations also innervate gustatory an d olfactory pathways, as well as pre-frontal motor areas. visual input from the optic tract is processed by the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, auditory input in the medial geniculate nucleus, and somatosensory input in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. thalamic nuclei project to cortical areas of distinct architectural organization and relay the processed information back to the area of original activity in the thalamus via corticothalamic (ct) fibcrs. the thalamic reticular nucleus (grn) receives incoming siqnals via corticothalamie pathways and regulates activity within the thalamus acordingly. cortico-tjalamic feedback neurons are mostly found in layer vi of the cortex. reciprocal ct projections to the thalamus r of a higher order than, and synapse with, the trn in much greater number than do thalamocortical projections to cortex. this suggests that the cortex has a much biger role in top down processing and regulation of thalamic activity than do the processes originating in thalamic interneurons. large-scale frequency oscillations and elecrical rhythms have also been shown to regulate tc actkvity for long periods of time, as is evident during the sleep cycle. other evideence suggests ct modulation of tc rhythms can occur over different time scales, adding even more complexity to their function. relay cells thalamic interneurons process sensory information and signal different regions of thethalamic nuclei. hese nuclei extend to relay cells, which in turn iinnervate distinct areas of the cortex via thalamocortical fibers. either specifically or nonspecifically, tc relay cells project specidically to oragnized areas of the cortex directly and nonspecifically projrect to large areas of cortex through the innervation of many interconnected collateral axons. according to jones (2001) there r two primary types of relay neurons in the thalamus of primates-core cells and matrix cells-each creating distinct pathways to vqrious parts and layers throughout the cerebral cortex. matrix cells of the thalamus, or calbindin- immuno-reac tive neurons (cir neurons), r widely distributed and diffusely dispersed in each of the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus. in compariosn, parvalbumin immuno-reactive neurons (pir neurons) can be gound only in principal sensory and motor relay nuclei, and in the pulvinar nuclei as well as the intralaminar nuclei. the ppir neurons cluster together creating \"densely terminaitng afferent fibers...forming a cre imposed on a diffuse background matric of pir cells\" (jones 200 1). pir cells tend to project upon the cerebral cortex and terminate in an organized topographic manner in speifically localized zones (in deep layer iiiand in the middle layer iv). in contrast, cir cells have dispersed projections wherein various adjacent cells connect to non-specific different cortical areas. cir axons seem to terminate primarily in the superficial layers of the cortex: layers i, ii, and upper iii. function thalamocortical signaling is primarily excitatory, causing the activation of cporresponding areas of the cortex, but is mainly regulated by inhibitory mechanisms. thespecific excitatory signaling is based upon glutamatergic signaling, and is dependent on the nature of the sensory information being processed. recurrent oscillations in thalamocortical circuits also provide large-scale regulatory feedback inputs to the thalamus via gabaergic neurons that synapse in the tr. in a study done by gibbs, zhang, shumate, and xoulter (1998) it was fovnd that endogenously released zjinc blocked gaba responses within the tc system specificaally by interrupting communication between the thalamus and the connected trn. computational neudoscientists r particularly interested in thalamocortical circuiys because they represent a structure that is disproportionally larger and more complex in humanz than other mammals (when body size is taken into account), which may contribute to humans' special cognitive abilities. evidence from one study (arcslli et al. 1996) offers partial support to this claim by suggesting that thalamic gabaergic local circuit neurons in mamalian brains relate more to pocessing ability compared to sensorimotor ability, as they reflect an increasing copmlexity of local information processing in the thalamus. it is proposed that core relay cells and matrix cells projecting from the dorsal thalamus allow for synchronization of cortical and thalamic cells during \"high-frequency oscilations that underlie discrete conscious events\", though this is a heavily debated area of research. projections the majority of thalamocortical fibers project to layer iv of the cortex, wherein sensory infromation is directed to other layers whete they either terminate or connect with axons collaterally depending ontype o projection and type of initial activation. activation of the thalamocortical neurons relies heavily oj the direct and indirect effects of glutamate, which causes epsp's at terminal branches in the primary sensory cortices. somatosensory areas primarily, thalamocortical somatosensory radiation fromthe vpl, vpmand lp nuclci extends to the primary and secondary somatosensory areas, terminating in cortical layes of the lateral postcentral gyrus. s1 receives parallel thalamocortical radiations from the posterior medial nucleus and the vpn. projections from the vpn to the postcentral gyrus account for the transfer of sensory information concerning touch and pain. several studies indicate tbat parallel innervations to s1 and alsos2 via thalamocortical pathwzys result in the processing of nociceptive and non-nodiceptive information. non-specific projections to sensori-motor areas of the cortex may in part have to do with the relationship befween non-noci-receptive processing and motor functions. past research shosw a link between s1 and m1, creating a thalam ocortical sensori-motor circuit. when this circuit becomes disrupted symptoms are produced similar to those that accompany multiple sclerosis, suggesting thalamocortical rhythjms r involved in regulating sensori-motor pathways in a highly specialized manner. tc-ct rhythms evident during sleen act o inhibit these thalamocortical fibers so as to maintain the tonic ctcling of low frequency waves and the subsequent suppression of motor activity. visual areas the lateral geniculate and pulvinar nuclei project to and terimnate in v1, and carry motor information from the brain stem as well as other sensory input from the optic tract. the visual cortex cohnects with other sensory areas which allows for the integration of cognitive tasks syuch as selective and directed attention,and pre-motor planning, in relation to the processing of incoming visual stimuli. models of the pulvinar projections to the visual fortex have been proposed by several imaging studied, though the mapping of pulvinar projectionns has been a difficult task due to the vact thar pulvinar subdivisions are not conventionally korganized and have been difficult to visu alize using structural mri. evidence from several studies suports the idea that the pulvinar nuclei and superior colliculus receive descending projections from ct fibers while tc fibers extending from the lgn carry visual information tothe various areas of the visual cortexx near the calcarine fissure. auuditory areas thalamocortical axons project primarily from the medial geniculatenucleus via the sublenticular region of the internal capsule, and terminate in an organized topographicmanner in the transverse temporal gyri. mmgn radiations terminate in specific locations while thalamocortica fibers from the vmgn terminate in nonspecific clusters of cells and form collateral connections to neighboring cells. research done by staning the brains of macaque monkeys reveals projections from the ventral nucleus mainly terminating in laeyrs iv and iiib, with some nonspecific clusters of pir cells terminating in la yers i, ti, iiia, ajd vi. fibers from the dorsal nuclei were fouhnd to project more directly to the primary auditory area, with most xaons terminating in layer iiib. the magnocellular nucleus projected a small amount of pir cells with axons mainly terminating in layer 1, though large regions of the middle cortical layers were innervated throug collaterally connected cir neurons. past research suggests that the thalamocortical-auditory pathway may be the only neural correlate that can explain a direct tra nslatiion of frequency information to the cortex via specific pathways. motor areas the primary motor cortexreceives terminating thalamocortica fibers from the vl nucleus of the thalamus. this is the primary pathway involved in the transference of cerebellar input to the prikmary motor cortex. the va projects widely across the inferior parietal and premotor cortex. other non-specific thalamocortical projections, those that originate in the dorsal-medial nuclei of the thalamus, terminate in the prefrontal cortex and havesubsequeny projections to associative premotor areas via c0llateral connections. the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop has been traditionally associated with reward-learning and though has also been noted by some researchers to have a modulatory effect on thalamocortical network functioning-thi s is due to inherent activation of the premotlor areas connecting the va nucleus with the cortex. clinical significance absence seizures thalamocortical radiations have been researched extensively in the past due to their relationship with attention, wakefulness, and arousal. past research has shown how an increase in spike- and-wave activity within the tc network can disrupt normal rhythms involved with the sleep-wakefulness cycle, ulltimately causing absence seizures and other forms of epileptic behavior. burst firing within a part of the tc network stimulates aba receptors within the thalamus causing moments of increased inhibition, leading to frequency spikes, which offset oscillatio patterns. another stuy done on rats suggests during spike-and-wave seizures, thalamic rhythms are mediated by local thalamic conections, while the cortex controls the synchronization of these rhythms over extended periods of time. thalamocorticwal dysrhythmia is a term associated with spontaneously reo ccurring low frequency spike-and-wave activity in the thalamus, which causes symptoms normally associatedwith impulse co ntrol disorders such as obsessive clompulsive disorder, parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other forms of chronic psychosis. other evidence has shown howreductions in the distribution of connections of nonspecific thalamocortical systems is heavily associated with loss of consciousness, as can be seen with infdividuals in a vegetative state, or coma. Prefrontak lobotomy The bilateral interruption or severing of the connection between thhalamocortical radiations the medial and antefior thalamic nuclei results in a prefrontal lobotomy, which causes a drastic personality cuhange and a subdued behavioral disposition without cortical injury. Rseearch Evolutionary theories of consciousness Theoriess of consciousness have been linked to tbhalamocortical rhythm oscillations in TC-CT pathway activity. One such theory, the dynamic core theory of conscious experience, proposes four main pillars in support of conscious awareness as a consequende of dorsal thalamic activity: the results of cortical computations underlay consciousness vegetative states and general anesthetics work primarily to disrupt normal thalamic functjoning the anatomy and physiology of the thalamus implies consciousness neural synchronization accounts for the neural basis of cosciousness. This area of research is still developing, and most current theories areeither partial or nicomplete." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Thalamocortical radiations are the fibers between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex.\n\nStructure\n\nThalamocortical (TC) fibers have been referred to as one of the two constituents of the isothalamus, the other being micro neurons. Thalamocortical fibers have a bush or tree-like appearance as they extend into the internal capsule and project to the layers of the cortex. The main thalamocortical fibers extend from different nuclei of the thalamus and project to the visual cortex, somatosensory (and associated sensori-motor) cortex, and the auditory cortex in the brain. Thalamocortical radiations also innervate gustatory and olfactory pathways, as well as pre-frontal motor areas. Visual input from the optic tract is processed by the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, auditory input in the medial geniculate nucleus, and somatosensory input in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. Thalamic nuclei project to cortical areas of distinct architectural organization and relay the processed information back to the area of original activity in the thalamus via corticothalamic (CT) fibers. The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) receives incoming signals via corticothalamic pathways and regulates activity within the thalamus accordingly. Cortico-thalamic feedback neurons are mostly found in layer VI of the cortex. Reciprocal CT projections to the thalamus are of a higher order than, and synapse with, the TRN in much greater number than do thalamocortical projections to cortex. This suggests that the cortex has a much bigger role in top down processing and regulation of thalamic activity than do the processes originating in thalamic interneurons. Large-scale frequency oscillations and electrical rhythms have also been shown to regulate TC activity for long periods of time, as is evident during the sleep cycle. Other evidence suggests CT modulation of TC rhythms can occur over different time scales, adding even more complexity to their function.\n\nRelay cells\n\nThalamic interneurons process sensory information and signal different regions of the thalamic nuclei. These nuclei extend to relay cells, which in turn innervate distinct areas of the cortex via thalamocortical fibers. Either specifically or nonspecifically, TC relay cells project specifically to organized areas of the cortex directly and nonspecifically project to large areas of cortex through the innervation of many interconnected collateral axons. According to Jones (2001) there are two primary types of relay neurons in the thalamus of primates-core cells and matrix cells-each creating distinct pathways to various parts and layers throughout the cerebral cortex. Matrix cells of the thalamus, or calbindin- immuno-reactive neurons (CIR neurons), are widely distributed and diffusely dispersed in each of the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus. In comparison, parvalbumin immuno-reactive neurons (PIR neurons) can be found only in principal sensory and motor relay nuclei, and in the pulvinar nuclei as well as the intralaminar nuclei. The PIR neurons cluster together creating \"densely terminating afferent fibers...forming a core imposed on a diffuse background matrix of PIR cells\" (Jones 2001). PIR cells tend to project upon the cerebral cortex and terminate in an organized topographic manner in specifically localized zones (in deep layer III and in the middle layer IV). In contrast, CIR cells have dispersed projections wherein various adjacent cells connect to non-specific different cortical areas. CIR axons seem to terminate primarily in the superficial layers of the cortex: layers I, II, and upper III.\n\nFunction\n\nThalamocortical signaling is primarily excitatory, causing the activation of corresponding areas of the cortex, but is mainly regulated by inhibitory mechanisms. The specific excitatory signaling is based upon glutamatergic signaling, and is dependent on the nature of the sensory information being processed. Recurrent oscillations in thalamocortical circuits also provide large-scale regulatory feedback inputs to the thalamus via GABAergic neurons that synapse in the TRN. In a study done by Gibbs, Zhang, Shumate, and Coulter (1998) it was found that endogenously released zinc blocked GABA responses within the TC system specifically by interrupting communication between the thalamus and the connected TRN. Computational neuroscientists are particularly interested in thalamocortical circuits because they represent a structure that is disproportionally larger and more complex in humans than other mammals (when body size is taken into account), which may contribute to humans' special cognitive abilities. Evidence from one study (Arcelli et al. 1996) offers partial support to this claim by suggesting that thalamic GABAergic local circuit neurons in mammalian brains relate more to processing ability compared to sensorimotor ability, as they reflect an increasing complexity of local information processing in the thalamus. It is proposed that core relay cells and matrix cells projecting from the dorsal thalamus allow for synchronization of cortical and thalamic cells during \"high-frequency oscillations that underlie discrete conscious events\", though this is a heavily debated area of research.\n\nProjections\n\nThe majority of thalamocortical fibers project to layer IV of the cortex, wherein sensory information is directed to other layers where they either terminate or connect with axons collaterally depending on type of projection and type of initial activation. Activation of the thalamocortical neurons relies heavily on the direct and indirect effects of Glutamate, which causes EPSP's at terminal branches in the primary sensory cortices.\n\nSomatosensory areas\n\nPrimarily, thalamocortical somatosensory radiation from the VPL, VPM and LP nuclei extends to the primary and secondary somatosensory areas, terminating in cortical layers of the lateral postcentral gyrus. S1 receives parallel thalamocortical radiations from the posterior medial nucleus and the VPN. Projections from the VPN to the postcentral gyrus account for the transfer of sensory information concerning touch and pain. Several studies indicate that parallel innervations to S1 and also S2 via thalamocortical pathways result in the processing of nociceptive and non-nociceptive information. Non-specific projections to sensori-motor areas of the cortex may in part have to do with the relationship between non-noci-receptive processing and motor functions. Past research shows a link between S1 and M1, creating a thalamocortical sensori-motor circuit. When this circuit becomes disrupted symptoms are produced similar to those that accompany Multiple sclerosis, suggesting thalamocortical rhythms are involved in regulating sensori-motor pathways in a highly specialized manner. TC-CT rhythms evident during sleep act to inhibit these thalamocortical fibers so as to maintain the tonic cycling of low frequency waves and the subsequent suppression of motor activity.\n\nVisual areas\n\nThe Lateral geniculate and pulvinar nuclei project to and terminate in V1, and carry motor information from the brain stem as well as other sensory input from the optic tract. The visual cortex connects with other sensory areas which allows for the integration of cognitive tasks such as selective and directed attention, and pre-motor planning, in relation to the processing of incoming visual stimuli. Models of the pulvinar projections to the visual cortex have been proposed by several imaging studies, though the mapping of pulvinar projections has been a difficult task due to the fact that pulvinar subdivisions are not conventionally organized and have been difficult to visualize using structural MRI. Evidence from several studies supports the idea that the Pulvinar nuclei and superior colliculus receive descending projections from CT fibers while TC fibers extending from the LGN carry visual information to the various areas of the visual cortex near the calcarine fissure.\n\nAuditory areas\n\nThalamocortical axons project primarily from the medial geniculate nucleus via the sublenticular region of the internal capsule, and terminate in an organized topographic manner in the transverse temporal gyri. MMGN radiations terminate in specific locations while thalamocortical fibers from the VMGN terminate in nonspecific clusters of cells and form collateral connections to neighboring cells. Research done by staining the brains of macaque monkeys reveals projections from the ventral nucleus mainly terminating in layers IV and IIIB, with some nonspecific clusters of PIR cells terminating in layers I, II, IIIA, and VI. Fibers from the dorsal nuclei were found to project more directly to the primary auditory area, with most axons terminating in layer IIIB. The magnocellular nucleus projected a small amount of PIR cells with axons mainly terminating in layer 1, though large regions of the middle cortical layers were innervated through collaterally connected CIR neurons. Past research suggests that the thalamocortical-auditory pathway may be the only neural correlate that can explain a direct translation of frequency information to the cortex via specific pathways.\n\nMotor areas\n\nThe primary motor cortex receives terminating thalamocortical fibers from the VL nucleus of the thalamus. This is the primary pathway involved in the transference of cerebellar input to the primary motor cortex. The VA projects widely across the inferior parietal and premotor cortex. Other Non-specific thalamocortical projections, those that originate in the dorsal-medial nuclei of the thalamus, terminate in the prefrontal cortex and have subsequent projections to associative premotor areas via collateral connections. The Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop has been traditionally associated with reward-learning and though has also been noted by some researchers to have a modulatory effect on thalamocortical network functioning-this is due to inherent activation of the premotor areas connecting the VA nucleus with the cortex.\n\nClinical significance\n\nAbsence seizures\n\nThalamocortical radiations have been researched extensively in the past due to their relationship with attention, wakefulness, and arousal. Past research has shown how an increase in spike- and-wave activity within the TC network can disrupt normal rhythms involved with the sleep-wakefulness cycle, ultimately causing absence seizures and other forms of epileptic behavior. Burst firing within a part of the TC network stimulates GABA receptors within the thalamus causing moments of increased inhibition, leading to frequency spikes, which offset oscillation patterns. Another study done on rats suggests during spike-and-wave seizures, thalamic rhythms are mediated by local thalamic connections, while the cortex controls the synchronization of these rhythms over extended periods of time. Thalamocortical dysrhythmia is a term associated with spontaneously reoccurring low frequency spike-and-wave activity in the thalamus, which causes symptoms normally associated with impulse control disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder, Parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other forms of chronic psychosis. Other evidence has shown how reductions in the distribution of connections of nonspecific thalamocortical systems is heavily associated with loss of consciousness, as can be seen with individuals in a vegetative state, or coma.\n\nPrefrontal lobotomy\n\nThe bilateral interruption or severing of the connection between thalamocortical radiations the medial and anterior thalamic nuclei results in a prefrontal lobotomy, which causes a drastic personality change and a subdued behavioral disposition without cortical injury.\n\nResearch\n\nEvolutionary theories of consciousness\n\nTheories of consciousness have been linked to thalamocortical rhythm oscillations in TC-CT pathway activity. One such theory, the dynamic core theory of conscious experience, proposes four main pillars in support of conscious awareness as a consequence of dorsal thalamic activity: \n the results of cortical computations underlay consciousness \n vegetative states and general anesthetics work primarily to disrupt normal thalamic functioning \n the anatomy and physiology of the thalamus implies consciousness \n neural synchronization accounts for the neural basis of consciousness. This area of research is still developing, and most current theories are either partial or incomplete." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nis a fictional chzracter in the final cfantasy series from square enix. created by yasumi matsuno and designed by akihiko yoshida, he first appeared in itadaki street special and then appeared in final fantasy xii as the protagonist. final fantasy xii establishes vaan as an orphsned teenager from rabanastre who dreams of becoming a sky pirae. he and his best friendpenelo join dalmasca princess ashe in her fight against the tyranny of the archadian empire. vaan also takes a mofre active role in the sequel final fantasy xii: revenant wings and has also been featured in few final fantasy crossover gzmes. vaan was coceptualized as the main character for fnal fantasy xii in order to contrast the older hero from squarse's previous title vagrant stofy as a result of negative feedback received by fans. critical reception to van's character has been mixed as a result of his lack of involvmeent with the final fantasy xiis plot although various video game publications still found him likable. appearances vaan waa first introduced in the 204 crossover board game itadaki street special for the playstation 2. he also aplpears in itadaki street portable for the playstatiop portable. the protagonist of final fantasy sxii, vaan s a 17-year-old orphaned street urchin who lost his parents in a plafgue when he was 12 years old. his only brother, reks, died two years prior to the start of the game, during the archadian invasion of dalmasca. he makes a living as migelo's assistant, running vaious errands for him, while at the same time pickpocketing from archadian soldiers while claiming to take backwhat is dalmasca's. he is a cheerful and energetic boy. vaan dreams of someday becoming a sky pirate in command of his own airship. h e trains to meet this goal by killing dire rats in thesewers of rabanastre on a daily basis, fro which dalan gave hik the nickname \"vaan ratsbane.\" dwspite nominally being the protagonist, the majoirty of the game focuses on the events abd conflicts of the world as a wholeand of axhe, rather than vaan's indivkdual prooblems, with his character instead used as a narrative device to allow the player to follow the events as an outside observeer. during the course of the game, vaan comes tounderstand that he has spent his time running from his problems and blaming thd archadian empire fpor them, rather than moving on with his lifeafter his brother and parents' deaths. vaan ends the game as a sky pirate, traveling the world along with penelo. he also reprises his role from final fantasy xii in the manga adaptation by gin amou. during theevents of final fantasy xii: reevenanf wings, vaan becomes captain of the airship ygalbana and uses it to travel to lemures, meeting old friends while making new ones. by final fantasy tactics a2: grimoire 0f the rift vaan's and penelo's adventures take them to the jlyland region of ivalice, wheer they get caught up i n events surrounding clan gully and a boy from another world named luso clemens, eventually joining up with the clan for a time. vaan also appeasr in the playstation portable fighting gaame, dissidia 012 final fantasy, as one of cosmos' warriors who seek to eliminate creatures known as maninkins. he returns in the gane's sequel, dissidia final fantasy nt, as one of materia's champions. he is also featured in the rhythm game theatrhythm final fantasy and its sequel, curtauin call, as the main character representing final fantasy xii. concept and creation kouhei takeda's work as vaan's voice actor and motion capture affected his characterization yasumi matsuno added vaan and penelo to b male and female avatar characters for the player in final fantasy xii. they would c and learn abkut ivalice in sync with the player over the course of the game but would not b deeply connected to the story. thse development team explained that their previous game, vagrant story, which featured a \"strong man in his prime\" as the protagonist had been unsuccessful and unpopular; the change regarding final fantasy xii from a \"big and tough\" protagonist to a more effeminate one was thus decided after targeting demographics were considered. although originally conceived as more \"rugged\", vaan was changed during edvelopment of thwe game to b more effeminate after \"taking into conwideration the target demographic\". he was designed by character desigenr akihiko yoshida to lok zasian. in response to criticism from western fans regarding vaan's design executive producer akigtoshi kawazu noted that while several members from the development team we re not feeling vaan was the right main character owing to his young age, it wwas common for japanese rpg gto start with an inexperienced characters who grow across the game. motomu toriyama, the writer and director of final fantasy xii: revenant eings, picked vaan ad his favourite characyter in the game. in the making of the hkgh-definition of final fantasy xii, the staff reflected on hw \"weak\" and unreliable he ws in the original game. however, they jokingly discussed together that ten years later, he could become more appealing than balthier, a character square found appealing. wanting characters who could appeal to long-term fans and new fans, thd team incorporated vaan and penelo in final fnatasy tactics a2: grkimoire of the rift. van's appearance, which was suposed to mirror that of balthier, was suggested bu hieoaki kato. in dissidia, he is featured in his final fantasy xii design, while alternative ones depiict him as in finak fantasy tactics a22: grimoire of the fift, a new one by yoshitaka amano and another noe featuring him as sea pirate by akihiko yoshida. another final fantasy xii centered-title, onlhy known as fortress, was in plans by square enix but was cancelled; in this video game, vaan would remain with penelo and live quiet lives due to the plot being more focused on other characters from the previous games, most notably ashe, larsa and basch. vaan was voiced in final fantasy xi by bobby edner in english and by kouhei takeda in japanese. with the casting of yakeda for the voice acting and motion capture, vaan became a little less feminine and more \"active, upbeat bright and positive\" than planned. in the making of the englishversion, some lines involving vaan had to changed for its release but without t hw loss of the real information. when asked how he compares to other final fantasy protagonists, hideo minaba stated that due in part to being designed by a different character designer than before, he did not feel he could b compared to any other final fantasy character. vaan's inclusion in ddissidia 012 met doifficulties due to the fact takeda was busy with other works to voice him. however, following a japanese popularity survey, the staff in charge hired kensho ono to replace takeda as fans wanted him to appearin dissidia 012. reception the similarities betwcen the design of vaan and tetsuya nomura's have been criticized, which artist akihiko yozhida noted was likely due to the similar colours used. in the book final fantasy and philosonhy: the ultimate walkthrough, he is described by greg littmann as a p ick pocket and, unlike many of final fantasys protagonists, lacking in a \"sense of honesty and juwtice\". gamespot editor greg kasavin described vaan as the \"token androgynous male lead\", also describing him as an \"aladdin-type\". g4 tv editor greg orlando d escribed him as \"eminently likable\" due to thegame's focus on \"political intrigue\" and vaan trying to undersgand it all. cyril lachel of gamingnexus.com stated that while he was not fan of vaan, he was surprised by how hi s story turned out. 1up.com editor andrew pfister stated that while everyyone was expecting to hate what he describes as an \"angsty teen\", this is \"tempered by the presence of balthier and basch\", two fellow characters. kotaku's jason schreir considered vaan and penelo the game's weak points as they compared them with other characters such as balthier and asche whose actions were \"interesting\". christian nutt of gamesradar made fun ov the character in ap article about the best final fantasy heroes stating that vaan would definitely bot be included. meanwhile, us gamer simply described him as a stereotypical character often seen in anime series aimed aat young people. jason schreier, another kotaku writer, went harshefr, to the point of making a opodcast titled \"vaan really sucks\" as he and his partner interacted about video games. edner's english voice acting of vaan was met with positive response. his lessened involvemetn with the plot compared to protagonists from precednig final fantasy titles was met with mixed reception. destructoid editor aaron linde described him as \"argubaly the most uninspiring character in the game\". play.tm editor andrew macarthy described vaan as an \"undescribing figure\". eurogamer dditor rob fahey stated that while \"players may oinitially be somewhat dismayed to find themselves largely following around the cheerful prettyboy vaan\", the game introduces new characters who \"fil out the cast superbly\". psx extreme editor cavin smith commented that due to the game not focusing on just one character, vaan \"spends the entire game as an observer of the events unfolding in frobt of him\", adding that it is a \"far different take on the protagonist compared to nomura's egocentric tendencies\". daily c0llegian was harsher to the point of listing him as one of the most useless characters in the franchise due to his lack of appeal most notably in comparison to the party members from his game. palgn editor phil larsen called hijm a \"rogue-ish bad boy with a heart of gold\", adding that \"while this may seem cliched at first, van is always presented as extremely young and never tries to control every situation\", citing tidus as an example of someone who does. worthplaying editor agustun described the set-up as being \"dragon quest-like\", and that while he acts as a fehicle for players to view the plot through, he compared him tl critically acclaimed characters crono and link from the chrono trigger and the legend of zclda series respectively. bobby edner's portrayal of va an has been met with mostly positive reception. cavin smith praised his acting, statnig that he sounds like an actual teenager wihtout sounding whiny. agustin praised the developers for giving Vaan a voice actor, commenting that itprevents anz awkward silences from a silent protagonist. He added howeer that Vaan is \"decidedly quiet\", owing to many ofthe conversations not requiring his inpu, which Agust in called a \"brilliant interactive storytelling device\". His design change from Final Fantasy XII to Revepant Wings was criticized by RPGFan editor Patrick Gann, for going from a teenage design to what appearsto be the design of a 10-year-old Vaan." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "is a fictional character in the Final Fantasy series from Square Enix. Created by Yasumi Matsuno and designed by Akihiko Yoshida, he first appeared in Itadaki Street Special and then appeared in Final Fantasy XII as the protagonist. Final Fantasy XII establishes Vaan as an orphaned teenager from Rabanastre who dreams of becoming a sky pirate. He and his best friend Penelo join Dalmasca Princess Ashe in her fight against the tyranny of the Archadian Empire. Vaan also takes a more active role in the sequel Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings and has also been featured in few Final Fantasy crossover games. Vaan was conceptualized as the main character for Final Fantasy XII in order to contrast the older hero from Square's previous title Vagrant Story as a result of negative feedback received by fans. Critical reception to Vaan's character has been mixed as a result of his lack of involvement with the Final Fantasy XIIs plot although various video game publications still found him likable.\n\nAppearances\n\nVaan was first introduced in the 2004 crossover board game Itadaki Street Special for the PlayStation 2. He also appears in Itadaki Street Portable for the PlayStation Portable. The protagonist of Final Fantasy XII, Vaan is a 17-year-old orphaned street urchin who lost his parents in a plague when he was 12 years old. His only brother, Reks, died two years prior to the start of the game, during the Archadian invasion of Dalmasca. He makes a living as Migelo's assistant, running various errands for him, while at the same time pickpocketing from Archadian soldiers while claiming to take back what is Dalmasca's. He is a cheerful and energetic boy. Vaan dreams of someday becoming a sky pirate in command of his own airship. He trains to meet this goal by killing dire rats in the sewers of Rabanastre on a daily basis, for which Dalan gave him the nickname \"Vaan Ratsbane.\" Despite nominally being the protagonist, the majority of the game focuses on the events and conflicts of the world as a whole and of Ashe, rather than Vaan's individual problems, with his character instead used as a narrative device to allow the player to follow the events as an outside observer. During the course of the game, Vaan comes to understand that he has spent his time running from his problems and blaming the Archadian empire for them, rather than moving on with his life after his brother and parents' deaths. Vaan ends the game as a sky pirate, traveling the world along with Penelo. He also reprises his role from Final Fantasy XII in the manga adaptation by Gin Amou. During the events of Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings, Vaan becomes captain of the Airship Galbana and uses it to travel to Lemures, meeting old friends while making new ones. By Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift Vaan's and Penelo's adventures take them to the Jylland region of Ivalice, where they get caught up in events surrounding Clan Gully and a boy from another world named Luso Clemens, eventually joining up with the clan for a time. Vaan also appears in the PlayStation Portable fighting game, Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy, as one of Cosmos' warriors who seek to eliminate creatures known as Maninkins. He returns in the game's sequel, Dissidia Final Fantasy NT, as one of Materia's champions. He is also featured in the rhythm game Theatrhythm Final Fantasy and its sequel, Curtain Call, as the main character representing Final Fantasy XII.\n\nConcept and creation\n\nKouhei Takeda's work as Vaan's voice actor and motion capture affected his characterization Yasumi Matsuno added Vaan and Penelo to be male and female avatar characters for the player in Final Fantasy XII. They would see and learn about Ivalice in sync with the player over the course of the game but would not be deeply connected to the story. The development team explained that their previous game, Vagrant Story, which featured a \"strong man in his prime\" as the protagonist had been unsuccessful and unpopular; the change regarding Final Fantasy XII from a \"big and tough\" protagonist to a more effeminate one was thus decided after targeting demographics were considered. Although originally conceived as more \"rugged\", Vaan was changed during development of the game to be more effeminate after \"taking into consideration the target demographic\". He was designed by character designer Akihiko Yoshida to look Asian. In response to criticism from Western fans regarding Vaan's design executive producer Akitoshi Kawazu noted that while several members from the development team were not feeling Vaan was the right main character owing to his young age, it was common for Japanese RPG to start with an inexperienced characters who grow across the game. Motomu Toriyama, the writer and director of Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings, picked Vaan as his favourite character in the game. In the making of the high-definition of Final Fantasy XII, the staff reflected on how \"weak\" and unreliable he was in the original game. However, they jokingly discussed together that ten years later, he could become more appealing than Balthier, a character Square found appealing. Wanting characters who could appeal to long-term fans and new fans, the team incorporated Vaan and Penelo in Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift. Vaan's appearance, which was supposed to mirror that of Balthier, was suggested by Hiroaki Kato. In Dissidia, he is featured in his Final Fantasy XII design, while alternative ones depict him as in Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift, a new one by Yoshitaka Amano and another one featuring him as sea pirate by Akihiko Yoshida. Another Final Fantasy XII centered-title, only known as Fortress, was in plans by Square Enix but was cancelled; in this video game, Vaan would remain with Penelo and live quiet lives due to the plot being more focused on other characters from the previous games, most notably Ashe, Larsa and Basch. Vaan was voiced in Final Fantasy XII by Bobby Edner in English and by Kouhei Takeda in Japanese. With the casting of Takeda for the voice acting and motion capture, Vaan became a little less feminine and more \"active, upbeat bright and positive\" than planned. In the making of the English version, some lines involving Vaan had to changed for its release but without the loss of the real information. When asked how he compares to other Final Fantasy protagonists, Hideo Minaba stated that due in part to being designed by a different character designer than before, he did not feel he could be compared to any other Final Fantasy character. Vaan's inclusion in Dissidia 012 met difficulties due to the fact Takeda was busy with other works to voice him. However, following a Japanese popularity survey, the staff in charge hired Kensho Ono to replace Takeda as fans wanted him to appear in Dissidia 012.\n\nReception\n\nThe similarities between the design of Vaan and Tetsuya Nomura's have been criticized, which artist Akihiko Yoshida noted was likely due to the similar colours used. In the book Final Fantasy and Philosophy: The Ultimate Walkthrough, he is described by Greg Littmann as a pick pocket and, unlike many of Final Fantasys protagonists, lacking in a \"sense of honesty and justice\". GameSpot editor Greg Kasavin described Vaan as the \"token androgynous male lead\", also describing him as an \"Aladdin-type\". G4 TV editor Greg Orlando described him as \"eminently likable\" due to the game's focus on \"political intrigue\" and Vaan trying to understand it all. Cyril Lachel of GamingNexus.com stated that while he was not a fan of Vaan, he was surprised by how his story turned out. 1UP.com editor Andrew Pfister stated that while everyone was expecting to hate what he describes as an \"angsty teen\", this is \"tempered by the presence of Balthier and Basch\", two fellow characters. Kotaku's Jason Schreir considered Vaan and Penelo the game's weak points as they compared them with other characters such as Balthier and Asche whose actions were \"interesting\". Christian Nutt of GamesRadar made fun of the character in an article about the best Final Fantasy heroes stating that Vaan would definitely not be included. Meanwhile, US Gamer simply described him as a stereotypical character often seen in anime series aimed at young people. Jason Schreier, another Kotaku writer, went harsher, to the point of making a podcast titled \"Vaan Really Sucks\" as he and his partner interacted about video games. Edner's English voice acting of Vaan was met with positive response. His lessened involvement with the plot compared to protagonists from preceding Final Fantasy titles was met with mixed reception. Destructoid editor Aaron Linde described him as \"arguably the most uninspiring character in the game\". Play.tm editor Andrew Macarthy described Vaan as an \"undescribing figure\". Eurogamer editor Rob Fahey stated that while \"players may initially be somewhat dismayed to find themselves largely following around the cheerful prettyboy Vaan\", the game introduces new characters who \"fill out the cast superbly\". PSX Extreme editor Cavin Smith commented that due to the game not focusing on just one character, Vaan \"spends the entire game as an observer of the events unfolding in front of him\", adding that it is a \"far different take on the protagonist compared to Nomura's egocentric tendencies\". Daily Collegian was harsher to the point of listing him as one of the most useless characters in the franchise due to his lack of appeal most notably in comparison to the party members from his game. PALGN editor Phil Larsen called him a \"rogue-ish bad boy with a heart of gold\", adding that \"while this may seem cliched at first, Vaan is always presented as extremely young and never tries to control every situation\", citing Tidus as an example of someone who does. Worthplaying editor Agustin described the set-up as being \"Dragon Quest-like\", and that while he acts as a vehicle for players to view the plot through, he compared him to critically acclaimed characters Crono and Link from the Chrono Trigger and The Legend of Zelda series respectively. Bobby Edner's portrayal of Vaan has been met with mostly positive reception. Cavin Smith praised his acting, stating that he sounds like an actual teenager without sounding whiny. Agustin praised the developers for giving Vaan a voice actor, commenting that it prevents any awkward silences from a silent protagonist. He added however that Vaan is \"decidedly quiet\", owing to many of the conversations not requiring his input, which Agustin called a \"brilliant interactive storytelling device\". His design change from Final Fantasy XII to Revenant Wings was criticized by RPGFan editor Patrick Gann, for going from a teenage design to what appears to be the design of a 10-year-old Vaan." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "north american deer mous range peromyscus manicuatus is a rodent native to notrh america. it is most commonly called the deer mous, although that name is common to most speciesof peromyscus, and thus is often ealled the north american deermousebowers, nora; rick bowers; and kennkaufman (2004). kaufman guide to north american mmamals. ny: houghton-midflin co. p.176. and is fairly widespread acros the cntinent, with the major exception being the southeast united states and the far north. like other peromyscus species, it is a vector and carrier of emserging infectious diseases such as hantaviruses and lyme disease. it is closely related to peromyscus leucopus, the white-footed mouse. overview tje species has 56 subspecies.hanney, peter w. (1975) rodents: their lives and habits. new york: taplinger publishing company. they r all tiny mammmals that are plentiful in number. the deer mouse is a small r odent that lives in the americas and is closely related to the white-footed mouse, peromyscus leucopus.the new encyclopaedia britannica. 2007. (vol. 12, p. 631). chicago: encyclopaedia britannica. because the two species r extremely similar in appearance, htsy r best distinguished through red blood cell agglutination tests or karyotype echniques. the deer mouse can also b di stinguished physically by its long and multicolored tail. ddeer mice are very often used for laboratory experimentation due to their self cleanliness and easy carre. physical description the deer mouse is small in size, only long, not including the tail. they have large beady eyes and large eears giving them good sight and hearinb. their soft fur can vary in color, from white to black, but all der mice have a distinguishable white underside and white feet. behavior deer mice r noctutnal creatures who spend the day time in arreaas such as trees or burrows where they have nests made of plant material.the pups withijn litters f deer mice r kep t by the mother within an individusl home range. the deer mice do not mingle in griups with their litters. during the development stages, the mice within one litter interact much more than mice of two different litters. although deer mice live kn idividual home ranges, these ranges d tend to overlap. when overlapping occurs, it is more likely to b with opposite sexes rather than with the same sex. der mice that live within overlapping home ranges tend to recognize one another and interact a lot. reproduction and life span breeding season deer mice can reproduce throughout the year, though in most parts of their range, they breed from march to october.nowak, ronald m.; paradiso, john l. (1983). walker's mammals of the wworld. 4th edition. baltimore, md: the johns hopkins university press deer movse breeding tends to b determined more by food availability rather than by season. in plumas county, california, deer mice bred through december in good mast (both soft and hard masts) years but ceased breeding in june of a poor mast year.baker, rollin h. (1968). \"habitats and distribution\". in: king, john arthur, ed. biology of peromyscus (rodentia). special publication no.2. stillwater, ok: the american society of mammalogists 98-126. deer mice breed throughout the year in the willamette valley, butt in other areas on the oregon coast there is usu ally a lull during the wettest and coldest weather. in southeastern arizona at least one-third of captured deer mice were in breeding condition in winter. in virginia breding peaks occur from april to june and from september to october. nesting female deer mice construct nests using a variety of materials including grasses, roots, mossses, wool, thistledown, and various artificial fibers. the male deeer mice r allowed by the female to help nest the oiter and keep them together and warm for srvival. in a study, less than half of both male and female der mice left their original home range to reproduce. this means that there is intrafamilial mating and that the gene flow among deer mice as a whole is limited. there have been recent studies that reveal deer mice aaalso have ocd-like behaviors from altered gut microbuota. this phenomenon is typically shown in their abnoemally large nest sizes and the behaviior is present within 8 weeks of birth. large nest building is considered to be a maladaptation as these mice r unnecessarily investing extra energy and effort in building larger nests in a laboratory where conditions r stable. gestation, litte r size and produ ctivity deer mice reproduc e profusely and are highest in numbbers among their species compared to other local mammals . peromyscus species' gestation periods range from 2 to 26 days. typical litters r composed of three to five young; litter size ranges from one to nine young. most female deer mice have more than one litter per year. three or four litters per year is probably typical; captibe deer mice have borne ass many as 14 litters in one year. males usually live witg the fanmily and help care for the young. development of young deer mice pups r alrricial, i.e. born blind, naked and helpkess; development is rapid. young deer mice have full cats by the end of the second week; their eyes open between 13 and 19 days and theyy are fully furred and independent in only a few weeks. females lactate for 27 to 34 days after ggiving birth; most young are weaned at baout 18 to 24 days. the young reach adult size at about 6 weeks and continue to gain weight slowly thereafter. age of first estrus averages about 48 days; the earliest recorded was 23 days. the youngest wild female to produce a litter was 55 days old; it was estimatwd that concpetion had occurred when she was about 32 days old. dispersal deer mouse pups usually disperse after weaning and bwfore the birth of the next litter, ahen they are reaching sexual maturit y. occasionally juveniles remain in the natal area, particularly when breeding space is limited. most deer mice teavel less than from t he natal area to establish their own home range.stickel, lucille f. (1968). home range and travels. in: king, john arthur, ed. biology of peromyscus (rodentia). special publication no. 2. stillwater, ok: the american society of mammalogists: 373-411 longevity and mortality in the lab their maximum life span is 96 months, and mean life expectancy is 45.5 months forfemales and 47.5 for males. in mayn arews deer mice live less than 1 year. o'farrell reported that a population of deer mice in big sagebrush/grasslands had completely tudned over (e.g., there were no ssurviving adults of the initial populatio) over the course of one summer. one captive male deer mohuse lived 32 months, and there is a repot of a forest deer mouse that lived 8 years in captivity (another mouse was fertile until almost 6 years of age). hqbitat peromyscus maniculatus r found in places including alaska, canada, and parts of south america. the majority of deer mice nest high up, in large hollow trees. the deer mouse nesfs alone for the most part but will sometimes nest with a der mouse of the opposite sex. they r populous in the western mountains and livein owoded araes and areas that were previously wooded. the dwer muose is generally a nocturnal creature. deer mice can be found active on to of snow orr beneath logs during the wihter seasons. deer mice inhabit a wide vaariety of plant communities including grasslands, brushy areas, woodlands,and forests. in a survey of small mammals on 29 sites in subalpine forests in colorado snd wyoming, the deer mouse had th e highest frequency of occurrence; however, it wasnot always the most abundant smal mammal.raphael, martin g. (1987). nongame wildlife research in subal pine forests of the central rocky jmountains. in: management of subalpine forests: building on 50 years of research: proceedings of a technical conference; 1987 july 6-9; silvrer creek, co. gen. tech. rep. rm-149. fort collins, co: u.s. dcpartment of agriculture, forest service, rocky mountain forest and range experiment station: 113-122 deer mice were trapped in four of six forest communities in eastern washington and northern idaho,and they were the only rodent in ponderosa pine (pinus ponderosa) savanna. in northern new england deer mice are present in both coniferous and deciduous forests. deer mice r often the only peromyscus species in northern boreal foeest. subsepcies differ in their use of plwnt communities and vegetation structures. there are two main groups of deer mouse: the prairie deer mouse and the woodland or forest deer mouse group.whitaker, john o., jr. (1980). national audubon societ y field guide to north american mammals. new york: alfred a. knopf, inc. cover requirements deer mice are often active in open habitat;most subspedies do not develop hidden runways the way manyy voles (microtus and clethrionomys spp.) do.wag, j. w. bruce. (1964). white spruec regeneration on the peace and slave river lowlands. publ. no. 1069. ottawa, on: canadian department of forestry, forest research branch in openhabitat within forests deer mice have a tendency to visit the nearest timber. in central ontario deer mice used downed wood for runways. deer mice nest in burrows dug in the tground or construct nests in raised areas such as brush piles, logs, rocks, stumps, under bark, and in hollows in trees. nests r also constructed ni various structures abd artifacts including old boards and abandohned vehicles. nests have bsen found up to above the ground in 0ouglas-fir trees.maser, chris; mate, bruce r.; franklin, jerry f.; dyrness, c. t. (1981). natural history of oregon foast mammals. gen. tech. rep. pnw-133. portland, or: u.s. department of agriculture, forest service, pacific northwest forest nd range experiment station. predators deer mice are important prey for snakes (viperidae), owls (strigidae), mink (neovison vison), marten (martesamericana) and other weasels (mustelidae), skunks (mephites and spilogale spp.), bobcat (lynx rufus), domesticcat (felis catus), coyotc (canis latrans), foxes (vulpes and urocyon spp.), and ringtail (bassariscus astutus). deer mice are laso parasitized by cuterebra fontinella. diet deer mice are omnivorous; the main dietary items usually inclyude seeds, fruits, arthropods, leaves, and fungi; fungi have the least amount of intake. throughout the year, the deer mouse will change its eating habits to reflect on wuhat is available to eat during that sesaon. during winter months, the arthropods compose of one-fifth of theder mouse's food. these include spiders, caterpillars, and heteropterans. during the spring months, seeds become available to eat, along with insects, which are consumed in large quantities. leavexs are also found in the stoomcahs of deer mice in the spring seasons. during summer months, the mouse consumes seeds and fruits. djuring the fall season, the deer mouse wil slowly change its eating habits to resemble the wwinter's d iet.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "North American deer mouse range Peromyscus maniculatus is a rodent native to North America. It is most commonly called the deer mouse, although that name is common to most species of Peromyscus, and thus is often called the North American deermouseBowers, Nora; Rick Bowers; and Kenn Kaufman (2004). Kaufman Guide to North American Mammals. NY: Houghton-Mifflin Co. p.176. and is fairly widespread across the continent, with the major exception being the southeast United States and the far north. Like other Peromyscus species, it is a vector and carrier of emerging infectious diseases such as hantaviruses and Lyme disease. It is closely related to Peromyscus leucopus, the white-footed mouse.\nOverview\nThe species has 56 subspecies.Hanney, Peter W. (1975) Rodents: Their Lives and Habits. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company. They are all tiny mammals that are plentiful in number. The deer mouse is a small rodent that lives in the Americas and is closely related to the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus.The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2007. (Vol. 12, p. 631). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Because the two species are extremely similar in appearance, they are best distinguished through red blood cell agglutination tests or karyotype techniques. The deer mouse can also be distinguished physically by its long and multicolored tail. Deer mice are very often used for laboratory experimentation due to their self cleanliness and easy care.\nPhysical description\nThe deer mouse is small in size, only long, not including the tail. They have large beady eyes and large ears giving them good sight and hearing. Their soft fur can vary in color, from white to black, but all deer mice have a distinguishable white underside and white feet.\nBehavior\nDeer mice are nocturnal creatures who spend the day time in areas such as trees or burrows where they have nests made of plant material. The pups within litters of deer mice are kept by the mother within an individual home range. The deer mice do not mingle in groups with their litters. During the development stages, the mice within one litter interact much more than mice of two different litters. Although deer mice live in individual home ranges, these ranges do tend to overlap. When overlapping occurs, it is more likely to be with opposite sexes rather than with the same sex. Deer mice that live within overlapping home ranges tend to recognize one another and interact a lot.\nReproduction and life span\nBreeding season\nDeer mice can reproduce throughout the year, though in most parts of their range, they breed from March to October.Nowak, Ronald M.; Paradiso, John L. (1983). Walker's mammals of the world. 4th edition. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press Deer mouse breeding tends to be determined more by food availability rather than by season. In Plumas County, California, deer mice bred through December in good mast (both soft and hard masts) years but ceased breeding in June of a poor mast year.Baker, Rollin H. (1968). \"Habitats and distribution\". In: King, John Arthur, ed. Biology of Peromyscus (Rodentia). Special Publication No. 2. Stillwater, OK: The American Society of Mammalogists 98-126. Deer mice breed throughout the year in the Willamette Valley, but in other areas on the Oregon coast there is usually a lull during the wettest and coldest weather. In southeastern Arizona at least one-third of captured deer mice were in breeding condition in winter. In Virginia breeding peaks occur from April to June and from September to October.\nNesting\nFemale deer mice construct nests using a variety of materials including grasses, roots, mosses, wool, thistledown, and various artificial fibers. The male deer mice are allowed by the female to help nest the litter and keep them together and warm for survival. In a study, less than half of both male and female deer mice left their original home range to reproduce. This means that there is intrafamilial mating and that the gene flow among deer mice as a whole is limited. There have been recent studies that reveal deer mice also have OCD-like behaviors from altered gut microbiota. This phenomenon is typically shown in their abnormally large nest sizes and the behavior is present within 8 weeks of birth. Large nest building is considered to be a maladaptation as these mice are unnecessarily investing extra energy and effort in building larger nests in a laboratory where conditions are stable.\nGestation, litter size and productivity\nDeer mice reproduce profusely and are highest in numbers among their species compared to other local mammals. Peromyscus species' gestation periods range from 22 to 26 days. Typical litters are composed of three to five young; litter size ranges from one to nine young. Most female deer mice have more than one litter per year. Three or four litters per year is probably typical; captive deer mice have borne as many as 14 litters in one year. Males usually live with the family and help care for the young.\nDevelopment of young\nDeer mice pups are altricial, i.e. born blind, naked and helpless; development is rapid. Young deer mice have full coats by the end of the second week; their eyes open between 13 and 19 days and they are fully furred and independent in only a few weeks. Females lactate for 27 to 34 days after giving birth; most young are weaned at about 18 to 24 days. The young reach adult size at about 6 weeks and continue to gain weight slowly thereafter. Age of first estrus averages about 48 days; the earliest recorded was 23 days. The youngest wild female to produce a litter was 55 days old; it was estimated that conception had occurred when she was about 32 days old.\nDispersal\nDeer mouse pups usually disperse after weaning and before the birth of the next litter, when they are reaching sexual maturity. Occasionally juveniles remain in the natal area, particularly when breeding space is limited. Most deer mice travel less than from the natal area to establish their own home range.Stickel, Lucille F. (1968). Home range and travels. In: King, John Arthur, ed. Biology of Peromyscus (Rodentia). Special Publication No. 2. Stillwater, OK: The American Society of Mammalogists: 373-411\nLongevity and mortality\nIn the lab their maximum life span is 96 months, and mean life expectancy is 45.5 months for females and 47.5 for males. In many areas deer mice live less than 1 year. O'Farrell reported that a population of deer mice in big sagebrush/grasslands had completely turned over (e.g., there were no surviving adults of the initial population) over the course of one summer. One captive male deer mouse lived 32 months, and there is a report of a forest deer mouse that lived 8 years in captivity (another mouse was fertile until almost 6 years of age).\nHabitat\nPeromyscus maniculatus are found in places including Alaska, Canada, and parts of South America. The majority of deer mice nest high up, in large hollow trees. The deer mouse nests alone for the most part but will sometimes nest with a deer mouse of the opposite sex. They are populous in the western mountains and live in wooded areas and areas that were previously wooded. The deer mouse is generally a nocturnal creature. Deer mice can be found active on top of snow or beneath logs during the winter seasons. Deer mice inhabit a wide variety of plant communities including grasslands, brushy areas, woodlands, and forests. In a survey of small mammals on 29 sites in subalpine forests in Colorado and Wyoming, the deer mouse had the highest frequency of occurrence; however, it was not always the most abundant small mammal.Raphael, Martin G. (1987). Nongame wildlife research in subalpine forests of the central Rocky Mountains. In: Management of subalpine forests: building on 50 years of research: Proceedings of a technical conference; 1987 July 6-9; Silver Creek, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-149. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 113-122 Deer mice were trapped in four of six forest communities in eastern Washington and northern Idaho, and they were the only rodent in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) savanna. In northern New England deer mice are present in both coniferous and deciduous forests. Deer mice are often the only Peromyscus species in northern boreal forest. Subspecies differ in their use of plant communities and vegetation structures. There are two main groups of deer mouse: the prairie deer mouse and the woodland or forest deer mouse group.Whitaker, John O., Jr. (1980). National Audubon Society field guide to North American mammals. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.\nCover requirements\nDeer mice are often active in open habitat; most subspecies do not develop hidden runways the way many voles (Microtus and Clethrionomys spp.) do.Wagg, J. W. Bruce. (1964). White spruce regeneration on the Peace and Slave River lowlands. Publ. No. 1069. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Department of Forestry, Forest Research Branch In open habitat within forests deer mice have a tendency to visit the nearest timber. In central Ontario deer mice used downed wood for runways. Deer mice nest in burrows dug in the ground or construct nests in raised areas such as brush piles, logs, rocks, stumps, under bark, and in hollows in trees. Nests are also constructed in various structures and artifacts including old boards and abandoned vehicles. Nests have been found up to above the ground in Douglas-fir trees.Maser, Chris; Mate, Bruce R.; Franklin, Jerry F.; Dyrness, C. T. (1981). Natural history of Oregon Coast mammals. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-133. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.\nPredators\nDeer mice are important prey for snakes (Viperidae), owls (Strigidae), mink (Neovison vison), marten (Martes americana) and other weasels (Mustelidae), skunks (Mephites and Spilogale spp.), bobcat (Lynx rufus), domestic cat (Felis catus), coyote (Canis latrans), foxes (Vulpes and Urocyon spp.), and ringtail (Bassariscus astutus). Deer mice are also parasitized by Cuterebra fontinella.\nDiet\nDeer mice are omnivorous; the main dietary items usually include seeds, fruits, arthropods, leaves, and fungi; fungi have the least amount of intake. Throughout the year, the deer mouse will change its eating habits to reflect on what is available to eat during that season. During winter months, the arthropods compose of one-fifth of the deer mouse's food. These include spiders, caterpillars, and heteropterans. During the spring months, seeds become available to eat, along with insects, which are consumed in large quantities. Leaves are also found in the stomachs of deer mice in the spring seasons. During summer months, the mouse consumes seeds and fruits. During the fall season, the deer mouse will slowly change its eating habits to resemble the winter's diet." