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[ "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). After Affirmed's Triple Crown in 1978, the longest drought in Triple Crown history began in 1979 with Spectacular Bid's failed Triple Crown attempt at the Belmont Stakes, and lasted until American Pharoah won in 2015. Starting in 1979, thirteen horses won both the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, but not the Belmont. Of those, Real Quiet came the closest to winning the Triple Crown, losing the Belmont Stakes by a nose in 1998. Charismatic led the Belmont Stakes in the final furlong in 1999, but fractured his left front leg in the final stretch and fell back to third. The seven most recent horses to win the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes but either lost or withdrew from the Belmont Stakes were War Emblem in 2002, Funny Cide in 2003, Smarty Jones in 2004, Big Brown in 2008, I'll Have Another in 2012, and California Chrome in 2014.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). After the first Triple Crown winner, Sir Barton, in 1919, there was not another winner until Gallant Fox in 1930, a gap of 11 years. Between 1930 and 1948, seven horses won the Triple Crown, with five years being the longest gap between winners. However, following the 1948 win of Citation, there was a considerable gap of 25 years before Secretariat ended the drought of Triple Crown champions in 1973. Between 1973 and 1978, there were three Triple Crown winners.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). Only twelve horses have won the Triple Crown: Sir Barton (1919), Gallant Fox (1930), Omaha (1935), War Admiral (1937), Whirlaway (1941), Count Fleet (1943), Assault (1946), Citation (1948), Secretariat (1973), Seattle Slew (1977), Affirmed (1978), and American Pharoah (2015).", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Since the 2,000 Guineas was first run in 1809, fifteen horses (including three winners of substitute races at Newmarket during the First World War) have won the English Triple Crown. The most recent – and only winner since World War II – was Nijinsky, in 1970. For many years, it was considered unlikely that any horse would ever win the English Triple Crown again. In the winter of 2006/2007, however, trainer Jim Bolger was training his unbeaten colt Teofilo for the Triple Crown[1] and bookmaker William Hill plc was offering odds of only 12/1 against Teofilo winning the 2007 Triple Crown. The horse was withdrawn from the 2000 Guineas two days before the race after suffering a setback and never raced again.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). In the United States, the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, commonly known as the Triple Crown, is a title awarded to a three-year-old Thoroughbred horse who wins the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes. The three races were inaugurated in different years, the last being the Kentucky Derby in 1875. These races are now run annually in May and early June of each year. The Triple Crown Trophy, commissioned in 1950 but awarded to all previous winners as well as those after 1950, is awarded to a Triple Crown winner.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). At 18, Steve Cauthen became the youngest jockey to win the Triple Crown, riding Affirmed in 1978. At 43, Victor Espinoza became the oldest jockey to win the Triple Crown, riding American Pharoah in 2015.", "Belmont Stakes. In 1937, War Admiral became the fourth Triple Crown winner after winning the Belmont in a new track record time of 2:28 3/5.[11] In the 1940s, four Triple Crown winners followed: Whirlaway in 1941, Count Fleet in 1943, Assault in 1946 and Citation in 1948. Count Fleet won the race by a then-record margin of twenty-five lengths.[12] He also set a stakes record of 2:28 1/5, a record tied by Citation. In 1957, the stakes record was smashed when Gallant Man ran the Belmont in 2:26 3/5 in a year when the Triple Crown series was split three ways.[13]", "Mike E. Smith. Two weeks later, Justify and Smith won the 2018 Preakness Stakes and then, on June 9th, 2018, at the 150th Belmont Stakes, Justify, ridden by Smith, became the 13th Triple Crown winner. In doing so, Smith, at age 52, became the oldest jockey to win a Triple Crown.[13]", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). The first winner of all three Triple Crown races was Sir Barton in 1919. Some journalists began using the term Triple Crown to refer to the three races as early as 1923, but it was not until Gallant Fox won the three events in 1930 that Charles Hatton of the Daily Racing Form put the term into common use.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Only two jockeys have won the Triple Crown with different horses (i.e., rode horses to Triple Crowns in different years):", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). Jim Fitzsimmons is the only trainer to have two horses win the Triple Crown, training the sire/son combination of 1930 winner Gallant Fox and 1935 winner Omaha. This also marked the first time that an owner and the first time that a breeder, Belair Stud holding both duties, had a repeat win of the Triple Crown. Calumet Farm is the only other owner with two Triple Crown horses, 1941 winner Whirlaway and 1948 winner Citation. Eddie Arcaro is the only jockey to ride two horses to the Triple Crown, both for Calumet, Whirlaway and Citation. Those two horses' trainers, Ben Jones and Jimmy Jones, were father and son.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). At completion of the 2016 season, the three Triple Crown races have attracted 4,224 entrants. Of these, 292 horses have won a single leg of the Triple Crown, 52 horses have won two of the races (23 the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, 18 the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes, and 11 the Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes), and 12 horses have won all three races. Pillory won both the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes in 1922, a year when it was impossible to win the Triple Crown because the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes were run on the same day.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). In the 1979-2015 period, horses who contested all three races, losing the Kentucky Derby but winning the Preakness and the Belmont were Risen Star in 1988, Hansel in 1991, Tabasco Cat in 1994, Point Given in 2001, and Afleet Alex in 2005. In 1984, Swale and in 1995, Thunder Gulch ran all three races, winning the Derby and the Belmont, but not the Preakness.", "Triple Crown of Motorsport. In Australia, a driver is said to have achieved the \"Triple Crown\" if they win the Sandown 500, the Bathurst 1000 and the International V8 Supercars Championship (formerly the Australian Touring Car Championship) in the same year.[12] Only two drivers have achieved this feat: Peter Brock in 1978 and 1980 and Craig Lowndes in 1996.", "Belmont Stakes. The first winner of the Triple Crown was Sir Barton, in 1919, before the series was recognized as such.[6] In 1920, the Belmont was won by the great Man o' War, who won by 20 lengths, setting a new stakes and American record.[7]", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). The 37-year gap between the Triple Crown wins of Affirmed and American Pharoah drew criticism of the system. As far back as 1986, reporters noted that horses who were fresh for the Belmont had an advantage.[25] In 2003, Gary Stevens stated in an interview with Charlie Rose that he did not believe there would be another Triple Crown winner because of the tendency for owners to put fresh horses in the Preakness and Belmont Stakes.[26] California Chrome co-owner Steve Coburn was particularly critical of the Triple Crown system in post-Belmont remarks in 2014; he considered the system to be unfair, arguing that there would never be another Triple Crown winner in his lifetime unless only horses that competed in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness competed at the Belmont. By 2014, six of the previous eight Belmont winners had not competed in either of the first two legs of the Triple Crown.[27] Additionally, from 2006 to 2014, the Belmont winner was a horse who had not competed in the Preakness.[28] American Pharoah was the first Belmont winner since Afleet Alex in 2005 to have run all three Triple Crown races.[29]", "Belmont Park. American Pharoah won the Belmont Stakes on June 6, 2015, becoming the first Triple Crown winner in 37 years. It was announced before the race that attendance would be capped at 90,000. Compared to the 2015 Kentucky Derby and Preakness which both set attendance records of over 170,000 and 130,000 respectively.", "American Pharoah. For 3 years, he had been the last horse to win the Triple Crown until Justify did it in 2018, ridden by Mike Smith.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). Gallant Fox is the only Triple Crown winner to sire another U.S. Triple Crown winner, Omaha. Affirmed sired Peteski, winner of the 1993 Canadian Triple Crown.[22]", "Triple Crown of Acting. The Triple Crown of Acting is a term used in the American entertainment industry to describe actors who have won a competitive Academy Award, Emmy Award, and Tony Award in the acting categories. 23 people have achieved the triple crown of acting (14 women, 9 men). Helen Hayes' Emmy Award win on February 5, 1953, made her the first person to achieve the triple crown. Thomas Mitchell became the first man to achieve the triple crown with his Tony Award win later the same year on March 29, 1953. Hayes and Rita Moreno are the only triple crown winners in competitive acting categories who have also won a Grammy Award to complete the EGOT.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). Gelded colts may run in any of the three races today, but they were prohibited from entering the Belmont between 1919 and 1957. Geldings have won each of the individual races,[7][8] but like fillies, no gelding has ever won the Triple Crown. The closest was Funny Cide, who won the Derby and the Preakness in 2003.[9]", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). Whirlaway, in addition to winning the 1941 Triple Crown, also won the Travers Stakes that year, becoming the first and only horse to date to accomplish that feat.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). Like Vietch, only with two different horses, Bob Baffert also had second-place finishes in all three legs of the Triple Crown, both owned by Ahmed Zayat: in 2012, Bodemeister finished second in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness stakes to I'll Have Another, then Paynter was entered and finished second to Union Rags.[21] Baffert and Zayat teamed up again for the 2015 Triple Crown victory of American Pharoah.", "Justify (horse). Justify (foaled March 28, 2015) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse who became the thirteenth American Triple Crown winner in 2018. He first attracted attention with a win in his first start on February 18, 2018, followed by two more victories, including the Grade I Santa Anita Derby, to qualify for the 2018 Kentucky Derby. Justify then won that race, the 2018 Preakness Stakes, and the 2018 Belmont Stakes to win the Triple Crown. He was retired undefeated several weeks after the Belmont.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). James E. \"Sunny Jim\" Fitzsimmons was the only trainer to win the Triple Crown more than once; he trained both Gallant Fox and his son Omaha for the Belair Stud breeding farm. Gallant Fox and Omaha are the only father-son duo to win the Triple Crown. Belair Stud and Calumet Farm are tied as the owners with the most Triple Crown victories with two apiece. Calumet Farms won with Whirlaway and Citation. Eddie Arcaro rode both of Calumet Farms' Triple Crown champions and is the only jockey to win more than one Triple Crown.", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States). Only one horse, Alydar, has placed (finished second) in all three races. He was defeated by Affirmed in all three races in 1978 by a combined margin of two lengths. His trainer John Vietch is the only trainer to have done this with one horse. In 1995, D. Wayne Lukas became the first and only major figure (owner, jockey, or trainer) to win all three Triple Crown races with different horses, Thunder Gulch in the Derby and Belmont, Timber Country in the Preakness. Lukas also is the only trainer to have won six straight Triple Crown races, adding his 1995 wins, having won the 1994 Preakness and Belmont with Tabasco Cat and the 1996 Derby with Grindstone.[20]", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. In Great Britain, where the term Triple Crown originated with West Australian's three wins in 1853, it is made up of:", "Triple Crown of Motorsport. Both the Winternationals, and the Auto Club Finals are held on the same track, Auto Club Raceway at Pomona, while the U.S. Nationals has been held at Lucas Oil Raceway in Indianapolis since 1961 (prior to that, the race was held on a now demolished track in Detroit). By far, the person with the most Triple Crown wins in his division is 16-time funny car champion John Force.", "Belmont Park. Secretariat's finishing time in his 1973 Belmont victory (2 minutes, 24 seconds) set a world record for 1 1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) on dirt, a world record which still stands. The 31-length victory clinched the first Triple Crown in 25 years, dating back to Citation in 1948. A statue of Secretariat is in the center of the Belmont paddock.[citation needed]", "Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Only one horse has won the German Triple Crown, Königsstuhl in 1979.[12]", "Belmont Stakes. American Pharoah won the 2015 race, becoming the 12th horse in history to win the Triple Crown and the first in 37 years. The crowd that year was limited for the first time, to 90,000.[20] His time of 2:26.65 was the sixth-fastest in Belmont Stakes history, and the second-fastest time for a Triple Crown winner.[21]", "Victor Espinoza. American Classics wins\nKentucky Derby (2002, 2014, 2015)\nPreakness Stakes (2002, 2014, 2015)\nBelmont Stakes (2015)\nUnited States Triple Crown (2015)" ]

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[ "Filet-O-Fish. As of December 2014[update], the US Filet-O-Fish contains a battered, fried fish fillet made from Alaska pollock.[4] In the Republic of Ireland either hoki or Alaska pollock may be served.[5] In New Zealand and the United Kingdom Filet-O-Fish contains hoki instead of Alaska pollock.[6] McDonald's Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Portugal, Czech Republic, The Netherlands and Hong Kong use a half slice of cheese in each Filet-O-Fish sandwich.[7][8][9][10]", "Filet-O-Fish. The Filet-O-Fish, otherwise known as the Fish-O-Filet, is a fish sandwich sold by the international fast food restaurant chain McDonald's. It was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen, a McDonald's franchise owner in Cincinnati, Ohio,[1][2] in response to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays.[3] While the fish composition of the sandwich has changed through the years to satisfy taste and supply shortcomings, the framework of its ingredients have remained constant; a fried breaded fish fillet, a steamed bun, tartar sauce and pasteurized processed American cheese.", "Filet-O-Fish. The use of farmed fish in the Filet-O-Fish first came about in 1981, when an owner of a New Zealand fisheries company was dissatisfied with the pollock Filet-O-Fish he purchased at the Courtenay Place, Wellington restaurant. Saying to the manager that he could make a better-tasting fish fillet, he was handed a box of fillets and told to come back with identical, better-tasting fillets. He substituted red cod for the pollock, and after the manager was satisfied with the better-tasting red cod fillets, ended up in agreement to supply the Courtenay Place restaurant (and eventually several other New Zealand restaurants) with the red cod fillets. The similar-tasting hoki was substituted several years later, due to its competitive market value and its boneless fillets, and eventually was introduced widely in the early 1990s when global pollock stocks were facing low numbers.[14] McDonald's removed the Filet-O-Fish from its menus in the United States on September 26, 1996,[15] and replaced it with the Fish Filet Deluxe sandwich, which was part of McDonald's ill-fated Deluxe line of sandwiches. However, the Filet-O-Fish was brought back to its menus on a gradual basis starting in the middle of 1997, due to overwhelming letters and petitions, receiving the larger fish patty from the Fish Filet Deluxe. The Fish Filet Deluxe itself was discontinued at most restaurants early the next year, while others kept it a little longer until the Fish Filet Deluxe was finally removed in the year 2000.[16]", "Filet-O-Fish. It has become popular with people with dietary restrictions concerning meat-based products.", "Filet-O-Fish. In February 2015, for a limited time, McDonald's began offering a special Filet-O-Fish with Old Bay Seasoning in 700 stores within the United States[23]", "Filet-O-Fish. The sandwich was the first non-hamburger menu item brought in by new McDonald's company owner Ray Kroc.[11] Kroc made a deal with Groen: they would sell two non-meat sandwiches on a Friday, Kroc's own Hula Burger (grilled pineapple with cheese on a cold bun) and the Filet-O-Fish, and whichever sold the most would be added to the permanent menu. The Filet-O-Fish \"won hands down\"[12] and was added to menus throughout 1963 until reaching nationwide status in 1965.[13]", "Filet-O-Fish. The product was named by Cye Landy of Cye Landy Advertising Agency, which was the advertising firm for that particular McDonald's franchise.", "Filet-O-Fish. The sandwich was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen, a McDonald's franchise owner in Cincinnati;[1][2] his store was in a predominantly Roman Catholic neighborhood, which led to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays. [3]", "Filet mignon. Filet mignon (/ˌfiːleɪ ˈmiːnjɒ̃/;[1] French for \"tender fillet\" or \"delicate/ fine fillet\") is a steak cut of beef taken from the smaller end of the tenderloin, or psoas major of the beef carcass, usually a steer or heifer. In French this cut can also be called filet de bœuf, which translates in English to beef fillet.", "Filet-O-Fish. As of January 2013 the Marine Stewardship Council stated that the pollock comes from suppliers with sustainable fishing practices, and McDonald's packaging and promotion will reflect that change.[22]", "Friday. Traditionally, Roman Catholics were obliged to refrain from eating the meat of warm-blooded animals[11] on Fridays, although fish was allowed. The Filet-O-Fish was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen, a McDonald's franchise owner in Cincinnati, Ohio,[12] [13] in response to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays. [14]", "Filet-O-Fish. As of March 2009, the Marine Stewardship Council[20] placed the Alaskan pollock fisheries in a re-assessment program[21] due to catch numbers declining by over 30% between 2005 and 2008, and by-catch problems with salmon.", "Filet-O-Fish. In November 2007, McDonald's lowered the use of New Zealand hoki and increased the use of Alaskan pollock,[17] due to declining New Zealand hoki fishery sustainability and large cutbacks in the total allowable commercial catch of hoki by the New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries - from 250,000 tonnes in 1997 to 90,000 tonnes in 2007.[18] McDonald's originally used Atlantic cod, before declining cod catches forced McDonald's to find sustainable fish elsewhere. McDonald's is trying to maintain fish only from areas certified as sustainable by the Marine Stewardship Council, but that is becoming more difficult each year. Hoki is still a major ingredient.[19]", "Trout. 1 fillet of trout (79 g) contains:[6]", "Cuisine of Hawaii. The Pacific blue marlin (kajiki) is barbecued or grilled, but should not be overcooked due to its very low fat content.[46] The broadbill swordfish (shutome), popular and shipped all over the mainland United States, is high in fat and its steaks may be grilled, broiled, or used in stir-fries. The groupers (hapuu) are most often steamed. The red snapper (onaga) is steamed, poached, or baked. The pink snapper (opakapaka) has a higher fat, and is steamed or baked, served with a light sauce. The Wahoo (ono) is grilled or sautéed, and the dolphin fish (mahimahi) is usually cut into steaks and fried or grilled. The moonfish (opah) is used for broiling, smoking, or making sashimi.", "Steak. Fish steaks are cut perpendicular to the spine and include bones. Although their delicate flesh requires quicker cooking than beef, steaks from swordfish, halibut, tuna, salmon and mahi-mahi can be grilled. They are frequently cooked whole or as fillets. Fish steaks may also be poached or baked using a court bouillon, wine or sauce or cooked en papillote.[50]", "Beef tenderloin. A beef tenderloin, known as an eye fillet in Australasia, filet in France, and fillet in the United Kingdom and South Africa[1], is cut from the loin of beef.", "Anglerfish. Anglerfish are fish of the teleost order Lophiiformes (/ˌlɒfiɪˈfɔːrmiːz/).[1] They are bony fish named for their characteristic mode of predation, in which a fleshy growth from the fish's head (the esca or illicium) acts as a lure.", "Fish and chips. In New Zealand, snapper or gurnard was originally the preferred species for battered fillets in the North Island. As catches of this fish declined, it was replaced by hoki, shark (particularly rig) – marketed as lemon fish – and tarakihi. Bluefin gurnard and blue cod predominate in South Island fish and chips.[31]", "List of marine aquarium fish species. Less often kept than their relatives the triggerfish and puffers, there are many filefish that make good aquarium residents, and a few that require specialized diets, making it hard to sustain them in an aquarium.[63][64]", "Steak. Fish steaks are generally cooked for a short time, as the flesh cooks quickly, especially when grilled. Fish steaks, such as tuna, can also be cooked to various temperatures, such as rare and medium-rare.[24] The different ways in which a steak dish could be cut are - rib eye, sirloin, tenderloin, rump, porterhouse and t-bone.[25]", "French cuisine. Varieties of meat consumed include poulet (chicken), pigeon (squab), canard (duck), oie (goose, the source of foie gras), bÅ“uf (beef), veau (veal), porc (pork), agneau (lamb), mouton (mutton), caille (quail), cheval (horse), grenouille (frog), and escargot (snails). Commonly consumed fish and seafood include cod, canned sardines, fresh sardines, canned tuna, fresh tuna, salmon, trout, mussels, herring, oysters, shrimp and calamari.", "Swordfish. Swordfish is a particularly popular fish for cooking. Since swordfish are large animals, meat is usually sold as steaks, which are often grilled. Swordfish meat is relatively firm, and can be cooked in ways more fragile types of fish cannot (such as over a grill on skewers). The color of the flesh varies by diet, with fish caught on the East Coast of North America often being rosier.", "List of marine aquarium fish species. A type of Anglerfish, Frogfish are ambush predators with huge mouths. They are capable of eating fish up to twice their length so care should be taken in choosing tank mates.[65]", "Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church. The Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays popularized the Friday fish fry and inspired the creation of the Filet-O-Fish sandwich at McDonald's.[6]", "Rainbow trout. The color and flavor of the flesh depends on the diet and freshness of the trout. Farmed trout and some populations of wild trout, especially anadromous steelhead, have reddish or orange flesh as a result of high astaxanthin levels in their diets. Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant that may be from a natural source or a synthetic trout feed. Rainbow trout raised to have pinker flesh from a diet high in astaxanthin are sometimes sold in the U.S. with labeling calling them \"steelhead\".[49] As wild steelhead are in decline in some parts of their range, farmed rainbow are viewed as a preferred alternative.[47] In Chile and Norway, rainbow trout farmed in saltwater sea cages are sold labeled as steelhead.[44]", "Canned fish. Other fish that is canned includes cod, mackerel, herring, and pilchard (a type of sardine).", "Filet mignon. Filet mignon may be cut into 1- to 2-inch-thick portions, then grilled and served as-is. One also may find filet mignon in stores already cut into portions and wrapped with bacon. High heat is the usual method for cooking the filet mignon, either grilling, pan frying, broiling, or roasting.", "Anglerfish. One family, the Lophiidae, is of commercial interest with fisheries found in western Europe, eastern North America, Africa, and East Asia. In Europe and North America, the tail meat of fish of the genus Lophius, known as monkfish or goosefish (North America), is widely used in cooking, and is often compared to lobster tail in taste and texture. In Asia, especially Korea and Japan, monkfish liver, known as ankimo, is considered a delicacy.[28]", "Trout. As a group, trout are somewhat bony, but the flesh is generally considered to be tasty. The flavor of the flesh is heavily influenced by the diet of the fish. For example, trout that have been feeding on crustaceans tend to be more flavorful than those feeding primarily on insect life. Additionally, they provide a good fight when caught with a hook and line, and are sought after recreationally. Because of their popularity, trout are often raised on fish farms and planted into heavily fished waters, in an effort to mask the effects of overfishing. Farmed trout and char are also sold commercially as food fish. Trout is sometimes prepared by smoking.[5]", "Filet mignon. Bacon is often used in cooking filet mignon because of the low levels of fat found in the cut (see barding), as fillets have low levels of marbling, or intramuscular fat. Bacon is wrapped around the fillet and pinned closed with a wooden toothpick. This adds flavor and keeps the fillet from drying out during the cooking process.", "Burger King fish sandwiches. Burger King used many advertising programs to promote its fish sandwiches over the life of the product. As part of its push against its competitors in a 1983 campaign, the company released an ad indirectly comparing the product to the Filet-O-Fish sandwich from rival McDonald's. In the ad, BK claimed its product was larger by weight than the competition's product. The company expanded on the claim in a press statement, saying that the commercial is toned down from its 1982 comparison commercials.[9]" ]

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[ "Robert R. Garwood. Often cited as the last verified American POW from the Vietnam War, Garwood was taken to North Vietnam in 1969, and reportedly was released in 1973 along with the other American POWs. However, he did not return to the United States until March 22, 1979.[1]", "John Rambo. During a mission in November 1971 Rambo's unit came under surprise attack by NVA forces. Delmore, Rambo and some other surviving members were captured by North Vietnamese forces near the Chinese-Vietnamese border and held at a POW camp, where many other American POWs were imprisoned and repeatedly tortured. Rambo's unit was decimated during the ordeal, but Delmore and Rambo managed to escape captivity in May 1972. By his own request Rambo was immediately re-deployed afterwards. At some point in his military career he also received training in flying helicopters. Rambo finally received his official military discharge on September 17, 1974.[7]", "Floyd James Thompson. Thompson spent the next nine years (3,278 days) as a prisoner of war, first at the hands of the Viet Cong in the South Vietnam jungles, until he was moved in 1967 to the Hanoi prison system.[5] During his captivity, he was tortured, starved, and isolated from other American POWs.[6] At one point, Thompson did not speak to another American for over five years. He was released with the other POWs in mid-March 1973 in Operation Homecoming.", "Robert R. Garwood. Robert Russell Garwood (born April 1, 1946) is a controversial former Vietnam War prisoner of war (POW). Garwood was a United States Marine Corps Private First Class[1] when he was captured on September 28, 1965 near Da Nang, Quang Nam Province.", "Vietnam veteran. Following the communist victory on April 30, 1975, South Vietnamese veterans were rounded up and sent to reeducation camps, essentially forced labor camps in desolate areas. They were detained without trial for up to decades at a time. After being released, they and their children faced significant discrimination from the communist government. A significant proportion of the surviving South Vietnamese veterans left Vietnam for Western countries, either as boat people or through the Humanitarian Operation (HO).", "Carol McCain. McCain and her husband were reunited upon his release from captivity on March 14, 1973.[25] She was now four inches (ten centimeters) shorter, in a wheelchair or on crutches, and substantially heavier than when he had last seen her.[7][22][26] He was also visibly hampered by his injuries and the mistreatment he had endured from the North Vietnamese.[26]", "Symbionese Liberation Army. On May 10, 2009, James Kilgore was released from prison in California. He was the last captured SLA member to be released.[29]", "Missing in action. Considerable speculation and investigation has gone to a theory that a significant number of these men were captured as prisoners of war by Communist forces in the two countries and kept as live prisoners after the war's conclusion for the United States in 1973. A vocal group of POW/MIA activists maintains that there has been a concerted conspiracy by the Vietnamese government and every American government since then to hide the existence of these prisoners. The U.S. government has steadfastly denied that prisoners were left behind or that any effort has been made to cover up their existence.[101] Popular culture has reflected the \"live prisoners\" theory, most notably in the 1985 film Rambo: First Blood Part II. Several congressional investigations have looked into the issue, culminating with the largest and most thorough, the United States Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs of 1991–1993 led by Senators John Kerry, Bob Smith, and John McCain. Its unanimous conclusion found \"no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia.\"[75]", "Floyd James Thompson. Captain Thompson went to Vietnam in December 1963.[2]:52 Prior to his deployment, he hadn't heard of the country. He was to serve only a six-month tour of duty but was captured on March 26, 1964. He was released on March 16, 1973, 10 days short of 9 years.", "James Stockdale. On 9 September 1965, while flying from USS Oriskany on a mission over North Vietnam, Stockdale ejected from his Douglas A-4 Skyhawk, which had been struck by enemy fire and completely disabled. He parachuted into a small village, where he was severely beaten and taken prisoner.[11]", "James Stockdale. Stockdale was released as a prisoner of war on February 12, 1973 during Operation Homecoming.", "Chuck Taliano. Taliano was released from active duty in November 1968, less than one month after the photograph was taken.[1] He was honorably discharged in November 1969. He worked in the publishing industry for more than 30 years. He retired to a home in Beaufort, South Carolina, in 2001.[1]", "Floyd James Thompson. In recognition of his escape from Viet Cong POW camp for two days in October 1971, Thompson received the Silver Star.[2] For his nine years in captivity, Thompson received the Army Distinguished Service Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and Legion of Merit. The Bronze Star recognized his continuous resistance to the enemy. The Legion of Merit recognized his suffering for his nine years in captivity.[2]", "Christopher John Boyce. Boyce was released from prison on parole on 16 September 2002 after serving a little over 25 years, accounting for his time spent outside from the escape.[14][15] Shortly thereafter he married Kathleen Mills, whom he had met when she was working as a paralegal spearheading efforts to obtain parole for Lee. After her success with Lee, she turned her attention to securing parole for Boyce as well, and the two developed a personal relationship.[16] The couple moved to Oregon, and Boyce's own parole ended in 2007.[17]", "Konrad Adenauer. When, in 1967, after his death at the age of 91, Germans were asked what they admired most about Adenauer, the majority responded that he had brought home the last German prisoners of war from the USSR, which had become known as the \"Return of the 10,000\".", "Prisoner of war. German soldiers were kept as forced labour for many years after the war. The last German POWs like Erich Hartmann, the highest-scoring fighter ace in the history of aerial warfare, who had been declared guilty of war crimes but without due process, were not released by the Soviets until 1955, three years after Stalin died.[77]", "Prisoner of war. In 2001, there were reports concerning two POWs that India had taken during the Sino-Indian War, Yang Chen and Shih Liang. The two were imprisoned as spies for three years before being interned in a mental asylum in Ranchi, where they spent the next 38 years under a special prisoner status.[120]\nThe last prisoners of Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) were exchanged in 2003.[121]", "Carol McCain. John McCain was shot down over North Vietnam on October 26, 1967; he would remain a prisoner of war for five and a half years.[18] During her husband's captivity, McCain raised their children in Orange Park, Florida, with the assistance of friends and neighbors in the Navy-oriented community.[19] She sent frequent letters and packages to him,[19] few of which the North Vietnamese let through.[20] She became active in the POW/MIA movement,[13] while those around her wore POW bracelets with her husband's name and capture date engraved on them.[19]", "Compassionate release. In 2013, the terminally ill Herman Wallace was released from Angola Prison to spend the rest of his life in a personal care home. He died a few days later.", "James Stockdale. James Bond Stockdale (December 23, 1923 – July 5, 2005) was a United States Navy vice admiral and aviator awarded the Medal of Honor in the Vietnam War, during which he was an prisoner of war for over seven years.", "Pete Rose. He was released on January 7, 1991, after having paid $366,041 in back taxes and interest and was required to perform 1,000 hours of community service.[36][37]", "Missing in action. This missing in action issue has been a highly emotional one to those involved, and is often considered the last depressing, divisive aftereffect of the Vietnam War. To skeptics, \"live prisoners\" is a conspiracy theory unsupported by motivation or evidence, and the foundation for a cottage industry of charlatans who have preyed upon the hopes of the families of the missing. As two skeptics wrote in 1995, \"The conspiracy myth surrounding the Americans who remained missing after Operation Homecoming in 1973 had evolved to baroque intricacy. By 1992, there were thousands of zealots—who believed with cultlike fervor that hundreds of American POWs had been deliberately and callously abandoned in Indochina after the war, that there was a vast conspiracy within the armed forces and the executive branch—spanning five administrations—to cover up all evidence of this betrayal, and that the governments of Communist Vietnam and Laos continued to hold an unspecified number of living American POWs, despite their adamant denials of this charge.\"[102] Believers reject such notions; as one wrote in 1994, \"It is not conspiracy theory, not paranoid myth, not Rambo fantasy. It is only hard evidence of a national disgrace: American prisoners were left behind at the end of the Vietnam War. They were abandoned because six presidents and official Washington could not admit their guilty secret. They were forgotten because the press and most Americans turned away from all things that reminded them of Vietnam.\"[103]", "James Stockdale. Stockdale was one of eleven U.S. military prisoners known as the \"Alcatraz Gang\": George Thomas Coker, USN; George G. McKnight, USAF; Jeremiah Denton, USN (he graduated with Stockdale from the Naval Academy); Harry Jenkins, USN; Sam Johnson, USAF; James Mulligan, USN; Howard Rutledge, USN; Robert Shumaker, USN (originated the name \"Hanoi Hilton\"); Ronald Storz, USAF (died in captivity); and Nels Tanner, USN. Because they had been resistance leaders they were separated from other captives and placed in solitary confinement in \"Alcatraz\", a special facility in a courtyard behind the North Vietnamese Ministry of National Defense, located about one mile away from Hoa Lo Prison. In Alcatraz, each of the prisoners was kept in an individual windowless and concrete cell measuring 3 by 9 feet (0.9 by 2.7 m) with a light bulb kept on around the clock, and locked in leg irons each night.[13][14][15][16][17] Of the eleven, Storz died in captivity there in 1970.", "Floyd James Thompson. Floyd James \"Jim\" Thompson (July 8, 1933 – July 16, 2002) was a United States Army colonel. He was the longest held American prisoner of war in U.S. history, spending nearly nine years in captivity in the jungle camps and mountains of South Vietnam and Laos, and in North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.", "Prisoner of war. Communist Vietnamese held in custody by South Vietnamese and American forces were also tortured and badly treated.[26] After the war, millions of South Vietnamese servicemen and government workers were sent to \"re-education\" camps where many perished.", "Robert R. Garwood. Garwood insists he saw other American prisoners of war after 1973 and insists he himself had been held prisoner for 14 years,[2] though there are inconsistencies in his story.[10] Many former POWs claim to have seen Garwood apparently collaborating with the enemy,[9] though some feel he should not have been court-martialed.[11]", "Vietnam War. By war's end, 58,220 American soldiers had been killed,[A 2] more than 150,000 had been wounded, and at least 21,000 had been permanently disabled.[354] The average age of the U.S. troops killed in Vietnam was 23.11 years.[355] According to Dale Kueter, \"Of those killed in combat, 86.3 percent were white, 12.5 percent were black and the remainder from other races.\"[356] Approximately 830,000 Vietnam veterans suffered some degree of posttraumatic stress disorder.[354] An estimated 125,000 Americans left for Canada to avoid the Vietnam draft,[357] and approximately 50,000 American servicemen deserted.[358] In 1977, United States president Jimmy Carter granted a full and unconditional pardon to all Vietnam-era draft dodgers.[359] The Vietnam War POW/MIA issue, concerning the fate of U.S. service personnel listed as missing in action, persisted for many years after the war's conclusion. The costs of the war loom large in American popular consciousness; a 1990 poll showed that the public incorrectly believed that more Americans lost their lives in Vietnam than in World War II.[360]", "Prisoner of war. On 13 December 1918, the armistice was extended and the Allies reported that by 9 December 264,000 prisoners had been repatriated. A very large number of these had been released en masse and sent across Allied lines without any food or shelter. This created difficulties for the receiving Allies and many released prisoners died from exhaustion. The released POWs were met by cavalry troops and sent back through the lines in lorries to reception centres where they were refitted with boots and clothing and dispatched to the ports in trains.", "Nazanin Boniadi. On 22 January 2013, Amnesty International announced that Behrouz Ghobadi had been released on bail from prison in Iran.[35]", "Floyd James Thompson. A ceremony was held on June 24, 1988, in the White House honoring POWs from World War I, World War II, Korea and Vietnam. Two representatives were picked from each war to receive the Prisoner of War Medal. Thompson and Everett Alvarez were chosen to represent POWs from Vietnam.[14]", "Joseph Beuys. Despite prior injuries, he was deployed to the Western Front in August 1944, into a poorly equipped and trained paratrooper unit.[3] He received the German Wound Badge in gold for being wounded in action more than five times. On the day after the German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945, Beuys was taken prisoner in Cuxhaven and brought to a British internment camp from which he was released 5 August of that year. He returned to his parents who had moved to a suburb of Kleve.", "Aung San Suu Kyi. U.S. President Barack Obama personally advocated the release of all political prisoners, especially Aung San Suu Kyi, during the US-ASEAN Summit of 2009.[113]" ]

[ 5.3125, -2.2890625, -0.192626953125, -0.73583984375, -5.03125, -1.787109375, -4.62109375, -4.38671875, -2.416015625, -3.958984375, -3.36328125, -5.66015625, -1.5849609375, -5.41015625, -4.8671875, -2.939453125, -2.826171875, -1.7412109375, -6.27734375, -3.625, -5.80859375, -2.33984375, -3.740234375, -1.392578125, -7.2109375, -3.392578125, -4.34765625, -4.36328125, -6.19921875, -1.6298828125, -4.30078125, -4.12890625 ]