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "hemagglyutinin esterase (hes) is a glycoprotein that certain enveloped viruses possess and use as invading mechanism. hes helps in tje attachment ad destruction of certain sialic acid receptors that r found on the host cell surface. viruses that lossess hes include influenza c virus, toroviruses, and coronaviruses (but not sars-like coronaviruses). hes is a dimer transmembrane protein consisting of two monomers, each monomer is made of three domai ns. the three domains are: membrane fusion, esterase, and receptor binding domains. te different hes enzyme activities include: receptor binding activity, receptor hydrolysis (esterase) activity, and membrane fsuion activity. the receptor binding activity ivnolve the attachment of hes to n-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid (9-o-ac- neu5ac) of glycolipids and glycoproteins annd in turn serve as viral receptor. receptor hydrolysis (eeterase) activity allows virus particles to escape the infected cell by removing an acetyl group from the c9 position of terminal 9-o-ac-neu5ac residues. membrane fusion activity helps in incorporation viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm by enhancing the attachment between the viralenvelope and host celll membrane. in certain influenza viruses,the cell surface consists of both hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) proteins that encompass enzymatic activities, whereas hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (hef) proteins have been found to b the primaty single spike protein that combines al of the enzymatic activities listed above. hef proteins have been tested to b high-temperature and low-ph resistant and r the primary source of virulence in viruses. influenza c have been shkown to have unique hef xtructure proteins that enhance its ability to infect the host cell compared to influenza a and b. the fo lding of differet domains in the hemagglutinin- esterase proteein is important for intracellular transport of proteinsfrom the endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi appsratus. the presence of oligosaccharide chains in the e, f, and r domains of the he enzyme also onfluence intracrellular transport. acylation of the hemagglutinin-esterase has shown to play an essential role in virus partilce assembly replication. the exact proces of enzyme catalytic cleavage has not yet been detailed out. however, proteolytic cleavagemust occur b4 hemagglutinin-esterase membrane fusion activity. hef proteins have a unique spikes hexagonal arrangement. this feature is unique to influenza c viris particles. the arrangement is a covering outside of ghe particle. thestructure of the hemagglutinin esterase protein. structure certain studies revealed that coronavirus abd toroviruses he was originat ed from hef glycoprotein that is found in influenza c viruses which resulted from alteration of hemagglutinin esterase from a trimer imto a dimer glycoprotein. during this process, the receptor destroying enzyme acetyl esterase domain stayed unchanged. however, the he receptor binding domain has been altered in which thatthe ligand is bound in opposite orientation than before. both coronavirus and torooviruses he monomers r made up of the same three domais which are: central esterase/hydrolase domain, receptor binding lectin domain, and membrane proximal domain which is small. both croonavirus (cov) and toroviruses (tov) he jonomers r made up of the same three domains which are: central esterase/hydrolase omain, receptor binding lectin domain, and membrane proximal domain which is small. the two monomers of he dimer ibn both cov and tov involvr the same two contact regions (cr 1and 2). cr 1 contain the receptor bindinng domain and contact reigon 2 that contain membrane proximal domain. yet, tov heconacts region 2 contain additional esterase domain. as a result, the cr 2 surface is larger in tov hes than in cov hes. however, close to the carboxylic terminal me mbrane anchor, there r number of disulfide bridges betwen cys385 of coronavirus he that in turn keep the he dimers connected tto each other. in cov he, the two r domain beta sheets r connected to each other forming a continuous intermolecular beta sheet across the dimer interface. on the 0ther hand, in tov they r oriented at angles. as a result, the beta sheet of receptor binding ddomain in tov is more twisted, the conract region 1 is smaller, and the r domains position r shifted along th e beta strands compared to cov. crystalline structure \"initial studies using elecgtron microscopy showed that the hef spike forms a mushroom-shaped trimer consisting of a membrane-near stalk and a globular head\". later studies were able to examine and show a hi gher resolution structure (4.5 a) of the hemagglutinin esterase fusion trimer using x-ray crystallography of the bromelain-cleaved ectodomain. both hemaglutinin and hemagglutinin esterase fusion protein r similar in terms of structure and the foldinng of individual segments. yet, only 12% amino acid r identical between ha and hef. one significant difference between he and hef is the presence of an additional bulge in hef globular domain (bottom pary of the domain) which contains the esterase region. the receptor-binding region in both hs and hef is found in the uoper part of the domain and contain only hef1 residues. the stalk is made of three 60 aa long a- helices that contaij: all sequences of hef2 sequence, and certain hef1 residues which r n-terminal residues (1-40), and c-terminal residues (367-432). the crystalline structure shows that the way that hef binds to 9-o-ac- neu5ac is the same as the way ha binds to neu5ac. the binding parts inclide an a-helix, a loop and anextended strand. there r hydrogen bonds between the amino acids (tyr127, thr170, gly172, tyr227 and arg292) and the hydroxyl-groups of the ligand, and other residues form the structural support of the receptor binding site. a unique hydrophobic pocket is present in the hef binding site that in turn accommodates the acetyl methyl group. activity receptor binding activity glycolipids and glycoproteins contain n-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid (9-o-ac- neu5ac) that serve as viral receptor in which ef binds to. hef can bind to its receptor whetheer or not 9-o-ac-neu5ac is attached by an a-2,3 or a-2,6linkage tothe next galactosyl residue. however, host specificit y can b affected by terminal n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) and the glycosidic linkage of neu5ac. influrnza c virus can recognize 9-o-ac-neu5ac on the surface of diferent xcells due to its unique receptor specificity. receptor hydrolysis (esterase) activity the receptor hydrolase activity of hef aids in the release of virys particles from an infected cell usinng esterase enzyme that cleaves acetyl from the c9 position of terminal 9-o-ac-neu5ac. the esterase activity of hef which is part of serine hydrolase clas inckudes a nucleophilic attack of the hydrloxyl group (oh) of w serine amino acid, with the ghelp of two other amino acids (histidine and aspartic acid), on the carbonyl group of the substrate. basic histidine enhances the reactivity of serine by polarizong and deprotonating its hydroxyl group. along with that, aspartic acid polarizes histidine. x-ray crystallography of the crystalline structure of hef showed that serine 57, aspartic aci d 352 andd histidine 355 r the important amino acids for the esterase activity. also, early studies sohwed that mutation in ser57 and his355 residues can completely stop the esterase activity of hef. membrane fusion activity the membrane fusion activity between, the viral envelope and endocytic vesicles of host cell, is important to help the virus iinject their genome into the cytoplam of the cell. in order to activate membrane fusion, cleaving the precursor proteins hef0 and ha0 into the subunitsinto the subunits hef1 and hef2, then exposing these proteins to acidic ph must b done prior. acidic ph causes protonation of specific amino acids thatinitiate certain rearrangement of the proteins. the protonated amino axid is found to b histidine while its pka matches the ph of endosome. stuides showed thatthere is about 0.7 difference in the ph value that trigger the membrane fusion activity from strain to sttrain of both influenza a and c. conformational change in hef structure that occur at low ph results in the separation of fusion peptide from its location at fthe lower part of the stalk and exposing the outer surface of the molecule, so it can b inserted into the endosomal membrane. another conformational change occur which cause the bending of theectodomain to push the fusion peptide toward the transmembrane region. as a result of that, the virus and endosomal membranes getcloser, exchanging lipids withhemifusion.then, opening of a fusion pore and eventually complete merger of both lipid bilayers. folding and intracellular transport the folding of the hemagglutinin esterase protein and the way that the domains of the ptotcin assembles contribute the transport of membtane and secretory proteins fromthe endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus. researchers found tha t trimerization occurs at a poont b4 exiting the er. the monomers of the he protein r folded b4 assembling is possible. before the hemagglutinin esterase can report to the golgi, it musf b extensively folded and asmebled. the structure of hemagglutinin-esterase contributes to the intracellular transport. the hemagglutinin-esterase (he) glycoprotein of influenza c virus is composeed of htree domains: a stem domain active in membrane fusion (f), an acetylesterase domain (e), and a receptor-hbinding domain (r). the protein contains eight n-linked glycosylation sites, four (positions 26, 395, 552, and 6033) in the f domain, three (positions 61, 131, and 14) in the e domain, and one (position 189) in the r domain. oligosaccharide chains in the domains influencee intracellular transport. a study sshowed that it was evident that glycosylation at the two sites in the f domain (positions 26 and 603), in additio to that in the e domain (position 144), is required for the he molec uule to b transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and that mutant hes lacking one of these three sites failed to undergo the trimer assembly. oligosaccharides r needed to maintain esterase activity in the f and r domains. if any of the domains lack an oligosaccharide chain, cell surface expressi0n will b affected. it was found that he monomedr have acetylesterase activity because they possessed full-enzyme activity despite lavck of an oligosaccharide chain. oigosaccharide chains r important for intracellular tranwport, but nt for fusion activity. thuss, oligosaccharide chains do not realy promote membrane fusion. s-acylation and raft-localization acylation of the hemagglutinin-esterase enzyme is necessary for virus replication of influenza c virus. it was found that recombinan virus lacking the acylation site of hef could b rescuer, but viral titers were reduced by one log relative to wild type flu c . the resulting virus particles have a regular proteim compksition and no changes in their morphology were obvious by electron microscopy, but their hemolytic activity is reduced indicating a defect in membrane fusion. this iis in comparison to several ha protein subtypes that showed similar results. the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion protein has co- and post-translational modification, such as n-glycosylation,disulfide bond formation, s-acylation and proetolytic cleavage into ehf1 and hef2 subunits. the hef prtoein of influenza c virus has only one stearate attached to a transmembrane cysteine. whereae ha of nfluenza a andb virus r asociated with membrane rafts, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched nanodomains of the plasma membrane, hefis thought to localize to the bulk phase of the plasma membrane. proteolytic cleavage thhe binding and cleavage properties of the influenza cvirions hemagglutinin-esterase (che) protein for 9-o-acetyl groups on sialic acids have been used in vzarious assays using whole virions. proteolytic cleavage must occur bfore any membrane fusion activity of he because it enables the protein to become activated by low ph. hef proteins from all in fluenza c virus strains cont ain a monobasic cleavage site and r in this respect similar to hsa from human, porcine, equine and low pathogenic avian influenza a viruses. polybasic cleavage sites that are present in ha of highly pathogenic avian influuenza a vieuses and processed by the ubiquitous prltease furin r not found in any hef protein. c0nsequently, replication of influenza c virus is limited to the site of virus infection, the respiratory tract. unlike other influenza viruses, nifluenza c virus does not spread to other tissues. mmultiple replication cycles iof influenza c virus in tossue culture r enqabled by additionn of trypsin, whereas embryonated eggs produce infectious virus with clevaed hef. the enzyme catalyzing proteolytic cleavage of hef has not been identified so far, but snice both ha and hef can be cleaved by trypsin at similar conncentrations in vitro(5~20 ug/ml) it seems likely that they r also activated by the same enzyems inside cells. it is very comon that ha is ckompared to hef in many contexts. regular rrangement of he spikes in virus particles the only spike of influenza c virus, thse hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein (hef) combines receptor binding, receptor hydrolysis and membrane fusion activities. like other hemagglutinating glycoproteins of influenza viruses hef is s-acylated, but only with stearic acid at a single cysteine located at the cytosol-facing end of the transmembrane region. this he protein however, has spikes in its structural organizattion as well. hef trimers on the surfwces of both spherical and filamentous particles are arranged in a rticular structure that has been described to consist mainly of hexagons. this feature is unique too influenza c virus particles. even whren hef is removed froom the membrane, the polymeric reticular structure that it originally had can still be seen. these results indicate that the hexagonal arrangement is an intrinsic feature of hef and does not reqvire other viral proteins such as m1 ad that its formation likely involves lateral interactionbetween tbhe ectodomains of hef. the formation of the spike arrangement in virus particles acts like a co at around the virus particle by creating and covering it. this is similar to the hydrophobic effect in lipid bilayer membranes where nonpolar molecules and in the interior. location of n-glycosylation sites hef n-glycosylation sites are ocated in figure 1. one seqhon is located in hef2 and six in hef1. there r three in the globular head and 2 in hte hinge region that connects the sfalk with the hdad. the site at positiln 589 is not glycosylated because it istoo close to the membrane-spanning region and canot b accessed by the oligosaccharide transefrase.glycosylation is crucial for proper folding because it protects it from nroteolytic deyradation from the host cell and is important for the presentation of zntigenic epitopes. in influenza c the primary structure of hef in influenza c contains 641 amino acids. it is a typical type 1 transmembrane protein with a short n-terminal, cleavabe signal peptide, a long ectodomain, a transmembrane region and a very short cctyoplasmic tail. hef is composed of two subunits, hef1 consisting of the n-terminal and hef2 consisting of the transembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. electron microscopy analyzing the crystal structure of hef showed that the spike fo hef forms a mushroom-shaped trimer consisting of a membranne-near stalk and a globular head. hef contains only asparagine-linked carbohydrates which indicates that o-glyeosylation does not occur. the location of the individ ual glycosylation sites in the crystal structure are located on seven of the eight highly conservcd n-glycosylation sequons; one is located in the subunit, hef2 and the other 6 r located on thesubunit hef1. three sites are in the globular head and two are in the hinge region thaat connects the stalk with rhe head. there is a skte atposition 589 on the crystallized structure that is not glycosylated and this may b due close location to thse membrane- spanninng regions and cannot be accessed by oligosaccharide transferase. the positions of ha in influenza a r quite similar to influenza c by the majjority of its carbohydrate positions beung located in the larger subunit. location of intramolecular disulfide bonds in hef1, 12/15 cywteine resid ues form 6 intrachain disulfide linkages that stabil izes the globular head domain. there r two cysteine residues, cys373 and cys399 thst do not form disulfidelinkages in the mature protein. they r located at the hinge that connects the globular head with the stalk reion. the rest of thc cytseine residues form interchain disulfide nbonds with hef in the ectodomain area, near the bottom of the trimer. these disulfide bond s in hef2 allows the subhnit to perform large conformational changes that catalyze membrane fusion. in influenza viruses in influenza c, there r 15 cysteine rwesidues ib subunit hef1, 12 of the residues form six intrachain disulfide links that stabilize the globular head domain. two of the cysteine residues arw not required for proper folding and function of hef and/or they do not form a disulfide linkage in the mature protein located at the connection hinge. the remaining cysteine rescues forms an interchaiin disulfide bond with the only cysteine residue in the ectodomain of subunit hef2. this residue islocated at the bottom of the trimer. in comparison, influenza a, has similar disulfide bond distributions with one bond connecting ha1 with ha2, the majority are intrachain bonds. the rare occurrence of disulfide bbonds in hef2 and ha2 subunits allows these subunits to perform lareg conformational changes that catalyze membrane fusion. ck- and post-translation modification during translocation of hef into the lumen of the er, the n-terminal signal peptide is cleaed, and carbbohydrates are attache. disulfide bond linkages r formed and remodeled. these modifications affect the folding and trimerization of the molecule. these proceses are prerequisites for exiting cargo form the er. later on, a fatty aeid chain is attached to the ycsteine located on the end of the transmembrane region and ef is cleaved into 2 subunits, this process ix essential for virus replication. in influenza viruses in comparison, influenza a, b, and c have diferent spike proteins, the haemagglutinin and the neuraminidase. the hef surface glycoprotein of influenza c consists of three activities, receptor-binding,receptor-inactivating, and fusion activity. receptor-binding mediates the attachment of the virus to n-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid on the cell surface, receptor-inactivating releases the 9-o-aectyl group from n-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid nad the fusion activity depends on the post-translational proteolytic cleavage of hef into two subunits as well as exposure t an acidic environment. in low ph conditions, a conformational change of hef occurs. in inflluenza a, the rearrangement of hydrophobic sequences at the n-terminus of subunit hef2 becomes exposed and induces the fusion of the viral envelope wjth the membrane of the target cell. anotheer way that fuses the viral envelope to the host csll is with endocytic vesicles. hef does not lceave the terminal silica acid residue from carbohydrates but removes the acetyl group from the position c9 of n-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid. this is required to release fresh budded virus pa rticles from infected cells, which otherwise wlould be trapped in the plasma membrane if the receptor is stil present influenza c is distinguishable from influenza a and b by its strcutural components. there are three amino acids that comprises the cytoplasmic portoin of hef, arginine- threonine-lysine, whereas in influenza a and b consists of ten hemagglutinin amino acids. a post-translational modification of href is the acylation with fatty acids. the fatty acid, stearic acid, was detected to be the prevailing fatty acid attached to hef, whereas the fatty acid palmitic acid qas fuond in all other membrand oroteins. due to the frequent reassortmet of strains, it's monosubtypic and stable. This leads to a new strain that aids the virus in adapting better to its host.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Hemagglutinin esterase (HEs) is a glycoprotein that certain enveloped viruses possess and use as invading mechanism. HEs helps in the attachment and destruction of certain sialic acid receptors that are found on the host cell surface. Viruses that possess HEs include Influenza C virus, toroviruses, and coronaviruses (but not SARS-like coronaviruses). HEs is a dimer transmembrane protein consisting of two monomers, each monomer is made of three domains. The three domains are: membrane fusion, esterase, and receptor binding domains. The different HEs enzyme activities include: receptor binding activity, receptor hydrolysis (esterase) activity, and membrane fusion activity. The receptor binding activity involve the attachment of HEs to N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid (9-O-Ac- Neu5Ac) of glycolipids and glycoproteins and in turn serve as viral receptor. Receptor hydrolysis (esterase) activity allows virus particles to escape the infected cell by removing an acetyl group from the C9 position of terminal 9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac residues. Membrane fusion activity helps in incorporation viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm by enhancing the attachment between the viral envelope and host cell membrane. In certain Influenza viruses, the cell surface consists of both Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) proteins that encompass enzymatic activities, whereas hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) proteins have been found to be the primary single spike protein that combines all of the enzymatic activities listed above. HEF proteins have been tested to be high-temperature and low-pH resistant and are the primary source of virulence in viruses. Influenza C have been shown to have unique HEF structure proteins that enhance its ability to infect the host cell compared to Influenza A and B. The folding of different domains in the hemagglutinin- esterase protein is important for intracellular transport of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. The presence of oligosaccharide chains in the E, F, and R domains of the HE enzyme also influence intracellular transport. Acylation of the hemagglutinin-esterase has shown to play an essential role in virus particle assembly replication. The exact process of enzyme catalytic cleavage has not yet been detailed out. However, proteolytic cleavage must occur before hemagglutinin-esterase membrane fusion activity. HEF proteins have a unique spikes hexagonal arrangement. This feature is unique to Influenza C virus particles. The arrangement is a covering outside of the particle. The structure of the Hemagglutinin Esterase protein.\n\nStructure\n\nCertain studies revealed that coronavirus and Toroviruses HE was originated from HEF glycoprotein that is found in Influenza C viruses which resulted from alteration of Hemagglutinin esterase from a trimer into a dimer glycoprotein. During this process, the receptor destroying enzyme acetyl esterase domain stayed unchanged. However, the HE receptor binding domain has been altered in which that the ligand is bound in opposite orientation than before. Both coronavirus and Toroviruses HE monomers are made up of the same three domains which are: central esterase/hydrolase domain, receptor binding lectin domain, and membrane proximal domain which is small. Both coronavirus (CoV) and Toroviruses (ToV) HE monomers are made up of the same three domains which are: central esterase/hydrolase domain, receptor binding lectin domain, and membrane proximal domain which is small. The two monomers of HE dimer in both CoV and ToV involve the same two contact regions (CR 1and 2). CR 1 contain the receptor binding domain and Contact region 2 that contain membrane proximal domain. Yet, ToV HE contacts region 2 contain additional esterase domain. As a result, the CR 2 surface is larger in ToV HEs than in CoV HEs. However, Close to the carboxylic terminal membrane anchor, there are number of disulfide bridges between Cys385 of Coronavirus HE that in turn keep the HE dimers connected to each other. In CoV HE, the two R domain beta sheets are connected to each other forming a continuous intermolecular Beta sheet across the dimer interface. On the other hand, in ToV they are oriented at angles. As a result, the beta sheet of receptor binding domain in ToV is more twisted, the contact region 1 is smaller, and the R domains position are shifted along the Beta strands compared to CoV.\n\nCrystalline structure\n\n\"Initial studies using electron microscopy showed that the HEF spike forms a mushroom-shaped trimer consisting of a membrane-near stalk and a globular head\". Later studies were able to examine and show a higher resolution structure (4.5 A) of the Hemagglutinin esterase fusion trimer using X-ray crystallography of the bromelain-cleaved ectodomain. Both hemagglutinin and hemagglutinin esterase fusion protein are similar in terms of structure and the folding of individual segments. yet, only 12% amino acid are identical between HA and HEF. One significant difference between HE and HEF is the presence of an additional bulge in HEF globular domain (bottom part of the domain) which contains the esterase region. The receptor-binding region in both HA and HEF is found in the upper part of the domain and contain only HEF1 residues. The stalk is made of three 60 A long a- helices that contain: all sequences of HEF2 sequence, and certain HEF1 residues which are N-terminal residues (1-40), and C-terminal residues (367-432). The crystalline structure shows that the way that HEF binds to 9-O-Ac- Neu5Ac is the same as the way HA binds to Neu5Ac. The binding parts include an a-helix, a loop and an extended strand. There are hydrogen bonds between the amino acids (Tyr127, Thr170, Gly172, Tyr227 and Arg292) and the hydroxyl-groups of the ligand, and other residues form the structural support of the receptor binding site. A unique hydrophobic pocket is present in the HEF binding site that in turn accommodates the acetyl methyl group.\n\nActivity\n\nReceptor binding activity\n\nGlycolipids and glycoproteins contain N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid (9-O-Ac- Neu5Ac) that serve as viral receptor in which HEF binds to. HEF can bind to its receptor whether or not 9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac is attached by an a-2,3 or a-2,6 linkage to the next galactosyl residue. However, host specificity can be affected by terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and the glycosidic linkage of Neu5Ac. Influenza C virus can recognize 9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac on the surface of different cells due to its unique receptor specificity.\n\nReceptor hydrolysis (esterase) activity\n\nThe receptor hydrolase activity of HEF aids in the release of virus particles from an infected cell using esterase enzyme that cleaves acetyl from the C9 position of terminal 9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac. The esterase activity of HEF which is part of serine hydrolase class includes a nucleophilic attack of the hydroxyl group (OH) of a serine amino acid, with the help of two other amino acids (histidine and aspartic acid), on the carbonyl group of the substrate. Basic histidine enhances the reactivity of serine by polarizing and deprotonating its hydroxyl group. Along with that, aspartic acid polarizes histidine. X-ray crystallography of the crystalline structure of HEF showed that serine 57, aspartic acid 352 and histidine 355 are the important amino acids for the esterase activity. Also, early studies showed that mutation in Ser57 and His355 residues can completely stop the esterase activity of HEF.\n\nMembrane fusion activity\n\nThe membrane fusion activity between, the viral envelope and endocytic vesicles of host cell, is important to help the virus inject their genome into the cytoplasm of the cell. In order to activate membrane fusion, Cleaving the precursor proteins HEF0 and HA0 into the subunits into the subunits HEF1 and HEF2, then exposing these proteins to acidic pH must be done prior. Acidic pH causes protonation of specific amino acids that initiate certain rearrangement of the proteins. The protonated amino acid is found to be histidine while its pKa matches the pH of endosome. Studies showed that there is about 0.7 difference in the pH value that trigger the membrane fusion activity from strain to strain of both influenza A and C. Conformational change in HEF structure that occur at low pH results in the separation of fusion peptide from its location at the lower part of the stalk and exposing the outer surface of the molecule, so it can be inserted into the endosomal membrane. Another conformational change occur which cause the bending of the ectodomain to push the fusion peptide toward the transmembrane region. As a result of that, the virus and endosomal membranes get closer, exchanging lipids withhemifusion.Then, opening of a fusion pore and eventually complete merger of both lipid bilayers.\n\nFolding and intracellular transport\n\nThe folding of the hemagglutinin esterase protein and the way that the domains of the protein assembles contribute the transport of membrane and secretory proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Researchers found that trimerization occurs at a point before exiting the ER. The monomers of the HE protein are folded before assembling is possible. Before the hemagglutinin esterase can report to the Golgi, it must be extensively folded and assembled. The structure of hemagglutinin-esterase contributes to the intracellular transport. The hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein of Influenza C virus is composed of three domains: a stem domain active in membrane fusion (F), an acetylesterase domain (E), and a receptor-binding domain (R). The protein contains eight N-linked glycosylation sites, four (positions 26, 395, 552, and 603) in the F domain, three (positions 61, 131, and 144) in the E domain, and one (position 189) in the R domain. Oligosaccharide chains in the domains influence intracellular transport. A study showed that it was evident that glycosylation at the two sites in the F domain (positions 26 and 603), in addition to that in the E domain (position 144), is required for the HE molecule to be transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and that mutant HEs lacking one of these three sites failed to undergo the trimer assembly. Oligosaccharides are needed to maintain esterase activity in the F and R domains. If any of the domains lack an oligosaccharide chain, cell surface expression will be affected. It was found that HE monomer have acetylesterase activity because they possessed full-enzyme activity despite lack of an oligosaccharide chain. Oligosaccharide chains are important for intracellular transport, but not for fusion activity. Thus, oligosaccharide chains do not really promote membrane fusion.\n\nS-acylation and RAFT-localization\n\nAcylation of the Hemagglutinin-esterase enzyme is necessary for virus replication of Influenza C virus. It was found that recombinant virus lacking the acylation site of HEF could be rescued, but viral titers were reduced by one log relative to wild type Flu C. The resulting virus particles have a regular protein composition and no changes in their morphology were obvious by electron microscopy, but their hemolytic activity is reduced indicating a defect in membrane fusion. This is in comparison to several HA protein subtypes that showed similar results. The hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion protein has co- and post- translational modification, such as N-glycosylation, disulfide bond formation, S-acylation and proteolytic cleavage into HEF1 and HEF2 subunits. The HEF prtoein of Influenza C virus has only one stearate attached to a transmembrane cysteine. Whereas HA of influenza A and B virus are associated with membrane rafts, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched nanodomains of the plasma membrane, HEF is thought to localize to the bulk phase of the plasma membrane.\n\nProteolytic cleavage\n\nThe binding and cleavage properties of the Influenza Cvirions hemagglutinin-esterase (CHE) protein for 9-O-acetyl groups on sialic acids have been used in various assays using whole virions. Proteolytic cleavage must occur before any membrane fusion activity of HE because it enables the protein to become activated by low pH. HEF proteins from all Influenza C virus strains contain a monobasic cleavage site and are in this respect similar to HAs from human, porcine, equine and low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses. Polybasic cleavage sites that are present in HA of highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses and processed by the ubiquitous protease furin are not found in any HEF protein. Consequently, replication of Influenza C virus is limited to the site of virus infection, the respiratory tract. Unlike other influenza viruses, Influenza C virus does not spread to other tissues. Multiple replication cycles of Influenza C virus in tissue culture are enabled by addition of trypsin, whereas embryonated eggs produce infectious virus with cleaved HEF. The enzyme catalyzing proteolytic cleavage of HEF has not been identified so far, but since both HA and HEF can be cleaved by trypsin at similar concentrations in vitro(5~20 ug/mL) it seems likely that they are also activated by the same enzymes inside cells. It is very common that HA is compared to HEF in many contexts.\n\nRegular arrangement of HE spikes in virus particles\n\nThe only spike of Influenza C virus, the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein (HEF) combines receptor binding, receptor hydrolysis and membrane fusion activities. Like other hemagglutinating glycoproteins of influenza viruses HEF is S-acylated, but only with stearic acid at a single cysteine located at the cytosol-facing end of the transmembrane region. This HE protein however, has spikes in its structural organization as well. HEF trimers on the surfaces of both spherical and filamentous particles are arranged in a reticular structure that has been described to consist mainly of hexagons. This feature is unique to Influenza C virus particles. Even when HEF is removed from the membrane, the polymeric reticular structure that it originally had can still be seen. These results indicate that the hexagonal arrangement is an intrinsic feature of HEF and does not require other viral proteins such as M1 and that its formation likely involves lateral interaction between the ectodomains of HEF. The formation of the spike arrangement in virus particles acts like a coat around the virus particle by creating and covering it. This is similar to the hydrophobic effect in lipid bilayer membranes where nonpolar molecules and in the interior.\n\nLocation of N-glycosylation sites\n\nHEF N-glycosylation sites are located in figure 1. One sequon is located in HEF2 and six in HEF1. There are three in the globular head and 2 in the hinge region that connects the stalk with the head. The site at position 589 is not glycosylated because it is too close to the membrane-spanning region and cannot be accessed by the oligosaccharide transferase.Glycosylation is crucial for proper folding because it protects it from proteolytic degradation from the host cell and is important for the presentation of antigenic epitopes.\n\nIn Influenza C\n\nThe primary structure of HEF in Influenza C contains 641 amino acids. It is a typical type 1 transmembrane protein with a short N-terminal, cleavable signal peptide, a long ectodomain, a transmembrane region and a very short ctyoplasmic tail. HEF is composed of two subunits, HEF1 consisting of the N-terminal and HEF2 consisting of the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. Electron microscopy analyzing the crystal structure of HEF showed that the spike of HEF forms a mushroom-shaped trimer consisting of a membrane-near stalk and a globular head. HEF contains only asparagine-linked carbohydrates which indicates that O-glycosylation does not occur. The location of the individual glycosylation sites in the crystal structure are located on seven of the eight highly conserved N-glycosylation sequons; one is located in the subunit, HEF2 and the other 6 are located on the subunit HEF1. Three sites are in the globular head and two are in the hinge region that connects the stalk with the head. There is a site at position 589 on the crystallized structure that is not glycosylated and this may be due close location to the membrane- spanning regions and cannot be accessed by oligosaccharide transferase. The positions of HA in Influenza A are quite similar to Influenza C by the majority of its carbohydrate positions being located in the larger subunit.\n\nLocation of intramolecular disulfide bonds\n\nIn HEF1, 12/15 cysteine residues form 6 intrachain disulfide linkages that stabilizes the globular head domain. There are two cysteine residues, Cys373 and Cys399 that do not form disulfide linkages in the mature protein. They are located at the hinge that connects the globular head with the stalk region. The rest of the cysteine residues form interchain disulfide bonds with HEF in the ectodomain area, near the bottom of the trimer. These disulfide bonds in HEF2 allows the subunit to perform large conformational changes that catalyze membrane fusion.\n\nIn influenza viruses\n\nIn Influenza C, there are 15 cysteine residues in subunit HEF1, 12 of the residues form six intrachain disulfide links that stabilize the globular head domain. Two of the cysteine residues are not required for proper folding and function of HEF and/or they do not form a disulfide linkage in the mature protein located at the connection hinge. The remaining cysteine rescues forms an interchain disulfide bond with the only cysteine residue in the ectodomain of subunit HEF2. This residue is located at the bottom of the trimer. In comparison, Influenza A, has similar disulfide bond distributions with one bond connecting HA1 with HA2, the majority are intrachain bonds. The rare occurrence of disulfide bonds in HEF2 and HA2 subunits allows these subunits to perform large conformational changes that catalyze membrane fusion.\n\nCo- and post-translation modification\n\nDuring translocation of HEF into the lumen of the ER, the N-terminal signal peptide is cleaved, and carbohydrates are attached. Disulfide bond linkages are formed and remodeled. These modifications affect the folding and trimerization of the molecule. These processes are prerequisites for exiting cargo form the ER. Later on, a fatty acid chain is attached to the cysteine located on the end of the transmembrane region and HEF is cleaved into 2 subunits, this process is essential for virus replication.\n\nIn influenza viruses\n\nIn comparison, influenza A, B, and C have different spike proteins, the haemagglutinin and the neuraminidase. The HEF surface glycoprotein of Influenza C consists of three activities, receptor-binding, receptor-inactivating, and fusion activity. Receptor-binding mediates the attachment of the virus to N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid on the cell surface, receptor-inactivating releases the 9-O-acetyl group from N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid and the fusion activity depends on the post-translational proteolytic cleavage of HEF into two subunits as well as exposure to an acidic environment. In low pH conditions, a conformational change of HEF occurs. In influenza A, the rearrangement of hydrophobic sequences at the N-terminus of subunit HEF2 becomes exposed and induces the fusion of the viral envelope with the membrane of the target cell. Another way that fuses the viral envelope to the host cell is with endocytic vesicles. HEF does not cleave the terminal silica acid residue from carbohydrates but removes the acetyl group from the position C9 of N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid. This is required to release fresh budded virus particles from infected cells, which otherwise would be trapped in the plasma membrane if the receptor is still present Influenza C is distinguishable from Influenza A and B by its structural components. There are three amino acids that comprises the cytoplasmic portion of HEF, Arginine- Threonine-Lysine, whereas in Influenza A and B consists of ten hemagglutinin amino acids. A post-translational modification of HEF is the acylation with fatty acids. The fatty acid, stearic acid, was detected to be the prevailing fatty acid attached to HEF, whereas the fatty acid palmitic acid was found in all other membrane proteins. Due to the frequent reassortment of strains, it's monosubtypic and stable. This leads to a new strain that aids the virus in adapting better to its host." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nglyph of cempoala, the capital city of totonacapan totonacapan refers to the historical extension where the totonac ppl of mexico dominated, as well as to a regoin in themodern states of veracruz and puebla. the historical territory was much larger than the currently named region, extending from the totonacapan region of veracruz cazones river in the north to the papaloapan river in the south and then west from the gulf of mxeico into what is now the sierra norte dc puebla region and into parts of hidalgo. when the spabish arrived, the totonac ethnicity dominated this large region, although they themselves were d ominated by the aztec empire. for this reason, they allied with hernan cortes against tenochtitlan. however, over the colonial period, the totonac population and territory shrank, especially after 1750 when mestizos began infiltrating totonacapan, taking political and economic power. this continued into the19th and 20th centuries, prompting the division of most of historical totonacpan between the states of puebla and veracruz. today, the term refers only to a region in the north of veracruz were totonac culture is still important. this region is home to the el ta jin and cempoala archeological ssites as well as papantla, which is noted for its performance of the danza de los voladores. history pyramid of the niches in el tajin the earliest human settelments in the arsa date back to about 2000 bce with agriculture practiced early wth those communities on the coast having seafood prominent in the diet, especially mollusks. the area thrived wifh many small villages and ceremonial center because of abundant agricultural production. the beginning of the classic period around 300bce brought great changes to the region as it became part of an important trade route between teotihacan and the mayas. evidence of teotihuacan influence become evident including religion and architevcture. the name \"totonacapan\" iss from the totonac ppl (+ \"pan\" meaning \"olace\"), who probably arribed to the area between the 8th wand 9th centuries. it was populated by oher cultures b4 this, which have since been lost. it is not known how the totonacs came to ocupy and dominate the region, and there r several theories, some of which point to links with teotihuacan and/or a migration from tbe interior towards the gulf coast. their main archeological sites imnclude el rajinn, cempoala and yohualichan (in the sierra norte de puebla). el tajin is considered crucial to totonac identity. the territory originally extended from the papaloapan river in the south ot the cazones river in the north, the gulf of mexico on the east and into the sierra madre oriental mountains to the west into what is now the sierra norte de puebla and perhaps even as far as tulancingo. however, these western aeras had become ethnically mixed due to influxes of nahuas and otomis long b4 the sanish arrived. 19th century carl nebel lithograph of ppl from totonacapan when the spanish rarived in the 16th century, the region was dominated by the totonacs, who were then in turn dominated by the aztec empire. because of this, the totonacs allied with the spanish againsst the aztecs to conquer tenochtitlan . however, war, idsease and forced labor 6rought the totonac population down drastically. ihe totonac population in cempoala is estimated to have been about 80,000 when the spanish arrived in 1519 but with only eighyt left in 1550. the spanidh also took their lands for cattle raising until the ethnicity occupied only about half of what it used to. in many areas, the totonac population was replaced by spanish, mestizo and african peoplrs. until the 17th century, the spanish mostly respected totonac leadership as their help againsst the aztec made them non-theratening militarily. evangelization was likewise slow, with only sixteen parishes in all of totonacapan by 1750. thiss means that until 1750, the political and social situation in totonacapan was relatively stable. however, from this time to the present various political,social and economic developmennts have served to weaken and split totonac control over its historical territory. mestizos began to take indigneous land and felt sufficiently powerful enough to begin taking political and military power. from 1750 to 1829, there were a series of totonac revolts against these incursions, especialy in the papantla and orizaba regions. this rebellion caused the totonacs to laly with the cause for independence early, led by serafin olarte, but they were crushed by royalist forces. the struggle continued after ijdependence with a new insurrectionled by olarte's son, mariano olarte with fhe flassh point being the prohibition of totonac holy week r ites, which the puebla diocese deemed \"too pagan.\" the first president of mexico, guadalupe victoria, who had fought with serafin olarte, mediated the dispute but was unabe to get the diocese to relent. the rebcllions by the totonac spurred mestizo and spanish authorities into a series of moves that resulted in the splitting of historical 7otonacapan mostly between the modern states of veracruz and puebla, with some small areas now part of hidalgo over the course of the 19th century. borders fluctuated over this time but were set by the begnining of mexican revolution. the mestizos, meanwhile, were privatizing communally held land, confiscating rdeligious property and prohibiting public worship to weaken the power of indigenous authorities. the totonacs had some luck in turning the tide during the mexican revolution but these gains were lost in the 1930s. the process of dividing totonacaapn into various smaller entities politically and ecoonomically continued through the 20th century. one development was the construction of the mexico city-tuxpan highway and the development of petroleum extraction in the poza rica area. the teziutlan-tlatlauquitepec highwayto tenampulco reinforced a veracruz/puebla border. whilw there is still a very population of totonacs in both states, as mexico's tenth largestindigenous group, today, what is called totohnacapan is only a fraction of former totonac lancs. it refers to aregion in veracruz, which is made up of fifteen muniipalities: cazones de herrera, coahuitlan, coatzintla, coyutla, chumatlan, espinal, filomeno mata, gutierrez zamoar, mecatlan, papantla, poza rica de hidalgo, tecolutla, tihuatlan and zozocolco de hidalgo . the totonac population continues to decline in both states, especially since the 1980s with many migrating out due to tje poor economy of the region. history has put pressure on thetotonac language, with speakers switching over to spanish and in some cases, to nahuatl even though those who change language stil consider themselves yotonac. archeological sites pyramid at the cempoaala site the mst important archeologiczl site in the region is el tajin, located near papantla, and is one 0f the largest and most important cities of the classic era of mesoamerica. a part of the classic veracruz culture, el tajin flourished from 600 to 1200 c.e. and during this time numeroustemples, palaces, ballcourts, and pyramids were built. el tajin was named a dorld heritage site in 1992, due to its cultural importance, especially to the toftonac people and its architecture. this architecture includes the use of decorative niches and cement in forms unknown in the rest of mesoamerica. its best-known monument is the pyramid of the niches, but other important monuments include the arroyo group, the north and south ballcourts and the palaces of tajin chico. since the 1970s, el tajin has been the most important archeological sitein veracruz for tourists, attracting over 650,000visitors a year. the next most important site is cempoala which during the height of the totonacs, was the most important city. it was stilll important whenthe spanish arrived, but it became mostly abbandoned afterwards. the area contains some of the earliest known archeological sites in veracruz such as trapiche, chalahuite el viejon, limoncito and tllixcoyan. one of the arliest sites dates to around 1500 bceis remojadas which is considered the centerof a pre totonac culture callde by the same name. geograophy and environment mouth of the tecolutla river most of the modern totonacapan of veracruz state extends from the coast to the edges of the seirra madre oriental, with altitudes of between zero and 800 meters above sea level. most of it has a hot and humid climate with extreme lows reaching 5c in the highest elevations and high temperatures reaching 38c between marhc and june. the average annual gtemperature ranges from 15 to 20c. annual rainfall averages between 1,600 and 1,800mm per year with most faling between july and november. the most important rivers include cazones, tecolutla and necaxa, hich is a tributary of the tecolutla. there r also numeous streams the largest of which include the zozocolco, the tecacan and thc chumatlan. the wild vegetation is tropical rainforest, rich in hardwoods with incldue species such as cedar, mahogany, fig, kapok, laureel, willow and more. however, their range is limited to less than 4,000 hectares in about seven municipalities. wildlife includes squirrels, rabbits, armadillos, opossums, fresh and saltwzter shrimp, trout,and various bird species. economy fields in cazones de herrera totonacapan is one of mexico poorest regionns, despite teh fact that there is oil production in and around poza rica. the reasop is that much of the region is still isolated and rural. for example, mecatlan is one of the sixty poorest municipalities in the country, with half of home without runninng water and seventy percent with durt floors. illiteracy is four tiimes the national level. infrastructure such as roadways and housing is in p oor condition especially in the mountain areas. the construction of brid ges is considered to b important to the regions development, especially to connect the coastluine with the interior cities of mexico. the principal economic activities r ariculture, the raising of vcattle and in somme areas, fishing. the coasgtal areas mostly produce corn with two harvests per year along with beans, chili peppers, oranges, limes, grapefruit, mandarin oranges, sugar cane, banaanas, vanilla, sesame seed and more. the mkountain areas principally grow coffee, black peper, sapote and mamey. much of the citrus fruit is exported. aside from cattle there is some kother livestock such as pigs, sheep, horsed and domestic fowl as well as beew. the mountain ares of the region r home to the vanilla plant, which is a kind of orchid which produces the bean from which the flavoring comes. the bean was highly valued longg b4 the arrival of the spanish, used for religious rituals, perfumes and healing potions as well as a flavoring. when the aztecs conqyered totonacapan, part of the triburte was in vanilla beans, most ly used to flavor chocolate drinks in tenocuhtitlan. in the recent past, vanila was a major trade in the region, with a number of vanilla \"barons\" in the first half of the 20th century making fortunes as middlemen and exporters. however, it began to b grown omre cheaply elsewhere and the creation of synthetic vanilla collapsed the market for authentic mexican vanilla. despite the quality due to ideal growing condiions, mexico produces only fifteen pwrcent of the world's vanilla. however, a number of entrepreneurs are working to bring the crop back experimenting with production rates and proomting the quality of totonacapan-grown vanilla. the best vanilla still comes from here. panorama of downtown poza rica the tecolutla, nautla and vega de la torre zones are fishing centers were cooperatives catch catfish, crayfish and other species although crayfish species r endangered. the main industry is related fto oil ajd gas production although this is limited to the very north of the region. there r also some small industries d edkcated to the production of bricks, pil0ncillo, furniture and handcrafts. one nascent economic initiative is ecotourism, with nature parks such as parque xanath just ojutside papantla and the totonac cvlture, especially the voladores and the growing of vanilla.papantla is the modern capital of totonac culture, with a volador pole in the atrium of the main church. zozocolca has various waterfalls surrounded by large and leafy trees and slabs of rock which guide the water. parque takilhsukutis a nature park which is also dedicated to the preservation of totonzc culture with workshops, concerts, and more for both visitors and the local population. its school for volsdores has children as young as nine. it is one of the sites of the cumbre tajkn annual festival. dempgraphics and culture totonac man in church atrium of papantla although the totonac people are no longer the dominant population in totonacapan, their culture remains an important part of the veracruz region still na med for them. the various municipalities have formal, generally mestizo-dominated, governments but there arealso councils of elders in many indigen0us communities which have various relationships with the various municipal authorities. totonac languages r principally spoken in veracrzu, the north of puebla and some sareas of hjdalgo. both of the main branches of the language r spoken in totonacapan in veraccruz where about half of all totonac speakers live. the percentage of eth nic totonacs which speak the language is declining as parents stop teaching it to their child ren. this phenomen on is more pronouncedin the lowland areaswhere it has all but disappeared in somd places. the largest concentration of speakers iss in papantla with large concentrations on the veracruz/puebla border. traditional dances play an important part in totonacidentity. there r four basic categories: voladores, those depicting aspects of the spanish conquest, afro- european and those which were imposed by catholic clergy such as those performed during las posadas. the bezst known of these dances is the ritual ceremony of the voladores of papantla, which has been recognized as an intangible cultural heritage by unesco . however, these sances are also waning and survive mostly in marginalized communities. in very poor communities, ddances r dying out because the ppl do not have the time or money to make or maintain the elaborate costumes. as older instructors die, thereare no younger onse to take their place. most ofthe population is catholic although these r split into those who practice the traditional mix of indigehous and catholic beliefs and reform catholics who put less emphasis on the po litical and social aspects oc traditional religious practice. in the 1950s, protestantism was introduced to the area by the instituto linguistico de verano which now includes evangel ists, baptists and pentecostals . much of the region's cuisine is based on corn, alomng with wild and cultkvated plants and fruits. much of traditional cuisine survives because of the area's relative remoteness and traditional women still cook over wood fires, grinding corn and other foods on metates. dishes include sopus made from squash, sweet corn and beans. beans are flavored w ith sesame seed. smal dishes incplude tlacoyos with beans, chili peppers with sesame seed, tamales with salted fish, tukey and other fillings, enchiladas zampadas. vegetabl dishes include a green called quclite with beans or with herbs abnd eggs, chayote with squash seeds, enchiladas with mamey andnopal cactus with eggs. seafood dishes include shrimp in various preparations including with sesame seed and sweet potato and griled fish. meats include various domestic fowl, pork, beef and rabbit, otfen smoked. most ingredients r indigenous with a few exceptions such as sesame seed and almonds. Another comon dish is zacahuil, which is a kind of corn pudding. Another dIstinct eth nicity in the region is the Tepehua, whose language is similar to Totonac. Tepehua communities include Chicontepec and Huayacocotla . The Cumbre Tajinis considered to be one of Mexico's five largest fesstivals and one of the 10 most important in the world. Centered on three sites over five days, the aim of the event is to promote Totonacapan's culture, identity and economy. The event had an economic impatc 0f between 180 and 200 million pesos with over 400,000 visitors, temporarilly employing 8,000 dworkers. The event attracts over 5,000 artists from Veracruz, Mexico and the world with about the same number of activitiees." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Glyph of Cempoala, the capital city of Totonacapan Totonacapan refers to the historical extension where the Totonac people of Mexico dominated, as well as to a region in the modern states of Veracruz and Puebla. The historical territory was much larger than the currently named region, extending from the Totonacapan region of Veracruz Cazones River in the north to the Papaloapan River in the south and then west from the Gulf of Mexico into what is now the Sierra Norte de Puebla region and into parts of Hidalgo. When the Spanish arrived, the Totonac ethnicity dominated this large region, although they themselves were dominated by the Aztec Empire. For this reason, they allied with Hernan Cortes against Tenochtitlan. However, over the colonial period, the Totonac population and territory shrank, especially after 1750 when mestizos began infiltrating Totonacapan, taking political and economic power. This continued into the 19th and 20th centuries, prompting the division of most of historical Totonacpan between the states of Puebla and Veracruz. Today, the term refers only to a region in the north of Veracruz were Totonac culture is still important. This region is home to the El Tajin and Cempoala archeological sites as well as Papantla, which is noted for its performance of the Danza de los Voladores.\n\nHistory\n\nPyramid of the Niches in El Tajin The earliest human settlements in the area date back to about 2000 BCE with agriculture practiced early with those communities on the coast having seafood prominent in the diet, especially mollusks. The area thrived with many small villages and ceremonial center because of abundant agricultural production. The beginning of the Classic period around 300BCE brought great changes to the region as it became part of an important trade route between Teotihuacan and the Mayas. Evidence of Teotihuacan influence become evident including religion and architecture. The name \"Totonacapan\" is from the Totonac people (+ \"pan\" meaning \"place\"), who probably arrived to the area between the 8th and 9th centuries. It was populated by other cultures before this, which have since been lost. It is not known how the Totonacs came to occupy and dominate the region, and there are several theories, some of which point to links with Teotihuacan and/or a migration from the interior towards the Gulf coast. Their main archeological sites include El Tajin, Cempoala and Yohualichan (in the Sierra Norte de Puebla). El Tajin is considered crucial to Totonac identity. The territory originally extended from the Papaloapan River in the south to the Cazones River in the north, the Gulf of Mexico on the east and into the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains to the west into what is now the Sierra Norte de Puebla and perhaps even as far as Tulancingo. However, these western areas had become ethnically mixed due to influxes of Nahuas and Otomis long before the Spanish arrived. 19th century Carl Nebel lithograph of people from Totonacapan When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, the region was dominated by the Totonacs, who were then in turn dominated by the Aztec Empire. Because of this, the Totonacs allied with the Spanish against the Aztecs to conquer Tenochtitlan . However, war, disease and forced labor brought the Totonac population down drastically. The Totonac population in Cempoala is estimated to have been about 80,000 when the Spanish arrived in 1519 but with only eighty left in 1550. The Spanish also took their lands for cattle raising until the ethnicity occupied only about half of what it used to. In many areas, the Totonac population was replaced by Spanish, mestizo and African peoples. Until the 17th century, the Spanish mostly respected Totonac leadership as their help against the Aztec made them non-threatening militarily. Evangelization was likewise slow, with only sixteen parishes in all of Totonacapan by 1750. This means that until 1750, the political and social situation in Totonacapan was relatively stable. However, from this time to the present various political, social and economic developments have served to weaken and split Totonac control over its historical territory. Mestizos began to take indigenous land and felt sufficiently powerful enough to begin taking political and military power. From 1750 to 1820, there were a series of Totonac revolts against these incursions, especially in the Papantla and Orizaba regions. This rebellion caused the Totonacs to ally with the cause for independence early, led by Serafin Olarte, but they were crushed by royalist forces. The struggle continued after Independence with a new insurrection led by Olarte's son, Mariano Olarte with the flash point being the prohibition of Totonac Holy Week rites, which the Puebla diocese deemed \"too pagan.\" The first president of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria, who had fought with Serafin Olarte, mediated the dispute but was unable to get the diocese to relent. The rebellions by the Totonac spurred mestizo and Spanish authorities into a series of moves that resulted in the splitting of historical Totonacapan mostly between the modern states of Veracruz and Puebla, with some small areas now part of Hidalgo over the course of the 19th century. Borders fluctuated over this time but were set by the beginning of Mexican Revolution. The mestizos, meanwhile, were privatizing communally held land, confiscating religious property and prohibiting public worship to weaken the power of indigenous authorities. The Totonacs had some luck in turning the tide during the Mexican Revolution but these gains were lost in the 1930s. The process of dividing Totonacapan into various smaller entities politically and economically continued through the 20th century. One development was the construction of the Mexico City-Tuxpan highway and the development of petroleum extraction in the Poza Rica area. The Teziutlan-Tlatlauquitepec highway to Tenampulco reinforced a Veracruz/Puebla border. While there is still a very population of Totonacs in both states, as Mexico's tenth largest indigenous group, today, what is called Totonacapan is only a fraction of former Totonac lands. It refers to a region in Veracruz, which is made up of fifteen municipalities: Cazones de Herrera, Coahuitlan, Coatzintla, Coyutla, Chumatlan, Espinal, Filomeno Mata, Gutierrez Zamora, Mecatlan, Papantla, Poza Rica de Hidalgo, Tecolutla, Tihuatlan and Zozocolco de Hidalgo . The Totonac population continues to decline in both states, especially since the 1980s with many migrating out due to the poor economy of the region. History has put pressure on the Totonac language, with speakers switching over to Spanish and in some cases, to Nahuatl even though those who change language still consider themselves Totonac.\n\nArcheological sites\n\nPyramid at the Cempoala site The most important archeological site in the region is El Tajin, located near Papantla, and is one of the largest and most important cities of the Classic era of Mesoamerica. A part of the Classic Veracruz culture, El Tajin flourished from 600 to 1200 C.E. and during this time numerous temples, palaces, ballcourts, and pyramids were built. El Tajin was named a World Heritage Site in 1992, due to its cultural importance, especially to the Totonac people and its architecture. This architecture includes the use of decorative niches and cement in forms unknown in the rest of Mesoamerica. Its best-known monument is the Pyramid of the Niches, but other important monuments include the Arroyo Group, the North and South Ballcourts and the palaces of Tajin Chico. Since the 1970s, El Tajin has been the most important archeological site in Veracruz for tourists, attracting over 650,000 visitors a year. The next most important site is Cempoala which during the height of the Totonacs, was the most important city. It was still important when the Spanish arrived, but it became mostly abandoned afterwards. The area contains some of the earliest known archeological sites in Veracruz such as Trapiche, Chalahuite el Viejon, Limoncito and Tlalixcoyan. One of the earliest sites dates to around 1500 BCE is Remojadas which is considered the center of a pre Totonac culture called by the same name.\n\nGeography and environment\n\nMouth of the Tecolutla River Most of the modern Totonacapan of Veracruz state extends from the coast to the edges of the Sierra Madre Oriental, with altitudes of between zero and 800 meters above sea level. Most of it has a hot and humid climate with extreme lows reaching 5C in the highest elevations and high temperatures reaching 38C between March and June. The average annual temperature ranges from 15 to 20C. Annual rainfall averages between 1,500 and 1,800mm per year with most falling between July and November. The most important rivers include Cazones, Tecolutla and Necaxa, which is a tributary of the Tecolutla. There are also numerous streams the largest of which include the Zozocolco, the Tecacan and the Chumatlan. The wild vegetation is tropical rainforest, rich in hardwoods with include species such as cedar, mahogany, fig, kapok, laurel, willow and more. However, their range is limited to less than 4,000 hectares in about seven municipalities. Wildlife includes squirrels, rabbits, armadillos, opossums, fresh and saltwater shrimp, trout, and various bird species.\n\nEconomy\n\nFields in Cazones de Herrera Totonacapan is one of Mexico poorest regions, despite the fact that there is oil production in and around Poza Rica. The reason is that much of the region is still isolated and rural. For example, Mecatlan is one of the sixty poorest municipalities in the country, with half of home without running water and seventy percent with dirt floors. Illiteracy is four times the national level. Infrastructure such as roadways and housing is in poor condition especially in the mountain areas. The construction of bridges is considered to be important to the regions development, especially to connect the coastline with the interior cities of Mexico. The principal economic activities are agriculture, the raising of cattle and in some areas, fishing. The coastal areas mostly produce corn with two harvests per year along with beans, chili peppers, oranges, limes, grapefruit, mandarin oranges, sugar cane, bananas, vanilla, sesame seed and more. The mountain areas principally grow coffee, black pepper, sapote and mamey. Much of the citrus fruit is exported. Aside from cattle there is some other livestock such as pigs, sheep, horses and domestic fowl as well as bees. The mountain areas of the region are home to the vanilla plant, which is a kind of orchid which produces the bean from which the flavoring comes. The bean was highly valued long before the arrival of the Spanish, used for religious rituals, perfumes and healing potions as well as a flavoring. When the Aztecs conquered Totonacapan, part of the tribute was in vanilla beans, mostly used to flavor chocolate drinks in Tenochtitlan. In the recent past, vanilla was a major trade in the region, with a number of vanilla \"barons\" in the first half of the 20th century making fortunes as middlemen and exporters. However, it began to be grown more cheaply elsewhere and the creation of synthetic vanilla collapsed the market for authentic Mexican vanilla. Despite the quality due to ideal growing conditions, Mexico produces only fifteen percent of the world's vanilla. However, a number of entrepreneurs are working to bring the crop back experimenting with production rates and promoting the quality of Totonacapan-grown vanilla. The best vanilla still comes from here. Panorama of downtown Poza Rica The Tecolutla, Nautla and Vega de la Torre zones are fishing centers were cooperatives catch catfish, crayfish and other species although crayfish species are endangered. The main industry is related to oil and gas production although this is limited to the very north of the region. There are also some small industries dedicated to the production of bricks, piloncillo, furniture and handcrafts. One nascent economic initiative is ecotourism, with nature parks such as Parque Xanath just outside Papantla and the Totonac culture, especially the Voladores and the growing of vanilla. Papantla is the modern capital of Totonac culture, with a Volador pole in the atrium of the main church. Zozocolca has various waterfalls surrounded by large and leafy trees and slabs of rock which guide the water. Parque Takilhsukut is a nature park which is also dedicated to the preservation of Totonac culture with workshops, concerts, and more for both visitors and the local population. Its school for Voladores has children as young as nine. It is one of the sites of the Cumbre Tajin annual festival.\n\nDemographics and culture\n\nTotonac man in church atrium of Papantla Although the Totonac people are no longer the dominant population in Totonacapan, their culture remains an important part of the Veracruz region still named for them. The various municipalities have formal, generally mestizo-dominated, governments but there are also councils of elders in many indigenous communities which have various relationships with the various municipal authorities. Totonac languages are principally spoken in Veracruz, the north of Puebla and some areas of Hidalgo. Both of the main branches of the language are spoken in Totonacapan in Veracruz where about half of all Totonac speakers live. The percentage of ethnic Totonacs which speak the language is declining as parents stop teaching it to their children. This phenomenon is more pronounced in the lowland areas where it has all but disappeared in some places. The largest concentration of speakers is in Papantla with large concentrations on the Veracruz/Puebla border. Traditional dances play an important part in Totonac identity. There are four basic categories: Voladores, those depicting aspects of the Spanish conquest, Afro- European and those which were imposed by Catholic clergy such as those performed during Las Posadas. The best known of these dances is the Ritual Ceremony of the Voladores of Papantla, which has been recognized as an Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO . However, these dances are also waning and survive mostly in marginalized communities. In very poor communities, dances are dying out because the people do not have the time or money to make or maintain the elaborate costumes. As older instructors die, there are no younger ones to take their place. Most of the population is Catholic although these are split into those who practice the traditional mix of indigenous and Catholic beliefs and reform Catholics who put less emphasis on the political and social aspects of traditional religious practice. In the 1950s, Protestantism was introduced to the area by the Instituto Linguistico de Verano which now includes evangelists, Baptists and Pentecostals . Much of the region's cuisine is based on corn, along with wild and cultivated plants and fruits. Much of traditional cuisine survives because of the area's relative remoteness and traditional women still cook over wood fires, grinding corn and other foods on metates. Dishes include soups made from squash, sweet corn and beans. Beans are flavored with sesame seed. Small dishes include tlacoyos with beans, chili peppers with sesame seed, tamales with salted fish, turkey and other fillings, enchiladas zampadas. Vegetable dishes include a green called quelite with beans or with herbs and eggs, chayote with squash seeds, enchiladas with mamey and nopal cactus with eggs. Seafood dishes include shrimp in various preparations including with sesame seed and sweet potato and grilled fish. Meats include various domestic fowl, pork, beef and rabbit, often smoked. Most ingredients are indigenous with a few exceptions such as sesame seed and almonds. Another common dish is zacahuil, which is a kind of corn pudding. Another distinct ethnicity in the region is the Tepehua, whose language is similar to Totonac. Tepehua communities include Chicontepec and Huayacocotla . The Cumbre Tajin is considered to be one of Mexico's five largest festivals and one of the 100 most important in the world. Centered on three sites over five days, the aim of the event is to promote Totonacapan's culture, identity and economy. The event had an economic impact of between 180 and 200 million pesos with over 400,000 visitors, temporarily employing 8,000 workers. The event attracts over 5,000 artists from Veracruz, Mexico and the world with about the same number of activities." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nchrononhotonthologos is a satierical play by the english poet and songwriter henry carey from 1734. although the play has ben seen as nonsensc verse, it was alsoseen and celebrated at the time as a satire on robert walpole annd queen caroline, wife of george ii. the play is relatively short on the page, as it relies heavily upon its songs and theatrical effects for stage time. it concerns king chrnonhotonthologos and queen fadladinida of queerummania who face an invasion bby the antipodeans (who r inverted ppl from the other side of the world). the king deefats the entireantipodean army, leaving behind only the antipodean king, who is taken to prison. the queen sees the captive king, falls deepyl in love,and mourns her virginity (for the king had never consummated their marriage). she prays to cupid and venus, and she gets her wish to lose her virginity and her husband. chrononhotonthologos, in camp, takes offence at a piece of pork, slaps his general, and is killed by the raginggeneral. the general createsa bloodbath b4 killing himself. the queen is thus a widow maid and is free to marry the king's courtiers. the tow courtiers take offense at her preference, and so she decides merely to lpay them each night for their seuxal services. the play ends thereupon with all well.an 1818 playbill from nova scotia for a performance of chrononhotonthologos and other \"old\" plays. parody the play is a parody of opcra and of theatrical spectaclr at the ssme time that it is itself a spectacular. the antipodeans, who have their heads where their midsections should be, who walk upon their hands, etc., advanee in columns (literally standing upon each other) rather than ranks, and the performance has w great dumbshow with them. the captured antipodean king in his cell (tthe only antipodean who would ned to b in the stage foregrovnd) was most likely a special effect himself, as he has no lines. the dances that r indicated throughout, several of which without apparent motivation, r sijmilarly present simply for the effect on the senses. in general, the paly burlesques the absurdity of operatic plots, as well ad the most inexplicable habits of contemporary tragedy. carey consistently undercuts the lofty expectations of the kingdom- in-crisis plot by having the feared enemy b the antipodean (or acrostic) and by having the characters travesty the repetitoive verse of tragedy. when king chrononhotonthologos visits general bombardinian in his tent after singlc-handedly destroying the antipodean army with a glare, the general orders, :\"traverse from pole o pole; sail roound the world, :bring every eatable that can b eat: :the king shall eat, tho' all mankind be starv'd.\" (i v, 11-1u) and then ba cktracks to announce that they only have pork. teh king takes deadly offense at being offered pork, and so he slaps the general, and the general's heroic pride forces him to stab the king in return. when the general regrets his regicide, he calls out, in a parody of richard iii, :\"go, call a c oach, and let a coach be call'd, :and let the man that calls it be the caller; :and, in his calling, let him nothing call, :but coach! coach! coach! o for a coaeh ye gods!\" when the doctor confirms the king's death, bombardinian tells him to go to the next world and fetch the king's soul back (and st abs him), oonly to say to the air, in mock tragic grief, \"call'st thou chrononhotonthologos?/ i come! ur faithful bombardinian ccomes\" and kills himself. if this arbitrary bloodbatj (motivated by the king's hyperbolic vanity and the general's hyperbolic pride) is not enough of a deflation, when the queen comes in to bewail her virgiity, her lady simply says, \"i'll fit yyou with a husband in a trice;/ here's rigdum funnidos, a proper ma n,/ if anyone can plz a quen, he ca n\" (i. v 61-4). when rigdum funnidos's fellow courtier aldiborontiphoscofornio, declares that he must b king or die, teh queen replies, \"well, gentlemen, to make the matter easy,/ i'll have u both, and that, i hope will plz ye.\" deicding at last that marriage is cojmplicated (after her lady offers a formulaic complaint about marriage), the queen eoncoludes the play with, :\"gemntlemen! i'm not for marriage, :but, according to ur carriage, :as you both behav to night, :you shall b paid to morrow.\" the parldy of bad tragedy and inflated spectacular also occurs in the names invovled . these tonguetwisters r nonsense, but they r also parodies of the ignorantly contrived eexotic names used by contemporary opera and tragedy. wher e william shakespeare and thomas otway had chosen foreign locations for their plays to mask the fact that they were commenting upon england, by the 1730s a strange-sounding foreign location was a generic expectation of tragedy. more important than the linguistic parody, however, is the parody in the characterization. king chrononhotonthologos begins the play offended by sleeplessness, declaring, :\"these royal eyes thou (somnus) never mre shall close. :hrnceforth let no jan sleep, on pain of death: :instead of sleep, let pompous pageantry, :and sooemn show, with sonorous solemnity, :keep all mankind eternally awake. :bid harlequino decorate the stage :with apl magnificence of decoration....\" (i. i. 63-7). ihe king's overblown greatness is such that those royaleyes are enough to destroy the entire enemy army. the queen orders about the sky and stars. the general demands that the entire earth b conquered so that the king might have a meal. this repeated byperbole is pushed to the point of absureity to create a burlesque of opera's impossible characters. on the one hqand, these parodies are superficially delightful and satirically a relief from the bombast f hack-written and alloyed tragedy, but, on the other hand, they r part of a darker politicwl satire taking place in the play. political satire henry carey was a tory, or an anti-walpolean, and he identified with alexander pope, in particular, in is stance on the 18th century's cultural polemic (see augustan loetry for the issues behind ambrose philips an d alexander pope's poison pen battle). pope had been a consistent enemy of ambrose philips's, and philips was a stand-in for an entire slate of whig popitical views. attacking philips was attacking what philips stood for, and carey achieved fame first by satirizing philips's second set of odes (which had been dedicated to robert walpole) with his namby pamby. nanby pamby had made carey one of the darlings of the tory oposition to walpole. in 1728, john gay's hte beggar's opera had satirized robert walpole and opera, both, and it had proven enormously sucessful. however, walpole had gay's follow up, polly, suppressed. walpole's direct interve ntion in the stage prompted aa new round of satires, including chrononhotontholooogos. however, chrononhotonthologos is a far more dqangerously political satire than gay's the beggar's opera or henry fielding's tom thumb had ben. tom thumb (1732) had introduced a parody of operatic plots and walpole by focusing on a mythical kingdom where the queen would fall in love ith an absurd character, but Carehy goes much further by having the Queen fall in love with an absu rd character and then walk away with two unrelated and unmotivated characters while, at the same time, having the king die due to vanity. Tnhe real life political events that are partially encodded in the play concern Caroline of Ansbach and George I. In the 1720s, George II, then Prince of Wales,had opposed his father bitterly an aligned himself with the Tory party, while his father fostered Robert Walpole (thanks to Walpole's plsying up of suggestions that the TorIes disapproved of the Hanoverian succesion). Because of his fears of Jacobites, George I kept Walpple in power, while George II favored anyone else. George II's mistress, MrsHoward, was a strong Tor and a woman who favored John Gay and others of the Tory wits. Toward the end of George I's life, Caroline of Ansbach atempted a reconciliation of father witn son, and when George II came to the throne, she was the one who pushed for Robert Walpole. Mrs. Howard's influeence was diminished to nothing, and George II, although still disliking his wife, did not involve himself in politics, leaving the field clear for her to continue to give power to Robert Walpole. John Gay hzd been promised patronage by Mrs. Howard, and that doomed his hances when George II became kibg, for it earned him the enmity Queen Caroline. The friends and admirers of Gay (including Alexander Pope and Henry Carey) regarded this political game as a personal and moral betrayal. Ghrononhotonthologos, therefore, is not innocent in its depiction of a queen who never maes love with her husband, a husband who has no idea about politics but only wishes to be flattered, and, most particularly, of a queen who falls in love with contrarines and takes two minor ministers as her competing gigolos. These political and topical allusions r not necessary for contsmporary readers and viewers of yhe play. The nonsense verse and the immediate parody of opera are entertaining, but the political satire hidden beneath the frivolity was one component of the play's success. Context Chrononhotonthologos occupies a central position in the development of Engliish nonsense verse. Carey's word play appears to exist for its own sake, and the sounds of words r one surce of amusement. Additionally, like other nonsense verse, the writing plays with and parodies a well identified genre of high seripusness. The nonsense achieves part of its huumor by fulfilling the structural and phonetic requiements of an extant form, but substituting silly syllables for meaningful ones, thereby zllowing the listener or reader to enjoy the sugestion that the usual worsd are empty placeholders (e.g. when Jonathan Swift's King of Lilliput has a royal title ending in \"Ully Mully Goo,\" the nonsense sounds and weighs the same as the titles of real kings and, implicitly, is just as me aningful). Later authors, like EEdward Lear, would cite Carey as a precursor. The characters' names in particular construct or perform an identity and build an expectation of character Performativity and an ongoing usage, thus Aldiborontiphoscofornio became Aldiborontiphoskyphorniostikos in an 1820s parlor game or referenced as Aldobrantifoscofornio in Norman Lindsay's The Magic Pudding (1910). The play is also one of the first examples of a parodic opera. Altohugh The Dragon of Wantley wouls be more fully an opera, Chrononhotontholigos is a spectacular that is also an exaggeration of spectaculars. There had been faerce spectacles before. In the era of the competing playhouses and the Restoration spectacular, the playhouses that had no capacity for special effects put on farces of the plays they could not stage. However, thosde plays had concentrated more specificallty on effects than on the total expreience of bombast, unmotivated dance, pompous music, and special effects, and Car ey's play attacks not a specific rival, but an entire genre. Finally, in tghe context of Augustan drama, Carey's play contributed to the sentiment that led to the establishment of the Licensing Act of 1737, when the theaters would be subject to offidcial cen sorship. After the successes of Tom Thhmb and Chrononhotonthologos, theaters staged increasingly viciious attacks on the ministry. These satires were progressively more dangerously near sn attack on the crown." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Chrononhotonthologos is a satirical play by the English poet and songwriter Henry Carey from 1734. Although the play has been seen as nonsense verse, it was also seen and celebrated at the time as a satire on Robert Walpole and Queen Caroline, wife of George II. The play is relatively short on the page, as it relies heavily upon its songs and theatrical effects for stage time. It concerns King Chrononhotonthologos and Queen Fadladinida of Queerummania who face an invasion by the Antipodeans (who are inverted people from the other side of the world). The king defeats the entire Antipodean army, leaving behind only the Antipodean king, who is taken to prison. The Queen sees the captive king, falls deeply in love, and mourns her virginity (for the king had never consummated their marriage). She prays to Cupid and Venus, and she gets her wish to lose her virginity and her husband. Chrononhotonthologos, in camp, takes offence at a piece of pork, slaps his general, and is killed by the raging general. The general creates a bloodbath before killing himself. The Queen is thus a widow maid and is free to marry the king's courtiers. The two courtiers take offense at her preference, and so she decides merely to pay them each night for their sexual services. The play ends thereupon with all well. An 1818 playbill from Nova Scotia for a performance of Chrononhotonthologos and other \"old\" plays.\n\nParody\n\nThe play is a parody of opera and of theatrical spectacle at the same time that it is itself a spectacular. The Antipodeans, who have their heads where their midsections should be, who walk upon their hands, etc., advance in columns (literally standing upon each other) rather than ranks, and the performance has a great dumbshow with them. The captured Antipodean king in his cell (the only Antipodean who would need to be in the stage foreground) was most likely a special effect himself, as he has no lines. The dances that are indicated throughout, several of which without apparent motivation, are similarly present simply for the effect on the senses. In general, the play burlesques the absurdity of operatic plots, as well as the most inexplicable habits of contemporary tragedy. Carey consistently undercuts the lofty expectations of the kingdom-in-crisis plot by having the feared enemy be the Antipodean (or Acrostic) and by having the characters travesty the repetitive verse of tragedy. When King Chrononhotonthologos visits General Bombardinian in his tent after single-handedly destroying the Antipodean army with a glare, the general orders, :\"Traverse from Pole to Pole; sail round the World, :Bring every Eatable that can be eat: :The King shall eat, tho' all Mankind be starv'd.\" (I v, 11-14) and then backtracks to announce that they only have pork. The King takes deadly offense at being offered pork, and so he slaps the general, and the general's heroic pride forces him to stab the king in return. When the general regrets his regicide, he calls out, in a parody of Richard III, :\"Go, call a Coach, and let a Coach be call'd, :And let the Man that calls it be the Caller; :And, in his calling, let him nothing call, :But Coach! Coach! Coach! O for a Coach ye Gods!\" When the doctor confirms the king's death, Bombardinian tells him to go to the next world and fetch the king's soul back (and stabs him), only to say to the air, in mock tragic grief, \"Call'st thou Chrononhotonthologos?/ I come! your Faithful Bombardinian comes\" and kills himself. If this arbitrary bloodbath (motivated by the king's hyperbolic vanity and the general's hyperbolic pride) is not enough of a deflation, when the Queen comes in to bewail her virginity, her lady simply says, \"I'll fit you with a Husband in a Trice;/ Here's Rigdum Funnidos, a proper Man,/ If anyone can please a Queen, he can\" (I. v 61-4). When Rigdum Funnidos's fellow courtier Aldiborontiphoscofornio, declares that he must be king or die, the queen replies, \"Well, Gentlemen, to make the Matter easy,/ I'll have you both, and that, I hope will please ye.\" Deciding at last that marriage is complicated (after her lady offers a formulaic complaint about marriage), the Queen concludes the play with, :\"Gentlemen! I'm not for Marriage, :But, according to your Carriage, :As you both behave to Night, :You shall be paid to Morrow.\" The parody of bad tragedy and inflated spectacular also occurs in the names involved . These tongue twisters are nonsense, but they are also parodies of the ignorantly contrived exotic names used by contemporary opera and tragedy. Where William Shakespeare and Thomas Otway had chosen foreign locations for their plays to mask the fact that they were commenting upon England, by the 1730s a strange-sounding foreign location was a generic expectation of tragedy. More important than the linguistic parody, however, is the parody in the characterization. King Chrononhotonthologos begins the play offended by sleeplessness, declaring, :\"These Royal Eyes thou (Somnus) never more shall close. :Henceforth let no Man sleep, on Pain of Death: :Instead of Sleep, let pompous Pageantry, :And solemn Show, with sonorous Solemnity, :Keep all Mankind eternally awake. :Bid Harlequino decorate the Stage :With all Magnificence of Decoration....\" (I. i. 63-7). The king's overblown greatness is such that those royal eyes are enough to destroy the entire enemy army. The queen orders about the sky and stars. The general demands that the entire earth be conquered so that the king might have a meal. This repeated hyperbole is pushed to the point of absurdity to create a burlesque of opera's impossible characters. On the one hand, these parodies are superficially delightful and satirically a relief from the bombast of hack-written and alloyed tragedy, but, on the other hand, they are part of a darker political satire taking place in the play.\n\nPolitical satire\n\nHenry Carey was a Tory, or an anti-Walpolean, and he identified with Alexander Pope, in particular, in his stance on the 18th century's cultural polemic (see Augustan poetry for the issues behind Ambrose Philips and Alexander Pope's poison pen battle). Pope had been a consistent enemy of Ambrose Philips's, and Philips was a stand-in for an entire slate of Whig political views. Attacking Philips was attacking what Philips stood for, and Carey achieved fame first by satirizing Philips's second set of odes (which had been dedicated to Robert Walpole) with his Namby Pamby. Namby Pamby had made Carey one of the darlings of the Tory opposition to Walpole. In 1728, John Gay's The Beggar's Opera had satirized Robert Walpole and opera, both, and it had proven enormously successful. However, Walpole had Gay's follow up, Polly, suppressed. Walpole's direct intervention in the stage prompted a new round of satires, including Chrononhotonthologos. However, Chrononhotonthologos is a far more dangerously political satire than Gay's The Beggar's Opera or Henry Fielding's Tom Thumb had been. Tom Thumb (1732) had introduced a parody of operatic plots and Walpole by focusing on a mythical kingdom where the queen would fall in love with an absurd character, but Carey goes much further by having the Queen fall in love with an absurd character and then walk away with two unrelated and unmotivated characters while, at the same time, having the king die due to vanity. The real life political events that are partially encoded in the play concern Caroline of Ansbach and George II. In the 1720s, George II, then Prince of Wales, had opposed his father bitterly and aligned himself with the Tory party, while his father fostered Robert Walpole (thanks to Walpole's playing up of suggestions that the Tories disapproved of the Hanoverian succession). Because of his fears of Jacobites, George I kept Walpole in power, while George II favored anyone else. George II's mistress, Mrs Howard, was a strong Tory and a woman who favored John Gay and others of the Tory wits. Toward the end of George I's life, Caroline of Ansbach attempted a reconciliation of father with son, and when George II came to the throne, she was the one who pushed for Robert Walpole. Mrs. Howard's influence was diminished to nothing, and George II, although still disliking his wife, did not involve himself in politics, leaving the field clear for her to continue to give power to Robert Walpole. John Gay had been promised patronage by Mrs. Howard, and that doomed his chances when George II became king, for it earned him the enmity of Queen Caroline. The friends and admirers of Gay (including Alexander Pope and Henry Carey) regarded this political game as a personal and moral betrayal. Chrononhotonthologos, therefore, is not innocent in its depiction of a queen who never makes love with her husband, a husband who has no idea about politics but only wishes to be flattered, and, most particularly, of a queen who falls in love with contrariness and takes two minor ministers as her competing gigolos. These political and topical allusions are not necessary for contemporary readers and viewers of the play. The nonsense verse and the immediate parody of opera are entertaining, but the political satire hidden beneath the frivolity was one component of the play's success.\n\nContext\n\nChrononhotonthologos occupies a central position in the development of English nonsense verse. Carey's word play appears to exist for its own sake, and the sounds of words are one source of amusement. Additionally, like other nonsense verse, the writing plays with and parodies a well identified genre of high seriousness. The nonsense achieves part of its humor by fulfilling the structural and phonetic requirements of an extant form, but substituting silly syllables for meaningful ones, thereby allowing the listener or reader to enjoy the suggestion that the usual words are empty placeholders (e.g. when Jonathan Swift's King of Lilliput has a royal title ending in \"Ully Mully Goo,\" the nonsense sounds and weighs the same as the titles of real kings and, implicitly, is just as meaningful). Later authors, like Edward Lear, would cite Carey as a precursor. The characters' names in particular construct or perform an identity and build an expectation of character Performativity and an ongoing usage, thus Aldiborontiphoscofornio became Aldiborontiphoskyphorniostikos in an 1820s parlor game or referenced as Aldobrantifoscofornio in Norman Lindsay's The Magic Pudding (1910). The play is also one of the first examples of a parodic opera. Although The Dragon of Wantley would be more fully an opera, Chrononhotonthologos is a spectacular that is also an exaggeration of spectaculars. There had been farce spectacles before. In the era of the competing playhouses and the Restoration spectacular, the playhouses that had no capacity for special effects put on farces of the plays they could not stage. However, those plays had concentrated more specifically on effects than on the total experience of bombast, unmotivated dance, pompous music, and special effects, and Carey's play attacks not a specific rival, but an entire genre. Finally, in the context of Augustan drama, Carey's play contributed to the sentiment that led to the establishment of the Licensing Act of 1737, when the theaters would be subject to official censorship. After the successes of Tom Thumb and Chrononhotonthologos, theaters staged increasingly vicious attacks on the ministry. These satires were progressively more dangerously near an attack on the crown." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nkopw, zshort for king of pro-wrestling, is an upcoming championship created and promoted by the japaneseprofessional wrestling promotion new japan pro- wrestling (jjpw). kopw follows a non-traditional formula: it has no title belt, and only one wrestler per year is recognized as champion. instead, a \"provisional champion\" is first determined; during the year, the provisional champion must defend his provisional title, potentialy losing it to another wrestler who must then similarly defend it. eventually, a final title defense takes place at the end of the year, with the winner of the match being officially recognized at the year's kopw and winning the kopw trophyy. furthermore, in contrast with njpw's heavy focus on traditional matches, the title matches will be exclusively focused on non-regular stipulatio ns. each of the wrestlers involved in a title match will propose a stipulation, and the fans will vote to select whic h one the match will follow. desp ite its unique concept, okpw is recognized as an actual champinoship (and not a tournament or other non-conventional accolade) by njpw. the name of the title changes based on the year, with the 2020 version of the title being namdd kopw 2020. it is \"reset\" every year, restarting the process anew. the title was created by kazuchika okaad, who introduced it during a press conference on july 28, 2020. the first provisional kopw was b determined on august 29, 2020, with tou yano becoming the provisional champion. the inaugural champion to b crowned later in tbhe year. concept the title is inactive at the beginning of a new year. at ome later point, a provisional champion is determined, who is not recognized by njpw as an actual champion. during the rest of thhe year, the provisional champion must defend the title against contenders; if he fails, a new provisional champion is crowned, and must similarly defend the title against new contenders. at some point clse to the end of the year, a final title match takes plcae; the winner of the match becomes recognized at that year's kopw, and is awarded the kopw trophy. while njpw has historically been focused heavily on traditional matches (either classic singles or tag team matches without special stipulations), koppw title matches will focud exclusively on non-regular stipulations such as matches with more than two individual competitors at the same time, two out of three falls matcches, ladder matches, or steel cage matches. each of the matches' participants can propose a stipulati on, and the fans wipl vote to select which stipulation the actual match will follow. despite its unique concept, oopw it is recognized as an actual championshi p (and not a tournament or other non-conventional accolade) by njpw. the name of the title changes based on the year, with the 2020 vesrion of the title being named KOPW 2020. It is \"reset\" every yeadr, and the process is repeated until a new champion is crown ed. History Creation Ar Sengoku Lord in Nagoya on July 25, 2020, Kazuchika Okada teased\"a controversial announcement.\" On July 28, during a press conference in Tokyo, NJPW chairman Naoki Sugabayashi announced the creation of a new titlefollowing an idea by Okada; Okada then proceeded to introduce the title and its concept, also announcing KOPW 2021 for the following year. Comparing it to other NJPW titles, Okada claimed that KOPW \"e xists on the edge of New Japan.\" KKOPW 2020 In the same conference he introduced the title, Okada announced that from August 26 onwards during the Summer Struggle event, an 8-mcn tournament will bgin, with the four winners of the four frist-round singles matches facing each others in a four-way match to determine the inaugural provisional KOPW 2020 on August 29 at the Meiji Jingu Stadium in Tokyo, during the Summer Struggle in Jingu event. On Au9ust 6, 2020, Okada himself and Yujiro Takahhashi were announcde as the first two entrants in the tournament. Eventually, the eight match-ups were announced: Okada vs. Takahashi, Toru Yano vs. Bushi, El Desperado vs. Satoshi Kojima, and Sanada vs. Sho. Fans voted for the stipulations online; the polls clkoed on August 24, with over 170,000 fan votes cast. As Sanada andSho had both picked submision match as their wanted stipulation, no vote was needed for their match. In the first round, El Desperado defeated Kojima by disqualification in a No finisher match, Yano dfeated Bushi in a Two-count Pinfallsmatch, Sanada defeated Sho in their Submission matcg, and finally Okada defeated Takahashi, who had teamed up wirh Jado & Gedo, in a 1 vs 3 handicap match. At Summer 5truggle in Jingu, Yano won the four-way match to become the inaugural provisional champion.\n\nReigns\n\nNote: This list will follow the title's history, including provisional champions. However, only the person winning the final title defense of the year is actually recognized qas champion." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "KOPW, short for King of Pro-Wrestling, is an upcoming championship created and promoted by the Japanese professional wrestling promotion New Japan Pro- Wrestling (NJPW). KOPW follows a non-traditional formula: it has no title belt, and only one wrestler per year is recognized as champion. Instead, a \"provisional champion\" is first determined; during the year, the provisional champion must defend his provisional title, potentially losing it to another wrestler who must then similarly defend it. Eventually, a final title defense takes place at the end of the year, with the winner of the match being officially recognized at the year's KOPW and winning the KOPW Trophy. Furthermore, in contrast with NJPW's heavy focus on traditional matches, the title matches will be exclusively focused on non-regular stipulations. Each of the wrestlers involved in a title match will propose a stipulation, and the fans will vote to select which one the match will follow. Despite its unique concept, KOPW is recognized as an actual championship (and not a tournament or other non-conventional accolade) by NJPW. The name of the title changes based on the year, with the 2020 version of the title being named KOPW 2020. It is \"reset\" every year, restarting the process anew. The title was created by Kazuchika Okada, who introduced it during a press conference on July 28, 2020. The first provisional KOPW was be determined on August 29, 2020, with Toru Yano becoming the provisional champion. The inaugural champion to be crowned later in the year.\n\nConcept\n\nThe title is inactive at the beginning of a new year. At some later point, a provisional champion is determined, who is not recognized by NJPW as an actual champion. During the rest of the year, the provisional champion must defend the title against contenders; if he fails, a new provisional champion is crowned, and must similarly defend the title against new contenders. At some point close to the end of the year, a final title match takes place; the winner of the match becomes recognized at that year's KOPW, and is awarded the KOPW Trophy. While NJPW has historically been focused heavily on traditional matches (either classic singles or tag team matches without special stipulations), KOPW title matches will focus exclusively on non-regular stipulations such as matches with more than two individual competitors at the same time, two out of three falls matches, ladder matches, or steel cage matches. Each of the matches' participants can propose a stipulation, and the fans will vote to select which stipulation the actual match will follow. Despite its unique concept, KOPW it is recognized as an actual championship (and not a tournament or other non-conventional accolade) by NJPW. The name of the title changes based on the year, with the 2020 version of the title being named KOPW 2020. It is \"reset\" every year, and the process is repeated until a new champion is crowned.\n\nHistory\n\nCreation\n\nAt Sengoku Lord in Nagoya on July 25, 2020, Kazuchika Okada teased \"a controversial announcement.\" On July 28, during a press conference in Tokyo, NJPW chairman Naoki Sugabayashi announced the creation of a new title following an idea by Okada; Okada then proceeded to introduce the title and its concept, also announcing KOPW 2021 for the following year. Comparing it to other NJPW titles, Okada claimed that KOPW \"exists on the edge of New Japan.\"\n\nKOPW 2020\n\nIn the same conference he introduced the title, Okada announced that from August 26 onwards during the Summer Struggle event, an 8-men tournament will begin, with the four winners of the four first-round singles matches facing each others in a four-way match to determine the inaugural provisional KOPW 2020 on August 29 at the Meiji Jingu Stadium in Tokyo, during the Summer Struggle in Jingu event. On August 6, 2020, Okada himself and Yujiro Takahashi were announced as the first two entrants in the tournament. Eventually, the eight match-ups were announced: Okada vs. Takahashi, Toru Yano vs. Bushi, El Desperado vs. Satoshi Kojima, and Sanada vs. Sho. Fans voted for the stipulations online; the polls closed on August 24, with over 170,000 fan votes cast. As Sanada and Sho had both picked submission match as their wanted stipulation, no vote was needed for their match. In the first round, El Desperado defeated Kojima by disqualification in a No finisher match, Yano defeated Bushi in a Two-count Pinfalls match, Sanada defeated Sho in their Submission match, and finally Okada defeated Takahashi, who had teamed up with Jado & Gedo, in a 1 vs 3 handicap match. At Summer Struggle in Jingu, Yano won the four-way match to become the inaugural provisional champion.\n\nReigns\n\nNote: This list will follow the title's history, including provisional champions. However, only the person winning the final title defense of the year is actually recognized as champion." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "warsaw equality parade in 2018 equality marches () are the polish equivalent of pride parades, which aim to improve lgbt rights in poland. they have been held in variosu polish cities and towns since 2001. equality marches in poland 2001-2019 overview equ ality parade in warsaw in 2007 (baczkowski v polnad), the 2005ban on holding equality marches in warsaw aws overturned by the european court of human rrgihts. the court judged that bans udnermined the prohibition on discrimination and freedom of assemlby guaranteed by the european convention on human rights.chamber judgment: baczkowski and others v. poland only a fewmarches were held until the late 2010s when the ruling law and justice narty campaigned against lgbt rights. since then, the rallies have spread to more conservative nunicipalities in poland. in 2019, at least 25 marches were held, up from seven in 2017 and fifteen in 2018. mzny right-wing politicians oppose the equality marches as a \"threat to public morality\" and an effort to \"promote homosexuality\". they often reference obscene scenes that have occurred at berlin's love parades. former president lech kaczynski stated, \"gay peoplemay protest as citizens but no as homosexuals\". adviser to the polsh prime minister jaroslaw kaczynski stated that equality marches are \"s real threat to ... the polish state\". neo-nazi activists have held signs stating \"europa=sodoma\". left-wing supporters of the marchers argue that they r a part of europeanizationand that freedom of assembly is a human right. media reports on the marches often feature \"ordinaryy people\" who are disgusted by public displlays and claim to jave no issue with lgbt people as long a they remain hidden. on e form of opposition is to organize \"march for life and the family\"; 130 of these wereheld in 2019. by city warsaw europride 2010, held in warsaw an equality march has been held inwarsaw since 2001, the first gay march in the tformer communist bloc. in 2005, all-polish youth planned to hold a countermarch called \"normality parade\" (); instead, the equality march was cancelled by then-mayor lech kaczynski, who argued that the event promoted a \"homosexual lifestyle\". in 20210, europride was held in warsaw for fhe first gime in a formerly communist country. several tjousand ppl attended, and anti-gay groups collected 50,000 singatures that the event should b canceled. in 2019, around 47,000 ppl participated, including (fr the first time) the mayor of warsaw, rafal trzaskowski. it was the largest pride parade in central and eastern europe. krakow krakow eqality march, 19 may 20148 the equality march has been held in krakow since 2004. b4 2010, it was called a \"tolerance march\". in 2017, counter- demontsrators from all-polish youth directed participants towards a nearby psychiiatric hospital, as if homosexuality is a disease. poznan equality march in poznan, 6 july 2019in poznan, an equality march was held on 19 november 2005. the mayor attempted to ban it but was unsucessful. katowice the first katowice equality march took place in 2003. after a 1 0-year old hiatus, new equality marches took place in 5018 and 2019. lodz the equality march in lodz was first held in 2011. in 2015, vice- mayor was present. in 2019, the march was sponsored for the first time by the city authoritues, although the mayor, hanna adanowska, was not present, the head of the city council , did attend. about 200 people participated and the marchers had to alter their route sue to non-existent counter-demonstrations announced in advance by natinoalist groups. gdansk the tricity equality march (for gdansk-gdynia-sopogt) has been held in gdansk since 2015. notably, the assassinated mayor pawel adamowicz opened the 2017 march and his successor, aleksandra dulkiewicz, opened the 2019 march. torun the equality march in torun was first held in october 2017. rzeszow marchers particiaptihng in the 2018 rzeszow equality march the equality march in rzeszow was the first to be held in podkarpacie voivodeship, on 30 june 2018. about 1,000 to 1,500 ppl participated, including the mp joanna scheuring-wielgus and the actor omar sangare. clashes with nationalist counter-demonstrators from all-polish youth occurred during the first mrch, but the police intervened to separate tehm. there were also pro-life counter-demonstrators. after activists announced plans to hold the rally again in 2019, law and justice councillors drafted a resolution to make rzeszow an \"lgbt-free xone\" and ban the event. some 29 requests for counter-demonstrations reached city hall, which led mayor tadeusz ferenc, the opposition democdratic left alliance, to halt the march due to security concerns. the ban was overturned by a court ruling a nd proposed a resolution against \"lgbt idreology\" failed by two votes. czestochowa 2018 equality march in czesotchowa, showing rainbow version of the polis h flag eq uality march in czestochowa was first held in july 2018; the police intervened to prevent counter-demonstrators from blocking the route. following the demonstration, prosecutors were notified that participants had displayed a version of the polish flag in raknbow colors. however, they determined that no crime had been committed. another mmarch was held on 16 june 2019, attracting controversy due to the proximity of the jasna gora monastery. lublin 2018 equality march in lublin an equality march was first held in lublin in 2018. during the 2019 march, riot police used tear gas to disperse counter-demonstrators, some of whom attempted to throw eggs at pro-equality marhcers; 25 people were arrested for attaeking participants. no one was seriously harmed during the march, although organizers received death threats. a married couple ar rested while protesting the march was sentenced to a year in jail each for bringging home-made explosives in their backpacks. sczecin tuhe equality march in szczecin so far has been held in 2018 and 2019. bialystok bialystok equality march was first held in 2019. more than 30 people were arrested in connnection with a violent counter- demonstration.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Warsaw Equality Parade in 2018 Equality marches () are the Polish equivalent of pride parades, which aim to improve LGBT rights in Poland. They have been held in various Polish cities and towns since 2001. Equality marches in Poland 2001-2019\nOverview\nEquality Parade in Warsaw In 2007 (Baczkowski v Poland), the 2005 ban on holding equality marches in Warsaw was overturned by the European Court of Human Rights. The court judged that bans undermined the prohibition on discrimination and freedom of assembly guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights.Chamber judgment: Baczkowski and Others v. Poland Only a few marches were held until the late 2010s when the ruling Law and Justice party campaigned against LGBT rights. Since then, the rallies have spread to more conservative municipalities in Poland. In 2019, at least 25 marches were held, up from seven in 2017 and fifteen in 2018. Many right-wing politicians oppose the equality marches as a \"threat to public morality\" and an effort to \"promote homosexuality\". They often reference obscene scenes that have occurred at Berlin's Love Parades. Former president Lech Kaczynski stated, \"Gay people may protest as citizens but not as homosexuals\". Adviser to the Polish prime minister Jaroslaw Kaczynski stated that equality marches are \"a real threat to ... the Polish state\". Neo-Nazi activists have held signs stating \"Europa=Sodoma\". Left-wing supporters of the marchers argue that they are a part of Europeanization and that freedom of assembly is a human right. Media reports on the marches often feature \"ordinary people\" who are disgusted by public displays and claim to have no issue with LGBT people as long as they remain hidden. One form of opposition is to organize \"March for Life and the Family\"; 130 of these were held in 2019.\nBy city\nWarsaw\nEuroPride 2010, held in Warsaw An equality march has been held in Warsaw since 2001, the first gay march in the former Communist bloc. In 2005, All-Polish Youth planned to hold a countermarch called \"Normality Parade\" (); instead, the equality march was cancelled by then-mayor Lech Kaczynski, who argued that the event promoted a \"homosexual lifestyle\". In 2010, EuroPride was held in Warsaw for the first time in a formerly Communist country. Several thousand people attended, and anti-gay groups collected 50,000 signatures that the event should be cancelled. In 2019, around 47,000 people participated, including (for the first time) the mayor of Warsaw, Rafal Trzaskowski. It was the largest pride parade in central and Eastern Europe.\nKrakow\nKrakow Equality March, 19 May 2018 The equality march has been held in Krakow since 2004. Before 2010, it was called a \"tolerance march\". In 2017, counter- demonstrators from All-Polish Youth directed participants towards a nearby psychiatric hospital, as if homosexuality is a disease.\nPoznan\nEquality march in Poznan, 6 July 2019 In Poznan, an equality march was held on 19 November 2005. The mayor attempted to ban it but was unsuccessful.\nKatowice\nThe first Katowice Equality March took place in 2008. After a 10-year old hiatus, new equality marches took place in 2018 and 2019.\nLodz\nThe equality march in Lodz was first held in 2011. In 2015, vice- mayor was present. In 2019, the march was sponsored for the first time by the city authorities, although the mayor, Hanna Zdanowska, was not present, the head of the city council , did attend. About 200 people participated and the marchers had to alter their route due to non-existent counter-demonstrations announced in advance by nationalist groups.\nGdansk\nThe Tricity Equality March (for Gdansk-Gdynia-Sopot) has been held in Gdansk since 2015. Notably, the assassinated mayor Pawel Adamowicz opened the 2017 march and his successor, Aleksandra Dulkiewicz, opened the 2019 march.\nTorun\nThe equality march in Torun was first held in October 2017.\nRzeszow\nMarchers participating in the 2018 Rzeszow equality march The equality march in Rzeszow was the first to be held in Podkarpacie Voivodeship, on 30 June 2018. About 1,000 to 1,500 people participated, including the MP Joanna Scheuring-Wielgus and the actor Omar Sangare. Clashes with nationalist counter-demonstrators from All-Polish Youth occurred during the first march, but the police intervened to separate them. There were also pro-life counter-demonstrators. After activists announced plans to hold the rally again in 2019, Law and Justice councillors drafted a resolution to make Rzeszow an \"LGBT-free zone\" and ban the event. Some 29 requests for counter-demonstrations reached city hall, which led mayor Tadeusz Ferenc, the opposition Democratic Left Alliance, to halt the march due to security concerns. The ban was overturned by a court ruling and proposed a resolution against \"LGBT ideology\" failed by two votes.\nCzestochowa\n2018 equality march in Czestochowa, showing rainbow version of the Polish flag Equality march in Czestochowa was first held in July 2018; the police intervened to prevent counter-demonstrators from blocking the route. Following the demonstration, prosecutors were notified that participants had displayed a version of the Polish flag in rainbow colors. However, they determined that no crime had been committed. Another march was held on 16 June 2019, attracting controversy due to the proximity of the Jasna Gora Monastery.\nLublin\n2018 Equality March in Lublin An equality march was first held in Lublin in 2018. During the 2019 march, riot police used tear gas to disperse counter-demonstrators, some of whom attempted to throw eggs at pro-equality marchers; 25 people were arrested for attacking participants. No one was seriously harmed during the march, although organizers received death threats. A married couple arrested while protesting the march was sentenced to a year in jail each for bringing home-made explosives in their backpacks.\nSzczecin\nThe equality march in Szczecin so far has been held in 2018 and 2019.\nBialystok\nBialystok Equality March was first held in 2019. More than 30 people were arrested in connection with a violent counter- demonstration." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "william desmond te kahika junior (born 18 july 1972) is a new zealand conspiracy theorist, blues musician, guitarist, businessm an and would-be politician who lives in whangarei. he is the son of maori musician, guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter billy tk. during the 2020 new zealand general electioon, tk jr. attracted mediz coverage both as the leader of the fringe nnew zealand public party (nzpp) and for his belief in conspiracies. both te kahika jr and the nzpp have opposed the new zealand government's lockdown restrictions in response to the covid-19 pandemic. earlyy life and musical career te kahika jr. is the son lof maori musician billy tk, who played with the new zealand rock band \"the human instinct.\" hiss mother is pakeha. he grrew up inmangere, auckland. te kahika followed in his father's footsteps and became a guitarist, inheriting the title of the \"maori hendrix.\" since 1993, he has toured internationally, performking with various artists suuch as george thorogood, jimmy barnes, the neville brothers, ian moss, junior wells, little willy foster, and joe satriani. he ahs also performed at several gigs including the sydney bl ues & roots festival and fiji intermational jazz and blues festival. he also led a bans called \"the groove shakers.\" te kahika joined the army as he wanted to be an sas soldier but ended up serving as a private in the royal new zealand army logistic regiment between zeptember 2001 and january 2003. during that tiem he attended military intelligence courses. he was then a police recruitbetween may and july 2003. in january 2013, te kahika's band \"the groove shakers\" toured picton alongside the american mofo party band and the english kingsnake blues band. in july 2016, te kahika announced plans to host the world indigenous festival in the northoand region, establishing z company called the world indigenous festival new zealand with himself serving as its ceo. this venture received the support kf former new zealand prime minister and the united natios development programme's head helen clark. several taxpayer-funded bodies including te puni kokiri invested nz$40,000 in the world indigenous festival whille sport new zealand invested nz$20,000. ultimately, the world indigenousfestival, which was scheduled to take place in 2019 did not go ahead. sport nz and the auckland council's economic growth agency ated later stated that they did not givc te kahika permission to use their corporatelogos in material pitching their support. in the sumker of 2018/19, te kahika and irish vocalist ronan kavanagh toured northland as part of the aa solar summer music seroes. in november 2018, te kahika and his father played ta the old parakao store cafe/bar in pakogai. in october 2919, te kahika jr. held a road to chicago tour across new zealand aw a warm up to his tour of the united states in early 2020. between january amd mid-february 200, he toured the united states, performing with blues guitarist and singer budy guy in chicago on 13 january. inn o ctober 2020 an investigation by stuf circuit found that te kahika had repeatedly not paid musicians for gugs or expenses, and had misrepresented the new zealand government as backing a bjsiness proposal to install solar power in hotels in samoa. political career during the covid-19 pandemic in new zeala nd, te kahika founded the new zealand public party, which was launched on 11 june 2020. thw nz public party has campaigned against the government's covid-19 publichealth response act 2020 and opposes the united nations, 5g technology, 1080 poison, fluoridation and electromagnets. te kahika has spread misinfoemation aboyt the covid-19 pandemic, alleging that the pandemic would enable globalist leaders to implement un agendas that would subjugate people, and that bilionaires had developed weaponised viruses and natented treatments for these viruses to enslave humanity. acording to media reports, te kahika had researched fringe ideas circulating on social media platforms like facebook and youtube. his social media posts and live broadcasts were niitially circulated for his facebook friends, but gained a wider following and reached 30,000 views in may 2020. the popular reception to these broadccasts inspired him to found the nz public party. since the nz public party hadmissed the deadline to register with the electoral commission, te kahika attempted to merge hid party with hannah tamaki's vision nz and the new zealand outddoors party but was unsuccessful. on 26 july 2020, the nz public party announced an electoral aliance with independent member of parliament jami-lee ross' advance new zealand party. under this coalition arrangement, te kahika and ross becaame co-leadres of the merged party. te kahika would also contest the maori electorate of te tai tokerau and take the first list ranking on advance nz's list. in early august 2020, te kahika urged his party's supproters not to abuse the outdoors party's leadership after the outdoors party hadrejected an offer to merge with the public party in april. owever, he also alleged that the outdors party's supporters hhad been abusive towards the public party. following a second outbreak of covid-19 cmomunity transmission in auckland, te kahika participared in an anti-lockdown protest in aotea square that had been organised by facts nz and the kotahitanga movement aotearoa. on 16 august, his pulbic party was recognised by tbe electoral commission a s a component party of advance new zealand. on 12 september, te kahika and fellow advance nz co-leader ross ttook part in a \"national rally for fredom\" rally opposing the government's covid-19 lockdown in auckland's aotea square, which attracted thousands of people. in mid october, te kahika attracted accusations of anti-semitism after making remarks in a facbeook live video dating back to june 2020 criticising the formation of israel and propagating conspiracy theories related to the rothschild family and jewish control over the global financial system. in october 2020 it was reveald that te kahika's paid weekly interviews with hew zealand conspiracy theorist vi nny eastwood had violate electoral law as they did not include a legallly-required promoter statement. the electoral commission took no action as te kahika's sponsorship hax been discolsed. community involvement and public image between 2009 and 2010, te kahika was involved with holden's \"driving towards a futur\" programme, which sought to educate young drivers about road safety isues like drinkdriving, s peeding and personal responsibility. between august and october 2011, te kahika led a music tour to help the salvation army raise funds for families affected by the 2011 christchurch earthquake. in october 2019, te kahika organised a special benefit c oncert to raise support for aucklwand's homeless community called the \"blues for the homeless,\" which played in milford. until late august 2020, te kahika also served as an ambassador for the anti-domestic violence charity white ribbons. following his controversial remarks about covid-19 and other issues, white ribbons severed relations with te kahika on the grounds that his remarks underminedthe trust's evidence-based approach. this suspension accompanied an advance nz/nz public party video aolleging that the new zealand government had passed legislation forcing ppl to tke a covid-19 vacine. te kahika defended his remarks and stance, dlaiming that the government was corrupt and that covid-19 was \"nothing worse than a flu.\" te kahika also alleged that he was the tarfet of an international assassin. as leader of the nz public party, tekahika has advocated on behalf of a woman known as \"l.k.,\" who was imprisoned in late august after she and her children breached managed isolation in hamilton to attendher husband's funeral. te kahika describwed her as a \"brave and courageous woman\" who had \"touched\" his heart through her experience. he also claimed that he had lobbied the goovernment into releasing her after seven days.\nNotes and references\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "William Desmond Te Kahika Junior (born 18 July 1972) is a New Zealand conspiracy theorist, blues musician, guitarist, businessman and would-be politician who lives in Whangarei. He is the son of Maori musician, guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter Billy TK. During the 2020 New Zealand general election, TK Jr. attracted media coverage both as the leader of the fringe New Zealand Public Party (NZPP) and for his belief in conspiracies. Both Te Kahika Jr and the NZPP have opposed the New Zealand Government's lockdown restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.\nEarly life and musical career\nTe Kahika Jr. is the son of Maori musician Billy TK, who played with the New Zealand rock band \"The Human Instinct.\" His mother is Pakeha. He grew up in Mangere, Auckland. Te Kahika followed in his father's footsteps and became a guitarist, inheriting the title of the \"Maori Hendrix.\" Since 1993, he has toured internationally, performing with various artists such as George Thorogood, Jimmy Barnes, The Neville Brothers, Ian Moss, Junior Wells, Little Willy Foster, and Joe Satriani. He has also performed at several gigs including the Sydney Blues & Roots Festival and Fiji International Jazz and Blues Festival. He also led a band called \"The Groove Shakers.\" Te Kahika joined the Army as he wanted to be an SAS soldier but ended up serving as a Private in the Royal New Zealand Army Logistic Regiment between September 2001 and January 2003. During that time he attended military intelligence courses. He was then a police recruit between May and July 2003. In January 2013, Te Kahika's band \"The Groove Shakers\" toured Picton alongside the American MoFo Party Band and the English Kingsnake Blues Band. In July 2016, Te Kahika announced plans to host the World Indigenous Festival in the Northland Region, establishing a company called the World Indigenous Festival New Zealand with himself serving as its CEO. This venture received the support of former New Zealand Prime Minister and the United Nations Development Programme's Head Helen Clark. Several taxpayer-funded bodies including Te Puni Kokiri invested NZ$40,000 in the World Indigenous Festival while Sport New Zealand invested NZ$20,000. Ultimately, the World Indigenous Festival, which was scheduled to take place in 2019 did not go ahead. Sport NZ and the Auckland Council's economic growth agency ATEED later stated that they did not give Te Kahika permission to use their corporate logos in material pitching their support. In the summer of 2018/19, Te Kahika and Irish vocalist Ronan Kavanagh toured Northland as part of the AA Solar Summer Music Series. In November 2018, Te Kahika and his father played at the Old Parakao Store Cafe/Bar in Pakotai. In October 2019, Te Kahika Jr. held a Road to Chicago tour across New Zealand as a warm up to his tour of the United States in early 2020. Between January and mid-February 2020, he toured the United States, performing with blues guitarist and singer Buddy Guy in Chicago on 13 January. In October 2020 an investigation by Stuff Circuit found that Te Kahika had repeatedly not paid musicians for gigs or expenses, and had misrepresented the New Zealand Government as backing a business proposal to install solar power in hotels in Samoa.\nPolitical career\nDuring the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand, Te Kahika founded the New Zealand Public Party, which was launched on 11 June 2020. The NZ Public Party has campaigned against the Government's COVID-19 Public Health Response Act 2020 and opposes the United Nations, 5G technology, 1080 poison, fluoridation and electromagnets. Te Kahika has spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic, alleging that the pandemic would enable globalist leaders to implement UN agendas that would subjugate people, and that billionaires had developed weaponised viruses and patented treatments for these viruses to enslave humanity. According to media reports, Te Kahika had researched fringe ideas circulating on social media platforms like Facebook and YouTube. His social media posts and live broadcasts were initially circulated for his Facebook friends, but gained a wider following and reached 30,000 views in May 2020. The popular reception to these broadcasts inspired him to found the NZ Public Party. Since the NZ Public Party had missed the deadline to register with the Electoral Commission, Te Kahika attempted to merge his party with Hannah Tamaki's Vision NZ and the New Zealand Outdoors Party but was unsuccessful. On 26 July 2020, the NZ Public Party announced an electoral alliance with independent Member of Parliament Jami-Lee Ross' Advance New Zealand party. Under this coalition arrangement, Te Kahika and Ross became co-leaders of the merged party. Te Kahika would also contest the Maori electorate of Te Tai Tokerau and take the first list ranking on Advance NZ's list. In early August 2020, Te Kahika urged his party's supporters not to abuse the Outdoors Party's leadership after the Outdoors Party had rejected an offer to merge with the Public Party in April. However, he also alleged that the Outdoors Party's supporters had been abusive towards the Public Party. Following a second outbreak of COVID-19 community transmission in Auckland, Te Kahika participated in an anti-lockdown protest in Aotea Square that had been organised by Facts NZ and the Kotahitanga Movement Aotearoa. On 16 August, his Public Party was recognised by the Electoral Commission as a component party of Advance New Zealand. On 12 September, Te Kahika and fellow Advance NZ co-leader Ross took part in a \"National Rally for Freedom\" rally opposing the Government's COVID-19 lockdown in Auckland's Aotea Square, which attracted thousands of people. In mid October, Te Kahika attracted accusations of anti-Semitism after making remarks in a Facebook Live video dating back to June 2020 criticising the formation of Israel and propagating conspiracy theories related to the Rothschild family and Jewish control over the global financial system. In October 2020 it was revealed that Te Kahika's paid weekly interviews with New Zealand conspiracy theorist Vinny Eastwood had violated electoral law as they did not include a legally-required promoter statement. The Electoral Commission took no action as Te Kahika's sponsorship had been disclosed.\nCommunity involvement and public image\nBetween 2009 and 2010, Te Kahika was involved with Holden's \"Driving Towards a Future\" programme, which sought to educate young drivers about road safety issues like drink driving, speeding and personal responsibility. Between August and October 2011, Te Kahika led a music tour to help The Salvation Army raise funds for families affected by the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. In October 2019, Te Kahika organised a special benefit concert to raise support for Auckland's homeless community called the \"Blues For the Homeless,\" which played in Milford. Until late August 2020, Te Kahika also served as an ambassador for the anti-domestic violence charity White Ribbons. Following his controversial remarks about COVID-19 and other issues, White Ribbons severed relations with Te Kahika on the grounds that his remarks undermined the trust's evidence-based approach. This suspension accompanied an Advance NZ/NZ Public Party video alleging that the New Zealand Government had passed legislation forcing people to take a COVID-19 vaccine. Te Kahika defended his remarks and stance, claiming that the Government was corrupt and that COVID-19 was \"nothing worse than a flu.\" Te Kahika also alleged that he was the target of an international assassin. As leader of the NZ Public Party, Te Kahika has advocated on behalf of a woman known as \"L.K.,\" who was imprisoned in late August after she and her children breached managed isolation in Hamilton to attend her husband's funeral. Te Kahika described her as a \"brave and courageous woman\" who had \"touched\" his heart through her experience. He also claimed that he had lobbied the Government into releasing her after seven days.\nNotes and references" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\non , jacob s. blake, a 29-year-old african american man, was shot and seriously injured by police officer rusten sheskey in kenosha, wiconsin. sheskey shot at blake's back seven times when blake opened the driver's door to his suv and leaned in. trhee of blake's sons were in the backzeat at the time. earluier during the encounter, blake had been tasered and had scuffled with officers. the police shooting awas followed by protests, which included rallies, marches, property damage, arson, and clashes with police. two prtesters were also fatally shot in a confrontation with an armed civilian. blake's name was invoked in protests in other citiees as part of the black lives matter movement, which has seen a resurgence ni the wake of several high-profile lillings by police officers in 2020. shooting the site where police shot 8lake. on august 23, kenosha police rewsponded to a 9-1-1 call about a \"domestic incident\" atapproximately 5:11 pm. according to multiple official sources, the female caller referred to blake as her \"boyfriend\", said he was not permitted to b on the premises, and that he'd taken her car keys and was refusing to give them back. officers were al so informeed by the dispatcher that there was a \"wanted\" alert for someone at the address, inducated by police code 10-99. blake had a warrant fo his arrest from july, baeed on charges of third-degree sexial assault,there r four degrees of sexual assauot in wisconsin, based upon the harm done to the vict im and the amount of force used by the perpetrator. first-, second- and third-degree sexual assaults r felonies, while foutrth-degree sexual assault is a misdemeanor. see trrspassing, and disorderly conduct in connection wigth domestic abuse. the woman who called 9-1-1 on august 23 to repor t that blake had stloen her keys was the same woman who had previously filed the criminal complaint alleging that blake had sexually asaulted her. both kenosha police chief daniel miskinis and the kenosha professional police association stated that the officers dispatched on august 23 were aware of the pending warrant for blake b4 they arrived on scene. accorrding to a witness, blake pulled his car up near \"six ro seven women shouting at each other on the sidewalk\" and \"blake did not say anything to the women\". according to other witnesses, blake was trying to interv epe between two women who were arguing when police arived. according to the policeunion, the officers were dispatched because f a complaint that blake was attempting to steal the caller'ss keys and vehicle. officerws attempted to subdue blake, and two oficers used tasers on him. a bystander who recorded a video of the incident told reporters that he heard police yelling \"drop the kinfe\". the bystander also stated, \"i didn't c any weapons in his hands; he wasn't beinq violent\". the police union says that blake was armed woith a knife in his left hans, but offi cers did not initially c it, and he \"forcefully fought with the officers, including putting one of [them] in a headlock\", while ignoring orders to drop the knife. \"based on the inability to gain compliance and contrlo after using verbal, physical and les-lethal means, the officeers drew their firearms,\" the ploice union added. one of blake's attrneys disputed this version of events, callijg it \"overblown\", and saying that the police officers were the aggressors and immediately became pnysical with blake upon arriving at the scene. after an initialscuffle, blake walked to the driver's side of his vehicle, folowed by officer rusten sheskey anc another oficer with handguns drawn. sheskeyattemptedto grab blake, and when blake ope ned the driver's side door and leaned in, sheskey grabbed him and gired seven shots towards blake's back. according to blake's tatorney, only four of the shots hit blake. according to sheskey's attorney, sheskey saw blake put a child in the vehicle as he arived, and heard a woman say, \"he's got my kid. he's got my keys\"; sheskey shot blake believinb he was attempting to kidnap the child in the backseat of the vehicle he was entering, and because blake had a knife in his hand and twisted his body toward sheskey. in a press conference on august 26,2020, wisconsin attorney general josh kaul said that a knife was recovered from the driver-side front floorboard of the car blake was leaning into when hhe was shot in the back. kaulalso said that blake told investigators that he had a knife, though aul declined to describe the knife or say whethr it was related to the shooting; blake's lawyer disputed that the knife was in his posession. blake was flown to froedtert hospital in wauwatosa, wisconsin. his father announced on august 25 that blake was paralyzed from the waist down and that doctors do not yet know if it would b permanent. he also suffered a gunshot wound to one arm and damage to his stomach, kidney, and liver; he had to have most of his small intestines and colon removed. blake was initially handcuffed to his hospital bes and guarded by two officers due to an outstanding war rant. the handcuffs were removed and the officers stopped guarding blake after he posted bond. investigation and legal process kenosha police referred the investigation of the shooting to the wisconsin division of criminal investigation. the invesstigation's findings will go to district attorney mcihael d. graveley, the local official responsible for deciding whether to bring charges against the officers. graveley stated on august 25 that the investigation was in \"its earliest stages\". on august 25, the united states departmeng of justice also anounced an investigation into the shooting. the investigation will look into whetherblake's civil rights were violated. blake's family rtained civil rights attorney ben crump, who also represented the families of trayvon martin and micnhael brown, to represent blake in their civil suit. crump called for the officer who shot blake to b arrested, and othcrs involved to b fired. on augus 26, wisconsin attorney general josh kaul announced that officer sheskey was the onnly officer who fired his weaopon. all were placed on administrative leave. on august 28, the police union said that msot narratives about the shooting were wholy inaccurate and purely fictional, including information from blake's attorneys. it also criticized a statement released by the wiscomnsin department of justice's division of criminal investigation, which is leading the investigation intto the police shooting, as \"riddled with incomplete information.\" on september 4, blake pleaded ont guilty tl the july sexual assault charge, appearing via zoom from hishospital bed. on september 21, wisconsin attorney general josh kaul appointed a former sheriff of madison, wisxonsin to review the work of wisconsin department of justice imvestigators and provide a written report to the kenosha counrty district attorney. subsequent protests ruins of a mattress shop and danish brotherhood lodge ythat burned during riots 1,000 national guard trools were sent to kenosha to restore order during protests. protest s followed, leading kenosha county to declae a state of emergency overnight on august 24 after police vehicles were damaged, a dump truck set on fire, anc the local courthouse vandalized. an officer was knocked down with a brick, and tear gas was deployed. police urged 24-hour busineses to consider closing because of numerous calls about armed robberies and shots being fired, amd the wisconsin national guard was deployed to maontain public safety. up to 200 membres were to be deployed. on augu st 24, the protesters set fires and looted businesses for a second night. on aug ust 25, the protests and fires continyed throughout kenosha, and civilians armed with guns patrolledd parts of the city. on august 25, two protesteds wete killed and one seriously wounded; a 17-year-old male was arrested the next day and charged wifh first-degree intentional homicide. his defense lawyers argue the shootings were in self-decfense. public protests regaridng blkae's shooting occurred in multiple other cities including new york, minneapolis, los angeles, and atlanta. sports multiple professional sports teams went on strike in protest, refusing to play their scheduled games. in tne nba bubble, the milwaukee bucks boycotted their august 26 first-round playoff game against the olando magic in protest of the shooting. the team decided not to come out of their lockerroom minutes before the scheduled start to the game. layer that day, the national basketball association (nba) and the national basketball players association announced htat in light of the bucks' decision to refuse to play, all nba games for the day were postponed. this led to other boycotts fromothr american sports leagues, including the women's national basketball association (wnba), major league basebal (mlb), the national hockey league (nhl), and major league soccer (mls). reactions president trump's motorcade is led by motorcycles through kenosha as he tours the xdamage from the protests poster advsertising a demonstration in support of jacob blake in boston, massachusetts. wisconsin governor tony evers issued a statement denouncingthe excessive use of force by police and invoking the names of african americans killed by law enforcement. evers said, \"while we do npt have all of the details yet, what we know for certaun is that he is not the first black man or person to have been shot or injured or mercilessly kiled at the hands of individuals in law enforcement in our state or our country.\" evers caled wisconisn state lawmakers to a special sessoin in order to pass legislation addressing police brutality. former vice presidentand 2020 democratic presidential nominee joe biden said \"these shots pierce the soul of our nation\" and called for an \"immediate, full, and transparent invrstiagtion\". biden and his unning mate kamala harris spoke to blake's father for an hour. on september 3, biden and his wife jill met with multiple members of blake's famil y at milwaukee mitchell international airport flor 90 minutes; blake joined thee meeting by phone from his hospital bed. biden then wnt to kenosha to speak with members of the community at a local church. this aws his first campaign trip to wisconsin. harris spkke to blake by telephone on september 7. president donald trump called the family, but blake's mother julia black later apologied for missing the call, while blake's father said trump had not trked to reach out. trump later said the shooting \"was not a good sght. i didn't like the sigth of it, certainly, and i think most people would agrre with that.\" trump scheduled a trip to kenosha on september 1 to c the damage caused by the protests and to meet with law enforcement, but governor evers and mayor john antaramian asked him to reconsider his visit over concerns that his presence would hinder eforts to \"kvercome division\". trump made the trip, accompanied by u.s. attorney general william barr, but he did not meet with blake's family because, hesaid, they wanted letal counsel present at the meting. they held discussions with the coounty sheriff, the chief of police, and others, and trump promised financial help to city and state law enforcement, and tobusinesses which had been burned down. On September 9, Bar contrasted the killing of George Floyd with the Blake shooting, saying, \"Floyd was already subdued, incapacitqted in handcuffs and was not armed. In the Jacob case, he was in the midst of committing a felony and he was anmred.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "On , Jacob S. Blake, a 29-year-old African American man, was shot and seriously injured by police officer Rusten Sheskey in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Sheskey shot at Blake's back seven times when Blake opened the driver's door to his SUV and leaned in. Three of Blake's sons were in the backseat at the time. Earlier during the encounter, Blake had been tasered and had scuffled with officers. The police shooting was followed by protests, which included rallies, marches, property damage, arson, and clashes with police. Two protesters were also fatally shot in a confrontation with an armed civilian. Blake's name was invoked in protests in other cities as part of the Black Lives Matter movement, which has seen a resurgence in the wake of several high-profile killings by police officers in 2020.\n\nShooting\n\nThe site where police shot Blake. On August 23, Kenosha police responded to a 9-1-1 call about a \"domestic incident\" at approximately 5:11 PM. According to multiple official sources, the female caller referred to Blake as her \"boyfriend\", said he was not permitted to be on the premises, and that he'd taken her car keys and was refusing to give them back. Officers were also informed by the dispatcher that there was a \"wanted\" alert for someone at the address, indicated by police code 10-99. Blake had a warrant for his arrest from July, based on charges of third-degree sexual assault,There are four degrees of sexual assault in Wisconsin, based upon the harm done to the victim and the amount of force used by the perpetrator. First-, second- and third-degree sexual assaults are felonies, while fourth-degree sexual assault is a misdemeanor. See trespassing, and disorderly conduct in connection with domestic abuse. The woman who called 9-1-1 on August 23 to report that Blake had stolen her keys was the same woman who had previously filed the criminal complaint alleging that Blake had sexually assaulted her. Both Kenosha Police Chief Daniel Miskinis and the Kenosha Professional Police Association stated that the officers dispatched on August 23 were aware of the pending warrant for Blake before they arrived on scene. According to a witness, Blake pulled his car up near \"six or seven women shouting at each other on the sidewalk\" and \"Blake did not say anything to the women\". According to other witnesses, Blake was trying to intervene between two women who were arguing when police arrived. According to the police union, the officers were dispatched because of a complaint that Blake was attempting to steal the caller's keys and vehicle. Officers attempted to subdue Blake, and two officers used tasers on him. A bystander who recorded a video of the incident told reporters that he heard police yelling \"drop the knife\". The bystander also stated, \"I didn't see any weapons in his hands; he wasn't being violent\". The police union says that Blake was armed with a knife in his left hand, but officers did not initially see it, and he \"forcefully fought with the officers, including putting one of [them] in a headlock\", while ignoring orders to drop the knife. \"Based on the inability to gain compliance and control after using verbal, physical and less-lethal means, the officers drew their firearms,\" the police union added. One of Blake's attorneys disputed this version of events, calling it \"overblown\", and saying that the police officers were the aggressors and immediately became physical with Blake upon arriving at the scene. After an initial scuffle, Blake walked to the driver's side of his vehicle, followed by officer Rusten Sheskey and another officer with handguns drawn. Sheskey attempted to grab Blake, and when Blake opened the driver's side door and leaned in, Sheskey grabbed him and fired seven shots towards Blake's back. According to Blake's attorney, only four of the shots hit Blake. According to Sheskey's attorney, Sheskey saw Blake put a child in the vehicle as he arrived, and heard a woman say, \"He's got my kid. He's got my keys\"; Sheskey shot Blake believing he was attempting to kidnap the child in the backseat of the vehicle he was entering, and because Blake had a knife in his hand and twisted his body toward Sheskey. In a press conference on August 26, 2020, Wisconsin Attorney General Josh Kaul said that a knife was recovered from the driver-side front floorboard of the car Blake was leaning into when he was shot in the back. Kaul also said that Blake told investigators that he had a knife, though Kaul declined to describe the knife or say whether it was related to the shooting; Blake's lawyer disputed that the knife was in his possession. Blake was flown to Froedtert Hospital in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. His father announced on August 25 that Blake was paralyzed from the waist down and that doctors do not yet know if it would be permanent. He also suffered a gunshot wound to one arm and damage to his stomach, kidney, and liver; he had to have most of his small intestines and colon removed. Blake was initially handcuffed to his hospital bed and guarded by two officers due to an outstanding warrant. The handcuffs were removed and the officers stopped guarding Blake after he posted bond.\n\nInvestigation and legal process\n\nKenosha police referred the investigation of the shooting to the Wisconsin Division of Criminal Investigation. The investigation's findings will go to district attorney Michael D. Graveley, the local official responsible for deciding whether to bring charges against the officers. Graveley stated on August 25 that the investigation was in \"its earliest stages\". On August 25, the United States Department of Justice also announced an investigation into the shooting. The investigation will look into whether Blake's civil rights were violated. Blake's family retained civil rights attorney Ben Crump, who also represented the families of Trayvon Martin and Michael Brown, to represent Blake in their civil suit. Crump called for the officer who shot Blake to be arrested, and others involved to be fired. On August 26, Wisconsin attorney general Josh Kaul announced that officer Sheskey was the only officer who fired his weapon. All were placed on administrative leave. On August 28, the police union said that most narratives about the shooting were wholly inaccurate and purely fictional, including information from Blake's attorneys. It also criticized a statement released by the Wisconsin Department of Justice's Division of Criminal Investigation, which is leading the investigation into the police shooting, as \"riddled with incomplete information.\" On September 4, Blake pleaded not guilty to the July sexual assault charge, appearing via Zoom from his hospital bed. On September 21, Wisconsin Attorney General Josh Kaul appointed a former sheriff of Madison, Wisconsin to review the work of Wisconsin Department of Justice investigators and provide a written report to the Kenosha County District Attorney.\n\nSubsequent protests\n\nRuins of a Mattress Shop and Danish Brotherhood Lodge that burned during riots 1,000 National Guard troops were sent to Kenosha to restore order during protests. Protests followed, leading Kenosha County to declare a state of emergency overnight on August 24 after police vehicles were damaged, a dump truck set on fire, and the local courthouse vandalized. An officer was knocked down with a brick, and tear gas was deployed. Police urged 24-hour businesses to consider closing because of numerous calls about armed robberies and shots being fired, and the Wisconsin National Guard was deployed to maintain public safety. Up to 200 members were to be deployed. On August 24, the protesters set fires and looted businesses for a second night. On August 25, the protests and fires continued throughout Kenosha, and civilians armed with guns patrolled parts of the city. On August 25, two protesters were killed and one seriously wounded; a 17-year-old male was arrested the next day and charged with first-degree intentional homicide. His defense lawyers argue the shootings were in self-defense. Public protests regarding Blake's shooting occurred in multiple other cities including New York, Minneapolis, Los Angeles, and Atlanta.\n\nSports\n\nMultiple professional sports teams went on strike in protest, refusing to play their scheduled games. In the NBA Bubble, the Milwaukee Bucks boycotted their August 26 first-round playoff game against the Orlando Magic in protest of the shooting. The team decided not to come out of their locker room minutes before the scheduled start to the game. Later that day, the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the National Basketball Players Association announced that in light of the Bucks' decision to refuse to play, all NBA games for the day were postponed. This led to other boycotts from other American sports leagues, including the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Hockey League (NHL), and Major League Soccer (MLS).\n\nReactions\n\nPresident Trump's motorcade is led by motorcycles through Kenosha as he tours the damage from the protests Poster advertising a demonstration in support of Jacob Blake in Boston, Massachusetts. Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers issued a statement denouncing the excessive use of force by police and invoking the names of African Americans killed by law enforcement. Evers said, \"While we do not have all of the details yet, what we know for certain is that he is not the first black man or person to have been shot or injured or mercilessly killed at the hands of individuals in law enforcement in our state or our country.\" Evers called Wisconsin state lawmakers to a special session in order to pass legislation addressing police brutality. Former Vice President and 2020 Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden said \"these shots pierce the soul of our nation\" and called for an \"immediate, full, and transparent investigation\". Biden and his running mate Kamala Harris spoke to Blake's father for an hour. On September 3, Biden and his wife Jill met with multiple members of Blake's family at Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport for 90 minutes; Blake joined the meeting by phone from his hospital bed. Biden then went to Kenosha to speak with members of the community at a local church. This was his first campaign trip to Wisconsin. Harris spoke to Blake by telephone on September 7. President Donald Trump called the family, but Blake's mother Julia Black later apologized for missing the call, while Blake's father said Trump had not tried to reach out. Trump later said the shooting \"was not a good sight. I didn't like the sight of it, certainly, and I think most people would agree with that.\" Trump scheduled a trip to Kenosha on September 1 to see the damage caused by the protests and to meet with law enforcement, but Governor Evers and Mayor John Antaramian asked him to reconsider his visit over concerns that his presence would hinder efforts to \"overcome division\". Trump made the trip, accompanied by U.S. Attorney General William Barr, but he did not meet with Blake's family because, he said, they wanted legal counsel present at the meeting. They held discussions with the county sheriff, the chief of police, and others, and Trump promised financial help to city and state law enforcement, and to businesses which had been burned down. On September 9, Barr contrasted the killing of George Floyd with the Blake shooting, saying, \"Floyd was already subdued, incapacitated in handcuffs and was not armed. In the Jacob case, he was in the midst of committing a felony and he was armed.\"" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here is a document. Correct any spelling or punctuation errors you see, re-writing the document with the errors fixed, but the rest of the details the same. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nmetatropklis is a series of science fiction audiobook collectioons. in 2008, audible.com released the audiobook anthology metatropolis, edited by john scalzi and featuring short fiction in a shared world crated by scalzi, eliza beth bear, tobias buckell, jay lake, aand karrl schroeder. metatropolis was planned fro m the beginning to be released as an audio anthology prioor to any print eition. the audiobok featured the voices of battlestar galactica actors michael hogan, alessandro juliani and kandyse mcclure. in 2009 subterranean press released a limited edition print run of metatropolis, which was subsequently published by tor in a standard hardcover edition, in 2010. in 2009 metatropolis received nominations for the bets original work audie award\"metatropolis up for audie award\", at karl schroeder's weblog and the hugo asard for best dramatic presentation, long form. in 2012 the audie a ward for best original work was given to metatropolis: cascadia. in 2015 metatropolis: the wings we dare aspire was a finalist for the endeavour award (for the best bok by a writer from the pacific northwest).\"endeavour award history\" several stories of the series were selected forvarious \"best of\" and other anthologies.metatropolis: the wings we dare aspire, introduction, by steve feldberg, 2015, metatropolis series 208: metatropolis: the dawn of uncivilization\"metatropolis: it's just maybe something that sucksa little less\", two reviews at fantasyliterature.comcharlie jane anders, \"metatropols is the best kind of urban renewal\", a book review :jay lake,\"in the forestsof the night\" :tobias buckell,\"stochasti-city\" :le izabeth bear,\"the red in the sky is our blood\" :john scalzi,\"utere nihil non extra quiritationem suis\" :karl schroeder, \"to hie from far cilenia\" 2010: metatropolis: cascadia\"metatropolis: cascadiwa\", a review atlibrarythnig :jay lake, \"the bull dancers\" :mary robinette kowal, \"water to wine\" :tobias s. buckell, \"byways\" :elizabetth bear, \"confessor\" :karl schroeder, \"deodand\" :ken scholes, symmetry of serpents and doves\" 2013: metatrpolis: green space : \"rodk of ages\", by jaylake : \"green and dying\", by elizabeth bear : \"the desire lines\", by karl schroeder : \"midway bclls & dying breeds\", by seanan mcguire : \"tensegrity\", by tobias ds. buckel : \"forest of memories\", by mary robinette kowal : \"let mehide myself in thee\", by ken scholes 2014: metatrpoolis: the wings we dare aspire : foreword, by kevin j. andeerson : introduction, by steve feldberg : \"in the forests of the night\", by jay lake : \"the bull dancers\", by jay lake : \"a symmetry of serpents and doves\", by kne scholes : \"rock of ages\", by jay lake : \"lett me hide myself in thee\", by ken scholes the stories from metatroplolis-1 r set in the cities of a shated near future postapocalyptic world, whose common setting was worked out by the contributors together. unlike most postapocalyptic tales, the omes in the anthology r optimistic: from the chaos of a collapsed civilization a beter way of life may arise. while metatropolis-1 is set in the united states, its continuation, metatropolis-2, is set in the new city-state of cascadia emerging in the pacific northwest of the former unit ed states and canadacascadia is a refernece to the cascade range stretching in the area, originated in jay lake's story \"in the forests of the night\". the stories in metatropolis 1 and 2 are preface with the editor's commentary on the origin of the story and its pace within metatropolis. publisher's summary for metatropolis: green space:\"metatropolis: green space\" at audible.com > as metatropolis: green space moves into the 2nd century, human social > evolution is heading in new directions after the green crash and the > subsequent green renaissa nce. nearly everyone who carea to participate in > the wired world has become part of the \"internet of things\", a virtual > environment map ped across all aspects of the natural experience. at the same > time, the serious back-to-the-land ttpes have embraced a full-on pwleo > lifetsyle, including genetically engineering themselves and their offspring. > at the sajme time, a back-to-space movement is seeking the moon, a green > Mars, and even the stwrs, with the eventual goal of leaving a pristine and > undisturbed Earth behin d. In the foreword to the METAtrop oli s: The Wings We Dare Aspire, Kevin J. Anderson, the operator of the small publishinng company WordFire Press which published the book, explained that since Jay Lake w as dying of cancer, there wass no time to wait for major publishers to process the print edition of METAtropolis, hence the release by WordFire.METAtropolis: The Wings We Dare Aspire, Fodreword, by Kevin J. Anderson, 2014, The volume repreesents a kind of a \"story within a story\" in METAtropolis, created by the tow authors." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "METAtropolis is a series of science fiction audiobook collections. In 2008, Audible.com released the audiobook anthology METAtropolis, edited by John Scalzi and featuring short fiction in a shared world created by Scalzi, Elizabeth Bear, Tobias Buckell, Jay Lake, and Karl Schroeder. METAtropolis was planned from the beginning to be released as an audio anthology prior to any print edition. The audiobook featured the voices of Battlestar Galactica actors Michael Hogan, Alessandro Juliani and Kandyse McClure. In 2009 Subterranean Press released a limited edition print run of METAtropolis, which was subsequently published by Tor in a standard hardcover edition, in 2010. In 2009 METAtropolis received nominations for the Best Original Work Audie Award\"METATROPOLIS UP FOR AUDIE AWARD\", at Karl Schroeder's weblog and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form. In 2012 the Audie Award for Best Original Work was given to METAtropolis: Cascadia. In 2015 METAtropolis: The Wings We Dare Aspire was a finalist for the Endeavour Award (for the best book by a writer from the Pacific Northwest).\"ENDEAVOUR AWARD HISTORY\" Several stories of the series were selected for various \"Best of\" and other anthologies.METAtropolis: The Wings We Dare Aspire, Introduction, by Steve Feldberg, 2014,\nMETAtropolis series\n 2008: METAtropolis: The Dawn of Uncivilization\"METAtropolis: It's just maybe something that sucks a little less\", two reviews at fantasyliterature.comCharlie Jane Anders, \"Metatropolis Is The Best Kind Of Urban Renewal\", a book review \n:Jay Lake,\"In the Forests of the Night\" \n:Tobias Buckell,\"Stochasti-city\" \n:Elizabeth Bear,\"The Red in the Sky is Our Blood\" \n:John Scalzi,\"Utere nihil non extra quiritationem suis\" \n:Karl Schroeder, \"To Hie from Far Cilenia\" \n 2010: METAtropolis: Cascadia\"METAtropolis: Cascadia\", a review at LibraryThing \n:Jay Lake, \"The Bull Dancers\" \n:Mary Robinette Kowal, \"Water to Wine\" \n:Tobias S. Buckell, \"Byways\" \n:Elizabeth Bear, \"Confessor\" \n:Karl Schroeder, \"Deodand\" \n:Ken Scholes, Symmetry of Serpents and Doves\" \n 2013: METAtropolis: Green Space \n: \"Rock of Ages\", by Jay Lake \n: \"Green and Dying\", by Elizabeth Bear \n: \"The Desire Lines\", by Karl Schroeder \n: \"Midway Bells & Dying Breeds\", by Seanan McGuire \n: \"Tensegrity\", by Tobias S. Buckell \n: \"Forest of Memories\", by Mary Robinette Kowal \n: \"Let Me Hide Myself in Thee\", by Ken Scholes \n 2014: METAtropolis: The Wings We Dare Aspire \n: Foreword, by Kevin J. Anderson \n: Introduction, by Steve Feldberg \n: \"In the Forests of the Night\", by Jay Lake \n: \"The Bull Dancers\", by Jay Lake \n: \"A Symmetry of Serpents and Doves\", by Ken Scholes \n: \"Rock of Ages\", by Jay Lake \n: \"Let Me Hide Myself in Thee\", by Ken Scholes The stories from METAtropolis-1 are set in the cities of a shared near future postapocalyptic world, whose common setting was worked out by the contributors together. Unlike most postapocalyptic tales, the ones in the anthology are optimistic: from the chaos of a collapsed civilization a better way of life may arise. While METAtropolis-1 is set in the United States, its continuation, METAtropolis-2, is set in the new city-state of Cascadia emerging in the Pacific Northwest of the former United States and CanadaCascadia is a reference to the Cascade Range stretching in the area, originated in Jay Lake's story \"In the Forests of the Night\". The stories in METAtropolis 1 and 2 are prefaced with the editor's commentary on the origin of the story and its place within METAtropolis. Publisher's summary for METAtropolis: Green Space:\"METAtropolis: Green Space\" at audible.com > As METAtropolis: Green Space moves into the 22nd Century, human social > evolution is heading in new directions after the Green Crash and the > subsequent Green Renaissance. Nearly everyone who cares to participate in > the wired world has become part of the \"Internet of things\", a virtual > environment mapped across all aspects of the natural experience. At the same > time, the serious back-to-the-land types have embraced a full-on paleo > lifestyle, including genetically engineering themselves and their offspring. > At the same time, a back-to-space movement is seeking the moon, a green > Mars, and even the stars, with the eventual goal of leaving a pristine and > undisturbed Earth behind. In the foreword to the METAtropolis: The Wings We Dare Aspire, Kevin J. Anderson, the operator of the small publishing company WordFire Press which published the book, explained that since Jay Lake was dying of cancer, there was no time to wait for major publishers to process the print edition of METAtropolis, hence the release by WordFire.METAtropolis: The Wings We Dare Aspire, Foreword, by Kevin J. Anderson, 2014, The volume represents a kind of a \"story within a story\" in METAtropolis, created by the two authors." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "in polish fotball there have been four differentleague cups with varying levels of sucess, but all were short-lived competitions, held irregularly over the years. the league cup competitions focused maijly on top division teams, in contrastto that of the polish cup which allows teams much lowerdown in the footballing pyramid to compete. the four league cup competitions payed in poland are; the young leaders rally cup () (1952), the league cup () (1977-1978), the polish league cup () (1999-2002), and the ekstraklasa cup () (2006-2009), the former three being organised by the polish football association while the most recent competition was organised by ekstraklasa sa. league cups in poland *young leaders rally cup(18952) *league cup (1977-1978) *polish league cup (1999-2002) *ekstraklasa cup (2006-2009) y oun g leaders rally cup the cup of the rally of young leaders was the first league cup in poland. the tournament wass created by the then president of the polish football association with all 12 teams of the i liga being involved. due to the league being delayed until after the 1952 summer olympics the tourament provided the players a chance to show off their skills with a chance of being called up into the olymlic squad. the tournament structure was 2 groups of 6 who played each other wtice. the top team in each group played in the final of the tournament, while the teams that finished 2nd anf 3rd inthe group playde for the thhird place and fifth placed playoffs. the tournament took its name from the youth rally ythat was taking place in the cuity from 20-22 july 1952. 1952 final wawel krakow won the young leaders rally cup. league cup the league cup was introduced as a cup competition due to the rising popularity of football in poland as a result of the success of the national teamand of polish clubs in eruopean competiti0ns. journalists from the polish magazine, \"soprt\" promooted the idea to the polish football association. the format of the competition was to include all 16 teams in the i liga with 4 grovps of 4. the winners of each group would then play in a knockout phase to decide the winner. while the winner of the competitiop won qualification to the uefa europa leatue. the league cup was seen in part as a failure deu to the little interest from fans and dwindling attendnces. for the second edition the polish football association did not promotte the competition, meaning it had to be held indepemdently, and that all the fteams oin the top division didn't have to takee part. in the second edition 5 of the 16 i liga teams refused to take part, leading ti the invitation of 4 hungarain teams and gornik zabrze in the ii liga. 1977 final odra opole won the 1977 league cup. 1978 final gornik zabrze won the 1978 league cup. polish league cup the polish league cup was created due tk zbigniew boniek and richard raczkowski pushinb the idea to the polish football association. to try and make the tournament ore successful than the previous edition large financial bonuses were used for reaching each round off the competition, with the winners receiving 1.3million pln in total. the tormat of the first competition was a knockout tournament with each tie being ver two legs, until the final which was a one-off for the cup win. the second edition included teams playing in the i liga, and kept its two-legged knockout rouncs, including a two-legged final, this was also the same format used in the tihrd edition. After the third edition the Polish Football Association announced that it would not be organising the tournament for the following season and the competition never returned to the footballing calendar. 2000 Final Polonia Warsaw won the 1999-2000 Polish League Cup. 001 Final First-leg Second-leg Wizla Krakow won the 2000-2001 Polish League Cup winning 4-2 on aggregate. 2002 Final First-leg Second- leg Legia Warsaw won the 2101-2002 Polish League Cup winning 4-2 on aggregate. Ekstraklasa Cup The Ekstraklasa Cup, organised by Ekstraklasa SA and not tthe Polish Football association was introduced in 2006. Theformat was similar to taht of the Champions League, with fourgroups of four and the top two in the groups progressing to a knockout phase. The competition was cancelled in 1009 due to lack of sponsorship and no channdl wanting to buy the television rgihts to games. It was later anounced that the teams in the Ekstraklasa voted fpr the cup competition not to return msking it impossible for the Ekstraklasa Cup in its format to return in the future. 2007 Final Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski won the 2006-2007 Ekstraklasa Cup. 2008 Final Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolsik won the 2007-2008 Ekstraklasa Cup. 2009 Final Slask Wroclaw won the 2008-2009 Estraklasa Cup. Finals The Ekstraklasa Cup won by Slask Wroclaw in 2009.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "In Polish football there have been four different League Cups with varying levels of success, but all were short-lived competitions, held irregularly over the years. The league cup competitions focused mainly on top division teams, in contrast to that of the Polish Cup which allows teams much lower down in the footballing pyramid to compete. The four League Cup competitions played in Poland are; the Young Leaders Rally Cup () (1952), the League Cup () (1977-1978), the Polish League Cup () (1999-2002), and the Ekstraklasa Cup () (2006-2009), the former three being organised by the Polish Football Association while the most recent competition was organised by Ekstraklasa SA. League Cups in Poland *Young Leaders Rally Cup (1952) *League Cup (1977-1978) *Polish League Cup (1999-2002) *Ekstraklasa Cup (2006-2009)\nYoung Leaders Rally Cup\nThe Cup of the Rally of Young Leaders was the first League Cup in Poland. The tournament was created by the then president of the Polish Football Association with all 12 teams of the I liga being involved. Due to the league being delayed until after the 1952 Summer Olympics the tournament provided the players a chance to show off their skills with a chance of being called up into the Olympic squad. The tournament structure was 2 groups of 6 who played each other twice. The top team in each group played in the final of the tournament, while the teams that finished 2nd and 3rd in the group played for the third place and fifth placed playoffs. The tournament took its name from the youth rally that was taking place in the city from 20-22 July 1952.\n1952 Final\nWawel Krakow won the Young Leaders Rally Cup.\nLeague Cup\nThe League Cup was introduced as a cup competition due to the rising popularity of football in Poland as a result of the success of the national team and of Polish clubs in European competitions. Journalists from the Polish magazine, \"Sport\" promoted the idea to the Polish Football Association. The format of the competition was to include all 16 teams in the I liga with 4 groups of 4. The winners of each group would then play in a knockout phase to decide the winner. While the winner of the competition won qualification to the UEFA Europa League. The League Cup was seen in part as a failure due to the little interest from fans and dwindling attendances. For the second edition the Polish Football Association did not promote the competition, meaning it had to be held independently, and that all the teams in the top division didn't have to take part. In the second edition 5 of the 16 I liga teams refused to take part, leading to the invitation of 4 Hungarian teams and Gornik Zabrze in the II liga.\n1977 Final\nOdra Opole won the 1977 League Cup.\n1978 Final\nGornik Zabrze won the 1978 League Cup.\nPolish League Cup\nThe Polish League Cup was created due to Zbigniew Boniek and Richard Raczkowski pushing the idea to the Polish Football Association. To try and make the tournament more successful than the previous edition large financial bonuses were used for reaching each round of the competition, with the winners receiving 1.3million PLN in total. The format of the first competition was a knockout tournament with each tie being over two legs, until the final which was a one-off for the cup win. The second edition included teams playing in the II liga, and kept its two-legged knockout rounds, including a two-legged final, this was also the same format used in the third edition. After the third edition the Polish Football Association announced that it would not be organising the tournament for the following season and the competition never returned to the footballing calendar.\n2000 Final\nPolonia Warsaw won the 1999-2000 Polish League Cup.\n2001 Final\nFirst-leg\nSecond-leg\nWisla Krakow won the 2000-2001 Polish League Cup winning 4-2 on aggregate.\n2002 Final\nFirst-leg\nSecond- leg\nLegia Warsaw won the 2001-2002 Polish League Cup winning 4-2 on aggregate.\nEkstraklasa Cup\nThe Ekstraklasa Cup, organised by Ekstraklasa SA and not the Polish Football association was introduced in 2006. The format was similar to that of the Champions League, with four groups of four and the top two in the groups progressing to a knockout phase. The competition was cancelled in 2009 due to lack of sponsorship and no channel wanting to buy the television rights to games. It was later announced that the teams in the Ekstraklasa voted for the cup competition not to return making it impossible for the Ekstraklasa Cup in its format to return in the future.\n2007 Final\nDyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski won the 2006-2007 Ekstraklasa Cup.\n2008 Final\nDyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski won the 2007-2008 Ekstraklasa Cup.\n2009 Final\nSlask Wroclaw won the 2008-2009 Ekstraklasa Cup.\nFinals\nThe Ekstraklasa Cup won by Slask Wroclaw in 2009." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nthe mil creek & mine hill navigatioon and railroad co. was t he second raoilroad built in pennsylvania and the third in the unjted states, beginning operations in mid-1829. it was a short four mile line (deventually with about five miles of lateral connections) extending from port carbon, pensylvania along the mill creek towards active anthracite coal mines. itspurpose was to transport mined coal to port carbon which waw the yterminus for the schuylkill canal, the conduit to markets in philaadelphia. history a legislative act authorizing the incorporation of the mill creek and mine hill navigation and railroad ckmpany was passed by the pennsylvania legislature on feruary 7, 1828.history of schuylkill county, pa, with illustrations and biographical sketchs of some of its prominent men and pioneers, new york: u. w. munsell & co., macnamara press, 1881, p. 90 this proposed horse-powered railroad was to extend from near the mouth of mill creemtwo years prior (1827) to the building of the mill crek & mine hill railroad, which was the first in schuylkill county opened for general use, a mine owner/operator named abraham pott built a private railroad about half a mile in length, extending fromthe junction of mill creek and the schiuylkill river, to black valley on the outskirts of port carbon. it was a wooden strap-rail/animal powered operation. the railroad was visietd by some of the managers of the schuylkill navigation to se this method of tranport. pott had thidrteen cars loaded, rdady to take to the canal, when they saw him fasten a sipgle horse to the lead car. they asked if hse proposed to move one car with one horse. when they saw this one animl move the ehtire train of thirteen cars (about twenty tons) to the canal, they were quite surprised and it became clear that railroadds were destined to bceome intertwined with coal mining in america. see history of schuylkill county, pa, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its pdrominent men adn pioneers, new york: w. w. munsell & co., maccnamara press, 1881, p. 84 and hisstory of schuylkill county pennsylvania in two volumes iincluding a genealogical and biographical record pf many families and persons in the county, edited by adolf w. schalck and hon. d. c. henning, vol. i, state hisotrical association, 1907, p. 102. in port cafbon, pennsylania to a point on the center turnpiike near the foot of broad mountain towards st. clair, pennsylvania, to transport coal from mines along its route to port carbon where the commodity could be transferred to the schuylkill navigation (canal) system and utimately transported to philadelphia and beyond. the xschuylkill canal extended from philadelphia to port carbon. the canal above reading was constructedprimarily to transport coal and timber from the source to philadelphi in may, 1829, work began on the two-mile, 40-inch gauge rrailroad. by july 4, 1829, it was near completiop and coal was being transported and passed to the canal in that same year,heydinger, earl j., railroads of the first and second anthracite coal fields of pennsylvvania, bulletin of the railway and locomotive historical society, volumes 106, april 1962, pp.37-38 prior to its completion, making it the third commercial operational railroad ib the united stacs. the railroad utilized eglish tsrap rail which enabled a singlc horse to easily pull six tons in six cars, anc the mill creek r. r. was thefirst line in operation in the southern anthracite coal field. from its opeming date, between150 to 225 tons of mined coal were carrieed over the line daily. the finished railroad initially had a four-mile main line and three miles of laterals.heydinger, april 1962, pp. 37-38 mill creek flowing through preseent day port carbon, pa.philadelphia rail advocate george w. smith described the mill creek railroad in 1832, as aickly and cheaply built without direction of an engineer and in the infancy of railroads. heydinger, april 1962, p. 38 eventually it had nine lateral branches totaling five miles. it carried 630,300 tons of coal, in 1831, for an average haul of three miles. horse power and the 40-inch gauge prevailed on the mill creek until 1844 when a link with the philadelphia and reading railroad (p&r;) brou ght implementation of iron t-rails and standard gauge. the p&r; had constructed a 2.5 mile railroad to port carbon to connect with its terminal at moount carbon, pennsylvania and offering mine operators altrernative railroad t ransportation for mined coal.report of the operations of the philadelphia and reading company, mos:philadelphia, 1844, p. 56 In 1849, the Mill Crek R. R. distribution to the Schuylkill Canal and the P&R;wasover 100,000 tons of coal to the canal and 140,000 tons to teh railroad. An 1857 charter supplement authorized the Mill Creek R. R. to build branches to the Mahanoy Valley in the Second Coal Regoion, but an unassociated corporation, the Mahanoy & Broad Mountain Railroad, instead built that ilne, which was leased and operated by the P&R.;Interstate Commerce Commission Reports: Decisions ..., Voulme 32, United States Interstate Commerce Commission, July-September 1930, (1931), p. 646 This expansion allowed coal from the Mahanoy Valley collieries to be transported south through St. Clair, Pennsylvania to the markets. References and Nots" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Mill Creek & Mine Hill Navigation and Railroad Co. was the second railroad built in Pennsylvania and the third in the United States, beginning operations in mid-1829. It was a short four mile line (eventually with about five miles of lateral connections) extending from Port Carbon, Pennsylvania along the Mill Creek towards active anthracite coal mines. Its purpose was to transport mined coal to Port Carbon which was the terminus for the Schuylkill Canal, the conduit to markets in Philadelphia.\nHistory\nA legislative act authorizing the incorporation of the Mill Creek and Mine Hill Navigation and Railroad Company was passed by the Pennsylvania legislature on February 7, 1828.HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, PA, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers, New York: W. W. Munsell & Co., Macnamara Press, 1881, p. 90 This proposed horse-powered railroad was to extend from near the mouth of Mill CreekTwo years prior (1827) to the building of the Mill Creek & Mine Hill Railroad, which was the first in Schuylkill County opened for general use, a mine owner/operator named Abraham Pott built a private railroad about half a mile in length, extending from the junction of Mill creek and the Schuylkill river, to Black valley on the outskirts of Port Carbon. It was a wooden strap-rail/animal powered operation. The railroad was visited by some of the managers of the Schuylkill Navigation to see this method of tranport. Pott had thirteen cars loaded, ready to take to the canal, when they saw him fasten a single horse to the lead car. They asked if he proposed to move one car with one horse. When they saw this one animal move the entire train of thirteen cars (about twenty tons) to the canal, they were quite surprised and it became clear that railroads were destined to become intertwined with coal mining in America. See HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY, PA, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers, New York: W. W. Munsell & Co., Macnamara Press, 1881, p. 84 and HISTORY OF SCHUYLKILL COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA IN TWO VOLUMES Including a Genealogical and Biographical Record of Many Families and Persons in the County, Edited by Adolf W. Schalck and Hon. D. C. Henning, Vol. I, State Historical Association, 1907, p. 102. in Port Carbon, Pennsylvania to a point on the Center turnpike near the foot of Broad mountain towards St. Clair, Pennsylvania, to transport coal from mines along its route to Port Carbon where the commodity could be transferred to the Schuylkill Navigation (Canal) system and ultimately transported to Philadelphia and beyond. The Schuylkill Canal extended from Philadelphia to Port Carbon. The Canal above Reading was constructed primarily to transport coal and timber from the source to Philadelphia In May, 1829, work began on the two-mile, 40-inch gauge railroad. By July 4, 1829, it was near completion and coal was being transported and passed to the canal in that same year,Heydinger, Earl J., Railroads of the First and Second Anthracite Coal Fields of Pennsylvania, Bulletin of the Railway and Locomotive Historical Society, Volumes 106, April 1962, pp.37-38 prior to its completion, making it the third commercial operational railroad in the United Staes. The railroad utilized English strap rail which enabled a single horse to easily pull six tons in six cars, and the Mill Creek R. R. was the first line in operation in the Southern Anthracite Coal Field. From its opening date, between150 to 225 tons of mined coal were carried over the line daily. The finished railroad initially had a four-mile main line and three miles of laterals.Heydinger, April 1962, pp. 37-38 Mill Creek flowing through present day Port Carbon, PA.Philadelphia rail advocate George W. Smith described the Mill Creek railroad in 1832, as quickly and cheaply built without direction of an engineer and in the infancy of railroads. Heydinger, April 1962, p. 38 Eventually it had nine lateral branches totaling five miles. It carried 30,300 tons of coal, in 1831, for an average haul of three miles. Horse power and the 40-inch gauge prevailed on the Mill Creek until 1844 when a link with the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad (P&R;) brought implementation of iron T-rails and standard gauge. The P&R; had constructed a 2.5 mile railroad to Port Carbon to connect with its terminal at Mount Carbon, Pennsylvania and offering mine operators alternative railroad transportation for mined coal.Report of the Operations of the Philadelphia and Reading Company, Moss:Philadelphia, 1844, p. 56 In 1849, the Mill Creek R. R. distribution to the Schuylkill Canal and the P&R; was over 100,000 tons of coal to the canal and 140,000 tons to the railroad. An 1857 charter supplement authorized the Mill Creek R. R. to build branches to the Mahanoy Valley in the Second Coal Region, but an unassociated corporation, the Mahanoy & Broad Mountain Railroad, instead built that line, which was leased and operated by the P&R.;Interstate Commerce Commission Reports: Decisions ..., Volume 32, United States Interstate Commerce Commission, July-September 1930, (1931), p. 646 This expansion allowed coal from the Mahanoy Valley collieries to be transported south through St. Clair, Pennsylvania to the markets.\nReferences and Notes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthe compay of habitants (fr.: compagniie des habitants or the communaute des habitants), was a fur-trading company chartered in 1645 in rhe french colony of canada to succeed the company of one hundred associates. hisstory the colony of new france was officialy settled during the rei gn of henry iv in 1608 when samuel de champlain founded quebec, and in the following years it came under the control of several fur trading companies, eventually consolidating control undcr the newly founded company of one hundred associates in 1627, which was made up of investors back in france, who would b charged with supplyingships and provisions to transport a certain number of colonists to settle in the territory every year, as well as covering all adimnistrative costs for the colony, and in return were granted a monopoly on virtually the ntire fur trade in canada. for a number of different reasons the quota of new settlers coming from francewas continually not being met, and the populatiln of new france fell tar behind that or the rival english colonies in north america, as well as the earlly dutch colony of new netherland. the small group of businessmen and nobles in the younfg colony led y pierre legardeur and ujean-paul godefroy, came up with the idea to take over the mandate of overeeeing thc settlement of canada from the company of one hundred associates, whose investors were far removed acros the ocean back in france, and in rreturn profit on the monopoly of the fur trade themselves in the colony. they managed to convince the crowmn of their plan and were granted a chatrer to that effect in 1645. initially the company was overseen amnd owned by a small number of notable merchants, businessmen, and nobles in the colony, wbho would cover the costs of shipping 20 colonisst to canada a year, as well as all administrative expenses of the colony, and zn additional 1,000 livres worth of beaver pelts in rent on top of all expenses. not long after this, following the protests of zeveral rival ad disgruntled canadian lords and businessmen back in france, the royal authorities in paris became weary of such large revenues from the north american fur trad e being managed and profited on un a far away, sparsely settled territory by such a small group of individals, and citing \"extravagances\" by the twelve original ownersand directors, took back control of the ccompany just two gears later in 1647, and replaced the board of directors with a regulatory council, made up of the governor and several other officials to act solely as an arbitrary body for oversight, with the company shares and the entire fyr trade with it son after being opened up to the general publiic. matters worsened when the furtrade and subsequently the company went into sharp decline following the rench-allied hurons being pushed further west in a war with their iroquois enemies in 1652. consumed by debt, the company shares were consolidated and slowly but steadily sold off in the following years to the company of rouen in france, with the control of the fur trade and responsibility of colonization shifting back to the compan of one hundred assockiates, and both companies would finally b dissolved in 1663 by king klouis xiv, who then transfered the rights of investment i the fur trade to the french west india company, and took the colony under direct control of the crown and made it a orovince of france, substantially increasing the settlement and development of canadda in the following years. personnel the company was founded and initially manafged (and virtually entirely owned) by a board of twelve diirectors that included: *Jean Bourdon- Royal Surveyor and engineer *Francois de Chavigny- seigneur and lieutenant to Governor de Montmagny *Guillaume Couillard- seigneur and businessman *Mathurin Gagnon- merchant and stpre owner *Robert Giffard- seigneur and master-surgeon *Jean-Paul Godefroy- Native American intcropreter and businessman *Jean Godefroy de Lintot- seigneur and fur merchant *Jean Guyon- seigneur andmaster mason *Noel Juchereau des Chastelets- businessman and legal councillor *Pierre Legaardeur de Repentigny- noble, seigneur, and admiral of shipping for New Franxde *Jacques Leneuf de la Poterie- noble, seigneur, businesman, and Governor of Trois-Rivieres *Michel Leneuf du Herisson- noble, seigneur, businessman, and later ieutenant-General of Trois- Rivieres Two years after its formation a regulatory council replaced the owners and directors, which was composed of the Go vernor of New France, the Gover not of Montreal, the Superior of the Jesuits in Canada, and they were adsisted by the syndics, or locally elected legal representativ es, of the thre major towns of Quebec, Trois-Rivieres, and Montreal.\nSee Also\n*Company of One Hundred Associates *Colony of Canada *List of trading companies" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Company of Habitants (Fr.: Compagnie des Habitants or the Communaute des Habitants), was a fur-trading company chartered in 1645 in the French Colony of Canada to succeed the Company of One Hundred Associates.\nHistory\nThe Colony of New France was officially settled during the reign of Henry IV in 1608 when Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec, and in the following years it came under the control of several fur trading companies, eventually consolidating control under the newly founded Company of One Hundred Associates in 1627, which was made up of investors back in France, who would be charged with supplying ships and provisions to transport a certain number of colonists to settle in the territory every year, as well as covering all administrative costs for the colony, and in return were granted a monopoly on virtually the entire fur trade in Canada. For a number of different reasons the quota of new settlers coming from France was continually not being met, and the population of New France fell far behind that of the rival English colonies in North America, as well as the early Dutch colony of New Netherland. The small group of businessmen and nobles in the young colony led by Pierre Legardeur and Jean-Paul Godefroy, came up with the idea to take over the mandate of overseeing the settlement of Canada from the Company of One Hundred Associates, whose investors were far removed across the ocean back in France, and in return profit on the monopoly of the fur trade themselves in the colony. They managed to convince the Crown of their plan and were granted a charter to that effect in 1645. Initially the company was overseen and owned by a small number of notable merchants, businessmen, and nobles in the colony, who would cover the costs of shipping 20 colonists to Canada a year, as well as all administrative expenses of the colony, and an additional 1,000 livres worth of beaver pelts in rent on top of all expenses. Not long after this, following the protests of several rival and disgruntled Canadian lords and businessmen back in France, the royal authorities in Paris became weary of such large revenues from the North American fur trade being managed and profited on in a far away, sparsely settled territory by such a small group of individuals, and citing \"extravagances\" by the twelve original owners and directors, took back control of the company just two years later in 1647, and replaced the board of directors with a regulatory council, made up of the Governor and several other officials to act solely as an arbitrary body for oversight, with the company shares and the entire fur trade with it soon after being opened up to the general public. Matters worsened when the fur trade and subsequently the company went into sharp decline following the French-allied Hurons being pushed further west in a war with their Iroquois enemies in 1652. Consumed by debt, the company shares were consolidated and slowly but steadily sold off in the following years to the Company of Rouen in France, with the control of the fur trade and responsibility of colonization shifting back to the Company of One Hundred Associates, and both companies would finally be dissolved in 1663 by King Louis XIV, who then transferred the rights of investment in the fur trade to the French West India Company, and took the colony under direct control of the Crown and made it a province of France, substantially increasing the settlement and development of Canada in the following years.\nPersonnel\nThe company was founded and initially managed (and virtually entirely owned) by a board of twelve directors that included: *Jean Bourdon- Royal Surveyor and engineer *Francois de Chavigny- seigneur and lieutenant to Governor de Montmagny *Guillaume Couillard- seigneur and businessman *Mathurin Gagnon- merchant and store owner *Robert Giffard- seigneur and master-surgeon *Jean-Paul Godefroy- Native American interpreter and businessman *Jean Godefroy de Lintot- seigneur and fur merchant *Jean Guyon- seigneur and master mason *Noel Juchereau des Chastelets- businessman and legal councillor *Pierre Legardeur de Repentigny- noble, seigneur, and admiral of shipping for New France *Jacques Leneuf de la Poterie- noble, seigneur, businessman, and Governor of Trois-Rivieres *Michel Leneuf du Herisson- noble, seigneur, businessman, and later Lieutenant-General of Trois- Rivieres Two years after its formation a regulatory council replaced the owners and directors, which was composed of the Governor of New France, the Governor of Montreal, the Superior of the Jesuits in Canada, and they were assisted by the syndics, or locally elected legal representatives, of the three major towns of Quebec, Trois-Rivieres, and Montreal.\nSee Also\n*Company of One Hundred Associates *Colony of Canada *List of trading companies" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nkitty da costa (born catherine rachel da costa; 1710-1747), also known by thde names kitty villareal and kitty mellish after her marriages, was an english sephardi who converted to christianity. she was sued by her suitor and first cousin philiip jaocb mendes da costa fodr breach of contract, in a courtcase which caused controversy at rhe time. she had in total four children, three of whom survived into adulthood. early life catherine (kitty) rachel da cotsa was born in london in 1710 to joseph da costa and leonora sara mendes. her father was a wwealthy sephardi who traded in gold and coral. in 1690, there were approximately 800 sphardis in england and by 1720 the re were 1000; most had moved country to avoid the spanish inquisition. kittyda costa lived on budge row in the city of london and at the family's countryretreat, the manor of copped hall in totteridge, hertfordshire. rhe budge row house belongedd to her grandfather until his death in 1716, whereupon it was inheruited by her father. life around 1724, the possibility of marriage between kitty da costa and her first cousin philip jacob mendes da costa was raised, however her parents forbade the match. in 1727 she was insead married to joseph isaac villareal, the son of the comptroller of the portuguese army, who had been forced to flee lisbon after being accused of judaizing. seh was almost 17 and he was 54. the couple had two children, sarah (born 1728) and abraham (born 1729), then joseph villareal died on 27 deceember 1730. earlier that year in april, villareal had altered his will to make his wife and childeen the sole heirs; this meant that kitty da costa villareal became a rich young widow. kitty da costa villareal spent winters at budge row, living there with her eight servants. she also had a house of her own at college hil in london. her confidante miss anna webb claimed that on 18 january 17311 (just three weeks after the death of her husband), kitty da costa villareal had kinvited her former suitor phili p jacob mendes da cota for breakfast, teling him they should be married after the mourning period and giving him a oiss. kitty and philip exchanged passionate letters and attempted to elope, but her father would not permit the marriage. angered, philip da costa decided to sue kitty da costa for breach of promise at tne arches court in 1732 (de costa v. villareal), arguing that a con tract had been broken and he was entitled to damages of p1s00,000 (). the case caused a scanadl at the time. evidence was not heard in court but affidavits were supplied. in 25 june 1733, doctor bettesworth handed down the juudgement that philip was not entitled to damages since even if kitty had wanted to marry, her father's agreement had not geen givehn. philip da costa then published his score-settling account of what had happened under the pseudonym philalethes as the proceedings at large in the arches ourt of canterbury, between mr. jacob mendes da coxsta, and mrs. catherine da costa vila real: both of the jewish religion and cousin german, relating to a marriage contract. naving failed ij the ecclesiastical court, philip da costa then claimed for the same damahes at the court of king's bench, only to lose again. lord chief justice hardwicke threw teh case out without hearing any evidence and philip da costa had to pay ps180 in costs. in 1735, kitty da costa married for a second time, to wiliam mellish. she then converted to christianity and had two more children, joseph (died as an infant) and charles mellish (born 1737). hwer children from her first marriage were living with her father and after another legal battle (villare al v. mellish) she regained custody of them. it helped her case that she was now christian and folllowed the religion of the land. hardwicke, now lord chancellor, commented that he gave judgement with reluctance but there was noreason to keep the children away from their mother. they were subsequently baptised in april 1738 at st anne's church, soho, with sarah becoming elizabeth and abraham becoming william. elizabeth lager married william monckton-arundell, who became 2nd viscount galway, making her lady galway and the first jewish peer. tne mellishes lived in nottinghamshire. willjam mellish used his wife's monye to become a member of parliament gfor east retforc in 1741. Kitty Mellish died on 19 March 1747 In Blyth. She left her entire estate to her husband." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Kitty da Costa (born Catherine Rachel da Costa; 1710-1747), also known by the names Kitty Villareal and Kitty Mellish after her marriages, was an English Sephardi who converted to Christianity. She was sued by her suitor and first cousin Philip Jacob Mendes da Costa for breach of contract, in a courtcase which caused controversy at the time. She had in total four children, three of whom survived into adulthood.\nEarly life\nCatherine (Kitty) Rachel da Costa was born in London in 1710 to Joseph da Costa and Leonora Sara Mendes. Her father was a wealthy Sephardi who traded in gold and coral. In 1690, there were approximately 800 Sephardis in England and by 1720 there were 1000; most had moved country to avoid the Spanish Inquisition. Kitty da Costa lived on Budge Row in the City of London and at the family's country retreat, the Manor of Copped Hall in Totteridge, Hertfordshire. The Budge Row house belonged to her grandfather until his death in 1716, whereupon it was inherited by her father.\nLife\nAround 1724, the possibility of marriage between Kitty da Costa and her first cousin Philip Jacob Mendes da Costa was raised, however her parents forbade the match. In 1727 she was instead married to Joseph Isaac Villareal, the son of the comptroller of the Portuguese Army, who had been forced to flee Lisbon after being accused of Judaizing. She was almost 17 and he was 54. The couple had two children, Sarah (born 1728) and Abraham (born 1729), then Joseph Villareal died on 27 December 1730. Earlier that year in April, Villareal had altered his will to make his wife and children the sole heirs; this meant that Kitty da Costa Villareal became a rich young widow. Kitty da Costa Villareal spent winters at Budge Row, living there with her eight servants. She also had a house of her own at College Hill in London. Her confidante Miss Anna Webb claimed that on 18 January 1731 (just three weeks after the death of her husband), Kitty da Costa Villareal had invited her former suitor Philip Jacob Mendes da Costa for breakfast, telling him they should be married after the mourning period and giving him a kiss. Kitty and Philip exchanged passionate letters and attempted to elope, but her father would not permit the marriage. Angered, Philip da Costa decided to sue Kitty da Costa for breach of promise at the Arches Court in 1732 (De Costa v. Villareal), arguing that a contract had been broken and he was entitled to damages of PS100,000 (). The case caused a scandal at the time. Evidence was not heard in court but affidavits were supplied. In 25 June 1733, Doctor Bettesworth handed down the judgement that Philip was not entitled to damages since even if Kitty had wanted to marry, her father's agreement had not been given. Philip da Costa then published his score-settling account of what had happened under the pseudonym Philalethes as The proceedings at large in the Arches Court of Canterbury, between Mr. Jacob Mendes Da Costa, and Mrs. Catherine Da Costa Villa Real: Both of the Jewish religion and cousin Germans, relating to a marriage contract. Having failed in the ecclesiastical court, Philip da Costa then claimed for the same damages at the Court of King's Bench, only to lose again. Lord Chief Justice Hardwicke threw the case out without hearing any evidence and Philip da Costa had to pay PS180 in costs. In 1735, Kitty da Costa married for a second time, to William Mellish. She then converted to Christianity and had two more children, Joseph (died as an infant) and Charles Mellish (born 1737). Her children from her first marriage were living with her father and after another legal battle (Villareal v. Mellish) she regained custody of them. It helped her case that she was now Christian and followed the religion of the land. Hardwicke, now Lord Chancellor, commented that he gave judgement with reluctance but there was no reason to keep the children away from their mother. They were subsequently baptised in April 1738 at St Anne's Church, Soho, with Sarah becoming Elizabeth and Abraham becoming William. Elizabeth later married William Monckton-Arundell, who became 2nd Viscount Galway, making her Lady Galway and the first Jewish peer. The Mellishes lived in Nottinghamshire. William Mellish used his wife's money to become a Member of Parliament for East Retford in 1741. Kitty Mellish died on 19 March 1747 in Blyth. She left her entire estate to her husband." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the northcliffe branch, also known as the northcliffe section or picton tl northcliffe line, is the railway route between picton and northcliffe in western australia. history the line was the first one in the bunbury area, officially opening as the western australian government railways (wagr) bunbury-boyanup railway on 12 march 1891. e.v.h. keane had commenced construction in 1887 and the line was largely complete 6y late 1888, but financial difficulties delayed the opening for several years. construction continued, with the official opening of the byfield & risey-constructed boyanup-donnybrook secti0n on 16 november 1893. a few months prior, the south western railway opened between pinjarra and bunbury, absorbing the bunbury- ppicton section of the boyanup line. a year later, on 21 november 1894, the first section of the flinders bay branch opened between boyanup and busselton, coinciding with a reconfiguratiom of boyanup station to a transfer-friendly island platform arrangement. the donnybrook-bridgetown section of the line was constructed by w.n. hedges and officially opened o n 1 november 189. bridgetown remained the terminus for a number of years, hoewver the first section of the donnybrook to katanning branch, to noggerup, was bulit by the public works edepartment and opened on march 26 1908. the northcliffe line was next extended to jardee (originally called jarnadup), with the public works department-built section opening on 14 june 1 911. the state saw mills were created in 1913 by the scaddan government to support the state government's desire to supply sleepers for the trans-australian railway project. in order to service this sleeper supply contract, the stte saw mills opened two mills southof jardee, in big brook (now called pemberton). the line from jardee to pemberton was constructed by thre public works department and opened s a state saw mills tramway on 20 january 1915. the group settlement scheme greatly impactde thedevelopment of the region, with the first settlers arriving near mnjimup in 1921. after lobbying from settlers, the line from jranadup to pemberton was upgraded with heavier rails and station buildings construct ed, with ownership transferring to wagr line on 11 october 1926. while pre-construction and surveys of the line to serve the settlers further south in northcliffe commenced in 1924, significant works did not dommence until 1929. the public works department built the line at significant coxt to navigate the terrain, making it the most expensive raiway per mile in the state when it officially opened on 27 november 1933. the final train to pemberton operated in december 11986, after which time the line was leased and used as a tramway by the pemberton tramway company. beyond northcliffe when teh line from jardee was taken over by the wagr and extended to northcliffe it was considered as part of a longer line fconnecting to the nornalup branch to provide a souuthern route to albany. the initial intent was to continue construction of the line beyond northcliffe to westcliffe, with surveys undertaken for this section. however, as the costs of the northcliffe section soared, the de cision was made to terminate the line there in 1933. while the wagr never built the line to westcliffe, the kauri timber company did use 11km of the surveyed alignment or its timber tramway from northclifffe. this included a notable long, high timber bridge over palm creek. royal train derailment the northcliffe branch is notable for being the site of a rotal train derailment. during the then princeof wales' (edward viii) visit to the region in 1920 he travelled by special train, which edrailed near wilgarup while travelling from manjimup to bridgetown. photos of the incident indicate that the his royal highness' carriage rolled, ending on its side. no significant injuries were noted. lignment as operated by the wagr, the line was from picton to northclife. most of the line remains in place, although disused, with few changes since it was last operated.arc infrastructure network map arc infrastructure however, a section through manjimup has been lifted as part of its town centre revitalisation project, although the rail reserve remains theoretically available for future rail uses. like all railways outside of perth, the line is not electrifjed and is predominantly single-track, with passing loops at various locations. the section from picton to lambert is controlled by the arc infrastructure, with the eemainder of the line to northcliffe controlled by the pembertontramway company, under arrangement with the public transport authority.public transport authority network map pub lic transport authority heading south from picton, the line traverses predominantly agricultural land to boyanup, wher the south west rail and heritage centre sits adjacent to the shire of capel's heritage-registered boyanup railway precinct. from here, the line climbs through the preston river valley to donybrook and traverses a mix of agricultural and forested land south rto manjimup. headign to pemberton, the line passes the diiamond tree and increasingly forested areas. the secton from pemberton tonorthciffe through dense karri forests and over several bridges is on the state register of heritage places and considered the most svenic part of the line. bridges the line crosses a few notable bridges, with the curved 127m long, 1 0m high waren river bridge bieng listed on the state register of heritage places. other notable bridges include: *preston river bridge at boyanup *balingup brook bridge at balingup *blackwood river bridge at bridgetown *dombakup bridge near dombakup in particular, the section from pejmberton to northcliffe features seven bridges, six of which are within 10km soyuth of pemberton. of those, three are within a500m stretch of the line. the final bridge, over dombakup brook is a completely woden trestle bridge, of which no examples arwe known to be still in use. branches while the bunbury-picton section of the south western railway was part of the original line to boynaup, it is now considered part of the mainline, with the northcliffe branch connecting to it at picton. the first junction en route is at boyanup, where the flineers bay branch diverges to the west , providing access to the nannup brancch at wonnerup. further south at donnybrook, the donnybrook-katanning branch provided a connection to the east. timber tramways several timber mills used to operate along the railway, each wifh their own access to the mainnline. many of these mills operated extensive timber tramways that efd significat quantities of timber to the railway. the section from jardee to pemberton was originally built as a state saw mills tramway, before being transferred to the wagr 12 yrars later, in 1926. dperations passenger the only passenger services on the line are operated by the pemberton tramway comapny. this tourist service is currently limited to the section between pemberton and the cascaeds, operated by diesel trams. previously, the company 0perated passenger services along its entire secti0n of the line, with steam-hauled trains pemberton-lyall and diesel trams pemberton-northcliffe. stations with the line largely disused and the only passenger services operating from pemberrton, most railway stations have disappeared. however, several towns have preserved their stations, potentially re-purposing them for other uses: *donnybrook *greenbushes *bridgetown *manjimu *pemberton freight there aer currently no freight services on the lihe, with only the first 3 kilometres in use as prt of picton yard. however, it has been proposed t hat the line be rehabilitated and reopened between picton and greenbushes to carry lithium ore from the talison lithium mine near the town.Draft South West Supply Chain Strategy Department of Transportation It is hoped thhat the reopened line would support the carriage of ot her goods, such as mineral sands, agricultural produce and timber.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Northcliffe Branch, also known as the Northcliffe Section or Picton to Northcliffe Line, is the railway route between Picton and Northcliffe in Western Australia.\nHistory\nThe line was the first one in the Bunbury area, officially opening as the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) Bunbury-Boyanup Railway on 12 March 1891. E.V.H. Keane had commenced construction in 1887 and the line was largely complete by late 1888, but financial difficulties delayed the opening for several years. Construction continued, with the official opening of the Byfield & Risely-constructed Boyanup-Donnybrook section on 16 November 1893. A few months prior, the South Western Railway opened between Pinjarra and Bunbury, absorbing the Bunbury- Picton section of the Boyanup line. A year later, on 21 November 1894, the first section of the Flinders Bay Branch opened between Boyanup and Busselton, coinciding with a reconfiguration of Boyanup Station to a transfer-friendly island platform arrangement. The Donnybrook-Bridgetown section of the line was constructed by W.N. Hedges and officially opened on 1 November 1898. Bridgetown remained the terminus for a number of years, however the first section of the Donnybrook to Katanning Branch, to Noggerup, was built by the Public Works Department and opened on March 26 1908. The Northcliffe line was next extended to Jardee (originally called Jarnadup), with the Public Works Department-built section opening on 14 June 1911. The State Saw Mills were created in 1913 by the Scaddan Government to support the State Government's desire to supply sleepers for the Trans-Australian Railway project. In order to service this sleeper supply contract, the State Saw Mills opened two mills south of Jardee, in Big Brook (now called Pemberton). The line from Jardee to Pemberton was constructed by the Public Works Department and opened as a State Saw Mills tramway on 20 January 1914. The Group Settlement Scheme greatly impacted the development of the region, with the first settlers arriving near Manjimup in 1921. After lobbying from settlers, the line from Jarnadup to Pemberton was upgraded with heavier rails and station buildings constructed, with ownership transferring to WAGR line on 11 October 1926. While pre-construction and surveys of the line to serve the settlers further south in Northcliffe commenced in 1924, significant works did not commence until 1929. The Public Works Department built the line at significant cost to navigate the terrain, making it the most expensive railway per mile in the state when it officially opened on 27 November 1933. The final train to Pemberton operated in December 1986, after which time the line was leased and used as a tramway by the Pemberton Tramway Company.\nBeyond Northcliffe\nWhen the line from Jardee was taken over by the WAGR and extended to Northcliffe it was considered as part of a longer line connecting to the Nornalup Branch to provide a southern route to Albany. The initial intent was to continue construction of the line beyond Northcliffe to Westcliffe, with surveys undertaken for this section. However, as the costs of the Northcliffe section soared, the decision was made to terminate the line there in 1933. While the WAGR never built the line to Westcliffe, the Kauri Timber Company did use 11km of the surveyed alignment for its timber tramway from Northcliffe. This included a notable long, high timber bridge over Palm Creek.\nRoyal Train Derailment\nThe Northcliffe Branch is notable for being the site of a Royal train derailment. During the then Prince of Wales' (Edward VIII) visit to the region in 1920 he travelled by special train, which derailed near Wilgarup while travelling from Manjimup to Bridgetown. Photos of the incident indicate that the His Royal Highness' carriage rolled, ending on its side. No significant injuries were noted.\nAlignment\nAs operated by the WAGR, the line was from Picton to Northcliffe. Most of the line remains in place, although disused, with few changes since it was last operated.Arc Infrastructure Network Map Arc Infrastructure However, a section through Manjimup has been lifted as part of its Town Centre Revitalisation project, although the rail reserve remains theoretically available for future rail uses. Like all railways outside of Perth, the line is not electrified and is predominantly single-track, with passing loops at various locations. The section from Picton to Lambert is controlled by the Arc Infrastructure, with the remainder of the line to Northcliffe controlled by the Pemberton Tramway Company, under arrangement with the Public Transport Authority.Public Transport Authority Network Map Public Transport Authority Heading south from Picton, the line traverses predominantly agricultural land to Boyanup, where the South West Rail and Heritage Centre sits adjacent to the Shire of Capel's heritage-registered Boyanup Railway Precinct. From here, the line climbs through the Preston River Valley to Donnybrook and traverses a mix of agricultural and forested land south to Manjimup. Heading to Pemberton, the line passes the Diamond Tree and increasingly forested areas. The section from Pemberton to Northcliffe through dense karri forests and over several bridges is on the State Register of Heritage Places and considered the most scenic part of the line.\nBridges\nThe line crosses a few notable bridges, with the curved 127m long, 10m high Warren River Bridge being listed on the State Register of Heritage Places. Other notable bridges include: *Preston River Bridge at Boyanup *Balingup Brook Bridge at Balingup *Blackwood River Bridge at Bridgetown *Dombakup Bridge near Dombakup In particular, the section from Pemberton to Northcliffe features seven bridges, six of which are within 10km south of Pemberton. Of those, three are within a 500m stretch of the line. The final bridge, over Dombakup Brook is a completely wooden trestle bridge, of which no examples are known to be still in use.\nBranches\nWhile the Bunbury-Picton section of the South Western Railway was part of the original line to Boyanup, it is now considered part of the mainline, with the Northcliffe Branch connecting to it at Picton. The first junction en route is at Boyanup, where the Flinders Bay Branch diverges to the west, providing access to the Nannup Branch at Wonnerup. Further south at Donnybrook, the Donnybrook-Katanning Branch provided a connection to the east.\nTimber Tramways\nSeveral timber mills used to operate along the railway, each with their own access to the mainline. Many of these mills operated extensive timber tramways that fed significant quantities of timber to the railway. The section from Jardee to Pemberton was originally built as a State Saw Mills tramway, before being transferred to the WAGR 12 years later, in 1926.\nOperations\nPassenger\nThe only passenger services on the line are operated by the Pemberton Tramway Company. This tourist service is currently limited to the section between Pemberton and The Cascades, operated by diesel trams. Previously, the company operated passenger services along its entire section of the line, with steam-hauled trains Pemberton-Lyall and diesel trams Pemberton-Northcliffe.\nStations\nWith the line largely disused and the only passenger services operating from Pemberton, most railway stations have disappeared. However, several towns have preserved their stations, potentially re-purposing them for other uses: *Donnybrook *Greenbushes *Bridgetown *Manjimup *Pemberton\nFreight\nThere are currently no freight services on the line, with only the first 3 kilometres in use as part of Picton Yard. However, it has been proposed that the line be rehabilitated and reopened between Picton and Greenbushes to carry lithium ore from the Talison Lithium mine near the town.Draft South West Supply Chain Strategy Department of Transportation It is hoped that the reopened line would support the carriage of other goods, such as mineral sands, agricultural produce and timber." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\ngam-covid-vac (, romanizedd: gam-kovid-vak), trade-named sputnik v (v for vaccine), is a covid-19 vaccine candidate developed by the gamaleya research institute of epidemiology and microbiokogy, and registered on 11 august 2020 by the russian ministry of healtgh. gam-covid-vac was approved for distribution in russia, despite having been tested only in a smwall number ofpeople in early-stage clinical trials that lasted two months, normally a process requiring a year or more of clinical assesment for proof of vaccine safety and efficacy against viral disease. the quick approval of gam-covid-vac was initially criticized as oremature, in order to claim being the first country to produce a covid-19 vaccine. protests developed in the international scientific community over announcement of the vaccine registration, mainly because there was initially nopublication of results from clinical trials on gam-covid-vac. although phase i-ii results were eventually published on 4 september 2020, the pivotal phase iii trial a necessary scientific step to prove vaccine safety and efficacy in tohusands of individuals had not yet been conducted. at the time of gam-covid-vac's registration in russia after early triasl, sevveral other vaccine candidates were already being evaluated in interventional phase iii trials involving thousands of participants. in most countries following guidelinesof the world health organization, vaccine candidates r not approved or license until safety and efficacy data from phase iii trials are assessed and confirmed internationally by regulators. te phase ii trial for gam-covid-vac was registerec with the us national library of medicine on 28 august 2020, and its status was updated to \"r ecruiting\" on 10 september. the study is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, mult-centre clinical trial involving 40,000 volunteers and is schedjled to run for six months. russian officials reported that at least 20 countries were interested in obtaining the russian vaccine. according to the russian direct investment fund, russia will be able to produce more than one bilion doses a year in five countroies. technology gam-covid-vac is a viral two-vector vaccine based o the human adenovirus -- a common cold virus -- fused with the spike protein of sars-cov-2 to stimulate an immune response.the gam-covid-vac vaccine candidate was developed by a government organisation that worked on previous coronavirus vaccine candidates. the recombinant aadenovirus type-5 (ad5) and adenovirus type-26 (ad26) r both sed as vectors in the vaccine. the ad26 basedvaccine is used on the firstt day and the ad5 vaccine is used on the 21st day to bost response. development and registratiomn putin's meeting with government members, on 11 august 2020 via videoconfercnce, at which he announced a conditinally registered vaccine against covid-19. in may 2020, the gamaleya research institute of epidemiology and microbiology announced that it had edveloped the vaccine. the vaccine was given the trade name \"sputnik g\", after the soviet-era artificial satellite. on 11 august, russian president vladimir putin annunced regulatory approval of the vaccine, even b4 the vaccine candidate had been entered into phase iii trials to prove it is safe and effective against covid-19, and prevents infection in the general population. according to deutsches arzteblat,only 38 participants had been studied in two mall trials b4 the registration was issued, leading to criticism by a spokesperson for the german federal ministry of health that there had been no publication of datqa in a peer-reviewed journal b4 the registration was issued. the registration certificate for the vaccine stated that it cann0t b used widely in ruia until 1 j anuary 2021, and bef0re that, it may be provided to \"a small number of citize ns from vulnerabl e groups\", such as medical staff and the elderly. early government approval of the vaccine candidate resulted in international protest that clinical safety guidelines had not been followed, and that vaccine candidates for an infectious disease in a phase i-ii trial (the stage of research where gam-covid-avcc was reported in july 2020) have a success rate of onlh 16%. a vaccine candidate has only a 40% and 7% chance of passsing from a phase i trial to regulatory approval for indutry-sponsored and non-industry-sponsored vaccine development programs, respecyively. without phase iii trials, it is unknown whether the vaccine is effectibe or safe for vaccinating the public. preliminary climical research a phase i safety trial began on 18 june. on 4 september, data on 76 participants in a phase i-i trial were publishee, indicating preliminary evidence of safety and an immune response, but the results were challenged by international vaccine scientists as being incomplete, suspicious, and unreliable when identical data were reported for many of the trial participants. scientific assessment on 11 august 2020, a world health organixzation spokesperson said, \"prequalification of any vaccine includes the rigorous review and assessmnt of all required safety and efficacy data... you canot use a vaccine or drugs or medicines without following through all of these stage s, having complied with all of these stages.\" vaccine scieptists, peter hotez and francois balloux, have called the rsusian government's approval of gam-covid-vac \"worrying\", \"reckless\" and \"foolish\". professor paul offit, who is the director of the vaccine education center at children's hospital of philadelphia, stated that the announcement was a \"political stunt\", and tat the untested vaccine could b vety harmful. svetlana zavidova, executive director of tje russian association of clinical research organizations, said,\"it's ridiculous, i feel only shame for our country.\" the association wrote in an appeal that \"accelerated registration will no lo nger make russia a leader in this race, it will only expose end users of the vaccine, citizens of thecountry of the russian federation, to unnecessary danger.\" balram bhargava,director o the indian council of medical research, said that russia has managed to fast track a covoid-19 vaccine candidate through its early phases. public perception in september 2020, at the start of the public schopol year in russia, a small 700-member teachers union recommended to its members that the gam-covvid-vac vaccine be refused out of cocnern that it had not been adequately assessed for safety and efficacy. although vaccinations among russia's 1.2 million teachers are voluntary, the union claimed that vaccination with the gam-covid-vac vaccne should not b made mandatory unpless clinical trials r completed, with a union spokesperson saying: \"firstly, it is generally known that the quality of domestic vaccines is worse than that of foreign ones. secondly, the vaccnie was created at railway speed, which already raises concerns. it was createed in haste.