[ "Good Feeling (song). \"Good Feeling\" is the lead single from his album Wild Ones.[5] The track was written by Flo Rida, Dr. Luke, Cirkut, Breyan Issac, Arash Pournouri, Avicii, Etta James, Leroy Kirkland, and Pearl Woods, while production was helmed by Dr. Luke and Cirkut. Dr. Luke has previously produced Flo Rida's songs \"Right Round\", \"Touch Me\", and \"Who Dat Girl\"; Cirkut has previously teamed with Flo Rida on the latter song as well. \"Good Feeling\" is written in the key of D♭ minor and features acoustic-driven guitars, computerized beats, and charging keyboards over a prominent sample from Avicii's song \"Levels\", which in turn samples Etta James’ 1962 gospel-tinged hit \"Something’s Got a Hold on Me.\"[5][5]", "Good Feeling (song). \"Good Feeling\" is a song by American rapper Flo Rida from his 2012 EP of the same name and also appears on his fourth studio album, Wild Ones. It was released as the album's lead single on August 29, 2011 in the United States. The song was written by Flo Rida, Dr. Luke, Cirkut, Breyan Isaac, Arash Pournouri, Avicii, Etta James, Leroy Kirkland, and Pearl Woods. It was also produced by Dr. Luke and Cirkut.", "Good Feeling (song). The song contains vocal samples from Etta James's 1962 single \"Something's Got a Hold on Me\", which is why James, Leroy Kirkland, and Pearl Woods received writing credits.[1][2][3] Avicii and Arash Pournouri received credits as well because Avicii's song \"Levels\", which also sampled the Etta James song, is used as the primary musical sample under Flo Rida's rapping. In addition, this is Flo Rida's fourth collaboration with Dr. Luke (after \"Right Round\", \"Touch Me\", and \"Who Dat Girl\"), and second collaboration with Cirkut (after \"Who Dat Girl\"). The three would next collaborate with Taio Cruz on the song \"Hangover\".", "Good Feeling (song). It also shows Flo Rida holding an Apple iPad in front of his face. He also rides a 'Tron Bike', created by Parker Brothers", "Good Feeling (song). Flo Rida performed this song at the 2012 NBA All-Star Game on February 26.", "Good Feeling (song). The music video for \"Good Feeling\" follows Flo Rida on a tour around Europe. A lot of his exercise regime can be seen in detail. American rap artist Snoop Dogg can be seen in this video shaking hands with Flo Rida during a Marseilles show.", "Good Feeling (song). \"Good Feeling\" has peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Flo Rida's sixth top-10 and fourth top-five single on the chart. The song became a top ten hit in 16 countries. This song is the second track on Now 42.", "Good Feeling (song). The song has received mixed to positive reviews from music critics. Trent Fitzgerald of \"Pop Crush\" gave the song four stars (out of possible five), writing that \"the song is certainly destined to be a dance floor burner.\"[5] The reviewer also said that \"We have a good feeling that Flo Rida has a chart-topping hit on his hands with this club banger. It feels like an anthem for the fist-pumping crowd that idolizes MTV's Guido-ville show ‘The Jersey Shore.’\"[5] In a more favorable review, Katherine St Asaph of \"Pop Dust\" wrote that the track \"might be the most listenable Flo Rida track ever\" and that it's \"pretty damn good.\"[6]", "Right Round. This is the first of three collaborations between Flo Rida and Dr. Luke. The songs \"Who Dat Girl\" and \"Good Feeling\" would follow. Also, with the use of the DJ Frank E shuffle beat in the song's production, this is the first of four collaborations between Flo Rida and DJ Frank E. The two would later actually meet together and collaborate on the songs \"Me & U\", \"Turn Around (5, 4, 3, 2, 1)\", and more famously, \"Whistle\".", "Good Feeling (song). A lyric video was uploaded to Flo Rida's YouTube channel on August 29, 2011. He shot the music video on September 27, 2011,[15] and it was then later officially released to YouTube on October 21, 2011.[16]", "Good Feeling (song). In a more negative review, Digital Spy's Robert Copsey rated it two stars (out of possible five) and wrote that \"the sampling of DJ Avicii's 'Levels' - which in turn samples Etta James's 'Something's Got a Hold on Me' - makes this club-rap number sound about as authentic as Asda's tinned spaghetti.\"[7] Following James's death on January 20, 2012, Flo Rida dedicated the song in her memory.[8]", "Good Feeling (song). The WWE used this song as the official theme song to WWE Survivor Series 2011 and it was one of two Flo Rida songs that were used as one of the official theme songs to WrestleMania XXVIII with the other being \"Wild Ones\". Flo Rida also performed Good Feeling along with Wild Ones live at WrestleMania XXVIII prior to The Rock entrance for his \"Once In A Lifetime\" match against John Cena.", "Low (Flo Rida song). Europe maxi-CD", "Club Can't Handle Me. Nick Levine of Digital Spy gave the song four stars out of five writing, \"'Club Can't Handle Me' is a whopping great party banger – perhaps Guetta's straight up funnest [sic] production since 'I Gotta Feeling'. Of course, Flo's lyrics are a parade of insane nonsense, as is the very concept behind the song.\"[6] A reviewer from Billboard gave the song a positive review, calling the song \"infectious\", and stating, \"Guetta provides an escalating beat – not unlike the one for The Black Eyed Peas' \"I Gotta Feeling\" – while Flo Rida delivers the sort of dependable party lyrics that put him on the map.\"[7]", "Low (Flo Rida song). European CD single", "Low (Flo Rida song). \"Low\" is the debut single by American rapper Flo Rida, featured on his debut studio album Mail on Sunday and also featured on the soundtrack to the 2008 film Step Up 2: The Streets. The song features and was co-written by fellow American rapper T-Pain. There is also a remix in which the hook is sung by Nelly rather than T-Pain. An official remix was made which features Pitbull and T-Pain. With its catchy, up-tempo and club-oriented Southern hip hop rhythms, the song peaked at the summit of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.", "I Gotta Feeling. \"I Gotta Feeling\" received generally positive reviews from music critics. David Balls, a writer for Digital Spy, gave the song a four-star rating, writing that the song is \"every bit as quirky as its predecessor (\"Boom Boom Pow\")\".[15] However, he compared it to Girls Aloud's \"Biology\", writing that they sound like a collection of musical ideas \"that only makes sense after a few listens.\"[15] Another writer for Digital Spy, Nick Levine, praised \"I Gotta Feeling\" and \"Rock That Body\" as ace collaborations with French disc jockey David Guetta.[19] Music critics like John Bush of All Music Guide and Andy Gill of The Independent labeled it as one of the album's best tracks.[14][20] Ann Powers wrote a positive review about \"I Gotta Feeling\", noting that \"the Peas do let in some human sweetness and light\" on the song and that it uses \"a repetitive, warm vocal line to signify a good mood coming on.\"[17] Ben Westhoff of Las Vegas Weekly dismissed the song as a blend of house, electro and dancehall beats that do not work compared to songs on The E.N.D like \"Imma Be\" and \"One Tribe\".[21] Mike Schiller, a writer for PopMatters, found the song to be irresistible, writing that it \"is one of those dance tunes that’s impossible to hate thanks to something like good natured naïveté\".[22] In his review of the album for Stuff.co.nz, Chris Schultz dismissed the lyrics, writing that they were the worst since Flo Rida's \"Right Round\".[23]", "Whistle (Flo Rida song). Kevin Rutherford of Billboard magazine praised the song, writing: \"The result is a sun-drenched, happy-go-lucky tune, that's sure to provide Flo with a horse in the summer anthem race... Flo's not a formidable singer, so his latest offering may lack the pop pizzazz of 'Good Feeling' and 'Wild Ones.' But with the track's care-free vibe, the rapper's transgressions are easy to forgive.\"[8] Robert Copsey of Digital Spy was negative about the song, grading it with two out of five stars and adding, \"Even more surprising is that in this instance, the Florida-born rapper hasn't relied on an accomplice to bolster the song's commercial appeal. He's not even dug out a song from yesteryear to sample. In that sense, 'Whistle' could be the most original song Flo Rida has turned out to date; even if the metaphor dreamed up by its thirteen co-producers is anything but.\"[11]", "Something's Got a Hold on Me. Doi-Oing was the first artist to sample \"Something's Got a Hold on Me\" in his 1991 song \"Good Feeling\".[18] In 2006, electronic music artist Pretty Lights sampled the song again in his track \"Finally Moving\" from the album Taking Up Your Precious Time.[19] In 2011, two smash hits sampled \"Something's Got a Hold on Me\": \"Levels\" by Swedish DJ Avicii and Flo Rida's \"Good Feeling\".[11][20]", "Levels (Avicii song). \"Levels\" contains a vocal sample from the 1962 gospel-inspired song \"Something's Got a Hold on Me\" by Etta James, as written by Leroy Kirkland, Pearl Woods and James. It is the same sample previously used in Pretty Lights' 2006 song \"Finally Moving\" from his debut album, Taking Up Your Precious Time. Flo Rida's single \"Good Feeling\", which became a worldwide hit in late 2011, was primarily influenced by \"Levels\" and its Etta James sample.[3][4] Several critics consider \"Levels\" to be Avicii's greatest song and one of the greatest EDM songs of all time, mostly due to its chart success and the recognisable synth riff.[5]", "Right Round. \"Right Round\" also performed well in Europe, peaking at the second position on the European Hot 100 Singles chart and at number sixteen on the chart's year-end list.[36][37] In the United Kingdom, the single debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on March 8, 2009 — for the week ending date March 14, 2009 — becoming Flo Rida's first chart-topping song in Britain. It then dropped to number two in its second charting week. It remained in the top ten for six weeks.[21] As of January 2012, the song had sold 505,434 copies in Britain.[38] In Ireland, it debuted at number four and remained in the top five for four weeks. In its fifth week, it topped the chart and remained at the top position for three consecutive weeks.[21] Elsewhere in Europe, the song reached the top ten in Austria (where it was certified gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry),[39] Belgium (number one in Wallonia, number two in Flanders), Denmark, the Netherlands, Finland, France, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Germany.[40]", "Right Round. \"Right Round\" is a song performed by American rapper Flo Rida featuring uncredited guest vocals from Kesha. It was released as the lead single from his second studio album, R.O.O.T.S. (2009). It was released to radio on 27 January 2009[1] and was digitally released on 10 February by Poe Boy Entertainment and Atlantic Records.[2] The song heavily samples the chorus of the 1984 Dead or Alive song \"You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)\" in its hook. According to one of the song's writers, the chorus refers to a stripper. Kesha contributed guest vocals to the song, but was uncredited in the United States and Canada during the run atop the charts.", "Whistle (Flo Rida song). —Katherine St Asaph, Popdust[9]", "Right Round. Musically, \"Right Round\" uses the recurring pop rap themes of Flo Rida's music;[10] specifically, similarities were noted between the song and \"Low\" (2007), with Allmusic reviewer David Jeffries calling \"Right Round\" its \"heir apparent\".[11] The song is \"swaggering\" and \"bass-heavy\", according to Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly.[12] The lyrics discuss being in a strip club with friends and tossing money at a woman performing a striptease. Additionally, the chorus line \"You spin my head right round, right round / When you go down, when you go down, down\" can be interpreted as a reference to fellatio.[13] Bruno Mars, co-writer of the song confirmed in an interview with Entertainment Weekly that the song's chorus was referring to oral sex.[14] Philip Lawrence, also co-writer, confessed the song was \"almost something we had accidentally written in the car one night just hanging out.\" It was him, Bruno Mars, and Aaron Bay-Schuck. Bay-Schuck was playing to Bruno and Philip some tracks and wanted to come up with something big for Flo Rida, and they were just throwing out 80's ideas.[9] The song's sexual themes have been compared to those of \"If U Seek Amy\" (2009) by Britney Spears.[15]", "It's a Great Feeling. Doris Day solos for \"At the Cafe Rendezvous\", \"That Was a Big Fat Lie\", and \"Blame My Absent-Minded Heart\" while Jack Carson sings \"Fiddle Dee Dee\" and Dennis Morgan renders \"Give Me a Song with a Beautiful Melody\". The three join vocal forces for \"There's Nothing Rougher than Love\". Other tunes include the title number, \"It's a Great Feeling\".", "Right Round. Despite receiving mostly negative reviews, with critics claiming it was kitschy and misogynistic, the song was a commercial success, reaching the top ten of the charts in nineteen countries worldwide. In the United States, it became Flo Rida's second number-one single (staying at number-one for six consecutive weeks) and broke the record for first-week sales (636,000 downloads) when it was released to digital retailers; eventually, this record was broken by Adele's \"Hello\", which sold 1.11 million copies in its first week. The single's accompanying music video was directed by Malcolm Jones and nominated for an MTV Video Music Award. The song has been used in several movies, such as The Hangover, The Ugly Truth, Telugu movie Pilla Zamindar and the Rush Hour. In the movie Pitch Perfect, the song is performed by the a cappella group the Treblemakers. This song is the third track on the UK compilation Now 72, and the second track on the US compilation Now 31. The song is one of the best-selling singles in the digital era, with over 12 million certified downloads, making it, Flo Rida's best selling single, and Kesha's second one.", "Low (Flo Rida song). The song makes references to a \"Shawty\" in a club who is wearing Apple Bottom jeans and boots with fur. \"Shawty\" also wears baggy sweat pants and Reeboks with the straps. The lyrics repeatedly suggest that Shawty is extremely attractive and possesses great skill in dancing provocatively. In particular, the song describes one of her more memorable dance sequences as giving her buttocks (colloquially referred to as a booty) a smack prior to \"getting low\".", "Something's Got a Hold on Me. \"Something's Got a Hold on Me\" has been covered and sampled by various contemporary artists. Pretty Lights sampled the song on his 2006 album Taking Up Your Precious Time. In 2010, American singer-songwriter Christina Aguilera recorded a cover version of the song on the soundtrack Burlesque. In 2011, the track was sampled on two hits: \"Levels\" by Swedish DJ Avicii, which in turn was sampled on \"Good Feeling\" by American rapper Flo Rida. Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy also covered \"Something's Got a Hold on Me\" in 2013 and released it as a single.", "Low (Flo Rida song). The music video of \"Low\" was directed by Bernard Gourley and contains certain clips from Step Up 2: The Streets. It also contains cameos from Rick Ross, DJ Khaled, Cool & Dre, Briana Evigan, Torch and Gunplay of Triple C's and Jermaine Dupri. Also, T-Pain and Flo Rida are in a nightclub in a few scenes. The music video reached the number one spot on 106 & Park for five days and 22 days on TRL. The music video was also nominated at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Male Video and Best Hip-Hop Video, but lost to Chris Brown's \"With You\" (Best Male Video) and Lil Wayne's \"Lollipop\" (Best Hip-Hop Video) music videos.", "I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better. In 1978, country singer Bobby Bare covered the song on his album Sleeper Wherever I Fall.[9] San Francisco band The Flamin' Groovies also released a cover of the song on their 1978 Sire Records release, Flamin' Groovies Now.[10] Paisley Underground band The Three O'Clock covered the song on their Baroque Hoedown EP. Reportedly, Gene Clark sings backing vocal on this version of the song.[11]", "Whistle (Flo Rida song). Credits are taken from the liner notes of Wild Ones.[2]", "In My Mind (Ivan Gough and Feenixpawl song). Awing to the success of the original, Flo Rida released a revamped and remixed version with additional lyrics featuring samplings from Georgi Kay. The release was entitled \"In My Mind, Part 2\". It appeared on Flo Rida's 2012 album Wild Ones. In addition to Ivan Gough, Aden Forte and Josh Soon (the latter two making the duo Feenixpawl) and Georgina Kingsley (real name of Georgi Kay), credits included Tramar Dillard for the additional lyrics for Flo Rida." ]

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[ "Addison Montgomery. During season two, Addison punishes Alex Karev, by putting him on her service, because he almost got her arrested. However, by season three, she begins to feel an attraction towards Alex and eventually sleeps with him, only to discover that he is not interested in a relationship with her.[17] Feeling alone, Addison decides to have a baby and visits Naomi, who is a fertility specialist.[18] This introduces Addison's transition from Grey's Anatomy to its spin-off, as it serves as the backdoor pilot for Private Practice.[19] Soon after, Addison decides to leave Seattle and move to Los Angeles, joining Oceanside Wellness, led by Sam and Naomi.[2] This marks Addison's departure from Grey's Anatomy as a regular, although she makes later guest appearances.[20]", "Grey's Anatomy. There have also been several instances where Addison or Amelia travel to Seattle without there being a storyline involving both shows.", "Addison Montgomery. In the series' first episode, Addison is made to feel unwelcome by the other doctors but stays. Addison is attracted to Pete Wilder, the practice's alternative medicine specialist.[2][18] When Pete stands her up on a date, Addison decides they should be friends and nothing more, and instead accepts a date with Kevin, a police officer she met through work.[21] In a crossover episode, Addison briefly returns to Seattle Grace to help with a patient. Before she leaves, Addison advises Meredith not to let Derek get away.[22]", "Addison Montgomery. The character Addison first appears in the season one finale of Grey's Anatomy, arriving at Richard's behest. She tries to reconcile with Derek, despite his relationship with Meredith Grey, but he is still angry with her, and there is a period of antagonism between them. Addison's presence, however, does reinvigorate their relationship, and ultimately leads to Derek choosing Addison over Meredith, despite Derek eventually admitting that he fell in love with Meredith.[13] They attempt to return to their former life, taking residence in his trailer, and Addison becomes the head of a unique surgical service integrating neonatal surgery and obstetrics and gynecology.[14] She realizes that Derek still has feelings for Meredith, and their marriage is tested further when Mark arrives in Seattle looking for Addison. Mark makes Addison realize that Derek is in love with Meredith and that he (Mark) does love her.[15] Derek sleeps with Addison after he sees that Meredith has moved on. When Addison finds out that Derek had sex with Meredith, she gets drunk and sleeps with Mark. He asks for a relationship, but she rejects him.[16]", "Addison Montgomery. Most of Addison's past is presented in a non-linear fashion, primarily revealed in the second season of Grey's Anatomy and the second and third season of Private Practice. Addison is the daughter of wealthy parents, and has a $25 million trust fund.[5] Addison's father is nicknamed \"The Captain\" and is a doctor who teaches medicine at a university where Addison would sit and watch as a child. Her father used spending time with his daughter as a pretense for his many affairs.[6] Addison's mother is Beatrice \"Bizzy\" Forbes Montgomery and her brother, Archer, is a world-class neurologist[7] and successful author.[5] Addison met her future husband, Derek Shepherd, in medical school.[8] Although never actually stated in the series, this would mean that she attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. She met future colleagues Sam and Naomi Bennett[9] there as well.[10] Addison and Derek each began their own practice in New York City, which placed a strain on their marriage. Their marriage was troubled in the years leading to Derek's decision to leave New York as it is eventually revealed in both Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice that Derek's mother did not approve of her (choosing to give her dead husband's ring to Derek's second wife, Meredith Grey) and Addison's brother Archer disliked Derek. Derek later admitted that he was at fault as he was an absent husband. Addison's affair with Derek's best friend Mark Sloan drove the wedge even further and Derek's departure to Seattle.[11] Addison briefly attempted to have a relationship with Mark, which resulted in her becoming pregnant. She had an abortion as she was still in love with Derek, and when Mark cheated on her, she moved to Seattle.[12]", "Addison Montgomery. Kate Walsh first appeared as Addison on Grey's Anatomy. The character was initially planned to appear in several episodes but quickly became a regular on the show before leaving for Private Practice.[32] In June 2012, Kate Walsh announced on Bethenny that the upcoming sixth season of Private Practice would be her last one. \"It's been an incredible journey and an amazing ride and I'm hugely, hugely grateful. It's bittersweet. It's a huge chapter of my life. It's been eight years,\" she said.[33]", "Addison Montgomery. Dr. Addison Adrianne Forbes Montgomery[1] (formerly Montgomery-Shepherd) is a fictional character on the ABC television series Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice played by Kate Walsh. Addison is a world-class neonatal surgeon[2] with board certifications in both Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Maternal and Fetal Medicine.[3] Additionally, she is a medical genetics fellow.[3][4] She works at the Oceanside Wellness Group, a fictional practice located in Santa Monica, California.", "Private Practice (TV series). In January, the show did another extensive crossover story with Grey's Anatomy. Addison comes to Seattle to operate on Mark's daughter, Sloan Riley (Leven Rambin). Then Mark and Sloan travel to Los Angeles for more surgery. Addison and Mark have an ongoing tryst during this crossover.", "Addison Montgomery. Addison's relationship with Kevin is tested when her brother Archer tells Kevin he is not good enough for her. Addison reassures him,[5] but it causes them to break up later.[26] Addison is surprised when Archer begins working for Pacific Wellcare Center, a rival practice.[27] When he experiences multiple seizures and believes he has a brain tumor, Addison asks Derek to treat Archer in another crossover episode with Grey's Anatomy.[28] Derek discovers he has parasites in his brain, and successfully removes them.[7] Naomi and Archer begin dating, which puts some strain on the friendship between Addison and Naomi. Addison also dates a man who is later revealed to be married. Also during this time, it is revealed that Addison's mother Bizzy is a lesbian who has been in a long term affair with her best friend. Addison is angry because she always blamed her father for his many affairs and was angry at how he treated Bizzy, not realizing that her mother was the one in a serious extramarital relationship. Addison's father is aware of her mother's affair, but they decided a long time ago that they would stay married to one another because Bizzy is not comfortable with others knowing about her sexuality. Although the relationship with her parents is strained from this, in the end they make peace.[29]", "Addison Montgomery. At the beginning of season 5, Sam and Addison are back together, although they break up again as he is still not ready to commit to marriage and a family with her. Jake is hired at the practice, which at first makes Addison uncomfortable. Jake is a very gifted doctor whose speciality is helping women with fertility issues become pregnant. He becomes Addison's doctor and helps her attempt to conceive using IVF. Throughout the season, Addison and Jake grow closer. It is revealed that Jake had a wife, Anna, who was a drug addict and died from an overdose. He adopted her daughter Angela, who is featured in the final 2 seasons of the show. She is often shown advising her father and encourages him to pursue a relationship with Addison, whom he clearly has feelings for. Although Addison still has feelings for Sam, she also has feelings for Jake, the latter of whom wants to get married and have kids. On more than one occasion, Addison and Jake kiss, and both admit to have feelings for the other. However, Jake realizes that Addison is not over Sam and does not want to be a rebound, but tells her he will wait for her. Although Addison decides to stop fertility treatments, her dream of having a child finally comes true and she adopts a baby boy named Henry. Sam begins to regret his decision to leave Addison, and makes excuses to spend time with Henry, but Addison decides to focus on her baby instead of pursuing a relationship with either Sam or Jake. In the season finale, Addison and Jake have sex after Amelia delivers a brainless baby whose organs she donates so that her pregnancy will still be meaningful. When Addison arrives home, Sam is there with Henry and he proposes to Addison. It is not revealed what she says, but we also see that Jake is on his way to her house with flowers and Chinese food.[30]", "Addison Montgomery. Montgomery was initially described as \"cold and unforgiving\".[34] As episodes passed, it was noted that the writers had \"softened\" the character.[34] Walsh summarized her as \"a girl you love to hate\".[35] She said of Montgomery's transition from the end of Grey's Anatomy's first season to the second: \"She started out so together. Now she's a cat without a whisker — a little off balance and leaving a mess all over the hospital. She's a little untethered now, she's coming unraveled.\"[36]", "Addison Montgomery. Addison and Sam start developing feelings for each other. It is revealed that, back in college, Sam wanted to ask Addison out but was too nervous, and he ended up with Naomi. They share a kiss after a terrifying ordeal when they tried to save a married couple who got into a devastating car accident. They kiss again when Addison decides to sleep over at Sam's. Addison and Sam grow close, but she decides to put a halt on their developing relationship, worried about the consequences in her friendship with Naomi. Addison revealed that she was in love with Sam and Pete, but she decided to begin a relationship with Pete instead, while Sam was with another doctor. Despite them being with other people, they still show they harbor feelings for each other, including jealousy when they see the other with their current significant others. After Sam becomes single again, he kisses Addison again. Although she was with Pete, she kisses Sam back and Pete catches them. Despite this, they stay together. Naomi ends her friendship with Addison after she finds about Sam and Addison. In the season finale, Addison has to operate on Maya Bennett, her godchild, who got in a car accident on her way to the hospital to give birth. She and Naomi then make up. Addison breaks up with Pete, and she and Sam finally become a couple. Although Addison wants to have children, Sam tells her he's not ready to have more children, as he wants to take time in their romance. Sam and Addison end their relationship and Addison goes on a date with a man named Jake (played by Benjamin Bratt). He invites her to Fiji, and although she initially agrees, in the end she chooses to get back together with Sam.", "Sam Bennett (Private Practice). Sam and Addison are also friends dating back to medical school. Sam, Naomi, Addison, Derek and Mark were all medical students at Columbia. Sam and Addison now live next door to each other in Malibu.[2]", "Addison Montgomery. In season two, Addison learns from Naomi that the practice is failing financially.[23] She tells Sam against Naomi's wishes, and, feeling betrayed, Naomi breaks off her friendship with Addison.[24] Addison inadvertently prompts the staff to vote between Sam and Naomi, and is surprised when instead, she is elected to lead the practice as its director.[25]", "A Change Is Gonna Come (Grey's Anatomy). It is explained that, in the aftermath of her being left by Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) at the altar, Yang spent her honeymoon travelling with Meredith. Having just returned, she is shocked to learn that Burke has resigned from Seattle Grace, and relocated to an unknown location. Stevens has to deal with her romantic feelings for O'Malley, whose marriage to Torres is being threatened by his yet to be exposed affair. O'Malley, who finds himself in the unpleasant situation of repeating his internship, quickly gains support in Lexie, who decides not to tell the fellow interns about his failed exam. Karev is revealed to have visited Rebecca Pope (Elizabeth Reaser), following her departure. In the absence of Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh), who relocated to Los Angeles, California, Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) seeks reconciliation with Shepherd, formerly his closest friend and confidant. Initially unwilling to resume his friendship with Sloan, Shepherd ultimately gives him a second chance. Bailey manifests a cold attitude towards Webber, in order to express her disappointment in not being considered for the position of Chief Resident, in spite of her enviable reputation among the hospital staff. Lexie meets Meredith for the first time, but is demoralized when she becomes aware of her apparent discomfort. Meredith and Shepherd encounter difficulty in being broken up, realizing that their mutual romantic feelings are an impediment in their attempt at having separate lives.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 5). Addison (Kate Walsh) arrives with her brother Archer (Grant Show), who has worms in his brain. Cristina learns of Owen's pre-Iraq past and Bailey considers a pediatric surgery fellowship. Izzie enlists the help of the attendings and her fellow residents in a game to boost camaraderie amongst the interns, and George finds out that Sadie is behind with her skills, forcing her to make a decision. Derek and Mark spend the evening reminiscing on their med school days with Addison, Naomi Bennett, and Sam Bennett.", "Addison Montgomery. In the beginning of season 6, we find that Addison rejected Sam and is now pursuing a relationship with Jake. Jake and Addison move in together later in the season after she admits to being in love with him. She then proposes marriage. Although initially he does not give her an answer, over the course of the episode he gains closure with his wife and realizes that Addison is who he wants to spend his life with. When Addison gets home, Jake has lit candles and lined the living room with rose petals, leading to the deck where he is waiting for her in a suit and tie. He tells her to ask him again, and gives her a ring, after which point the two are engaged. In the finale episode of Private Practice, Jake and Addison get married and are beginning the rest of their lives with Henry.[30]", "Sam Bennett (Private Practice). Sam and Addison finally get together in the season 3 finale.", "Sam Bennett (Private Practice). It appears that Sam and Naomi share joint custody of Maya, although her primary residence may be with Naomi. In the episode In Which Addison Finds the Magic, Naomi states that Maya had asked to spend the entire week at Sam's home.", "Private Practice (season 2). Bailey (Chandra Wilson) and Naomi try to discover why Sam has a sudden asthma attack while Addison helps Derek (Patrick Dempsey) save the life of his pregnant patient. At Oceanside Wellness, Cooper, Violet and Pete work together to treat a mother suffering from postpartum depression.", "Private Practice (TV series). On February 21, 2007 (2007-02-21), The Wall Street Journal reported that ABC was pursuing a spin-off of Grey's Anatomy featuring Kate Walsh's character Addison Montgomery.[5] Subsequent reports confirmed the report, stating that an expanded two-hour broadcast of Grey's Anatomy (which aired May 3, 2007 (2007-05-03)) would serve as a backdoor pilot for the spinoff. The backdoor pilot episode features Montgomery on leave from Seattle Grace Hospital, the clinic in Los Angeles is named the Oceanside Wellness Centre.[6] The broadcast served as the 22nd and 23rd episodes of the season (out of 25), and was directed by Michael Grossman, according to Variety.[7] Gossip columnists Kristin Veitch and Michael Ausiello reported that the spinoff would be set in Los Angeles.[8][9]", "Addison Montgomery. Walsh felt that Montgomery had become \"stronger\" and \"more centered\" between the first and the second season of Private Practice, \"Initially she's still getting her footing, still isn't quite sure and a little wobbly, and then you see that she's got her groove back.\"[37] Additionally, Walsh said of the character that \"she's flawed and arrogant and really good at what she does. And no matter what happens, she picks herself up and moves on. She keeps trying.\"[38] Walsh expressed satisfaction with the evolution of Montgomery's love life because \"the only thing we saw of her in Grey's Anatomy was the ugly side of the Derek/Meredith triangle. And then, of course, Mark Sloan, but there was no real love there.\"[39] She said the pairing of her character with Kevin Nelson (David Sutcliffe) is different than from what transpires with Pete Wilder (Tim Daly) or Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey); \"It's really fun to see this total other side of her come out that we never saw. It hit me, this little epiphany of like, 'Oh, we've never seen Addison into someone or someone that likes her back.'\"[37]", "Grey's Anatomy (season 6). Mark flies Addison to Seattle to help with a difficult procedure on his pregnant daughter, Sloan. Owen questions Teddy's motives when she assigns Cristina the lead on a complicated surgery, and Derek's suspicions are raised when the Chief recruits Meredith to assist with a high profile operation on. Lexie sleeps with Alex.", "Grey's Anatomy. Introduced in the show's second season are obstetrician-gynecologist and neonatal surgeon, Addison Montgomery,[84] plastic surgeon Mark Sloan (nicknamed 'McSteamy' by the interns), from New York,[85] and orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres.[86] Montgomery is Shepherd's wife who arrives in Seattle seeking reconciliation with him,[87] Sloan is Shepherd's former best friend, who aided the breakdown of his marriage by having an affair with Montgomery,[88] while Torres is introduced as a love-interest, and eventual wife for O'Malley. The penultimate episode of season three introduces Lexie Grey, Meredith's half-sister who unexpectedly decides to pursue her internship at Seattle Grace Hospital after her mother's sudden death, and begins an on-again, off-again relationship with Sloan.[89] Burke and Yang, having been engaged,[90] endeavor to plan their wedding, while Montgomery departs the show at the conclusion of the third season, relocating to California, seeking a new life. The season three finale shows Burke's exit from the show, after leaving Yang at the altar on their wedding day.[91]", "Meredith Grey. Meredith resists Derek's advances throughout her internship, but is eventually charmed into starting a relationship with him despite misgivings about an intern dating an attending. She is therefore shocked by the arrival of Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh), Derek's wife, unaware that he was married. Derek struggles to choose between the two, but ultimately returns to Addison, despite Meredith begging to be chosen instead.", "Amelia Shepherd. Following her friend's death, Amelia goes on a drug bender with a man she meets named Ryan. When she is caught by Addison doing drugs with Ryan, Addison kicks her out and they move into a hotel. Despite her friends' pleas to get help, Amelia begins writing prescriptions for herself until she is caught by Charlotte, who revokes her ability to write prescriptions. While high, Ryan proposes to Amelia and she accepts, giving him her father's watch. Soon after, Addison and the rest of the doctors stage an intervention for Amelia, but she resists until Addison discovers that she gave Ryan the watch. While telling the story, Amelia lashes out at her and leaves with Ryan. Later that night, Ryan dies from an accidental overdose. Eventually, Amelia is put into rehab, where she recovers from her addiction with the help of her co-workers at the practice, particularly Sheldon. In addition, Sheldon seems to display some romantic feelings towards Amelia, but she does not wish to pursue a romantic relationship.", "Amelia Shepherd. Amelia first appeared in season three, brought in because her boss was called for a consult on a comatose patient of Addison Montgomery's. Amelia came up with a plan, which was not approved by her boss, to wake the patient from her coma. The family of the patient urged her to perform the surgery which lead her to be fired from the original job she had. She soon begins to hang around Oceanside Wellness, annoying Addison a bit with her free-living attitude but also giving advice on Addison's relationship with Sam. Amelia was also the surgeon who operated on Dell Parker after the car crash. As season 4 begins, Amelia is reluctant to visit her brother, Derek, when he is shot, but Addison eventually encourages her to go to Seattle to see him. On the way, Amelia has an in-flight romance with a man with a brain tumor and brings him to Seattle Grace for surgery. She and Derek bicker constantly over the surgery, but eventually settle their differences. She also has a one-night stand with Mark Sloan. When she returns to Los Angeles, she learns that there is a merger going on between the two practices. Amelia asks Naomi Bennett if she could become Ocean Wellness' new neurosurgeon, a move that annoys Addison.", "Addison Montgomery. TV Guide said of Walsh's stint on Grey's Anatomy: \"Kate Walsh kicks butt as Addison, and I hope she sticks around. She adds spice to an already hot show.\"[40] Joel Keller of AOL TV was disappointed with the character's evolution from Grey's Anatomy to Private Practice during its first season, saying she \"went from strong and funny to whimpering and lovelorn.\" Keller was, however, happy to observe some maturity in the second season's storylines and that what he liked about her, \"the ability to perform complicated surgical procedures even while everything in her personal life is in chaos\", was reintroduced.[41] By the time Private Practice ended, Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine deemed the character \"fun\" and added: \"Even when tragedy befell her at every turn on PP, she was still sort of sassy and bright and interesting.\"[42] Montgomery appeared in Comcast's list of TV's Most Intriguing Characters.[43] Glamour named her one of the 12 Most Stylish TV Characters.[44] She was listed in Wetpaint's \"10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV\" and in BuzzFeed's \"16 Hottest Doctors On Television\".[45][46]", "List of recurring characters in The Suite Life on Deck. Addison (Rachael Kathryn Bell) is a student at Seven Seas High and a friend of Bailey's as shown in the episode \"Roomies\". She is very hyperactive and addicted to candy, thus often talks very rapidly and in a rambling fashion that sometimes confuses other people. She appeared in the episodes \"International Dateline\", \"Kitchen Casanova\", \"Goin' Bananas\", \"Marriage 101\", \"The Play's the Thing\", \"Prom Night\" and \"Graduation on Deck\", and she was also mentioned in the episode \"Flowers and Chocolate\". In the episode \"Goin' Bananas\" it was shown that Addison also has a terrible fear of ping-pong balls (even after she got help with Mr.Blanket though says she played one round of ping-pong and only cried twice).", "Private Practice (season 4). Addison and Sam continue their relationship, and eventually hit a rough patch when Addison decides that she wants a baby, and Sam doesn't want one because he already has Maya and Olivia. Addison's life gets complicated when she is forced to sit by her mother's wife's side and watch her die, because of the DNR, and is faced with the repercussions when her mother commits suicide. After going to therapy, Addison decides that she needs to take her life in a new direction, and not do everything that she always does, and meets a man at the super-market. She begins seeing the man, but doesn't know who he is and eventually agrees to go to Fiji with him, until she goes back to Sam and rekindles their relationship but says that she still wants a baby. Naomi inherits millions from her boyfriend William White following his death. On top of having to deal with his death, Naomi also has to deal with the fact that her best friend and ex-husband are in a real relationship now. She is easing well into her new role as a grandmother, even though she was less than thrilled to find out her 16-year-old daughter Maya was pregnant. Naomi eventually admits that she isn't happy with where her life is at the moment and makes a decision to find her purpose elsewhere. Sam and Addison are still dating but are at different points in their lives. Addison wants a child, but Sam has a child and a grandchild so he would rather just enjoy their time together and put off having kids indefinitely. Sam's biggest challenge is that he is in a relationship with Addison but she is pulling away, so he ends up kissing Naomi which leads him to believe that maybe there is still a chance for a romantic relationship between them. Naomi's head is elsewhere so neither women (Addison or Naomi) is actually on the same page as him.", "November Criminals (film). In the hospital, Addison recovers from his wound and reconciles with Phoebe, and Addison learns that Mike, D Cash, and Noel were all arrested by police. Later, Addison and Phoebe attend Kevin's funeral. Addison is accepted into the University of Chicago, but he will be away from Phoebe, who is attending Yale. In their final meeting before leaving for college, Phoebe hands Addison a letter, which is revealed to be a list of train times between Chicago and New Haven. Addison returns home, where he joins his dad in watching old videos of Mrs. Schacht.", "Private Practice (TV series). Despite no characters crossing over, Addison receives a phone call from Derek about Mark's passing, which happens at the start of Grey's Anatomy's ninth season." ]