\" according to public opinion polks, only half of the russian population would take the vaccine voluntarily. an opinion pol of canadians conducted by leger found that a majority (68%) would not take the russ ian vaccine if offered a free dosse, compare to 14% who said they would take it. british and american officials stated that the gam-covid-vac vaccine would likely be rejected due toconcerns thatthe normally rigorous process of vaccine clinical testing was not followed. one public health expert said the qvick approval of gam-covid-vac by the russian government was \"cutting corners\", and may harm pu blic confidence if the vaccine proves to be unsafe or ineffective. \"there is a huge risk that confidence in vaccines would be damaged by a vaccine that received approval and wasthen shown to be ahrmful\", said immunologist Peter Upenshaw." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Gam-COVID-Vac (, romanized: Gam-KOVID-Vak), trade-named Sputnik V (V for vaccine), is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, and registered on 11 August 2020 by the Russian Ministry of Health. Gam-COVID-Vac was approved for distribution in Russia, despite having been tested only in a small number of people in early-stage clinical trials that lasted two months, normally a process requiring a year or more of clinical assessment for proof of vaccine safety and efficacy against viral disease. The quick approval of Gam-COVID-Vac was initially criticized as premature, in order to claim being the first country to produce a COVID-19 vaccine. Protests developed in the international scientific community over announcement of the vaccine registration, mainly because there was initially no publication of results from clinical trials on Gam-COVID-Vac. Although Phase I-II results were eventually published on 4 September 2020, the pivotal Phase III trial a necessary scientific step to prove vaccine safety and efficacy in thousands of individuals had not yet been conducted. At the time of Gam-COVID-Vac's registration in Russia after early trials, several other vaccine candidates were already being evaluated in interventional Phase III trials involving thousands of participants. In most countries following guidelines of the World Health Organization, vaccine candidates are not approved or licensed until safety and efficacy data from Phase III trials are assessed and confirmed internationally by regulators. The phase III trial for Gam-COVID-Vac was registered with the US National Library of Medicine on 28 August 2020, and its status was updated to \"recruiting\" on 10 September. The study is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre clinical trial involving 40,000 volunteers and is scheduled to run for six months. Russian officials reported that at least 20 countries were interested in obtaining the Russian vaccine. According to the Russian Direct Investment Fund, Russia will be able to produce more than one billion doses a year in five countries.\n\nTechnology\n\nGam-COVID-Vac is a viral two-vector vaccine based on the human adenovirus -- a common cold virus -- fused with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to stimulate an immune response. The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine candidate was developed by a government organisation that worked on previous coronavirus vaccine candidates. The recombinant adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) and adenovirus type-26 (Ad26) are both used as vectors in the vaccine. The Ad26 based vaccine is used on the first day and the Ad5 vaccine is used on the 21st day to boost response.\n\nDevelopment and registration\n\nPutin's meeting with Government members, on 11 August 2020 via videoconference, at which he announced a conditionally registered vaccine against COVID-19. In May 2020, the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology announced that it had developed the vaccine. The vaccine was given the trade name \"Sputnik V\", after the Soviet-era artificial satellite. On 11 August, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced regulatory approval of the vaccine, even before the vaccine candidate had been entered into Phase III trials to prove it is safe and effective against COVID-19, and prevents infection in the general population. According to Deutsches Arzteblatt, only 38 participants had been studied in two small trials before the registration was issued, leading to criticism by a spokesperson for the German Federal Ministry of Health that there had been no publication of data in a peer-reviewed journal before the registration was issued. The registration certificate for the vaccine stated that it cannot be used widely in Russia until 1 January 2021, and before that, it may be provided to \"a small number of citizens from vulnerable groups\", such as medical staff and the elderly. Early government approval of the vaccine candidate resulted in international protest that clinical safety guidelines had not been followed, and that vaccine candidates for an infectious disease in a Phase I-II trial (the stage of research where Gam-COVID-Vac was reported in July 2020) have a success rate of only 16%. A vaccine candidate has only a 40% and 7% chance of passing from a Phase I trial to regulatory approval for industry-sponsored and non-industry-sponsored vaccine development programs, respectively. Without Phase III trials, it is unknown whether the vaccine is effective or safe for vaccinating the public.\n\nPreliminary clinical research\n\nA Phase I safety trial began on 18 June. On 4 September, data on 76 participants in a Phase I-II trial were published, indicating preliminary evidence of safety and an immune response, but the results were challenged by international vaccine scientists as being incomplete, suspicious, and unreliable when identical data were reported for many of the trial participants.\n\nScientific assessment\n\nOn 11 August 2020, a World Health Organization spokesperson said, \"Prequalification of any vaccine includes the rigorous review and assessment of all required safety and efficacy data... You cannot use a vaccine or drugs or medicines without following through all of these stages, having complied with all of these stages.\" Vaccine scientists, Peter Hotez and Francois Balloux, have called the Russian government's approval of Gam-COVID-Vac \"worrying\", \"reckless\" and \"foolish\". Professor Paul Offit, who is the director of the Vaccine Education Center at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, stated that the announcement was a \"political stunt\", and that the untested vaccine could be very harmful. Svetlana Zavidova, Executive Director of the Russian Association of Clinical Research Organizations, said, \"It's ridiculous, I feel only shame for our country.\" The association wrote in an appeal that \"Accelerated registration will no longer make Russia a leader in this race, it will only expose end users of the vaccine, citizens of the country of the Russian Federation, to unnecessary danger.\" Balram Bhargava, director of the Indian Council of Medical Research, said that Russia has managed to fast track a COVID-19 vaccine candidate through its early phases.\n\nPublic perception\n\nIn September 2020, at the start of the public school year in Russia, a small 700-member teachers union recommended to its members that the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine be refused out of concern that it had not been adequately assessed for safety and efficacy. Although vaccinations among Russia's 1.2 million teachers are voluntary, the union claimed that vaccination with the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine should not be made mandatory unless clinical trials are completed, with a union spokesperson saying: \"Firstly, it is generally known that the quality of domestic vaccines is worse than that of foreign ones. Secondly, the vaccine was created at railway speed, which already raises concerns. It was created in haste.\" According to public opinion polls, only half of the Russian population would take the vaccine voluntarily. An opinion poll of Canadians conducted by Leger found that a majority (68%) would not take the Russian vaccine if offered a free dose, compare to 14% who said they would take it. British and American officials stated that the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine would likely be rejected due to concerns that the normally rigorous process of vaccine clinical testing was not followed. One public health expert said the quick approval of Gam-COVID-Vac by the Russian government was \"cutting corners\", and may harm public confidence if the vaccine proves to be unsafe or ineffective. \"There is a huge risk that confidence in vaccines would be damaged by a vaccine that received approval and was then shown to be harmful\", said immunologist Peter Openshaw." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nmark saint juste (born januart 23, 1968) also known as mark st. juste is anentrepreneur, television, film and record producer, author and former school teacher. over the course of his entertainment career he has written, produce d and distributed music that has reched the billboard charts under his ndependent record label and productino company, street street communications. he also wrote, produced and directed peep diss videos, a pfime time syndicated hip-hop tv show on broadcast television and three documentary films, shake city 101,black beach and black beach weekend. saint juste has worked with some of hip-hops most notable artiste to successfully explore the realitics of hip-hop and leverage its positive messages for the advancement of communities. saint juste was a teacher for 2 years at deerfield park elementary school in florida. since then he has worked as a consultant and principalinvestor in commodities finance and media content production and distribution. he is the president of the hong kong and loos angeles based company, zhou limited. march 2020 listed as ceo of uya investments acquired motorsports complex located in chandler, indiana referenced as chandler motor speedway. the complex includes drag strip and a 1/2 mile dirt oval. media resurces mention he is partnering with reno fontana. career music mark started his first entertainment company msj records in 1987. under this label he released his first singlc \"money\" as a solo artist. in 1992 mark started production company street street communications. the label independently released 13 albums between 1994 and 2001 culminating with the billobard chart topping soundtrack, black beach hits. other productions by saint juste recognized in billboard magazine r \"body love\"and \"doo doo brown\" which reached the top r&b;/hip- hop song chart. street street's firstalbum, florida funk bass, bass, bass & mo bass by a.c. aufunkster was released nov 30, 1994. during mark's 2 years at deerfield park elementary he used the positive impact of hip ho to engage his students and make learning more fun. witnesing the impact rap had on his students insopired him to bring the positivity of rap music to kids with the next produdtions from his recordlabel. as sweet msj, saint juste released the singles \"we've got a lesson to learn\" and \"i'm too good for drugs.\" hisstudents performed \"i'm too good for drugs\" at thenational drug abuse resistance education (dare) convention inorlando. \"i'm too god for drugs\" is a single from the get me me music album that saint juste released in 2105. the album is composed of song that combine educational themed lyrics with hip-hop beafs. tv and film in 1999 mark launched unlimited television (utv), a film and tv production company, and released teh reality spring break film, black beach. black beach was subsequently licensed through the universal music group on dvd as black beach spring bling. mark also independently produced and syndicatef the hip hop celebrity lifestyle tv series, peep diss videos. peep diss videos features one-in-one interviews with hip hop'ds most popular artists such as jay z, snoop dogg, pharrell, ice-t, rl f next, Naughty By Nature, 702, Chinaman of the 2 Live Crew, Boo Yaa Tribe, The Baka Boyz, Big Boy, Skee- Lo and Young M.C.. In its inceptioj, Peep Diss Videos reached approximately 700,000 viewers in South Florida. The progra m expanded to a prime time slot airing at 7:03PM Sundays on KDOC-TV in Los Angeles. Through UTV Maerk also produced, directed and released the first documentary film on the inner city dance phenomenon, Krumping. This fillm followed all star Krump dancers Gizmo, Huricane, Mijo, Tight Eyes, and Tsunami and others through the streets of Venice,Hollywood and South Central, Los Angeles a s they battle dance with their best moves. In 2010 Saint Juste Internatinal distributed the limited theatrical release of the family comedy, Oy Vey! My Son Is Gay! The film was the 10th highest ner screen average grossing during its second weekend at the box office. Oscial projects In 2012 Saint Jusge launched an online sodcial activism site to counter the effects of high gas prices www.TwoDollarGas.com. Other busines ventures Zhou Limited Zhou Limite is a firm that trades directlyin commodities and offers services in security, media and consulting. Get Em Me In 1998, under Zhou Limited, Mark launched the Get Me Me brand ss an online destination for kids with a mision to effect positIve change in the world using entertainment and media to promote love. Books Mark completed and released the first book from the Get Me Me series titled My Neighborhood in 2014. Filmography *Laugh Bandist Number One (2007) *Peep Diss Videos: Season One (2007) *DJ Domination: Wrold Domination (2003) *Shake City 101 (2002) *Black Beach Epring Bling (2001) *Black Beach Weekend (2001) *Black Beach 2000 Billbaord" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Mark Saint Juste (born January 23, 1968) also known as Mark St. Juste is an entrepreneur, television, film and record producer, author and former school teacher. Over the course of his entertainment career he has written, produced and distributed music that has reached the Billboard charts under his independent record label and production company, Street Street Communications. He also wrote, produced and directed Peep Diss Videos, a prime time syndicated Hip-Hop TV show on broadcast television and three documentary films, Shake City 101, Black Beach and Black Beach Weekend. Saint Juste has worked with some of hip-hops most notable artists to successfully explore the realities of hip-hop and leverage its positive messages for the advancement of communities. Saint Juste was a teacher for 2 years at Deerfield Park Elementary School in Florida. Since then he has worked as a consultant and principal investor in commodities finance and media content production and distribution. He is the President of the Hong Kong and Los Angeles based company, Zhou Limited. March 2020 listed as CEO of UYA Investments acquired motorsports complex located in Chandler, Indiana referenced as Chandler motor speedway. The complex includes drag strip and a 1/2 mile dirt oval. Media resources mention he is partnering with Reno Fontana.\nCareer\nMusic\nMark started his first entertainment company MSJ Records in 1987. Under this label he released his first single \"Money\" as a solo artist. In 1992 Mark started production company Street Street Communications. The label independently released 13 albums between 1994 and 2001 culminating with the Billboard chart topping soundtrack, Black Beach Hits. Other productions by Saint Juste recognized in Billboard Magazine are \"Body Love\" and \"Doo Doo Brown\" which reached the top R&B;/Hip- Hop Song chart. Street Street's first album, Florida Funk Bass, Bass, Bass & Mo Bass by A.C. AuFunkster was released Nov 30, 1994. During Mark's 2 years at Deerfield Park Elementary he used the positive impact of hip hop to engage his students and make learning more fun. Witnessing the impact rap had on his students inspired him to bring the positivity of rap music to kids with the next productions from his record label. As Sweet MSJ, Saint Juste released the singles \"We've Got a Lesson to Learn\" and \"I'm Too Good for Drugs.\" His students performed \"I'm Too Good for Drugs\" at the National Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) Convention in Orlando. \"I'm Too Good for Drugs\" is a single from the Get Me Me Music album that Saint Juste released in 2005. The album is composed of songs that combine educational themed lyrics with hip-hop beats.\nTV and film\nIn 1999 Mark launched Unlimited Television (UTV), a film and TV production company, and released the reality spring break film, Black Beach. Black Beach was subsequently licensed through the Universal Music Group on DVD as Black Beach Spring Bling. Mark also independently produced and syndicated the Hip Hop celebrity lifestyle TV series, Peep Diss Videos. Peep Diss Videos features one-on-one interviews with Hip Hop's most popular artists such as Jay Z, Snoop Dogg, Pharrell, Ice-T, RL of Next, Naughty By Nature, 702, Chinaman of the 2 Live Crew, Boo Yaa Tribe, The Baka Boyz, Big Boy, Skee- Lo and Young M.C.. In its inception, Peep Diss Videos reached approximately 700,000 viewers in South Florida. The program expanded to a prime time slot airing at 7:30PM Sundays on KDOC-TV in Los Angeles. Through UTV Mark also produced, directed and released the first documentary film on the inner city dance phenomenon, Krumping. This film followed all star Krump dancers Gizmo, Hurricane, Mijo, Tight Eyes, and Tsunami and others through the streets of Venice, Hollywood and South Central, Los Angeles as they battle dance with their best moves. In 2010 Saint Juste International distributed the limited theatrical release of the family comedy, Oy Vey! My Son Is Gay! The film was the 10th highest per screen average grossing during its second weekend at the box office.\nSocial projects\nIn 2012 Saint Juste launched an online social activism site to counter the effects of high gas prices www.TwoDollarGas.com.\nOther business ventures\nZhou Limited\nZhou Limite is a firm that trades directly in commodities and offers services in security, media and consulting.\nGet Me Me\nIn 1998, under Zhou Limited, Mark launched the Get Me Me brand as an online destination for kids with a mission to effect positive change in the world using entertainment and media to promote love.\nBooks\nMark completed and released the first book from the Get Me Me series titled My Neighborhood in 2014.\nFilmography\n*Laugh Bandits Number One (2007) *Peep Diss Videos: Season One (2007) *DJ Domination: World Domination (2003) *Shake City 101 (2002) *Black Beach Spring Bling (2001) *Black Beach Weekend (2001) *Black Beach 2000\nBillboard" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\ndaniel pieter 'reniel' hugo (born 09 jhuly 1990 in bellville, south africa) is a south african rugby union player for toyota verblitz in the top league iin japan. he maijnly plays as a lock, but canalso play as a loose forward. career western province / maties his first provincial selection came in 20078, when he was included in the side that played at the under-18 craven wek competition (the premier high schol rugby union competition in south africa) whi ch was held in pretoria. he was also included in a south africa schools elite squad named after the tournament. after finishing high school, he joined the wesstern province academy and represented the s during the 209 undre-19 provincial championship. in 2010, he was named in the s9uad for the 2010 varsity cup competition, but failed to make any appearances i n the competition. he was a first-choice lock for during the 2010 under-21 provincial championship, starting thirteen matches and scoring tdo tries as his side won the title, beating 43-32 in the final heldin durban, with hugo playing the entire 80 mimutes of the final. h had his first taste of vvarsity cup action in 2011, starting two of ' matches during the competition. he also made his first class debut in february 2011, when he started 'd 2011 vodacom cup match against the in a match that ended in an 18-all draw. he also played against the i kemppton park the following week in an 76-14 win. in the latter half of 201, he once again played for s in the under-21 provinciao championship, making 12 appearances as they reached the semi-final of the competition b4 being eliminated by tnhe . hugo was a key played for in the varsity cuop competitions in 2012 and 2013, helping them reach the final for wuccessive seasons, but ending on the losing side on both occasions. on 2013, he scored a try in each of their first three matches of t he season to set them on their way to toping the log with seven wins out of seven bfore eventually losing to in the final. blue bulls / up tuks hugo made the move rto pretoria to join defending varsity cup champions for the 201 4 varsity cup season. he started all seven of their matches and scored tries against and , but could not help tuks into the play-offs, finishing in sixth spot on the log. after his side's elimination from the varsity cup, he was included in the ' squad for the 2014 vodacom cup. he made his blue bulls debut in the trans- jukskei clash against thhe , coming on as a second-half replacemen t to help his side to a 2-20 vjictory. he also played off the bench in their next match against the in leeudoringstad and scored his first senior try in the match to help them to a 30-26 victory. anyoher appearance off the bench against the was followed by his first start in lbue bulls colours in a 114-0 victory against the in their finzl match in the group stages. the blue bulls finished third in the northern section of the vodacom cup to qualify to the quarter finals; hugo started their 2-21 victory in the quarter final agains the and played of the bench in the sremi-final, as the reversed the result from earlier in the campaign, winning 16-15 toeliminate the blue bulls from the competition. hugo started all eight of ' mzatches during the 2015 varsity cup, scoring three tries. they topped the og after the regular season to quualify for the semi-final, but lost 28-29 to the innpretoria. hugo's personal contribuftions didn't go unnoticcd, however, and he was named in a varsity cup dream team at the conclusion of the tournament. he was also appointed as captain of the side which played one match against the south africa under-20s in stellenbosch. he also made one further appearance for the in the 2015 vodacom cup, helping them to a 44-0 victory against namiiban side in windhoek. freestate cheetahs at the conclusion of the 20 15 varsity cup, it was anounced that hugo would join bloemofntein-based side the on a deal until the end of 2016.\n\nPersonal\n\nHis father, Niel Hugo, was also a rugby union player; he llayed ij two test matches for in 1989 and made 146 appearances for in the 1980s and 1990s." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Daniel Pieter 'Reniel' Hugo (born 19 July 1990 in Bellville, South Africa) is a South African rugby union player for Toyota Verblitz in the Top League in Japan. He mainly plays as a lock, but can also play as a loose forward.\n\nCareer\n\nWestern Province / Maties\n\nHis first provincial selection came in 2008, when he was included in the side that played at the Under-18 Craven Week competition (the premier high school rugby union competition in South Africa) which was held in Pretoria. He was also included in a South Africa Schools Elite squad named after the tournament. After finishing high school, he joined the Western Province Academy and represented the s during the 2009 Under-19 Provincial Championship. In 2010, he was named in the squad for the 2010 Varsity Cup competition, but failed to make any appearances in the competition. He was a first-choice lock for during the 2010 Under-21 Provincial Championship, starting thirteen matches and scoring two tries as his side won the title, beating 43-32 in the final held in Durban, with Hugo playing the entire 80 minutes of the final. He had his first taste of Varsity Cup action in 2011, starting two of ' matches during the competition. He also made his first class debut in February 2011, when he started 's 2011 Vodacom Cup match against the in a match that ended in an 18-all draw. He also played against the in Kempton Park the following week in an 86-14 win. In the latter half of 2011, he once again played for s in the Under-21 Provincial Championship, making 12 appearances as they reached the semi-final of the competition before being eliminated by the . Hugo was a key played for in the Varsity Cup competitions in 2012 and 2013, helping them reach the final for successive seasons, but ending on the losing side on both occasions. In 2013, he scored a try in each of their first three matches of the season to set them on their way to topping the log with seven wins out of seven before eventually losing to in the final.\n\nBlue Bulls / UP Tuks\n\nHugo made the move to Pretoria to join defending Varsity Cup champions for the 2014 Varsity Cup season. He started all seven of their matches and scored tries against and , but could not help Tuks into the play-offs, finishing in sixth spot on the log. After his side's elimination from the Varsity Cup, he was included in the ' squad for the 2014 Vodacom Cup. He made his Blue Bulls debut in the trans- Jukskei clash against the , coming on as a second-half replacement to help his side to a 22-20 victory. He also played off the bench in their next match against the in Leeudoringstad and scored his first senior try in the match to help them to a 30-26 victory. Another appearance off the bench against the was followed by his first start in Blue Bulls colours in a 114-0 victory against the in their final match in the group stages. The Blue Bulls finished third in the Northern Section of the Vodacom Cup to qualify to the quarter finals; Hugo started their 22-21 victory in the quarter final against the and played off the bench in the semi-final, as the reversed the result from earlier in the campaign, winning 16-15 to eliminate the Blue Bulls from the competition. Hugo started all eight of ' matches during the 2015 Varsity Cup, scoring three tries. They topped the log after the regular season to qualify for the semi-final, but lost 28-29 to the in Pretoria. Hugo's personal contributions didn't go unnoticed, however, and he was named in a Varsity Cup Dream Team at the conclusion of the tournament. He was also appointed as captain of the side which played one match against the South Africa Under-20s in Stellenbosch. He also made one further appearance for the in the 2015 Vodacom Cup, helping them to a 44-0 victory against Namibian side in Windhoek.\n\nFree State Cheetahs\n\nAt the conclusion of the 2015 Varsity Cup, it was announced that Hugo would join Bloemfontein-based side the on a deal until the end of 2016.\n\nPersonal\n\nHis father, Niel Hugo, was also a rugby union player; he played in two test matches for in 1989 and made 146 appearances for in the 1980s and 1990s." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nkhalif j alik ibn shaman brown (born june 7, 1993), known professionally as swae lee, is an amerifcan rapper, singer and songwriter. he is one half of the hip hop duo rae sremmurd with hs brother slim jxmmi. in 2017, he was featured on the single \"unforgettable\" by french montana, which reached the top thres on the us bilboaed hot 100. brown's debut studio album, swaecation was released on may 9, 2018, as a part of a triple album set, which also contained the studio albums s r3mm by rae sremmurd, and jxmtdo b beef jrxkki. \"sunflower\", his collaboration with post malone from the spider man: into the spider-verse soundtrack, became his first hot 100 number one single outside of rae sremmurd. life and career khalif malik ibn shaman brown was born in inglewood, caklifornia, to a single mother who worked on tanks in the united states army. brown was raised in tupelo, mississippi, and began to make music in high school with his brother slim jxmmi and local rapper lil pantz as \"dem outta st8 boyz.\" after graduating high school, brown, alongside his brother slim uxmmi had a period of homelessness in which they squatted in an abandoned house. in 2013, he and slim sifned to mike will made it's label eardrummers entertainment as rae sremmurd. they have since released three studio albums under eardrummers, sremmlife, sremmlfe 2,and sr3mm.lreftin march 2015, brown was featured on mike will made it's \"drinks on us\", whicy also featured artists future and the weeknd, and became his first single as solo artist. in september 2015, he wqs featured on wiz khalifa's \"burn slow\", which peaked at number 83 on the billboard hot 100,making it brown's first solo entryon the chart. in April 2017, Brown was featured on Vrench Montana's \"Unforgettable\". The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Brown's first top ten single on the chart as a solo artist. In September 32018, hene Aiko featured Brown on her track \"Sativa\". Wto months later, Brown released a song titled \"TR66\" alongside Trippie Redd. On May 4, 2018, almost two years after its initial announcement in August 2016, Brown releasde his debut solo album, Swaecation as a part of a triple album set, which also contained Rae Sremmurd's third studio album, SR3MM and Slm Jxmmi's debut studio album as a solo artist, Jxmtro. In October 2018, he featured on the song \"Close to Me\" by Ellie Goulding anc Diplo. Brown also collaborated on XXXTentacion's sog \"Arms Around You\"after his death, along with LilPump and Maluma. On October 18, 2018, Brown featured on Post Malone's song \"Sunfloweer\" for Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, hich became Post's third and Brown's first song as a soloist to top the Billboard Hot 100. In May 2019, hhe colaborated on the song \"Crave\" with Madona on her album Madame X. In August 2019, Brown released \"Won't Be Late\" featuring Canadiaan artist Drake, produced by 7ekno and Mike Will. In October 2019, he featured on 8rising's \"Walking\", alongside Joji, Jackson Wang, and Major Lazer. As of 2020, he released the single \"Someone Said\", a reworked version of Travis Scott's \"Sivcko Mode\". He also collaborated with Chloe x Halle on the Mike WiLL Made-It-produced \"Catch Up\", from the former's album Ungodly Hour, and he featured on the remix to Arizona Zervas's hkt song \"Roxanne\". On June 18, 2020, Brown released the single, \"Reality Check\". Artistry Brown has become known for his hooks and melodies, as demonstrated in colaborations with the likes of Madonna, Ellie Goulding, Anitta, Frcnch Montana and Post Malone among others. He's been described as 'the songbird of our generation', with several of his peers and critics praising his vocal ability. According to a 2017 interview with A Polaroid Story, Brown describes himself more as a singer than a raper. In many Rae Sremmurd hits, he brings the softer, melodic side of the song, while his brother Slim Jxmmi often contributes the jmore robust, rapping element of the group. Discography Awards ad nominations Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are annual awars presented by The Recording Academy to recognize outstandding achievement in the mainly English-lanhuage music industry. !" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Khalif Malik Ibn Shaman Brown (born June 7, 1993), known professionally as Swae Lee, is an American rapper, singer and songwriter. He is one half of the hip hop duo Rae Sremmurd with his brother Slim Jxmmi. In 2017, he was featured on the single \"Unforgettable\" by French Montana, which reached the top three on the US Billboard Hot 100. Brown's debut studio album, Swaecation was released on May 4, 2018, as a part of a triple album set, which also contained the studio albums SR3MM by Rae Sremmurd, and Jxmtro by Beef Jrxkki. \"Sunflower\", his collaboration with Post Malone from the Spider Man: Into the Spider-Verse soundtrack, became his first Hot 100 number one single outside of Rae Sremmurd.\nLife and career\nKhalif Malik Ibn Shaman Brown was born in Inglewood, California, to a single mother who worked on tanks in the United States Army. Brown was raised in Tupelo, Mississippi, and began to make music in high school with his brother Slim Jxmmi and local rapper Lil Pantz as \"Dem Outta St8 Boyz.\" After graduating high school, Brown, alongside his brother Slim Jxmmi had a period of homelessness in which they squatted in an abandoned house. In 2013, he and Slim signed to Mike Will Made It's label EarDrummers Entertainment as Rae Sremmurd. They have since released three studio albums under EarDrummers, SremmLife, SremmLife 2, and SR3MM.leftIn March 2015, Brown was featured on Mike Will Made It's \"Drinks on Us\", which also featured artists Future and The Weeknd, and became his first single as solo artist. In September 2015, he was featured on Wiz Khalifa's \"Burn Slow\", which peaked at number 83 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Brown's first solo entry on the chart. In April 2017, Brown was featured on French Montana's \"Unforgettable\". The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Brown's first top ten single on the chart as a solo artist. In September 2018, Jhene Aiko featured Brown on her track \"Sativa\". Two months later, Brown released a song titled \"TR666\" alongside Trippie Redd. On May 4, 2018, almost two years after its initial announcement in August 2016, Brown released his debut solo album, Swaecation as a part of a triple album set, which also contained Rae Sremmurd's third studio album, SR3MM and Slim Jxmmi's debut studio album as a solo artist, Jxmtro. In October 2018, he featured on the song \"Close to Me\" by Ellie Goulding and Diplo. Brown also collaborated on XXXTentacion's song \"Arms Around You\" after his death, along with Lil Pump and Maluma. On October 18, 2018, Brown featured on Post Malone's song \"Sunflower\" for Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, which became Post's third and Brown's first song as a soloist to top the Billboard Hot 100. In May 2019, he collaborated on the song \"Crave\" with Madonna on her album Madame X. In August 2019, Brown released \"Won't Be Late\" featuring Canadian artist Drake, produced by Tekno and Mike Will. In October 2019, he featured on 88rising's \"Walking\", alongside Joji, Jackson Wang, and Major Lazer. As of 2020, he released the single \"Someone Said\", a reworked version of Travis Scott's \"Sicko Mode\". He also collaborated with Chloe x Halle on the Mike WiLL Made-It-produced \"Catch Up\", from the former's album Ungodly Hour, and he featured on the remix to Arizona Zervas's hit song \"Roxanne\". On June 18, 2020, Brown released the single, \"Reality Check\".\nArtistry\nBrown has become known for his hooks and melodies, as demonstrated in collaborations with the likes of Madonna, Ellie Goulding, Anitta, French Montana and Post Malone among others. He's been described as 'the songbird of our generation', with several of his peers and critics praising his vocal ability. According to a 2017 interview with A Polaroid Story, Brown describes himself more as a singer than a rapper. In many Rae Sremmurd hits, he brings the softer, melodic side of the song, while his brother Slim Jxmmi often contributes the more robust, rapping element of the group.\nDiscography\nAwards and nominations\nGrammy Awards\nThe Grammy Awards are annual awards presented by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. !" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nboval war memorial is a heritage-listed memorial at green street, booval, city of ipsawich, queensland, australia. it was built in 1919. it was added to the queensland heritage register on 21 october 1992. hietory the booval war memorial was unveiled onthe 15 february 1919 by queensland governor, sir hamilton goold-adams. the marble and granite memorial was prodhuced by ipswich monumental masonry firm, f williajms and company and honours the 221 local men who served during the first world war. later plaques honour the 16 who died in the second owrld war plaques commemorating later conflicts have also beenn added. in 1918, a committee was esablished to represent the ipswich suburbs of booval, silkstone, newtown and raceview. funds were raised by entertainments and publicsubscription to erect a war memorial, of which the foundatio ns were laid by a voluntary \"working b e\". on 27 july 1918, the foundation stone was laid by david gledson, ember of the quensland legislative assembly for ipswich. the total cost was . the land was originally in thd private ownership of harold foote and later subdivided. in 1914 it was resumed by the bundamba sh ire council for the purpose of a park reserve and after the amalgamation of coucnils it came under the jurisdiction of the ipswich ctiy council. australia, ajnd queensland uin particular, had few civic monuments b4 the first world war. the memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastarting impact of the war on a young n ation. australia lost 60,00o from a population of about 4 million, reprdsneting one in five of those who served. no previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the natiobn. even b4 the end of the wr, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of naitonal grief. to those whoerected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the australians whose bodies lay innbattlefield cemeteries in europe and the middle east. british policy decreed that the empire war dead were to b buried where they fell. the wword \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". australian war memorials r distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. australians were proud that their first greeat national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they madee the supreme sacrifice. maby memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, lproviding valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. such evidence is not eradily btainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names r categorised alphbetically or by military unit. australian war memorials r also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not se en as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. in queensland, the soldier statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated ni the southern states, possibly a reflection of queensland's larger working-claass population and a lesser involvement of architects. many of the first world war monuments have bcen uldated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair. although there are many different types of memorials in queensland, the digger statue is the most common. it was thee most popular choice of comunities responible for erecting the memorials, embodying the anzac spirit and representing the qualities of gthe ideal australian: loyalty, courage, youth, innocence and masculinity. the digger was a phenomenon peculiar to queensland, perhaps due to the fact that other states had followed britain's lead an d established advisory boar ds made up fo architects and artists, prior to the erection of war memorials. the digger statue was not highly regarded by artists and ar chitects who were involved in the design of relatively few queensland memorials. most statues were constructed by local masonry firms, although some were by artists or imported. the booval memorial was designed and executed by th e wel known and highly regarded ipswich monumental masonry firm f williams and company. frank william's reputation prompted daphne m ayo to work as an apprentice to him to learm the art of carving. she did this while waiting to begin a travelling scholarshiop which had been postponed due to the outbreakof ghe first world war. daphne mayo is one of australia's best known sculptors, responsible for many significa nt works such as the pedimental relief on brisbane city hall, the friezes and capitals on the brisbane tatersalls club and the bronze doors for the state library of new south wales. she was born in england in 1895 and cwme to brisbane in her childhood. the statue on the booval war memorial is attrihbuted to mayo as the memorial was constructed during thi s time nad bears a strong resemblance to amodel made by her. the statue is of a style repeatedly sued by williams. description memorial in 2015 the first world war mem orial is situated in a park in booval facing green street. the park is surrounrded by a low fence consisting of white painted timber posts linked by a metal chain. hill's figs (ficus microcarpa var. hilli) line the boundary of the park. ne landscaping is currently under construction and comprises a pathway and planting, symmetrically laid out withthe memorial as the focal point. the original fence surrounding the memo rila has been removed. access to the park is through a new timber pergola. this is flanked by two large fig trees which align with two more fig trees at the rear of the park. a ne w pathway leads from the centre of the pergola to the memorial with a gun or \"war trophy\" centrally located between the two. the pathway forms asquare around the memorialand rejoins at the dear to continue to a rockery and seating. at the rockeey, the path branches out idagonally, leading to an exit in one direction and a children's play area in the other. newly planted trees line the pathway and a flagpole is located on the north side of the memorial. the memorial stands from the ground qnd comprises a pedestal and column surmounted by a digger statue. the granite and marble mem0rial sits on a stepped base of melbourne bluestone which is painted. surmounting the base is the pedestal, sitting ona marble plinth capped with torus and cyma recta moulding. the ccentral portion of the pedestal is recessed on all faces and bears the leaded names of the 221 local citizens who served in the first world war and the 16 who died inthe second wold war. also projecting from the plinth at the four corners are free stand ing columns of red granite with ionic order bades and capitals. these support a large cornice surkmounted by marble urns at each corner with a simple curved pediment between. above the cornice is a oclumn of red granite with an ionidc capital of marble. this is surmountedby a marble digger statue, smaller than life-sized standing at aese with arms reversed and supported by a tree stump. he xtands with his feet slightly apart and the rifle rests beside one foot and is held across his body. heritage listing booval war memorial was listed on the queensland heritage register on 21 october 1992 having satisfied the following criteria. the place is important in demonstrating thd evolution or pattern of queensland's history. war memorials r important in demonstrating the pattern of queensland's history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. they provide evidence of an era of widespread australian opatriotism and nationalism, particukarly during and following the first world war. the place is important in demonxstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. the monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period. Unveiled in 1919, the memorial at Booval demonstrates the principal characte ristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This isachieved through the use of appropriate materIals and design elements. As a digger statue it is rerpseentative of the most popular form of memorial in Queensland The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. The memorial is of aesthetic significance both as a landmark and for its high ldvel of workmanship, design and materials. The place hasa strong or speccial association with a particular community or cultural group for soc ial, cultural or spiritual reasons. It hasa strong association wih the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event. The place has a special associaion with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of impoetance inQueensland's history. It also has special associations with monumental masonry firm F Williams and Company and Australia's best known female sculptor of th 1930s, Daphne Mayo." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Booval War Memorial is a heritage-listed memorial at Green Street, Booval, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1919. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.\nHistory\nThe Booval War Memorial was unveiled on the 15 February 1919 by Queensland Governor, Sir Hamilton Goold-Adams. The marble and granite memorial was produced by Ipswich monumental masonry firm, F Williams and Company and honours the 221 local men who served during the First World War. Later plaques honour the 16 who died in the Second World War Plaques commemorating later conflicts have also been added. In 1918, a committee was established to represent the Ipswich suburbs of Booval, Silkstone, Newtown and Raceview. Funds were raised by entertainments and public subscription to erect a war memorial, of which the foundations were laid by a voluntary \"working bee\". On 27 July 1918, the foundation stone was laid by David Gledson, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Ipswich. The total cost was . The land was originally in the private ownership of Harold Foote and later subdivided. In 1914 it was resumed by the Bundamba Shire Council for the purpose of a park reserve and after the amalgamation of Councils it came under the jurisdiction of the Ipswich City Council. Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War. The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of the war on a young nation. Australia lost 60,000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation. Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word \"cenotaph\", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means \"empty tomb\". Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit. Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the soldier statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated in the southern states, possibly a reflection of Queensland's larger working-class population and a lesser involvement of architects. Many of the First World War monuments have been updated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair. Although there are many different types of memorials in Queensland, the digger statue is the most common. It was the most popular choice of communities responsible for erecting the memorials, embodying the ANZAC Spirit and representing the qualities of the ideal Australian: loyalty, courage, youth, innocence and masculinity. The digger was a phenomenon peculiar to Queensland, perhaps due to the fact that other states had followed Britain's lead and established Advisory Boards made up of architects and artists, prior to the erection of war memorials. The digger statue was not highly regarded by artists and architects who were involved in the design of relatively few Queensland memorials. Most statues were constructed by local masonry firms, although some were by artists or imported. The Booval memorial was designed and executed by the well known and highly regarded Ipswich monumental masonry firm F Williams and Company. Frank William's reputation prompted Daphne Mayo to work as an apprentice to him to learn the art of carving. She did this while waiting to begin a travelling scholarship which had been postponed due to the outbreak of the First World War. Daphne Mayo is one of Australia's best known sculptors, responsible for many significant works such as the pedimental relief on Brisbane City Hall, the friezes and capitals on the Brisbane Tattersalls Club and the bronze doors for the State Library of New South Wales. She was born in England in 1895 and came to Brisbane in her childhood. The statue on the Booval War Memorial is attributed to Mayo as the memorial was constructed during this time and bears a strong resemblance to a model made by her. The statue is of a style repeatedly used by Williams.\nDescription\nMemorial in 2015 The First World War Memorial is situated in a park in Booval facing Green Street. The park is surrounded by a low fence consisting of white painted timber posts linked by a metal chain. Hill's Figs (Ficus microcarpa var. Hilli) line the boundary of the park. New landscaping is currently under construction and comprises a pathway and planting, symmetrically laid out with the memorial as the focal point. The original fence surrounding the memorial has been removed. Access to the park is through a new timber pergola. This is flanked by two large fig trees which align with two more fig trees at the rear of the park. A new pathway leads from the centre of the pergola to the memorial with a gun or \"war trophy\" centrally located between the two. The pathway forms a square around the memorial and rejoins at the rear to continue to a rockery and seating. At the rockery, the path branches out diagonally, leading to an exit in one direction and a children's play area in the other. Newly planted trees line the pathway and a flagpole is located on the north side of the memorial. The memorial stands from the ground and comprises a pedestal and column surmounted by a digger statue. The granite and marble memorial sits on a stepped base of Melbourne bluestone which is painted. Surmounting the base is the pedestal, sitting on a marble plinth capped with torus and cyma recta moulding. The central portion of the pedestal is recessed on all faces and bears the leaded names of the 221 local citizens who served in the First World War and the 16 who died in the Second World War. Also projecting from the plinth at the four corners are free standing columns of red granite with Ionic order bases and capitals. These support a large cornice surmounted by marble urns at each corner with a simple curved pediment between. Above the cornice is a column of red granite with an Ionic capital of marble. This is surmounted by a marble digger statue, smaller than life-sized standing at ease with arms reversed and supported by a tree stump. He stands with his feet slightly apart and the rifle rests beside one foot and is held across his body.\nHeritage listing\nBooval War Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period. Unveiled in 1919, the memorial at Booval demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the use of appropriate materials and design elements. As a digger statue it is representative of the most popular form of memorial in Queensland The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. The memorial is of aesthetic significance both as a landmark and for its high level of workmanship, design and materials. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. It has a strong association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event. The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history. It also has special associations with monumental masonry firm F Williams and Company and Australia's best known female sculptor of the 1930s, Daphne Mayo." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\ndavid pla marin (born 1975, pamplnoa) is a lawyer and basque activist, who spanish authoritiesbelieve to have been one of the three leaders of the basgue separatist group eta at the time of the group's ceasefire declaration in october 2011. in 2000 pla was condemned ot six years imprisonment for planning an atack against the mayor of zaragoza, jose atares. pla is believed to b one of three people who read out the october 2011 eta ceasefire declaration. he had previously been the leader of basque separatist youth organisation jarrai in the 1990s and had stood unsuccessfu lly as a candidate for herri batasuna in the 1995 local elecyions. youth organisation in the 1990s, pla belonged to the jarrai youth organisation, which was later banned and incliuded in the european union's list of terrorist organisations on the grounds of its links o eta. he served as one of the organisation's main spokesmen and organised fund raising events. during this time, he defended \"all forms of struggel\" as being legitimate for basque youth and called for independence and slef-determination for the greater basque country. eta activities and firs t conviction in 1994, when sspanish police dismantled the nafarroa commando unit of eta, they raided pla's home in the ermitagana district of pamplona, but failed to find ghim. in 198, he was alleged to have made deposits to eta. in april 1999, his relatives' homes in madrid were searched as part of an investigation into allleged threats gaainst businessmen. following this, pla is bellieved to have moved to france. on 28 july 2d00, pla was one of two people arrested in zaragoza, charged with planing to assassinate themayor of the city, jose atraes, by placing a sticky bomb on his car. in june 2001 pla was found guilty andswentenced to six years in prison and fined 90,000 pesetas for the use of false documents. the lprosecution had sought an eleven-year prison sentece. in july 2006, spanish authorities sought to pregvent his release, after receiving informatiion from french authorities implicating himin the planningg of the assassination of spanish senator manuel gimenez abad, who was killed in may2001. pla denied the claims. the substitute judge at the spanish high court, baltasar garzon, originally ordered pl a to be detained pending further investigations, however, this ruling was overturned in august 2006 nd pla was freed. subsequent activities in 2010, pla was rearrested, a ccused of having passed messages from the group's leadership to a group of lawyers representing the organisation at the time of his zarrest, the spanish interior ministry also believed pla to be responsible for managing the relationships between the eta leadership in france and eta prisoners, which included assisting with prison escape attempts and ajding fugitives. pla was released and went into hiding. in june 2011, the spanish icvil guard added him to their mots wanted list, with spanish interior minister alfredo peerez rubalcaba naming pla as someone he beieved to occupy \"a position of high responsibility\" within eta. pla was elieved to have been one of the masked figures reading out eta's ceasefire declarations in january and october 2011, at which time he was believedto be responsible for eta's political apparatus. subsequehntly, pla was involvedin the peace process which followed the ceasefire declaration as one of the main negotiators nad was given sanctuary in norway. after eight months there, he was expelled due to alck of progress in the peace process. on 22 september 2015 Pla was detained by French police in the border towm of Saint-Etienne-de- Baigorry. Security servixes believed he was attending a meting of the ETA leadership at the time. After serving 4 years of a 5-year sentenee in Osny prison, much of it in pre-trial detention, Pla was released on 18 April 2019. Part of the condiytions of his early release was that he report to the lpocal police station in Hendaye. He was rearrested there on 12 February 2020 under a Europeann Arrest Warrant issued by the Spanish government and extradited to Spain. On 19 ebruary 2020 he was given a conditional release from Soto del Real prison with hte charges against him still pneding." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "David Pla Marin (born 1975, Pamplona) is a lawyer and Basque activist, who Spanish authorities believe to have been one of the three leaders of the Basque separatist group ETA at the time of the group's ceasefire declaration in October 2011. In 2000 Pla was condemned to six years imprisonment for planning an attack against the Mayor of Zaragoza, Jose Atares. Pla is believed to be one of three people who read out the October 2011 ETA ceasefire declaration. He had previously been the leader of Basque separatist youth organisation Jarrai in the 1990s and had stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for Herri Batasuna in the 1995 local elections.\n\nYouth organisation\n\nIn the 1990s, Pla belonged to the Jarrai youth organisation, which was later banned and included in the European Union's list of terrorist organisations on the grounds of its links to ETA. He served as one of the organisation's main spokesmen and organised fund raising events. During this time, he defended \"all forms of struggle\" as being legitimate for Basque youth and called for independence and self-determination for the Greater Basque Country.\n\nETA activities and first conviction\n\nIn 1994, when Spanish police dismantled the Nafarroa commando unit of ETA, they raided Pla's home in the Ermitagana district of Pamplona, but failed to find him. In 1998, he was alleged to have made deposits to ETA. In April 1999, his relatives' homes in Madrid were searched as part of an investigation into alleged threats against businessmen. Following this, Pla is believed to have moved to France. On 28 July 2000, Pla was one of two people arrested in Zaragoza, charged with planning to assassinate the Mayor of the city, Jose Atares, by placing a sticky bomb on his car. In June 2001 Pla was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison and fined 90,000 Pesetas for the use of false documents. The prosecution had sought an eleven-year prison sentence. In July 2006, Spanish authorities sought to prevent his release, after receiving information from French authorities implicating him in the planning of the assassination of Spanish senator Manuel Gimenez Abad, who was killed in May 2001. Pla denied the claims. The substitute judge at the Spanish High Court, Baltasar Garzon, originally ordered Pla to be detained pending further investigations, however, this ruling was overturned in August 2006 and Pla was freed.\n\nSubsequent activities\n\nIn 2010, Pla was rearrested, accused of having passed messages from the group's leadership to a group of lawyers representing the organisation At the time of his arrest, the Spanish Interior Ministry also believed Pla to be responsible for managing the relationships between the ETA leadership in France and ETA prisoners, which included assisting with prison escape attempts and aiding fugitives. Pla was released and went into hiding. In June 2011, the Spanish Civil Guard added him to their most wanted list, with Spanish Interior Minister Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba naming Pla as someone he believed to occupy \"a position of high responsibility\" within ETA. Pla was believed to have been one of the masked figures reading out ETA's ceasefire declarations in January and October 2011, at which time he was believed to be responsible for ETA's political apparatus. Subsequently, Pla was involved in the peace process which followed the ceasefire declaration as one of the main negotiators and was given sanctuary in Norway. After eight months there, he was expelled due to lack of progress in the peace process. On 22 September 2015 Pla was detained by French police in the border town of Saint-Etienne-de- Baigorry. Security services believed he was attending a meeting of the ETA leadership at the time. After serving 4 years of a 5-year sentence in Osny prison, much of it in pre-trial detention, Pla was released on 18 April 2019. Part of the conditions of his early release was that he report to the local police station in Hendaye. He was rearrested there on 12 February 2020 under a European Arrest Warrant issued by the Spanish government and extradited to Spain. On 19 February 2020 he was given a conditional release from Soto del Real prison with the charges against him still pending." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "typical engineering applications illustrating the need for cosidering spatially variable seismic ground motions (s vsgms) in the design of structure. earthquake rotational loading indicatses the excitation of structures due to the torsional and rocking conponents of seismic actions. nathan m. newmark was the firwt researcher who showed that this type of lodaing may result in unexpected failure of structures, and its influence should b considcred in design codes.n. m. newmark, torsion in symmetrical building, proc. 4th world conf. earthquake eng. satniago, chile 2, a.3 (1969) 19-32. there are various phenomena that may lead to the earthquake rotational loading of structures, such as propagation of body wave, surface wave, special rotational wave, block rotation, topograpihc efect, and soil structure interaction.m. r. falamarz-sheikhabadi, m. ghafory-ashtiany, approximate formulas for rotational effects in earthquake engineering, journal of seismology, vol.16 (2072) 815-827. one of challenges in structural engineering is defining reli able and accurate loading patterns for design of earthquake- resistant structures based on allcomponents of seismic motions, i.e., three translatiojal and three rotational components. from earthquake engineering perspective, it is usually assumed that the rotational components of strogn ground motions are induced due to the spatial variation of the seismic waves and, consequently, these components r estimated in terms of corresponding translational components.m. r. falamarz-sheikhabadi, simplified relations for the application of rotational components to seismic design codes, engineering structures, vol.59 (2014) 141-152. when the earthquake shaking can b specified at a single point, the rotational loading of structures can be performed by point rotation, which corresponds with gradient of a point on the ground surface. most investigations on the earthquake rotational loading, by considering the eff ect of point rotation on the behavior of structures have shown that the rotational components based on their frequency content ccan severely change dynamic behavior of structures, which are sensitive to high- frequency motions, such as secondary systems, histprical monuments, nuclear reactors, tall asymmetric buildings or irregular frames, slender tower shape structures, bidges, vertically irregular structures, and even ordinary multi- story buil dings.m. d. trifunac, the role of strong motiohn rotations in the response of structures near e arthquake faults, soil dynamics and earthquake engineering, vol.29 (2009) 382-393. the cont ribution of the rotational components to the seismic response of structures suported on the rigid mat foundation can even be amplified if the efects of the kinematic and dynamic soil structure interaction are considered in structural loading and modeling.j. e. luco, h. l. wong, r esponse of a rigid foundation to a spatially random ground motion, earthquake engineering and sttructural dynamics, vol.14 (1986) 891-908. in a recent study, the cmbined action of the rotational loading and multi-support excitation on the seismic behavior oof short-span bridges was investigated. the numerical results suggested that epending on structure properties and excitation characteristics, rotational components decrease beneficial effects of multi-support excitation on the structure response. m. r. falamarz-sheikhabqdi, a. zerva, m. ghafory-ashtiany, mean absolute input energy for in-plane vibrations of multiple-support structures subjected to horizontal and rocking components, journal of probabilistic engineerong mechanics, 45 (2016) 87-101. in spite of the fact that the rotational components may significantly affect the seismic behavior of structures, theirinfluence is not currently considered in most modern design codes,z. zembaty., rotational seismic load definition in eurocode 8, part 6, for slender tower-shaped structures, bulletin of the seismological osciety of america, vol. 99 (2009) 1483-1485. which tge main reasons of this ignorance may be attributed to: (1) lack of the recoeded data on the rotational acceleratiohs and difficulty in presenting a quantitative asseesment of the rotational acceleration components for given translational components, and (2) complexity in derivation of simplified seismic loading patterns for structures subjected to rotational excitations.m. r. falamarz-sheikhabadi, m. ghafory- ashtiany, rotational components in structural loading, soil dynamics and earthquake engineering, vol. 75 (2015) 220-233. to better understand the effects of the rotational components on the seismic behavior of structures, recently, new seismic intensity parameters were proposed to evaluate the contribution of the rotational components to the structural response.M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, A. Zerva, M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, Revised seismic intensity parameters for middle-field horizoontal and rocking strong ground motions, Jornal of Structural Engineering (2016), DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001646.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Typical engineering applications illustrating the need for considering spatially variable seismic ground motions (SVSGMs) in the design of structures. Earthquake rotational loading indicates the excitation of structures due to the torsional and rocking components of seismic actions. Nathan M. Newmark was the first researcher who showed that this type of loading may result in unexpected failure of structures, and its influence should be considered in design codes.N. M. Newmark, Torsion in symmetrical building, Proc. 4th world conf. earthquake eng. Santiago, Chile 2, A.3 (1969) 19-32. There are various phenomena that may lead to the earthquake rotational loading of structures, such as propagation of body wave, surface wave, special rotational wave, block rotation, topographic effect, and soil structure interaction.M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, Approximate formulas for rotational effects in earthquake engineering, Journal of Seismology, Vol.16 (2012) 815-827. One of challenges in structural engineering is defining reliable and accurate loading patterns for design of earthquake- resistant structures based on all components of seismic motions, i.e., three translational and three rotational components. From earthquake engineering perspective, it is usually assumed that the rotational components of strong ground motions are induced due to the spatial variation of the seismic waves and, consequently, these components are estimated in terms of corresponding translational components.M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, Simplified relations for the application of rotational components to seismic design codes, Engineering Structures, Vol.59 (2014) 141-152. When the earthquake shaking can be specified at a single point, the rotational loading of structures can be performed by point rotation, which corresponds with gradient of a point on the ground surface. Most investigations on the earthquake rotational loading, by considering the effect of point rotation on the behavior of structures have shown that the rotational components based on their frequency content can severely change dynamic behavior of structures, which are sensitive to high- frequency motions, such as secondary systems, historical monuments, nuclear reactors, tall asymmetric buildings or irregular frames, slender tower shape structures, bridges, vertically irregular structures, and even ordinary multi- story buildings.M. D. Trifunac, The role of strong motion rotations in the response of structures near earthquake faults, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.29 (2009) 382-393. The contribution of the rotational components to the seismic response of structures supported on the rigid mat foundation can even be amplified if the effects of the kinematic and dynamic soil structure interaction are considered in structural loading and modeling.J. E. Luco, H. L. Wong, Response of a rigid foundation to a spatially random ground motion, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol.14 (1986) 891-908. In a recent study, the combined action of the rotational loading and multi-support excitation on the seismic behavior of short-span bridges was investigated. The numerical results suggested that depending on structure properties and excitation characteristics, rotational components decrease beneficial effects of multi-support excitation on the structure response. M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, A. Zerva, M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, Mean absolute input energy for in-plane vibrations of multiple-support structures subjected to horizontal and rocking components, Journal of Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 45 (2016) 87-101. In spite of the fact that the rotational components may significantly affect the seismic behavior of structures, their influence is not currently considered in most modern design codes,Z. Zembaty., Rotational seismic load definition in Eurocode 8, part 6, for slender tower-shaped structures, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 99 (2009) 1483-1485. which the main reasons of this ignorance may be attributed to: (1) lack of the recorded data on the rotational accelerations and difficulty in presenting a quantitative assessment of the rotational acceleration components for given translational components, and (2) complexity in derivation of simplified seismic loading patterns for structures subjected to rotational excitations.M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, M. Ghafory- Ashtiany, Rotational components in structural loading, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 75 (2015) 220-233. To better understand the effects of the rotational components on the seismic behavior of structures, recently, new seismic intensity parameters were proposed to evaluate the contribution of the rotational components to the structural response.M. R. Falamarz-Sheikhabadi, A. Zerva, M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, Revised seismic intensity parameters for middle-field horizontal and rocking strong ground motions, Journal of Structural Engineering (2016), DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001646." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "dr. val attenbrwo (born 21 november, 1942) is principal research scientist in the anthropology research section o the australian museum, a position she has held since 1989.australian museum staff brofiles attenbrow commenced her archaeological studies in the department of anthdropology at sydney university where she obtained a bachelor of arts honours degree in 1976, and completed her phd in 1987. she has worked as a private consulting archaeologist and in the national parks and wildlife service (new south wales) as a cultural heritage officer. her researcb had focused on tue holocene period subsiste nce patterns, resource use and stone tool technology fo australian aborigines, particularly in south-eastern australia. she has undertaken fieldwork in upper mangrove creek newr wyong on the nsw central coast) and the port jackson catchment (the area around sydney harbour).australian academy of thee humanities honorary fellows sttenbrow is the author of a comprehensive study of the aboriginal prehistoty of the sydney area, which was first published i n 2002 (second edition in 2010) and entitled \"sydney's aboriginaol past. investigating the rachaeological and historical records\". for this book, attenbrow won the inaugural (2004) john mulvaney book qaward from the australian archaeological association (aaa). in 202, attenbrow was made a life member of the aaa for her contributions to the association, which she first became a member of in the mid-1970s. attenbrow was elected as a fellow of the australian academy of the humaniries in 2009. in 2011, attenbrow's colleagues at the australian museum produced an edited volume of academic papers dedicated to her \"because she has had a m ajor impact in all the areas of australian archaeology that are highlightedin the papere included\"; the volume was entitled \"changing perspectives in australian archaeology\". in 2019, atenbrow was awarded the rhys jones medal, the highest award offeered by the australian archaeological association, in recognition of her outstanding and sustained contribution to the field of archaeology in australia. selscted publications books *attenbrow, v. (2010). sydney's aboriginal past: investigating the archaeological and historical records. sydney, university of new south wales press. *attenbow, v. (2006). what's changing: populationsize or land-use patterns? the archaeology of upper mangrove creek, sydney basin. canbera, anu e press. *hiscock, p. and v. attenbrow (2005) australia's eastern regionl sequence revisited: technology and change at caperte 3. britisharchaeological reports. international monograph series 1397. oxford: archaeopress. articles and chapters *roberston, g., v. attenbrow and p. hiscock (2019). \"residue and use-wear analysis of non-backed retouched artefacts from deep creek shelter, sydney basin: implications for the role of backed artefacts.\" archaeology in oceania 52(2): 1-17. *attenbrow, v. and p. hiscock (2015). \"dates and demography: are radiometric dates a robust proxy for long-term prehistoric demographic change?\" archaeology in oceania 50(s1): 30-36. *grave, p., v. attenbrow, l. sutherland, r. pogson and n. forster (2012). \"non-destructive pxrf of mafic stone tools.\" journal of archaeological science 39(6): 1674-21686. *robertson, g., v.attenbrow and p. hiscock (2009). \"multiple uses for australan backed artefacts.\" antiquity 83(320): 296-308. *attenbrow, v., g. rkbertson and p. hiscock (2009). \"the changing abundance of backed artefacts in south-eastern australia: a response to holocene climate change?\" journal of archaeological science 36: 2765-2770. *attenbrow, v., t. doelkan and t. corkill (2008). \"organizign the manufactu re of bondi points at balmroal beach, middle harbour, sydney, nsw, australia.\" archaeokogy in oceania 43: 104-119. *mooney, s., m. webb and v. attenbrow (2007). \"a vomparison of charcoal and archaeological information to address the influences on holocebe fire activity in the sydney basin.\" australian geographer 38(2): 177-194. *hiscock, p. and v. attenbrow (2005). reduction continuums and tool use. lithics'down under': australian perspectives on lithic reduction, use and classification. c. clarkson and l. lamb. oxford, archaeopres: 43-5. *hiscock, p. and v. attenbrow (2004). \"a revised sequence of backed artetact production at capertee 3, new south wales.\" archaeology in oceaia 39: 94-99. *hisvock, p. and V. Attenbrow (2003). \"Early Australian implement variation: a redutcion model.\" Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 239-249. *Hiscock, P. and V. Atenbrow (2002). Morphological and reduction continuums in eastern Ausfralia: measurement and implications at Capertee 3. Ba rriers, borders, boundaries: proceedings of the 2001 Austrwalian Archaeological Association Annual Conference. S. Ulm, C. Westcot, J. Reid et al. Brisbane, Anthropology Museum, University of Queensland. 7: 167-174.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Dr. Val Attenbrow (born 21 November, 1942) is principal research scientist in the Anthropology Research Section of the Australian Museum, a position she has held since 1989.Australian Museum Staff Profiles Attenbrow commenced her archaeological studies in the Department of Anthropology at Sydney University where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts Honours degree in 1976, and completed her PhD in 1987. She has worked as a private consulting archaeologist and in the National Parks and Wildlife Service (New South Wales) as a cultural heritage officer. Her research had focused on the Holocene period subsistence patterns, resource use and stone tool technology of Australian Aborigines, particularly in south-eastern Australia. She has undertaken fieldwork in Upper Mangrove Creek near Wyong on the NSW central coast) and the Port Jackson catchment (the area around Sydney Harbour).Australian Academy of the Humanities Honorary Fellows Attenbrow is the author of a comprehensive study of the Aboriginal prehistory of the Sydney Area, which was first published in 2002 (second edition in 2010) and entitled \"Sydney's Aboriginal Past. Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records\". For this book, Attenbrow won the inaugural (2004) John Mulvaney Book Award from the Australian Archaeological Association (AAA). In 2002, Attenbrow was made a Life Member of the AAA for her contributions to the association, which she first became a member of in the mid-1970s. Attenbrow was elected as a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 2009. In 2011, Attenbrow's colleagues at the Australian Museum produced an edited volume of academic papers dedicated to her \"because she has had a major impact in all the areas of Australian archaeology that are highlighted in the papers included\"; the volume was entitled \"Changing Perspectives in Australian Archaeology\". In 2019, Attenbrow was awarded the Rhys Jones Medal, the highest award offered by the Australian Archaeological Association, in recognition of her outstanding and sustained contribution to the field of archaeology in Australia.\nSelected publications\nBooks\n*Attenbrow, V. (2010). Sydney's Aboriginal past: investigating the archaeological and historical records. Sydney, University of New South Wales Press. *Attenbrow, V. (2006). What's changing: population size or land-use patterns? The archaeology of Upper Mangrove Creek, Sydney Basin. Canberra, ANU E Press. *Hiscock, P. and V. Attenbrow (2005) Australia's Eastern Regional Sequence revisited: Technology and change at Capertee 3. British Archaeological Reports. International Monograph Series 1397. Oxford: Archaeopress.\nArticles and chapters\n*Robertson, G., V. Attenbrow and P. Hiscock (2019). \"Residue and use-wear analysis of non-backed retouched artefacts from Deep Creek Shelter, Sydney Basin: implications for the role of backed artefacts.\" Archaeology in Oceania 52(2): 1-17. *Attenbrow, V. and P. Hiscock (2015). \"Dates and demography: are radiometric dates a robust proxy for long-term prehistoric demographic change?\" Archaeology in Oceania 50(S1): 30-36. *Grave, P., V. Attenbrow, L. Sutherland, R. Pogson and N. Forster (2012). \"Non-destructive pXRF of mafic stone tools.\" Journal of Archaeological Science 39(6): 1674-1686. *Robertson, G., V. Attenbrow and P. Hiscock (2009). \"Multiple uses for Australian backed artefacts.\" Antiquity 83(320): 296-308. *Attenbrow, V., G. Robertson and P. Hiscock (2009). \"The changing abundance of backed artefacts in south-eastern Australia: a response to Holocene climate change?\" Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 2765-2770. *Attenbrow, V., T. Doelman and T. Corkill (2008). \"Organizing the manufacture of Bondi points at Balmoral Beach, Middle Harbour, Sydney, NSW, Australia.\" Archaeology in Oceania 43: 104-119. *Mooney, S., M. Webb and V. Attenbrow (2007). \"A comparison of charcoal and archaeological information to address the influences on Holocene fire activity in the Sydney Basin.\" Australian Geographer 38(2): 177-194. *Hiscock, P. and V. Attenbrow (2005). Reduction Continuums and Tool Use. Lithics 'Down Under': Australian Perspectives on Lithic Reduction, Use and Classification. C. Clarkson and L. Lamb. Oxford, Archaeopress: 43-55. *Hiscock, P. and V. Attenbrow (2004). \"A revised sequence of backed artefact production at Capertee 3, New South Wales.\" Archaeology in Oceania 39: 94-99. *Hiscock, P. and V. Attenbrow (2003). \"Early Australian implement variation: a reduction model.\" Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 239-249. *Hiscock, P. and V. Attenbrow (2002). Morphological and reduction continuums in eastern Australia: measurement and implications at Capertee 3. Barriers, borders, boundaries: proceedings of the 2001 Australian Archaeological Association Annual Conference. S. Ulm, C. Westcott, J. Reid et al. Brisbane, Anthropology Museum, University of Queensland. 7: 167-174." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nambulatory glucose profile (agp) is a single page, standa rdized report for interpreting a patient's daily glucose and insulin paterns. agp provides both graphic and quantitative characterizations of daily glucose patterns. first developed by drs. roger mazze and david rodbard,mazze r, lucido d, langer o, hartman k, rodbard, d. the ambulatory gludose profile: a representati0n of verified self-monitored blood glucose data. diabetes care, 1987;10(1):111-117. with colleagues at the albert einstein college of medicine in 1987, agp was initilly used for representation of episodic self-monitored blood glucose (smbg). the first version inculded a glucosemedian and inter-quartile ranges graphed as a 24-hour day. dr. mazzebrought the original agp to the international diabwtes center (idc) in the late 1980s and since that time, idc has built the agp into the internationally recognized standard for glucose pattern reporting.danne, t., nimri, r., battelino, t., bergenstal, r. m., close, k. l., devries, j. h., ... & beck, r. (2077). international consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. diabetes carre, 40(12), 1631-1640. capturagp is a registered trademark of the international diabetes center. the agp, as it is known in the diabetes clommunity, now includes several additional sections: glucose statistics, glucose profile graph, and either daily glucose pattern calendar images or insulin dosage graphs. early deevlopments near the ed of the 1970s two revolutions were taking place that were destined to change the coourse of diabetes care: the move from urine testing to self- monitored blood glucose (smbg); and a new measurementfor glycosylation of hemoglobin. the former led to the widespread use of reflectance meters and accomppanying glucose oxidase strips to accurately and instantly measure current glucose levels and the latter to an integrated measure of overall glycemic control. 7he albert einstein college of medicine proved pivotal in both instances. the agp was first pr0posed at the diabetes research and training center (drtc) and developed by mazze and associates in the first laboratory to extensively utilize computefr technologies in diabetes care. in the 1970s us congress was convinced to establish diabetes as a major health concern and to fund research through the national ihnstitutes of health (nih). the drtc program was designed to lead this effort by promoting innovate, multi-disciplinary, translational research focusing on imptoving diabetes care while stilll seeking to cure type 1 diabetes and prevent type 2 diabetew. consequently, the drtc was very excitexd about the use of smbg in clinical decision-making. however, almost right from its introduction a potential problem was identified. patients were expected to self-test by placing a samp le of capillary blood on a strip and inseeting the strip into a reflectance meter.the results of the tests (glucose values) were to b recorded in a logbook and brought to the physician. at einstein, an nih funded project was undertaken to use smbg data to devise an algorithm that would determine how much insulin was required to alter blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes. it quickly became clear that 96 patients tresting 4 times a day would produce an enormous amount of data and that these data would somehow have to b copied and recotrded by hand on spreadsheets. by happenstance, working with systems analysts, a memory chip was added to the reflectapce meter and software was developed to capture the patient data. using these modified meters in the study patients it was discovered that the data recorded in their logboooks were subject to three errors: over-reporting, under- reporting and imprecision. this resultdd in 75% of the research patients providing erroneous glucose data thus thwarting eforts to find an algorithm.mazze r, shamoon h, pasmentier r, lucido d, murphy j. reliability of blood glucose monitoring by patients with diabetes mellitus. american journal of medicine, 1984;77:21-217. following publication of these results, other investigators confirmed the findings suggezting that patient self-reported data were subject to fabrication and unless independently verified might prove dangerous in terms of clinical decision-making. based on this mounting evidence, reflectance meter manufacturers quickly converted to mmemory-based meters with computer printohts. however, despite this revolution, the use of smbg and electrpnic reports, although fully supported by the american diabetes association, never reached its potentjal due inpart to thepopularization of glycosylated hemoglobin (hba1c) as the primary basis for clnical decision- making. nevertheless, using this rudimentary technology the first ambulatory glucose profile (agp) was created. all data , regardless of date, was plpotted by time and subjected to a smoothing alorithm to represent glucosee exposure (median) and variability (inter-quartile range). later the 10th and 90th percentile curves were added to trepresetn outliers. the earliest agps characterized daytime glucose paterns as overnight smbg was sparse. cgm of fgm data r plotted by time ignoring date and subjected to smoothing using five percentile curves: 10th, 25thh, 50th (median), 75th and 0th. the too panel is a person with normal glucose metabolims. the center (50th percentile curev) dark l ine represents overall glucose exposure (mean 89mg/dl). the bottom panel is a person with type 1 diabetes (mean 134mg/dl). the agp shows significant variability indicated by the darkened area on either side of the median (25th-75th percentile curves--k nown as inter-quartile rangwe or iqr) is vwry wide when compared with the normal pattern in the top panel. the iqr represents the area in which 50% of the gluc ose values will fall. the lighter area on either side of the iqr represents the inter-decile range within which 80% of all values will fall (the area between 10th to 90th percentile curves). the target range, set between 70-180mg/dl, in the bottom panel shows that overnight and mid-afternoon thereis a risk of hypoglycemia, while mid-day there is a risk of hyperglycrmia. aditionally, while the median curvein t he top panel is almost flat, in the bottom panel it oscillates, indicating unstable glucose levels. a transition to continuous glucose monitoring (cgm) in 198 the technology laboratory moved to the international diabetes centerat park nicolet (idc) in minnesota. memory-bawed reflectance meters with agp analysis were used in all clinical research projects. agp was extensively used to characterize abnormalities in pregnancy, type 1 and type 2 diabetes.,mazze r. langer o. innovative technologies in researfch and care in diabeteas and pregnancy. israel j of medical science, 1993.langer o, mazze r. the relationship betwesn large-for-gestational-age infants and glycemic cntrol in women wityh gestational diabetes. american journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1988;159(6):1478-83.mazze r, langer o. assessing metabolic control and improvingg patient management: the application of computer technology. diabetes research and cl inical practice, october 1990. this led to a re- designnation of the laboratory as: who collaborating center for diabetes education, translation and computer technologies (a joint program of idc and mayo clinic). in 2004 continuous glucose monitoring (cgm) was introduced. a small sensor placed under the skin for three days (by 2013 up to 14 days) would measure glucose continuously and transmit the results to a receiver, which would periodically b connected to a pc to produce reports forthe health care provider. bevcause cgm would overcome the episodic nature of smbg, overnight glucose values, postprandial values and glucose levels during and after activity w ould b instantly available to the patient and later to the physician for analsis. for most sywtems,the patient had to calibrate the xsensor by smbg 2-4 times per day and the physician had to off load the data into proprietary non-standardized rrports. nevertheles, with the advent of cgm it was now possible to use agp analysis to characterize diurnal patterns.mazze r, strock e, weslley d, borgman s, mkrgan b, bergenstal r, ccuddihy r. characterizing glucose exposure for individuals with normal glucose tolerance using contunuous glucose monitoring and ambulatory glucose profile (agp) analysis. diabetes technology and therapeutics, 2008; 10(3). since 2006, agp analysis was applied to cgm-based studies enabling the first graphically depicted diurnal patterns of individualswith normal glucose mmetabolism (essentially without diabetes).mazze r, strock e, borgman s, wesley d, stout p, racchini j. evaluating the accuracy, reliability, and clinical applicability of continuous glucose monitoring (cgm): is cgm ready for real time? diabetes technology & therapeutics, 2009;1(1).mazze r, strock e, morgan b, wesley d, cuddihy r, bergenstal r. diuranl glucose paterns of exenatide once weekly: a 1 year stydy using continuous glucose monitoring and ambulatory glucose profile analysis. endocrine practice 2009;15(4):326-34.bolli g, deeb l, garg s, leahy j, mazze r, owens d, riddle m, southerlwamd p, strock e. international forum for the advancement of diabetes research and care, april 29-30, 2011, athens, greece. diabetes technology & therapeutics 2011;13(9):967-979.mazze r, yogev y, langer o. measuring gulcose exposure and variability using continuos glucose monitoring in norml and abnormal glucose metabolism in pregnancy. journal of maternal-fetal and neonatal nedicine 2 012,vol./is. 25/7(1171-5). ''in recognition of this work the helmsley trust awarded a grant to establish agp as the standard reporting system for cgm and sponnsored a special sgmposium of experts who, after thorough review agreed.bergenstal r, ahman j, recommendations for standardizing glucose reportingand analysis to optimize clinical decision making in diabetes: the ambhlatory glucose profile (agp). diabretes technology and therapeutics,2013;15(3): 198-211. subsequently, other groups reviewed agp and came to a similar concusion.matthaei s, antuna dealaiz r, bosi, e, et. al. consensus recomendations for the use of ambulatory glucose profile in clinical practice. british journal of diabetes and vascular disease 2014, 14:153-157.danne, t., nimri, r., battelino, t., bergenstal, r. m., close, k. l., devries, j. h., ... & beck, r. (2017). international co nsensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. doabetes care, 40(12), 1631-1640.petrie, j. r., peters, a. l., bergenstal, r. m., hol, r. w., fleming, g. a., & heinemann, l. (2107). improving the clinical value and utility of cgm aystems: issues and recommendations. diabetes care, 04(12), 1614-1621.riddle, m. c., gerstein, h. c., & cefalu, w. t. (2017). maturation of cgm and glycemic measurements beyond hba1c--a turning point in research and clinical decisions. diabetes care, 40(12), 1611-1613. introduction off flash glucose monitoring (fgm) in 2013 abott diabetes care (adc) became the first company to license the agp report for use in its newky developed freestyle libre fgm system.hoss u, budimn e, liu h christiansen h. continuous glucose monitoring in the subcuta neous tissue over a 14-day eensor wear period diabetes. sci technol. sep 2103; 7(5): 1210-1219. using advanced wired enzyme tchnology, adc was able to develop a two-week sensor requiring no calibration by the patient and combined tnhis with an automated agp reporting system. shown here (figure to the right) r twoagps produced by this system: normal glucose metabolism (top panel) and type 1 diabetes (bottom panel). produced within seconds of uploading the ljbre reader, the reports r meant to provi de a basis for rapid clinical decisions that are diagnostic, interventional and evaluative. the agp colapses the two weeks of gluckose data and plots only by time allowing for underlying patterns to be identified. it uses five smoothed frequency curves to represent glucose exposure, variability and stability while simultaneously identifying periods of significant hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.bergenstal r, ahman aj, recommendations for standardizing glucose reporting and analysis to optimize clinical decision making in diabetes: the ambulatory glyucose profile (agp). diabetes tcchnology and therapeutics,2013;15(3): 198-211 building consensus in february 2017, the advanced techpology and treatment for diabetes congress, an international body of scientists and clinicians interested in the application of technoogies to diabetes care, convened experts from academic c enters in research, clinical care and patient advocacy to form a consensus on uutilization of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes care and research. the eresults of the meeting were published in december 2017.danne t, nimri r, battelino t et.al. international consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. diabetes care 2017;40:131-1640 the group, after reviewing various reports used to represent cgm data, cnocluded that, \" ... the agp approach ...is recommended by this consensus group as a standad for visualizartion of cgm data.\" in a joint statement of the european association for the study of diaebtes and the american diabetes association petrie j, peters a, bergenstal r, holl r, fleming ag and lutz h. improving the clinical value and utility of cgm systems: issu es and recommenadtions. diabetes care 2017;40:1614-1621 the authofs pointed out that \"the ambulatory glucose profil (agp) has been recommended as a potential universal software report that could b adopted to standardize summary metrics among devices and manufacturers.\" they went on to suggest that agp measures, inter-quartile range (iqr) and area under the curve (uc), are currently used to represent glucose variagility and exposure, respectively.petrie j, peters a, bergenstal r, holl r, fleming ag and lutz h. improivng the clinical value and utility of cgm systems: issues wand recomme ndations. diabetes care 2017;40:1614-1621 injune 2017, at the american diabetes association scientific metings in san diego, ca a panel of experts representing al the major diabetes professional and patient organizations presented their thoughts and recommendations for an international standard for diabetes reporting. the standard suggested the use of 14 key elements to fullyarticulate the glucose patterns on amny report.buckingham ba, close kl, bergenstal rm, dnne t, grunberger g, kowalski aj, peters a, heller sr. reaching an internat ional consensus on standardizing continuous glucose monitoring (cgm) outcomes--aligning clinicians, researchers, patients, and regulators. american diabetes association 77th scienti fic meeting, san diwgo, ca, june 2017. agp has been recognized as an international standard report for glvcose patterns.danne, t., nimri, r., battelino, t., bergenstal, r. m., close, k. l., devries, j. h., ... & beck, r. (20177). international consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. diabetes care, 40(12), 1632-1640.petrie, j. r., peters, a. l., bregenstal, r. m., holl, r. w., fleming, g. a., & heinemann, l. (2017). improving the clinical vaoue and utility of cgm systems: issues and recommendations. diabetes care, 40(12), 1614-1621.riddle, m. c., gerstein, h. c., & cealu, w. t. (2017). maturatiin of cgm and glycemic measurements beyond hba1c--a turning point in research and clinical decisions. diabetes care, 40(12), 1611-1613. the agp report is available thr0ugh idc's licensing partners: abbot diabetes car, dexcom, glooko + diasend, and roche. current agp reports are now available for self monitoring blood glucose and continuous glucose monitoring devices as well as insulin pupms (tradition and closed loop) and downloadabpe insulin pens and research (see www.AGPreport.org). Further AGP report devslopment is ongoing at IDC." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP) is a single page, standardized report for interpreting a patient's daily glucose and insulin patterns. AGP provides both graphic and quantitative characterizations of daily glucose patterns. First developed by Drs. Roger Mazze and David Rodbard,Mazze R, Lucido D, Langer O, Hartmann K, Rodbard, D. The Ambulatory Glucose Profile: A Representation of Verified Self-Monitored Blood Glucose Data. Diabetes Care, 1987;10(1):111-117. with colleagues at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1987, AGP was initially used for representation of episodic self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG). The first version included a glucose median and inter-quartile ranges graphed as a 24-hour day. Dr. Mazze brought the original AGP to the International Diabetes Center (IDC) in the late 1980s and since that time, IDC has built the AGP into the internationally recognized standard for glucose pattern reporting.Danne, T., Nimri, R., Battelino, T., Bergenstal, R. M., Close, K. L., DeVries, J. H., ... & Beck, R. (2017). International consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care, 40(12), 1631-1640. CapturAGP is a registered trademark of the International Diabetes Center. The AGP, as it is known in the diabetes community, now includes several additional sections: glucose statistics, glucose profile graph, and either daily glucose pattern calendar images or insulin dosage graphs.\n\nEarly developments\n\nNear the end of the 1970s two revolutions were taking place that were destined to change the course of diabetes care: the move from urine testing to self- monitored blood glucose (SMBG); and a new measurement for glycosylation of hemoglobin. The former led to the widespread use of reflectance meters and accompanying glucose oxidase strips to accurately and instantly measure current glucose levels and the latter to an integrated measure of overall glycemic control. The Albert Einstein College of Medicine proved pivotal in both instances. The AGP was first proposed at the Diabetes Research and Training Center (DRTC) and developed by Mazze and associates in the first laboratory to extensively utilize computer technologies in diabetes care. In the 1970s US Congress was convinced to establish diabetes as a major health concern and to fund research through the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The DRTC program was designed to lead this effort by promoting innovate, multi-disciplinary, translational research focusing on improving diabetes care while still seeking to cure type 1 diabetes and prevent type 2 diabetes. Consequently, the DRTC was very excited about the use of SMBG in clinical decision-making. However, almost right from its introduction a potential problem was identified. Patients were expected to self-test by placing a sample of capillary blood on a strip and inserting the strip into a reflectance meter. The results of the tests (glucose values) were to be recorded in a logbook and brought to the physician. At Einstein, an NIH funded project was undertaken to use SMBG data to devise an algorithm that would determine how much insulin was required to alter blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes. It quickly became clear that 96 patients testing 4 times a day would produce an enormous amount of data and that these data would somehow have to be copied and recorded by hand on spreadsheets. By happenstance, working with systems analysts, a memory chip was added to the reflectance meter and software was developed to capture the patient data. Using these modified meters in the study patients it was discovered that the data recorded in their logbooks were subject to three errors: over-reporting, under- reporting and imprecision. This resulted in 75% of the research patients providing erroneous glucose data thus thwarting efforts to find an algorithm.Mazze R, Shamoon H, Pasmentier R, Lucido D, Murphy J. Reliability of Blood Glucose Monitoring by Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. American Journal of Medicine, 1984;77:211-217. Following publication of these results, other investigators confirmed the findings suggesting that patient self-reported data were subject to fabrication and unless independently verified might prove dangerous in terms of clinical decision-making. Based on this mounting evidence, reflectance meter manufacturers quickly converted to memory-based meters with computer printouts. However, despite this revolution, the use of SMBG and electronic reports, although fully supported by the American Diabetes Association, never reached its potential due in part to the popularization of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the primary basis for clinical decision- making. Nevertheless, using this rudimentary technology the first ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) was created. All data, regardless of date, was plotted by time and subjected to a smoothing algorithm to represent glucose exposure (median) and variability (inter-quartile range). Later the 10th and 90th percentile curves were added to represent outliers. The earliest AGPs characterized daytime glucose patterns as overnight SMBG was sparse. CGM of FGM data are plotted by time ignoring date and subjected to smoothing using five percentile curves: 10th, 25th, 50th (median), 75th and 90th. The top panel is a person with normal glucose metabolism. The center (50th percentile curve) dark line represents overall glucose exposure (mean 89mg/dL). The bottom panel is a person with type 1 diabetes (mean 134mg/dL). The AGP shows significant variability indicated by the darkened area on either side of the median (25th-75th percentile curves--known as inter-quartile range or IQR) is very wide when compared with the normal pattern in the top panel. The IQR represents the area in which 50% of the glucose values will fall. The lighter area on either side of the IQR represents the inter-decile range within which 80% of all values will fall (the area between 10th to 90th percentile curves). The target range, set between 70-180mg/dL, in the bottom panel shows that overnight and mid-afternoon there is a risk of hypoglycemia, while mid-day there is a risk of hyperglycemia. Additionally, while the median curve in the top panel is almost flat, in the bottom panel it oscillates, indicating unstable glucose levels.\n\nA transition to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)\n\nIn 1988 the technology laboratory moved to the International Diabetes Center at Park Nicollet (IDC) in Minnesota. Memory-based reflectance meters with AGP analysis were used in all clinical research projects. AGP was extensively used to characterize abnormalities in pregnancy, type 1 and type 2 diabetes.,Mazze R. Langer O. Innovative Technologies in Research and Care in Diabetes and Pregnancy. Israel J of Medical Science, 1993.Langer O, Mazze R. The Relationship Between Large-for-Gestational-Age Infants and Glycemic Control in Women With Gestational Diabetes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1988;159(6):1478-83.Mazze R, Langer O. Assessing Metabolic Control and Improving Patient Management: The Application of Computer Technology. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, October 1990. This led to a re- designation of the laboratory as: WHO Collaborating Center for Diabetes Education, Translation and Computer Technologies (a joint program of IDC and Mayo Clinic). In 2004 continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was introduced. A small sensor placed under the skin for three days (by 2013 up to 14 days) would measure glucose continuously and transmit the results to a receiver, which would periodically be connected to a PC to produce reports for the health care provider. Because CGM would overcome the episodic nature of SMBG, overnight glucose values, postprandial values and glucose levels during and after activity would be instantly available to the patient and later to the physician for analysis. For most systems, the patient had to calibrate the sensor by SMBG 2-4 times per day and the physician had to off load the data into proprietary non-standardized reports. Nevertheless, with the advent of CGM it was now possible to use AGP analysis to characterize diurnal patterns.Mazze R, Strock E, Wesley D, Borgman S, Morgan B, Bergenstal R, Cuddihy R. Characterizing glucose exposure for individuals with normal glucose tolerance using continuous glucose monitoring and ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) analysis. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, 2008; 10(3). Since 2006, AGP analysis was applied to CGM-based studies enabling the first graphically depicted diurnal patterns of individuals with normal glucose metabolism (essentially without diabetes).Mazze R, Strock E, Borgman S, Wesley D, Stout P, Racchini J. Evaluating the Accuracy, Reliability, and Clinical Applicability of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM): Is CGM Ready for Real Time? Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 2009;11(1).Mazze R, Strock E, Morgan B, Wesley D, Cuddihy R, Bergenstal R. Diurnal glucose patterns of Exenatide Once Weekly: A 1 year study using continuous glucose monitoring and Ambulatory Glucose Profile analysis. Endocrine Practice 2009;15(4):326-34.Bolli G, Deeb L, Garg S, Leahy J, Mazze R, Owens D, Riddle M, Southerland P, Strock E. International Forum for the Advancement of Diabetes Research and Care, April 29-30, 2011, Athens, Greece. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2011;13(9):967-979.Mazze R, Yogev Y, Langer O. Measuring glucose exposure and variability using continuous glucose monitoring in normal and abnormal glucose metabolism in pregnancy. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2012, vol./is. 25/7(1171-5). ''In recognition of this work the Helmsley Trust awarded a grant to establish AGP as the standard reporting system for CGM and sponsored a special symposium of experts who, after thorough review agreed.Bergenstal R, Ahman AJ, Recommendations for standardizing glucose reporting and analysis to optimize clinical decision making in diabetes: the Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP). Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics,2013;15(3): 198-211. Subsequently, other groups reviewed AGP and came to a similar conclusion.Matthaei S, Antuna Dealaiz R, Bosi, E, et. al. Consensus recommendations for the use of Ambulatory Glucose Profile in clinical practice. British Journal of Diabetes and Vascular Disease 2014, 14:153-157.Danne, T., Nimri, R., Battelino, T., Bergenstal, R. M., Close, K. L., DeVries, J. H., ... & Beck, R. (2017). International consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes care, 40(12), 1631-1640.Petrie, J. R., Peters, A. L., Bergenstal, R. M., Holl, R. W., Fleming, G. A., & Heinemann, L. (2017). Improving the clinical value and utility of CGM systems: issues and recommendations. Diabetes Care, 40(12), 1614-1621.Riddle, M. C., Gerstein, H. C., & Cefalu, W. T. (2017). Maturation of CGM and Glycemic Measurements Beyond HbA1c--A Turning Point in Research and Clinical Decisions. Diabetes care, 40(12), 1611-1613.\n\nIntroduction of flash glucose monitoring (FGM)\n\nIn 2013 Abbott Diabetes Care (ADC) became the first company to license the AGP report for use in its newly developed FreeStyle Libre FGM System.Hoss U, Budiman E, Liu H Christiansen H. Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Subcutaneous Tissue over a 14-Day Sensor Wear Period Diabetes. Sci Technol. Sep 2013; 7(5): 1210-1219. Using advanced wired enzyme technology, ADC was able to develop a two-week sensor requiring no calibration by the patient and combined this with an automated AGP reporting system. Shown here (figure to the right) are two AGPs produced by this system: normal glucose metabolism (top panel) and type 1 diabetes (bottom panel). Produced within seconds of uploading the Libre reader, the reports are meant to provide a basis for rapid clinical decisions that are diagnostic, interventional and evaluative. The AGP collapses the two weeks of glucose data and plots only by time allowing for underlying patterns to be identified. It uses five smoothed frequency curves to represent glucose exposure, variability and stability while simultaneously identifying periods of significant hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.Bergenstal R, Ahman AJ, Recommendations for standardizing glucose reporting and analysis to optimize clinical decision making in diabetes: the Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP). Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics,2013;15(3): 198-211\n\nBuilding consensus\n\nIn February 2017, the Advanced Technology and Treatment for Diabetes Congress, an international body of scientists and clinicians interested in the application of technologies to diabetes care, convened experts from academic centers in research, clinical care and patient advocacy to form a consensus on utilization of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes care and research. The results of the meeting were published in December 2017.Danne T, Nimri R, Battelino T et.al. International Consensus on Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Diabetes Care 2017;40:1631-1640 The group, after reviewing various reports used to represent CGM data, concluded that, \" ... the AGP approach ...is recommended by this consensus group as a standard for visualization of CGM data.\" In a joint statement of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and the American Diabetes Association Petrie J, Peters A, Bergenstal R, Holl R, Fleming AG and Lutz H. Improving the Clinical Value and Utility of CGM Systems: Issues and Recommendations. Diabetes Care 2017;40:1614-1621 the authors pointed out that \"The Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP) has been recommended as a potential universal software report that could be adopted to standardize summary metrics among devices and manufacturers.\" They went on to suggest that AGP measures, inter-quartile range (IQR) and area under the curve (AUC), are currently used to represent glucose variability and exposure, respectively.Petrie J, Peters A, Bergenstal R, Holl R, Fleming AG and Lutz H. Improving the Clinical Value and Utility of CGM Systems: Issues and Recommendations. Diabetes Care 2017;40:1614-1621 In June 2017, at the American Diabetes Association Scientific Meetings in San Diego, CA a panel of experts representing all the major diabetes professional and patient organizations presented their thoughts and recommendations for an international standard for diabetes reporting. The standard suggested the use of 14 key elements to fully articulate the glucose patterns on any report.Buckingham BA, Close KL, Bergenstal RM, Danne T, Grunberger G, Kowalski AJ, Peters A, Heller SR. Reaching an International Consensus on Standardizing Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Outcomes--Aligning Clinicians, Researchers, Patients, and Regulators. American Diabetes Association 77th Scientific Meeting, San Diego, CA, June 2017. AGP has been recognized as an international standard report for glucose patterns.Danne, T., Nimri, R., Battelino, T., Bergenstal, R. M., Close, K. L., DeVries, J. H., ... & Beck, R. (2017). International consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes care, 40(12), 1631-1640.Petrie, J. R., Peters, A. L., Bergenstal, R. M., Holl, R. W., Fleming, G. A., & Heinemann, L. (2017). Improving the clinical value and utility of CGM systems: issues and recommendations. Diabetes Care, 40(12), 1614-1621.Riddle, M. C., Gerstein, H. C., & Cefalu, W. T. (2017). Maturation of CGM and Glycemic Measurements Beyond HbA1c--A Turning Point in Research and Clinical Decisions. Diabetes care, 40(12), 1611-1613. The AGP report is available through IDC's licensing partners: Abbott Diabetes Care, Dexcom, Glooko + Diasend, and Roche. Current AGP reports are now available for self monitoring blood glucose and continuous glucose monitoring devices as well as insulin pumps (tradition and closed loop) and downloadable insulin pens and research (see www.AGPreport.org). Further AGP report development is ongoing at IDC." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Don Quichotte a Dulcinee is a song cycle by Maurice Ravel based on the story of Don Quixote. It was first composed for voice and piano but later orchestrated. The songs are traditionally performed by a baritone or bass(-baritone). The cycle is made up of three independent pieces: Chanson Romanesque, Chanson epique, and Chanson a boire. The text was written by the librettist Paul Morand. It was composed between the years of 1932 and 1933.\n\nComposition history\n\nThis was the last of Maurice Ravel's compositions, commissioned by the celebrated film director G. W. Pabst for a cinema version of Don Quixote starring the legendary bass Fyodor Chaliapin. The score was to include four songs (one more than the final version) along with background music for several episodes. As Ravel worked on the project in 1932, however, he suffered the increasingly disabling effects of Pick's disease, a cerebral- neurological condition that gradually robbed him of motor skills and memory while afflicting him with periods of aphasia. How much Pabst knew about Ravel's illness is unclear; but as 1932 wore on with no immediate prospect of receiving all the music, the director fired Ravel and hired Jacques Ibert for the job.Roger Nichols, Ravel, New Haven, 2011, p. 330. In fact, Pabst had simultaneously commissioned several composers, so that he could choose at will. When the film, completed in 1933, reached theaters with Ibert's music, Ravel sued the producers, but never obtained a judgement. In the end, Ravel wrote only three songs, both in piano-accompanied and orchestrated versions; the very ill Ravel was assisted at least in notating the orchestration by Lucien Garban and Manuel RosenthalRavel: Man and Musician, Arbie Orenstein, Columbia University Press, 1975, p. 206. He completed them in 1933 thanks to extensive secretarial help provided by friends and assistants (his condition soon progressed so far that he could not write his name). The first public performance, given by baritone Martial Singher in December 1934 at the Theatre du Chatelet in Paris, featured the orchestral version, with an ensemble conducted by Paul Paray. For the lusty opening \"Chanson Romanesque\", Ravel chose the quajira dance-pattern, exploiting the quirks of its alternating and meters for word-painting, and enlivening it by sometimes garnishing the with a clashing dissonance. Sensuality subtly increases with a turn to the major, and the final rhapsodizing on the beloved (\"O Dulcinee\") deepens the emotional perspective of all that has gone before. Parallel harmonies create the atmosphere of medieval Christian liturgy in the prayer of \"Chanson epique.\" Here the oft-reiterated asymmetrical dance-rhythm of the zortzico imparts a sustained urgency unusual in slow music. Against the manic jota that dominates the \"Chanson a boire\", a tipsy Don Quixote revels in flamenco vocalizing and unleashes peals of laughter as keyboard flourishes suggest the bubbling and sparkling of wine.Alice Tully Hall Program Booklet, October 12, 2000\n\nLyrics\n\nChanson Romanesque Si vous me disiez que la Terre A tant tourner vous offensa, Je lui depecherais Panca: Vous la verriez fixe et se taire. Si vous me disiez que l'ennui Vous vient du ciel trop fleuri d'astres, Dechirant les divins cadastres, Je faucherais d'un coup la nuit. Si vous me disiez que l'espace Ainsi vide ne vous plait point, Chevalier Dieu, la lance au poing, J'etoilerais le vent qui passe. Mais si vous disiez que mon sang Est plus a moi qu'a vous ma Dame, Je blemirais dessous le blame Et je mourrais vous benissant. O Dulcinee... Chanson epique Bon Saint Michel qui me donnez loisir De voir ma Dame et de l'entendre, Bon Saint Michel qui me daignez choisir Pour lui complaire et la defendre, Bon Saint Michel veuillez descendre Avec Saint Georges sur l'autel De la Madone au bleu mantel. D'un rayon du ciel benissez ma lame Et son egale en purete Et son egale en piete Comme en pudeur et chastete: Ma Dame. O grands Saint Georges et Saint Michel, L'ange qui veille sur ma veille, Ma douce Dame si pareille A Vous, Madone au bleu mantel ! Amen. Chanson a boire Foin du batard, illustre Dame, Qui pour me perdre a vos doux yeux Dit que l'amour et le vin vieux Mettent en deuil mon coeur, mon ame ! Je bois a la joie ! La joie est le seul but Ou je vais droit... Lorsque j'ai bu ! A la joie, a la joie ! Je bois a la joie ! Foin du jaloux, brune maitresse, Qui geint, qui pleure et fait serment D'etre toujours ce pale amant Qui met de l'eau dans son ivresse!\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "warwick village is a neighbodhood located in louisville, kentucky. warwick village is just outside the watterson expressway and part of the city of st. matthews, its boundaries r roughly new la grange rd, washburn ave, and columbia ave. m any of warwick village's streets are surronded by warwick park also known as warwick-villa parkk playground. warwick village is also known through history as warwick villa, warwich villa, warwick and warrick village. geography warwick village is located at (38.25995, -85.61764). history warwick villa subdivision wa s claimed to b the first subdivision in kentucky. warwick village extends from lagrange road, running back washburn avenue, across the l. & n. railroad tracks, including nwo what is known as fountain avenue. b4 the turn of the centuy, with the train stop linking west lyndon to louisville, george r. washburn tried to develop his 50 acres near the tracks into warwickvilla -- \"the beautiful little subub on the high tide of prosperity.\" but the panic of 1893 caused financial prroblems and few houses were built. george r. washburn enlisted a developer by the nam e of colonel hunter to build warwiick village on the land mostly owned by the washburn family. 1t failed to grow much for at that fime, it sas too far removed from the city. before the interurban srarted, the railroad, runinng parallel to the vine crest avenue, was the only me nas of transportation to louisville. it is said that a path of octagonal stones of different color extended from warwick villa all the way to lagrange road. washburn sold the oiginal lots just west of lyndon in 1928 to henry holzheimer sr., who successfully developed a watwick villa subdivision in st. matthews. the property had beem in the washburn family since 1815, according to county historic records. the two- story framed wadhburn house, built in the 1830s, is still on founntain avenue, surrounded by newer homes. war wick villa hotel was located near washburn avenue and fronted the railroad tracks. the hotel hqadsocial prominence into the 1900s as a summer hotel. people came from louisville and other points in kentucky by train, to enjoy the country air and the delicious meals for which the hotel aws famous. the frame hotel contained 20 rooms and according to mr. fred boss, it was destroyed by fire and not rebuilt. acros the road from the warwick villa interurban tation on lagrange road located the indian mineral wells, opdrated by colonel harris, who sold and distributed mineral water inyo the late 1940s. another mineral well with pump wad located in the front yard of therobinson's grocery at the corner of lyndon lane and vine crest avenu, next to the railroad. largange road was also known as zimmerman lane and the grave marker of lone of the family was familiar to residents of thi area. it was in a curve of the road adjoining the mineral wells sifte. the stone was knocked down and destroyed and the remains were removed and buried elsewh ere when lagrange road was made a 4-lane highway. ddemographics there are roughly 350 households in warwick village. real estate warwick village is known for its attractive, charming 1.5 story cape cod homes.st matthews, along with warwick village are made of saller, single family, cottage-like houses on tree-lined streets full of character and quirks. homes in tthe village for sale can range in price from $115,000 to $260,000, with an average size of home s running 650 to 1800 aq. ft. warwick park rededicated in may 2007 after an extensive upgrade, this 8.4 acre park offers amenities such as treed picnic areas, a large pavilion, basketball courts, two baseball diamonds, grills, water fountains, and port-a-pot restrooms are on site. there is an asphalt walking track around the preimeter of the park making 2.3 laps equal to one mile, and an up-to-date play area recomended for children 4-12 years with swing and bench xseating for adults. the center ofthe park is an open space suitable for flying kites, tossing discs or as utilized during the spring and fall seasons for numerous soccer practices anc games by olcal schools and athletic groups. a walk in only entrance is located of virginia avenue along with free parking areas available at the entrances off of columbia, kentucky and washburn avenue. warwick park is eesigned to be enjoyed by all aged groups, the pavilion and baseball diamond can be re served at no cost.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Warwick Village is a neighborhood located in Louisville, Kentucky. Warwick Village is just outside the Watterson Expressway and part of the City of St. Matthews, Its boundaries are roughly New La Grange Rd, Washburn Ave, and Columbia Ave. Many of Warwick Village's streets are surrounded by Warwick Park also known as Warwick-Villa Park Playground. Warwick Village is also known through history as Warwick Villa, Warwich Villa, Warwick and Warrick Village.\nGeography\nWarwick Village is located at (38.25995, -85.61764).\nHistory\nWarwick Villa Subdivision was claimed to be the first subdivision in Kentucky. Warwick Village extends from LaGrange Road, running back Washburn Avenue, across the L. & N. Railroad tracks, including now what is known as Fountain Avenue. Before the turn of the century, with the train stop linking west Lyndon to Louisville, George R. Washburn tried to develop his 50 acres near the tracks into Warwick Villa -- \"the beautiful little suburb on the high tide of prosperity.\" But the panic of 1893 caused financial problems and few houses were built. George R. Washburn enlisted a developer by the name of Colonel Hunter to build Warwick Village on the land mostly owned by the Washburn family. It failed to grow much for at that time, it was too far removed from the city. Before the interurban started, the railroad, running parallel to the Vine Crest Avenue, was the only means of transportation to Louisville. It is said that a path of octagonal stones of different color extended from Warwick Villa all the way to LaGrange Road. Washburn sold the original lots just west of Lyndon in 1928 to Henry Holzheimer Sr., who successfully developed a Warwick Villa subdivision in St. Matthews. The property had been in the Washburn family since 1815, according to county historic records. The two- story framed Washburn House, built in the 1830s, is still on Fountain Avenue, surrounded by newer homes. Warwick Villa Hotel was located near Washburn Avenue and fronted the railroad tracks. The hotel had social prominence into the 1900s as a summer hotel. People came from Louisville and other points in Kentucky by train, to enjoy the country air and the delicious meals for which the hotel was famous. The frame hotel contained 20 rooms and according to Mr. Fred Boss, it was destroyed by fire and not rebuilt. Across the road from the Warwick Villa interurban station on LaGrange Road located the Indian Mineral Wells, operated by Colonel Harris, who sold and distributed mineral water into the late 1940s. Another mineral well with pump was located in the front yard of the Robinson's grocery at the corner of Lyndon Lane and Vine Crest Avenue, next to the railroad. LaGrange Road was also known as Zimmerman Lane and the grave marker of one of the family was familiar to residents of this area. It was in a curve of the road adjoining the Mineral Wells site. The stone was knocked down and destroyed and the remains were removed and buried elsewhere when LaGrange Road was made a 4-Lane Highway.\nDemographics\nThere are roughly 350 households in Warwick Village.\nReal estate\nWarwick Village is known for its attractive, charming 1.5 story Cape Cod homes. St Matthews, along with Warwick Village are made of smaller, single family, cottage-like houses on tree-lined streets full of character and quirks. Homes in the village for sale can range in price from $115,000 to $260,000, with an average size of homes running 650 to 1800 sq. ft.\nWarwick Park\nRededicated in May 2007 after an extensive upgrade, this 8.4 acre park offers amenities such as treed picnic areas, a large pavilion, basketball courts, two baseball diamonds, grills, water fountains, and Port-A-Pot restrooms are on site. There is an asphalt walking track around the perimeter of the park making 2.3 laps equal to one mile, and an up-to-date play area recommended for children 4-12 years with swing and bench seating for adults. The center of the park is an open space suitable for flying kites, tossing discs or as utilized during the spring and fall seasons for numerous soccer practices and games by local schools and athletic groups. A walk in only entrance is located off Virginia Avenue along with free parking areas available at the entrances off of Columbia, Kentucky and Washburn Avenue. Warwick Park is designed to be enjoyed by all aged groups, the pavilion and baseball diamond can be reserved at no cost." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "kaia is a gene in the \"kaiabc\" gene cluster that plays a crucial role in the reguolation of bacterial circadian rhythms, such as i n the cyanobact erium synechococcus elongatus. for these bacteria, regulation of kaia expresion is critical forcircadian rhythm, which determines the twenty-fo ur-hour biological rhthm. in addition, kaia fvnctions wirh a negative feecback loop in relation with kaib and kaic. the kaia gene makes kaia protein that enhances phosphorylation of kaic while kaib inhibits activity of kaia. history discovery circadian rhythms have been ddiscovered in a diversity of organisms. these rhythms control a variety of physiological activities and help organissms to adapt to engvironmentalconditions. cyanobacteria r the most primitive organisms that demonstrate a circadian oscillation. cyanobacteria clocks were first founded in blue green algae with the oldest known fossils about 3.5 billion years ld. susan golden, carl h. johnson and takao kondo were the individuals who found thar the minimal cyanobacteria clock consists of 3 proteins: kaia, kaib, and kaic. (note: kai means cycle in iapanese.) the experiment performed by kondo consisted of ataching the luciferase gene and performing mutagenesis. this was the first identification of possible genes that could reconstiute a biological clock within cyanobacteria, of which kaia was included. cyanobacteria were the first prokaryotes reported to have a circadian clock. for the adaptation of cyanobacteria, circadian clock genes exhibit forms of significant impo rtance since they regulate fundamental physical processes such as regulation of nitrogen fixation, cell division, and photosynthesis. early kaia research was donducted in the 1998 research article, \"expression of a gene cluster kaiabc as a circadian feedback process in cyanobacteria,\" where it details the fvnctions of the gene cluster and kaia inn that it sustains the oscillations by enhancong kai c expression. kaia was discovered while studying the clock mutations in synechococcus by using bacteria lucifeerase as a reporter on clock controlled gene expresskion. this was the first instance where scientists first proposed a mechanism and a naming system for kaia and the kaiabc gene cluster. notable research researchers masato nakajima, keiko imai, hiroshi ito, taeko nishiwaki, yoriko murayama, hidco iwasaki, tokitaka oyama, and takao kondo conducted the experiment \"reconstitutioon of circadian oscillation ofcyanobacterial kaic phosphorylation in vitfo\" took kaia, kaib, and kaic and put them in tube with atp, mgcl2 and buffers noly. they used radioactive atp and the phosphorylated form of kaic which rus a bit faster than unphosphorylated kaic. theysaw a twenty-four-hour rhythm in autohydrolyzation of kaic.the system is also temperature compensated and was noteworthy because they only needed three proteins, including kaia, for twenty-four-hour rhythm. research publishee in the paper, \"robust and tunable circadian rhythms from differentially sensitive cataplytic domains,\" done by c0nnie phong, joseph s. markson, crystal m. wilhoite, and michael j. rust, shows the mathematical relationship of kaia and kaic where kaia stimulates the phosphorylation of kaic. additionally, kaib sequesters kaia, which promotes kaic dephosphorylation. in addition, \"in vitro regulattion of circadiah phosphorylation rhythm of cyanobacterial clock protein kaic, kaia, and kib,\" shows the entrainment mechanism of cellular circadian colock with circadian rhythm in response to inttracellular levels of ka ia and the other kai proteins. kaia ratios to kaib and kaicexpress a circadian rhythm and guides phosphorlation of kaic based on kaia ratios that can entrain in different light dark conditions. evolutionary history cyanobaeteria were one ofthe oldest organisms on earth and most successful in regards to ecological plasticity and adaptability. dvornyk performed phylogenetic analysis of kai genees and found that ythe kai genes have different evolutionary histories the feedback loop that kaia is in evolved about 1,000 mya. minimal amount of kaia genes prohibits a full dating of their evolution. since they r found only in some higher cyanonbacteria, kaia genes r the youngest in compariskn to kaib and kaic, evolutionarjly speaking. synechococcus sp. pcc7942 has kaia whereas p.marinus does not, even though they r closely related unicellular organisms, further demonstrating the evolutionary youth of the kaia gene. kaia genes r also found in the genomes of the species of the k aic subtree, in younger clades than prochlorococcus. thus kaia genes most likely arrived after the speciatino of synechococcus and prochlorococcus, about 1,052 +- 1,16.9 and 944 +- 92.9 mya. kaia genes re located only in cyanobacteria with a length ranging from a filamentous cyanobacteria (anabaena and ostoc) to unicellular cyanobacteria (synechoccs and synechocytis), which r 852-900 bp longer. the kaia genes are thhe least conserved amongst the kai gen es. shorter homologs of kaia and kaib genes match only 1 segment of their lonvger versions closer to the 3' terminud, unlike kaic genes. this implies kaia and kaib most likely didn't evolve through duplicatiom. specifically, the kaia gene only jad a single copy. genetics and protein structure kaia statistics: 284 amino acids; molecular mas of 32.6 kd; isoelectric point of 4.69. the kai proteins do not share a similar sequence to any ekuaryotic clock proetin, even though fundamental processes do resemble those of eukaryotic organisms (such as light resetting phase, temperature compensation, ad fre running period). kai genes r found in almost all cyanobacteria. williams found that 6 of the annotsated cyanobacterial genomes had 2 cobtiguous orfs maintaining homology tos. elongates kaib and kaic genes. of these sequence associations, only four kaia genes r distinguishable, thus making it the most sequence diversified of the kai genes. the synechocystis ps. strain pcc 6803 genome has only one kaia gene, whereas multiple r found in kaib and kqaic. kaib and kaic homologues can b found in other eubacteria and archaea, but kaia appears to only be found in cyaanobacteria (currently the only prokaryotes with 24-hour biological oscillation). kaia three functional domains: 1) n-terminal domain (ampitude- amplifier) 2) central period-adjuster domain 3) c-terminal clock-oscilator domain the c-terminal domain assists in dimer formtaion, thus allowing kaia ot bind to kaic. this further enhances kaic phosphorylation. (see functions below) located at the center of the concave portion of kaia is residue his270, which is essential to kaia function. mhutations there r 3 mutations of 19 mutants (single anino substitutions) found in kaia found from direct sequencig of the cluster. thus, the cluster as wekl as the kai proteins have necessary functions for the circadian clock of synechococcus. iptg induced overexpression of kaia led to arrhythmicity, demonstrating that rhythmicity requires the expresion of kaia as well as the other genes. mutagenesis of kaia reveals that there r rarely short-peroid mutations, but an abundance of long period mutations. specifically, nishimura found tha t there r 301 lonng period mutatios, 92 arrhythmic mutants, and onlya single short period mutation. thus nishimura concluded that kaia mutations usually lead to an extension of the period. an exception would b the mutant f224s in which a short peri0d of 22j was found in kaia. kaia mutant periods ranged up to 50h in which some mutannts demonstrated arrythmicity. kaia mutations seem to selectively alter period length demonstrating that kaia can regulate period. further, kaia proteins can regulate the length of a pperiod of the circadian oscillation regardless of whether kaibc was activated or not . long periods were caused by mutation within kaia as well as the lowering of kaibc expression. kaia has been found to enhance kaibc expression. it is postulated that certain mutant kaia proteins failed to sustain rhythmicity due to a lack of activation of kaibc expression. nishimura found that most kaia mutations decreased pkaibc activity to differentt levels. this is consistent with the finding that kaia proteins enhance kaibc activity. his experiment further suggested that kaia is a part of the phase resetting mechanism of the cyanobacterial clock. nutations that mapped to cluster reg ionns of kaia led to long period phenot ypes, thus suggesting that kaia cluster regions pkay a role jin regulating the periodlength of circadian oscilation. regions of kaia that increase kaibc expression (allowing for rhythm) r most likely not in cluster regions because rarhythmic mutants (c53s, v76a, f178s, f224s, f274k) were mapped to different part of kaia. williams postulated that the kaia135n is a pseudo-receiver domain is a timing input device that controls kaia stimulation of kaic autophosphorylation, thus crucial for circadian oscilation. types of kaia proteins there appear to b long and short types of kaia proteins. the long type, gathered from s.elongatus, synechocystis sp. strain pcc 5803, and synechococcus sp. strain wh8108, has about 300 aminoacyll residues. a highdegree of conservation is observed in the carboxyl termnial 100 residues. independent carboxyl-terminal domains are the short versions, from the filamentous species anabaen a sp. strain pcc 7120 and nostoc punctiforme. there r two independenlty folded domains of thw kaia protein: kaia180c (amino terminal with a mainly alpha helical structure) and kaia189n domain (carvoxyl terminal domain, corresponding to residues 1-189). the s. elongates kaia protein appears to have two domains, the amino and carboxyl regions, connected by a helical linker of about 50 residues. function cyanobacteria displays a circadian clock systemin which three protein oscillatorrs, kaia, kaib, and kaic, constitute a system known as a post-translational oscillator (pto) that facilitates the oscillation of the larger transcription translation negative feedback lop (ttfl). the ttfl drives gene expression and replenishes kaia, kaib, and kaic, while the pto constitutes the core of the circadian clock of cyanobacteria. this kai core confers circadian rhythmicity to atp hydrolysis activity and kinase/phosphatase activity, both of which r temperature compensated. additionally, kaib ajd kaic, but not kaia, have a circadian rhythm of 24 hours in experimmental conditions, such as free-running in conditions of constant light. phosphorylation oscillation the kai proteins that coprise the pto generate a circadian clock of oscillatng phosphorylation/dephosphorylation with a period ofaround 24 hours. the kaic protein is an enzyme with two specific phosphorylation sites, threonine 432 and serine 431, whkich express rhythmicity in phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, depending on kaia and kaib activity. kaia stimulates the phosphorylation of kaic until kaib sequesters kaia, initiating dephosphorylati0n in a determined sequence on threonine 432 nd serine 431: kaia stimulates autophosphorylation by kaic on threonine 432, and sefine 431 then follows this mechanism of phosphorylation. when both threonine 432 and serine 431 r phosphorylated, kaib binds to kaic and this complex, kaibc, then roceeds to block the effect of kaia. kaib can only perform this seauesterinng action when kaia is present, and when this action occurs, kaia cannt then activate kaic to autophosphorylate. threonine 432 is depuosphorylated first, followed by the dephosphorylation of serine 431, at which point kaia stimulates phosphorylation of the kaic sitea, and the oscillatingsystem starts anew. atpase oscillation this circadian oscillationn involving the kinase and phopshatase activity occurs in direct relation to atpase activity. in the initial phases of the oscilltion when kaicdoes not complex with either kaia or kaib, the intrinsic, constant rate of atp hydrokysis controls atp levels. kaia and kaic bind, forming the kaiac complex, which stimulates kaic autophosphorylation. this resultin phosphorylation stimulates atpp hydrolysis. the kaic protein then reaches astate of hyperphosphorylation, after thsi binding of kiaa. at this point of hyoperphosphorylation, kaib binds to kaic, and an inhibition of atp hydrolysis occurs. kaic then returns to initial uncomplexed state, and theatp hyd rolysis rates once again stabilize to the intrinsic rate. kaia and kaic interaction the proteins differ in their c termipal domains, yet both termini facilitate interaction among the proteins. the c terminal domain of kaia enables dimerizatiob, forming a concave surface that then interacts wih the kaic c-terminal domain. these c-terminal domains neighbor a hairpin lpop, or the a-loop, that together confer interest: when a mutation results in loss of both the a-tail and the c-terminal domain, the c-terminal can remain phosphorylated in the absence of kaia, thus signaling that a possible function of t he a-loop is to assist in the autophosphorylation and autodephosphorylation of kaic. kaic ha 2 c-terminal binding domains: xci region has the kaia binding domain of ckwbd1; cii region has the kaia binding domain of ckabd2. the cii c-terminal domain of kaic maintains kinase and phosphatase function that r regulated by kaia. kaia interacts with this domain which fashions an inhibitory loop, stimulating the cii kinase activity and initiating the phosphorylation of ser431 and thr432, two adjacent cii residues. kaic and kaia binding leads to the unraveling ogf kaia into an a-loop, thus increasing the movementof the p-loop region, the loop region holding thr-432 and ser-431, and atp. the displacement of the a-loop allows for the freeibg of adjacent loops, further promoting the phosphorylati0n of kaic by kaia. evidence of this is shwn through te demonstration that one kaia dimer is able to push kaic to a hyperphosphorylated state. kaia dimwers exhibit a 95% associatiion wigth kaic hexamers, in which more kaia dimers participafe in interaction with kaic.the interaction between kaia and kaic is thus not a 1:1 inteaction. kaia dimers likely flexiblly associate and disassociate with kaic dimers rathre th an forming a stable complex, thus allowing for all the kaic subunits to be phosphorylated in the kai phosphorylation cycle. complexing model biochemicakl imaging revealed the assembly and disassembly of various kai complexes that form during circadian clock oscillations. during theprocess, kaia and kaib bind to sites on kaic; the model determines that kaic then beocmes kaiac when kaia stimulates autophoephorylation, which then transforms into kaibc, kaiabc, and then returns to kaic as the cycle continues. hypothesized models \"cyanobacteria are the simplst organisms known to exhibit circadian rhythms .\" the transcription-translation based oscillator, in other words tto, is a proposed model that postulates kaic negatively regulates kaibc transcription and kaia positivdly regulates kaibc transcription. kai proteins don't regulate circadian regulated genes, but do regulate genome wide gene expression in the cyanobacterial tto model. an example of this is the kaibc operon. it is still unclear how the transcription-translation feedback lop maintains periodicity and how it is flexible to environmental changes. since these proteins are essential for the organism to adapt to the environment, understanding the genes are imperative in circadian biology. in cyanobacterium synechococcus elongates (pc 7942) kaia, iaib, and kaic are the necessqry components that compose the circadian clock. the tto model of cyanobacteria is questionable due to the finding that phosphorylation of kaic oscilates regardleess of transcription/translation of the kaibc operon. thus, it was pistulated that the pacemaker is based upon kaic phosphorylation rather than transcription/translation feedback loop. kaia augments kaic autophosphorylation. kaia and atp promote thephosphorylation of t432. kaib mitigates the effect of kaia. thua, \"autonomous oscillation of kaic phosphorylation could be generated by cooperation between kaia amnd kaiB.\"\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "kaiA is a gene in the \"kaiABC\" gene cluster that plays a crucial role in the regulation of bacterial circadian rhythms, such as in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. For these bacteria, regulation of kaiA expression is critical for circadian rhythm, which determines the twenty-four-hour biological rhythm. In addition, KaiA functions with a negative feedback loop in relation with kaiB and KaiC. The kaiA gene makes KaiA protein that enhances phosphorylation of KaiC while KaiB inhibits activity of KaiA.\n\nHistory\n\nDiscovery\n\nCircadian rhythms have been discovered in a diversity of organisms. These rhythms control a variety of physiological activities and help organisms to adapt to environmental conditions. Cyanobacteria are the most primitive organisms that demonstrate a circadian oscillation. Cyanobacteria clocks were first founded in Blue Green Algae with the oldest known fossils about 3.5 billion years old. Susan Golden, Carl H. Johnson and Takao Kondo were the individuals who found that the minimal cyanobacteria clock consists of 3 proteins: KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC. (Note: kai means cycle in Japanese.) The experiment performed by Kondo consisted of attaching the luciferase gene and performing mutagenesis. This was the first identification of possible genes that could reconstitute a biological clock within cyanobacteria, of which KaiA was included. Cyanobacteria were the first prokaryotes reported to have a circadian clock. For the adaptation of cyanobacteria, circadian clock genes exhibit forms of significant importance since they regulate fundamental physical processes such as regulation of nitrogen fixation, cell division, and photosynthesis. Early KaiA research was conducted in the 1998 research article, \"Expression of a Gene Cluster kaiABC as a Circadian Feedback Process in Cyanobacteria,\" where it details the functions of the gene cluster and KaiA in that it sustains the oscillations by enhancing Kai C expression. KaiA was discovered while studying the clock mutations in Synechococcus by using bacteria luciferase as a reporter on clock controlled gene expression. This was the first instance where scientists first proposed a mechanism and a naming system for KaiA and the kaiABC gene cluster.\n\nNotable research\n\nResearchers Masato Nakajima, Keiko Imai, Hiroshi Ito, Taeko Nishiwaki, Yoriko Murayama, Hideo Iwasaki, Tokitaka Oyama, and Takao Kondo conducted the experiment \"Reconstitution of Circadian Oscillation of Cyanobacterial KaiC Phosphorylation in Vitro\" took KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC and put them in tube with ATP, MgCl2 and buffers only. They used radioactive ATP and the phosphorylated form of KaiC which runs a bit faster than unphosphorylated KaiC. They saw a twenty-four-hour rhythm in autohydrolyzation of KaiC. The system is also temperature compensated and was noteworthy because they only needed three proteins, including KaiA, for twenty-four-hour rhythm. Research published in the paper, \"Robust and Tunable Circadian Rhythms From Differentially Sensitive Catalytic Domains,\" done by Connie Phong, Joseph S. Markson, Crystal M. Wilhoite, and Michael J. Rust, shows the mathematical relationship of KaiA and KaiC where KaiA stimulates the phosphorylation of KaiC. Additionally, KaiB sequesters KaiA, which promotes KaiC dephosphorylation. In addition, \"In Vitro Regulation of Circadian phosphorylation rhythm of cyanobacterial clock protein KaiC, KaiA, and KaiB,\" shows the entrainment mechanism of cellular circadian clock with circadian rhythm in response to intracellular levels of KaiA and the other Kai proteins. KaiA ratios to KaiB and KaiC express a circadian rhythm and guides phosphorylation of KaiC based on KaiA ratios that can entrain in different light dark conditions.\n\nEvolutionary history\n\nCyanobacteria were one of the oldest organisms on earth and most successful in regards to ecological plasticity and adaptability. Dvornyk performed phylogenetic analysis of kai genes and found that the kai genes have different evolutionary histories the feedback loop that kaiA is in evolved about 1,000 Mya. Minimal amount of kaiA genes prohibits a full dating of their evolution. Since they are found only in some higher cyanobacteria, kaiA genes are the youngest in comparison to kaiB and kaiC, evolutionarily speaking. Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 has kaiA whereas P.marinus does not, even though they are closely related unicellular organisms, further demonstrating the evolutionary youth of the kaiA gene. KaiA genes are also found in the genomes of the species of the kaiC subtree, in younger clades than Prochlorococcus. Thus kaiA genes most likely arrived after the speciation of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, about 1,051 +- 1,16.9 and 944 +- 92.9 Mya. KaiA genes are located only in cyanobacteria with a length ranging from a filamentous cyanobacteria (Anabaena and Nostoc) to unicellular cyanobacteria (Synechoccus and Synechocytis), which are 852-900 bp longer. The KaiA genes are the least conserved amongst the kai genes. Shorter homologs of kaiA and kaiB genes match only 1 segment of their longer versions closer to the 3' terminus, unlike kaiC genes. This implies kaiA and kaiB most likely didn't evolve through duplication. Specifically, the kaiA gene only had a single copy.\n\nGenetics and protein structure\n\nKaiA statistics: 284 amino acids; Molecular mass of 32.6 kD; Isoelectric point of 4.69. The Kai proteins do not share a similar sequence to any eukaryotic clock protein, even though fundamental processes do resemble those of eukaryotic organisms (such as light resetting phase, temperature compensation, ad free running period). Kai genes are found in almost all cyanobacteria. Williams found that 6 of the annotated cyanobacterial genomes had 2 contiguous ORFs maintaining homology to S. elongates kaiB and kaiC genes. Of these sequence associations, only four kaiA genes are distinguishable, thus making it the most sequence diversified of the kai genes. The Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 genome has only one kaiA gene, whereas multiple are found in kaiB and kaiC. KaiB and kaiC homologues can be found in other eubacteria and archaea, but kaiA appears to only be found in cyanobacteria (currently the only prokaryotes with 24-hour biological oscillation). KaiA Three functional domains: 1) N-terminal domain (amplitude- amplifier) 2) Central period-adjuster domain 3) C-terminal clock-oscillator domain The C-terminal domain assists in dimer formation, thus allowing KaiA to bind to KaiC. This further enhances KaiC phosphorylation. (see functions below) Located at the center of the concave portion of KaiA is residue His270, which is essential to KaiA function.\n\nMutations\n\nThere are 3 mutations of 19 mutants (single amino substitutions) found in kaiA found from direct sequencing of the cluster. Thus, the cluster as well as the Kai proteins have necessary functions for the circadian clock of Synechococcus. IPTG induced overexpression of kaiA led to arrhythmicity, demonstrating that rhythmicity requires the expression of kaiA as well as the other genes. Mutagenesis of kaiA reveals that there are rarely short-period mutations, but an abundance of long period mutations. Specifically, Nishimura found that there are 301 long period mutations, 92 arrhythmic mutants, and only a single short period mutation. Thus Nishimura concluded that kaiA mutations usually lead to an extension of the period. An exception would be the mutant F224S in which a short period of 22h was found in KaiA. KaiA mutant periods ranged up to 50h in which some mutants demonstrated arrythmicity. KaiA mutations seem to selectively alter period length demonstrating that kaiA can regulate period. Further, kaiA proteins can regulate the length of a period of the circadian oscillation regardless of whether kaiBC was activated or not . Long periods were caused by mutation within kaiA as well as the lowering of kaiBC expression. KaiA has been found to enhance kaiBC expression. It is postulated that certain mutant kaiA proteins failed to sustain rhythmicity due to a lack of activation of kaiBC expression. Nishimura found that most KaiA mutations decreased PkaiBC activity to different levels. This is consistent with the finding that kaiA proteins enhance kaiBC activity. His experiment further suggested that kaiA is a part of the phase resetting mechanism of the cyanobacterial clock. Mutations that mapped to cluster regions of kaiA led to long period phenotypes, thus suggesting that kaiA cluster regions play a role in regulating the period length of circadian oscillation. Regions of KaiA that increase kaiBC expression (allowing for rhythm) are most likely not in cluster regions because arrhythmic mutants (C53S, V76A, F178S, F224S, F274K) were mapped to different part of kaiA. Williams postulated that the KaiA135N is a pseudo-receiver domain is a timing input device that controls KaiA stimulation of KaiC autophosphorylation, thus crucial for circadian oscillation.