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[ "History of Bulgaria. In February 1990 the Party voluntarily gave up its claim on power monopoly and in June 1990 the first free elections since 1931 were held, won by the Communist Party, ridden of its hardliner wing and renamed the Bulgarian Socialist Party. In July 1991 a new Constitution was adopted, in which the system of government was fixed as parliamentary republic with a directly elected President and a Prime Minister accountable to the legislature.", "Bulgaria. The left-wing uprising of 9 September 1944 led to the abolition of monarchic rule, but it was not until 1946 that a one-party people's republic was established.[84] It fell into the Soviet sphere of influence under the leadership of Georgi Dimitrov (1946–1949). He laid the foundations of a rapidly industrialising Stalinist state which saw the executions of thousands of war criminals and dissidents.[83][85] By the mid-1950s standards of living rose significantly and political repressions were lessened.[86][87] The Soviet-style planned economy saw some market-oriented policies emerging on an experimental level under Todor Zhivkov (1954–1989).[88] Both national and per capita GDPs quadrupled by the 1980s,[89] although severe debt spikes took place in 1960, 1977 and 1980.[90] Zhivkov's daughter Lyudmila bolstered national pride by promoting Bulgarian heritage, culture and arts worldwide.[91] Facing declining birth rates among the ethnic Bulgarian majority, in 1984 Zhivkov's government forced the minority ethnic Turks to adopt Slavic names in an attempt to erase their identity and assimilate them.[92] These policies resulted in the emigration of some 300,000 ethnic Turks to Turkey.[93][94]", "Bulgaria. The Communist Party gave up its political monopoly on 10 November 1989 under the influence of the Revolutions of 1989. Zhivkov resigned and Bulgaria embarked on a transition to a parliamentary democracy.[95] The first free elections in June 1990 were won by the Communist Party, now rebranded as the Bulgarian Socialist Party.[96] A new constitution that provided for a relatively weak elected president and for a prime minister accountable to the legislature was adopted in July 1991. The new system initially failed to improve living standards or create economic growth—the average quality of life and economic performance remained lower than under communism well into the early 2000s.[97] A 1997 reform package restored economic growth, but living standards continued to suffer.[98] After 2001 economic, political and geopolitical conditions improved greatly,[99] and Bulgaria achieved high Human Development status in 2003.[100] It became a member of NATO in 2004[101] and participated in the War in Afghanistan. After several years of reforms it joined the European Union and single market in 2007 despite concerns about government corruption.[102] Bulgaria hosted the 2018 Presidency of the Council of the European Union at the National Palace of Culture in Sofia.[103]", "History of Bulgaria. During this period the country was known as the \"People's Republic of Bulgaria\" (PRB) and was ruled by the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP). The BCP transformed itself in 1990, changing its name to \"Bulgarian Socialist Party\".", "History of Bulgaria. After World War II, Bulgaria became a Communist state, dominated by Todor Zhivkov for a period of 35 years. Bulgaria's economic advancement during the era came to an end in the 1980s, and the collapse of the Communist system in Eastern Europe marked a turning point for the country's development. A series of crises in the 1990s left much of Bulgaria's industry and agriculture in shambles, although a period of relative stabilization began with the election of Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha as prime minister in 2001. Bulgaria joined NATO in 2004 and the European Union in 2007.", "History of Bulgaria. Bulgaria emerged from Turkish rule as a poor, underdeveloped agricultural country, with little industry or tapped natural resources. Most of the land was owned by small farmers, with peasants comprising 80% of the population of 3.8 million in 1900. Agrarianism was the dominant political philosophy in the countryside, as the peasantry organized a movement independent of any existing party. In 1899, the Bulgarian Agrarian Union was formed, bringing together rural intellectuals such as teachers with ambitious peasants. It promoted modern farming practices, as well as elementary education.[71]", "History of Bulgaria. Like the other post-Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, Bulgaria found the transition to capitalism more painful than expected. The anti-Communist Union of Democratic Forces (UDF) took office and between 1992 and 1994 the Berov Government carried through the privatisation of land and industry through the issue of shares in government enterprises to all citizens, but these were accompanied by massive unemployment as uncompetitive industries failed and the backward state of Bulgaria's industry and infrastructure were revealed. The Socialists portrayed themselves as the defender of the poor against the excesses of the free market.", "History of Bulgaria. On 9 September 1944 in a coup the government of Prime Minister Konstantin Muraviev was overthrown and replaced with a government of the Fatherland Front led by Kimon Georgiev. On 16 September 1944 the Soviet Red Army entered Sofia.[89] The Bulgarian Army marked several victories against the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen (at Nish), the 22nd Infantry Division (at Strumica) and other German forces during the operations in Kosovo and at Stratsin.[90][91]", "Bulgaria. Since the adoption of a democratic constitution in 1991, Bulgaria has functioned as a unitary parliamentary republic with a high degree of political, administrative, and economic centralisation. Most commercial and administrative activities are concentrated in its capital and largest city of Sofia. The predominantly urbanised population of seven million people mainly inhabits the primary cities of the 28 provinces. Bulgaria's market economy is part of the European Single Market and is largely based on services, agriculture, and a sizeable industrial sector focused on mining and machine building.", "Sofia. After World War II and the establishment of a Communist government in Bulgaria in 1944, the architectural style was substantially altered. Stalinist Gothic public buildings emerged in the centre, notably the spacious government complex around The Largo, Vasil Levski Stadium, the Cyril and Methodius National Library and others. As the city grew outwards, the then-new neighbourhoods were dominated by many concrete tower blocks, prefabricated panel apartment buildings and examples of Brutalist architecture. They still make Sofia's housing very high compared to post-Western block countries,", "Bulgaria. Freedom House has reported a continuing deterioration of democratic governance after 2009, citing reduced media independence, stalled reforms, abuse of authority at the highest level and increased dependence of local administrations on the central government.[152] Bulgaria is still listed as \"Free\", with a political system designated as a semi-consolidated democracy, albeit with deteriorating scores.[152] The Democracy Index defines it as a \"Flawed democracy\".[153]", "Bulgaria. Organised prehistoric cultures appeared in Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. In Antiquity, the region was a battleground for Thracians, Persians, Celts and Macedonian Greeks until it was conquered by the Roman Empire in 45 AD. The Eastern Roman Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde, which founded the first unified Bulgarian state in 681 AD. It dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavs during the Middle Ages. After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife, the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State. Many ethnic Bulgarian populations were left outside its borders, which led to several conflicts with its neighbours and an alliance with Germany in both world wars. In 1946 Bulgaria became a one-party socialist state and part of the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. The ruling Communist Party gave up its monopoly on power after the Revolutions of 1989 and allowed multi-party elections. Bulgaria then transitioned into a democracy and a market-based economy.", "History of Bulgaria. Since 1989 Bulgaria has held multi-party elections and privatized its economy, but economic difficulties and a tide of corruption have led over 800,000 Bulgarians, including many qualified professionals, to emigrate in a \"brain drain\". The reform package introduced in 1997 restored positive economic growth, but led to rising social inequality. The political and economic system after 1989 virtually failed to improve both the living standards and create economic growth. According to a 2009 Pew Global Attitudes Project survey, 76% of Bulgarians said they were dissatisfied with the system of democracy, 63% thought that free markets did not make people better off and only 11% of Bulgarians agreed that ordinary people had benefited from the changes in 1989.[101] Furthermore, the average quality of life and economic performance actually remained lower than in the times of communism well into the early 2000s (decade).[102]", "Bulgaria. Bulgaria is a unitary state.[165] Since the 1880s, the number of territorial management units has varied from seven to 26.[166] Between 1987 and 1999 the administrative structure consisted of nine provinces (oblasti, singular oblast). A new administrative structure was adopted in parallel with the decentralisation of the economic system.[167] It includes 27 provinces and a metropolitan capital province (Sofia-Grad). All areas take their names from their respective capital cities. The provinces subdivide into 264 municipalities.", "Military occupations by the Soviet Union. On 5 September 1944, the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria and on 8 September invaded the country, without encountering resistance. By the next day Soviets occupied the northeastern part of Bulgaria along with the key port city of Varna. On 8 September 1944 Bulgaria declared war against Nazi Germany. Garrison detachments with Zveno officers at the head overthrew the government on the eve of 9 September, after taking strategic keypoints in Sofia and arresting the ministers. A new government of the Fatherland Front was appointed on 9 September with Kimon Georgiev as prime minister. Soviet troops were withdrawn in 1947.[34]", "Axis powers. On 2 September 1944, as the Red Army approached the Bulgarian border, a new Bulgarian government came to power and sought peace with the Allies, expelled the few remaining German troops, and declared neutrality. These measures however did not prevent the Soviet Union from declaring war on Bulgaria on 5 September, and on 8 September the Red Army marched into the country, meeting no resistance. This was followed by the coup d'état of 9 September 1944, which brought a government of the pro-Soviet Fatherland Front to power. After this, the Bulgarian army (as part of the Red Army's 3rd Ukrainian Front) fought the Germans in Yugoslavia and Hungary, sustaining numerous casualties. Despite this, the Paris Peace Treaty treated Bulgaria as one of the defeated countries. Bulgaria was allowed to keep Southern Dobruja, but had to give up all claims to Greek and Yugoslav territory.", "History of Bulgaria. On 17 June 2001, Simeon II, the son of Tsar Boris III and himself the former Head of state (as Tsar of Bulgaria from 1943 to 1946), won a narrow victory in elections. The Tsar's party — National Movement Simeon II (\"NMSII\") — won 120 of the 240 seats in Parliament. Simeon's popularity declined quickly during his four-year rule as Prime Minister and the BSP won the election in 2005, but could not form a single-party government and had to seek a coalition. In the parliamentary elections in July 2009, Boyko Borisov's right-centrist party Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria won nearly 40% of the votes.", "Bulgaria. Bulgaria is a parliamentary democracy where the prime minister is the most powerful executive position.[99] The political system has three branches—legislative, executive and judicial, with universal suffrage for citizens at least 18 years old. The Constitution of Bulgaria also provides possibilities of direct democracy, namely petitions and national referenda.[134] Elections are supervised by an independent Central Election Commission that includes members from all major political parties. Parties must register with the commission prior to participating in a national election.[135] Normally, the prime minister–elect is the leader of the party receiving the most votes in parliamentary elections, although this is not always the case.[99]", "Revolutions of 1989. Mladenov announced on 11 December 1989 that the Communist Party would abandon its monopoly on power, and that multiparty elections would be held the following year. In February 1990, the Bulgarian legislature deleted the portion of the constitution about the \"leading role\" of the Communist Party. Eventually, it was decided that a round table on the Polish model would be held in 1990 and elections held by June 1990. The round table took place from 3 January to 14 May 1990, at which an agreement was reached on the transition to democracy. The Communist Party abandoned Marxism-Leninism in April 1990 and renamed itself as the Bulgarian Socialist Party. In June 1990 the first free elections since 1931 were held, won by the Bulgarian Socialist Party.", "Flag of Bulgaria. From 1946 until 1990 the emblem of the People's Republic of Bulgaria was placed on the left side of the white stripe. It contained a lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red star and above a ribbon bearing the date 9 September 1944, the day of Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944 which led to the establishment of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. In 1971, it was changed so the ribbon bearing the years 681, the year of the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire by Asparukh and 1944.", "History of Bulgaria. Upon the outbreak of World War II, the government of the Kingdom of Bulgaria under Bogdan Filov declared a position of neutrality, being determined to observe it until the end of the war, but hoping for bloodless territorial gains, especially in the lands with a significant Bulgarian population occupied by neighbouring countries after the Second Balkan War and World War I.[citation needed] But it was clear that the central geopolitical position of Bulgaria in the Balkans would inevitably lead to strong external pressure by both sides of World War II.[citation needed] Turkey had a non-aggression pact with Bulgaria.[citation needed]", "Sofia. In 1945 the communist Fatherland Front took power and executed several thousand people. The transformations of Bulgaria into the People's Republic of Bulgaria in 1946 and into the Republic of Bulgaria in 1990 marked significant changes in the city's appearance. The population of Sofia expanded rapidly due to migration from rural regions. New residential areas were built in the outskirts of the city, like Druzhba, Mladost and Lyulin.", "Bulgaria. The resulting political unrest led to the establishment of a royal authoritarian dictatorship by Tsar Boris III (1918–1943). Bulgaria entered World War II in 1941 as a member of the Axis but declined to participate in Operation Barbarossa and saved its Jewish population from deportation to concentration camps.[80] The sudden death of Boris III in the summer of 1943 pushed the country into political turmoil as the war turned against Germany and the communist guerrilla movement gained momentum. The government of Bogdan Filov subsequently failed to achieve peace with the Allies. Bulgaria did not comply with Soviet demands to expel German forces from its territory, resulting in a declaration of war and an invasion by the USSR in September 1944.[81] The communist-dominated Fatherland Front took power, ended participation in the Axis and joined the Allied side until the war ended.[82] Bulgaria suffered little war damage and the Soviet Union demanded no reparations; however, all wartime gains, with the notable exception of Southern Dobrudzha, were lost.[83]", "History of Bulgaria. Bulgaria's Stalinist phase lasted less than five years. Under his leadership, agriculture was collectivised, peasant rebellions were crushed, and a massive industrialisation campaign was launched. Labor camps were set up and at the height of the repression housed about 100,000 people. Thousands of dissidents were executed under communist rule and many died in labor camps.[92][93][94] The Orthodox Patriarch was confined to a monastery and the Church placed under state control.", "History of Bulgaria. With the decline of the Ottoman Empire after 1700, signs of revival started to emerge. The Bulgarian nobility had vanished, leaving an egalitarian peasant society with a small but growing urban middle class. By the 19th century, the Bulgarian National Revival became a key component of the struggle for independence, which would culminate in the failed April uprising in 1876, which prompted the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 and the subsequent Liberation of Bulgaria. The initial Treaty of San Stefano was rejected by the Western Great Powers, and the following Treaty of Berlin limited Bulgaria's territories to Moesia and the region of Sofia. This left many ethnic Bulgarians out of the borders of the new state, which defined Bulgaria's militaristic approach to regional affairs and its allegiance to Germany in both World Wars.", "Local government. Since the 1880s, the number of territorial management units in Bulgaria has varied from seven to 26.[6] Between 1987 and 1999 the administrative structure consisted of nine provinces (oblasti, singular oblast). A new administrative structure was adopted in parallel with the decentralisation of the economic system.[7] It includes 27 provinces and a metropolitan capital province (Sofia-Grad). All areas take their names from their respective capital cities. The provinces subdivide into 264 municipalities.", "Bulgaria. Bulgaria has an open, upper middle income range market economy where the private sector accounts for more than 70% of GDP.[190][191] From a largely agricultural country with a predominantly rural population in 1948, by the 1980s Bulgaria had transformed into an industrial economy with scientific and technological research at the top of its budgetary expenditure priorities.[192] The loss of COMECON markets in 1990 and the subsequent \"shock therapy\" of the planned system caused a steep decline in industrial and agricultural production, ultimately followed by an economic collapse in 1997.[193][194] The economy largely recovered during a period of rapid growth several years later,[193] but the average salary of 1,036 leva (€529) per month remains the lowest in the EU.[195] More than a fifth of the labour force are employed on a minimum wage of €1 per hour.[196]", "Eastern Bloc emigration and defection. In the People's Republic of Bulgaria, on November 10, 1989 — the day after the mass crossings across the Berlin Wall — Bulgaria's long-serving leader Todor Zhivkov was ousted by his Politburo and replaced with Petar Mladenov. In February 1990 the Party voluntarily gave up its claim on power and in June 1990 the first free elections since 1931 were held, won by the moderate wing of the Communist Party, renamed the Bulgarian Socialist Party.", "History of Bulgaria. On 23 August 1944, Romania left the Axis Powers and declared war on Germany, and allowed Soviet forces to cross its territory to reach Bulgaria. On 5 September 1944 the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria and invaded. Within three days, the Soviets occupied the northeastern part of Bulgaria along with the key port cities of Varna and Burgas. Meanwhile, on 5 of September, Bulgaria declared war on Nazi Germany. The Bulgarian Army was ordered to offer no resistance.[89]", "Bulgaria. Political parties gather in the National Assembly, a body of 240 deputies elected to four-year terms by direct popular vote. The National Assembly has the power to enact laws, approve the budget, schedule presidential elections, select and dismiss the prime minister and other ministers, declare war, deploy troops abroad, and ratify international treaties and agreements. The president serves as the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and has the authority to return a bill for further debate, although the parliament can override the presidential veto by a simple majority vote of all members of parliament.[99] Overall, Bulgaria displays a pattern of unstable governments.[136]", "History of Bulgaria. Bulgaria became a member of NATO in 2004 and of the European Union in 2007. In 2010 it was ranked 32nd (between Greece and Lithuania) out of 181 countries in the Globalization Index.[103] The freedom of speech and of the press are respected by the government (as of 2015), but many media outlets are beholden to major advertisers and owners with political agendas.[104] Also see Human rights in Bulgaria.", "Health systems by country. Bulgaria began overall reform of its antiquated health system, inherited from the communist era, only in 1999. In the 1990s, private medical practices expanded somewhat, but most Bulgarians relied on communist-era public clinics while paying high prices for special care. During that period, national health indicators generally worsened as economic crises substantially decreased health funding. The subsequent health reform program has introduced mandatory employee health insurance through the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF), which since 2000 has paid a gradually increasing portion of primary health care costs. Employees and employers pay an increasing, mandatory percentage of salaries, with the goal of gradually reducing state support of health care. Private health insurance plays only a supplementary role. The system also has been decentralized by making municipalities responsible for their own health care facilities, and by 2005 most primary care came from private physicians. Pharmaceutical distribution also was decentralized.[54]" ]

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[ "Embargo Act of 1807. On June 21, 1807 the American warship USS Chesapeake was attacked and boarded on the high seas off the coast of Norfolk, VA[4] by the British warship HMS Leopard. Three Americans were dead and 18 wounded; the British impressed four seamen with American papers as alleged deserters. The outraged nation demanded action; President Jefferson ordered all British ships out of American waters.[5]", "Chesapeake–Leopard affair. The Chesapeake–Leopard affair was a naval engagement that occurred off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, on 22 June 1807, between the British warship HMS Leopard and the American frigate USS Chesapeake. The crew of Leopard pursued, attacked, and boarded the American frigate, looking for deserters from the Royal Navy.[1] Chesapeake was caught unprepared and after a short battle involving broadsides received from Leopard, the commander of Chesapeake, James Barron, surrendered his vessel to the British. The Chesapeake had fired only one shot.", "Chesapeake–Leopard affair. The Chesapeake–Leopard Affair created an uproar among Americans. There were strident calls for war with Great Britain, but these quickly subsided. President Thomas Jefferson initially attempted to use this widespread bellicosity to diplomatically threaten the British government into settling the matter. The United States Congress backed away from armed conflict when British envoys showed no contrition for the Chesapeake affair, delivering proclamations reaffirming impressment. Jefferson's political failure to coerce Great Britain led him toward economic warfare: the Embargo of 1807.[2]", "Original six frigates of the United States Navy. On June 22, 1807, what has become known as the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair occurred when the Chesapeake was fired upon by HMS Leopard for refusing to comply with a demand to permit a search for deserters from the Royal Navy. After several quick broadsides from Leopard, to which the Chesapeake replied with only one gun, the Chesapeake struck her colors. HMS Leopard refused the surrender, searched the Chesapeake, captured four alleged deserters, and sailed to Halifax. Chesapeake was captured on June 1, 1813, by HMS Shannon shortly after sailing from Boston, Massachusetts. Taken into Royal Navy service, she was later sold, and broken up at Portsmouth, England, in 1820 (with a good deal of her timbers being made into a watermill).", "Chesapeake–Leopard affair. The event raised tensions between the two countries and, while possibly not a direct cause, was one of the events leading up to the War of 1812. In fact, many Americans demanded war because of the attack, but President Jefferson turned to diplomacy and economic pressure in the form of the ill-fated Embargo Act of 1807.", "Chesapeake–Leopard affair. The humiliating incident had significant repercussions for the U.S. Navy. The public was shocked that Chesapeake had not been able to put up any resistance and surrendered so quickly, questioning the ability of the Navy to defend the country from a possible British invasion, despite the expensive and controversial frigate-building program. A court-martial blamed Barron and suspended him from service for five years as punishment.[18]", "Chesapeake–Leopard affair. Chesapeake was off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, commanded by Commodore James Barron, when Leopard, under Captain Salusbury Pryce Humphreys, encountered and hailed her. Barron was not alarmed, and received Lieutenant John Meade on board, who presented Barron with the search warrant. After an inconclusive discussion, Meade returned to Leopard. Captain Humphreys, using a hailing trumpet, ordered the American ship to submit. When Chesapeake did not, Humphreys fired a round across her bow. This was followed immediately by Leopard firing broadsides into the American ship.[7] Her guns unloaded and her decks cluttered with stores in preparation for a long cruise, Chesapeake managed to fire only a single gun in reply. The humiliated Barron struck his colors and surrendered. Three of Chesapeake's crew had been killed and 18 wounded, including Barron, by the attack. However, Humphreys refused the surrender and sent a boarding party to Chesapeake to search for deserters.[8]", "Chesapeake–Leopard affair. In the spring of 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, several British naval vessels were on duty on the North American Station, blockading two French third-rate warships in the Chesapeake Bay.[3] A number of Royal Navy seamen had deserted from their ships and local American authorities gave them sanctuary. One of the deserters, a Londoner named Jenkin Ratford, joined the crew of USS Chesapeake. Ratford had made himself conspicuous to British officers by shouting at them on the streets of Norfolk, Virginia.[4]", "Origins of the War of 1812. This dispute came to the forefront with the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair of 1807, when the British warship HMS Leopard fired on and boarded the American warship USS Chesapeake, killing three and carrying off four deserters from the Royal Navy. (Only one was a British citizen and he was subsequently hanged; the other three were American citizens and were later returned, though the last two not until 1812.) The American public was outraged by the incident, and many called for war in order to assert American sovereignty and national honor.", "Stephen Decatur. Soon thereafter Chesapeake left Norfolk, and after stopping briefly at Washington for further preparations, set sail for the Mediterranean on June 22. In little time she was pursued by HMS Leopard, which at the time was part of a British squadron in Lynnhaven Bay. Upon closing with Chesapeake, Barron was hailed by the captain of Leopard and informed that a letter would be sent on board with a demand from Vice-Admiral Humphreys that Chesapeake be searched for deserters. Barron found the demand extraordinary and when he refused to surrender any of his crew, Leopard soon opened fire on Chesapeake. Having just put to sea, Chesapeake was not prepared to do battle and was unable to return fire. Inside twenty minutes, three of her crew were killed and eighteen wounded. Barron struck the ship's colors[f] and surrendered his ship, whereupon she was boarded and the alleged deserters were taken into British custody. Not having any other designs on Chesapeake, Humphreys allowed Barron to proceed with his ship at his own discretion, where he had little choice but to return home with the battered vessel, reaching Hampton Roads on June 23 with twenty-two shots through her hull, crippled fore- and mainmasts and more than three feet of water in her hold.[111] News of the incident soon reached President Jefferson, the Department of the Navy, and the general population in America. As commander at Gosport, Decatur in particular was outraged over the incident as he was the one who was first confronted with the matter. The incident soon came to be referred to as the Chesapeake–Leopard Affair,[112][113][114] an event whose controversy would lead to a duel between Barron and Decatur some years later, as Decatur served on Barron's court-martial and later was one of the most outspoken critics of the questionable handling of Chesapeake.[115][116]", "Continental System. Britain, by Orders in Council (1807), prohibited its trade partners from trading with France. The British countered the Continental system by threatening to sink any ship that did not come to a British port or chose to comply with France. This double threat created a difficult time for neutral nations like the United States. In response to this prohibition, compounded by the Chesapeake Incident, the U.S. government adopted the Embargo Act of 1807 and eventually Macon's Bill No. 2. This embargo was designed as an economic counterattack to hurt Britain, but it proved even more damaging to American merchants. Together with the issues of the impressment of foreign seamen, and British support for Indian raids in the American west, tensions led to a declaration of war by the U.S. in the War of 1812. This war, not Napoleon's blockade, sharply reduced British trade with the United States.", "Stephen Decatur. On June 26, 1807, Decatur was appointed to command Chesapeake, a 44-gun frigate, along with command of all gunboats at Norfolk.[117] Chesapeake had just returned to Norfolk after repairs to damage incurred during the Chesapeake–Leopard Affair. Commodore Barron had just been relieved of command following his court martial over the incident. Decatur was a member of that court martial, which had found Barron guilty of \"unpreparedness\", barring him from command for five years.[118] Consequently, Barron's previous orders to sail for the Mediterranean were canceled and Chesapeake was instead assigned to Commodore Decatur, with a squadron of gunboats, to patrol the New England coast enforcing the Embargo Act throughout 1809. Unable to command, Barron left the country for Copenhagen and remained there through the War of 1812.[119] Before Decatur assumed command of Chesapeake he learned from observers, and then informed the Navy Secretary, that the British ships HMS Bellona and HMS Triumph were lightening their ballasts to prepare for a blockade at Norfolk.[120]", "Chesapeake–Leopard affair. Four crew members were removed from the American vessel and were tried for desertion, one of whom was subsequently hanged. Chesapeake was allowed to return home, where James Barron was court martialed and suspended from command.", "Chesapeake–Leopard affair. The bloody encounter caused a storm of protest from the United States government, and the British government eventually offered to return the three American citizens and to pay reparations for the damage to Chesapeake.[12] The schooner HMS Bream returned the last two British deserters to Boston, Massachusetts, one month after the outbreak of the War of 1812.", "Origins of the War of 1812. The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair followed closely on the similar Leander Affair, which had resulted in President Jefferson banning certain British warships and their captains from American ports and waters. Whether in response to this incident or the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, President Jefferson banned all foreign armed vessels from American waters, except those bearing dispatches. In December 1808, an American officer expelled the schooner HMS Sandwich from Savannah, Georgia, after she had entered with dispatches for the British Consul there.", "Chesapeake–Leopard affair. The incident outraged the American sense of honor.[13] Americans of every political stripe saw the need to uphold national honor, and to reject the treatment of the United States by Britain as a third class nonentity. Americans talked incessantly about the need for force in response.[14] President Thomas Jefferson noted: \"Never since the Battle of Lexington have I seen this country in such a state of exasperation as at present, and even that did not produce such unanimity.\"[15] James Monroe, then a foreign minister acting under instructions from U.S. Secretary of State James Madison, demanded British disavowal of the deed, the restoration of the four seamen, the recall of Admiral Berkeley, the exclusion of British warships from U.S. territorial waters, and the abolition of impressments from vessels under the United States flag.[16]", "Impressment. For the next year scores of American ships were condemned in admiralty courts and American seamen were impressed with increasing frequency until, in the early summer of 1807, when three deserters from the British frigate HMS Melampus lying in Chesapeake Bay enlisted on the American frigate USS Chesapeake. After searching the Chesapeake, the deserters, David Martin, John Strachan, and William Ware, were found to be native-born Americans who had been wrongly impressed. The search also established that another crew member listed as Jenkin Ratford, was actually a British deserter, but he could not be found. Admiral Berkeley angrily issued an order to all commanders in the North Atlantic Squadron to search the Chesapeake if encountered on the high seas. Eight miles southeast of Cape Henry a boat from the British frigate HMS Leopard intercepted her but Commodore Barron declined to permit his crew to be mustered. The Leopard began approaching and the commander shouted a warning to which Barron replied \"I don't hear what you say\". The Leopard then fired two shots across the bow and almost immediately poured a broadside into the American ship. The Chesapeake did not return fire but the British ship fired another two broadsides. Three crew were killed and eighteen wounded. The British boarding party not only arrested the British deserter but also the three Americans. The Chesapeake–Leopard Affair provoked an outcry for war from all parts of the country and Jefferson later wrote: \"The affair of the Chesapeake put war into my hand, I had only to open it and let havoc loose\". He ordered the state governors to ready their militias but the Embargo Act of 1807 he eventually passed only ordered all British armed vessels out of American waters and forbade all contact with them if they remained.", "Chesapeake–Leopard affair. In 1820, Commodore Barron challenged and mortally wounded Commodore Stephen Decatur in a duel over remarks Decatur had made about Barron's conduct in 1807 (Barron was also wounded). Decatur had served on the court-martial that found Barron guilty of being unprepared and barred him from command for five years.", "Embargo Act of 1807. The embargo was imposed in response to violations of the United States neutrality, in which American merchantmen and their cargo were seized as contraband of war by the belligerent European navies. The British Royal Navy, in particular, resorted to impressment, forcing thousands of American seamen into service on their warships. Britain and France, engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, rationalized the plunder of U.S. shipping as incidental to war and necessary for their survival. Americans saw the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair as a particularly egregious example of a British violation of American neutrality. Perceived diplomatic insults and unwarranted official orders issued in support of these actions by European powers were argued by some to be grounds for a U.S. declaration of war.", "Battle of the Chesapeake. The Battle of the Chesapeake, also known as the Battle of the Virginia Capes or simply the Battle of the Capes, was a crucial naval battle in the American Revolutionary War that took place near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay on 5 September 1781. The combatants were a British fleet led by Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves and a French fleet led by Rear Admiral Francois Joseph Paul, the Comte de Grasse. The battle was strategically decisive,[6] in that it prevented the Royal Navy from reinforcing or evacuating the forces of Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. The French were able to achieve control of the sea lanes against the British, allowing them to provide the Franco-American army with siege artillery and French reinforcements—all of which proved decisive in the Siege of Yorktown, effectively securing independence for the Thirteen Colonies.", "Battle of the Chesapeake. The French success left them firmly in control of Chesapeake Bay, completing the encirclement of Cornwallis.[48] In addition to capturing a number of smaller British vessels, de Grasse and Barras assigned their smaller vessels to assist in the transport of Washington's and Rochambeau's forces from Head of Elk to Yorktown.[49]", "Chesapeake–Leopard affair. Chesapeake herself proved unlucky during the War of 1812, when on 1 June 1813, after a long and surprising series of naval victories over the Royal Navy, the British frigate HMS Shannon captured Chesapeake in a ship-to-ship action near Boston. The Royal Navy commissioned Chesapeake, but put her up for sale at Portsmouth in July 1819.[19] Her timbers are now part of the Chesapeake Mill in Wickham, England.", "Chesapeake–Leopard affair. The brig Columbine brought the first dispatches to Halifax in early July. Leopard followed with her prisoners for trial.[9] Jenkin Ratford, the sole British citizen, was sentenced to death and was hanged from the yardarm of Halifax on 31 August 1807.[10][11] The three American deserters received sentences of 500 lashes each, but the sentences were later commuted.[11]", "Chesapeake–Leopard affair. The fallout from the Chesapeake-Leopard affair features prominently in two novels of the Aubrey–Maturin series by Patrick O'Brian. It is first mentioned in the fifth novel, Desolation Island, when the fictional Captain Jack Aubrey is given command of the Leopard (which he privately refers to as the \"horrible old Leopard\") a few years after the incident. Though the United States and Great Britain are at peace at the time and neither he nor any member of his crew had anything to do with the earlier affair, he is met with mistrust and hostility from American naval personnel due to the negative association of the ship. The subsequent Capture of the Chesapeake during the War of 1812 features prominently in the sixth Aubrey–Maturin novel, The Fortune of War, as Aubrey is aboard the HMS Shannon during the famous engagement.", "Chesapeake Bay. The Chesapeake Bay was the site of the Battle of the Chesapeake (also known as the \"Battle of the Capes\", Cape Charles and Cape Henry) in 1781, during which the French fleet defeated the Royal Navy in the decisive naval battle of the American Revolutionary War. The British defeat enabled General George Washington and his French allied armies under Comte de Rochambeau to march down from New York and bottle up the rampaging southern British Army of Lord Cornwallis from the North and South Carolinas at the siege of Battle of Yorktown in Yorktown, Virginia. Their marching route from Newport, Rhode Island through Connecticut, New York State, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware to the \"Head of Elk\" by the Susquehanna River along the shores and also partially sailing down the Bay to Virginia. It is also the subject of a designated National Historic Trail under the National Park Service as the Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route.", "Original six frigates of the United States Navy. On May 16, 1811, in what became known as the Little Belt Affair, President, under the command of Captain John Rodgers, mistakenly identified HMS Little Belt as the frigate HMS Guerriere while searching for impressed American sailors taken by the Royal Navy. Though the sequence of events is disputed on both sides, both ships discharged cannon for several minutes before Rodgers determined that Little Belt was a much smaller ship than Guerriere. Little Belt suffered serious damage and thirty-one killed or wounded in the exchange. Rodgers offered assistance to Little Belt's Captain Arthur Bingham, but he declined and sailed off for Halifax, Nova Scotia. The U.S. and Royal Navy investigations each determined the other ship to be responsible for the attack, increasing tensions leading up to the War of 1812.[98][99][100]", "Chesapeake–Leopard affair. The Federal government began to be concerned about the lack of war material. Their concerns led to the establishment of a tariff protecting the manufacturers of gunpowder, which helped ensure the fortunes of the DuPont company.[17]", "Thomas Jefferson. The British ship HMS Leopard fired upon the USS Chesapeake off the Virginia coast in June 1807, and Jefferson prepared for war.[205] He issued a proclamation banning armed British ships from U.S. waters. He presumed unilateral authority to call on the states to prepare 100,000 militia and ordered the purchase of arms, ammunition, and supplies, writing, \"The laws of necessity, of self-preservation, of saving our country when in danger, are of higher obligation [than strict observance of written laws]\". The USS Revenge was dispatched to demand an explanation from the British government; it also was fired upon. Jefferson called for a special session of Congress in October to enact an embargo or alternatively to consider war.[206]", "Battle of the Chesapeake. Decisive French victory[1]", "Battle of the Chesapeake. That evening Graves did a damage assessment. He noted that \"the French had not the appearance of near so much damage as we had sustained\", and that five of his fleet were either leaking or virtually crippled in their mobility.[35] De Grasse wrote that \"we perceived by the sailing of the English that they had suffered greatly.\"[38] Nonetheless, Graves maintained a windward position through the night, so that he would have the choice of battle in the morning.[38] Ongoing repairs made it clear to Graves that he would be unable to attack the next day. On the night of 6 September he held council with Hood and Drake. During this meeting Hood and Graves supposedly exchanged words concerning the conflicting signals, and Hood proposed turning the fleet around to make for the Chesapeake. Graves rejected the plan, and the fleets continued to drift eastward, away from Cornwallis.[39] On 8 and 9 September the French fleet at times gained the advantage of the wind, and briefly threatened the British with renewed action.[40] French scouts spied Barras' fleet on 9 September, and de Grasse turned his fleet back toward Chesapeake Bay that night. Arriving on 12 September, he found that Barras had arrived two days earlier.[41] Graves ordered the Terrible to be scuttled on 11 September due to her leaky condition, and was notified on 13 September that the French fleet was back in the Chesapeake; he still did not learn that de Grasse's line had not included the fleet of Barras, because the frigate captain making the report had not counted the ships.[42] In a council held that day, the British admirals decided against attacking the French, due to \"the truly lamentable state we have brought ourself.\"[43] Graves then turned his battered fleet toward New York,[44][45] arriving off Sandy Hook on 20 September.[44]", "Citadel Hill (Fort George). The soldiers at the Halifax Citadel were on alert when Nova Scotia became the site of two international incidents during the American Civil War: the Chesapeake Affair and the escape from Halifax Harbour of Confederate John Taylor Wood on the CSS Tallahassee.[19]", "Original six frigates of the United States Navy. Chesapeake was built at the Gosport Navy Yard, Virginia, and was launched on December 2, 1799. The Chesapeake was the only one of the six frigates to be disowned by Humphreys due to liberties taken by her Master Constructor Josiah Fox during construction relating to overall dimensions.[citation needed] The frigate that became Chesapeake was originally planned as a 44-gun ship, but when her construction began in 1798 Josiah Fox altered the original design plan, resulting in the ship's re-rating to 36 guns.[74] Fox's reason for making the alteration is not clear, but may be attributed to construction materials that were diverted to complete Constellation. Additionally, Fox and Humphreys had earlier disagreed over the design of the six frigates, and Fox may have taken opportunities during construction to make alterations to his own liking. Regardless, the plan for the redesigned frigate was approved by Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert.[68]" ]

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[ "Houston Astros. From 1888 until 1961, Houston's professional baseball club was the minor league Houston Buffaloes. Although expansion from the National League eventually brought an MLB team to Texas in 1962, Houston officials had been making efforts to do so for years prior.[5] There were four men chiefly responsible for bringing Major League Baseball to Houston: George Kirksey and Craig Cullinan, who had led a futile attempt to purchase the St. Louis Cardinals in 1952; R.E. \"Bob\" Smith, a prominent oilman and real estate magnate in Houston who was brought in for his financial resources; and Judge Roy Hofheinz, a former Mayor of Houston and Harris County Judge who was recruited for his salesmanship and political style. They formed the Houston Sports Association as their vehicle for attaining a big league franchise for the city of Houston.[6]", "Houston Astros. The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets. The current name—reflecting Houston's role as the control center of the U.S. space program—was adopted three years later, when they moved into the Astrodome, the world's first domed sports stadium.", "Houston Astros. The Houston Astros played their first game as an American League team on March 31, 2013, where they were victorious over their in-state division competitor, the Texas Rangers, with a score of 8–2.", "Houston Astros. On November 15, 2011, it was announced that Crane had agreed to move the franchise to the American League for the 2013 season. The move was part of an overall divisional realignment of MLB, with the National and American leagues each having 15 teams in three geographically balanced divisions. Crane was given a $70 million concession by MLB for agreeing to the switch; the move was a condition for the sale to the new ownership group.[60] Two days later, the Astros were officially sold to Crane after the other owners unanimously voted in favor of the sale.[2] It was also announced that 2012 would be the last season for the Astros in the NL.[61] After over fifty years of the Astros being a part of the National League, this move was unpopular with many Astros fans.[62][63]", "Houston Astros. The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston, Texas. The Astros compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) West division, having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League (NL).[2][3] The Astros have played their home games at Minute Maid Park since 2000.[4]", "Houston Astros. The Astros clinched their first division title as a member of the American League West division, and first division title overall since 2001. They also became the first team in Major League history to win three different divisions: National League West in 1980 and 1986, National League Central from 1997–1999 and 2001, and American League West in 2017. On September 29, the Astros won their 100th game of the season, the second time the Astros finished a season with over 100 wins, the first being in 1998. They finished 101–61, with a 21-game lead in the division, and faced the Red Sox in the first round of the AL playoffs. The Astros defeated the Red Sox three games to one, and advanced to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees. The Astros won the ALCS four games to three, and advanced to the World Series to play against the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Astros defeated the Dodgers in the deciding seventh game of the World Series, winning the first championship in franchise history.[70]", "List of Houston Astros seasons. The Astros have completed 56 seasons in Major League Baseball, qualifying for the postseason eleven times and reaching the World Series twice (2005 and 2017). Established as an expansion franchise in 1962, the team's first winning season was in 1972. In 1980 the Astros made their first postseason appearance. From 1997–2005, the team made postseason appearances in six out of nine seasons. From 2006 to 2013 the franchise experienced a steady decline with consecutive 100-loss seasons in 2011, 2012 and 2013. In 2015 the team defeated the New York Yankees in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game. This was the Astros' first postseason appearance as an American League team, and first overall since 2005. It was also the Astros' first playoff win since Game 6 of the 2005 National League Championship Series. Houston would qualify for the playoffs again in 2017, defeating the Boston Red Sox in the 2017 American League Division Series and the New York Yankees in the 2017 American League Championship Series. The team would go on to defeat the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2017 World Series, winning the championship for the first time in team history.", "Houston Astros. The Astros played in the NL from 1962 to 2012. They played in the West Division from 1969 to 1993, and the Central Division from 1994 to 2012. While a member of the NL, the Astros played in one World Series, in 2005, against the Chicago White Sox, in which they were swept in four games. In 2017, they became the first franchise in MLB history to have won a pennant in both the NL and the AL, when they defeated the New York Yankees in the ALCS. They subsequently won the 2017 World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, winning four games to three, earning the team, and Texas, its first World Series title.", "Houston Astros. On September 29, the Astros completed their first year in the American League, losing 5–1 in a 14 inning game to the New York Yankees. The Astros finished the season with a 51–111 record (a franchise worst) with a season ending 15 game losing streak, again surpassing their worst record from last season. The team finished 45 games back out of the division winner Oakland Athletics, further adding to their futility. This marked three consecutive years that the Astros had lost more than 100 games in a single season. They also became the first team to have the first overall pick in the draft three years in a row. They improved on their season in 2014, going 70–92, finishing 28 games back over the division winner Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and placing fourth in the AL West over the Texas Rangers.", "Major League Baseball. In 1961, the first Washington Senators franchise moved to Minneapolis–St. Paul to become the Minnesota Twins. Two new teams were added to the American League at the same time: the Los Angeles Angels (who soon moved from downtown L.A. to nearby Anaheim) and a new Washington Senators franchise. The NL added the Houston Astros and the New York Mets in 1962. The Astros (known as the \"Colt .45s\" during their first three seasons) became the first southern major league franchise since the Louisville Colonels folded in 1899 and the first franchise to be located along the Gulf Coast. The Mets established a reputation for futility by going 40–120 during their first season of play in the nation's media capital—and by playing only a little better in subsequent campaigns—but in their eighth season (1969) the Mets became the first of the 1960s expansion teams to play in the postseason, culminating in a World Series title over the heavily favored Baltimore Orioles.", "Houston Astros. On November 2, 2012, the Astros unveiled their new look in preparation for their move to the American League for the 2013 season. The uniform is navy blue and orange, going back to the original 1960s team colors, as well as debuting a new version of the classic navy blue hat with a white \"H\" over an orange star.[64]", "Houston Astros. Given MLB's refusal to consider expansion, Kirksey, Cullinan, Smith, and Hofheinz joined forces with would-be owners from other cities and announced the formation of a new league to compete with the established National and American Leagues. They called the new league the Continental League. Wanting to protect potential new markets, both existing leagues chose to expand from eight teams to ten. However, plans eventually fell through for the Houston franchise after the Houston Buffaloes owner, Marty Marion, could not come to an agreement with the HSA to sell the team.[7] To make matters worse, the Continental League as a whole folded in August 1960.", "Astrodome. Major League Baseball expanded to Houston in 1960 when the National League agreed to add two teams. The Houston Colt .45s (renamed the Astros in 1965) were to begin play in 1962, along with their expansion brethren New York Mets. Roy Hofheinz, a former mayor of Houston, and his group were granted the franchise after they promised to build a covered stadium. It was thought a covered stadium was a must for a major league team to be viable in Houston due to the area's subtropical climate and hot summers. Game-time temperatures are usually above 97 °F (36 °C) in July and August, with high humidity and a likelihood of rain. Hofheinz claimed inspiration for what became the Astrodome when he was on a tour of Rome, where he learned that the builders of the ancient Colosseum installed giant velaria to shield spectators from the Roman sun.", "Houston Astros. Just on the horizon, the structure of the new domed stadium was more prevalent and it would soon change the way that baseball was watched in Houston and around the league. On December 1, 1964, the team announced the name change from Colt .45s to \"Astros.\"[16][17][18]", "List of Houston Astros minor league affiliates. The foundation of the minors' current structure was the result of a reorganization initiated by Major League Baseball (MLB) before the 1963 season. The reduction from six classes to four (Triple-A, Double-AA, Class A, and Rookie) was a response to the general decline of the minors throughout the 1950s and early-1960s when leagues and teams folded due to shrinking attendance caused by baseball fans' preference for staying at home to watch MLB games on television. The only change made within the next 27 years was Class A being subdivided for the first time to form Class A Short Season in 1966.[3]", "History of baseball in the United States. In 2013, in keeping with Commissioner Bud Selig's desire for expanded interleague play, the Houston Astros were shifted from the National to the American League; with an odd number (15) in each league, an interleague contest was played somewhere almost every day during the season. At this time the divisions within each league were shuffled to create six equal divisions of five teams.", "List of Houston Astros minor league affiliates. The minors operated with six classes (Triple-A, Double-A, and Classes A, B, C, and D) from 1946 to 1962. The Pacific Coast League (PCL) was reclassified from Triple-A to Open in 1952 due to the possibility of becoming a third major league. This arrangement ended following the 1957 season when the relocation of the National League's Dodgers and Giants to the West Coast killed any chance of the PCL being promoted. The 1963 reorganization resulted in the Eastern and South Atlantic Leagues being elevated from Class A to Double-A, five of seven Class D circuits plus the ones in B and C upgraded to A, and the Appalachian League reclassified from D to Rookie.[3]", "American League Championship Series. The Milwaukee Brewers, an American League team between 1969 and 1997, and the Houston Astros are the only franchises to play in the ALCS and NLCS. The Astros are the only team to have won both the National and American League Championship Series.", "2017 Houston Astros season. The 2017 Houston Astros season was the 56th season for the franchise in Houston, their 53rd as the Astros, their fifth in the American League, and their 18th season at Minute Maid Park. The Astros began the season at home against the Seattle Mariners on April 3, 2017. They finished the season on the road against the Boston Red Sox on October 1. Following the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey, the Astros added a patch on the front of their uniforms that read \"Houston Strong\". On September 17, the Astros clinched the American League West with a 7-1 victory over the Seattle Mariners. It was their first American League West title, and seventh division title overall. On September 29, the Astros defeated the Boston Red Sox 3-2 for their 100th win of the season, their first 100-win season since 1998. They defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games in the Division Series and advanced to the American League Championship Series where they defeated the New York Yankees in seven games for their first American League pennant, second pennant in franchise history, and first pennant since 2005. The Astros defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the World Series, earning their first World Series title in franchise history.", "2017 American League Championship Series. The Astros defeated the Boston Red Sox 3–1 in the 2017 American League Division Series (ALDS).[4] This is the Astros' fifth appearance in a League Championship Series, and their first since transferring from the National League to the American League. Their only previous LCS win came in the 2005 National League Championship Series; they lost in 1980, 1986, and 2004. They are also the first AL West team to make it to the ALCS since 2011.", "Houston Astros. However, on October 17, 1960, the National League granted an expansion franchise to the Houston Sports Association in which their team could begin play in the 1962 season. According to the Major League Baseball Constitution, the Houston Sports Association was required to obtain territorial rights from the Houston Buffaloes in order to play in the Houston area, and again negotiations began to purchase the team.[8][9] Eventually, the Houston Sports Association succeeded in purchasing the Houston Buffaloes, at this point majority-owned by William Hopkins, on January 17, 1961.[10] The Buffs played one last minor league season as the top farm team of the Chicago Cubs in 1961 before being succeeded by the city's NL club.", "Houston Astros. The early 1990s were marked by the Astros' growing discontent with their home, the Astrodome. After the Astrodome was renovated for the primary benefit of the NFL's Houston Oilers (who shared the Astrodome with the Astros since the 1960s), the Astros began to grow increasingly disenchanted with the facility. Faced with declining attendance at the Astrodome and the inability of management to obtain a new stadium, in the 1991 off-season Astros management announced its intention to sell the team and move the franchise to the Washington, D.C. area. However, the move was not approved by other National League owners, thus compelling the Astros to remain in Houston. Shortly thereafter, McMullen (who also owned the NHL's New Jersey Devils) sold the team to Texas businessman Drayton McLane in 1993, who committed to keeping the team in Houston.", "2017 American League Championship Series. The Astros advanced to their first World Series in 12 years, becoming the first team to win pennants in both leagues. Houston's victory made this just the fifth best-of-seven series (following the 1987, 1991, and 2001 World Series, and the 2004 National League Championship Series), and the first ALCS, in which the home team won all seven games.[22]", "Major League Baseball rivalries. In 2013, the Astros joined the American League West with the Rangers and changed their rivalry from an interleague to an intra-division rivalry, the Astros played their first game in the American League against the Rangers on Sunday Night Baseball that season. In 2015, both teams made the playoffs and were in a tight division race during most of the season.[40]", "Houston Astros. Off the field, in 1994, the Astros hired one of the first African American general managers, former franchise player Bob Watson. Watson would leave the Astros after the 1995 season to become general manager of the New York Yankees and helped to lead the Yankees to a World Championship in 1996. He would be replaced by Gerry Hunsicker, who until 2004 would continue to oversee the building of the Astros into one of the better and most consistent organizations in the Major Leagues.", "Houston Astros. With Judge Roy Hofheinz now the sole owner of the franchise and the new venue complete, the renamed \"Astros\" moved into their new domed stadium, the Astrodome, in 1965. The name honored Houston's position as the center of the nation's space program; NASA's new Manned Spacecraft Center had recently opened southeast of the city. The Astrodome, coined the \"Eighth Wonder of the World\", did little to improve the home team's results on the field. While several \"indoor\" firsts were accomplished, the team still finished ninth in the standings. The attendance was high not because of the team accomplishments, but because people came from miles around to see the Astrodome.", "Houston Astros. However, in 1996, the Astros again nearly left Houston. By the mid-1990s, McLane (like McMullen before him) wanted his team out of the Astrodome and was asking the city to build the Astros a new stadium. When things did not progress quickly toward that end, he put the team up for sale. He had nearly finalized a deal to sell the team to businessman William Collins, who planned to move them to Northern Virginia. However, Collins was having difficulty finding a site for a stadium himself, so Major League owners stepped in and forced McLane to give Houston another chance to grant his stadium wish. Houston voters, having already lost the Houston Oilers in a similar situation, responded positively via a stadium referendum and the Astros stayed put.", "History of baseball team nicknames. In 1965 the team changed its nickname to Houston Astros, a name that had more futuristic overtones (astro is Greek for \"star\") as since 1961 Houston was the city where NASA trained (and continues to train) all the American astronauts. The team also used the nickname as part of its new home, the Astrodome, which opened in 1965.", "Houston Astros. In November 1971 the Astros and Cincinnati Reds made one of the biggest blockbuster trades in the history of the sport,[25] and helped create The Big Red Machine of the 1970s,[26] with the Reds getting the better end of the deal. Houston sent second baseman Joe Morgan, infielder Denis Menke, pitcher Jack Billingham, outfielder César Gerónimo and prospect Ed Armbrister to Cincinnati for first baseman Lee May, second baseman Tommy Helms and infielder Jimmy Stewart. The trade left Astros fans and the baseball world scratching their heads as to why General Manager Spec Richardson would give up so much for so little. The Reds, on the other hand, would shore up many problems. They had an off year in 1971, but were the National League Pennant winner in 1972.[25]", "Southern United States. The short-lived Louisville Colonels were a part of the early National League and American Association, but ceased to exist in 1899. The first Southern Major League Baseball team after the Colonels appeared in 1962 when the Houston Colt .45s (known today as the Houston Astros) were enfranchised. Later, the Atlanta Braves came in 1966, followed by the Texas Rangers in 1972, and finally the Miami Marlins and Tampa Bay Rays in the 1990s.", "Houston Astros. With new manager Grady Hatton the Astros started the 1966 season strong. By May they were in second place in the National League and looked like a team that could contend. Joe Morgan was named as a starter on the All-Star Team. The success did not last as they lost Jimmy Wynn for the season after he crashed into an outfield fence in Philadelphia and Morgan had broken his knee cap.[6] 1967 saw first baseman Eddie Mathews join the Astros. The slugger hit his 500th home run while in Houston. He would be traded late in the season and Doug Rader would be promoted to the big leagues. Rookie Don Wilson pitched a no-hitter on June 18. Wynn also provided some enthusiasm in 1967. The 5 ft 9 in Wynn was becoming known not only for how often he hit home runs, but also for how far he hit them. Wynn set club records with 37 home runs, and 107 RBIs. It was also in 1967 that Wynn hit his famous home run onto Interstate 75 in Cincinnati.[20] As the season came to a close, the Astros found themselves again in ninth place and with a winning percentage below .500. The team looked good on paper, but could not make it work on the field.", "Houston Astros. With baseball expansion and trades, the Astros had dramatically changed in 1969. Aspromonte was sent to the Braves and Staub was traded to the expansion Montreal Expos, in exchange for outfielder Jesús Alou and first baseman Donn Clendenon. However, Clendenon refused to report to Houston, electing to retire and take job with a pen manufacturing company. The Astros asked Commissioner Bowie Kuhn to void the trade, but he refused. Instead, he awarded Jack Billingham and a left-handed relief pitcher to the Astros to complete the trade. Cuellar was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for Curt Blefary. Other new players included catcher Johnny Edwards, infielder Denis Menke, and pitcher Denny Lemaster. Wilson continued to pitch brilliantly and on May 1 threw the second no-hitter of his career. In that game, he struck out 18 batters, tying what was then the all-time single-game mark. He was just 24 years of age and was second to only Sandy Koufax for career no-hit wins. Wilson's no-hitter lit the Astros' fire after a miserable month of April, and six days later the team tied a major league record by turning seven double plays in a game. By May's end the Astros had put together a ten-game winning streak. The Houston infield tandem of Menke and Joe Morgan continued to improve, providing power at the plate and great defense. Morgan had 15 homers and stole 49 bases while Menke led the Astros with 90 RBIs. The Menke/Morgan punch was beginning to come alive, and the team was responding to Walker's management style. The Astros dominated the season series against their expansion twins, the New York Mets, that season. In one game at New York, Denis Menke and Jimmy Wynn hit grand slams in the same inning, against a Mets team that would go on to win the World Series that same year. The Astros finished the 1969 season with a record of 81 wins, 81 losses, marking their first season of .500 ball." ]

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[ "Music of Star Wars. Additionally, music for several animated television series spinoffs has been written by Kevin Kiner and Ryan Shore.[2] Music for the spin-off films, other television programs, and video games, as well as the trailers of the various installments, were created by various other composers, with this material occasionally revisiting some of Williams' principal themes, and - with the latest spin-off film, with Williams actually writing a new theme for the composer to use. Michael Giacchino was the composer of the first Anthology film, Rogue One, while John Powell will score the Star Wars film Solo.", "Music of Star Wars. The music of the Star Wars franchise is composed and produced in conjunction with the development of the feature films, television series, and other merchandise within the epic space opera franchise created by George Lucas. The music for the primary feature films (which serves as the basis for the rest of the related media) was written by John Williams. Williams' scores for the eight saga films count among the most widely known and popular contributions to modern film music, and utilize a symphony orchestra and features an assortment of fifty recurring musical themes to represent characters and other plot elements: one of the largest caches of themes in the history of film music.", "Music of Star Wars. The first Star Wars Anthology score for Rogue One, written by Michael Giacchino, utilizes several themes (and recurring interstitial material) from John Williams, mostly for their Romantic sweep (such as The Force Theme and hints of the Main Theme). It has its own catalog of themes, independent from Williams' material, including a new, third theme for the Empire, although Giacchino also quotes both the original Imperial Motif and The Imperial March.", "List of Star Wars films and television series. Lucas hired Ben Burtt to oversee the sound effects on the original 1977 film. Burtt's accomplishment was such that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented him with a Special Achievement Award because it had no award at the time for the work he had done.[6] Lucasfilm developed the THX sound reproduction standard for Return of the Jedi.[7] John Williams composed the scores for all eight films. Lucas's design for Star Wars involved a grand musical sound, with leitmotifs for different characters and important concepts. Williams's Star Wars title theme has become one of the most famous and well-known musical compositions in modern music history.[8]", "Music of Star Wars. The score for the original Star Wars film of 1977 won John Williams the most awards of his career:", "Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film). The musical score for Star Wars: The Clone Wars was composed by Kevin Kiner.[16] The original motion picture soundtrack was released by Sony Classical on August 12, 2008. The disc begins with the main theme by John Williams, followed by more than 30 separate music cues composed by Kiner.[16] Kiner is known for his work on such television series as Stargate SG-1, Star Trek: Enterprise, Superboy and CSI: Miami. The soundtrack uses some instruments never heard before in a Star Wars score, including erhus, duduks and ouds.[17]", "John Williams. In 1980, Williams returned to score The Empire Strikes Back, where he introduced \"The Imperial March\" as the theme for Darth Vader and the Galactic Empire, \"Yoda's Theme\", and \"Han Solo and the Princess\". The original Star Wars trilogy concluded with the 1983 film Return of the Jedi, for which Williams's score provided most notably the \"Emperor's Theme\", \"Parade of the Ewoks\", and \"Luke and Leia\". Both scores earned him Academy Award nominations.[27]", "Music of Star Wars. Williams's subsequent Star Wars film music was nominated for a number of awards; in 1984 his score for Return of the Jedi was nominated for Best Original Score at the 56th Academy Awards.[159] His compositions for the prequel trilogy also received nominations: the score for The Phantom Menace was nominated for Best Instrumental Composition at the 2000 Grammy Awards[160] and Revenge of the Sith was nominated at the 2006 Grammy Awards for Best Soundtrack Album.[161]", "Music of Star Wars. John Williams wrote a series of themes and motifs for certain characters and ideas in each of the Star Wars films. The multiple installments allowed Williams to compose some 52 themes (and counting) and reprise some of them extensively, continually developing them over a long period of screen time.", "Star Wars (film). On the recommendation of his friend Steven Spielberg, Lucas hired composer John Williams. Williams had worked with Spielberg on the film Jaws, for which he won an Academy Award. Lucas felt that the film would portray visually foreign worlds, but that the musical score would give the audience an emotional familiarity; he wanted a grand musical sound for Star Wars, with leitmotifs to provide distinction. Therefore, he assembled his favorite orchestral pieces for the soundtrack, until Williams convinced him that an original score would be unique and more unified. However, a few of Williams' pieces were influenced by the tracks given to him by Lucas: the \"Main Title Theme\" was inspired by the theme from the 1942 film Kings Row, scored by Erich Wolfgang Korngold; and the track \"Dune Sea of Tatooine\" drew from the soundtrack of Bicycle Thieves, scored by Alessandro Cicognini.", "John Williams. In 1999, George Lucas launched the first of a series of prequels to the original Star Wars trilogy. Williams was asked to score all three films, starting with The Phantom Menace. Along with themes from the previous films, Williams created new themes to be used as leitmotifs in 2002's Attack of the Clones and 2005's Revenge of the Sith. Most notable of these was \"Duel of the Fates\", an aggressive choral movement in the style of Verdi's Requiem,[32] utilizing harsh Sanskrit lyrics that broadened the style of music used in the Star Wars films. Also of note was \"Anakin's Theme\", which begins as an innocent childlike melody and morphs insidiously into a quote of the sinister \"Imperial March.\" For Episode II, Williams composed \"Across the Stars\", a love theme for Padmé Amidala and Anakin Skywalker (mirroring the love theme composed for The Empire Strikes Back).[33][34] The final installment combined many of the themes created for the series' previous films, including \"The Emperor's Theme,\" \"The Imperial March\", \"Across the Stars\", \"Duel of the Fates\", \"The Force Theme\", \"Rebel Fanfare\", \"Luke's Theme\", and \"Princess Leia's Theme\", as well as new themes for General Grievous and the film's climax, entitled \"Battle of the Heroes\".[35]", "Star Wars. On November 20, 2012, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg would write and produce Episodes VIII and IX.[72] Kasdan and Kinberg were later confirmed as creative consultants on those films, in addition to writing standalone films. In addition, John Williams, who wrote the music for the previous six episodes, was hired to compose the music for Episodes VII, VIII and IX.[73]", "Music of Star Wars. Kevin Kiner composed the score to the film Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008), the predecessor to the animated TV series of the same name. Both properties loosely use some of the original themes and music by John Williams. Kiner's own material for the film includes a theme for Anakin Skywalker's Padawan learner, Ahsoka Tano, as well as a theme for Jabba the Hutt's uncle Ziro. Kiner went on to score the TV series' entire six seasons, which concluded in 2014. A soundtrack album was released that same year by Walt Disney Records.[9]", "Music of Star Wars. Released between 1977 and 2017, the music for the primary feature films was, in the case of the first two trilogies, performed by the London Symphony Orchestra and, in select passages, by the London Voices chorus. Williams also scored the seventh and eighth episodes in the franchise's sequel trilogy, and he is currently slated to score the ninth (and last) episode as well. The sequel trilogy was largely orchestrated and conducted by William Ross, and it was performed by a freelance Hollywood orchestra and (in a few passages) by the Los Angeles Master Chorale.[1]", "Lost in Space. The open and closing theme music was written by John Williams, the composer behind the Star Wars theme music, who was listed in the credits as \"Johnny Williams\".", "Music of Star Wars. In 2016, John Williams was nominated for an Oscar for Best Original Score, his 50th overall nomination, for his score to Star Wars: The Force Awakens. He would later go on to win the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media for the film, his 23rd Grammy win overall.", "Music of Star Wars. John Williams sketched the score for his various orchestrations and wrote the music for a full symphony orchestra (ranging from 79 to 113 players overall[23]) and, in several passages, chorus (ranging from 12 to 120 singers overall) and a few non-orchestral instruments. The orchestration is not consistent throughout the different films,[24] but generally the score makes use of a considerable brass section over a comparatively smaller string section, giving the series its heraldic, brassy sound.", "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. As with previous Star Wars films, Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace's score was composed and conducted by John Williams. He started composing the score in October 1998 and began recording the music with the London Voices and London Symphony Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios on February 10, 1999. Williams decided to use electronic instruments such as synthesizers to enhance the sound and choral pieces to \"capture the magical, mystical force that a regular orchestra might not have been able to provide\", and create an atmosphere that was \"more mysterious and mystical and less military\" than those of the original trilogy.[79] One of the most notable tracks is \"Duel of the Fates\", which uses the chorus to give a religious, temple-like feel to the epic lightsaber duel. The track was made into a music video.[80] While composing Anakin's theme, Williams tried to reflect the innocence of his childhood and to foreshadow his transformation into Darth Vader by using slight suggestions of \"The Imperial March\" in the melody.[79]", "Music of Star Wars. The scores utilize an eclectic variety of musical styles, many culled from the Late Romantic idiom of Richard Strauss and his contemporaries that itself was incorporated into the Golden Age Hollywood scores of Erich Korngold and Max Steiner. The reasons for this are known to involve George Lucas's desire to allude to the underlying fantasy element of the narrative rather than the science-fiction setting, as well as to ground the otherwise strange and fantastic setting in well-known, audience-accessible music. Indeed, Lucas maintains that much of the films' success relies not on advanced visual effects, but on the simple, direct emotional appeal of its plot, characters and, importantly, music.[11]", "Video game music. An alternate approach, as with the TMNT arcade, was to take pre-existing music not written exclusively for the game and use it in the game. The game Star Wars: X-Wing vs. TIE Fighter and subsequent Star Wars games took music composed by John Williams for the Star Wars films of the 1970s and 1980s and used it for the game soundtracks.", "John Williams. Williams wrote the music for Star Wars: The Last Jedi,[59] the eighth episode of the saga, released on December 15, 2017, and is presumed to be working on Star Wars Episode IX. Also in 2017, he composed the score for Steven Spielberg's drama film The Post.[60]", "Star Wars: A Galactic Spectacular. The show's producers collaborated with composer John Williams and his music editor, Ramiro Belgardt, on adapting Williams' scores from the films into the show's soundtrack.[10] Industrial Light & Magic created custom CGI sequences for the show.[13]", "Star Wars (film). In March 1977, Williams conducted the London Symphony Orchestra to record the Star Wars soundtrack in 12 days.[8] The original soundtrack was released as a double LP in 1977 by 20th Century Records. 20th Century Records also released The Story of Star Wars that same year, a narrated audio drama adaptation of the film utilizing some of its original music, dialogue, and sound effects. The American Film Institute's list of best film scores ranks the Star Wars soundtrack at number one.[79]", "John Williams. During the same period, Spielberg recommended Williams to his friend and fellow director George Lucas, who needed a composer to score his ambitious 1977 space epic film Star Wars. Williams delivered a grand symphonic score in the fashion of Richard Strauss, Antonín Dvořák, and Golden Age Hollywood composers Max Steiner and Erich Wolfgang Korngold. Its main theme, \"Luke's Theme\" is among the most widely recognized in film history, and the \"Force Theme\" and \"Princess Leia's Theme\" are well-known examples of leitmotif. Both the film and its score were immensely successful—it remains the highest grossing non-popular music recording of all-time—and Williams won another Academy Award for Best Original Score.[30]", "The Empire Strikes Back. In 1985, the first Compact disc (CD) issue of the film score was made by the company Polydor Records, which had absorbed both RSO Records and its music catalog. Polydor Records used a shorter, one compact-disc edition of the music as their master. In 1993, 20th Century Fox Film Scores released a special boxed set of four compact discs: the Star Wars Trilogy: The Original Soundtrack Anthology. This anthology included the film scores of all three members of the original Star Wars Trilogy in separate CDs, even though there was significant overlap between the three (such as the Star Wars theme music).[83]", "Music of Star Wars. Lucas originally wanted to use tracked orchestral and film music in a similar manner to 2001: A Space Odyssey, itself a major inspiration for Star Wars. Williams, however, advised to form a soundtrack with recurring musical themes to augment the story, while Lucas's choice of music could be used as a temporary track for Williams to base his musical choices on. This resulted in several nods or homages to the music of Gustav Holst, William Walton, Sergei Prokofiev and Igor Stravinsky in the score to Star Wars.[12] Williams relied less and less on references to existing music in the latter seven scores, incorporating more strains of modernist orchestral writing with each progressive score, although occasional nods continue to permeate the music. The love theme from Empire Strikes Back is closely related to Williams' composition for Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark.[13] The score to Revenge of the Sith has clear resemblances to the successful scores of other contemporary composers of the time, namely Howard Shore's Lord of the Rings, Hans Zimmer's Gladiator and Tan Dun's Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, with which the movie was most likely scored temporarily.[14] Otherwise, however, his later scores were mostly tracked with music of his own composition,[15] mainly from previous Star Wars films.[16] Yet, In Williams' score to The Last Jedi he, for the first time in the series, went so as far as to incorporate direct quotes of other compositions, namely \"Aquarela Do Brasil\" by Ary Barroso (in a nod to the 1985 Terry Gilliam film Brazil) and from his own theme for The Long Goodbye (co-composed by Johnny Mercer).[17] Nevertheless, Williams also started to develop his style throughout the various films, incorporating other instruments, unusual orchestral set-ups (as well as various choral ensembles) and even electronic or electronically-attenuated music as the films progressed. Williams often composed the music in a heroic but tongue-in-cheek style.[18]", "Music of Star Wars. Other composers for the franchise used Williams' principal themes in their own compositions, whether it be for the trailers to the main films, spin-off films, television series, or video games. More often than not, these composers also use the principal themes more for their emotional effect for their respective projects. Michael Giacchino, for instance, uses the Force Theme in some of the scenes where Rogue One's Starship takes off.", "Music of Star Wars. Star Wars was one of the film scores that heralded the revival of grand symphonic scores in the late 1970s. One technique that particularly influenced these scores is Williams' use of the leitmotif, which was most famously associated with the operas of Richard Wagner and, in early film scores, with Steiner. A leitmotif is a phrase or melodic cell that signifies a character, place, plot element, mood, idea, relationship or other specific part of the film. It is commonly used in modern film scoring as a device for mentally anchoring certain parts of a film to the soundtrack.[19] Of chief importance for a leitmotif is that it must be strong enough for a listener to latch onto while being flexible enough to undergo variation and development along the progression of the story. The more varied and nuanced the use of leitmotif is, the more memorable it typically becomes. A good example of this is the way in which Williams subtly conceals the intervals of \"The Imperial March\" within Anakin's Theme in The Phantom Menace, implying his dark future to come.", "Star Wars Holiday Special. Original music was composed for The Star Wars Holiday Special by Ken and Mitzie Welch, while Ian Fraser was brought in to adapt John Williams' orchestral themes from Star Wars.[4] The special features four songs:", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. In July 2013, John Williams was confirmed to compose the score.[191] The music for the film's first two trailers was reworked from earlier Williams compositions.[192][193][194] He began working on the film in December 2014, and by June 2015 had been through most of the film reels, working on a daily basis.[194][195] In May 2015, Williams stated that he would return to themes from the previous films, such as ones for Luke, Leia and Han, in ways that \"will seem very natural and right in the moments for which we've chosen to do these kinds of quotes. There aren't many of them, but there are a few that I think are important and will seem very much a part of the fabric of the piece in a positive and constructive way.\" He said that working with Abrams was similar to the process he went through with Lucas in the earlier films.[190]", "Music of Star Wars. Even within each trilogy, Williams often abandons a motif after a single score or two (as he did with Anakin's theme), writes (across several films) multiple motifs that serve a similar function (e.g. the Rebel fanfare, the Throne Room March and the Triumph Fanfare in Return of the Jedi), or writes a motif that he only uses in one installment, such as the Droid motif. In other cases, a motif is supplanted by a new one, as the Imperial March replaced the original, Imperial motif - a problem only confounded when he returned to that theme with the prequels, only for it to disappear entirely for what is now supposed to be the fourth episode; sometimes, the existing motif simply changes its thematic meaning: Ben Kenobi's theme turned into a theme for The Force by Empire Strikes Back, and Luke's theme - into the \"Star Wars theme\".", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens (soundtrack). Star Wars: The Force Awakens – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the film score to the 2015 film of the same name composed by John Williams with Williams and William Ross conducting, and Gustavo Dudamel appearing as a \"special guest conductor\". The album was released by Walt Disney Records on December 18, 2015 in both digipak CD and digital formats.[1][2]" ]

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[ "Cubic centimetre. In automobile engines, \"cc\" refers to the total volume of its engine displacement in cubic centimetres. The displacement can be calculated using the formula", "Honda Super Cub. The enlarged 86.7 cc (5.29 cu in) OHV engine of the 1963 C200 was used on the 1965 CM90 step-through. New in 1965 was a 63 cc (3.8 cu in) engine with a chain-driven overhead camshaft (OHC). This was used in two new models: the C65, a step-through with 4.1 kW (5.5 bhp), and the S65, with a frame like the C110/C200 and 4.6 kW (6.2 bhp) @ 10,000 rpm.[7]", "Chevrolet small-block engine. A high-performance 327 cu in variant followed, turning out as much as 375 hp (280 kW) and increasing horsepower per cubic inch to 1.15 hp (0.86 kW).", "Chevrolet Big-Block engine. The 396-cubic-inch (6.5 L) V8 was introduced in the 1965 Corvette as the L78 option and in the Z16 Chevelle as the L37 option. It had a bore of 4.094 in (104.0 mm) and a stroke of 3.760 in (95.5 mm),[8][9] and produced 375 hp (280 kW) and 410 lb⋅ft (560 N⋅m). The solid lifter version was capable of being operated in the upper 6000 rpm range, and when installed in the 1965 Corvette, was factory-rated at 425 horsepower.", "Chevrolet small-block engine. The 327 cu in V8, introduced in 1962, had a bore of 4 in and a stroke of 3.25 in (82.55 mm). Power ranged from 210 hp to 375 hp depending on the choice of carburetor or fuel injection, camshaft, cylinder heads, pistons and intake manifold. In 1962, the Duntov solid lifter cam versions produced 340 hp (250 kW), 344 lb·ft (466 N·m) with single Carter 4-barrel, and 360 hp, 352 lb·ft (477 N·m) with Rochester fuel-injection. In 1964, horsepower increased to 365 hp (272 kW) for the now dubbed L-76 version, and 375 hp for the fuel injected L-84 respectively, making the L-84 the most powerful naturally aspirated, single-cam, production small block V8 until the appearance of the 385 hp (287 kW), 385 lb·ft (522 N·m) Generation III LS6 in 2001. This block is one of three displacements that underwent a major change in 1968/1969 when the main journal size was increased from 2.30  to 2.45 in. In 1965 Chevrolet released the now legendary L-79, which was nothing more than an L-76 (11.0:1 forged pop-up pistons, forged steel rods and crank, 2.02 Corvette heads), but with the 30-30 Duntov cam replaced by the #151 hydraulic cam.", "Chevrolet Big-Block engine. Introduced in 1970, the 402-cubic-inch (6.6 L) was a 396-cubic-inch bored out by 0.030 in (0.76 mm). Despite the fact that it was 6 cubic inches (98 cc) larger, Chevrolet continued marketing it under the popular \"396\" label in the smaller cars while at the same time labeling it \"Turbo-Jet 400\" in the full-size cars. The 402 label was used in light pickup trucks.", "American automobile industry in the 1950s. The Chevrolet small block 265 cubic inch engine was released in the 1955 model year and still the basis for the V8 engines in use by General Motors today.[35] The original 265 cubic inch engine with a two-barrel carburetor produced 162 hp,[36] while the four-barrel version in the 1955 Corvette produced 195 hp,[37] an amazing amount of power at the time. By 1957, the engine had been increased to 283 cubic inches,[38] including a fuel-injected version that produced 283 hp, the first engine to have a ratio of 1:1 horse power versus cubic inches.[39]", "Chevrolet small-block engine. The 1982 L83 was again the only Corvette engine producing 200 bhp and 285 lb-ft of torque from 9:1 compression. This was again the only engine on the new 1984 Corvette, at 205 bhp and 290 lb-ft of torque. The L83 added Cross-Fire fuel injection (twin throttle-body fuel injection). Since GM did not assign a 1983 model year to production Corvettes, there was also no L83 for 1983.[8]", "Chevrolet small-block engine. The 265 cu in V8 was bored out to 3.875 in (98.4 mm) in 1957, giving it a 283 cu in displacement. The first 283 motors used the stock 265 blocks. However, the overbore to these blocks resulted in thin cylinder walls. Future 283 blocks were recast to accept the 3.875 bore. Five different versions between 185 hp (138 kW) and 283 hp (211 kW) were available, depending on whether a single carb, twin carbs, or fuel injection was used. Fuel injection yielded the most power topping out at 315 hp (235 kW) in 1961.[citation needed] Horse power was up a bit each year for 1958, 1959, and 1960. The 1957 Ramjet mechanical fuel injection version produced an even one hp per one cu in (61 hp (45 kW)/1 L (61 cu in)), an impressive feat at the time. This was the third U.S.-built production V8 to produce one horsepower per cubic inch.[citation needed]", "Chevrolet small-block engine. A pushrod engine with hydraulic lifters, the small-block was available with an optional four-barrel Rochester carburetor, increasing engine output to 180 hp (130 kW), or 195 hp (145 kW) in the Corvette. The short-stroke (3.75 in bore, 3 in stroke) engine's 4.4 in (111.8 mm) bore spacing would continue in use for decades.[4]", "Chevrolet small-block engine. 400 cu in (6.6 L) (1970-1981)", "V8 engine. ZIL-114 (1967) was powered by a 6,960 cc (425 cu in) V8 giving 300 hp (224 kW) at 4400 rpm. Its more modern derivative model, the ZIL-41047, is powered by a ZIL-4104 engine, a 7680 cc carburetted V8 giving 315 hp (235 kW) at 4600 rpm.", "BMC A-series engine. The 62.9 mm (2.48 in) bore was retained for 1959s 848 cc Mini version. This displacement was reached by dropping the stroke to 68.26 mm (2.687 in). This engine was produced through to 1980 for the Mini, when the 998 A-Plus version supplanted it.", "Harley-Davidson Twin Cam engine. The engine design differed considerably from its predecessor the \"Evo\" although it shared some design elements with the Sportster line. The 88 represents the displacement in cubic inches of the standard engine. The bore is 95.3 mm (3.75 in) and the stroke is 101.6 mm (4.00 in), meaning the displacement is 88 cu in (1,450 cc). The Twin Cam 96 displaces 96.7 cu in (1,584 cc). The company released 103 cu in (1,690 cc) for 2010 Electra Glide Ultra Limited models, and later for 2012 Softail models and 110 cu in (1,801 cc) for Screamin' Eagle/CVO Models.", "Chevrolet small-block engine. 327 cu in (5.4 L) (1962-1969)", "Chevrolet Big-Block engine. A 409-cubic-inch (6.7 L) version was Chevrolet's top regular production engine from 1961 to 1965, with a choice of single or dual four-barrel carburetors. Bore and stroke were both up from the 348 to 4.312 in (109.5 mm) by 3.50 in (88.9 mm). On December 17, 1960, the 409 engine was announced along with the Impala SS (Super Sport) model. The initial version of the engine produced 360 hp (268 kW), with a single four-barrel Carter AFB carburetor. The same engine was upped to 380 hp (283 kW) in 1962. A 409 hp (305 kW) version of this engine was also available, developing 1 hp per cubic inch with a dual four-barrel aluminum intake manifold and two Carter AFB carburetors. It had a forged steel crankshaft.[1] This dual-quad version was immortalized in the Beach Boys song titled \"409\".", "Chevrolet Impala. The available V8s were reduced to seven, in 283-cu in or 348-cu in displacements. The carbureted Turbo-Fire 283 cu in V8 could have either 170 or 230 hp (130 or 170 kW). The 348 cu in was available in 250 to 320 hp (190 to 240 kW) with a 350 hp (260 kW) Special Super Turbo-Thrust with triple two-barrel carburetors, 11.25:1 compression ratio, and dual exhausts. Fuel injection was no longer an option on full-size Chevrolets.[9] New to the options list was speed and cruise control.", "Chevrolet small-block engine. The L81 was the only 5.7 L (350 cu in) Corvette engine for 1981. It produced 190 bhp and 280 lb-ft of torque from 8.2:1 compression, exactly the same as the 1980 L48, but added hotter cam and computer control spark advance, replacing the vacuum advance.[9] The L81 was unique in that it was the only Corvette engine that employed a \"smart carburetor.\" The Rochester Quadrajet from 1980 was modified to allow electronic mixture control, and an ECM (Engine Control Module), supplied with data from an exhaust oxygen sensor, modified the fuel/air mixture being fed to the engine.", "Chevrolet small-block engine. 265 cu in (4.3 L) (1955-1957)", "Horsepower. This is equal to the engine displacement in cubic inches divided by 0.625Ï€ then divided again by the stroke in inches.", "Cubic centimetre. A cubic centimetre (or cubic centimeter in US English) (SI unit symbol: cm3; non-SI abbreviations: cc and ccm) is a commonly used unit of volume that extends the derived SI-unit cubic metre, and corresponds to the volume of a cube that measures 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm. One cubic centimetre corresponds to a volume of 1/1,000,000 of a cubic metre, or 1/1,000 of a litre, or one millilitre; thus, 1 cm3 ≡ 1 ml. The mass of one cubic centimetre of water at 3.98 °C (the temperature at which it attains its maximum density) is closely equal to one gram. SI supports only the use of symbols and deprecates the use of any abbreviations for units.[1] Hence cm3 is preferred to cc or ccm.", "Chevrolet small-block engine. The 1956 Corvette introduced three versions of this engine – 210 hp (160 kW) with a single 4-barrel carburetor, 225 hp (168 kW) with twin 4-barrels, and 240 hp (180 kW) with two four-barrel carburetors and a high-lift camshaft.[4]", "Chevrolet small-block engine. 302 cu in (4.9 L) (1967-1969)", "Chevrolet small-block engine. The new 1985 L98 350 added tuned-port fuel injection \"TPI\", which was standard on all 1985–1991 Corvettes. It was rated at 230 bhp for 1985–1986, 240 bhp for 1987-1989 (245 bhp with 3.08:1 rear axle ratio (1988-1989 only)), and 245 bhp in 1990-1991 (250 bhp with 3.08:1 rear axle). Aluminum cylinder heads (Corvette only) were released part way through the 1986 model run, modified for 1987 with D-ports, and continued through the end of L98 Corvette production in 1991 (still used on ZZx 350 crate engines until 2015 when the ZZ6 received the Fast Burn heads).[9] The L98 V8 was optional on Jan. '87–'92 Chevrolet Camaro & Pontiac Firebird models (rated at 225 hp (168 kW)-245 hp (183 kW) and 330 lb·ft (447 N·m)-345 lb·ft (468 N·m)) 1987 versions had 20 hp (15 kW) and 15 lb·ft (20 N·m) more and a change to hydraulic roller camshaft. Compression was up again in 1990 to 9.5:1 Camaro/Firebird and 10:1 Corvettes, but rated output stayed the same.", "BMC A-series engine. The Mini also got a 998 cc version. This was similar to the 948 in that it had the same 76.2 mm (3.00 in) stroke but the bore was increased slightly to 64.58 mm (2.543 in). It was produced from 1962–92.", "Cubic centimetre. where d is engine displacement, b is the bore of the cylinders, s is length of the stroke and n is the number of cylinders.", "Chevrolet Corvette (C3). A 1974 Stingray equipped with the L48 195 hp (145 kW) small-block was capable of 0-60 in 6.8 seconds;[19] comparable to the 6.5 second time of the 1968 small-block rated at 300 hp (224 kW); proof the 1972-74 Corvette engines had ample power regardless of reduced horsepower and net (bhp) ratings.[20] The L-82 engine remained at 250 hp (186 kW) and the 454 cu in (7.4 L) LS4 dropped slightly to 270 hp (201 kW).", "Chevrolet small-block engine. 350 cu in (5.7 L) (1967-2003)", "Chevrolet small-block engine. 283 cu in (4.6 L) (1957-1967)", "Chevrolet small-block engine. The L48 V8 was the standard engine in the 1975–1980 Chevrolet Corvette. The L48 V8 Corvette engine produced 165 hp (123 kW) in 1975. Power increased to 180 hp in 1976 and stayed the same in 1977. The 1978 saw 175 hp (130 kW) for California or high altitude areas and 185 hp for everywhere else. Power increased to 195 hp in 1979 and decreased to 190 hp (140 kW) in 1980.[8]", "Honda Super Cub. In 1963 came an enlarged OHV engine of 86.7 cc (5.29 cu in) and 4.8 kW (6.5 bhp). It was used first in the C200, which had a frame like the C110, with more upright handlebars.[7]", "Buick LeSabre. Under the hood, the 300-cubic-inch V8 was replaced by a larger 340-cubic-inch V8 rated at 220 horsepower with two-barrel carburetor and available with either a standard three-speed manual transmission or optional two-speed automatic, but the four-speed manual was dropped from the option list. Ordering the LeSabre 400 option upgraded the buyer to a 260-horsepower 340 with four-barrel carburetor and higher 10.25 to 1 compression ratio along with the three-speed Super Turbine 400 automatic found in the larger engine Wildcat, Electra 225 and Riviera." ]