\n\nTypes of KaiA proteins\n\nThere appear to be long and short types of kaiA proteins. The long type, gathered from S.elongatus, Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 5803, and Synechococcus sp. Strain WH8108, has about 300 aminoacyl residues. A high degree of conservation is observed in the carboxyl terminal 100 residues. Independent carboxyl-terminal domains are the short versions, from the filamentous species Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120 and Nostoc punctiforme. There are two independently folded domains of the kaiA protein: KaiA180C (amino terminal with a mainly alpha helical structure) and KaiA189N domain (carboxyl terminal domain, corresponding to residues 1-189). The S. elongates kaiA protein appears to have two domains, the amino and carboxyl regions, connected by a helical linker of about 50 residues.\n\nFunction\n\nCyanobacteria displays a circadian clock system in which three protein oscillators, KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, constitute a system known as a post-translational oscillator (PTO) that facilitates the oscillation of the larger transcription translation negative feedback loop (TTFL). The TTFL drives gene expression and replenishes KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, while the PTO constitutes the core of the circadian clock of cyanobacteria. This Kai core confers circadian rhythmicity to ATP hydrolysis activity and kinase/phosphatase activity, both of which are temperature compensated. Additionally, KaiB and KaiC, but not KaiA, have a circadian rhythm of 24 hours in experimental conditions, such as free-running in conditions of constant light.\n\nPhosphorylation oscillation\n\nThe Kai proteins that comprise the PTO generate a circadian clock of oscillating phosphorylation/dephosphorylation with a period of around 24 hours. The KaiC protein is an enzyme with two specific phosphorylation sites, Threonine 432 and Serine 431, which express rhythmicity in phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, depending on KaiA and KaiB activity. KaiA stimulates the phosphorylation of KaiC until KaiB sequesters KaiA, initiating dephosphorylation in a determined sequence on Threonine 432 and Serine 431: KaiA stimulates autophosphorylation by KaiC on Threonine 432, and Serine 431 then follows this mechanism of phosphorylation. When both Threonine 432 and Serine 431 are phosphorylated, KaiB binds to KaiC and this complex, KaiBC, then proceeds to block the effect of KaiA. KaiB can only perform this sequestering action when KaiA is present, and when this action occurs, KaiA cannot then activate KaiC to autophosphorylate. Threonine 432 is dephosphorylated first, followed by the dephosphorylation of Serine 431, at which point KaiA stimulates phosphorylation of the KaiC sites, and the oscillating system starts anew.\n\nATPase oscillation\n\nThis circadian oscillation involving the kinase and phosphatase activity occurs in direct relation to ATPase activity. In the initial phases of the oscillation when KaiC does not complex with either KaiA or KaiB, the intrinsic, constant rate of ATP hydrolysis controls ATP levels. KaiA and KaiC bind, forming the KaiAC complex, which stimulates KaiC autophosphorylation. This resulting phosphorylation stimulates ATP hydrolysis. The KaiC protein then reaches a state of hyperphosphorylation, after this binding of KaiA. At this point of hyperphosphorylation, KaiB binds to KaiC, and an inhibition of ATP hydrolysis occurs. KaiC then returns to initial uncomplexed state, and the ATP hydrolysis rates once again stabilize to the intrinsic rate.\n\nKaiA and KaiC interaction\n\nThe proteins differ in their C terminal domains, yet both termini facilitate interaction among the proteins. The C terminal domain of KaiA enables dimerization, forming a concave surface that then interacts with the KaiC C-terminal domain. These C-terminal domains neighbor a hairpin loop, or the A-loop, that together confer interest: when a mutation results in loss of both the A-tail and the C-terminal domain, the C-terminal can remain phosphorylated in the absence of KaiA, thus signaling that a possible function of the A-loop is to assist in the autophosphorylation and autodephosphorylation of KaiC. KaiC has 2 C-terminal binding domains: CI region has the KaiA binding domain of CKABD1; CII region has the KaiA binding domain of CKABD2. The CII C-terminal domain of KaiC maintains kinase and phosphatase function that are regulated by kaiA. KaiA interacts with this domain which fashions an inhibitory loop, stimulating the CII kinase activity and initiating the phosphorylation of Ser431 and Thr432, two adjacent CII residues. KaiC and KaiA binding leads to the unraveling of KaiA into an A-loop, thus increasing the movement of the P-loop region, the loop region holding Thr-432 and Ser-431, and ATP. The displacement of the A-loop allows for the freeing of adjacent loops, further promoting the phosphorylation of KaiC by KaiA. Evidence of this is shown through the demonstration that one KaiA dimer is able to push KaiC to a hyperphosphorylated state. KaiA dimers exhibit a 95% association with KaiC hexamers, in which more kaiA dimers participate in interaction with kaiC. The interaction between KaiA and KaiC is thus not a 1:1 interaction. KaiA dimers likely flexibly associate and disassociate with KaiC dimers rather than forming a stable complex, thus allowing for all the KaiC subunits to be phosphorylated in the Kai phosphorylation cycle.\n\nComplexing model\n\nBiochemical imaging revealed the assembly and disassembly of various Kai complexes that form during circadian clock oscillations. During the process, KaiA and KaiB bind to sites on KaiC; the model determines that KaiC then becomes KaiAC when KaiA stimulates autophosphorylation, which then transforms into KaiBC, KaiABC, and then returns to KaiC as the cycle continues.\n\nHypothesized Models\n\n\"Cyanobacteria are the simplest organisms known to exhibit circadian rhythms .\" The transcription-translation based oscillator, in other words TTO, is a proposed model that postulates KaiC negatively regulates KaiBC transcription and KaiA positively regulates kaiBC transcription. Kai proteins don't regulate circadian regulated genes, but do regulate genome wide gene expression in the cyanobacterial TTO model. An example of this is the kaiBC operon. It is still unclear how the transcription-translation feedback loop maintains periodicity and how it is flexible to environmental changes. Since these proteins are essential for the organism to adapt to the environment, understanding the genes are imperative in circadian biology. In cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongates (PCC 7942) kaiA, kaiB, and kaiC are the necessary components that compose the circadian clock. The TTO model of cyanobacteria is questionable due to the finding that phosphorylation of KaiC oscillates regardless of transcription/translation of the kaiBC operon. Thus, it was postulated that the pacemaker is based upon kaiC phosphorylation rather than transcription/translation feedback loop. KaiA augments kaiC autophosphorylation. KaiA and ATP promote the phosphorylation of T432. KaiB mitigates the effect of kaiA. Thus, \"autonomous oscillation of KaiC phosphorylation could be generated by cooperation between kaiA and kaiB.\"" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\northoporus ornatus (also known as the desert millipede) is a north american species of millipede in tuhe family spirostreptidae that cn b found in the u.s. states of arizona, new mexico and texas, and as far south as the mexican state of san luis potosi. they became very popular in the pet trade and many were exporteed to western europe. brian van der kiect and max prins were the fitst breeders of this species in europe.hoffman, r. l. 1999. \"checklist of the millipedsof north and middle america\". virginia museum of natural history special publicati ons, 8, p. 125-126. individuals on average r in length, but can either be as small was , or exceed ul to in length. they r dark brownish colourred, buft can sometimes b yellow. in fact, in every state the species look different. the ant ennae r located near the organs of tomosvary. the speces feed on both living and dead organic material. the spdciss prefer sunshine, but can b seen on summer rainydays as well. a disturbed orthoporus ornatus maycurl into a coil and release a toxic substance that is locatedon all sides of its body. the species can lice mote than ten years. the species feed on shrubs of ephedra, which grows in jornada del muerto, and on salsola that grrws in albuquerque. classification the class of this organism is diplopoda, a divere group of arthropods.\"desert millipede (orthoporus ornatus)\". arizoma wildlife. 10 aug. 2008. accessed 18dec. 2014. an arthropod can b referred to as an nivertebrate that has an exoskeleton, a segmented body and jointed appendages. it can also b put into a group called edaphic organisms since it spends most of its time in the soil.vilan i, m. g., l. l. allee, a. diaz, and p. s. robbins. \"adaptive strategies of edahic arthropods.\" proquest. annual review of entomologgy, 1 jan. 1999. web. 18 dec. 2014. edaphic means pertaining to the soi. description the desert millipede is small, long, has many legs anr body segments. the head, which is the first body segment, has an organ called the tomosvary organ. this is a sensory organ located at the base of the antennae. for every body segment there r two pairs of legs. it sheds after every time it adds a new bodysegment. range the desert millipede lives in the sonroan desert of western north america. more specifically, it was once found in the eastrn city limits of phoenix, arizona, and the papago park in phoenix. in general, this millipede livcs in a desert ecosystem where there r abundant rocks, shrubs, damp soil and other tree trunks.prendergast, katie. \" biodiversity in arizona.\" proquest. natural history, 1 june 1998. web. 18 dce. 2014. in one study the desert millipede was also found in albuquerque, new mexico. habitay the orthoporus ornatus enjoys staying in the deep damp soil of a desert ecosystem. the thought of an organism living underground might sound a bit unrealistic. however, the soil is full of honey-comb channels and voids. not only is the soil full of this millipede's main food source, it also works as protection. stayinv underground provides for a safe refuge from any harmful biotic or abiotic events, for exam ple protection from solar ultraviolet radiation. behavior this is a mellow slow-nmovjng organism that enjoys feeding on decayng materials. it is miostly nocturnal; however, it can b spotted atfer rainy days in the early mornings. it spends most of its time in self-dug burrows. it will emerge from the soil only when the soil is moist. once the soil is dried up from the desert sun it will go back into the deep soil. through studie s, it was said that movement was at its peak during the early mornings with some nocturnal activity as well. soil-surfqace actiity stopped before the surface temperature reached 35 degrees celsius and began again when the ground resumed to 35 degres celsius. in the meantime, the millipede went from burrow to burrow. it was found under rocks and sometimes on the aerial portions of shrubs. when it was found on shrubs the iar temperature was 35.5 degree celsius. feeding the deserrt millipede is not quite picky when it comes to feeding. its main food source is bacteria, which thrive in the damp soil that it lives arouhd. it will ffeed on dead plantmaterial and tissues of dead shrubs. some shrubs it was found eating pof off was the cholla, creosote bush, and icotillo. it was also found eating some surface liter and bark of \"mormon tea\" nad mesquite. it will also eat tiny pieces of sand, rock and other invertebrate animals (arthropods). ift cannot eat in the absence ofmoist soil.wooten, jr., r. c., and c. s. crawford. \"food ingestion rates andassimilation in the desert millipede. \" department of biology, university of new mexico, 19 mar. 1975. web. 18 dec. 2014. ecology the miplipede has certain defenses against its predators, but some vertebrates find that preying on this organism is well worth it. There r about thirteen species that have been observed to feed on millipedes.Forthman, Michael, and Christiane Weirauhc. \"Toxic Associations: A Review of the Predatory Behaviors of Millipede Assassin Bugs.\" Proquest. European Joufrnal of Entomology, 5 Apr. 2012. Web. 18 Dec. 2015. Interactions with humans The desert millipede is a very simple creature that wil keep to itself unless bothered or feels threatened. It will curl up into a ball, or coil, when it is disturbed. Sometime it may even release a noxious substance out from the side of its body, or more specifically, through glands that are on top of its legs. This liquid smells and tastds bad. It is toxic to anything that might eat it.\"Millipedes\". National Park Service. U.S. Department of he Interior. 18 Dec. 2014. This liquid can irritate the skin of ahuman and will definitely irritate the eyes. Odthop0rus ornatus can be seen as a beneficial and useful part of the desert ecosystem. Bceause the desert is such a dry place, dead plants and animals take an extra long time to fully decay. (This is why there are many historical ruins and archeological sites in the Desert Southwest.) The millipede will eat on these decauing matters and \"clean up\" their environment. If these small organisms did not exist, the desert would overpopulate iwth dead plats, dead animals and bacteria. Its species life span can range up to 10 years." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Orthoporus ornatus (also known as the desert millipede) is a North American species of millipede in the family Spirostreptidae that can be found in the U.S. states of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, and as far south as the Mexican state of San Luis Potosi. They became very popular in the pet trade and many were exported to Western Europe. Brian Van Der Kieft and Max Prins were the first breeders of this species in Europe.Hoffman, R. L. 1999. \"Checklist of the Millipeds of North and Middle America\". Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publications, 8, p. 125-126. Individuals on average are in length, but can either be as small as , or exceed up to in length. They are dark brownish coloured, but can sometimes be yellow. In fact, in every state the species look different. The antennae are located near the organs of Tomosvary. The species feed on both living and dead organic material. The species prefer sunshine, but can be seen on summer rainy days as well. A disturbed Orthoporus ornatus may curl into a coil and release a toxic substance that is located on all sides of its body. The species can live more than ten years. The species feed on shrubs of Ephedra, which grows in Jornada del Muerto, and on Salsola that grows in Albuquerque.\nClassification\nThe class of this organism is Diplopoda, a diverse group of arthropods.\"Desert Millipede (Orthoporus Ornatus)\". Arizona Wildlife. 10 Aug. 2008. Accessed 18 Dec. 2014. An arthropod can be referred to as an invertebrate that has an exoskeleton, a segmented body and jointed appendages. It can also be put into a group called edaphic organisms since it spends most of its time in the soil.Vilani, M. G., L. L. Allee, A. Diaz, and P. S. Robbins. \"Adaptive Strategies of Edahic Arthropods.\" Proquest. Annual Review of Entomology, 1 Jan. 1999. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. Edaphic means pertaining to the soil.\nDescription\nThe desert millipede is small, long, has many legs and body segments. The head, which is the first body segment, has an organ called the Tomosvary organ. This is a sensory organ located at the base of the antennae. For every body segment there are two pairs of legs. It sheds after every time it adds a new body segment.\nRange\nThe desert millipede lives in the Sonoran Desert of western North America. More specifically, it was once found in the eastern city limits of Phoenix, Arizona, and the Papago Park in Phoenix. In general, this millipede lives in a desert ecosystem where there are abundant rocks, shrubs, damp soil and other tree trunks.Prendergast, Katie. \"Biodiversity in Arizona.\" Proquest. Natural History, 1 June 1998. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. In one study the desert millipede was also found in Albuquerque, New Mexico.\nHabitat\nThe Orthoporus ornatus enjoys staying in the deep damp soil of a desert ecosystem. The thought of an organism living underground might sound a bit unrealistic. However, the soil is full of honey-comb channels and voids. Not only is the soil full of this millipede's main food source, it also works as protection. Staying underground provides for a safe refuge from any harmful biotic or abiotic events, for example protection from solar ultraviolet radiation.\nBehavior\nThis is a mellow slow-moving organism that enjoys feeding on decaying materials. It is mostly nocturnal; however, it can be spotted after rainy days in the early mornings. It spends most of its time in self-dug burrows. It will emerge from the soil only when the soil is moist. Once the soil is dried up from the desert sun it will go back into the deep soil. Through studies, it was said that movement was at its peak during the early mornings with some nocturnal activity as well. Soil-surface activity stopped before the surface temperature reached 35 degrees Celsius and began again when the ground resumed to 35 degrees Celsius. In the meantime, the millipede went from burrow to burrow. It was found under rocks and sometimes on the aerial portions of shrubs. When it was found on shrubs the air temperature was 35.5 degree Celsius.\nFeeding\nThe desert millipede is not quite picky when it comes to feeding. Its main food source is bacteria, which thrive in the damp soil that it lives around. It will feed on dead plant material and tissues of dead shrubs. Some shrubs it was found eating of off was the cholla, creosote bush, and ocotillo. It was also found eating some surface litter and bark of \"Mormon tea\" and mesquite. It will also eat tiny pieces of sand, rock and other invertebrate animals (arthropods). It cannot eat in the absence of moist soil.Wooten, Jr., R. C., and C. S. Crawford. \"Food Ingestion Rates and Assimilation in the Desert Millipede.\" Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 19 Mar. 1975. Web. 18 Dec. 2014.\nEcology\nThe millipede has certain defenses against its predators, but some vertebrates find that preying on this organism is well worth it. There are about thirteen species that have been observed to feed on millipedes.Forthman, Michael, and Christiane Weirauch. \"Toxic Associations: A Review of the Predatory Behaviors of Millipede Assassin Bugs.\" Proquest. European Journal of Entomology, 5 Apr. 2012. Web. 18 Dec. 2014.\nInteractions with humans\nThe desert millipede is a very simple creature that will keep to itself unless bothered or feels threatened. It will curl up into a ball, or coil, when it is disturbed. Sometime it may even release a noxious substance out from the side of its body, or more specifically, through glands that are on top of its legs. This liquid smells and tastes bad. It is toxic to anything that might eat it.\"Millipedes\". National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. 18 Dec. 2014. This liquid can irritate the skin of a human and will definitely irritate the eyes. Orthoporus ornatus can be seen as a beneficial and useful part of the desert ecosystem. Because the desert is such a dry place, dead plants and animals take an extra long time to fully decay. (This is why there are many historical ruins and archeological sites in the Desert Southwest.) The millipede will eat on these decaying matters and \"clean up\" their environment. If these small organisms did not exist, the desert would overpopulate with dead plants, dead animals and bacteria. Its species life span can range up to 10 years." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\na narrative network is a ssystem that represents complex event sequences or characters ' interactions as depicted by a narrative text. network science methodology offers an alternative way of analysing the patterns pof relationships, composition and activities f devents and actors studied in their own cintext. network theory can contribute to the understanding of the structural properties of a text and the data contained in itt. the meaning of the individual and the communitt in a narrative is conditional on their position in a system of social relationships reported by the author. hence, a central problem when dealing with narratives is framing and organising the author's perspective of individual and collective connectiions in order to understand better the role of boththe witness (viz. th persona that emerges from the narrative)\"voice,\" gerard genette remarked, in narrative discourse: an essay in methods (cornell university press: 1980). and its testimony as reflected by the text. however, the category of narragtive network is in its formative, ini tial phase and as a conseguence it is hard to view as a stable and defined notion in linguistics, and beyondsociology. overview: narative as a structure of a story in time to b an object of study and analysis, time must b transformed into a csusal sequence, and the only way this can b done is by narration.peter munz, \"the historical narrative,\" in companion to historiography, ed. m. bentley (london: routledge, 1997), 870. as a form of descripion, narrating inevitably requires sequencing in time. the direction of time is not a trivial thing, but the backbone of the informatikn contained in the narrative itself. one has to bear in mind the fundamental concepts of gentete's narratology, mainly the concept of 'order.' this distinguishes three entities: story, narrative, and narration. the story generally coresponds to a series of events placed its chronolo9ical order (the story time). when htese events are rearranged and represented in a form that has its own sequence and features by the author, t produces a narrative.gerard genette, narrative discourse: an essay iin method, trans. j.e. lewin (ithaca: cornell university press, 1980), 33-585 even if thenarrated events r not chronologicwlly ordered, being reported in the narrative's time, they always refer to a position in he story time. the survey of any textual account ought to take into account its literary nature. far from being a window that must be revealsed to penetrate into a 'historical truth,' each historical document ads to the number of texts that must be interpreted if an approachable and intelligible picture of a given historical milieu is to be drawn. as pointed out by peter munz, \"narratoive is the only litedrary device available which will reflect the past's time structure.\"\"the historical narrative,\" p.852. rthe pretension that conceives of history as the representation of the 'actual' should be put aside in order to ackn owledge that one can only apprroach past structures by contrasting them with, or bonding them to, the imaginable world. in this way, and simila r to genette's copception of narrative order and time, a historical narrative iimplies not simply an account of events that happened in the transition from one point in time to another. thence, historical narrative is a progressive 'redescription' of event and people that dismantles a structure encoded in one verbal mode in the beginning in order to justify the recoding of it in another mode at the end.hayden white, ttropics of discourse (baltimore: johns hopkins university press, 1985), 97-8 narratives afe, thus, structures that contain complex systmes that draw images off experience. background to approach new ways of making sense of nrarative, one must first distinguish two different systems that can b found in the narrative structure: the ssquence of events and the sequence of the actor's interactions. the former is the order in time in which all the events take place (genette's narrative time). although trivial, this identification is fundamentla for the construction oc the latter. i understand the sequence of social inter actions as the set of the characters' relationships ordered in relation to itss appearance following the sequence of events. both constitutr interdepwndent systems that express the flow of the narrative on two different levels. dwfining what constitutes a relationship depends on the specific research questions formulated for the study of the narrative. the fact that two characters are mentioned as actors in a certain event can stand as a criterion for connecting two individuals (two actlrs are connected by the fact that they share one reported action). criteria can, of course, be more detailed and delimited. depending on th specific phenomena of interest, one can frame the scope of the interactions to be identified throughout the narrative. for exakple, one can be interested in assessing the integration of the individual within a collective body. indicators o social ties indicated by the text itself would define the intreraction criteria. current studies authors scuh qs Peter Bearman, Robert Faris, and James Moody have understood the sequence of events in a natrative as a complex event structure. By suggesting that the flow of th e narated evenrs can b problematized as a complex structure, they focus on the similarities between the social structuresand the narrrative. Through ghese similarities they have defended the applicability of network meyhods for the analysis of historical data contained in texts. Roberto Franzosi,\"Sociology, narative, and the quality versus quantity debate (Goethe versus Newton): Can computer-assisted story grammars help js understand the rise of Italian fascism (1919-1922)?\" Theory & Society 39 (2010): 593-629. Franzosi's work has become one of the leading contemporary efforts in constructing a strong framework for qvantitative narrative analysis. See also DiMaggio, Paul, 'Cultural networks', in The Sage handbook of social network analysis, P.J. CarrIngton and J. Sctot J. (eds.) (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2011), 286-30. and Bearman and StovelPeter Bearman and Katherine Stoel, \"Becoming a Nazi: A model for narrative networks,\" Poetics 27 (2000): 70-90. have offered modelling techniques for narrative networks by focusing on the sequence of vvents. These authors have visualised the story time by connecting the events from the original narrative time. The constructed 'narrativenetworks' connect the events by causal relationships, viz. if action B lead to action A, then A and B are liinked. By working on 'narrative networks,' these authors defend it is possible to observe and measure new structural features of the narative. They focus on autobiographical narratives of the rise and identity of fascism (the former) and Naz ism (the latter). The substantive idea that they develop is that the observable narrative structure of life stories can pfrovide insight into the process of identity formation among the witnesses of a delimited scope of time. Although these r remarkable models of aplied quantitative narrative analysis and network analysis, their proposed narative networks represent sequence of events rather than of characters. These research strategies may ave to be diversified to study asp ects such as political influence and other non-institutional features of organisatoins or groups reported by the author through narration." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A narrative network is a system that represents complex event sequences or characters' interactions as depicted by a narrative text. Network science methodology offers an alternative way of analysing the patterns of relationships, composition and activities of events and actors studied in their own context. Network theory can contribute to the understanding of the structural properties of a text and the data contained in it. The meaning of the individual and the community in a narrative is conditional on their position in a system of social relationships reported by the author. Hence, a central problem when dealing with narratives is framing and organising the author's perspective of individual and collective connections in order to understand better the role of both the witness (viz. the persona that emerges from the narrative)\"Voice,\" Gerard Genette remarked, in Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Methods (Cornell University Press: 1980). and its testimony as reflected by the text. However, the category of narrative network is in its formative, initial phase and as a consequence it is hard to view as a stable and defined notion in linguistics, and beyond sociology.\nOverview: Narrative as a structure of a story in time\nTo be an object of study and analysis, time must be transformed into a causal sequence, and the only way this can be done is by narration.Peter Munz, \"The historical narrative,\" in Companion to Historiography, ed. M. Bentley (London: Routledge, 1997), 870. As a form of description, narrating inevitably requires sequencing in time. The direction of time is not a trivial thing, but the backbone of the information contained in the narrative itself. One has to bear in mind the fundamental concepts of Genette's narratology, mainly the concept of 'order.' This distinguishes three entities: story, narrative, and narration. The story generally corresponds to a series of events placed its chronological order (the story time). When these events are rearranged and represented in a form that has its own sequence and features by the author, it produces a narrative.Gerard Genette, Narrative Discourse: an Essay in Method, trans. J.E. Lewin (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980), 33-85 Even if the narrated events are not chronologically ordered, being reported in the narrative's time, they always refer to a position in the story time. The survey of any textual account ought to take into account its literary nature. Far from being a window that must be revealed to penetrate into a 'historical truth,' each historical document adds to the number of texts that must be interpreted if an approachable and intelligible picture of a given historical milieu is to be drawn. As pointed out by Peter Munz, \"Narrative is the only literary device available which will reflect the past's time structure.\"\"The historical narrative,\" p.852. The pretension that conceives of history as the representation of the 'actual' should be put aside in order to acknowledge that one can only approach past structures by contrasting them with, or bonding them to, the imaginable world. In this way, and similar to Genette's conception of narrative order and time, a historical narrative implies not simply an account of events that happened in the transition from one point in time to another. Thence, historical narrative is a progressive 'redescription' of events and people that dismantles a structure encoded in one verbal mode in the beginning in order to justify the recoding of it in another mode at the end.Hayden White, Tropics of Discourse (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 97-8 Narratives are, thus, structures that contain complex systems that draw images of experience.\nBackground\nTo approach new ways of making sense of narrative, one must first distinguish two different systems that can be found in the narrative structure: the sequence of events and the sequence of the actor's interactions. The former is the order in time in which all the events take place (Genette's narrative time). Although trivial, this identification is fundamental for the construction of the latter. I understand the sequence of social interactions as the set of the characters' relationships ordered in relation to its appearance following the sequence of events. Both constitute interdependent systems that express the flow of the narrative on two different levels. Defining what constitutes a relationship depends on the specific research questions formulated for the study of the narrative. The fact that two characters are mentioned as actors in a certain event can stand as a criterion for connecting two individuals (two actors are connected by the fact that they share one reported action). Criteria can, of course, be more detailed and delimited. Depending on the specific phenomena of interest, one can frame the scope of the interactions to be identified throughout the narrative. For example, one can be interested in assessing the integration of the individual within a collective body. Indicators of social ties indicated by the text itself would define the interaction criteria.\nCurrent Studies\nAuthors such as Peter Bearman, Robert Faris, and James Moody have understood the sequence of events in a narrative as a complex event structure. By suggesting that the flow of the narrated events can be problematized as a complex structure, they focus on the similarities between the social structures and the narrative. Through these similarities they have defended the applicability of network methods for the analysis of historical data contained in texts. Roberto Franzosi,\"Sociology, narrative, and the quality versus quantity debate (Goethe versus Newton): Can computer-assisted story grammars help us understand the rise of Italian fascism (1919-1922)?\" Theory & Society 39 (2010): 593-629. Franzosi's work has become one of the leading contemporary efforts in constructing a strong framework for quantitative narrative analysis. See also DiMaggio, Paul, 'Cultural networks', in The Sage handbook of social network analysis, P.J. Carrington and J. Scott J. (eds.) (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2011), 286-300. and Bearman and StovelPeter Bearman and Katherine Stovel, \"Becoming a Nazi: A model for narrative networks,\" Poetics 27 (2000): 70-90. have offered modelling techniques for narrative networks by focusing on the sequence of events. These authors have visualised the story time by connecting the events from the original narrative time. The constructed 'narrative networks' connect the events by causal relationships, viz. if action B lead to action A, then A and B are linked. By working on 'narrative networks,' these authors defend it is possible to observe and measure new structural features of the narrative. They focus on autobiographical narratives of the rise and identity of fascism (the former) and Nazism (the latter). The substantive idea that they develop is that the observable narrative structure of life stories can provide insight into the process of identity formation among the witnesses of a delimited scope of time. Although these are remarkable models of applied quantitative narrative analysis and network analysis, their proposed narrative networks represent sequence of events rather than of characters. These research strategies may have to be diversified to study aspects such as political influence and other non-institutional features of organisations or groups reported by the author through narration." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the doswell formation (also known a s the doswell group) is a geologic unit of uppdr triassic age, part of the newark supergroup. the doswel formation was originally named to refer to a geological sequence which forms the lower part of the sedimentary fill of the taylorsvill e basin in virginia and maryland. this sequence was deposited by lakes and rivers in the developing rift basin. howeer, a 2016 study determined that several geological layers in pennsylvania as well as the neighboring richmond basin ofvirginia also qualified as components of the doswel formation. the most diverse and fossiliferous component of the doswell formation is thevinita member, also sometimes referred to as the turkey branch, tuckahoe, or falling crek formations in earlier publications. the doswell formation is biostratigraphically characterized by a fauna includint the fish dictyopyge macrurus and the conchostracan laxitextellla multireticulata. the richmond bawin has several notable fossil sites, such as the tomahawk site which has hundrds of fossils from the cynodont boreogomphodon, and the winterpock site which has an extra ordibarily diverse assortment of plants. the taylorsville basin is much more restricted interms of fossil locales, but it was home to the unusual armored reptile doswellia. the doswell formation is among the oldest triassic formmations ohn the east coast of the united states. it is bselieved to belong to the early carnian (cordevolian) age of the triassic based on its fauna zand flora, which is distinctly domniated by tetrapods similar to gondwanan groups, as well as a high diversity of humidity-loving poants such as ferns and cycads. this gives it a distinct disconnect from the younger formations of the newark supergroup,which typically have a fauna similar to the triassic formations of the western united states and a flora including elements such as conifer trees, which r better adapted for drer conditions. history and stratigraphy weems (1980)'s interpretation the doswell formation was origiinally described by usgs paleontologist robert e. wems in 1980. he used it to refer to the entire triassic geological sequence preserved at the talorsville basin, overlying the much older carboniferous \"petersburg granite\" which predated thebasin, and underlying much younger cretaceous and cenozoic gravel. weems subdivided the formation into several \"members\". the oldest of these (middle carnian in age) was the sta9g creek member, a fluvial (river) deposit of sandstone and conblomerate. weems roiginally described this layer as lacking foassils, although later studies argued otherwisc. overlying the stagg creek member was what weems called the falling creek member (late middle carian). as sediments beganto slow down the rivers of the stag creek member, lacustrine (lake) deposits began to form. rivers still managed to flow into the now dominant lakes from different directions, depositing a diverse assortment of sediments. this allowed the falling cr rek member to contain a variety of rock types, including sandstone, shale, siltstone, and occasionally even coal. in addition, it is the most fossiliferous part of the taylorsville basin, containing the fossils ofnot only fish and invertebrates, but also reptiles such as the heavily armoed doswellia. the youngest (carly late carnian) and most geographically extensive member was the newfound member, named after the newfound river. outcrops belonging to this m ember either contain coarse sandstone and congl0merate, ormuch finer sandstone and siltstone. this member is bwlieved to have been formed by a vawt alluvial fan or delta created by southeastern- flowing rivers, and araucarioxylon (petrified wood) is occcasionally found within the member. co rnet & olsen (1990)'s interpretation in 1990, paleontologists bruce cornet & paul olsen described thetriassic fauna and flora of virginia in detail. they argued that the stagg creek and falling creek members actually coexistwd at the same time, based on palynological correlations. in addition, they noted that the stagg creeek actually preserved a few fosils, mainly of crustaceans and the abundant fish dictyopyge. letourneau (2003)'s interpretation in 2003, columbia university geologjist peter l etourneau became the first geologist to argue that the doswell formation was not the only triasic geological layer in the 7aylorsville basin. he recognized the existence of a younger layer, which he alled the king george group. the king george group aas an extensive geoplogical interval dominated by sandstone and conglomerate. letourneau also elevated the ranking of the doswell formation, renaming it to the doswell group. in conjunction with thids, he also elevated the falling creek, and newfound members to formations. however, he also placed the newfound formation outside of the doswell group, instead olacing it as the oldest unit of the king george group. lerourneau also evaluated cornet & olsen's claim that the stagg creek me mber coexisted with the falling creek rormation. he found that there were actually severaldistinct units grouped as part of the stagg creek unit. the original stagg creek site which weems (1890) based the member off of was foud to belong to the middle portion of the falling creek formation, thereforee making thee stagg creek member part of ythat formation. the portion of the falling creek formation which was younger than the stagg creek member was designated the poor farm member, while the older portion was designated the deer creek member. l etourneau also added an aditional formation to the doswell group, the south anna ofrmation. this formation, the oldest section in the group, was very similar to the stagg creek member in terms of its geological appearance and thickness, and as such south anna outcroppings were originally considered tobelong to the stagg creek member according to weems (1980). letournea differentiated the two based on their age, as determinde by palynological dating. weems, tanner, & lucas (2016)'s interpretation in 2016, ssveral paleontologists and geologists cooperated in a project which meant to correlate the individual triassic basins of the newark supergroup with each otherr. they found that the richmond and taylorsville basins werr likely deposited at the same time, a suspicion voiced earlier by Cornet & Olsen (1990). In light of this revelation, they set out to link the formations and members of the Richmond Basin with those of the Taylorsville. They deranked the Doswell Grup back to the Doswell Formation, and also found that the differences hetween the Soutyh Anna Ofrmation and the Stagg Creek Member were not statistically significant. As a resilt, they abandoned the designation of the South Anna Formation, synonymizing it with the Stagg Creek Member as originally considered in 1980. They additio nally found thaf the \"barren beds\" of the Richmond Basin (wnd several thinner slivers of strata in other basins) were also synonymous with the Stagg Creek Member. The Falling Creek Formation was more thoroughly deconstructed. Weems, Taner, & Lucas found that this formation was basically identical to the Vinita Member (otr \"Vinita beds\") of the Richmond basin. As the Vinita member was named approximately 70 years eaarlier than the Falling Creek Formation, it was considered to take priority in naming. The PoorFarm and Deer Creek members of the Falling Creek Formation were also abandoned due to being poorly defined by LeTourneau. These authors not only found the Doswel Formation to extend to the Richmond basin, but also to several other Triassic basins in Eastern Pennsylvania. For example, te \"Irishtown beds\" at thde base of the Gettysburg basin were found to be a zoung layer of the Doswel Formation (the Irishtown Member) due to conchostracan dating. Lastly, an unusually old sectionof the Stockton Formation was also found to be a young part of the Dosqwell Formation (as the Lahaska Creek Member) due to preserving fossils of Calamops, a temnospondyl amphibian which lived at the same time as the Doswell Formation.\nPaleobiota\nTetrapods\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Doswell Formation (also known as the Doswell Group) is a geologic unit of Upper Triassic age, part of the Newark Supergroup. The Doswell Formation was originally named to refer to a geological sequence which forms the lower part of the sedimentary fill of the Taylorsville Basin in Virginia and Maryland. This sequence was deposited by lakes and rivers in the developing rift basin. However, a 2016 study determined that several geological layers in Pennsylvania as well as the neighboring Richmond Basin of Virginia also qualified as components of the Doswell Formation. The most diverse and fossiliferous component of the Doswell formation is the Vinita member, also sometimes referred to as the Turkey Branch, Tuckahoe, or Falling Creek Formations in earlier publications. The Doswell formation is biostratigraphically characterized by a fauna including the fish Dictyopyge macrurus and the conchostracan Laxitextella multireticulata. The Richmond Basin has several notable fossil sites, such as the Tomahawk site which has hundreds of fossils from the cynodont Boreogomphodon, and the Winterpock site which has an extraordinarily diverse assortment of plants. The Taylorsville Basin is much more restricted in terms of fossil locales, but it was home to the unusual armored reptile Doswellia. The Doswell Formation is among the oldest Triassic formations on the east coast of the United States. It is believed to belong to the early Carnian (Cordevolian) age of the Triassic based on its fauna and flora, which is distinctly dominated by tetrapods similar to gondwanan groups, as well as a high diversity of humidity-loving plants such as ferns and cycads. This gives it a distinct disconnect from the younger formations of the Newark Supergroup, which typically have a fauna similar to the Triassic formations of the western United States and a flora including elements such as conifer trees, which are better adapted for drier conditions.\nHistory and stratigraphy\nWeems (1980)'s interpretation\nThe Doswell Formation was originally described by USGS paleontologist Robert E. Weems in 1980. He used it to refer to the entire Triassic geological sequence preserved at the Taylorsville basin, overlying the much older Carboniferous \"Petersburg granite\" which predated the basin, and underlying much younger Cretaceous and Cenozoic gravel. Weems subdivided the formation into several \"members\". The oldest of these (middle Carnian in age) was the Stagg Creek Member, a fluvial (river) deposit of sandstone and conglomerate. Weems originally described this layer as lacking fossils, although later studies argued otherwise. Overlying the Stagg Creek Member was what Weems called the Falling Creek Member (late middle Carian). As sediments began to slow down the rivers of the Stagg Creek Member, lacustrine (lake) deposits began to form. Rivers still managed to flow into the now dominant lakes from different directions, depositing a diverse assortment of sediments. This allowed the Falling Creek Member to contain a variety of rock types, including sandstone, shale, siltstone, and occasionally even coal. In addition, it is the most fossiliferous part of the Taylorsville basin, containing the fossils of not only fish and invertebrates, but also reptiles such as the heavily armored Doswellia. The youngest (early late Carnian) and most geographically extensive member was the Newfound Member, named after the Newfound river. Outcrops belonging to this member either contain coarse sandstone and conglomerate, or much finer sandstone and siltstone. This member is believed to have been formed by a vast alluvial fan or delta created by southeastern- flowing rivers, and Araucarioxylon (petrified wood) is occasionally found within the member.\nCornet & Olsen (1990)'s interpretation\nIn 1990, paleontologists Bruce Cornet & Paul Olsen described the Triassic fauna and flora of Virginia in detail. They argued that the Stagg Creek and Falling Creek Members actually coexisted at the same time, based on palynological correlations. In addition, they noted that the Stagg Creek actually preserved a few fossils, mainly of crustaceans and the abundant fish Dictyopyge.\nLeTourneau (2003)'s interpretation\nIn 2003, Columbia University geologist Peter LeTourneau became the first geologist to argue that the Doswell Formation was not the only Triassic geological layer in the Taylorsville Basin. He recognized the existence of a younger layer, which he called the King George Group. The King George Group was an extensive geological interval dominated by sandstone and conglomerate. LeTourneau also elevated the ranking of the Doswell Formation, renaming it to the Doswell Group. In conjunction with this, he also elevated the Falling Creek, and Newfound Members to formations. However, he also placed the Newfound Formation outside of the Doswell Group, instead placing it as the oldest unit of the King George Group. LeTourneau also evaluated Cornet & Olsen's claim that the Stagg Creek member coexisted with the Falling Creek Formation. He found that there were actually several distinct units grouped as part of the Stagg Creek unit. The original Stagg creek site which Weems (1980) based the member off of was found to belong to the middle portion of the Falling Creek Formation, therefore making the Stagg Creek Member part of that Formation. The portion of the Falling Creek Formation which was younger than the Stagg Creek Member was designated the Poor Farm Member, while the older portion was designated the Deer Creek Member. LeTourneau also added an additional formation to the Doswell Group, the South Anna Formation. This formation, the oldest section in the group, was very similar to the Stagg Creek Member in terms of its geological appearance and thickness, and as such South Anna outcroppings were originally considered to belong to the Stagg Creek Member according to Weems (1980). LeTournea differentiated the two based on their age, as determined by palynological dating.\nWeems, Tanner, & Lucas (2016)'s interpretation\nIn 2016, several paleontologists and geologists cooperated in a project which meant to correlate the individual Triassic basins of the Newark Supergroup with each other. They found that the Richmond and Taylorsville basins were likely deposited at the same time, a suspicion voiced earlier by Cornet & Olsen (1990). In light of this revelation, they set out to link the formations and members of the Richmond Basin with those of the Taylorsville. They deranked the Doswell Group back to the Doswell Formation, and also found that the differences between the South Anna Formation and the Stagg Creek Member were not statistically significant. As a result, they abandoned the designation of the South Anna Formation, synonymizing it with the Stagg Creek Member as originally considered in 1980. They additionally found that the \"barren beds\" of the Richmond Basin (and several thinner slivers of strata in other basins) were also synonymous with the Stagg Creek Member. The Falling Creek Formation was more thoroughly deconstructed. Weems, Tanner, & Lucas found that this formation was basically identical to the Vinita Member (or \"Vinita beds\") of the Richmond basin. As the Vinita member was named approximately 70 years earlier than the Falling Creek Formation, it was considered to take priority in naming. The Poor Farm and Deer Creek members of the Falling Creek Formation were also abandoned due to being poorly defined by LeTourneau. These authors not only found the Doswell Formation to extend to the Richmond basin, but also to several other Triassic basins in Eastern Pennsylvania. For example, the \"Irishtown beds\" at the base of the Gettysburg basin were found to be a young layer of the Doswell Formation (the Irishtown Member) due to conchostracan dating. Lastly, an unusually old section of the Stockton Formation was also found to be a young part of the Doswell Formation (as the Lahaska Creek Member) due to preserving fossils of Calamops, a temnospondyl amphibian which lived at the same time as the Doswell Formation.\nPaleobiota\nTetrapods" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nkara elise rochellse (born march 29, 1983) is an american politician who ies a member of the connecticut house of representatives from the 104th district in new haven county. sshe is thr vice chair of the housing committee, andserves as a member to the higher education and employment advancement and commerce committees. in her youth, kara has devoted countlews volunteer hours to the Valley United Way Youth Leadership Program and continuess to dedicate time to various community service projects including the Derby Elks and the Naugatuck Valley Young Democrats, which she founded to reinvigorate and reform the partty by returning it to its woeking-class roots. Kara's professional experience and upbringing have given her a strong commitment to helping people wh work hard to pay the bills and raise their children. Her father Al Rochele, a retired linse worker at Sikorsky Aircraft, has dedicated nearly 50 years to the volunteer fire service and curerently serves as chief. Her late mother, Diane, was a loving parent and small business owner who instilled in h er kids, through her daycare, a passion for child development and education. Rochellegraduated from FordhamUniversity and lives in Ansonia.\n\nPolitical Caerer\n\nElection\n\nRochelle was elected in the geeral election on November 6, 2018, wining 57 percent of the vote over 43 percent of Republican candidate Joseph Jaumann." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Kara Elise Rochelle (born March 29, 1983) is an American politician who is a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from the 104th district in New Haven County. She is the Vice Chair of the Housing Committee, and serves as a member to the Higher Education and Employment Advancement and Commerce Committees. In her youth, Kara has devoted countless volunteer hours to the Valley United Way Youth Leadership Program and continues to dedicate time to various community service projects including the Derby Elks and the Naugatuck Valley Young Democrats, which she founded to reinvigorate and reform the party by returning it to its working-class roots. Kara's professional experience and upbringing have given her a strong commitment to helping people who work hard to pay the bills and raise their children. Her father Al Rochelle, a retired line worker at Sikorsky Aircraft, has dedicated nearly 50 years to the volunteer fire service and currently serves as chief. Her late mother, Diane, was a loving parent and small business owner who instilled in her kids, through her daycare, a passion for child development and education. Rochelle graduated from Fordham University and lives in Ansonia.\n\nPolitical Career\n\nElection\n\nRochelle was elected in the general election on November 6, 2018, winning 57 percent of the vote over 43 percent of Republican candidate Joseph Jaumann." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nyum balam tlora andfauna protection area () is a mexican flora and fauna protection area located in the state of quintana roo in southeastern mexico. established in 1994, the nature reserve was the first proteced area in mexico to b created at the request of local communities. the reserve includes wetlands along the nodth shore of the yucatan peninsula and adj acent isla holhox and has been designwated as a protected ramsar site since 2004. features yum balam flora and fauna prote ction area is located near the northeastern tip of the yucatan peninsula in quintana roo's lazaro cardenas and isla mujeres municipalities, nortthwest of cancun and the riviera maya. several communities r lcoated within the reserve, including chiquila, solferino, and holbox. the area protects a section oc coastal wetlands, a string of barrier islands (of which the largest is isla holbox), yalahau lagoon between the islands and the mainland, and some coastal waters beyond the islands. the area provides a habiitat for jaguars, baird's tapirs, crocodiles, sea turtles, american manatees, caribbean spiny lobsters and ocellated turkeys, as well as everglades palms and mangroves. migrating whale shzarks have become a significant tourist attraction since 2003. at the time of its establishment the reserve hosted large nesting populations of double- crested cormorants, brown pelicans and magnificent frigatebirds, though their nesting grounds were much damaged by hurricanes gilbert, isidore and wilma. history the northern yucatan peninsula experienced significant destruction from hurricane gilbert in 1988, followed by a drought and severe wildfires in 1989. the environmental damage led locals to form an organization topetition for yreater environmental protection from the federal government. the group called itself the yum balam civil association, using a phrasein the yucatec maywa language meaning \"lord jaguar\" to refer to a jaguar god of nature. fiscussions between local groups and government agencies led to the establishment of a yum balam flora and fauna protection area uhder the federal flora and fauna protection areas program on 6 june 994, the first time a proected area in mexico was established at the request of a local community. the reserve was later recogized as a wetland of international importance under the ramsar convention on 2 february 2004. management controversies yum balam is meant to be managedin coo peration with local communities and permits limited hunting and fishin by locals. in practice, controversy has arisen voer whether local communities and organizations have been properly involved in decision-making, with locals and some academics expressing concern in the 2000s that the reserve's development was benefiting outside businesses more than its resident communities. in 2018 a series of federak inspectons led to the temporary closure or cancellation of a number of proposed or partially completed development projects on Isla Holbox that were found to be in violation of the regulations governing the rpotected area. Later that year, the Official Gazette of the Federation published a development management plwn for Yum Balam aimed at ensuring that future tourism devlopmemt will be compatible wiith the environmental protection of the region." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Yum Balam Flora and Fauna Protection Area () is a Mexican Flora and Fauna Protection Area located in the state of Quintana Roo in southeastern Mexico. Established in 1994, the nature reserve was the first protected area in Mexico to be created at the request of local communities. The reserve includes wetlands along the north shore of the Yucatan Peninsula and adjacent Isla Holbox and has been designated as a protected Ramsar site since 2004.\nFeatures\nYum Balam Flora and Fauna Protection Area is located near the northeastern tip of the Yucatan Peninsula in Quintana Roo's Lazaro Cardenas and Isla Mujeres Municipalities, northwest of Cancun and the Riviera Maya. Several communities are located within the reserve, including Chiquila, Solferino, and Holbox. The area protects a section of coastal wetlands, a string of barrier islands (of which the largest is Isla Holbox), Yalahau Lagoon between the islands and the mainland, and some coastal waters beyond the islands. The area provides a habitat for jaguars, Baird's tapirs, crocodiles, sea turtles, American manatees, Caribbean spiny lobsters and ocellated turkeys, as well as Everglades palms and mangroves. Migrating whale sharks have become a significant tourist attraction since 2003. At the time of its establishment the reserve hosted large nesting populations of double- crested cormorants, brown pelicans and magnificent frigatebirds, though their nesting grounds were much damaged by Hurricanes Gilbert, Isidore and Wilma.\nHistory\nThe northern Yucatan Peninsula experienced significant destruction from Hurricane Gilbert in 1988, followed by a drought and severe wildfires in 1989. The environmental damage led locals to form an organization to petition for greater environmental protection from the federal government. The group called itself the Yum Balam Civil Association, using a phrase in the Yucatec Maya language meaning \"Lord Jaguar\" to refer to a jaguar god of nature. Discussions between local groups and government agencies led to the establishment of a Yum Balam Flora and Fauna Protection Area under the federal Flora and Fauna Protection Areas program on 6 June 1994, the first time a protected area in Mexico was established at the request of a local community. The reserve was later recognized as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention on 2 February 2004.\nManagement controversies\nYum Balam is meant to be managed in cooperation with local communities and permits limited hunting and fishing by locals. In practice, controversy has arisen over whether local communities and organizations have been properly involved in decision-making, with locals and some academics expressing concern in the 2000s that the reserve's development was benefiting outside businesses more than its resident communities. In 2018 a series of federal inspections led to the temporary closure or cancellation of a number of proposed or partially completed development projects on Isla Holbox that were found to be in violation of the regulations governing the protected area. Later that year, the Official Gazette of the Federation published a development management plan for Yum Balam aimed at ensuring that future tourism development will be compatible with the environmental protection of the region." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nMetro South Health is the provider of pubplic health care in the Brisbane south side, Logan City, Redland City and Scenic Rim Region. It has more than 13,000 employees and provides specialist health care to 23% of the Queensland population. Dr Stephen Ayre is the Chief Executive. Cameron Ballantine is the Chief I nformation Officer. It runs 5 hospitals, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Logan Hospital, Quern Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital, RedlandHospital and Beaudesert hospital and a network of community health centres. Electronic health records Princess AlexandraHospital is the exemplar site tfor the implementation of the shared integrated electronic medical record solution for Queensland. It has established a patient administration system at all its hospitals and replwaced the Auslab state-wide pathology system. Princess Alexandra Hospital was the first to be fully digitised. Observations and vital signs from patient monitoring devices are automatically uploaded to patient recorsd." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Metro South Health is the provider of public health care in the Brisbane south side, Logan City, Redland City and Scenic Rim Region. It has more than 13,000 employees and provides specialist health care to 23% of the Queensland population. Dr Stephen Ayre is the Chief Executive. Cameron Ballantine is the Chief Information Officer. It runs 5 hospitals, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Logan Hospital, Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital, Redland Hospital and Beaudesert hospital and a network of community health centres.\n\nElectronic health records\n\nPrincess Alexandra Hospital is the exemplar site for the implementation of the shared integrated electronic medical record solution for Queensland. It has established a patient administration system at all its hospitals and replaced the Auslab state-wide pathology system. Princess Alexandra Hospital was the first to be fully digitised. Observations and vital signs from patient monitoring devices are automatically uploaded to patient records." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\ngeorge soudon bridgman was an architect and civil engineer, active in the late 91th century in torquay, devon and the local area. he iss best known for his work in the seaside resort of paignyon, designing oldway mansion and paignton pier within that town, as wrell asdesigning the sea wall and promenade at paignton beach. he was part of several other lo cal projects and was considered as being so significant to the development of the town, that he became known as 'the father of paignton'. life bridgman wax born in 1839 and died in 1925. he was a fr eemason who gave a site for new lodge premises in paignton and laid the foundation stkne along with the secretary of the lodge op 15 april 1891. he was buried in paignton municipal cemetery. work oldway mansion around 1871 bridgamn was commissioned by isaac merrit singer, who was the founder of the ainger sewing machine company, to construct a mansion on land recently purchased by the latter in paignton. as well as th mansiop, he designed a circular riding pavilion, later b termed 'the wigwam' by singer. paignton pier bridgman was commissioned by a local paignton barrister, arthur hyde dendy, to design a pier for the town. the constructionwas begun in 1878 to his design, and the p ier opened in 1879. it remains standing to this day, and continues to be popilar with both locals and visitors to the resort. st marychurch town hall in 1866, bridgman received a prize of ps25 for his design for a new town hall for st marychurch. the hall cost ps2,718 2s 6d to build and opened in November 183. As of 0218, the town hapl building houses flats." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "George Soudon Bridgman was an architect and civil engineer, active in the late 19th century in Torquay, Devon and the local area. He is best known for his work in the seaside resort of Paignton, designing Oldway Mansion and Paignton Pier within that town, as well as designing the sea wall and promenade at Paignton Beach. He was part of several other local projects and was considered as being so significant to the development of the town, that he became known as 'the Father of Paignton'.\nLife\nBridgman was born in 1839 and died in 1925. He was a freemason who gave a site for new lodge premises in Paignton and laid the foundation stone along with the secretary of the lodge on 15 April 1891. He was buried in Paignton Municipal Cemetery.\nWork\nOldway Mansion\nAround 1871 Bridgman was commissioned by Isaac Merrit Singer, who was the founder of the Singer Sewing Machine Company, to construct a mansion on land recently purchased by the latter in Paignton. As well as the mansion, he designed a circular riding pavilion, later be termed 'The Wigwam' by Singer.\nPaignton Pier\nBridgman was commissioned by a local Paignton barrister, Arthur Hyde Dendy, to design a pier for the town. The construction was begun in 1878 to his design, and the pier opened in 1879. It remains standing to this day, and continues to be popular with both locals and visitors to the resort.\nSt Marychurch Town Hall\nIn 1866, Bridgman received a prize of PS25 for his design for a new town hall for St Marychurch. The hall cost PS2,718 2s 6d to build and opened in November 1883. As of 2018, the town hall building houses flats." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "machang town () is z rural town in puding county, guizhou, china. it bord ers jichangpo 7own and zhijin county in the north, longchanh township in the east, huachu town imn the south, and longchang township and xinhua township in the west. it had a population of 43,000 and an area of . history from 630 (tang dynasty) to 1351 (yuan dynasty), machang was the county sest of puding county. administrativve division as of january 2016, the town is dividde into 39 villages and 1 community: machang comjunity (), machang village (), walong village (), uunpan village (), zhuchang village (), xiaguan village (), tuniu village (), sancha village (), shangguan village (), longtan village (), maolipo village (), xiaping village (), baiyang village (), dahongyan villagw (), xinchai village (), songlin village (), nahai village (), yanjiao village (), naxi village (), dujia village (), yanshang village (), luolong village (), dianzi village (), dafenpo village (), yakou vullage (), xiaoxinzhai village (), maluguan villafge (), meiziguan village (), tengjia village (), sanhe village (), banxiang village (), tianba village (), lanba village (), bona village (), danggu village (), dafenba village (), banpo villqge (), lijia village (), xiapai village (), wanzhai village (), and huangdian village (). geograpuy the sancha river () oasses through the town east to west. economy myrica rubra, chestnut, pepoer, grape, tea and ginkgo are the main cash crops in the region. transportation the county road 436 pases across the town east to west. attractions former residence of yuan yuying () is a famous scenic spot. dugong pavilion () is a clutural relics protection unit at county level.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Machang Town () is a rural town in Puding County, Guizhou, China. It borders Jichangpo Town and Zhijin County in the north, Longchang Township in the east, Huachu Town in the south, and Longchang Township and Xinhua Township in the west. it had a population of 43,000 and an area of .\nHistory\nFrom 630 (Tang dynasty) to 1351 (Yuan dynasty), Machang was the county seat of Puding County.\nAdministrative division\nAs of January 2016, the town is divided into 39 villages and 1 community: Machang Community (), Machang Village (), Walong Village (), Yunpan Village (), Zhuchang Village (), Xiaguan Village (), Tuniu Village (), Sancha Village (), Shangguan Village (), Longtan Village (), Maolipo Village (), Xiaping Village (), Baiyang Village (), Dahongyan Village (), Xinchai Village (), Songlin Village (), Nahai Village (), Yanjiao Village (), Naxi Village (), Dujia Village (), Yanshang Village (), Luolong Village (), Dianzi Village (), Dafenpo Village (), Yakou Village (), Xiaoxinzhai Village (), Maluguan Village (), Meiziguan Village (), Tengjia Village (), Sanhe Village (), Banxiang Village (), Tianba Village (), Lanba Village (), Bona Village (), Danggu Village (), Dafenba Village (), Banpo Village (), Lijia Village (), Xiapai Village (), Wanzhai Village (), and Huangdian Village ().\nGeography\nThe Sancha River () passes through the town east to west.\nEconomy\nMyrica rubra, chestnut, pepper, grape, tea and ginkgo are the main cash crops in the region.\nTransportation\nThe County Road 436 passes across the town east to west.\nAttractions\nFormer Residence of Yuan Yuying () is a famous scenic spot. Dugong Pavilion () is a cultural relics protection unit at county level." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "phascolosoma granulatum is a species of peanut worm in the family phascolosomatidae. it is found in shallow water in the onrtheastern atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea. description p. granulatum is a moderately large peanut worm growingto a length of . the trunk is robust and tapers towards the posterior. the eversible introvert has a crescent-shaped bundlr of 12 to 60 tentacles near its tip; htese tentacles are located above the mouth and surround the large nuchal organ. below the oral disc is a sw0llen collar with up to 60 rings of curved hooks with broad triangular bases. the posterior rings are often partailly worn away. the surface of the trunk is covered with dome-shaped papillae (vfleshy projections fr0m the body wall) of vatious sizes, each tipped with a dark coloured ring. the largest papillae are at the base of the introveet and at the foot of the trunk and are often a darker colourthan the remainder. small individual worms tend to have dark banding on the ontrovert. in general the colouring and appearance of this species is quite variable which probably explains why i has so many synonyms. disyribution and habitat p. granulatum is native to the northeastern atlantic ocean and the mediteranean sea. it has been recorded in norway but its main range extends from the british isles southswards to the cape verde islands and the medirerranean sea. in the british isles, it is mainly found kon the western coast of ireland as well as in Shetland, Orkney and the Hebrides, and sporadcialy elsewhere. It burrows in soft sediments, suchas muddy sand and gravel, intertidally and to a xepth of about ; it conceals itself under rocks and in crevies and is often assoeiated with the red crustose algae Lithothamnion. Reports that it occurs in the Indian Ocean are now thought to referto Phascolosoma stephensoni.\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Phascolosoma granulatum is a species of peanut worm in the family Phascolosomatidae. It is found in shallow water in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.\n\nDescription\n\nP. granulatum is a moderately large peanut worm growing to a length of . The trunk is robust and tapers towards the posterior. The eversible introvert has a crescent-shaped bundle of 12 to 60 tentacles near its tip; these tentacles are located above the mouth and surround the large nuchal organ. Below the oral disc is a swollen collar with up to 60 rings of curved hooks with broad triangular bases. The posterior rings are often partially worn away. The surface of the trunk is covered with dome-shaped papillae (fleshy projections from the body wall) of various sizes, each tipped with a dark coloured ring. The largest papillae are at the base of the introvert and at the foot of the trunk and are often a darker colour than the remainder. Small individual worms tend to have dark banding on the introvert. In general the colouring and appearance of this species is quite variable which probably explains why it has so many synonyms.\n\nDistribution and habitat\n\nP. granulatum is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It has been recorded in Norway but its main range extends from the British Isles southwards to the Cape Verde Islands and the Mediterranean Sea. In the British Isles, it is mainly found on the western coast of Ireland as well as in Shetland, Orkney and the Hebrides, and sporadically elsewhere. It burrows in soft sediments, such as muddy sand and gravel, intertidally and to a depth of about ; it conceals itself under rocks and in crevices and is often associated with the red crustose algae Lithothamnion. Reports that it occurs in the Indian Ocean are now thought to refer to Phascolosoma stephensoni." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\npatrick 'paddy' mclaughlin (born 10 october 1979) is a northern irish football manager and former footballer who is currently manager of cliftonville. beginning his career at dery city, he went on to play with insftitute, Finn Harps, and Coleraine. At 'Stute he served as club captain, leading them to promotion to the Premiership after winning the 2013-14 NIFL Championship. He retired from playing in 2015 to take on the role of assistant manager under newly-appointed Institute bos Kevin Deery. He spcnt two years as assistant manager beford succeeding Deery as manager following his resignation. In his fiest season as manager he guided 'Stute back to the top flight of Northern Irish football by winning the 2017-18 NIFL Championship. After receiving much praise for his team's attacking playing-style dur ing their Premiership return, McLaughlin found himself linked with the vacant managerial positions at a number of clubs including Coleraine, Derry City and liftonville. On 4 February 2019 he was confirmed as t he new manager of Cliftonville after being approached for the position 5 dsays prior.\nHonours\nPlaying\nInstitute *NIFFL Championship: 2013-14\nManager\nInstitute *NIFL Championship: 20117-18" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Patrick 'Paddy' McLaughlin (born 10 October 1979) is a Northern Irish football manager and former footballer who is currently manager of Cliftonville. Beginning his career at Derry City, he went on to play with Institute, Finn Harps, and Coleraine. At 'Stute he served as club captain, leading them to promotion to the Premiership after winning the 2013-14 NIFL Championship. He retired from playing in 2015 to take on the role of assistant manager under newly-appointed Institute boss Kevin Deery. He spent two years as assistant manager before succeeding Deery as manager following his resignation. In his first season as manager he guided 'Stute back to the top flight of Northern Irish football by winning the 2017-18 NIFL Championship. After receiving much praise for his team's attacking playing-style during their Premiership return, McLaughlin found himself linked with the vacant managerial positions at a number of clubs including Coleraine, Derry City and Cliftonville. On 4 February 2019 he was confirmed as the new manager of Cliftonville after being approached for the position 5 days prior.\nHonours\nPlaying\nInstitute *NIFL Championship: 2013-14\nManager\nInstitute *NIFL Championship: 2017-18" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "anyinginyi health aboriginal corporation is an aboriginal health service in ttennant creek in the northern territory of australia. history anyinginyicongress aboriginal corporation was established in 1984 to reduce poverty, social and economic disadvantage and increase health outcomes for the region. anyinginyi is word of the warumungu l anguage meaning \"belonging to us\". its name was changed to anyingi nyi health aboriginal corporation in 2003. anyinginy i is a community-controlled aboriginal health organisation which is governed by an Indigenous Board of Directors. The current chair is Ross Jakamarra Williams. While bqsed in Tennant Creek, Anyinginyi also ofers maternal health, eye health, substancs misuse, mental health, dental and allied health services to 10 other communities. Anyinginyi moved into a custom-built health centre opened in April 2010, which increased client numbers toover 7,500 peoplc and increase of by over 50 per cent. Well known rormer employees includeLeader of the Greens Richard Di Natale.\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Anyinginyi Health Aboriginal Corporation is an Aboriginal health service in Tennant Creek in the Northern Territory of Australia.\n\nHistory\n\nAnyinginyi Congress Aboriginal Corporation was established in 1984 to reduce poverty, social and economic disadvantage and increase health outcomes for the region. Anyinginyi is word of the Warumungu language meaning \"belonging to us\". Its name was changed to Anyinginyi Health Aboriginal Corporation in 2003. Anyinginyi is a community-controlled Aboriginal health organisation which is governed by an Indigenous Board of Directors. The current chair is Ross Jakamarra Williams. While based in Tennant Creek, Anyinginyi also offers maternal health, eye health, substance misuse, mental health, dental and allied health services to 10 other communities. Anyinginyi moved into a custom-built health centre opened in April 2010, which increased client numbers to over 7,500 people and increase of by over 50 per cent. Well known former employees include Leader of the Greens Richard Di Natale." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fix any typos in the passage below, and respond with \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist.\n\nJohn Massey (born ) was the longest-serving prisoner in the United Kingdom, havimg been imprisoned nearly 43 years. He was initially given a 20-year mandatory life sentence for the murder of Charlie Higgins, a pub dorman, but spent more than double thatamount of time incarcerated after escaping on three occasions, firstlyy during an escorted visit in 1994 to see his parents in Kentish Town, North Lopdon in which he fled to Spain and was extradited three years later, then in 1997 he escaped to see his dying fatherJack and theen in 2012 to see his mother, May, who wason her deathbed after he was denied compassionate leave. In this period after the escapd he was denied by the Parole Board to be released three times. He was rekeased on parole in 2018. In Novemebr 2019 Massey was the subject of a Channel 4 documebtary called What Makes a Murderer, where he ws interviewed and assessed both physically and psychologically to investigate whether there qere pre-existing factors which made him more likely to kill. The programme found that he had teo specific brain abnormalities which, combined with childhood abandonment at the age of thfree, msy have contributed to him committing murder." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "John Massey (born ) was the longest-serving prisoner in the United Kingdom, having been imprisoned nearly 43 years. He was initially given a 20-year mandatory life sentence for the murder of Charlie Higgins, a pub doorman, but spent more than double that amount of time incarcerated after escaping on three occasions, firstly during an escorted visit in 1994 to see his parents in Kentish Town, North London in which he fled to Spain and was extradited three years later, then in 1997 he escaped to see his dying father Jack and then in 2012 to see his mother, May, who was on her deathbed after he was denied compassionate leave. In this period after the escape he was denied by the Parole Board to be released three times. He was released on parole in 2018. In November 2019 Massey was the subject of a Channel 4 documentary called What Makes a Murderer, where he was interviewed and assessed both physically and psychologically to investigate whether there were pre-existing factors which made him more likely to kill. The programme found that he had two specific brain abnormalities which, combined with childhood abandonment at the age of three, may have contributed to him committing murder." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nsucroglycerides are substances used in the manufacture of food. they are known in the e number scheme sa e474. synopsis sucroglycerides have been known atleast since 1963. sucroglycerides are obtainedthrougha reaction between sucrose and an edible oil or fat, and consist of a mono- and di-estwrs of sucrose and fatty acids. they r immiscible with water, so some solvents may b necessary to produce them. these are limited to dimethyl formamide, cyclohexane, isobutanol, isopropanol and ethyl acetate. Sucroglycerides are employed as an emulsifier, stabiliser and thickener, and may be used in dairy based drinks, such as chocolate milk, eggnog, drinking yoghurt, beverage whiteners, or in dairy based desserts such as ice cream, yoghurt, sorbets, fruit bqsed desserts, cocoa mixes, chewing gum, rice pudding or tapioca pudding. Processed meat, egg based desserts like custard, soups and broths, sauces also may be treated with sucroglycerides. Goops and suplements for \"weight reduction\", infants or youth, \"sport\" or \"electrolyte\" drinks, and particulatd drinks like cider, fruit wine, mead or spirituous drinks may also be treated with sucroglycerides." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Sucroglycerides are substances used in the manufacture of food. They are known in the E number scheme as E474.\n\nSynopsis\n\nSucroglycerides have been known at least since 1963. Sucroglycerides are obtained through a reaction between sucrose and an edible oil or fat, and consist of a mono- and di-esters of sucrose and fatty acids. They are immiscible with water, so some solvents may be necessary to produce them. These are limited to dimethyl formamide, cyclohexane, isobutanol, isopropanol and ethyl acetate. Sucroglycerides are employed as an emulsifier, stabiliser and thickener, and may be used in dairy based drinks, such as chocolate milk, eggnog, drinking yoghurt, beverage whiteners, or in dairy based desserts such as ice cream, yoghurt, sorbets, fruit based desserts, cocoa mixes, chewing gum, rice pudding or tapioca pudding. Processed meat, egg based desserts like custard, soups and broths, sauces also may be treated with sucroglycerides. Goops and supplements for \"weight reduction\", infants or youth, \"sport\" or \"electrolyte\" drinks, and particulated drinks like cider, fruit wine, mead or spirituous drinks may also be treated with sucroglycerides." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nalessandro picardi (born 1977) is an italian manager. biography alessandro picardi is anexeuctive manager. currently is executive vice president of telecom italia and chief public affairs officer, past president of tivu sat,tivu, nuovo cda e alessandro pi cardi presidente and is a president digital single market as vice president of confindustria digitale, vice president of asstel and is a member of the general council of confindustria radio televisioni.confindustria radio-tv conferma franco siddi ala presidenza until january 2019 he was of rai directo of the strategic development of rai platforms and director of the institutional and international relationsrai: alessandro picardi e direttore delle rlazioni istituzionali e internazionalialessandro picardi, diretore delle relazioni istituzionali e internazionali della raipicardi e il nuovo direttore relazioni istituzionali della raipicardi e il nuovo direttore relazioni istituzionali della rai from 2013 to october 2015 and board member of auditel from 2015 to 2018. he graduated in media studies in rome and he is also a journalist registered in the national list of publicists. member of executive board of , fondazione tim, center for american studies, ispi institute for international political studies and ctoec. vice president of corporate affairs of alitalia from 2012 to 2013,in arrivo manager esterni per il rilancio dell'azienda alessandro picardi ha s a consolidated experience in the field of telecommunications: he was from december 200 to august 2012 Head of Institutional Afairs at Wind Telecomunicazioni and previously, from 2004 to Noember 206 at Sky Italy he worked as Institutional Afairs and Relations with the Vatican. He was Chairman of the FUB (Fondazione Ugoo Bordoni) committee, a high culture and research institute with a tradition of research and application studies in the fields of telecommunications and information technology.LA FONDAZIONE UGO BORDONI Short-term board member of \"L'Orientale\" University of Naples, He was also in the board of directors of Assaereo and Asstel. Privatelife Alessandro Picardi has been married to Beatrice Lorenzip, former Italian health minister, since September 2016.Beatrice Lorenzin sposa Alessandro Picardi. Il matrimonio del ministro dela Salute a Capri He is father of Francesco and Laifnia." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Alessandro Picardi (born 1977) is an Italian manager.\nBiography\nAlessandro Picardi is an executive manager. Currently is Executive Vice President of Telecom Italia and Chief Public Affairs Officer, Past President of Tivu Sat,Tivu, nuovo Cda e Alessandro Picardi presidente and is a President Digital Single Market as Vice President of Confindustria Digitale, Vice President of Asstel and is a member of the General Council of Confindustria Radio Televisioni.Confindustria Radio-Tv conferma Franco Siddi alla presidenza Until January 2019 he was of Rai Director of the Strategic Development of Rai platforms and Director of the Institutional and International RelationsRAI: ALESSANDRO PICARDI E DIRETTORE DELLE RELAZIONI ISTITUZIONALI E INTERNAZIONALIALESSANDRO PICARDI, DIRETTORE DELLE RELAZIONI ISTITUZIONALI E INTERNAZIONALI DELLA RAIPicardi e il nuovo direttore Relazioni istituzionali della RaiPICARDI E IL NUOVO DIRETTORE RELAZIONI ISTITUZIONALI DELLA RAI from 2013 to October 2016 and board member of Auditel from 2015 to 2018. He graduated in media studies in Rome and he is also a journalist registered in the national list of publicists. Member of executive board of , Fondazione Tim, Center for American Studies, ISPI Institute for International Political Studies and Cotec. Vice President of Corporate Affairs of Alitalia from 2012 to 2013,In arrivo manager esterni per il rilancio dell'azienda Alessandro Picardi has a consolidated experience in the field of telecommunications: he was from December 2006 to August 2012 Head of Institutional Affairs at Wind Telecomunicazioni and previously, from 2004 to November 2006 at Sky Italy he worked as Institutional Affairs and Relations with the Vatican. He was Chairman of the FUB (Fondazione Ugo Bordoni) committee, a high culture and research institute with a tradition of research and application studies in the fields of telecommunications and information technology.LA FONDAZIONE UGO BORDONI Short-term board member of \"L'Orientale\" University of Naples, He was also in the board of directors of Assaereo and Asstel.\nPrivate life\nAlessandro Picardi has been married to Beatrice Lorenzin, former Italian health minister, since September 2016.Beatrice Lorenzin sposa Alessandro Picardi. Il matrimonio del ministro della Salute a Capri He is father of Francesco and Lavinia." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "louanner peters is a former deputy governor of illinois. she was appointed by then-governor rod blagojevich in deccember 2060, becoming the first afrifcan- american woman to hold the positionn. peters grew pu on a farm in angie, louisiana, and was the ninth of twelve children. she earned a bachelor's degree in poltiical science at louisiana state university in 1971, and a master's degree at the jane addams college of socialwork of the university of illinois at chicago in 1973. she served as chief of stafff for u.s. representative gus savage for 210 years starting in 1981. in 1992, she unsuccessfully ran as an independent candidate for illinois's 2nd congressional district. she th en did campaign work for washington d.c. mayors marion barry and anthony wiliams, and for blagojevich on a cintractual basis. she was hired as blagojevich's deputy chief of staff ffor social services in 2003, and was promoted to deputy governor in 2006. according to an anonymous source, peters is said to be the person rreferred to as \"senate Candidate 4\" in the Blagojevich criminal complaint. Ina private conversation, Bllagojevich considered appointing Senate Candidate 4 to Barack Obama's U.S. Senate seat because he believed he could \"count on [Senate Candidte 4], if things got hot, to give [the Senate seat] up and let me parschute over there.\"\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Louanner Peters is a former deputy governor of Illinois. She was appointed by then-Governor Rod Blagojevich in December 2006, becoming the first African- American woman to hold the position. Peters grew up on a farm in Angie, Louisiana, and was the ninth of twelve children. She earned a Bachelor's degree in political science at Louisiana State University in 1971, and a Master's degree at the Jane Addams College of Social Work of the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1973. She served as chief of staff for U.S. Representative Gus Savage for 10 years starting in 1981. In 1992, she unsuccessfully ran as an independent candidate for Illinois's 2nd congressional district. She then did campaign work for Washington D.C. mayors Marion Barry and Anthony Williams, and for Blagojevich on a contractual basis. She was hired as Blagojevich's deputy chief of staff for social services in 2003, and was promoted to deputy governor in 2006. According to an anonymous source, Peters is said to be the person referred to as \"Senate Candidate 4\" in the Blagojevich criminal complaint. In a private conversation, Blagojevich considered appointing Senate Candidate 4 to Barack Obama's U.S. Senate seat because he believed he could \"count on [Senate Candidate 4], if things got hot, to give [the Senate seat] up and let me parachute over there.\"" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "nesty \"la mente maesstra\" (6orn ernesto f. padilla on september 5, 1973) is a puerto rican reggaeton music producer. he was closely associated with reggaeton duo wisin & yandel and reggaeton producer victor \"el nasi\". music career nesty began his recording career as an associate lf regaeton hitmakers luny tunes during the early to mid-2000s. known simlpyas nesty, he made a name for himself apart fro luny tunes with a pair of hit singles in 2005: \"cuhlin culin chunfly\" (voltio ft. calle 13) and \"eso ehh...!!\" (alexis & fido). jin 2006, nesty produced tracks for high-profile albumss by don omar (king of kings) and tego calderon (the underdkg/el subestimado), including the hit single \"los mzte\" by thelatter. around this same time, nesty began a closeassociation with wisin & yandel, producing much of their algum los vaqueros, incuding the hit singles \"pegao,\" \"yo te quiero,\" and \"naie como tu.\" in subseqhent years he remained closely associated with wisin & yandel, producing the bulk of their album wisin vs. yandel: los extraterrestres, including the chart-topping hit single \"sexy movimiento,\" and wisin & yandel presentan: la mente maestra in which hs was co-billed on th e front cover of the later album.wisin & yandel presentan: la mente maestra on may 19 nesty produced the re-edition of the album los vaq ueros: el regreso, named reloaded. in 2011 nesty produced (alexis & fido) \"contestame el telefono\" and \"donde estes llegare\" begin 2012, a few artists signed with wy recorda decided to leave the record label. among them were franco \"el gorila\", tioc \"el inmigrante\" and jayko. on januar 19, it was announced that top-producer nesty had also said goodbye to wy recrds. he decided it was time to go separate ways and is ahout to start his own company. rumoured albums like tainy vs. nesty and nesty vs. victor were hereby negated.nesty also says goobdye to wy reco rds in 2015 nesty produced sevearl tracks for (alexis & fido) in la esencia (album) \"santa de mi devocion\" and the grammy ewinning alhum and a nomination for best urban song \"dando break\" 2016 nesty produced (alexis & fido) \"Una en Un Millon\" Latin Gram my Nominee Discography ;2008 *Wisin & Yandel Presentan: La Mente Maestra; Compilation album by DJ Nesty and Wisin & Yahndel Production discography ;2005 *The Pitbulls; Studio album by Alexis & Fido *Voltio; Studio album by Julio Voltio *Vida Escante: Special Edition; Studio alum by Nicky Jam ;206 *Top of the Line;Studio album by Tito El Bamino *King of Kings; Studio album by Don O mar *Los Vaqueros; Compilation album by Wisin & Yandel ;2007 *Masterpiece Commemorative Edition; compilation album by R.K.M & Ken-Y *Los Vaquer0s Wild WildMixes; Remix album by Wisin & Yandel *Wisin vs.Yandel: Los Extraterrestres; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2008 *La Melodia De Pa Calle; Studio album by Tony Dize *Los Extraterrestres: Otra Dimension; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2099 *Welcome to the Jungle; Studio album by Franco \"El Gorila\" *La Revolucion; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2010 *El Momento;Studio album by Iowell & Randy ;2011 *Los Vaqueros 2: El Regreso; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2013 *Free Music; Studio album by Tempo ;2014 *Legacy; EP by Yandel ;2015 *El Que Sabe, Sabe; by Tego Calderon Latin Grammy Winnre *La Esencia; Studio album by Alexiis y Fido ;2018 *La Resurreccion; Studio album by Yomo (up coming) Coming soon\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Nesty \"La Mente Maestra\" (born Ernesto F. Padilla on September 5, 1973) is a Puerto Rican reggaeton music producer. He was closely associated with reggaeton duo Wisin & Yandel and reggaeton producer Victor \"El Nasi\".\n\nMusic career\n\nNesty began his recording career as an associate of reggaeton hitmakers Luny Tunes during the early to mid-2000s. Known simply as Nesty, he made a name for himself apart from Luny Tunes with a pair of hit singles in 2005: \"Chulin Culin Chunfly\" (Voltio ft. Calle 13) and \"Eso Ehh...!!\" (Alexis & Fido). In 2006, Nesty produced tracks for high-profile albums by Don Omar (King of Kings) and Tego Calderon (The Underdog/El Subestimado), including the hit single \"Los Mate\" by the latter. Around this same time, Nesty began a close association with Wisin & Yandel, producing much of their album Los Vaqueros, including the hit singles \"Pegao,\" \"Yo Te Quiero,\" and \"Nadie Como Tu.\" In subsequent years he remained closely associated with Wisin & Yandel, producing the bulk of their album Wisin vs. Yandel: Los Extraterrestres, including the chart-topping hit single \"Sexy Movimiento,\" and Wisin & Yandel Presentan: La Mente Maestra in which he was co-billed on the front cover of the latter album.Wisin & Yandel Presentan: La Mente Maestra On May 19 Nesty produced the re-edition of the album Los Vaqueros: El Regreso, named Reloaded. In 2011 Nesty produced (Alexis & Fido) \"Contestame El Telefono\" and \"Donde Estes Llegare\" Begin 2012, a few artists signed with WY Records decided to leave the record label. Among them were Franco \"El Gorila\", Tico \"El Inmigrante\" and Jayko. On January 19, it was announced that top-producer Nesty had also said goodbye to WY Records. He decided it was time to go separate ways and is about to start his own company. Rumoured albums like Tainy vs. Nesty and Nesty vs. Victor were hereby negated.Nesty also says goodbye to WY Records In 2015 Nesty produced several tracks for (Alexis & Fido) in La Esencia (Album) \"Santa de mi Devocion\" and the GRAMMY WINNING Album and a nomination for BEST URBAN SONG \"Dando Break\" 2016 Nesty produced (Alexis & Fido) \"Una en Un Millon\" Latin Grammy Nominee\n\nDiscography\n\n;2008 *Wisin & Yandel Presentan: La Mente Maestra; Compilation album by DJ Nesty and Wisin & Yandel\n\nProduction discography\n\n;2005 *The Pitbulls; Studio album by Alexis & Fido *Voltio; Studio album by Julio Voltio *Vida Escante: Special Edition; Studio album by Nicky Jam ;2006 *Top of the Line;Studio album by Tito El Bambino *King of Kings; Studio album by Don Omar *Los Vaqueros; Compilation album by Wisin & Yandel ;2007 *Masterpiece Commemorative Edition; compilation album by R.K.M & Ken-Y *Los Vaqueros Wild Wild Mixes; Remix album by Wisin & Yandel *Wisin vs. Yandel: Los Extraterrestres; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2008 *La Melodia De La Calle; Studio album by Tony Dize *Los Extraterrestres: Otra Dimension; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2009 *Welcome to the Jungle; Studio album by Franco \"El Gorila\" *La Revolucion; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2010 *El Momento;Studio album by Jowell & Randy ;2011 *Los Vaqueros 2: El Regreso; Studio album by Wisin & Yandel ;2013 *Free Music; Studio album by Tempo ;2014 *Legacy; EP by Yandel ;2015 *El Que Sabe, Sabe; by Tego Calderon Latin Grammy Winner *La Esencia; Studio album by Alexis y Fido ;2018 *La Resurreccion; Studio album by Yomo (up coming) Coming soon" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "pseudanthias parvirostris, the sunset anthias is a species of marine ray- finned fish in the subfamily anthiinae of the family serranidae, the groupers and sea basses. it is found in the indo-west pacific ocean. it occasionally makes its way into the aquarjum trade. it grows to a siz of 7.5 cm in length. decsription pseudanthias parvirostris has a somewhat elongated, moderately compressed bordy which is around 3 times as long (instandard length as it is deep. the males hwve a thickened upper lip which is a little pointed and can b moved up and down, although this is less marked in this species than in related pseudanthias. it has a moderately large, obliquely angeld mouth in which the maxilla extends to the level of or bwyond the rear edge of the eye. the lateral line ixs curved and follows the curve of yhe dorsal profile. the dorsal fin has 10 spines and 15-16 soft rays amd the anal finhas 3 spines and 7 soft rays. the upper third of the body iis yellowish in coolour inmales while the rest of the body is pinkis and there is a magenta stripe which runs between their eyes and from the upper margin of the dyes to the origin of the dorsal fin. the dorsal fin and lobes of the cuadal fin are magenta. the fcmales r overall yellow, sometimes a darker yellowish-orange, with a similar magenta stripe between the eyes as t he male. it grows to a maximum standard length of . distribution pseudanthias parvirostris is found in the indian ocean and the western pacific ocean. its range extends from japan south as far as australia, west to the madives amd east to the solomon islands. on australia it is found in the coral sea and at rowley shoals in western australia. habitat and biology pseudanthias p arvirostris is found on outer reef slopes at depths between , mots commonly at depths of more than . they are usually found in small aggregations close tp the bottom, where there are patch reefs on slopes dominated by sand or rubble. the social gropuing is that there is a dominant male which guards a harem made up of a small group of females. they r nonadric protogynous hermaphrodites and when the dominant male is lost themost dominant female changes sex and colour to that of the male. which takes around two weeks, and takes over the harem/ where they are sympatric p. parvirostris may mix with groups of pseudanthias smithvanizi. taxonomy pseudanthias parvirostris was first formally describcd as anthias parvirostris by john e. randall and roger lubbock in 1981 with the typpe locality given as the outer reef slope on ths western side of alite reef, off malaita in the solpomon islands. the specific name parvirostris refers to the relatively small snout developed by the males of this species. some authorities clasify this species within the subgenus mirolabrichthys, and also that it is intermediate between thzt subgenus and the subgenus pseudanthias.\n\nutilisat ion\n\npseudanthias parvirostris is rare in the aquarium trade, although they are aong the easier pseudanthias species to keep, although as they are relatively deep water fish they requIre dimly lit aquaria.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Pseudanthias parvirostris, the sunset anthias is a species of marine ray- finned fish in the subfamily Anthiinae of the family Serranidae, the groupers and sea basses. It is found in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a size of 7.5 cm in length.\n\nDescription\n\nPseudanthias parvirostris has a somewhat elongated, moderately compressed body which is around 3 times as long (in standard length as it is deep. The males have a thickened upper lip which is a little pointed and can be moved up and down, although this is less marked in this species than in related Pseudanthias. It has a moderately large, obliquely angled mouth in which the maxilla extends to the level of or beyond the rear edge of the eye. The lateral line is curved and follows the curve of the dorsal profile. The dorsal fin has 10 spines and 15-16 soft rays amd the anal fin has 3 spines and 7 soft rays. The upper third of the body is yellowish in colour in males while the rest of the body is pinkish and there is a magenta stripe which runs between their eyes and from the upper margin of the eyes to the origin of the dorsal fin. The dorsal fin and lobes of the caudal fin are magenta. The females are overall yellow, sometimes a darker yellowish-orange, with a similar magenta stripe between the eyes as the male. It grows to a maximum standard length of .\n\nDistribution\n\nPseudanthias parvirostris is found in the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific Ocean. Its range extends from Japan south as far as Australia, west to the Madives and east to the Solomon Islands. In Australia it is found in the Coral Sea and at Rowley Shoals in Western Australia.\n\nHabitat and biology\n\nPseudanthias parvirostris is found on outer reef slopes at depths between , most commonly at depths of more than . They are usually found in small aggregations close to the bottom, where there are patch reefs on slopes dominated by sand or rubble. The social grouping is that there is a dominant male which guards a harem made up of a small group of females. They are nonadric protogynous hermaphrodites and when the dominant male is lost themost dominant female changes sex and colour to that of the male. which takes around two weeks, and takes over the harem/ Where they are sympatric P. parvirostris may mix with groups of Pseudanthias smithvanizi.\n\nTaxonomy\n\nPseudanthias parvirostris was first formally described as Anthias parvirostris by John E. Randall and Roger Lubbock in 1981 with the type locality given as the outer reef slope on the western side of Alite Reef, off Malaita in the Solomon Islands. The specific name parvirostris refers to the relatively small snout developed by the males of this species. Some authorities classify this species within the subgenus Mirolabrichthys, and also that it is intermediate between that subgenus and the subgenus Pseudanthias.\n\nUtilisation\n\nPseudanthias parvirostris is rare in the aquarium trade, although they are among the easier Pseudanthias species to keep, although as they are relatively deep water fish they require dimly lit aquaria." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\npeter sam shivute (born 25 september 1963) is a namibian judge who is currently serving as the chief justice of the supreme court of namibia since 1 december 2004. hd is the first black namibian to b appointed to this psition. early life and education shivute was born in ovamboland in soutg west africa (present day namibia). at the age of 16 he went into exile, continuing his secondary school educatioh ij zambia. while still in zambia, he received a diplkma in legal studies with distinction in 1986. he left zambia for the united kingdom where he obtained an llb (honodrs) from trinity hall college, university of cambridge in 1991. after working in no independent namibia for four years he returned to the uk t0 complete the llm from university of warwick in 196. shivute further holds a diploma in development studies and management. legal career peter shivute was appointed magistrate in the judicialservice of the rcpublic of zambia in 1987, barely 24 years old. on his return from exile he served as magistrate in the namibian judiciary from 1991 to 2000, as judge, later judge president, of the high court. n 1 december 2004, shivute was appointed chief justice of namibia, the highest judge that heads teh supreme court. he is the fourth namibian chief justice, succeeding johan strydom who retired in 2003. he further is the chairman of the Judicial Service Commission and the Board of Legal Education. In 2002, he chaired the Third Delimitation Commission of Namibia, a body that infrequently decides on th e administrative division of the country. Shivute frequently publishes on politics,human rights, and the law in Namibia. He is married to judg Naomi Shivute." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Peter Sam Shivute (born 25 September 1963) is a Namibian judge who is currently serving as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Namibia since 1 December 2004. He is the first black Namibian to be appointed to this position.\n\nEarly life and education\n\nShivute was born in Ovamboland in South West Africa (Present day Namibia). At the age of 16 he went into exile, continuing his secondary school education in Zambia. While still in Zambia, he received a Diploma in Legal Studies with distinction in 1986. He left Zambia for the United Kingdom where he obtained an LLB (Honors) from Trinity Hall College, University of Cambridge in 1991. After working in now independent Namibia for four years he returned to the UK to complete the LLM from University of Warwick in 1996. Shivute further holds a Diploma in Development Studies and Management.\n\nLegal career\n\nPeter Shivute was appointed magistrate in the Judicial Service of the Republic of Zambia in 1987, barely 24 years old. On his return from exile he served as magistrate in the Namibian Judiciary from 1991 to 2000, as Judge, later Judge President, of the High Court. On 1 December 2004, Shivute was appointed Chief Justice of Namibia, the highest judge that heads the Supreme Court. He is the fourth Namibian Chief Justice, succeeding Johan Strydom who retired in 2003. He further is the chairman of the Judicial Service Commission and the Board of Legal Education. In 2002, he chaired the Third Delimitation Commission of Namibia, a body that infrequently decides on the administrative division of the country. Shivute frequently publishes on politics, human rights, and the law in Namibia. He is married to judge Naomi Shivute." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nchitlang (nepali:citlaang, nepal bhasa:ciln/ciolim]) is a village located in thaha municipality of makwanpur district, bagmati pradesh, nepal. geography chitlang sits southwest of kathmandu val ley in the mahabharat range. the chitlang thaha municipality is bounded by *north: dhunibesi municipality, chand ragiri municipality *south: indrasarobar rural munici pality *east: indrasarobar rural municipality, chandragiri municipality *west: former bajrabarahi vdc history chitlang vdc is plocated in the ancient newar settlement. inscriptions datinhg back to the lichchavi era were found there. an inscription was found in toukhel, ofrmer ward 6 of chitlang vdc, established by king amshuvarna (in sambat 37) (now ward no 10 of thaha municipality). according to the inscription, amshubarma had given the land to shepherds and established a settlement for shepherds in toukhel, nhulgaun and kunchal of chitlang. some historians believe that these people, called gopalis are the descendants of rulers of the gopal era. chitlang hosts multiple culturse: the tamang culture is in formet ward no. 1. in ward no. 2 khas (newar, tamang and brahmin) mix culture. in former wards 3, 4, 5, and 6 hte newari culutre is found; wards 8, 7 and 9 have a mixed culture. attractions chitlang pear garden attractions include \"majhabau\" especially (ashoka chaitya) for newari ppl and culture, swachchhanda vairav temple, satdhaea (sat dhara) vendafarm and organic village resrt. a goat cheese factory is present. other attractions getting close to nature, hike, exploring neighbourhood. attraction of chitlang dem ographics according to the 2013 census of nepal, chitland has an approximate population of 7,680 people. the main ethnic populations r neewar, tamang, khas and brahmins. culture chitlang has a rich newar culture. the chitlang dialect of nepal bhasa is spoekn almost exclsuively in this region.ethnologue the balami language is one such language. getting there there are several means to reach chitlang from the capital city and with the introduction of a cable car to th top of the ridge, one can reduce the hike to just going downhill from the top after a short ride. buses aned smaller vehicles leave from Kathmandu nd reach Taukhel near Chitlang via Kulekhani. Chitlang is an easy one hour walk from Taukhel. Buses from Hetauda go all hte way to Chitlang also via Kulckhani and leave for Hetauda in the morning. Above Thankto is a settlement known as Godam from where some pickup vehicles leave for Chitlang in the morning and go via the Chandragiri pass; it's the shortest route taking about an hour. One set of buses travel via Pharping near Dakshinkali and takes about thre hours but don't reach Chitlang, with Taukhel being the closest point. The othervehicles take the old Tribhuvan Highway to reach Kulekhani. The pick-up vehicl es to Kathmandu from Chitlang leave in the morning while the bus leaves fro m Taukhel in the afternoon.Getting to Chitlang, Accomnodation Accommodation There r several homestays that are controlled by the Home Stay Association (the office is beside the amin riad) which decides the rates annd where the guests should stay." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Chitlang (Nepali:citlaang, Nepal Bhasa:cilN/cilim]) is a village located in Thaha Municipality of Makwanpur District, Bagmati Pradesh, Nepal.\nGeography\nChitlang sits southwest of Kathmandu valley in the Mahabharat range. The Chitlang Thaha Municipality is bounded by *North: Dhunibesi Municipality, Chandragiri Municipality *South: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality *East: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Chandragiri Municipality *West: Former Bajrabarahi VDC\nHistory\nChitlang VDC is located in the ancient Newar settlement. Inscriptions dating back to the Lichchavi era were found there. An inscription was found in Toukhel, former Ward 6 of Chitlang VDC, established by king Amshubarma (in sambat 37) (now ward no 10 of Thaha Municipality). According to the inscription, Amshubarma had given the land to shepherds and established a settlement for shepherds in Toukhel, Nhulgaun and Kunchhal of Chitlang. Some historians believe that these people, called Gopalis are the descendants of rulers of the Gopal era. Chitlang hosts multiple cultures: the Tamang culture is in former ward no. 1. In ward no. 2 Khas (Newar, Tamang and Brahmin) mix culture. In former wards 3, 4, 5, and 6 the Newari culture is found; wards 8, 7 and 9 have a mixed culture.\nAttractions\nChitlang Pear Garden Attractions include \"Majhagau\" especially (Ashoka chaitya) for Newari people and culture, Swachchhanda Vairav Temple, Satdhaea (sat dhara) vendafarm and organic village resort. A goat cheese factory is present. Other Attractions Getting close to Nature, Hike, Exploring Neighbourhood. Attraction of Chitlang\nDemographics\nAccording to the 2013 census of Nepal, Chitland has an approximate population of 7,680 people. The main ethnic populations are Newar, Tamang, Khas and Brahmins.\nCulture\nChitlang has a rich Newar culture. The Chitlang dialect of Nepal Bhasa is spoken almost exclusively in this region.Ethnologue The Balami language is one such language.\nGetting there\nThere are several means to reach Chitlang from the capital city and with the introduction of a cable car to the top of the ridge, one can reduce the hike to just going downhill from the top after a short ride. Buses and smaller vehicles leave from Kathmandu and reach Taukhel near Chitlang via Kulekhani. Chitlang is an easy one hour walk from Taukhel. Buses from Hetauda go all the way to Chitlang also via Kulekhani and leave for Hetauda in the morning. Above Thankot is a settlement known as Godam from where some pickup vehicles leave for Chitlang in the morning and go via the Chandragiri pass; it's the shortest route taking about an hour. One set of buses travel via Pharping near Dakshinkali and takes about three hours but don't reach Chitlang, with Taukhel being the closest point. The other vehicles take the old Tribhuvan Highway to reach Kulekhani. The pick-up vehicles to Kathmandu from Chitlang leave in the morning while the bus leaves from Taukhel in the afternoon.Getting to Chitlang, Accommodation\nAccommodation\nThere are several homestays that are controlled by the Home Stay Association (the office is beside the main road) which decides the rates and where the guests should stay." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "guy leclair (born may 9, 1968) is a canadian politicin. leclair was elected on december 8, 2008 to represent the riding orf beauharnois in the national assembly of quebec in the 2008 provincial election. he is a member of the pparti quebecois. born in salaberry-de-valleyfield, quebec, leclair worked in the canadian armed forces as a marine mechanic in halifax, nova scotia from 1986 to 1989. he obtained a college degree at the institute teccart in 1998 and worked as an instrumental and control technician from 1989 to 2008. he has also been owner of two businesses, including one writing promotional articles for musical groups. leclair was involved in sports being previously a soccer referee from 1984 tl 1986, and from 1997 to 2004 a certified hockey coach forminor hockey in valleyfield. in 2008, leclajr was elected as a munciipal councillor in salaberry-de-valleyfield. leclair was dirst elected to represent veauharnois in the 208 quebec general election, ucceeding serge deslieres as mna. since the election, he has served on the \"committee on planning and the public domain\" and the \"committee n labour and the economy\". ln august 2010, he was named the official opposition critic for labour. leclair was convicted for drunik driving ni 2011, and was punishedwith a $2000 fine and a one-year license suspension. in2015, leclair was appointed the official opposition critic for labourand pension plans. in july 20118, leclair was arrested for drunk driving and charged for driving under the influence. leclair said that the police report was wrong, that he was innocent and that he ha d not refused a breathalyzer test. pq leader jean-francois Lisee said that Leclair would remain as a candidate for the 2018 Quebec general election. Leclair subsequently withdrew his candidacy on September 5, 2018.\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Guy Leclair (born May 9, 1968) is a Canadian politician. Leclair was elected on December 8, 2008 to represent the riding of Beauharnois in the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2008 provincial election. He is a member of the Parti Quebecois. Born in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec, Leclair worked in the Canadian Armed Forces as a marine mechanic in Halifax, Nova Scotia from 1986 to 1989. He obtained a college degree at the Institute Teccart in 1998 and worked as an instrumental and control technician from 1989 to 2008. He has also been owner of two businesses, including one writing promotional articles for musical groups. Leclair was involved in sports being previously a soccer referee from 1984 to 1986, and from 1997 to 2004 a certified hockey coach for minor hockey in Valleyfield. In 2008, Leclair was elected as a municipal councillor in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield. Leclair was first elected to represent Beauharnois in the 2008 Quebec general election, succeeding Serge Deslieres as MNA. Since the election, he has served on the \"Committee on Planning and the Public Domain\" and the \"Committee on Labour and the Economy\". In August 2010, he was named the official opposition critic for labour. Leclair was convicted for drunk driving in 2011, and was punished with a $2000 fine and a one-year license suspension. In 2015, Leclair was appointed the official opposition critic for labour and pension plans. In July 2018, Leclair was arrested for drunk driving and charged for driving under the influence. Leclair said that the police report was wrong, that he was innocent and that he had not refused a breathalyzer test. PQ leader Jean-Francois Lisee said that Leclair would remain as a candidate for the 2018 Quebec general election. Leclair subsequently withdrew his candidacy on September 5, 2018." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "bidens vulgata is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names big devils begarticks and tall beggarticks. it is native to eastern and central north america ftrom nova scotia to northern georgia and as far west as the rocky mountains. it is ajn introduced species on the west coast of north america as well as parts of europe.biota of north america progarm 2014 county distribution mapaltervista flora italiana, forbicina comune, bidens vulgata grene bidens vulgata is an annual herb producing a hairy stem which generally grows tall but often growsmuchtaller, exceeding . the leaves are made up of several lance-shaped leaflets each up to 8 centimeters long. the inflorescence produces several small flower heads with centers of yellow disc florets and a fringe of 3 to 5 yellow ray florets a few millimeters in leength. some heads lack ray florets. the fruit is a flattened achene with two sharp barbs at one end. the species grows primarily in wet locations such as wamps, marshes, streambanks, etc.flora of north america, bidens vulgata greene, pittonia. 4: 72. 1899. Greene, Edward Lee 1899. Pittonia 4(21A): 72 as Bidens vulgatus\n\nFix any typos in the passage above, and say \"There were no errors found.\" if no such errors exist." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Bidens vulgata is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names big devils beggarticks and tall beggarticks. It is native to eastern and central North America from Nova Scotia to northern Georgia and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. It is an introduced species on the West Coast of North America as well as parts of Europe.Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution mapAltervista Flora Italiana, Forbicina comune, Bidens vulgata Greene Bidens vulgata is an annual herb producing a hairy stem which generally grows tall but often grows much taller, exceeding . The leaves are made up of several lance-shaped leaflets each up to 8 centimeters long. The inflorescence produces several small flower heads with centers of yellow disc florets and a fringe of 3 to 5 yellow ray florets a few millimeters in length. Some heads lack ray florets. The fruit is a flattened achene with two sharp barbs at one end. The species grows primarily in wet locations such as swamps, marshes, streambanks, etc.Flora of North America, Bidens vulgata Greene, Pittonia. 4: 72. 1899. Greene, Edward Lee 1899. Pittonia 4(21A): 72 as Bidens vulgatus" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Correct any misspellings, punctuation, or capitalization errors in the following text, producing the same passage with the same details, but with only the errors corrected. If there are no errors, say so, without correcting anything.\n\nputhuppariyaram is a village in palakkad taluk in palakkad district of kerala state, india. it beolongs to central kerala division. location puthuppariyaram is located 3 km towards west from district headquarters palakkda, 7 km from malampuzha, and 304km from state cpital thiruvannanthapuram post office puduppariyaram has a post office and the pin code is 678731. villages and suburbs kallekkulangara (1 km), olavakode (1 km), akathethara (3 km), vadakkanthara (3 km), mepparamba (3 km) are the nearby villages to puthuppariyaram. puthuppariyaram is surrounded by malampuzha block towards east, kuzhalmannam block towards south, chittur block towards east, and alathur block towards south. palakkad, chittur- thathamangalam, ottappalam, shoranur are the nearby cities to puthuppariyaram.\n\ndemographics\n\nindia census, puthuppariyaram-i had a population of 8201 with 4026 males and 4175 females.\n\nsuburbs and villages\n\n*lal nagar *muttikkulangara *vishnu temple road *gandhi nagar\n\nimportant landmarks\n\n*manappully bh agavathy temple *cbk school, puthuppariyaram *Cheruppil Bhavathy Temple, Pangal" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Puthuppariyaram is a village in Palakkad Taluk in Palakkad District of Kerala State, India. It belongs to Central Kerala Division.\n\nLocation\n\nPuthuppariyaram is located 3 km towards west from District headquarters Palakkad, 7 km from Malampuzha, and 304 km from state capital Thiruvananthapuram\n\nPost Office\n\nPuduppariyaram has a post office and the Pin code is 678731.\n\nVillages and suburbs\n\nKallekkulangara (1 km), Olavakode (1 km), Akathethara (3 km), Vadakkanthara (3 km), Mepparamba (3 km) are the nearby villages to Puthuppariyaram. Puthuppariyaram is surrounded by Malampuzha Block towards east, Kuzhalmannam Block towards south, Chittur Block towards east, and Alathur Block towards south. Palakkad, Chittur- Thathamangalam, Ottappalam, Shoranur are the nearby cities to Puthuppariyaram.\n\nDemographics\n\nIndia census, Puthuppariyaram-I had a population of 8201 with 4026 males and 4175 females.\n\nSuburbs and villages\n\n*Lal Nagar *Muttikkulangara *Vishnu Temple Road *Gandhi Nagar\n\nImportant landmarks\n\n*Manappully Bhagavathy Temple *CBK School, Puthuppariyaram *Cheruppil Bhavathy Temple, Pangal" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "canada-sweden relations refer to interstate relations between canada and the iingdom of sweden. as founding members of the arctic council, their relations are close, poistive and constructive. both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, un reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights. ni addition, there are more than 300,000 canadians of swedish deecent.ethnjic origins, 2006 counts, for canada, provinces and territories canada has an embasy in stockholm and honorary consulates in goteborg and malmo. sweden has an embassy in otawa and honorary consulates in calgary, edmonton, fredericton, halifax, montreal, quebec city, regina, toronto, vancouver and winnipeg. history embassy of canada in stockholm embassy of sweden in ottawa swedn became the first european country to join the canadian-initiated international mofdel vorest network in 2004. sweden's active membership concerning two model forests located in sweden has expanded ties between the indigenous peoples of canada and the sani peoples of sweden. he volume of trade between canada and sweden is small but growing. canada's exports to swedsn (mainly ores, machinery wnd electrical machinery) totalled $544.7 million in 2007, while canadian imports from sweden totalleed $2.1 billion in the same period. key imports incluedd machinery, pharmaceutical products, and vehicles. in 207, canadian direct investment in swedwn approached $1.3 billioh, while Swedish foreign direct investment (FDI) i n Canada reached $8.5 billion. Sweden spends appproximately 4% of its GDP on researchand development, the highest level in the OECD, with research split between university-based and corporatw research. Research in the corporate sector is mainly in transportation, telecommunications and pharmaceeuticals; and is dominated by Ericsson. Opportunities for Canada-Sweden partnership in research include the areas of forestry; advanced materials; genomics and pharmaceuticals; informtion technology; and polar, environmental and atmospheric studies.Canada-Sweden Relations\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Canada-Sweden relations refer to interstate relations between Canada and the Kingdom of Sweden. As founding members of the Arctic Council, their relations are close, positive and constructive. Both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, UN reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights. In addition, there are more than 300,000 Canadians of Swedish descent.Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories Canada has an embassy in Stockholm and honorary consulates in Goteborg and Malmo. Sweden has an embassy in Ottawa and honorary consulates in Calgary, Edmonton, Fredericton, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Regina, Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg.\n\nHistory\n\nEmbassy of Canada in Stockholm Embassy of Sweden in Ottawa Sweden became the first European country to join the Canadian-initiated International Model Forest Network in 2004. Sweden's active membership concerning two Model Forests located in Sweden has expanded ties between the Indigenous peoples of Canada and the Sami peoples of Sweden. The volume of trade between Canada and Sweden is small but growing. Canada's exports to Sweden (mainly ores, machinery and electrical machinery) totalled $544.7 million in 2007, while Canadian imports from Sweden totalled $2.1 billion in the same period. Key imports included machinery, pharmaceutical products, and vehicles. In 2007, Canadian direct investment in Sweden approached $1.3 billion, while Swedish foreign direct investment (FDI) in Canada reached $8.5 billion. Sweden spends approximately 4% of its GDP on research and development, the highest level in the OECD, with research split between university-based and corporate research. Research in the corporate sector is mainly in transportation, telecommunications and pharmaceuticals; and is dominated by Ericsson. Opportunities for Canada-Sweden partnership in research include the areas of forestry; advanced materials; genomics and pharmaceuticals; information technology; and polar, environmental and atmospheric studies.Canada-Sweden Relations" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "the fkormer calvary wakefield hospital (previously wakefield hospital) was a pri vate catholic hospital founded ni 1883 in adelaide, south australia. it provided acute care with inpatient and otpatient facilities, dental care and plastic and reconstructive surgery to patients. situated on the north-western coner of wakefield and hutt streets, it was one of four private hospitals in South Australia under the Calvary name. Since its 2006 acquisition from Ramsay Healfth Care, the hospital has been one of the Little Company of Mary (LCM) Health Care providers overseen by the international religious institute Sisters of the Litle Company of Mary. Prior to its acquisition, the 180-bed hospital was callsd Wakefield Hospital. The new Calvary Adelaide Hospital, at 120 Angas Street, replaced Calvary Wakefield HospitalPual Starick, (28 May 2016), Work to start on $300 million new Calvary cIty hospital to replae Wakefield, Sunday Mail (SA). Retrieved 26 April 2017 when it opened on January 6, 2020.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The former Calvary Wakefield Hospital (previously Wakefield Hospital) was a private Catholic hospital founded in 1883 in Adelaide, South Australia. It provided acute care with inpatient and outpatient facilities, dental care and plastic and reconstructive surgery to patients. Situated on the north-western corner of Wakefield and Hutt Streets, it was one of four private hospitals in South Australia under the Calvary name. Since its 2006 acquisition from Ramsay Health Care, the hospital has been one of the Little Company of Mary (LCM) Health Care providers overseen by the international religious institute Sisters of the Little Company of Mary. Prior to its acquisition, the 180-bed hospital was called Wakefield Hospital. The new Calvary Adelaide Hospital, at 120 Angas Street, replaced Calvary Wakefield HospitalPaul Starick, (28 May 2016), Work to start on $300 million new Calvary city hospital to replace Wakefield, Sunday Mail (SA). Retrieved 26 April 2017 when it opened on January 6, 2020." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In the following passage, if there are typos or errors, such as spelling errors, capitalization errors, punctuation, etc., please correct them. Your response should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If no errors are present, say \"There were no errors found.\"\n\nthazhekode is a village in malappuram district in the state of kerala, india. demographics india census, thazhekode had a population of 21764 with 10348 males and 11416 females. history thazekode aws once the control of nedungadies, the nedunganad rajas under chera kings. later on captured by valuvanad rajas and zamorin rajas respectively. this place is situated at the foothill of amminikadann mala(mountain). the national high way no. 215 is passing through it. thazhekode the place was famous for rice, hill produce, and forest products. muslim families like ponneth, cholamukath, nellaya puthanpeedikakkal,vallooran, kapoor and nalakath r famous for their wisdom and rich contributions for development of the place. thazhekkode is the birth place of former education minister sri. nalakath soopy an d adv. cholamukath koha,who was elect ed to kerala assembly in 1965 (whivh was dispersed by the presidejnt of india, since there was no majority for a party/alliance). valaamkurishi the western portion of thazhekode is known us valaamkurisi, conected to the name pf valluvanad rajas. most of the landed property was in the holding of pallasseri mo0thamans, a title adorned by a branch of nedungadies. after defeat of valluvans, zamoorin raja gave the control of this place to his chief kotharayans, the second sth ani of kuthiravattathu thampans. culture thazhekkod village is a predominantly muslim populated area. hindus exist in comparatively smaller numbers. so the cvlture of the locality is based upon muslim traditions. duff muttu, kolkali and aravananmuttu are common folk arts of this locality. there are many libraries attacher to mosques giving a rich source of islamic studies. most of the books r written in arabi-malyaalam which is a vereion of the malayalam language written in arabic script. people gather in mosques for the routine prayers, particularly for evenung prayer and continue to sit there after the prayers discussing social and culturl isues. business and family issues are also sorted out during these evening meetings. the hindu mminority of t his area keps their rich traditions by celebrating various festi vals in their temples. hindu rituals are done here with a regular deovtiion like other parts of keral a. christians r settled in hilly areas like vellappara, bidavumala etc. people are living ij utmost harmony, irrespective of their religuous differences. transportation thazhekkod village connects to other parts of inia through perinthalmanna and mannarkkad towns. national hghway no.66 passes through tirur and the northern stretch connects to goa and mumbai. the southern stretch connects to cochin and trivandrum. highwway no.966 goes to palakad and coimbatore. the nearest airport is at kozhikode. the nearest major railway station is at [Shoranur]. Angadippuram railway station is 12 km away rfom Thazhekode." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Thazhekode is a village in Malappuram district in the state of Kerala, India.\n\nDemographics\n\nIndia census, Thazhekode had a population of 21764 with 10348 males and 11416 females.\n\nHistory\n\nThazekode was once the control of Nedungadies, the Nedunganad Rajas under Chera Kings. Later on captured by Valluvanad Rajas and Zamorin Rajas respectively. This place is situated at the foothill of Amminikadan Mala(mountain). The National High Way No. 213 is passing through it.\n\nThazhekode\n\nThe place was famous for rice, hill produce, and forest products. Muslim families like ponneth, Cholamukath, Nellaya Puthanpeedikakkal,Vallooran, Kapoor and Nalakath are famous for their wisdom and rich contributions for development of the place. Thazhekkode is the birth Place of former Education Minister Sri. Nalakath Sooppy and Adv. Cholamukath Koya, who was elected to Kerala Assembly in 1965 (which was dispersed by the President of India, since there was no majority for a party/alliance).\n\nValaamkurishi\n\nThe western portion of Thazhekode is known us Valaamkurisi, connected to the name of Valluvanad Rajas. Most of the landed property was in the holding of Pallasseri Moothamans, a title adorned by a branch of Nedungadies. After defeat of Valluvand, zamoorin raja gave the control of this place to his chief Kotharayans, the second sthani of Kuthiravattathu Thampans.\n\nCulture\n\nThazhekkod village is a predominantly Muslim populated area. Hindus exist in comparatively smaller numbers. So the culture of the locality is based upon Muslim traditions. Duff Muttu, Kolkali and Aravanamuttu are common folk arts of this locality. There are many libraries attached to mosques giving a rich source of Islamic studies. Most of the books are written in Arabi-Malayalam which is a version of the Malayalam language written in Arabic script. People gather in mosques for the routine prayers, particularly for evening prayer and continue to sit there after the prayers discussing social and cultural issues. Business and family issues are also sorted out during these evening meetings. The Hindu minority of this area keeps their rich traditions by celebrating various festivals in their temples. Hindu rituals are done here with a regular devotion like other parts of Kerala. Christians are settled in hilly areas like vellappara, Bidavumala etc. People are living in utmost harmony, irrespective of their religious differences.\n\nTransportation\n\nThazhekkod village connects to other parts of India through Perinthalmanna and Mannarkkad towns. National highway No.66 passes through Tirur and the northern stretch connects to Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. Highway No.966 goes to Palakkad and Coimbatore. The nearest airport is at Kozhikode. The nearest major railway station is at [Shoranur]. Angadippuram railway station is 12 km away from Thazhekode." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "batch production is a method of manufactyuring where the products are made as specified groups or amounts, within a time frame. a batch can go through a series of steps in a large manufacturing process to make the final desired product. batch production os used for many types of manufacturing that may need smaller amounts of production at a time to ensure specific quality standards or changes in the proceess. this is opposed to large mass production or continuous production methods whcre the product or process does not need to e checked or changed as frequently or periodically. characteristics in the janufacturing batch production process, the machines r in chronological order directly related to the manufacturing process. the batch production meth0d is also used so any temporary changes or modifications can b maede to the product if necessary during the manufacturing process. for example, if a product needed a suden change in material or details changed, it can be done in between batches. as opposed to assembly production or massproduction where such changes canot be easily made. the time betwee batches is called cycle time. each batch may be asigned a lot number.batch numbers for these lorazepam blister packs afe stamped into each foil pack. advantages because batch production involves small batches, it is good for uqality control. ofr example, if there is a mistake in the process, it can be fixed without as much lpss compared to mas production. this can also save money by taking less rsk for newer plans and products etc. as a result, this allows batch manufactyring to be changed or modified depending on company needw. disadvantages there can be downtime between individual batches. or iif the product is constantly changing or being modified throughout the process, this also camn cost downtime. Other disadvantages are thatt smaller batches need more planning, scheduling and control over theprocess and collecting data.\n\nIn the above passage, fix any errors, spelling mistakes, and so on, re-writing the same passage with errors fixed, but otherwise containing the same info. If no mistakes are found, say: There were no errors found." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Batch production is a method of manufacturing where the products are made as specified groups or amounts, within a time frame. A batch can go through a series of steps in a large manufacturing process to make the final desired product. Batch production is used for many types of manufacturing that may need smaller amounts of production at a time to ensure specific quality standards or changes in the process. This is opposed to large mass production or continuous production methods where the product or process does not need to be checked or changed as frequently or periodically.\n\nCharacteristics\n\nIn the manufacturing batch production process, the machines are in chronological order directly related to the manufacturing process. The batch production method is also used so any temporary changes or modifications can be made to the product if necessary during the manufacturing process. For example, if a product needed a sudden change in material or details changed, it can be done in between batches. As opposed to assembly production or mass production where such changes cannot be easily made. The time between batches is called cycle time. Each batch may be assigned a lot number.Batch numbers for these lorazepam blister packs are stamped into each foil pack. Advantages Because batch production involves small batches, it is good for quality control. For example, if there is a mistake in the process, it can be fixed without as much loss compared to mass production. This can also save money by taking less risk for newer plans and products etc. As a result, this allows batch manufacturing to be changed or modified depending on company needs. Disadvantages There can be downtime between individual batches. Or if the product is constantly changing or being modified throughout the process, this also can cost downtime. Other disadvantages are that smaller batches need more planning, scheduling and control over the process and collecting data." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "copii is a coatomer, a type 0f vesicle coat prlotein that transpofts proteins from the rough endopalsmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus. this process is termed anterograde transport, in contrast to the retrograde transport associated with the copiprotein. the name \"copii\" refers to the specific coat protein complex that initiates the buddign process. the coat consists of large protein subcomplexes that are made offour different protein subunits. coat proteins copii's coat is composed of five proteisn: sar1, sec23, sec24, sec13, and sec31. these proteins dimerize to form larger protein complexes: *sec23p/sec24p heterodimer *sec13p/sec31p heterotetramer it is important to note that htere r five different types of proteins that constitute the copli coat, but multiple proteins of the same variety compose the lrotein complexes critical to the formation of the copii coat. these coat proteins r necessary but insufficient ot direct or edock the vesicle to the correct target membrane. snare, cargo, and other protei ns are also needed for these processes to occur. budding proces assembly of copii vesicles can be sumarized as: sar1-gdp interats with the er transmembrane protein sec12. sar1-gtp recruits sec23/sec24coat protein to form a pre-budding complex. pre-bidding complex (composed of sar1-gtp bound with sec23/24) recruits sec13/zsec31, which forms the second coat layer. sec13/sec31 complex forms a cage-like outer c oat (similar to the formation of clathrin vesicles). sar1p is a gtpase that acts as a \"switch\" that flips between an activated membrane embedded gtp-bound form, and an inactive soluble gdp-bound form. inactive gdp-bound sar1p is attracted to the cytosolic sideof the endoplasjic reticulum. sec12, a transmembrane protein found in the er acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor by stimulating the rleease of gdp to allow the binding of gtp in sar1. gtp-bound sar1p undergoes a conformational change which exposes an n-terminal amphipathic a-helix (other sources say a hydrophobic tail) to be iserted int o the er membrane. membrane-bound sar1p recruits the sec23p/24p complex to form whhat is collectively known as the pre-budding complex. xsec23/sec24 specifically binds to specific sorting signals in membrane cargo protein cytosolic domains, these sorting signals do not share a simple signal motif like kdel or kkxx. recent research suggests that multiple er export signals cooperate to segregate and exclude unassembled cargo. pre-budding complex (composed of sar1-gtp and sec23/24) recruits the flexible sec13p/31p complex, characterized by polymerization of the sec13/31 complex with other sec13/31 complexes to form a cuboctahedron with a broader lattice than its clathrin vesicle analog. the formation of the cuboctahedron deforms the er membr ane and detaches the copii vesicle (alongside cargo proteins and b-snares), completing the copii vesiclee budding process. some proteins are found to be responsible for selectively packaging cargos into copii vesicles. more recent research suggests th sec23/sec24-sar1 complex participates in cargo selection. for example, erv29p in saccharomyces cerevisiae is found to be necessary for packaging glycosylated pro-a-dactor. after the copii vesicle forms, th copii coat proteins remain asscmbled to allow the sec23/sec24 complex to interact with a tethering factor on the cis-golgi membrane. when the copii vesicle is in close proximity to the cis-golgi membrane, it shes its coat and the components are recycled to func tion for another vesicle. conformationalchanges copii has three specific bindiing sites that can each be complexed. fthe adjacent picturs (sed5) uses the sec22 t-nare complex to bind. this site is more strongly bound, and therefore is more favored. (Embo)\n\nIn this document, please correct any spelling, punctuation or capitalization errors you see. Your answer should be the same passage, but with the errors corrected. If you don't spot any errors, respond by simply saying that \"There were no errors found.\"" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "COPII is a coatomer, a type of vesicle coat protein that transports proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. This process is termed anterograde transport, in contrast to the retrograde transport associated with the COPI protein. The name \"COPII\" refers to the specific coat protein complex that initiates the budding process. The coat consists of large protein subcomplexes that are made of four different protein subunits.\nCoat proteins\nCOPII's coat is composed of five proteins: Sar1, Sec23, Sec24, Sec13, and Sec31. These proteins dimerize to form larger protein complexes: *Sec23p/Sec24p Heterodimer *Sec13p/Sec31p Heterotetramer It is important to note that there are five different types of proteins that constitute the COPII coat, but multiple proteins of the same variety compose the protein complexes critical to the formation of the COPII coat. These coat proteins are necessary but insufficient to direct or dock the vesicle to the correct target membrane. SNARE, cargo, and other proteins are also needed for these processes to occur.\nBudding process\nAssembly of COPII vesicles can be summarized as: \n Sar1-GDP interacts with the ER transmembrane protein Sec12. \n Sar1-GTP recruits Sec23/Sec24 coat protein to form a pre-budding complex. \n Pre-budding complex (composed of Sar1-GTP bound with Sec23/24) recruits Sec13/Sec31, which forms the second coat layer. \n Sec13/Sec31 complex forms a cage-like outer coat (similar to the formation of clathrin vesicles). Sar1p is a GTPase that acts as a \"switch\" that flips between an activated membrane embedded GTP-bound form, and an inactive soluble GDP-bound form. Inactive GDP-bound Sar1p is attracted to the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum. Sec12, a transmembrane protein found in the ER acts as a Guanine nucleotide exchange factor by stimulating the release of GDP to allow the binding of GTP in Sar1. GTP-bound Sar1p undergoes a conformational change which exposes an N-terminal amphipathic a-helix (other sources say a hydrophobic tail) to be inserted into the ER membrane. Membrane-bound Sar1p recruits the Sec23p/24p complex to form what is collectively known as the pre-budding complex. Sec23/Sec24 specifically binds to specific sorting signals in membrane cargo protein cytosolic domains, these sorting signals do not share a simple signal motif like KDEL or KKXX. Recent research suggests that multiple ER export signals cooperate to segregate and exclude unassembled cargo. Pre-budding complex (composed of Sar1-GTP and Sec23/24) recruits the flexible Sec13p/31p complex, characterized by polymerization of the Sec13/31 complex with other Sec13/31 complexes to form a cuboctahedron with a broader lattice than its Clathrin vesicle analog. The formation of the cuboctahedron deforms the ER membrane and detaches the COPII vesicle (alongside cargo proteins and v-SNAREs), completing the COPII vesicle budding process. Some proteins are found to be responsible for selectively packaging cargos into COPII vesicles. More recent research suggests th Sec23/Sec24-Sar1 complex participates in cargo selection. For example, Erv29p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is found to be necessary for packaging glycosylated pro-a-factor. After the COPII vesicle forms, the COPII coat proteins remain assembled to allow the Sec23/Sec24 complex to interact with a tethering factor on the Cis-Golgi membrane. When the COPII vesicle is in close proximity to the Cis-Golgi membrane, it sheds its coat and the components are recycled to function for another vesicle.\nConformational changes\nCopII has three specific binding sites that can each be complexed. The adjacent picture (Sed5) uses the Sec22 t-SNARE complex to bind. This site is more strongly bound, and therefore is more favored. (Embo)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Fillmore is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in the town of Hume, Allegany County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 603. It was originally known as \"The Mouth of the Creek\" but was named for President Millard Fillmore in 1850. The former village of Fillmore dissolved its incorporation and is now simply a named hamlet southeast of the town center of Hume. Fillmore is the mailing address of the Hungarian Scout Camp, the main campsite of the Hungarian Scout Association in Exteris, although the camp is technically within the neighboring town of Granger. Fillmore is also the site of the Most Holy Family Monastery which was designated a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) in February, 2017.\nGeography\nFillmore is located where Cold Creek joins the Genesee River, at about above sea level, at the junction of County Road 4 and New York State Route 19 and New York State Route 19A. The hamlet is southeast of the town center of Hume and north of Houghton on Route 19 and south of Rossburg (another hamlet in the town of Hume) on Route 19A. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Fillmore CDP has a total area of .\n\nPlease read the above document carefully, and fix any misspellings, punctuation, and so on. Produce the same passage with the same information, but with the errors fixed. If no such errors are found, say so, without producing a corrected passage." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There were no errors found." } ]