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[ "Universe. The Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known individual to propose a heliocentric model of the Universe. Though the original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes' book The Sand Reckoner describes Aristarchus's heliocentric model. Archimedes wrote:", "Heliocentrism. The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus (d. 390 BC), who taught that at the center of the Universe was a \"central fire\", around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and Planets revolved in uniform circular motion. This system postulated the existence of a counter-earth collinear with the Earth and central fire, with the same period of revolution around the central fire as the Earth. The Sun revolved around the central fire once a year, and the stars were stationary. The Earth maintained the same hidden face towards the central fire, rendering both it and the \"counter-earth\" invisible from Earth. The Pythagorean concept of uniform circular motion remained unchallenged for approximately the next 2000 years, and it was to the Pythagoreans that Copernicus referred to show that the notion of a moving Earth was neither new nor revolutionary.[7] Kepler gave an alternative explanation of the Pythagoreans' \"central fire\" as the Sun, \"as most sects purposely hid[e] their teachings\".[8]", "Geocentric model. Prominent cases of modern geocentrism in Islam are very isolated. Very few individuals promoted a geocentric view of the universe. One of them was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, a Sunni scholar of Indian subcontinent. He rejected the heliocentric model and wrote a book[74] that explains the movement of sun, moon and other planets around the Earth. The Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 to 1999, Ibn Baz also promoted the geocentric view between 1966 and 1985.", "Geocentric model. The geocentric model entered Greek astronomy and philosophy at an early point; it can be found in pre-Socratic philosophy. In the 6th century BC, Anaximander proposed a cosmology with Earth shaped like a section of a pillar (a cylinder), held aloft at the center of everything. The Sun, Moon, and planets were holes in invisible wheels surrounding Earth; through the holes, humans could see concealed fire. About the same time, Pythagoras thought that the Earth was a sphere (in accordance with observations of eclipses), but not at the center; they believed that it was in motion around an unseen fire. Later these views were combined, so most educated Greeks from the 4th century BC on thought that the Earth was a sphere at the center of the universe.[12]", "Science. The Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 BCE) was the first to propose a heliocentric model of the universe, with the Sun at the center and all the planets orbiting it.[46] Aristarchus's model was widely rejected because it was believed to violate the laws of physics.[46] The inventor and mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse made major contributions to the beginnings of calculus[47] and has sometimes been credited as its inventor,[47] although his proto-calculus lacked several defining features.[47] Pliny the Elder was a Roman writer and polymath, who wrote the seminal encyclopedia Natural History,[48][49][50] dealing with history, geography, medicine, astronomy, earth science, botany, and zoology.[48]\nOther scientists or proto-scientists in Antiquity were Theophrastus, Euclid, Herophilos, Hipparchus, Ptolemy, and Galen.", "Universe. The earliest scientific models of the Universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric, placing Earth at the centre of the Universe.[15][16] Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the centre of the Solar System. In developing the law of universal gravitation, Sir Isaac Newton built upon Copernicus's work as well as observations by Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion.", "Copernican heliocentrism. Philolaus (4th century BCE) was one of the first to hypothesize movement of the Earth, probably inspired by Pythagoras' theories about a spherical, moving globe. Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BCE had developed some theories of Heraclides Ponticus (speaking of a revolution by Earth on its axis) to propose what was, so far as is known, the first serious model of a heliocentric solar system. Though his original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes' book The Sand Reckoner (Archimedis Syracusani Arenarius & Dimensio Circuli) describes a work by Aristarchus in which he advanced the heliocentric model. Archimedes wrote:", "Nicolaus Copernicus. Philolaus (c. 480–385 BCE) described an astronomical system in which a Central Fire (different from the Sun) occupied the centre of the universe, and a counter-Earth, the Earth, Moon, the Sun itself, planets, and stars all revolved around it, in that order outward from the centre.[88] Heraclides Ponticus (387–312 BCE) proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis.[89] Aristarchus of Samos (ca. 310 BCE – ca. 230 BCE) was the first to advance a theory that the earth orbited the sun.[90] Further mathematical details of Aristarchus' heliocentric system were worked out around 150 BCE by the Hellenistic astronomer Seleucus of Seleucia. Though Aristarchus' original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes' book The Sand Reckoner (Archimedis Syracusani Arenarius & Dimensio Circuli) describes a work by Aristarchus in which he advanced the heliocentric model. Thomas Heath gives the following English translation of Archimedes' text:[91]", "Geocentric model. Not all Greeks agreed with the geocentric model. The Pythagorean system has already been mentioned; some Pythagoreans believed the Earth to be one of several planets going around a central fire.[36] Hicetas and Ecphantus, two Pythagoreans of the 5th century BC, and Heraclides Ponticus in the 4th century BC, believed that the Earth rotated on its axis but remained at the center of the universe.[37] Such a system still qualifies as geocentric. It was revived in the Middle Ages by Jean Buridan. Heraclides Ponticus was once thought to have proposed that both Venus and Mercury went around the Sun rather than the Earth, but this is no longer accepted.[38] Martianus Capella definitely put Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun.[39] Aristarchus of Samos was the most radical. He wrote a work, which has not survived, on heliocentrism, saying that the Sun was at the center of the universe, while the Earth and other planets revolved around it.[40] His theory was not popular, and he had one named follower, Seleucus of Seleucia.[41]", "Heliocentrism. While a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BC in Pythagoreanism, and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC, these ideas were not successful in replacing the view of a static spherical Earth, and from the 2nd century AD the predominant model, which would be inherited by medieval astronomy, was the geocentric model described in Ptolemy's Almagest.", "Heliocentrism. The first person known to have proposed a heliocentric system, however, was Aristarchus of Samos (c. 270 BC). Like Eratosthenes, Aristarchus calculated the size of the Earth, and measured the size and distance of the Moon and Sun, in a treatise which has survived. From his estimates, he concluded that the Sun was six to seven times wider than the Earth and thus hundreds of times more voluminous. His writings on the heliocentric system are lost, but some information is known from surviving descriptions and critical commentary by his contemporaries, such as Archimedes. Some have suggested that his calculation of the relative size of the Earth and Sun led Aristarchus to conclude that it made more sense for the Earth to be moving than for the huge Sun to be moving around it. Though the original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes' book The Sand Reckoner describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced an alternative hypothesis of the heliocentric model. Archimedes wrote:", "Universe. The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who supported Aristarchus's heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia, a Hellenistic astronomer who lived a century after Aristarchus.[142][143][144] According to Plutarch, Seleucus was the first to prove the heliocentric system through reasoning, but it is not known what arguments he used. Seleucus' arguments for a heliocentric cosmology were probably related to the phenomenon of tides.[145] According to Strabo (1.1.9), Seleucus was the first to state that the tides are due to the attraction of the Moon, and that the height of the tides depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun.[146] Alternatively, he may have proved heliocentricity by determining the constants of a geometric model for it, and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model, like what Nicolaus Copernicus later did in the 16th century.[147] During the Middle Ages, heliocentric models were also proposed by the Indian astronomer Aryabhata,[148] and by the Persian astronomers Albumasar[149] and Al-Sijzi.[150]", "Heliocentrism. Early in the 11th century Alhazen wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy (c. 1028), which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy's geocentrism,[33] but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy's model rather than his geocentrism.[34] Abu Rayhan Biruni (b. 973) discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun, but in his Masudic Canon, he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own.[35] He was aware that if the Earth rotated on its axis, this would be consistent with his astronomical parameters,[36] but he considered it a problem of natural philosophy rather than mathematics.[31][37]", "History of the center of the Universe. Nicolaus Copernicus' major theory of a heliocentric model was published in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), in 1543, the year of his death, though he had formulated the theory several decades earlier. Copernicus' ideas were not immediately accepted, but they did begin a paradigm shift away from the Ptolemaic geocentric model to a heliocentric model. The Copernican revolution, as this paradigm shift would come to be called, would last until Isaac Newton’s work over a century later.", "Geocentric model. Although the basic tenets of Greek geocentrism were established by the time of Aristotle, the details of his system did not become standard. The Ptolemaic system, developed by the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus in the 2nd century AD finally standardised geocentrism. His main astronomical work, the Almagest, was the culmination of centuries of work by Hellenic, Hellenistic and Babylonian astronomers. For over a millennium European and Islamic astronomers assumed it was the correct cosmological model. Because of its influence, people sometimes wrongly think the Ptolemaic system is identical with the geocentric model.", "Discovery and exploration of the Solar System. For many thousands of years, astronomers maintained a geocentric world view and did not recognize the existence of a Solar System. Most believed Earth was stationary at the center of the Universe and categorically different from the divine or ethereal objects that moved through the sky. Although the Greek philosopher Aristarchus of Samos had speculated on a heliocentric reordering of the cosmos, Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century developed a mathematically predictive heliocentric system. His 17th-century successors, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton, developed a modern understanding of physics that led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that Earth moves around the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that govern Earth. In more recent times, this led to the investigation of geological phenomena such as mountains and craters and seasonal meteorological phenomena such as clouds, dust storms, and ice caps on the other planets.", "Tycho Brahe. Although Tycho admired Copernicus and was the first to teach his theory in Denmark, he was unable to reconcile Copernican theory with the basic laws of Aristotelian physics, that he considered to be foundational. He was also critical of the observational data that Copernicus built his theory on, which he correctly considered to have a high margin of error. Instead Tycho Brahe proposed a \"geo-heliocentric\" system in which the Sun and Moon orbited the Earth, while the other planets orbited the Sun. Brahe's system had many of the same observational and computational advantages that Copernicus' system had, and both systems also could accommodate the phases of Venus, although Galilei had yet to discover them. His system provided a safe position for astronomers who were dissatisfied with older models but were reluctant to accept the heliocentrism and the Earth's motion.[71] It gained a considerable following after 1616 when Rome decided officially that the heliocentric model was contrary to both philosophy and Scripture, and could be discussed only as a computational convenience that had no connection to fact.[72] His system also offered a major innovation: while both the purely geocentric model and the heliocentric model as set forth by Copernicus relied on the idea of transparent rotating crystalline spheres to carry the planets in their orbits, Tycho eliminated the spheres entirely.", "Geocentric model. In the 4th century BC, two influential Greek philosophers, Plato and his student Aristotle, wrote works based on the geocentric model. According to Plato, the Earth was a sphere, stationary at the center of the universe. The stars and planets were carried around the Earth on spheres or circles, arranged in the order (outwards from the center): Moon, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, fixed stars, with the fixed stars located on the celestial sphere. In his \"Myth of Er\", a section of the Republic, Plato describes the cosmos as the Spindle of Necessity, attended by the Sirens and turned by the three Fates. Eudoxus of Cnidus, who worked with Plato, developed a less mythical, more mathematical explanation of the planets' motion based on Plato's dictum stating that all phenomena in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion. Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus' system.", "History of the center of the Universe. The Copernican principle, named after Nicolaus Copernicus, states that the Earth is not in a central, specially favored position.[22] Hermann Bondi named the principle after Copernicus in the mid-20th century, although the principle itself dates back to the 16th-17th century paradigm shift away from the geocentric Ptolemaic system.", "Earth's orbit. Heliocentrism is the scientific model that first placed the Sun at the center of the Solar System and put the planets, including Earth, in its orbit. Historically, heliocentrism is opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. Aristarchus of Samos already proposed a heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC. In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus presented a full discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe[4] in much the same way as Ptolemy had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century. This \"Copernican revolution\" resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent. \"Although Copernicus's groundbreaking book...had been [printed] over a century earlier, [the Dutch mapmaker] Joan Blaeu was the first mapmaker to incorporate his revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world.\"[5]", "History of the center of the Universe. Historically, the center of the Universe had been believed to be a number of locations. Many mythological cosmologies included an axis mundi, the central axis of a flat Earth that connects the Earth, heavens, and other realms together. In the 4th century BCE Greece, the geocentric model was developed based on astronomical observation, proposing that the center of the Universe lies at the center of a spherical, stationary Earth, around which the sun, moon, planets, and stars rotate. With the development of the heliocentric model by Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century, the sun was believed to be the center of the Universe, with the planets (including Earth) and stars orbiting it.", "Copernican Revolution. The \"Copernican Revolution\" is named for Nicolaus Copernicus, whose Commentariolus, written before 1514, was the first explicit presentation of the heliocentric model in Renaissance scholarship. The idea of heliocentrism is much older; it can be traced to Aristarchus of Samos, a Hellenistic author writing in the 3rd century BC, who may in turn have been drawing on even older concepts in Pythagoreanism. Ancient heliocentrism was, however, eclipsed by the geocentric model presented by Ptolemy and accepted in Aristotelianism.", "Geocentric model. Ptolemy argued that the Earth was a sphere in the center of the universe, from the simple observation that half the stars were above the horizon and half were below the horizon at any time (stars on rotating stellar sphere), and the assumption that the stars were all at some modest distance from the center of the universe. If the Earth was substantially displaced from the center, this division into visible and invisible stars would not be equal.[n 9]", "Galileo affair. Geocentrists who did verify and accept Galileo's findings had an alternative to Ptolemy's model in an alternative geocentric (or \"geo-heliocentric\") model proposed some decades earlier by Tycho Brahe—a model, in which, for example, Venus circled the sun. Brahe argued that the distance to the stars in the Copernican system would have to be 700 times greater than the distance from the sun to Saturn. Moreover, the only way the stars could be so distant and still appear the sizes they do in the sky would be if even average stars were gigantic — at least as big as the orbit of the Earth, and of course vastly larger than the sun (refer to article on Tychonic System).", "Galileo Galilei. In the Christian world prior to Galileo's conflict with the Church, the majority of educated people subscribed either to the Aristotelian geocentric view that the earth was the center of the universe and that all heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth,[64] or the Tychonic system that blended geocentrism with heliocentrism.[65] Nevertheless, following the death of Copernicus and before Galileo, heliocentrism was relatively uncontroversial;[65] Copernicus's work was used by Pope Gregory XIII to reform the calendar in 1582.[66]", "Geocentric model. With the invention of the telescope in 1609, observations made by Galileo Galilei (such as that Jupiter has moons) called into question some of the tenets of geocentrism but did not seriously threaten it. Because he observed dark \"spots\" on the moon, craters, he remarked that the moon was not a perfect celestial body as had been previously conceived. This was the first time someone could see imperfections on a celestial body that was supposed to be composed of perfect aether. As such, because the moon's imperfections could now be related to those seen on Earth, one could argue that neither was unique: rather, they were both just celestial bodies made from Earth-like material. Galileo could also see the moons of Jupiter, which he dedicated to Cosimo II de' Medici, and stated that they orbited around Jupiter, not Earth.[42] This was a significant claim as it would mean not only that not everything revolved around Earth as stated in the Ptolemaic model, but also showed a secondary celestial body could orbit a moving celestial body, strengthening the heliocentric argument that a moving Earth could retain the Moon.[43] Galileo's observations were verified by other astronomers of the time period who quickly adopted use of the telescope, including Christoph Scheiner, Johannes Kepler, and Giovan Paulo Lembo.[44]", "Heliocentrism. Nicolaus Copernicus in his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (\"On the revolution of heavenly spheres\", first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg), presented a discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy in the 2nd century had presented his geocentric model in his Almagest. Copernicus discussed the philosophical implications of his proposed system, elaborated it in geometrical detail, used selected astronomical observations to derive the parameters of his model, and wrote astronomical tables which enabled one to compute the past and future positions of the stars and planets. In doing so, Copernicus moved Heliocentrism from philosophical speculation to predictive geometrical astronomy. In reality, Copernicus's system did not predict the planets' positions any better than the Ptolemaic system.[63] This theory resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent, rather than real: it was a parallax effect, as an object that one is passing seems to move backwards against the horizon. This issue was also resolved in the geocentric Tychonic system; the latter, however, while eliminating the major epicycles, retained as a physical reality the irregular back-and-forth motion of the planets, which Kepler characterized as a \"pretzel\".[64]", "Heliocentrism. Prior to the publication of De Revolutionibus, the most widely accepted system had been proposed by Ptolemy, in which the Earth was the center of the universe and all celestial bodies orbited it. Tycho Brahe, arguably the most accomplished astronomer of his time, advocated against Copernicus's heliocentric system and for an alternative to the Ptolemaic geocentric system: a geo-heliocentric system now known as the Tychonic system in which the five then known planets orbit the sun, while the sun and the moon orbit the earth.", "Nicolaus Copernicus. At the Maragha observatory, Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī (died 1277), in his Hikmat al-'Ain, wrote an argument for a heliocentric model, but later abandoned the model. Qutb al-Din Shirazi (born 1236) also discussed the possibility of heliocentrism, but rejected it.[41] Ibn al-Shatir (born 1304) developed a geocentric system that employed mathematical techniques, such as the Tusi couple and Urdi lemma, that were almost identical to those Nicolaus Copernicus later employed in his heliocentric system, implying that its mathematical model was influenced by the Maragha school.[94]", "Geocentric model. In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the universe with Earth at the center. Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbited Earth.[1] The geocentric model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations, such as those of Aristotle and Ptolemy.", "Geocentric model. Early in the 11th century Alhazen wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy (c. 1028), which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy's geocentrism,[24] but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy's model rather than his geocentrism.[25]", "Geocentric model. In 1543, the geocentric system met its first serious challenge with the publication of Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), which posited that the Earth and the other planets instead revolved around the Sun. The geocentric system was still held for many years afterwards, as at the time the Copernican system did not offer better predictions than the geocentric system, and it posed problems for both natural philosophy and scripture. The Copernican system was no more accurate than Ptolemy's system, because it still used circular orbits. This was not altered until Johannes Kepler postulated that they were elliptical (Kepler's first law of planetary motion)." ]

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[ "Alsace. The Franco-Prussian War, which started in July 1870, saw France defeated in May 1871 by the Kingdom of Prussia and other German states. The end of the war led to the unification of Germany. Otto von Bismarck annexed Alsace and northern Lorraine to the new German Empire in 1871. France ceded more than 90% of Alsace and one-fourth of Lorraine, as stipulated in the treaty of Frankfurt, de jure, that wasn't an annexation any more.[citation needed] Unlike other members states of the German federation, which had governments of their own, the new Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine was under the sole authority of the Kaiser, administered directly by the imperial government in Berlin. Between 100,000 and 130,000 Alsatians (of a total population of about a million and a half) chose to remain French citizens and leave Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen, many of them resettling in French Algeria as Pieds-Noirs. Only in 1911 was Alsace-Lorraine granted some measure of autonomy, which was manifested also in a flag and an anthem (Elsässisches Fahnenlied). In 1913, however, the Saverne Affair (French: Incident de Saverne) showed the limits of this new tolerance of the Alsatian identity.", "Alsace-Lorraine. In 1871, the newly created German Empire's demand for Alsace from France after its victory in the Franco-Prussian War was not simply a punitive measure. The transfer was controversial even among the Germans: The German Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, was initially opposed to it, as he thought it would engender permanent French enmity toward Germany.[citation needed] Some German industrialists did not want the competition from Alsatian industries, such as the cloth makers who would be exposed to competition from the sizeable industry in Mulhouse. However, the German Emperor, Wilhelm I, eventually sided with army commander Helmuth von Moltke, other Prussian generals and other officials who argued that a westward shift in the French border was necessary for strategic military and ethnographic reasons. From an ethnic perspective, the transfer involved people who for the most part spoke Alemannic German dialects. From a military perspective, by early 1870s standards, shifting the frontier away from the Rhine would give the Germans a strategic buffer against feared future French attacks. Due to the annexation, the Germans gained control of the fortifications of Metz, though it was a French-speaking town; of Strasbourg (Straßburg) on the left bank of the Rhine; and of most of the iron resources of Lorraine.", "Franco-Prussian War. The German states proclaimed their union as the German Empire under the Prussian king Wilhelm I, finally uniting Germany as a nation-state. The Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 gave Germany most of Alsace and some parts of Lorraine, which became the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen). The German conquest of France and the unification of Germany upset the European balance of power that had existed since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and Otto von Bismarck maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades. French determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine and fear of another Franco-German war, along with British apprehension about the balance of power, became factors in the causes of World War I.", "France in the long nineteenth century. With the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, France lost her provinces of Alsace and portions of Lorraine to Germany (see Alsace-Lorraine); these lost provinces would only be regained at the end of World War I.", "Alsace-Lorraine. The Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine (German: Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen or Elsass-Lothringen, French: Terre d'Empire d'Alsace-Lorraine or Alsace-Moselle) was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871 after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle department of Lorraine following its victory in the Franco-Prussian War. The Alsatian part lay in the Rhine Valley on the west bank of the Rhine River and east of the Vosges Mountains. The Lorraine section was in the upper Moselle valley to the north of the Vosges.", "Territorial evolution of France. Following the Franco-Prussian War, of 1870 and by virtue of the Treaty of Frankfurt (10 May 1871), all of Alsace excepting the Territory of Belfort, was annexed by Germany, as were the districts of Sarreguemines, Metz, Sarrebourg (less 9 communes), Château-Salins (less 10 communes) and 11 communes of the arrondissement of Briey in Lorraine and the cantons of Saales and Schirmeck in the Vosges; a total of 1,447,000 hectares; 1,694 communes and 1,597,000 inhabitants. These territories would be recovered at the end of the First World War.[12]", "Territorial evolution of France. Alsace-Lorraine was annexed de facto to the Third Reich on 27 November 1940. Though the main towns of Alsace-Lorraine were liberated during the autumn of 1944, by troops of Generals Koenig and Leclerc, fighting raged on in the Colmar Pocket until 2 February 1945.", "Central Powers. Upon its founding in 1871, the German Empire controlled Alsace-Lorraine as an \"imperial territory\" incorporated from France after the Franco-Prussian War. It was held as part of Germany's sovereign territory.", "Alsace. Alsace-Lorraine was occupied by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War. Although it was never formally annexed, Alsace-Lorraine was incorporated into the Greater German Reich, which had been restructured into Reichsgau. Alsace was merged with Baden, and Lorraine with the Saarland, to become part of a planned Westmark. During the war, 130,000 young men from Alsace and Lorraine were conscripted into the German army, allegedly against their will (malgré-nous), and in some cases volunteered for the Waffen SS.[16] Some of the latter were involved in war crimes, such as the Oradour-sur-Glane massacre. Most perished on the eastern front. The few that could fled to Switzerland or joined the resistance. In July 1944, 1500 malgré-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers, where they joined the Free French Forces.", "France in the twentieth century. In 1914, the territory of France was different from today's France in two important ways: most of Alsace and the northeastern part of Lorraine had been annexed by Germany in 1870 (following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71), and the North-African country of Algeria had been established as an integral part of France (a \"département\") in 1848. Alsace-Lorraine would be restored at the end of World War I (only to be lost again, temporarily, to the Germans a second time during World War II).", "Alsace-Lorraine. After the defeat of France in the spring of 1940, Alsace and Moselle were not formally annexed by Nazi Germany. Although the terms of the armistice specified that the integrity of the whole French territory could not be modified in any way, Adolf Hitler, the German leader, drafted an annexation law in 1940 that he kept secret, expecting to announce it in the event of a German victory.[16] Through a series of laws which individually seemed minor, Berlin took full control of Alsace-Lorraine, and Alsatians could be drafted into the German Army. During the occupation, Moselle was integrated into a Reichsgau named Westmark and Alsace was amalgamated with Baden. From 1942, people from Alsace and Moselle were made German citizens by decree of the Nazi government.[17]", "Treaty of Verdun. In 855, the northern section became fragile Lotharingia, which became disputed by the more powerful states that evolved out of West Francia (i.e., France) and East Francia (i.e., Germany). Generations of kings of France and Germany were unable to establish a firm rule over Lothair’s kingdom.[4] While the north of Lotharingia was then composed of independent countries, the southern third of Lotharingia, Alsace-Lorraine, was traded back and forth between France and Germany from the 18th to the 20th century. In 1766, it passed to France after the death of Stanislaw Leszcyznski, who had acquired the region from the German Habsburgs by the Treaty of Vienna (1738) ending the War of Polish Succession (1733-1738). In 1871, Alsace-Lorraine became German, after the victory of Prussia and its German allies over the French in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). In 1919, it became French again by the Treaty of Versailles (1919), following the French victory over the Germans in World War I (1914-1918). In 1940, Germany reannexed Alsace-Lorraine following Germany's successful invasion of France. Finally, in 1945, after World War II (1939-1945), Alsace-Lorraine was solidified as French territory, which it remains to this day, more than a thousand years after the Treaty of Verdun. The collapse of the Middle Frankish Kingdom also compounded the disunity of the Italian Peninsula, which persisted into the 19th century.", "Luxembourg. At the time of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, despite allegations about French use of the Luxembourg railways for passing soldiers from Metz (then part of France) through the Duchy, and for forwarding provisions to Thionville, Luxembourg's neutrality was respected by Germany, and neither France nor Germany invaded the country.[36][37] But in 1871, as a result of Germany's victory over France, Luxembourg's boundary with Lorraine, containing Metz and Thionville, changed from being a frontier with a part of France to a frontier with territory annexed to the German Empire as Alsace-Lorraine under the Treaty of Frankfurt. This allowed Germany the military advantage of controlling and expanding the railways there.", "1920 in Germany. The two most important cessions of territory were the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to France and of a large stretch of territory in West Prussia, Posen, and Upper Silesia to Poland. Of these, the territory ceded to Poland amounted to nearly 20,000 square miles (50,000 km2), and, coupled with the establishment of Danzig as an independent state, which was also imposed upon Germany, this loss had the effect of cutting off East Prussia from the main territory of Germany.", "Triple Entente. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, Prussia defeated the Second French Empire, resulting in the establishment of the Third Republic. In the Treaty of Frankfurt, Prussia forced France to cede Alsace-Lorraine to the new German Empire. Ever since, relations had been poor.", "Aftermath of World War I. Alsace-Lorraine returned to France, the region which had been ceded to Prussia in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War. At the 1919 Peace Conference, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau's aim was to ensure that Germany would not seek revenge in the following years. To this purpose, the chief commander of the Allied forces, Marshal Ferdinand Foch, had demanded that for the future protection of France the Rhine river should now form the border between France and Germany. Based on history, he was convinced that Germany would again become a threat, and, on hearing the terms of the Treaty of Versailles that had left Germany substantially intact, he observed that \"This is not Peace. It is an Armistice for twenty years.\"", "Modern history. The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I.", "French Algeria. The loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Prussia in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War, led to pressure on the French government to make new land available in Algeria for about 5,000 Alsatian and Lorrainer refugees who were resettled there. During the 1870s, both the amount of European-owned land and the number of settlers were doubled, and tens of thousands of unskilled Muslims, who had been uprooted from their land, wandered into the cities or to colon farming areas in search of work.", "Aftermath of World War II. In the west, Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France. The Sudetenland reverted to Czechoslovakia following the European Advisory Commission's decision to delimit German territory to be the territory it held on 31 December 1937. Close to one quarter of pre-war (1937) Germany was de facto annexed by the Allies; roughly 10 million Germans were either expelled from this territory or not permitted to return to it if they had fled during the war. The remainder of Germany was partitioned into four zones of occupation, coordinated by the Allied Control Council. The Saar was detached and put in economic union with France in 1947. In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was created out of the Western zones. The Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic.", "German military administration in occupied France during World War II. Alsace-Lorraine, which had been annexed after the Franco-Prussian war in 1871 by the German Empire and returned to France after the First World War, was re-annexed by the Third Reich (thus subjecting their male population to German military conscription.) The departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais were attached to the military administration in Belgium and Northern France, which was also responsible[1] for civilian affairs in the 20-kilometre (12 mi) wide zone interdite along the Atlantic coast. Another \"forbidden zone\" were areas in north-eastern France, corresponding to Lorraine and roughly about half each of Franche-Comté, Champagne and Picardie. War refugees were prohibited from returning to their homes, and it was intended for German settlers and annexation[2] in the coming Nazi New Order (Neue Ordnung).", "Territorial evolution of Germany. After the invasion of France in 1940, Germany annexed the départements of Bas-Rhin, Haut-Rhin and Moselle (Alsace-Lorraine). The German government never negotiated or declared a formal annexation, however, in order to preserve the possibility of an agreement with the West.[citation needed]", "Alsace-Lorraine. The French Government immediately started a Francization campaign that included the forced deportation of all Germans who had settled in the area after 1870. For that purpose, the population was divided in four categories: A (French citizens prior to 1870), B (descendants of such French citizens), C (citizens of Allied or neutral states) and D (enemy aliens - Germans). By July 1921, 111,915 people categorized as \"D\" had been expelled to Germany.[14][15] German-language Alsatian newspapers were also suppressed.", "Alsace-Lorraine. The Germans responded to the outbreak of war with harsh measures against the Alsace-Lorraine populace:[8] the Saverne Affair had convinced the high command that the population was hostile to the German Empire and that it should be forced into submission.[citation needed] German troops occupied some homes. The German military feared French partisans – or francs-tireurs, as they had been called during the Franco-Prussian War – would reappear.", "Alsace-Lorraine. While the soviet councils disbanded themselves with the departure of the German troops between November 11 and 17,[13] the arrival of the French Army stabilized the situation: French troops put the region under occupatio bellica and entered Strasbourg on November 21. The Nationalrat proclaimed the annexation of Alsace to France on December 5, even though this process did not gain international recognition until the signature of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.", "History of Germany. Louis XIV of France conquered parts of Alsace and Lorraine (1678–1681), and had invaded and devastated the Electorate of the Palatinate (1688–1697) in the War of Palatinian Succession. Louis XIV benefited from the Empire's problems with the Turks, which were menacing Austria. Louis XIV ultimately had to relinquish the Electorate of the Palatinate. Afterwards Hungary was reconquered from the Turks; Austria, under the Habsburgs, developed into a great power.", "List of military engagements of World War I. The invasion and recapture of Lorraine formed one of the major parts of the French pre-war strategy, Plan XVII. The loss of Lorraine (and Alsace; see above) to the Prussians in the 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War was seen as a national humiliation by the public and military alike, and was at the forefront of their minds for the next war against the Germans.[5]", "Alsace-Lorraine. The sentiment of attachment to France stayed strong at least during the first 16 years of the annexation. During the Reichstag elections, the 15 deputies of 1874, 1881, 1884 (but one) and 1887 were called protester deputies (fr: députés protestataires) because they expressed to the Reichstag their opposition to the annexation by means of the 1874 motion in the French language: « May it please the Reichstag to decide that the populations of Alsace-Lorraine that were annexed, without having been consulted, to the German Reich by the treaty of Frankfurt have to come out particularly about this annexation. »[5] The Saverne Affair (usually known in English-language accounts as the Zabern Affair), in which abusive and oppressive behaviour by the military towards the population of the town of Saverne led to protests not just in Alsace but in other regions, put a severe strain on the relationship between the people of Alsace-Lorraine and the rest of the German Empire.", "Alsace-Lorraine. In the early 20th century, the increased militarization of Europe, and the lack of negotiation between major powers, led to harsh and rash actions taken by both sides in respect to Alsace-Lorraine during World War I. As soon as war was declared, both the French and German authorities used the inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine as propaganda pawns.[citation needed]", "History of Germany. Disputes between France and Prussia increased. In 1868, the Spanish queen Isabella II was expelled by a revolution, leaving that country's throne vacant. When Prussia tried to put a Hohenzollern candidate, Prince Leopold, on the Spanish throne, the French angrily protested. In July 1870, France declared war on Prussia (the Franco-Prussian War). The debacle was swift. A succession of German victories in northeastern France followed, and one French army was besieged at Metz. After a few weeks, the main army was finally forced to capitulate in the fortress of Sedan. French Emperor Napoleon III was taken prisoner and a republic hastily proclaimed in Paris. The new government, realising that a victorious Germany would demand territorial acquisitions, resolved to fight on. They began to muster new armies, and the Germans settled down to a grim siege of Paris. The starving city surrendered in January 1871, and the Prussian army staged a victory parade in it. France was forced to pay indemnities of 5 billion francs and cede Alsace-Lorraine. It was a bitter peace that would leave the French thirsting for revenge.", "Alsace-Lorraine. Under the German Empire of 1871-1918, the annexed territory constituted the Reichsland or Imperial Territory of Elsaß-Lothringen (German for Alsace-Lorraine). The area was administered directly from Berlin, but was granted limited autonomy in 1911. This included its constitution and state assembly, its own flag, and the Elsässisches Fahnenlied (Alsatian Flag Song) as its anthem.", "Alsace-Lorraine. The new border between France and Germany mainly followed the geolinguistic divide between French and German dialects, except in a few valleys of the Alsatian side of the Vosges mountains, the city of Metz and its region and in the area of Château-Salins (formerly in the Meurthe département), which were annexed by Germany although most people there spoke French.[note 2] In 1900, 11.6% of the population of Alsace-Lorraine spoke French as their first language (11.0% in 1905, 10.9% in 1910).", "Alsace-Lorraine. The territory was made up of 93% of Alsace and 26% of Lorraine; the remaining portions of these regions continued to be part of France. For historical reasons, specific legal dispositions are still applied in the territory in the form of a \"local law\". In relation to its special legal status, since its reversion to France following World War I, the territory has been referred to administratively as Alsace-Moselle.[note 1]" ]

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[ "Panama City, Florida. Panama City is a city and the county seat of Bay County, Florida, United States.[5] Located along U.S. Route 98, it is the largest city between Tallahassee and Pensacola. It is the more populated of two principal cities of the Panama City-Lynn Haven, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 36,484.[6] When Panama City was incorporated in 1909, its original city limits were 15th Street (Hwy 98) on the north, Balboa Avenue on the west and Bay Avenue on the east.[citation needed]", "Panama City. Panama City (Spanish: Ciudad de Panamá; pronounced [sjuˈða(ð) ðe panaˈma]) is the capital and largest city in the country of Panama.[3][4] It has an urban population of 880,691,[1] with 3,526,421 in its metropolitan area.[1] The city is located at the Pacific entrance of the Panama Canal, in the province of Panama. The city is the political and administrative center of the country, as well as a hub for banking and commerce.[5]", "Panama City, Florida. Panama City is located at 30°10′28″N 85°39′52″W / 30.17444°N 85.66444°W / 30.17444; -85.66444 (30.174451, -85.664480)[10] within the Florida Panhandle and along the Emerald Coast. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city limits encompass an area of 35.4 square miles (91.8 km2), of which 29.3 square miles (75.8 km2) is land and 6.2 square miles (16.0 km2), or 17.39%, is water.[11]", "Panama City. The city is located in Panama District, although its metropolitan area also includes some populated areas on the opposite side of the Panama Canal. As in the rest of the country, the city is divided into corregimientos, in which there are many smaller boroughs. The old quarter, known as the Casco Viejo, is located in the corregimiento of San Felipe. San Felipe and twelve other corregimientos form the urban center of the city, including Santa Ana, El Chorrillo, Calidonia, Curundú, Ancón, Bella Vista, Bethania, San Francisco, Juan Diaz, Pueblo Nuevo, Parque Lefevre, and Río Abajo.", "Panama City. The city of Panama remains a banking center, although with very visible controls in the flow of cash. Shipping is handled through port facilities in the area of Balboa operated by the Hutchison Whampoa Company of Hong Kong and through several ports on the Caribbean side of the isthmus. Balboa, which is located within the greater Panama metropolitan area, was formerly part of the Panama Canal Zone, and in fact the administration of the former Panama Canal Zone was headquartered there.", "Panama City. Panama City is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities[48] from 12 October 1982 establishing brotherly relations with the following cities:", "Panama. Panama is located in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica. It mostly lies between latitudes 7° and 10°N, and longitudes 77° and 83°W (a small area lies west of 83°).", "Panama. Panama (/ˈpænəmɑː/ ( listen) PAN-ə-mah; Spanish: Panamá [panaˈma]), officially called the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá), is a country in Central America.[8] It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia (in South America) to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half of the country's 4 million people.[3]", "Panama. Its location on the Isthmus of Panama is strategic. By 2000, Panama controlled the Panama Canal which connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea to the North of the Pacific Ocean. Panama's total area is 74,177.3 km2.[40]", "Panama City. Built and settled in 1671 after the destruction of Panama Viejo by the privateer Henry Morgan, the historic district of Panama City (known as Casco Viejo, Casco Antiguo, or San Felipe) was conceived as a walled city to protect its settlers against future pirate attacks. It was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2003.[28]", "Panama City. View of part of the metropolitan area of Panama", "Panama City, Florida. The development in this once unincorporated part of Northwest Florida had previous names such as \"Floriopolis,\" \"Park Resort\" and \"Harrison.\" [7] In 1906, the development was titled \"Panama City\" and first incorporated as \"Panama City\" in 1909. According to the Panama City Public Library's A History of Panama City,[8] a developer named George Mortimer West hoped to spur real estate development in Bay County during a period of intense popular interest in the construction of the Panama Canal by changing the town's name from Harrison to Panama City, because a straight line between Chicago and the capital of the Central American country of Panama intersected the Florida town. Additionally, since required meanders around land formations in a seaborne route to the canal added distance when starting at other ports, Panama City was the closest developed port in the US mainland to the Caribbean entrance of the Panama Canal.", "Panama City. Panama City is responsible for the production of approximately 55% of the country's GDP. This is because most Panamanian businesses and premises are located in the city and its metro area.[17] It is a stopover for other destinations in the country, as well as a transit point and tourist destination in itself.", "Panama. These are the 10 largest Panamanian cities and towns. Most of Panama's largest cities are part of the Panama City Metropolitan Area.", "Panama City. The city was founded on August 15, 1519, by Pedro Arias de Ávila, also known as Pedrarias Dávila. Within a few years of its founding, the city became a launching point for the exploration and conquest of Peru and a transit point for gold and silver headed back to Spain through the Isthmus. In 1671 Henry Morgan with a band of 1400 men attacked and looted the city, which was subsequently destroyed by fire. The ruins of the old city still remain and are a popular tourist attraction known as Panamá la Vieja (Old Panama). It was rebuilt in 1673 in a new location approximately 5 miles (8 km) southwest of the original city. This location is now known as the Casco Viejo (Old Quarter) of the city.", "Panama City. About 45% of the country's physicians are located in Panama City.[37]", "Panama City. On January 28, 1671, the original city (see Panamá Viejo) was destroyed by a fire when privateer Henry Morgan sacked and set fire to it. The city was formally reestablished two years later on January 21, 1673, on a peninsula located 8 km (5 miles) from the original settlement. The site of the previously devastated city is still in ruins and is now a popular tourist attraction.", "Panama City. Panama City is twinned with:[40][41]", "Panama City. As the economic and financial center of the country, Panama City's economy is service-based, heavily weighted toward banking, commerce, and tourism.[14] The economy depends significantly on trade and shipping activities associated with the Panama Canal and port facilities located in Balboa. Panama's status as a convergence zone for capital from around the world due to the canal helped the city establish itself as a prime location for offshore banking and tax planning. Consequently, the economy has relied on accountants and lawyers who help global corporations navigate the regulatory landscape.[15] The city has benefited from significant economic growth in recent years, mainly due to the ongoing expansion of the Panama Canal, an increase in real estate investment, and a relatively stable banking sector.[16] There are around eighty banks in the city, at least fifteen of which are national.", "History of Panama. Strategically located on the Pacific coast, Panama City was relatively free of the permanent menace of pirates that roamed the Atlantic coast for over one and a half centuries, until it was destroyed by a devastating fire, when the pirate Henry Morgan sacked it on January 28, 1671. It was rebuilt and formally established on January 21, 1673, in a peninsula located 8 km from the original settlement. The ruins of the original city are a tourist attraction known as \"old Panama\".", "Panama. More than half the population lives in the Panama City–Colón metropolitan corridor, which spans several cities. Panama's urban population exceeds 75%, making Panama's population the most urbanized in Central America.[62]", "Panama City. The city proper has approximately 880,691 inhabitants in 23 boroughs.[24] The inhabitants of Panama City are commonly referred to as capitalinos and include large numbers of Afro-Panamanians, mestizos, and mulattos, with notable white and Asian minorities.[25] There is a great deal of cultural diversity within the city, which manifests itself in the wide variety of languages commonly spoken, such as German, Portuguese, French, Arab, Chinese, Hebrew and English, in addition to Spanish.[18]", "Panama City. Panama's old quarter (or Casco Viejo, Panama) features many architectural styles, from Spanish colonial buildings to French and Antillean townhouses built during the construction of the Panama Canal.[10] The more modern areas of the city have many high-rise buildings, which together form a very dense skyline. There are more than 110 high-rise projects under construction, with 127 already built.[11] The city holds the 45th place in the world by high-rise buildings count.[12]", "Panama City, Florida. As of the fourth quarter in 2016, there is a commercial rebranding campaign set out to rebrand the downtown area of Panama City, Florida to \"Harrison\" or \"Harrison Historic Downtown Panama City.\" There is currently ongoing backlash to this rebranding attempt from the area's merchants. Harrison Ave. is the road (thoroughfare) that runs through downtown Panama City, Florida.", "Panama City, Florida. The two main east-to-west thoroughfares in Panama City proper are 23rd Street and U.S. Highway 98. The main north-to-south thoroughfare is Martin Luther King Boulevard, otherwise known as FL-77.", "Panama City. Panamá is located between the Pacific Ocean and tropical rain forest in the northern part of Panama. The Parque Natural Metropolitano (Metropolitan Nature Park), stretching from Panama City along the Panama Canal, has unique bird species and other animals, such as tapir, puma, and caimans. At the Pacific entrance of the canal is the Centro de Exhibiciones Marinas (Marine Exhibitions Center), a research center for those interested in tropical marine life and ecology, managed by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.", "Panama City, Florida. Panama City's public schools are operated by Bay District Schools. A system of charter schools, University Academy and Bay Haven Schools also services the Panama City area. Private schools in the city include, Holy Nativity Episcopal School, St. John Catholic School, Jacob Austin Prep. Academy, Covenant Christian School. Gulf Coast State College, formerly Gulf Coast Community College, is now a 4-year state college. Florida State University Panama City Campus and a satellite campus of Troy University are located in the city. Embry Riddle Aeronautical University has a satellite campus on Tyndall Air Force Base. Public high schools in the Panama City metro-area include Rutherford High School, Bay High School, Mosley High School, Arnold High School, Bozeman Learning Center, and Rowsenwald High School.", "Panama City. Panamá Viejo (\"Old Panama\")[26] is the name used for the architectural vestiges of the Monumental Historic Complex of the first Spanish city founded on the Pacific coast of the Americas by Pedro Arias de Avila on August 15, 1519. This city was the starting point for the expeditions that conquered the Inca Empire in Peru in 1532. It was a stopover point on one of the most important trade routes in the history of the American continent, leading to the famous fairs of Nombre de Dios and Portobelo, where most of the gold and silver that Spain took from the Americas passed through.[27]", "Panama City. The city of Panama was founded on August 15, 1519, by Spanish conquistador Pedro Arias Dávila. The city was the starting point for expeditions that conquered the Inca Empire in Peru. It was a stopover point on one of the most important trade routes in the history of the American continent, leading to the fairs of Nombre de Dios and Portobelo, through which passed most of the gold and silver that Spain took from the Americas.", "Panama City, Florida. Tyndall Air Force Base is east of the city. The HHT 1-153 CAV is stationed there. It is part of Florida Army National Guard's 53rd Infantry Brigade. The city is also home to the U.S. Navy's Naval Support Activity Panama City which is home to various research and training projects.", "Panama City. Panama's international airport, Tocumen International Airport is located on the eastern outskirts of the city's metropolitan area. Two other airports serve Panama City: Panamá Pacífico, previously the Howard Air Force Base, and Marcos A. Gelabert, previously the Albrook Air Force Base. Pacífico serves VivaColombia and Wingo, while Marcos A. Gelabert Airport is the main hub for AirPanama. All other flights are served by Tocumen.", "Panama City. The belltower of the San Francisco de Asis Church." ]

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[ "10050 Cielo Drive. In 1994, the owner demolished the house and built a replacement home called Villa Bella, with a new street address of 10066 Cielo Drive. The owner of the property as of 2013 is Hollywood producer Jeff Franklin. The new property does not resemble the residence in which the Tate murders occurred.[12]", "10050 Cielo Drive. 10050 Cielo Drive is the street address of a former luxury home in Benedict Canyon, a part of Beverly Crest, north of Beverly Hills, California, where the Charles Manson \"family\" committed the Tate murders in 1969.", "10050 Cielo Drive. The residence had been occupied by various famous Hollywood and music industry figures. In 1994, the house was demolished, a new house was constructed on the site and the street address was changed to 10066 Cielo Drive.", "10050 Cielo Drive. The original house was designed by Robert Byrd in 1942 and completed in 1944 for French actress Michèle Morgan.[1] It was extremely similar, but not exactly identical, to the house which sat on its own plateau directly below 10050, 10048 Cielo Drive, which was often called the Twin House. They were originally built on land called[by whom?] The Bedrock Properties and were built at the same time.", "10050 Cielo Drive. Michèle Morgan, French actress for RKO Radio Pictures, had architect Robert Byrd design and J. F. Wadkins build the luxury home resembling an early 19th-century European style farmhouse. The house was completed in 1941, with an address of 10050 Cielo Drive. Beverly Hills, California. By the end of World War II, Morgan had returned to France and in 1946 Lillian Gish moved in with her mother while filming Duel in the Sun (1946).", "10050 Cielo Drive. Altobelli moved into the house just three weeks after the murders and resided there for the next 20 years. During an interview on ABC's show 20/20, he said that while living there, he felt \"safe, secure, loved and beauty.\"[2] He sold the property for $1.6 million in 1989 (equivalent to $3.2 million in 2017).[2][6]", "10050 Cielo Drive. The French country-style structure was located on 3 acres (1.2 ha) at the end of a cul-de-sac on Cielo Drive in Benedict Canyon, an area west of Hollywood in the Santa Monica Mountains that overlooks Beverly Hills and Bel Air.[1] The hillside structure faced east and featured stone fireplaces, beamed ceilings, paned windows, a loft above the living room, a swimming pool and a guest house, and was surrounded by thick pine and flowering cherry trees.[1]", "Manson Family. On March 23, 1969,[5]:228–233 Manson, uninvited, entered 10050 Cielo Drive, which he had known as Melcher's residence.[5]:155–161 This was Rudi Altobelli's property; Melcher was only a previous tenant. As of February 1969,[5]:28–38 the tenants were Sharon Tate and Roman Polanski.", "10050 Cielo Drive. Reznor took the front door of the house with him when he moved out, installing it at Nothing Studios, his new recording studio/record label headquarters in New Orleans.[10][11] Nothing Studios was sold and the facade of the building was changed. The front door Reznor moved from 10050 Cielo Drive is currently preserved in the possession of the owner of the building.", "The Downward Spiral. Reznor searched for and moved to 10050 Cielo Drive in 1992 for recording Broken and The Downward Spiral,[8] a decision made against his initial choice to record the album in New Orleans.[9] 10050 Cielo Drive is referred to as the \"Tate House\" since Sharon Tate was murdered by members of the Manson Family in 1969; Reznor named the studio \"Le Pig\" after the message that was scrawled on the front door with Tate's blood by her murderers, and stayed there with Malm for 18 months. He called his first night in 10050 Cielo Drive \"terrifying\" because he already knew it and read books related to the incident. Reznor chose the Tate house to calibrate his engineering skills and the band bought a large console and two Studer machines as resources, a move that he believed was cheaper than renting.[10] The studio was also used for the recording of Marilyn Manson's debut album Portrait of an American Family, which Reznor co-produced. Marilyn Manson accepted Reznor's offer of signing a contract with Nothing Records.[11]", "10050 Cielo Drive. Rudolph Altobelli, a music and film industry talent manager, bought the house for $86,000 in the early 1960s (equivalent to US$700,000 in 2017) and often rented it out.[2] Residents included Cary Grant and Dyan Cannon (it was their honeymoon nest in 1965[3]), Henry Fonda, George Chakiris, Mark Lindsay, Paul Revere & the Raiders, Samantha Eggar, and Olivia Hussey. Charles Manson visited the house in late 1968, when it was occupied by couple Terry Melcher (the son of actress Doris Day) and Candice Bergen with roommate/talent-manager Roger Hart.[4] The couple split in early 1969, with Melcher relocating to Malibu.", "10050 Cielo Drive. In February 1969, Roman Polanski and his wife Sharon Tate began renting the home from Altobelli. On August 9, 1969, the home became the scene of the murders of Tate, Wojciech Frykowski, Abigail Folger, Jay Sebring, and Steven Parent at the hands of the Manson \"Family\".[5] William Garretson, Altobelli's caretaker and an acquaintance of Parent, lived in the guest house behind the main house and was unaware of the murders until the next morning, when he was taken into custody by police officers who had arrived at the scene. He was later cleared of all charges.", "Candice Bergen. Bergen and former boyfriend Terry Melcher lived at 10050 Cielo Drive in Los Angeles, which was later occupied by Sharon Tate and her husband, Roman Polanski. Tate and four others were murdered in the home in August 9, 1969, by followers of Charles Manson.[22] There was some initial speculation that Melcher may have been the intended victim,[23] although Melcher, his former roommate Mark Lindsay, and Vincent Bugliosi have all indicated Manson was aware that Melcher was no longer living at that address at the time of the murders.[24][25]", "10050 Cielo Drive. The final resident of the original house was the musician Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails. Reznor began renting the house in 1992 and set up a recording studio there.[7] This studio, dubbed \"Pig\" (sometimes called \"Le Pig\") in a reference to murderer Susan Atkins' writing \"Pig\" in Tate's blood on the front door of the house, was the site of recording sessions for most of the Nine Inch Nails album The Downward Spiral (1994).[7] Reznor moved out of the house in December 1993, later explaining \"there was too much history in that house for me to handle.\"[8]", "10050 Cielo Drive. While I was working on Downward Spiral, I was living in the house where Sharon Tate was killed. Then one day I met her sister. It was a random thing, just a brief encounter. And she said: \"Are you exploiting my sister's death by living in her house?\" For the first time the whole thing kind of slapped me in the face. I said, \"No, it's just sort of my own interest in American folklore. I'm in this place where a weird part of history occurred.\" I guess it never really struck me before, but it did then. She lost her sister from a senseless, ignorant situation that I don't want to support. When she was talking to me, I realized for the first time, \"What if it was my sister?\" I thought, \"Fuck Charlie Manson.\" I don't want to be looked at as a guy who supports serial-killer bullshit.[9]", "Manson Family. William Garretson, once the young caretaker at 10050 Cielo Drive, indicated in a program (The Last Days of Sharon Tate) broadcast on July 25, 1999 on E!, that he had, in fact, seen and heard a portion of the Tate murders from his location in the property's guest house. This corroborated the unofficial results of the polygraph examination that had been given to Garretson on August 10, 1969, and that had effectively eliminated him as a suspect. The LAPD officer who conducted the examination had concluded Garretson was \"clean\" on participation in the crimes but \"muddy\" as to his having heard anything.[5]:28–38 Garretson did not explain why he had withheld his knowledge of the events.", "Manson Family. The next night of August 9, 1969, six Family members—Leslie Van Houten, Steve \"Clem\" Grogan, and the four from the previous night—drove out on Manson's orders. Displeased by the panic of the victims at Cielo Drive, Manson accompanied the six, \"to show them how to do it.\"[5]:176–184, 258–269[49] After a few hours' ride, in which he considered a number of murders and even attempted one of them,[5]:258–269[49] Manson gave Kasabian directions that brought the group to 3301 Waverly Drive. This was the home of supermarket executive Leno LaBianca and his wife, Rosemary, a dress shop co-owner.[5]:22–25, 42–48 Located in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles, it was next door to a house at which Manson and Family members had attended a party the previous year.[5]:176–184, 204–210", "10050 Cielo Drive. Reznor made a statement about working in the Tate house during a 1997 interview with Rolling Stone:", "Manson Family. On the night of August 8, 1969, Manson directed Watson to take Susan Atkins, Linda Kasabian, and Patricia Krenwinkel to Melcher's former home at 10050 Cielo Drive in Los Angeles and kill everyone there. The home had only recently been rented to celebrity couple Sharon Tate and director Roman Polanski. Manson told the three women to do as Watson told them. The Family members proceeded to kill the five people they found: actress Sharon Tate (who was eight months pregnant; her unborn child was also killed), who was living there at the time; Jay Sebring, Abigail Folger, and Wojciech Frykowski, who were visiting her; and Steven Parent, who had been visiting the caretaker of the home. Polanski was not present on the night of the murders as he was working on a film in Europe. Atkins wrote \"pig\" in blood on the front door as they left. The murders created a nationwide sensation.[48]", "Kelo v. City of New London. \"They stole our home for economic development,\" ousted homeowner Michael Cristofaro told the New York Times. \"It was all for Pfizer, and now they get up and walk away.\"[22]", "Ronald Reagan. 1976. At his home at Rancho del Cielo", "The Downward Spiral. The Downward Spiral was conceived after the Lollapalooza 1991 festival tour as a pivot for Reznor's personal issues and the \"negative vibe\" felt by the band. The following year, Reznor moved to 10050 Cielo Drive in Benedict Canyon, Los Angeles, where actress Sharon Tate was murdered by members of the Manson Family. It was used as a studio called \"Le Pig\" for recording Broken and The Downward Spiral with collaborations from other musicians. The album was influenced by late-1970s rock music albums such as David Bowie's Low and Pink Floyd's The Wall in particular, and focused on texture and space.", "The Pritzker Estate. The home was listed for sale on September 13, 2000 but delisted on March 13, 2001.[7][11] The corporation known as 1261 Angelo Drive, LLC was created on June 3, 2002, a common tactic for high-profile individuals to anonymously purchase real estate.[12] Later that year the Pritzker family acquired the home at 1261 Angelo Drive and the house was quickly demolished, despite efforts by the Los Angeles Conservancy to prevent its destruction.[4][6][13] The lot was appealing because of its location near Beverly Hills and the high vantage point that offered 180-degree unobstructed views of Los Angeles.[4]", "Manson Family. Steven Parent, the shooting victim in the Tate driveway, was determined to have been an acquaintance of William Garretson, who lived in the guest house. Garretson was a young man hired by Rudi Altobelli to take care of the property while Altobelli was away.[5]:28–38 As the killers arrived, Parent had been leaving Cielo Drive, after a visit to Garretson.[5]:28–38", "K-Love. On September 12, 1988, a 9,000-acre brush fire destroyed KCLB's main transmitter building on Geyser Peak. The radio station transmitter was relocated to 4,000-foot Mount Saint Helena.[4][7] The new location improved signal strength, and listeners reported they could now hear the station as far as 125 miles away.[5]", "The Golden Girls. The house's address was mentioned as being 6151 Richmond Street, Miami.[26] The outside model used in the shots of the house beginning in the third season and lasting through the end of the series was part of the backstage studio tour ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios. This façade—along with the Empty Nest house—was among those destroyed in mid-2003, as Disney bulldozed the houses of \"Residential Street\" to make room for its \"Lights, Motors, Action!\" attraction. A hurricane that damaged the sets earlier also contributed to this decision. The façade was based on a real house at 245 N. Saltair Avenue in Brentwood, California. This residence was used for outside shots during the first two seasons.[27]", "Kelo v. City of New London. In spite of repeated efforts, the redeveloper (who stood to get a 91-acre (370,000 m2) waterfront tract of land for $1 per year)[citation needed] was unable to obtain financing, and the redevelopment project was abandoned. As of the beginning of 2010, the original Kelo property was a vacant lot, generating no tax revenue for the city.[2] In the aftermath of 2011's Hurricane Irene, the now-closed New London redevelopment area was turned into a dump for storm debris such as tree branches and other vegetation.[19]", "El Señor de los Cielos. El Señor de los Cielos is an American telenovela created by Luis Zelkowicz, based on an original idea by Mariano Calasso, and Andrés López and it started airing on American broadcast channel Telemundo on April 15, 2013. Produced by Argos Comunicación and Telemundo Studios, and Caracol Internacional in the first season, and distributed by Telemundo Internacional. The series is based on the life and work of Amado Carrillo Fuentes, the former leader of the Juarez Cartel. The program features an ensemble cast, headed by its longest-serving actors Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas and Fernanda Castillo as Mónica Robles.", "Casa Loma. The city seized Casa Loma in 1924 for unpaid taxes, and for years, the building was left vacant.[5] In the 1930s, CFRB broadcaster Claire Wallace spent a night at Casa Loma to gather material for a story about ghosts and supernatural phenomena, and she later broadcast an appeal to save the old building from demolition.[6] Her broadcast was heard by the vice-president of a local Kiwanis Club,[6] and subsequently Casa Loma was leased in 1937 by the Kiwanis Club of West Toronto, later the Kiwanis Club of Casa Loma (KCCL), which began operating the castle under a sole-source contract as a tourist destination.[5]", "Structure relocation. On the island of Chiloe, in Chile, there is a tradition of moving houses if the original site is haunted.[4] The house is placed on tree trunk rollers and dragged to the new location by oxen.[5]", "George Reeves. Reeves died of a gunshot wound to the head in the upstairs bedroom of his home in Benedict Canyon between 1:30 and 2:00 a.m. on June 16, 1959, according to the Los Angeles Police Department report. The police arrived within the hour. Present in the house at the time of the incident were Leonore Lemmon (Reeves' fiancée), William Bliss, writer Robert Condon, and Carol Van Ronkel, who lived a few blocks away with her husband, screenwriter Rip Van Ronkel.", "Wisteria Lane. In 2005, for the second season of Desperate Housewives, the street went through some heavy changes. During the first season only one part of the street had been seen on the show – the cul-de-sac at the end of the street, known as 'Circle Drive' among film crews,[3] had been left out. Now the majority of the buildings and façades in this part of the street were either heavily remodeled or removed. Among the most noticeable changes were the removals of a church façade, seen on Murder, She Wrote, in order to make room for Edie's house,[4] \nand of the so-called Colonial Mansion, which was replaced by a park.[5] In the film Beethoven's 3rd (2000) the street can clearly be seen with the shops and the Church still in place around 'Circle Drive'. The shot begins in circle drive at the shops then Mrs McCluskey's, Lynette's, Katherine's, Bree's, Susan's, Mary Alice's, Betty's and Gaby's are also in shot. The shot then continues into Gaby's driveway and then down the rest of the street." ]

[ 1.82421875, 0.19677734375, 3.21484375, -0.0234222412109375, 0.0291595458984375, -0.252685546875, 0.1748046875, -0.78515625, 1.234375, -0.4501953125, 0.70361328125, 2.611328125, 0.30810546875, 2.193359375, 0.0167236328125, -3.9765625, -2.26171875, -1.6552734375, 1.2255859375, -8.0546875, -9.390625, -2.314453125, -0.8447265625, -1.5078125, -8.6796875, -6.703125, -8.484375, -7.890625, -7.8046875, -7.43359375, -7.1015625, -6.25 ]

[ "Fortnite. By June 2017, Epic Games announced that Fortnite was now set for a 2018 release across Windows, macOS, and the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles. Leading up to this free-to-play release, the game was offered as a paid early access period starting on July 25, 2017 for all platforms; players who pre-ordered Founder's Packs were granted access to the game on July 21.[31][32] The lengthy period since the game's alpha phases was ascribed to developing Fortnite as a games-as-a-service model, according to creative lead Donald Mustard. While the game had been in a playable state for the two years before this, Epic wanted to be able to develop ongoing content to players to keep them interested in the title, such as planning timed events with unique rewards, following in the approach used by games like League of Legends and Warframe.[31] Since the game had already been announced earlier in 2014 through Game Informer, Epic opted not to use their Electronic Entertainment Expo time or space in June 2017 to re-announce the game, fearing that coverage of it would be lost in the deluge of other gaming news coming out of the event. Instead, the Epic marketing team worked with Twitch and other game streamers to provide them early copies of the game to play and promote on their channels in the weeks leading up to their target release date of July 25, 2017. However, a few weeks before this date, Epic recognized that the game was still not ready for release; it was playable but not content complete. Rather than prolonging it further, Epic decided to release the game into paid early access on July 25, 2017, which would also allow them to get active feedback on the game as they progressed in development.[33] At the time of the start of early access, Gearbox Software helped distribute the game on physical media.[34]", "Fortnite: Save the World. By June 2017, Epic Games announced that Fortnite was now set for a 2018 release across Windows, macOS, and the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles. Leading up to this free-to-play release, the game was offered as a paid early access period starting on July 25, 2017 for all platforms; players who pre-ordered Founder's Packs were granted access to the game on July 21.[33][34] The lengthy period since the game's alpha phases was ascribed to developing Fortnite as a games-as-a-service model, according to creative lead Donald Mustard. While the game had been in a playable state for the two years before this, Epic wanted to be able to develop ongoing content to players to keep them interested in the title, such as planning timed events with unique rewards, following in the approach used by games like League of Legends and Warframe.[33] Since the game had already been announced earlier in 2014 through Game Informer, Epic opted not to use their Electronic Entertainment Expo time or space in June 2017 to re-announce the game, fearing that coverage of it would be lost in the deluge of other gaming news coming out of the event. Instead, the Epic marketing team worked with Twitch and other game streamers to provide them early copies of the game to play and promote on their channels in the weeks leading up to their target release date of July 25, 2017. However, a few weeks before this date, Epic recognized that the game was still not ready for release; it was playable but not content complete. Rather than prolonging it further, Epic decided to release the game into paid early access on July 25, 2017, which would also allow them to get active feedback on the game as they progressed in development.[35] At the time of the start of early access, Gearbox Software helped distribute the game on physical media.[36]", "Fortnite. Fortnite is a co-op sandbox survival game developed by Epic Games and People Can Fly and published by Epic Games. The game was released as a paid-for early access title for Microsoft Windows, macOS, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on July 25, 2017, with a full free-to-play release expected in 2018. The retail versions of the game were published by Gearbox Publishing, while online distribution of the PC versions is handled by Epic's launcher.", "Fortnite Battle Royale. Fortnite had first been revealed by Epic Games in 2011, considered to be a combination of Minecraft and Left 4 Dead as four players would work together to scavenge resources to built fortifications, traps, weapons, and other objects to survive monster attacks.[20][21] The game ended up with a protracted development period, in part due to both external pressures, with the industry transitioning to a games as a service model, and internal shifts of focus within Epic (including focusing attention on their first free-to-play title Paragon) to meet the external challenges. During this period, Epic made a deal with Tencent, giving them about 40% of the company in exchange for their support for the games as a service approach as well as ready access to the Chinese video game market.[22] Fortnite was confirmed to have a planned 2018 release in June 2017, with a paid early access period starting a month later; the game is planned otherwise as a free-to-play title supported by microtransactions. With release in early access, the game featured its primary gameplay mode, \"Save the World\", where players in teams up to four would work cooperatively to survive and complete objectives on randomly generated maps.[23][24]", "Fortnite Battle Royale. Fortnite Battle Royale is a free-to-play battle royale video game developed and published by Epic Games. It was released as an early access title for Microsoft Windows, macOS, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in September 2017, for iOS in April 2018, the Nintendo Switch in June 2018, and an Android version in August 2018. It is a spin-off from Epic's Fortnite: Save the World, a cooperative survival game with construction elements.", "Fortnite: Save the World. Fortnite: Save the World is a co-op sandbox survival game developed by Epic Games and People Can Fly and published by Epic Games. The game was released as a paid-for early access title for Microsoft Windows, macOS, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on July 25, 2017, with a full free-to-play release expected in 2018. The retail versions of the game were published by Gearbox Publishing, while online distribution of the PC versions is handled by Epic's launcher.", "Fortnite Battle Royale. The iOS version was released first, and is expected to be followed by the Android version by mid-2018.[41][43] The beta version for iOS devices launched on March 15, 2018,[44] and opened to all players on April 2, 2018.[45] Epic Games stated that it was not possible to release the Android version with the iOS version simultaneously, and declined to provide a concrete release date for it, because the developers wanted to spend a few months making sure that the game will be compatible with as many Android devices as possible, a task that is not easily accomplished due to the high variety of Android hardware.[46]", "Fortnite Battle Royale. The Android beta version of Fortnite was released on August 9, 2018 with a time-exclusivity for selected Samsung mobile devices until August 12, 2018, after which it will be available for other compatible Android devices.[47][48] Epic distributed the Android Fortnite Battle Royale app directly from its website rather than through the Google Play Store, citing that the want to have a direct connection to the players of the game, and they believe that the 30% fee Google takes from all microtransactions from apps through the Play Store was disproportionate to the types of services the store provides.[49] Security experts expressed concern over this decision, since this requires users to modify security settings in default Android distributions to allow third-party sites to install Android application packages (APK). This setting can make users, particularly younger players, prone to potential malware, including clones of Fortnite that install malicious programming.[50]", "Epic Games. By July 2017, Fortnite was finally in a state for public play. Epic launched the title through a paid early access then, with a full free-to-play release expected in 2018.[57] Following on the popularity of PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, a battle royale game released earlier in 2017, Epic developed a variant of Fortnite called Fortnite Battle Royale, which was released in September 2017 as a free-to-play title across computer, console, and mobile platforms. Fortnite Battle Royale quickly gained an audience, amassing over 125 million players by May 2018 with estimates of having earned over US$1 billion by July 2018 through microtransactions. Epic Games, which had been valued at around US$825 million at the time of Tencent's acquisition, was estimated to be worth US$4.5 billion in July 2018 due to Fortnite Battle Royale, and expected to surpass US$8.5 billion by the end of 2018 with projected growth of the game.[58] Due to the success of Fortnite, Epic announced it would be ending support for Paragon, its other free-to-play title, to focus on supporting Fortnite.[59]", "Fortnite Battle Royale. In those two months of development, Epic's plan was to include Battle Royale within the paid Fortnite game, and originally announced this approach publicly in early September 2017. Only two weeks before it was released did Epic decide to make it a separate free-to-play title, fearing that having it as part of the paid package would slow down the growth of the title.[26] Epic announced this change formally about a week after first announcing Battle Royale, allowing those that had purchased early access to Fortnite in anticipation of this mode to request refunds.[27] This release, which beat out Battlegrounds to consoles, caused some concern with Battlegrounds developer Bluehole, as they had been working closely with Epic for Unreal engine support in Battlegrounds, and were worried that Fortnite might be able to include planned features to their Battle Royale mode before they could release those in Battlegrounds.[28][29][30]", "Fortnite Battle Royale. A release of Fortnite for the Nintendo Switch video game console had been rumored in the week prior to the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018 in June 2018. During the Nintendo Direct presentation, Nintendo and Epic Games announced the release of Fortnite Battle Royale for the Nintendo Switch, supporting cross-platform play with computer, Xbox One, and mobile users; such users are able to carry over their inventory, Battle Pass status, and in-game currency between these platforms through their Epic user account. The game was released on June 12, 2018, the same day as the announcement. It is the first game to support direct voice chat through the Switch console.[37] Players, however, noted that the Switch version cannot be linked to Epic Games accounts that were used at any point with the PlayStation 4 version, or vice versa; this was confirmed to be as a result of Sony's decision not to support cross-platform play, rather than a choice Epic had made.[38][39]", "Fortnite Battle Royale. The game initially launched without any seasonable schedule, but starting with the release of Season 2 in December 2017, Epic has provided new content, which includes new cosmetics, new gameplay elements, and changes to the game's map, on a roughly 10-week basis. This also introduced the use of the battle pass for players to obtain some of this new content by completing challenges and gaining experience.", "Fortnite. A standalone mode, Fortnite Battle Royale, based on the battle royale game genre but based on the core Fortnite gameplay, was released for the same platforms in September 2017.", "Fortnite. By November 2013, Epic confirmed that Fortnite would not release that year, nor offered a target released date, though affirmed the game was still in development by several of its studios.[25] Fortnite was a feature in the May 2014 issue of Game Informer, revealing that the title would be released as a free-to-play game.[26]", "Fortnite. With the popularity of Fortnite Battle Royale, which was first released in early access around September 2017 and gained considerable attention by early 2018, Epic split off a separate development team to focus on improvements for this mode.[35] Epic said that their attention to Fortnite was causing some of their other games to see lower player populations, leading them to reduce development efforts on these games, particularly Paragon.[36] By the end of January 2018, Epic announced it was shutting down Paragon by April of that year, providing refunds to all players.[37] Players on a Fortnite-dedicated Reddit forum had expressed concerns that a similar fate could befall the Save the World mode of Fortnite, as externally, the Save the World mode has not received the same attention in providing updates and improvements compared to the Battle Royale mode since that mode's release.[38] Epic's Ed Zobrist said that as of March 2018 that the retention rates for \"Save the World\" have been high, and have grown since the release of Fortnite Battle Royale,[33] and the company has since improved communications with the player base, such as providing development road maps and known bug lists.[39]", "Fortnite: Save the World. By November 2013, Epic confirmed that Fortnite would not release that year, nor offered a target released date, though affirmed the game was still in development by several of its studios.[26] Epic Games Vice President of Publishing Mike Fischer said in 2015 that Epic recognized that they \"announced this game too soon\", and that its lengthy development period was due to \"very good reasons.\"[27] Fortnite was a feature in the May 2014 issue of Game Informer, revealing that the title would be released as a free-to-play game.[28]", "H1Z1. The game was fully released out of early access on February 28, 2018.[16] The launch included updates to scoring, combat, weapons, gameplay, UI a new gamemode, Auto Royale.[17][18] The update also officially launched Season 1, introducing a new updated scoring system that rewards players who get kills and place well in matches consistently.[19] A week after release, it was announced that the game would be going back to free-to-play.[20] It was released for the PlayStation 4 on May 22, 2018, gaining over 1.5 million players within a few days.[21][22]", "Fortnite: Save the World. A standalone mode, Fortnite Battle Royale, part of the battle royale game genre but based on the core Fortnite gameplay, was released for the same platforms in September 2017.", "Fortnite. Fortnite was being developed alongside Paragon, which Epic announced on November 2015. As Paragon seemed to take Epic's focus, leaving little news about Fortnite, CEO Tim Sweeney said in March 2016 that they were still committed to Fortnite once Paragon was launched and established, given that much of the work on Fortnite would take time to get the right balance for gameplay. \"We figure we should start with one major successful launch and do one at a time. Fortnite will be next.\"[30]", "Fortnite Battle Royale. During the latter part of Fortnite's development, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds was released in March 2017 on personal computers in early access, and quickly became a popular and successful game, becoming the defining example of the battle royale genre. According to Mustard, the Epic team \"loved Battle Royale games like [Battlegrounds]\", and explored how they could make a similar mode within Fortnite's engine. They kept this mode in a separate development team from the main player versus environment modes for experimentation and as to not throw off the balance in the main game.[25] The Battle Royale mode development was led by Eric Williamson with Zack Estep as production lead. Their goal was to develop the Battle Royale mode quickly from the core \"Save the World\" mode, putting off any complex features that weren't already in place as to launch the new mode as soon as possible; while they explored such potential ideas, they held off inclusion until after the main mode was launched.[8] The development of the Battle Royale mode took about two months starting in July 2017 after the \"Save the World\" mode had shipped, and was aided by the Unreal Tournament team.[4][26] Key differences for Battle Royale that differed from \"Save the World\" included a more limited progression for weapons, a small subset of traps, and a smoother, more natural terrain for the maps.[8] They also wanted to aim for games not taking longer than 25 minutes, which led to some decisions of which elements from \"Save the World\" would not carry over.[8] They had including Fortnite's building mechanic for fortifications, not sure how players would use that since the safe zone would continue shrinking, but found quickly that the mechanic helped to distinguish the game from Battlegrounds and was used by expert players frequently to win matches, and had since implemented more features to help players with rapidly constructing temporary bases.[8]", "Fortnite. By 2014, Fortnite was at a \"pretty functional prototype\" with most of the Unreal 4 engine elements smoothed out, according to Mustard.[23] Epic anticipated it would still take about three more years to complete, not only in polishing and balancing the game, but setting in place the necessary backend elements for the games-as-a-service model.[23] To help support development and get player feedback, Epic used a series of closed alpha test periods. The game's first closed alpha, called Online Test 1, ran from December 2 to 19, 2014, while Online Test 2 ran from March 24 to April 14, 2015.[27][28] Epic said the first alpha was designed to help it \"make sure all of our basic systems are working\" and establish \"a baseline for how people play in order to make Fortnite better.\"[27] After being demoed at WWDC 2015 on Mac, Fortnite entered closed beta testing in the fall of 2015.[29] Approximately 50,000 players participated in these periods.[23]", "Fortnite: Save the World. With the popularity of Fortnite Battle Royale, which was first released in early access around September 2017 and gained considerable attention by early 2018, Epic split off a separate development team to focus on improvements for this mode.[37] Epic said that their attention to Fortnite was causing some of their other games to see lower player populations, leading them to reduce development efforts on these games, particularly Paragon.[38] By the end of January 2018, Epic announced it was shutting down Paragon by April of that year, providing refunds to all players.[39] Players on a Fortnite-dedicated Reddit forum had expressed concerns that a similar fate could befall the Save the World mode of Fortnite, as externally, the Save the World mode has not received the same attention in providing updates and improvements compared to the Battle Royale mode since that mode's release.[40] Epic's Ed Zobrist said that as of March 2018 that the retention rates for \"Save the World\" have been high, and have grown since the release of Fortnite Battle Royale,[35] and the company has since improved communications with the player base, such as providing development road maps and known bug lists.[41]", "Fortnite. Fortnite was first revealed at the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards (VGA), with Epic's former design director Cliff Bleszinski introducing a trailer for the game.[9] Donald Mustard, creative lead at Epic, said in 2017 that this announcement was \"three weeks after we came up with the idea, before we even made the game\".[10] The title, which started out as an internal game jam project,[11] represents a departure from the company's previous work.[9] As Bleszinski explained during the Spike event, Epic wanted to \"switch things up a little bit and do something different and fun\" with Fortnite, describing it as \"a world where you explore, you scavenge, you build and ultimately you survive.\"[9] In an interview with Engadget, he also echoed these statements, claiming that the game would be different from the Gears of War series: \"There's no dudebros in it...Not that there's anything wrong with that, right? But creatively for the team, Gears has been amazing for us. But it's fun to kind of stretch our wings and do something that's a little different from the usual.\"[12] Epic Games Vice President of Publishing Mike Fischer said in 2015 that Epic recognized that they \"announced this game too soon\", and that its lengthy development period was due to \"very good reasons.\"[13]", "Fortnite Battle Royale. Epic has stated that they intend to add ranked competitive play in the future.[12] A preliminary competitive mode, Solo Showdown, ran for a limited time starting in May 2018, ranking players by their final placement in matches and rewarding the top-placing competitors with V-Bucks.[13]", "Fortnite: Save the World. Fortnite was being developed alongside Paragon, which Epic announced on November 2015. As Paragon seemed to take Epic's focus, leaving little news about Fortnite, CEO Tim Sweeney said in March 2016 that they were still committed to Fortnite once Paragon was launched and established, given that much of the work on Fortnite would take time to get the right balance for gameplay. \"We figure we should start with one major successful launch and do one at a time. Fortnite will be next.\"[32]", "Fortnite. As the game was at its very preliminary stages at the VGA reveal, the goal of this reveal was to seek public interest in the title and potential publishing partners as to decide on the game's release platforms and timeframe.[14] During the July 2012 San Diego Comic Con, Epic announced that Fortnite would be an exclusive personal computer title, and the first one to be developed by Epic using their new Unreal 4 game engine, with a planned release in 2013.[15][16] The game's development was originally started in the Unreal 3 engine, but as they progressed, they had seen the opportunity to work in several of the new feature sets and scripting language offered by Unreal 4 for Fortnite, while still running on most personal computers at that time. They further opted for personal computer exclusivity to avoid the difficulty of having to go through console certification, and as they planned to be constantly monitoring and tweaking the game, acting as a dungeon master, the personal computer approach would allow them to do this without restrictions normally set by console manfuctures.[17] Bleszinski later clarified that they would not rule out release on other platforms as they developed the title.[18]", "Fortnite Battle Royale. With the popularity of Fortnite Battle Royale by the start of 2018, Epic split off a separate development team to focus on improvements for this mode.[31] Epic said that their attention to Fortnite was causing some of their other games to see lower player populations, leading them to reduce development efforts on these games, particularly Paragon.[32] By the end of January 2018, Epic announced it was shutting down Paragon by April of that year, providing refunds to all players.[33] Players on a Fortnite-dedicated Reddit forum had expressed concerns that a similar fate could befall the Save the World mode of Fortnite, as externally, the Save the World mode has not received the same attention in providing updates and improvements compared to the Battle Royale mode since that mode's release.[34]", "Fortnite: Save the World. By 2014, Fortnite was at a \"pretty functional prototype\" with most of the Unreal 4 engine elements smoothed out, according to Mustard.[24] Epic anticipated it would still take about three more years to complete, not only in polishing and balancing the game, but setting in place the necessary backend elements for the games-as-a-service model.[24] To help support development and get player feedback, Epic used a series of closed alpha test periods. The game's first closed alpha, called Online Test 1, ran from December 2 to 19, 2014, while Online Test 2 ran from March 24 to April 14, 2015.[29][30] Epic said the first alpha was designed to help it \"make sure all of our basic systems are working\" and establish \"a baseline for how people play in order to make Fortnite better.\"[29] After being demoed at WWDC 2015 on Mac, Fortnite entered closed beta testing in the fall of 2015.[31] Approximately 50,000 players participated in these periods.[24]", "PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds. Bluehole used closed alpha and beta periods with about 80,000 players, including popular Twitch streamers, to gauge initial reaction to the gameplay and adjust balance prior to a wider release.[13][40] Just prior to the early access phase on Steam, Bluehole opened a few servers and invited some of the top streamers of the battle royale genre to try it out as to start gaining interest.[41] Early access launched on March 23, 2017 for the Windows version.[42] This early access period was planned to last approximately six months, originally aiming for a September 2017 release.[42][43] In July 2017, Greene announced that they would need to extend the early access period by a few months, continuing to release updates on a regular basis, with plans to still release by the end of 2017, as committing to this original period \"could hinder us from delivering a fully featured game and/or lead to disappointment within the community if the launch deadline is not met\".[44] Initially, Bluehole had expected that they would just gain enough players through early access to smooth out the gameplay, and only when the game was completed, they would have started more marketing for the title. The sudden interest in the game from early access exceeded their expectations, and put emphasis on the stability of the game and its underlying networking alongside gameplay improvements.[40] Through August 2017, these updates generally included a major weekly patch alongside major monthly updates that provided key performance improvements.[45][5][19] However, from August onward Bluehole backed off the rate of such patches, as the high frequency has led to some quality control issues, and the developers rather make sure each patch content is well-vetted by the community before providing new updates; this did not change their plans for a 2017 release, where it fully released out of early access on December 20.[46][47]", "Fortnite Battle Royale. Since release, Epic Games has added more features, such as new weapons, vending machines, and rocket-powered shopping carts and golf carts to be used as makeshift vehicles. Epic is also able to deploy hot-fixes to the game to adjust aspects like weapon attributes and distribution, pushing these out in minutes if necessary should they or players discover critical issues or glitches.[4][5] An additional distinction for Fortnite Battle Royale is the creation of a larger narrative that is exhibited through changes in the game map, which generally correlated to the start and end of the in-game season. For example, in the lead up to the fourth season which started in May 2018, players saw a number of shooting stars cross the skies, followed by a giant comet that neared the ground; upon the start of season four, the comet had hit one of the locations on the map, leaving a giant crater, among other changes. This tied into several new cosmetic skins related to superheroes and super-villains that were available that month.[6] Epic has the ability to create custom events that occur across all game servers simultaneously as well; the first example of such was a countdown leading to a giant rocket's launch in June 2018 which, in the aftermath, left cracks in the skies that have grown since that event.[7]", "Battle royale game. Epic Games had released Fortnite, a cooperative survival game, into early access near the release of Battlegrounds. Epic saw the potential to create their own battle royale mode, and by September 2017, released the free-to-play Fortnite Battle Royale which incorporated some of the survival elements from the main Fortnite game.[27][28] The game has seen similar player counts as Battlegrounds, with twenty million unique players reported by Epic Games by November 2017.[29] Bluehole expressed concern at this move, less due to being a clone of Battlegrounds, but more so that they had been working with Epic Games for technical support of the Unreal Engine in Battlegrounds, and thus they were worried that Fortnite may be able to include planned features to their battle royale mode before they could release those in Battlegrounds.[14][30][26] PUBG Corp has sued Epic in South Korea claiming Fortnite Battle Royale infringements on Battlegrounds' copyrights.[31]", "Fortnite. On July 26, 2017, it was announced that Fortnite had sold over 500,000 digital pre-order copies.[1] On August 18, 2017, Epic confirmed that Fortnite had surpassed over a million players.[43]" ]

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[ "Sikhism. The Ādi Granth was compiled primarily by Bhai Gurdas under the supervision of Guru Arjan between the years 1603 and 1604.[115] It is written in the Gurmukhī script, which is a descendant of the Laṇḍā script used in the Punjab at that time.[116] The Gurmukhī script was standardised by Guru Angad, the second guru of the Sikhs, for use in the Sikh scriptures and is thought to have been influenced by the Śāradā and Devanāgarī scripts. An authoritative scripture was created to protect the integrity of hymns and teachings of the Sikh gurus, and thirteen Hindu and two Muslim bhagats of the Bhakti movement sant tradition in medieval India.[117] The thirteen Hindu bhagats whose teachings were entered into the text included Ramananda, Namdev, Pipa, Ravidas, Beni, Bhikhan, Dhanna, Jaidev, Parmanand, Sadhana, Sain, Sur, Trilochan, while the two Muslim bhagats were Kabir and Sufi saint Farid.[118][119][120]", "Guru Granth Sahib. The text consists of 1,430 angs (pages) and 6,000 śabads (line compositions),[5][6] which are poetically rendered and set to a rhythmic ancient north Indian classical form of music.[7] The bulk of the scripture is divided into thirty-one rāgas, with each Granth rāga subdivided according to length and author. The hymns in the scripture are arranged primarily by the rāgas in which they are read.[5] The Guru Granth Sahib is written in the Gurmukhī script, in various languages, including Lahnda (Western Punjabi), Braj Bhasha, Khariboli, Sanskrit, Sindhi, and Persian. Copies in these languages often have the generic title of Sant Bhasha.[8]", "Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent. The Kharoṣṭhī script, also known as the Gāndhārī script, is an ancient abugida (a kind of alphabetic script) used by the Gandhara culture of ancient northwest India to write the Gāndhārī and Sanskrit languages. It was in use from the 4th century BCE until it died out in its homeland around the 3rd century CE. It was also in use along the Silk Road where there is some evidence it may have survived until the 7th century CE in the remote way stations of Khotan and Niya.", "Guru Granth Sahib. The entire Guru Granth Sahib is written in the Gurmukhi script, which was standardized by Guru Angad Dev in the 16th century. According to Sikh tradition and the Mahman Prakash, an early Sikh manuscript, Guru Angad Dev had taught and spread the Gurmukhi script at the suggestion of Guru Nanak Dev which has invented the Gurmukhi script. [24][25] The word Gurmukhī translates to \"from the mouth of the guru\". It descended from the Laṇḍā scripts and was used from the outset for compiling Sikh scriptures. The Sikhs assign a high degree of sanctity to the Gurmukhī script.[26] It is the official script for writing Punjabi in the Indian State of Punjab.", "Sikhism. There is one primary scripture for the Sikhs: the Gurū Granth Sāhib. It is sometimes synonymously referred to as the Ādi Granth.[112] Chronologically, however, the Ādi Granth – literally, The First Volume, refers to the version of the scripture created by Guru Arjan in 1604.[113] The Gurū Granth Sāhib is the final expanded version of the scripture compiled by Guru Gobind Singh.[112][114] While the Guru Granth Sahib is an unquestioned scripture in Sikhism, another important religious text, the Dasam Granth, does not enjoy universal consensus, and is considered a secondary scripture by many Sikhs.[112]", "Pallava dynasty. Under the Pallava dynasty, a unique form of Grantha script, a descendant of Pallava script which is a type of Brahmic script, was used. Around the 6th century, it was exported eastwards and influenced the genesis of almost all Southeast Asian scripts.", "Guru Arjan. One of the Sikh community disputes following Guru Ram Das was the emergence of new hymns claiming to have been composed by Nanak. According to faction led by Guru Arjan, these hymns were distorted and fake, with some blaming Prithi Chand and his Sikh faction for having composed and circulated them.[23][63] The concern and the possibility of wrong propaganda, immoral teachings and inauthentic Gurbani led Guru Arjan to initiate a major effort to collect, study, approve and compile a written official scripture, and this he called Adi Granth, the first edition of the Sikh scripture by 1604.[26][28]", "Gurmukhi script. The primary scripture of Sikhism, Guru Granth Sahib is written in GurmukhÄ«, in various dialects often coalesced under the generic title of Sant Bhasha.[5]", "Guru Granth Sahib. While the holy hymns and verses were being put together Akbar, the Mughal Emperor, received a report that the Adi Granth contained passages vilifying Islam. Therefore, while travelling north, he stopped en route and asked to inspect it.[20] Baba Buddha and Bhai Gurdas brought him a copy of the Adi Granth as it existed then. After choosing three random passages to be read, Akbar decided that this report had been false.[20]", "Sanskrit. Brahmi evolved into a multiplicity of Brahmic scripts, many of which were used to write Sanskrit. Roughly contemporary with the Brahmi, Kharosthi was used in the northwest of the subcontinent. Sometime between the fourth and eighth centuries, the Gupta script, derived from Brahmi, became prevalent. Around the eighth century, the Śāradā script evolved out of the Gupta script. The latter was displaced in its turn by Devanagari in the 11th or 12th century, with intermediary stages such as the Siddhaṃ script. In East India, the Bengali alphabet, and, later, the Odia alphabet, were used.", "Gurmukhi script. Tarlochan Singh Bedi (1999) writes that the Gurmukhī script developed in the 10-14th centuries from the Devasesha stage of the Śāradā script, the intermediate phase being Siddha Matrika, before the final evolution into Gurmukhī. His argument is that from the 10th century, regional differences started to appear between the Śāradā script used in Punjab, the Hill States (partly Himachal Pradesh) and Kashmir. The regional Śāradā script evolved from this stage until the 14th century, when it starts to appear in the form of Gurmukhī. Indian epigraphists call this stage Devasesha, while Bedi prefers the name Pritham Gurmukhī or Proto-Gurmukhī.", "Sikhism. The Granth begins with the MÅ«l Mantra, an iconic verse created by Nanak:", "Sikhism. The Dasam Granth is a scripture of Sikhs which contains texts attributed to the Guru Gobind Singh. The Dasam Granth is important to a great number of Sikhs, however it does not have the same authority as the Guru Granth Sahib. Some compositions of the Dasam Granth like Jaap Sahib, (Amrit Savaiye), and Benti Chaupai are part of the daily prayers (Nitnem) for Sikhs.[138] The Dasam Granth is largely versions of Hindu mythology from the Puranas, secular stories from a variety of sources called Charitro Pakhyan – tales to protect careless men from perils of lust.[139][140]", "Gurmukhi script. There are two major theories on how the Proto-Gurmukhī script emerged in the 15th century. G.B. Singh (1950), while quoting al-Biruni's Ta'rikh al-Hind (1030 CE), says that the script evolved from Ardhanagari. Al-Biruni writes that the Ardhanagari script was used in Bathinda and western parts of the Punjab in the 10th century. For some time, Bathinda remained the capital of the kingdom of Bhati Rajputs of the Pal clan, who ruled North India before the Muslims occupied the country. According to al-Biruni, Ardhanagari was a mixture of devanagari used in Ujjain and Malwa and Siddha Matrika or the last stage of Siddhaṃ script, a variant of the Śāradā script used in Kashmir. This theory is confusing as Gurmukhī characters have a very close resemblance with \"Siddh Matrika\" inscriptions found at some sacred wells in Punjab as G.B Singh notes, one being the hathur inscription dating to just before the birth of Guru Nanak. Siddh Matrika seems to have been the prevalent script for devotional writings in Punjab right up to the founding of Sikhism, after which its successor Gurmukhī appears.", "Gurmukhi script. The Sikh gurus adopted proto-Gurmukhī to write the Guru Granth Sahib, the religious scriptures of the Sikhs. Other contemporary scripts used in the Punjab were Takri and the Laṇḍā scripts. The Takri alphabet developed through the Devasesha stage of the Śāradā script and is found mainly in the Hill States such as Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, where it is called Chambyali, and in Jammu Division, where it is known as Dogri. The local Takri variants got the status of official scripts in some of the Punjab Hill States, and were used for both administrative and literary purposes until the 19th century. After 1948, when Himachal Pradesh was established as an administrative unit, the local Takri variants were replaced by Devanagari.", "Odia alphabet. The Odia script (Odia: ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲେଖନୀ ଶୈଳୀ), also known as the Oriya script, is a Brahmic script used to write the Odia language.", "Yoga Vasistha. The verses of Yoga Vasistha are structured in the genre of ancient Indian literature, called Grantha.[24] In this genre, each Shloka (verse) in the text is designed to equal 32 syllables, while conveying its message.[24] A Grantha can be sung and depending on its meter, set to specific Raga music. This genre is found in Bhakti movement literature, and Yoga Vasistha's Advaita theories and monism influenced the Grantha literature of Sikhism, whose primary scripture is called Guru Granth Sahib.[25]", "Gurmukhi script. The usage of Gurmukhī letters in Guru Granth Sahib meant that the script developed its own orthographical rules. In the following epochs, Gurmukhī became the prime script applied for literary writings of the Sikhs. Later in the 20th century, the script was given the authority as the official script of the Punjab, India while in the Punjab, Pakistan the Persianate Shahmukhi alphabet is still in use.", "Guru Gobind Singh. In the 16th and 17th century multiple versions of the Sikh scripture by unknown authors, all claiming to be the words of Guru Nanak, were in circulation. Guru Arjan (d. 1606) attempted to remove corruption and interpolation of the text, and compiled a purer version of the Adi Granth.[41] In the 17th century the text was called the Pothi, and three manuscripts claimed to be authentic. There was a Kartarpur version (dated 1604); a slightly longer Khara Mangat version (dated 1642); and a third (quite different) Lahore version (date unknown).[42]", "Guru Arjan. After Guru Arjan completed and installed the Adi Granth in the Harimandir Sahib, Emperor Akbar was informed of the development with the allegation that it contained teachings hostile to Islam. He ordered a copy be brought to him. Guru Arjan sent him a copy on a thali (plate), with the following message that was later added to the expanded text:", "Odia alphabet. The treatment of ⟨e⟩ ⟨ai⟩ ⟨o⟩ ⟨au⟩ is similar to Bengali, Malayāḷam, Sinhalese, Tamiḻ, Grantha and also to SE Asian scripts like Burmese, Khmer and Thai, but it differs clearly from Devanāgarī, Gujarātī, Gurmukhī, Kannaḍa, Telugu and Tibetan.", "Sanskrit. In the south, where Dravidian languages predominate, scripts used for Sanskrit include the Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, the Malayalam and Grantha alphabets.[79][80]", "Guru Gobind Singh. Guru Gobind Singh composed other texts, particularly the Dasam Granth which many Sikhs consider to be a scripture next in importance after the Guru Granth Sahib.[43][44] The Dasam Granth includes compositions such as the Jaap Sahib, Amrit Savaiye and Benti Chaupai which are part of the daily prayers/lessons (Nitnem) of Sikhs.[45] The Dasam Granth is largely versions of Indian theology from the Puranas and secular stories.[46][47][48] The Sarbloh Granth has also been attributed to the Guru.", "Tamil script. The Tamil speech has incorporated many phonemes which were not part of the Tolkāppiyam classification. The letters used to write these sounds, known as \"grantha\", are used as part of Tamil. These are taught from elementary school and incorporated in the Tamil Nadu Government encoding called Tamil All Character Encoding (TACE16).", "Guru Granth Sahib. In 1604, Adi Granth was completed and installed at the Harmandir Sahib, with Baba Buddha as the first granthi, or reader.[21][18] Since communities of Sikh disciples were scattered all over northern India, copies of the holy scripture needed to be made for them.[20] The sixth guru added the tunes of 9 out of 22 Vars. Seventh and eighth guru did not have writings of their own added to the holy scripture; however, the ninth guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, did. The tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh, included writings of his father Guru Tegh Bahadur in the Guru Granth Sahib,[20] and included 1 salokh in mahala 9 Ang 1429.", "Adivasi. Art. 350 - Right to conserve distinct Language, Script or Culture;", "Gurmukhi script. In addition to these, there are six consonants created by placing a dot (bindi) at the foot (pair) of the consonant (these are not present in Sri Guru Granth Sahib). These are used most often for loanwords, though not exclusively:", "Sikhism. The final version of the Gurū Granth Sāhib was compiled by Guru Gobind Singh in 1678. It consists of the original Ādi Granth with the addition of Guru Tegh Bahadur's hymns. The predominant bulk of Guru Granth Sahib is compositions by seven Sikh Gurus – Guru Nanak, Guru Angad, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan, Guru Teg Bahadur and Guru Gobind Singh. It also contains the traditions and teachings of thirteen Hindu Bhakti movement sants (saints) such as Ramananda, Namdev among others, and two Muslim saints namely Kabir and the Sufi Sheikh Farid.[118][121]", "Sikhism. Five versions of Dasam Granth exist, and the authenticity of the Dasam Granth is amongst the most debated topics within Sikhism. The text played a significant role in Sikh history, but in modern times parts of the text have seen antipathy and discussion among Sikhs.[137]", "Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Granth Sahib (Punjabi (Gurmukhi)eg.ਓ : (Gurū Gra°th Sāhib Jī), Punjabi pronunciation: [ɡʊɾu ɡɾəntʰ sɑhɪb], /ˈɡʊəruː ɡrʌnt səˈhɪb/) is the religious scripture of Sikhism, regarded by Sikhs as the final, sovereign, and eternal living guru following the lineage of the ten human Sikh gurus of the Sikh religion.[1] Adi Granth, the first rendition, was compiled by the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan. The tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh, added one salok, dohra mahala 9 ang, 1429 and all 115 hymns of his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur.[2] This second rendition came to be known as Sri Guru Granth Sahib.[3] After Guru Gobind Singh's death in 1708, Baba Deep Singh and Bhai Mani Singh prepared many copies of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji for distribution.[4]", "Tamil script. The Tamil script differs from other Brahmi-derived scripts in a number of ways. Unlike every other Bramic script, it does not regularly represent voiced or aspirated stop consonants as these are not phonemes of the Tamil language even though voiced and fricative allophones of stops do appear in spoken Tamil. Thus the character க் k, for example, represents /k/ but can also be pronounced /ɡ/ or /x/ based on the rules of Tamil grammar. A separate set of characters appears for these sounds when the Tamil script is used to write Sanskrit or other languages.", "Tamil script. The Tamil script (தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி; Tamiḻ ariccuvaṭi; [t̪ɐmɨɻ ˈɐɾit͡ɕːuʋəɽi];  pronunciation (help·info)) is an abugida script that is used by Tamils and Tamil speakers in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore and elsewhere to write the Tamil language, as well as to write the liturgical language Sanskrit, using consonants and diacritics not represented in the Tamil alphabet.[2] Certain minority languages such as Saurashtra, Badaga, Irula, and Paniya are also written in the Tamil script.[3]" ]

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[ "Puerto Rican Day Parade. The first Puerto Rican Day Parade was held on Sunday, April 13, 1958, in Manhattan, replacing the former Hispanic Day Parade. This move, part of the mission of the Catholic Archdiocese of New York (esp., Cardinal Spellman and Ivan Illich) represented a shift away from earlier attempts at \"Yankeefication\" toward culturally specific expressions based on traditional fiestas patronales.[5] In 1995, the parade became incorporated as the National Puerto Rican Day Parade and expanded beyond the parade venue itself. The parade now hosts over seven major events throughout the city.", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. The Puerto Rican Day Parade (also known as the National Puerto Rican Day Parade) takes place annually in the United States along Fifth Avenue in the Manhattan borough of New York City, New York. The parade is held on the second Sunday in June, in honor of the nearly four million inhabitants of Puerto Rico and all people of Puerto Rican birth or heritage residing in the mainland U.S.", "Puerto Rican migration to New York City. The first New York Puerto Rican Day Parade, founded by Tony Méndez was held on Sunday, April 13, 1958 in the \"Barrio\" in Manhattan.[40] Its first President was Victor López and it was coordinated by José Caballero. The grand marshals were Oscar González Suarez and Tony Méndez Esq. Prominent personalities from Puerto Rico headed by then Governor Luis Muñoz Marín, attended the initial parade. The parade was organized as a show of Puerto Rican pride and is a tradition which not only continues today in the city of New York but, that has also extended to other cities such as Chicago, Illinois and Orlando, Florida.[41] By 1960, the United States census showed that there were well over 600,000 New Yorkers of Puerto Rican birth or parentage. Estimates were that more than one million Puerto Ricans had migrated during that period.[9]", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. The theme of the 2015 parade had a strong historical focus. The year 2015 marks the 50th anniversary of the death of Pedro Albizu Campos, who spent 25 years in prison and dedicated his entire life to the independence of Puerto Rico.[19]", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. The parade marches along Fifth Avenue from 44th Street to 86th Street and has grown to become one of the largest parades in New York City, with nearly two million spectators annually making it one of the largest outdoor events in the United States.[1] Although the largest Puerto Rican cultural parade is in New York City, other cities with large Puerto Rican populations also have notable Puerto Rican parades and festivals, such as Philadelphia,[2] Chicago,[3] and Boston.[4]", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. The 1994, Latin American literary classic Empire of Dreams by Giannina Braschi staged a revolution on the Puerto Rican Day Parade.[11]", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. There are dozens of other events that also take place the weekend of the parade that are not sponsored by the National Parade's corporation. One of the longest running is the street fair held one day prior to the parade. Though the size has changed over the years the heart of the parade has always been at 116th Street between Lexington and Second Avenues. In addition to the parade in New York City, there are currently over fifty smaller parades that take place throughout the United States.", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. The parade was portrayed in a negative aspect following the controversial 2000 parade in a 2001 episode of the long-running NBC crime series Law & Order titled \"Sunday in the Park with Jorge\". Before the National Puerto Rican Coalition protested the episode, network executives issued an apology. The company also made a pledge to \"improve our procedures regarding sensitive programming issues\".[10]", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. In 2009, organizers selected internationally recognized telenovela actor Osvaldo Ríos, as the parade's \"Special Guest Star\".", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. 2017 parade organizers chose to honor Oscar López Rivera, who was one of the leaders of the Armed Forces of National Liberation (FALN) which the FBI classified as a terrorist organization,[20] but who others considered a freedom fighter for the Puerto Rican cause for independence.[21][22] As a result of López Rivera being honored, Goya Foods[23] chose not be a parade sponsor, and Jet Blue[24] dropped their sponsorship as well. New York City Police Department's Hispanic Society[25] did not march, as well as NYPD's Gay Officer Action League and NYPD Police Commissioner James O'Neill. Additional sponsors to withdraw from the parade include Coca-Cola,[24] AT&T,[23] and the New York Yankees.[25] Puerto Rican salsa singer Willie Colón criticized the parade organizers as having gone too far,[26] while six-time Grammy Award-winning Puerto Rican salsa singer Gilberto Santa Rosa himself led[27] the parade procession.[24][23]", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. In June 2010, controversy arose after organizers selected telenovela actor Osvaldo Ríos, who served three months in a Puerto Rican prison in 2004 for assaulting his former girlfriend after a domestic-violence incident as the parade's \"International Godfather\". Many confirmed participants such as U.S. Representative Luis Guiterrez and corporate sponsors such as Verizon withdrew their participation and endorsements due to his controversial past. After mounting pressure from both the media, politicians, public officials, and domestic violence organizations, Rios decided to not attend the parade after discussing the matter with his children and U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velasquez. He was replaced at the last minute by singer Marc Anthony, who was accompanied by his then wife Jennifer Lopez.[15]", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. In addition to a National Grand Marshal, a variety of honorees are named for the parade, with titles such as \"King\", \"National Ambassador of La Salsa\", and \"National Godmother\".[7] In June 2004, Puerto Rican rapper Ivy Queen was designated as the \"Puerto Rico Youth Godmother\" of the parade.[8] Others to be given such titles include Wisin & Yandel and Willie Colón.[6]", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. The parade itself has been featured in an episode of the NBC situation comedy Seinfeld titled \"The Puerto Rican Day\". In it, Jerry Seinfeld, George Costanza, Elaine Benes, and Cosmo Kramer get stuck in a traffic jam as a result of the parade. Due to controversy relating to a scene in which Kramer accidentally burns and then stomps on a Puerto Rican flag and is chased by a mob of angry Puerto Ricans, NBC refused to air the episode again.[9] The episode was also withheld from syndication as a result, but has been shown sparingly in syndicated repeats since 2002 and has been released on DVD along with all of the sitcom's episodes.", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. A spokesman for the National Puerto Rican Day Parade stated that despite his shifting ancestry, Leguizamo would not be stripped of his ambassadorship, and would be allowed to participate in the June 2011 parade.[18]", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. During recent years, the presence of gangs such as the Latin Kings, the Bloods and the Crips have been recorded at the event.[12] Following the parade on June 11, 2000, a number of women were harassed, robbed and sexually assaulted by mobs of young men in and about Central Park.[13] The attacks, which were videotaped by onlookers, led to the arrest and prosecution of many of those involved.", "Puerto Rico National Guard. On August 11, 1947, a parade led by the 295th was held in honor of Col. Miguel Muñoz.[97] During the following years, the national guard was involved in training, with Company I of the 296th hosting visiting officers.[98] On September 16, 1948, colonial governor Piñero and president Trumsn proclaimed the celebration of National Guard Day.[99] During this year, seven su officials were commended by Gen. Ray Porter for their performance at Panama.[100]", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. The parade has attracted many New York politicians including mayor Michael Bloomberg, former mayor Rudy Giuliani, Governor Andrew Cuomo and Senator Charles Schumer, as well as many political candidates running for office and looking for voters in local, state and national elections. In recent years, the parade has honored several Puerto Rican celebrities by naming them \"International Grand Marshal\" of the parade including singer Marc Anthony, who participated in the parade along with his ex-wife Jennifer Lopez, and Ricky Martin in 2007 and 2010.[6]", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. The parade attracts many celebrities, both Puerto Rican and of Puerto Rican heritage, and many politicians from the Tri-State area.", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. After public and corporate backlash, Mayor de Blasio had announced that López Rivera would not be honored at the 2017 parade[28] as López Rivera wished to keep the focus on Puerto Rico rather than himself.[29]", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. The parade has been referenced on the Tru TV show Impractical Jokers within multiple episodes, satirically introduced as a joke about castmember Sal Vulcano's heritage, which is Cuban, but often mistaken for Mexican or Puerto Rican.", "Sunday in the Park with Jorge. \"Sunday in the Park with Jorge\" was loosely based on the Puerto Rican Day Parade attacks in the June before the episode aired, in which over four dozen women claimed to be groped and where the police response was heavily criticized. After the episode aired in January 2001, it generated protests from many Puerto Rican activist organizations. Answering a grievance from the National Puerto Rican Coalition, network executives issued a formal apology and made a pledge to \"improve our procedures regarding sensitive programming issues.\"[1]", "Puerto Rico National Guard. In 1938, the 295th, 65th and 296th Regiments and other personnel from the PRNG joined the Regular Army in a number of military exercises also involving the Navy.[57] The three regiments formed a brigade that was led by brigadier general Walter Short and was given jurisdiction over Puerto Rico in case of military action.[57] The following two years, annual training was held in Arecibo and Tortuguero in anticipation to the impending activation in the newly declared World War II.[56] Wilson died in December 1938, and months later Luis Raúl Esteves was given command of the PRNG.[58] On August 3, 1939, the national guard paid homage to the colonel of the 296th, José Colom, who was serving as interim governor of Puerto Rico, with a mass march (the first of this kind held under the colonial administration) to commemorate Governor's Day.[59] In turn, Colom handed several recognitions to the companies and soldiers that distinguished themselves during the year.[60]", "History of Puerto Rico. On March 21, 1937, a peaceful march was organized by the Nationalist Party, under Pedro Alibizu Campos, to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873 by the governing Spanish National Assembly.[74] The police, under the orders of General Blanton Winship, the US-appointed colonial Governor of Puerto Rico, opened fire at the peaceful Puerto Rican Nationalist Party parade, which is now known as the \"Ponce massacre\": 20 unarmed people (including two policemen) were killed,[75] with wounded persons ranging between 100–200.[76] This occurred because the head of the police force in Juana Díaz, Guillermo Soldevila, raised a whip and struck the chest of Tomás Lopez de Victoria, the captain of the cadet corps, and told him to stop the march. As a result, a police officer, Armando Martinez, ran from the corner in front of the Nationalist council and fired once into the air. This prompted many others to fire their arms.[77]", "History of Puerto Rico. On July 25, 1938, a little over a year after the Ponce massacre, Governor Winship ordered a military parade take place in the city of Ponce in celebration of the American invasion of Puerto Rico. Such celebrations customarily took place in San Juan, the capital of the colonial government. At the parade, an attempt was made to assassinate Winship, allegedly by members of the Nationalist Party. It was the first time in Puerto Rico's long history that an attempt had been made against a governor. Although Winship escaped unscathed, a total of 36 people were wounded, including a colonel in the National Guard and the Nationalist gunman.", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. In past interviews, actor and comedian John Leguizamo had always claimed Puerto Rican ancestry via his father's side, which was one of the reasons that he was selected as the 2011 Puerto Rican Day Parade Global Ambassador of the Arts. On June 10, 2011, Leguizamo's father, Albert, declared in an interview published in El Diario La Prensa, the largest Spanish-language newspaper in New York, that he was not Puerto Rican - but rather, of Colombian ancestry. This contradicted his son's past claims of Puerto Rican ancestry.[16] In response to his father's allegations, Leguizamo stated in an interview that his grandfather was of Puerto Rican descent.[17]", "Public holidays in Puerto Rico. Until June 30, 2014, there were 19 public holidays in Puerto Rico. As a result of a new Commonwealth law, after July 1, 2014, the Commonwealth government consolidated three of its former holidays (Luis Muñoz Rivera, José Celso Barbosa, and Luis Muñoz Marín) into just one called Día de los Próceres Puertorriqueños (The Day of Illustrious Puerto Ricans), and reducing the number of holidays observed publicly to 17. As part of the new law, the third Monday of February became Día de los Próceres Puertorriqueños when, in addition to commemorating the birth of those three illustrious Puerto Ricans will also include commemorating the birthdays of four other illustrious Puerto Ricans – Ramón Emeterio Betances, Román Baldorioty de Castro, Ernesto Ramos Antonini and Luis A. Ferré. The law mandated that the Eugenio Maria de Hostos holiday and the Jose de Diego holiday would continue to be observed on their respective days as usual.[2][3]", "Puerto Rican Day Parade. Manuel Vargas, a Dominican American who was a suspected ringleader, was quoted by the press as saying he \"was just having fun.\"[14]", "Central Park. On June 11, 2000, following the Puerto Rican Day Parade, gangs of drunken men sexually assaulted women in the park.[113] Several arrests were made shortly after the attacks, but it was not until 2006 that a civil suit against the city for failing to provide police protection was finally settled.[114]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. On March 21, 1937, a peaceful march was organized by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party to celebrate the 64th anniversary of the abolition of slavery and protest the incarceration of their leader, Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos, in a federal prison on charges of sedition.[52]", "Puerto Rico National Guard. On February 21, 1960, commemorated as National Guard Day, the 65th Infantry Regiment was transferred from the Regular Army to the PRNG, in an activity where Gen. Cesár Cordero handed the units colors to Col. Rafael Rodríguez.[124] During this time, governor Luis Muñoz Marín took over the office of Adjutant General.[123] On September 5, 1960, the PRNG was activated to attend a series of building and bridge collapses caused by floods brought by the adjacent passing of Hurricane Donna, which lead to the deaths of 149 civilians.[125] In December 1961, the PRNG was involved in the reception of John F. Kennedy during his visit to Puerto Rico.[126]", "Paterson, New Jersey. Every summer, Patersonians conduct an African-American Day Parade, a Dominican Day Parade, a Puerto Rican Day Parade, a Peruvian Day Parade, and a Turkish-American Day Parade; budget cuts in 2011 have forced parade organizers to contribute to cover the costs of police and other municipal services.[88]", "Puerto Rico. The Constitution of Puerto Rico was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952, and 82% of the voters in a March referendum. It was modified and ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year, and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25, 1952. This was the anniversary of July 25, 1898, landing of U.S. troops in the Puerto Rican Campaign of the Spanish–American War, until then celebrated as an annual Puerto Rico holiday." ]

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[ "A Whole New World. \"A Whole New World\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film Aladdin, with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice.[3] The song is a ballad between the primary characters Aladdin and Jasmine about the new world they are going to discover together while riding on Aladdin's magic carpet. The original version was sung by Brad Kane and Lea Salonga during the film. They also performed the song in their characters at the 65th Academy Awards, where it won an Academy Award for Best Original Song[5] as well as the first and so far only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 36th Annual Grammy Awards.[3] In 2014, Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed performed the song as Aladdin and Jasmine in the film's Broadway adaptation.", "A Whole New World. A single version of the song was previously released that year and was performed by American recording artists Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle. This version is played in the movie's end credits and is referred on the soundtrack as \"Aladdin's Theme\".[3] This version peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart on March 6, 1993,[6] replacing Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\", which had spent a then record 14 weeks at the top of the chart. It went gold and sold 600,000 copies domestically.[7][8] The track peaked at number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in 1992.[3] The song is the first and so far only song from a Disney animated film to top the US Billboard Hot 100. The single version was later included on Belle's studio album Passion (1993) and on Bryson's studio album Through the Fire (1994).[9][10] The Latin American rendition of the song, \"Un Mundo Ideal\", by Ricardo Montaner and Michelle received airplay throughout Latin America.[11] This rendition was later included on Montaner's greatest hits album Éxitos y... Algo Más (1993).[12]", "Aladdin (1992 Disney film). Aladdin also received many award nominations, mostly for its music. It won two Academy Awards, Best Music, Original Score and Best Music, Original Song for \"A Whole New World\" and receiving nominations for Best Song (\"Friend Like Me\"), Best Sound Editing (Mark A. Mangini), and Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson and Doc Kane).[64] At the Golden Globes, Aladdin won Best Original Song (\"A Whole New World\") and Best Original Score, as well as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams, with a nomination for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.[65] Other awards included the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature,[66] a MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance to Robin Williams,[67] Saturn Awards for Best Fantasy Film, Performance by a Younger Actor to Scott Weinger and Supporting Actor to Robin Williams,[68] the Best Animated Feature by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association,[69] and four Grammy Awards, Best Soundtrack Album, and Song of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media for \"A Whole New World\".[70]", "World of Color. As the bay clears, Carl Fredrickson's house from Up briefly makes an appearance before the setting transitions into Aladdin. With the night sky recreated on the bay, Aladdin and Princess Jasmine perform \"A Whole New World\" together, until the Genie abruptly appears and takes control of the show by performing \"Friend Like Me\". Once the Genie disappears, the Spring Sprite from Fantasia 2000 transforms the bay into a lush forest, where Pocahontas appears, singing \"Just Around the Riverbend\". The Pocahontas segment ends with a dramatic fountain overlay set to \"Colors of the Wind\".", "Princess Jasmine. Jasmine's song \"A Whole New World\", which she performs as a duet with Aladdin, won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards in 1993.[142] Six years after Aladdin, Salonga would go on to be cast as the singing voice of second Disney Princess, Mulan, in 1998.[143] Salonga joked about being required to audition for the role despite having already voiced a Disney Princess: \"Why do I have to audition? ... I was already a princess before. Wasn't that enough?\"[143] Meanwhile, Larkin would return to voice Jasmine several times in subsequent media appearances, including films, video games and television series.[24] As the two actresses responsible for giving voice to the character, both Larkin and Salonga were honored with Disney Legends awards for their contributions in 2011 at a ceremony recognized for awarding several other actresses who famously voiced Disney Princesses.[144][145] In addition to songwriters Menken and Tim Rice,[146] Salonga jokingly thanked Larkin for not being able to sing and thus providing her with a job.[147][148] Salonga became the award's first Filipina recipient;[147] her hand print is also imprinted at the Walt Disney headquarters in Burbank, California.[149]", "Princess Jasmine. Jasmine's singing voice is provided by Filipina singer and actress Lea Salonga.[25] Salonga's Tony Award-winning performance in the musical Miss Saigon helped her garner the interest of casting director Albert Tavares,[26][27] who proceeded to leave a note for the singer on the stage door before leaving a show he had attended.[27][28] Salonga's agent then scheduled her audition, at which she performed \"Part of Your World\" from The Little Mermaid.[28] Salonga finally began recording a demo of \"A Whole New World\" a few days later.[28] With the casting of Salonga, Larkin became one of Disney's first voice actors to not provide the singing voice of the character she voices,[15] and thus Jasmine marked the first time Disney decided to separate a character's speaking and singing voices.[16] Describing Salonga as \"an incredible singer\", Larkin herself was pleasantly surprised by how much Salonga's voice resembled her own when she first heard \"A Whole New World\", joking, \"the filmmakers almost had me convinced that I sang it\".[24]", "The Bodyguard (soundtrack). With the next two Top 5 singles[27] \"I'm Every Woman\" (a Chaka Khan cover) and \"I Have Nothing\", following on the heels of \"I Will Always Love You\", Houston became the first female act to have three songs in the Top 20 simultaneously. Two songs, \"Run to You\" and \"I Have Nothing\", were each nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song,[28] but lost out to \"A Whole New World\" from the animated film Aladdin. The same two songs were nominated for Grammy Awards in the category Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television. Other songs garnering significant radio airplay included \"Jesus Loves Me\" on gospel stations, and \"Queen of the Night\" on pop and dance stations.", "Lea Salonga. In 1993, Salonga played the role of Éponine in the Broadway production of Les Misérables.[30] She performed the song \"A Whole New World\" from Aladdin with Brad Kane at the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles,[31][32] where the song won an Oscar, having already won a Golden Globe Award.[13] That same year, she released her self-titled international debut album with Atlantic Records, which had modest sales in the US but went platinum in the Philippines and sold 3 million copies worldwide.[5] In 1994, Salonga played in various musical theatre productions in the Philippines and Singapore,[3][12] such as Sandy in Grease, Eliza Doolittle in My Fair Lady and the Witch in Into the Woods.[11]", "Princess Jasmine. After learning she had been cast, Reed hired a personal trainer and practiced a healthier diet to prepare herself for her revealing costumes in which she exposes her midriff as the character.[77] In the musical, Jasmine resembles an even stronger, more spirited character than the film version, specifically the way in which she fights against marriage laws and men who wish to control her.[76] Reed believes her character changed the most during workshops as the show traveled from Seattle to Toronto, and finally Broadway, including the replacement of an original musical number with \"These Palace Walls\", which composer Alan Menken wrote specifically for Reed.[78] Described by Reed as \"a really beautiful song\" that \"sets up her character\", \"These Palace Walls\" narrates Jasmine's desire to explore the world beyond the confines of the palace, despite being grateful for everything her father has already provided her with.[78] Reed originally found performing \"A Whole New World\" particularly daunting because, as the film's most famous song, \"everyone has these very specific ideas of what they think it should look like or sound like\", in addition to feeling pressured to match Salonga's performance, of whom she is a fan.[78]", "Princess Jasmine. Before discovering Larkin, Disney had been insisting on auditioning exclusively performers who were capable of singing as well as they could act.[16] However, after Williams' recruitment, the studio relented in favor of casting \"strong actors\" instead.[16] When Larkin first auditioned for the role, \"A Whole New World\", Jasmine's only surviving song, had not yet been written;[16] she admitted, \"there's no way I would have even auditioned ... if there had been a song from the beginning.\"[18] After writing Jasmine's first song, the filmmakers asked Larkin if she would be interested in recording it and providing the character's singing voice.[18] Larkin immediately declined,[18] joking, \"I do [sing] ... but not like a princess!\"[15] Thus, Disney decided to recruit a singer who could mimic Larkin's speaking voice instead,[15] despite the actress' fear that the studio would completely replace her with a professional singer altogether.[18]", "Aladdin (1992 Disney film). 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:", "Beauty and the Beast (Disney song). In addition to establishing Bryson as a mainstream recording artist,[318] the singer has since returned to Disney on two separate occasions to record pop versions of \"A Whole New World\" and \"As Long as There's Christmas\", the theme songs of the animated films Aladdin (1992) and Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997), respectively, both of which are duets.[319] Although \"A Whole New World\" was very successful, \"Beauty and the Beast\" remains a larger hit for the singer.[320] Bryson also included \"Beauty and the Beast\" on some of his compilation albums, including Through the Fire (1994) and Super Hits (2000).[321][322] Meanwhile, Afanasieff would go on to produce several Disney singles, including \"A Whole New World\" from Aladdin, for which he reunited with Bryson, and \"Go the Distance\" from Hercules (1997).[323] In 2004, Bryson was forced by the International Revenue Service (IRS) to auction off several of his personal belongings in order to help repay the singer's $1.2 million tax dept, among them his Grammy Awards for \"Beauty and the Beast\" and \"A Whole New World\".[324] While the latter song's Grammy was purchased by a friend and gifted back to the singer, Bryson's Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals trophy for \"Beauty and the Beast\" was ultimately sold to a stranger for $15,500.[325]", "Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular. Track Listing\n1. Arabian Nights*/A Thousand Stories/Who Dares Approach (1:43)\n2. Off You Go/The Mouth Closes (:34)\n3. You Have Been Warned (:11)\n4. Aladdin Intro (:24)\n5. One Jump Ahead (2:44)\n6. Street Rat! (:24)\n7. Princess of Agrabah (:14)\n8. Old Man (:48)\n9. Go Now, Into the Cave/Gold Reveal/Cave Collapse (1:57)\n10. Carpet (:39)\n11. Genie Up (:22)\n12. Friend Like Me (3:18)\n13. The Palace (:25)\n14. Sultan's Fanfare (:13)\n15. Prince Ali (2:04)\n16. Genie Free/Jafar Plots (1:27)\n17. To Be Free (2:44)\n18. A Whole New World (3:38)\n19. A Whole New World - Underscore (:20)\n20. I'll Say (:42)\n21. We Through Yet/Prince Ali (Reprise) (1:36)\n22. Snake! (:41)\n23. He Has More Power (:50)\n24. Father, I've Decided (:59)\n25. Celebration (1:36) (includes \"Arabian Nights\", \"To Be Free\", \"A Whole New World\")\n26. Curtain Call (1:13) (includes: \"One Jump Ahead\", \"Prince Ali\", \"To Be Free\", \"Friend Like Me\")", "Aladdin (2011 musical). (*) This song was cut from the movie, restored for the musical, but later re-cut from the Seattle production.\n(**) This song was cut from the movie, restored for the musical, but later re-cut from the Toronto production.\n(***) This song was written for the Seattle Production, but later cut from the Toronto production.", "Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular. Buena Vista Records released an official soundtrack to the production in 2003.[4] This is an original cast recording, and includes almost every piece of music used in the show. The main cast on the recording is Miles Wesley (Aladdin), Deedee Magno (Jasmine), Nick Santa Maria (Genie), Lance Roberts (Jafar) and Jamila Ajibade (Narrator). Orchestrations by Timothy Williams (composer).", "Aladdin (2011 musical). Aladdin is a young man who spends his days stealing food from the street vendors of Agrabah along with his three best friends, Kassim, Omar and Babkak (\"One Jump Ahead\"). After being referred to as a \"worthless street rat\" Aladdin expresses his dreams of showing the world he's more than just a common urchin (\"One Jump Ahead\" (Reprise)). He notes his guilt in thievery, having vowed to never steal again after the death of his mother (\"Proud of Your Boy\").", "Aladdin (2011 musical). (*) This song was cut from the movie and restored for the musical.\n(**) This is a new song written for the musical.\n(***) This song uses the edit to Ashman's lyric which was intended to resolve a controversy with the original film.[34]", "Aladdin (2019 film). At the 2017 D23 Expo, Alan Menken announced that he will be co-writing new songs for the film with the Oscar-winning songwriters of La La Land, Pasek & Paul.[28] Menken would also score the film, which will also include original recordings written by Menken, Howard Ashman and Tim Rice.[21] They wrote the lyrics for two new songs.[29]", "Aladdin (2011 musical). A great parade storms through the streets of Agrabah, led by Genie, Babkak, Omar and Kassim. They announce the arrival of \"Prince Ali of Ababwa\" (\"Prince Ali\"). Once at the palace, Aladdin, disguised as Prince Ali, expresses his desire to marry Jasmine to the Sultan. Jasmine overhears the conversation and perceives Ali to be just another shallow prince. Jafar, who is suspicious of Ali, tells him the location of Jasmine's bedroom, not mentioning that it is against Agrabah law for the Princess to have a suitor in her quarters unsupervised. Aladdin courts Jasmine with a ride on his magic carpet provided to him by Genie (\"A Whole New World\"). Once they return, Jasmine recognizes Aladdin as the young man whom she met in the marketplace. Aladdin lies and says that he really is a prince, he just sometimes likes to dress as a commoner to escape the pressures of palace living, much like Jasmine did that day. Seeing he isn't shallow and self-absorbed like the others, Jasmine kisses Aladdin good night. After she leaves, Jafar has Aladdin arrested for entering the Princess's room unsupervised. Upon hearing the news, Babkak, Omar and Kassim storm the palace to rescue their friend (\"High Adventure\"). They are captured and thrown into the dungeon as well, but with a little help from Genie, Aladdin uses his second wish to free them (\"Somebody's Got Your Back\").", "Aladdin (2019 film). Aladdin is an upcoming American musical romantic fantasy adventure film directed by Guy Ritchie, written by Ritchie, John August and Vanessa Taylor, and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1992 animated film of the same name, which is in turn based on the Arab-style folktale of the same name from One Thousand and One Nights and the French interpretation by Antoine Galland. The film stars Mena Massoud as the title character alongside Naomi Scott, Will Smith, Marwan Kenzari, Navid Negahban, Nasim Pedrad, Billy Magnussen, and Numan Acar.", "Tim Rice. Rice has collaborated with Andrew Lloyd Webber, with whom he wrote Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, Jesus Christ Superstar, Evita, Cricket, and The Likes of Us. For The Walt Disney Company, Rice has collaborated individually with Alan Menken and Elton John, creating productions including Aladdin (winning an Academy Award, Golden Globe and Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song \"A Whole New World\") and The Lion King (winning the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\").", "Friend Like Me. After Aladdin releases the Genie from his lamp and the Genie explains that he can give Aladdin almost anything within a limit of three wishes, the Genie proves his nigh-omnipotent power to the skeptical thief with an impressive musical number, stressing that he is a friend unlike any other. This song is similar to the use of contemporary references in \"Be Our Guest\", performed by the enchanted cutlery of Beauty and the Beast, and \"A Guy Like You\", performed by the Gargoyles in The Hunchback of Notre Dame.", "I See the Light. \"I See the Light\" has inspired a generally mixed to positive reception from film and music critics, who were largely ambivalent towards the song's content, questioning its originality. However, the \"lantern sequence\" during which \"I See the Light\" is performed by Rapunzel and Flynn has enjoyed widespread critical acclaim, with journalists and commentators praising its visuals and use of 3D. Critically, both the song and the scene have been compared to similar romantic musical sequences from preceding Disney animated films, including \"Kiss the Girl\" from The Little Mermaid (1989) and \"A Whole New World\" from Aladdin (1992), both of which are love songs also composed by Menken.", "Aladdin (Disney character). Aladdin is a fictional character and the protagonist of Disney's 1992 animated feature film Aladdin, and its two direct-to-video sequels The Return of Jafar (1994) and Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996). He also stars in the animated television series based on the film. In all animated productions, Aladdin is voiced by American actor Scott Weinger, while his singing voice is provided by Brad Kane. Mena Massoud is set to play a live-action version of the character in a live action adaptation of the 1992 film.", "List of Disney's Aladdin characters. When Aladdin romances Jasmine during the song \"A Whole New World\", it plays a key role as it takes them on a romantic flight. Another important part it plays is Aladdin's first solitary encounter with Jasmine as 'Prince Ali'. Jasmine pretends to seduce Aladdin, before pulling his turban over his eyes and telling him to 'jump off the balcony'. At which point Aladdin apologizes for treating her like a 'prize to be won'. He gets onto the rail of the balcony and steps off, but Jasmine doesn't know that the carpet is there, and thinks he is committing suicide. She calls out 'No!' and then sees his head pop up going \"What? What?\", at which point Jasmine discovers the carpet and is invited for a ride by 'Prince Ali'. Carpet is also responsible for their first kiss, as it shoots upwards about a foot, causing them to kiss each other by accident, (neither of them mind though). Many people consider Carpet as the character who actually sets their relationship in motion.", "Scott Weinger. Weinger was cast as Aladdin, the street urchin in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film Aladdin. He reprised his role multiple times off the big screen including the CBS Aladdin series and direct-to-video sequels, the most notable being The Return of Jafar and Aladdin and the King of Thieves. His voice would also be used for several video games including the Kingdom Hearts series, Kinect Disneyland Adventures, and Disney Infinity series.", "Aladdin (2011 musical). All music composed by Alan Menken.", "I See the Light. As a result of \"I See the Light\"'s setting, romantic context and lyrical content, several comparisons have been drawn between both the song and its corresponding scene and various romantic musical sequences from a number of preceding Disney animated feature films, the most frequently referenced of which are \"Kiss the Girl\" from The Little Mermaid (1989)[24][28] and \"A Whole New World\" from Aladdin (1992), both romantic ballads also composed by Menken.[29][30] One particular reviewer, Steven D. Greydanus of Decent Films Guide, drew comparisons between the scene and the musical \"Nutcracker Suite\" sequence from Disney's animated feature film Fantasia (1940), describing it as \"a moment of visual transcendence.\"[31]", "Aladdin (2011 musical). Three songs that were cut from the 1992 film following the death of Howard Ashman were restored for the musical, as noted below. Four others were newly written for the musical, as noted. All music is by Alan Menken. Lyricists are listed for the individual songs.", "List of Disney's Aladdin characters. The Magic Carpet is an ancient carpet that was found by Aladdin in the Cave of Wonders' treasure room. It is a character without a voice, and expresses itself entirely through pantomime and movements. It is playful, as it reacts with Abu, intelligent, as it beats the Genie at chess (and most other things), and helpful, as it helps Aladdin romance Princess Jasmine during the song \"A Whole New World\". It sometimes uses its tassels as hands and feet to accentuate its feelings.[8]", "Run to You (Whitney Houston song). \"Run to You\" and its soundtrack-mate \"I Have Nothing\" were nominated for a 1993 Academy Award for Best Original Song, but they lost to \"A Whole New World\" from Aladdin.", "Alan Menken. Menken and Ashman's Beauty and the Beast garnered them three 1991 Oscar nominations for Best Song, winning for its title song.[35] Menken won another Oscar for Best Score. The two were working on Aladdin at the time of Ashman's death in 1991. Subsequently, Menken went to collaborate with Tim Rice to finish the songs for the film. The film won an Oscar in 1992 for Best Song: \"A Whole New World\".[35] Menken also won the Oscar for Best Score. Menken's live action musical film Newsies, with lyrics by Jack Feldman, was released in 1992. Three more animated musical films followed. Menken collaborated with Stephen Schwartz for Pocahontas, for which the two won two Oscars: Best Song and Best Musical or Comedy Score. In 1996, the same musical team created the songs, and Menken, the score, for The Hunchback of Notre Dame. In 1997, Menken reunited with his early collaborator, David Zippel, for his last animated musical film in the series, Hercules.[36]" ]

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[ "Gun laws in Arizona. Arizona gun laws are found mostly in Title 13, Chapter 31 of the Arizona Revised Statutes.[4] There is no registration or licensing of non-NFA firearms in Arizona. Section 13-3108 subsection B prohibits any political subdivision of the state from enacting any laws requiring licensing or registration.[5] According to state law, a person must be 18 years of age to purchase any non-NFA firearm from any source; however, there is a federal age limit of 21 years on handgun purchases from federal firearms licensees.", "Gun laws in Arizona. Firearm laws in Arizona regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of Arizona in the United States.", "Gun laws in Arizona. Arizona is classified as a \"shall issue\" state. Even though Arizona law allows concealed carry by adults without permit, concealed carry permits are still available and issued by the Concealed Weapons Permit Unit of the Arizona Department of Public Safety for purposes of reciprocity with other states or for carrying firearms in certain regulated places. Requirements for issuance include taking a training class (provided by a licensed third party) or hunter education class, submitting a finger print card, and paying a $60 fee. Applicants must be at least 21 years of age. New permits are valid for five years. [11] Renewing a permit requires only an application and finger print card. However, effective December 31, 2007 the finger print card requirement for renewal is scheduled to end.[12] Arizona recognizes all valid out-of-state carry permits.[13]", "Gun laws in Arizona. The Arizona legislature has largely preempted political subdivisions (counties, cities) to choose what laws that they want. Political subdivisions may regulate the carrying of weapons by juveniles or by their own employees or contractors when such employees or contractors are acting within the course and scope of their employment or contract. They may also bar the carrying of weapons at public establishments and events by those who do not have concealed carry permits. Public establishments and events where carry by non-permit holders is prohibited must provide secure storage for weapons on-site, which must be readily accessible upon entry and allow for immediate retrieval upon exit.[14]", "Gun laws in Arizona. State law prohibits the possession certain types of firearms and other deadly weapons by any citizen. These weapons are defined as follows:", "Gun laws in Arizona. State law prohibits the possession of firearms and other deadly weapons by certain categories of \"prohibited possessors\". According to current statute, these categories are defined as follows:", "Gun laws in Arizona. State law prohibits the carrying of firearms in certain areas. These prohibited areas include:", "Gun laws in Arizona. Native American reservations, which comprise over a quarter of the land area of the state,[15] may have gun laws identical to or more restrictive than state law.[16][17] Some tribal governments in Arizona may not recognize Arizona law on the concealed carrying of firearms without a permit while on tribal land.[17]", "Gun laws in Arizona. All Arizona tribes recognize federal law, including the \"safe passage\" provision of the federal Firearm Owners Protection Act Act (FOPA). FOPA provides that, notwithstanding any state, tribal, or local law, and while making a continuous journey, a person who is not a prohibited possessor is entitled to transport a firearm or ammunition for any lawful purpose from any place where he may lawfully possess and carry such firearm to any other place where he may lawfully possess and carry such firearm or ammunition if, during such transportation the firearm is unloaded, and neither the firearm nor any ammunition being transported is readily accessible or is directly accessible from the passenger compartment of such transporting vehicle.[18] In vehicles without a trunk, the unloaded firearm or ammunition must be in a locked container other than the glove compartment or console.[18] Recent U.S. Court of Appellate rulings have confirmed that FOPA`s protections only apply to unloaded firearms not readily accessible to the traveler, and many tribal governments have strict laws with respect to firearms being carried or transported on tribal lands.[18][19][19][20] For example, in the event of a vehicle stop, Navajo Nation police will seize any loaded firearm found to be accessible to the driver or passenger.[19][20][21] and confiscated firearms are not returnable unless the owner can establish proof of ownership of the firearm and ammunition by presenting a bill of sale or other evidence at the police station at a later date.[21]", "Gun laws in Arizona. In Arizona, anyone who is not prohibited from owning a firearm and is at least 21 years old can carry a concealed weapon without a permit as of July 29, 2010.[8] Arizona was the third state in modern U.S. history (after Vermont and Alaska, followed by Wyoming) to allow the carrying of concealed weapons without a permit, and it is the first state with a large urban population to do so.[9][10]", "Gun laws in Arizona. In addition, political subdivisions have limited power to prohibit the carrying of firearms in certain areas as described above. Carrying a firearm at a jail, correctional facility, juvenile secure care facility, or in a hydroelectric or nuclear power generating station is a felony. Carrying a firearm in any other prohibited area, absent any other concomitant criminal conduct, is a misdemeanor. Carrying a firearm on private property or in a private establishment where it has been forbidden by the owner or another person having lawful control over the property is not expressly prohibited by law, but is held to constitute misdemeanor trespass.[24] Carrying a firearm at a public college or university where it has been prohibited by the governing board is not expressly prohibited by law, but is held to violate provisions of ARS 13-2911, which prohibits \"interference with or disruption of an educational institution\". The restrictions pertaining to licensed liquor establishments do not apply to liquor stores or other stores that sell only closed containers of alcohol for consumption off the premises.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31]", "Gun laws in Arizona. According to the Arizona Gun Owners Guide by Alan Korwin, while discharging a firearm using blanks within the limits of a municipality is not expressly prohibited by law, disturbing the peace (ARS 13-2904) or other charges could still apply.[23]", "Gun laws in Arkansas. Automatic weapons must be registered with the Arkansas secretary of state, in addition to being registered under federal law.", "Gun laws in Arizona. On foot, any adult person who is not a \"prohibited possessor\"[6] may openly carry a loaded firearm visible to others. Generally, a person must be at least 18 years of age to possess or openly carry a firearm. However, this does not apply to:", "Gun laws in Arizona. It is generally illegal to discharge a firearm within or into the limits of any municipality. However, this prohibition does not apply to persons discharging firearms in the following circumstances:", "Gun laws in Nevada. Nevada state law does not require the registration of firearms. Following the passage of SB 175, handgun registration (or registration of any kind), is no longer required in Clark County or anywhere in the state of Nevada for handguns or long-arms (which already did not require registration). Governor Brian Sandoval signed this bill into law on June 2, 2015.[25]", "Gun laws in Arizona. In a vehicle, any adult person who is not a prohibited possessor may openly carry a loaded firearm in a vehicle whether in a holster, case, compartment, or in plain view. Persons under 21 may openly carry a loaded or unloaded firearm in a vehicle only if it is in plain view, i.e. discernible from the ordinary observation of a person located outside and within the immediate vicinity of the vehicle.", "Gun laws in Arizona. The law does not expressly require openly carried weapons to be in a holster, case or scabbard; however, the open carrying of weapons not in a holster, case or scabbard while on foot in a populated area could be construed as reckless display or, if others feel threatened by such, even assault with a deadly weapon.", "Gun laws in the United States by state. There is a de facto registry of the sale (including the serial numbers) of handguns and long guns purchased in state that is maintained by the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection (DESPP). Any transfer, be it from a dealer or private party, must be accompanied by an authorization number issued by the DESPP and a form containing personal and weapon identification (DPS-3-C) must be submitted to DESPP and local police. This form is collected and maintained on all guns purchased from FFL dealers as well. The DPS-3-C form is not required for long gun transfers made out of state, and there is no legal requirement/penalty to register firearms purchased out of state or lawfully obtained before April 1, 2014.", "Gun laws in Arizona. Notably, the prohibition against owning a firearm by a person found to be a danger to himself or others or persistently or acutely disabled or gravely disabled continues in effect even after the expiration of the mental health court order itself (365 days). Instead, a person whose right to possess a firearm was forfeited as part of a mental health order must have that right judicially restored by filing a petition with the court requesting a hearing and a court order restoring the right to possess a firearm.[3]", "Gun laws in Arizona. Arizona appellate courts have ruled that ARS 1-244 bars the retroactive application of changes to the prohibited possessor statute unless there is an express legislative declaration of retroactive intent.[33] Although the statute has been amended numerous times during its history, no such retroactive declarations have ever been passed into law. Thus, the possession of deadly weapons by some individuals may be governed by older versions of the statute which are either more or less restrictive than the one currently in force. For example, persons found to constitute a danger to self or others or to be persistently or acutely disabled or gravely disabled prior to September 30, 2009 do not need to petition the courts for a restoration of rights, as statutes in effect prior to that date either did not prohibit their possession of deadly weapons or prohibited such possession only temporarily, during their term of court-ordered treatment.", "Overview of gun laws by nation. Private firearms must be registered at the local police department within 72 hours of acquisition. Ammunition purchases must also be registered, and possession is normally limited to 200 rounds of handgun ammunition and 1500 rounds of hunting ammunition.", "Gun laws in Nevada. Effective June 23, 2015 Nevada once again recognizes Arizona concealed weapon permits.[20]", "National Firearms Act. Upon the request of any ATF agent or investigator, or the Attorney General, the registered owner must provide proof of registration of the firearm.[30]", "Firearms license. The requirement to have a firearm license, is usually in addition to a requirement for firearm registration. For example, in Australia, firearms must be registered by serial number to the owner, who holds a firearm licence.", "Federal Firearms License. In general, the Department of State's Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC), which interprets and enforces ITAR, requires anyone engaged in such activities, including holders of a Federal Firearms License, to register annually and submit a fee (no less than $2,250 as of 2013).[11][12] Registration exemptions exist for, among other things, work on unclassified intellectual property, and work or fabrication of an experimental or scientific nature including research and development.[13]", "Overview of gun laws by nation. Firearms must be purchased through a licensed dealer and registered with ANMaC. If a firearm is inherited, a re-registering form must be filed. There is no limit on the number of firearms owned so long as they are properly stored. Ammunition sales are recorded but unlimited.[8]", "Gun laws in the United States by state. Machine guns may not have ammunition .30 in. or 7.63 mm or bigger unless the gun is registered to an ammunition corporation.", "Vehicle registration plates of Arizona. The U.S. state of Arizona first required its residents to register their motor vehicles in 1912. Registrants had to provide their own license plates for display until 1914, when the state began to supply plates. Plates are currently issued by the Motor Vehicle Division of the Arizona Department of Transportation (MVD).", "Gun laws in Georgia. Georgia reciprocates in recognizing firearms licenses with the following states: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia,[4] West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.[5]", "Colt Single Action Army. In 2010, Arizona State Rifle and Pistol Association President Noble C. Hathaway and Cast Bullet Director Dan Walliser surveyed state residents to determine what \"Old West\" firearm should be named the official State Firearm. The Colt Patent Firearms Single Action Army won by a 38% margin. Soon afterward, Hathaway submitted a bill to the Arizona legislature, and on the last day of the 2010–2011 regular legislative session, Arizona Senate Bill 1610 was passed. Within days, Governor Jan Brewer signed the bill into law. Arizona is the second state to have an official firearm, following Utah's adoption of the Colt M1911 pistol.[41]", "Gun laws in Nevada. On February 28, 2013, the Nevada Sheriffs’ and Chiefs' association voted unanimously to end the recognition of Arizona concealed weapon permits." ]

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[ "Jagannath Temple, Puri. The temple is sacred to all Hindus and especially in those of the Vaishnava traditions. Many great saints, such as Ramananda & Ramanuja were closely associated with the temple. Ramanuja established the Emar Mutt near the temple and the Govardhan Mutt, which is the seat of one of the four Shankaracharyas.\nIt is also showing particular significance to the followers of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism, whose founder Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, an incarnation of Lord Krishna, appeared about 500 years ago, in the mood of a devotee to taste the sublime emotions of ecstasy by chanting the holy name of Krishna. Stalwart scholars of Puri Jagannath Kshetra like Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya (a priest and great Sanskrit scholar) and other scholars and common men followed his teachings. Even Kings and Ministers of his period became his disciples. Especially, King Prataparudra became his great admirer and ardent follower. Thus all cultures and religions infused into one in Puri following his teachings considering everybody equal sans all caste and creeds. \nIt is also a legendary fact, that in the last day of his earthly movements, his body vanished inside Lord Jagannath deity.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. The Puri temple is famous for its annual Ratha yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars. These gave their name to the English term Juggernaut. Unlike the stone and metal icons found in most Hindu temples, the image of Jagannath is made of wood and is ceremoniously replaced every twelve or nineteen years by an exact replica.[3]", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. The Shree Jagannath Temple (Odia: ଶ୍ରୀ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର) of Puri is an important Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Jagannath, a form of lord Vishnu, located on the eastern coast of India, at Puri in the state of Odisha. The temple is an important pilgrimage destination and one of the four great 'Char Dham' pilgrimage sites, found at India's four cardinal points. The present temple was rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, on the site of an earlier temple, and begun by King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, first of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.[1][2]", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. There are numerous smaller temples and shrines within the Temple complex where active worship is regularly conducted. The Vimala Temple (Bimala Temple) is considered one of the most important of the Shaktipeeths marks the spot where the Goddess Sati's navel fell. It is located near Rohini Kund in the temple complex. Until food offered to Jagannath is offered to Goddess Vimala it is not considered Mahaprasad.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2), and is surrounded by a high fortified wall.\nThis 20 feet (6.1 m) high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.[25] Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the main temple.[26]\nIt contains at least 120 temples and shrines. With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent monuments of India.[27]\nThe temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely -", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. Puri is one of the fascinating littoral districts of Odisha. The Cultural heritage of Puri with its long recorded history has its beginnings in the third century BC. The monuments, religious sanctity, and way of life of the people with their rich tradition is the cultural heart of Odisha. Indeed, Puri is considered the cultural capital of Odisha. The culture here flourished with its manifold activities.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. The temple's kitchen is considered as the largest kitchen in the world.[27]\n[40]\n[41]\n[42]\nTradition maintains that all food cooked in the temple kitchens are supervised by the Goddess Mahalakshmi, the empress of Srimandir herself. It is said that if the food prepared has any fault in it, a shadow dog appears near the temple kitchen. The temple cooks, or Mahasuaras, take this as a sign of displeasure of Mahalakshmi with the food, which is, then, promptly buried and a new batch cooked.[43]\nAll food is cooked following rules as prescribed by Hindu religious texts, the food cooked is pure vegetarian without using onions and garlic.[44] Cooking is done only in earthen pots with water drawn from two special wells near the kitchen called Ganga and Yamuna. There are a total of 56 varieties of naivedhyas offered to the deities, near Ratnabedi as well as in Bhoga Mandap on five particular Muhurta. The most awaited Prasad is Kotho Bhoga or Abadha, offered at mid-day at around 1 pm, depending upon temple rituals. The food after being offered to Jagannath is distributed in reasonable portions as Mahaprasad, which is considered to be divine by the devotees in the Ananda Bazar (an open market, located to the North-east of the Singhadwara inside the Temple complex).", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. The temple of Mahalakshmi has an important role in rituals of the main temple. It is said that preparation of naivedya as offering for Jagannath is supervised by Mahalakshmi. The Kanchi Ganesh Temple is dedicated to Uchchhishta Ganapati. Tradition says the King of Kanchipuram (Kanchi) in ancient times gifted the idol, when Gajapati Purushottama Deva married Padmavati, the kanchi princess. There are other shrines namely Muktimandap, Surya, Saraswati, Bhuvaneshwari, Narasimha, Rama, Hanuman and Eshaneshwara.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. Literally means vacation. Every year, the main idols of Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra & Sudarshan after the holy Snana Yatra on the jyestha purnima, go to a secret altar named Anavasara Ghar where they remain for the next dark fortnight (Krishna paksha). Hence devotees are not allowed to view them. Instead of this devotees go to nearby place Brahmagiri to see their beloved lord in the form of four handed form Alarnath a form of Vishnu.[47]\nThen people get the first glimpse of lord on the day before Rath Yatra, which is called Navayouvana. It is said that the Gods fall in fever after taking a huge bath and they are treated by the special servants named, Daitapatis for 15 days. During this period cooked food is not offered to the deities.[48]", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. The temple is one of the holiest Hindu Char Dham (four divine sites) sites comprising Rameswaram, Badrinath, Puri and Dwarka.[20] Though the origins are not clearly known, the Advaita school of Hinduism propagated by Sankaracharya, who created Hindu monastic institutions across India, attributes the origin of Char Dham to the seer.[21] The four monasteries lie across the four corners of India and their attendant temples are Badrinath Temple at Badrinath in the North, Jagannath Temple at Puri in the East, Dwarakadheesh Temple at Dwarka in the West and Ramanathaswamy Temple at Rameswaram in the South. Though ideologically the temples are divided between the sects of Hinduism, namely Saivism and Vaishnavism, the Char Dham pilgrimage is an all Hindu affair.[22] There are four abodes in Himalayas called Chota Char Dham (Chota meaning small): Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri - all of these lie at the foot hills of Himalayas [23] The name Chota was added during the mid of 20th century to differentiate the original Char Dhams.[citation needed] The journey across the four cardinal points in India is considered sacred by Hindus who aspire to visit these temples once in their lifetime.[24] Traditionally the trip starts at the eastern end from Puri, proceeding in clockwise direction in a manner typically followed for circumambulation in Hindu temples.[24]", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. There are many Mandapas or Pillared halls on raised platforms within the temple complex meant for religious congregations. The most prominent is the Mukti Mandapa the congregation hall of the holy seat of selected learned Brahmins.[38]", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. There are elaborate daily worship services. There are many festivals each year attended by millions of people. The most important festival is the Rath Yatra or the Chariot festival in June. This spectacular festival includes a procession of three huge chariots bearing the idols of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra through the Bada Danda meaning the Grand Avenue of Puri till their final destination the Gundicha Temple.[45]", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. The Jagannath triad are usually worshiped in the sanctum of the temple at Puri, but once during the month of Asadha (Rainy Season of Orissa, usually falling in month of June or July), they are brought out onto the Bada Danda (main street of Puri) and travel (3 km) to the Shri Gundicha Temple, in huge chariots (ratha), allowing the public to have darśana (Holy view). This festival is known as Rath Yatra, meaning the journey (yatra) of the chariots (ratha). The Rathas are huge wheeled wooden structures, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannath is approximately 45 feet high and 35 feet square and takes about 2 months to construct.[49] The artists and painters of Puri decorate the cars and paint flower petals and other designs on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne.[50] The huge chariots of Jagannath pulled during Rath Yatra is the etymological origin of the English word Juggernaut.[51] The Ratha-Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha yatra.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. The District has the happy conglomerate of different religions, sects and faith. In the course of history, Hindu, Buddhist, Jaina, Muslim, Christian, and Sikh are found here in the District.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. The main temple is a curvilinear temple and crowning the top is the 'srichakra' (an eight spoked wheel) of Vishnu. Also known as the \"Nilachakra\", it is made out of Ashtadhatu and is considered sacrosanct.[29]\nAmong the existing temples in Orissa, the temple of Shri Jagannath is the highest. The temple tower was built on a raised platform of stone and, rising to 214 feet (65 m) above the inner sanctum where the deities reside, dominates the surrounding landscape. The pyramidal roofs of the surrounding temples and adjoining halls, or mandapas, rise in steps toward the tower like a ridge of mountain peaks.[30]", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. Jagannath is worshipped as Vishnu or Narayana or Krishna and Lord Balabhadra as Shesha. Simultaneously, the deities are regarded as the bhairava with Vimala (the devi or the consort of Shiva) installed in the campus of the temple. So ultimately we find a fusion of Saivism, Shaktism and Vaishnavism of the Hindu religion with Jainism and up to an extent Buddhism in the culture of Jagannath and the cultural tradition so reverently held together in Shrikshetra.", "Architecture of India. The Jagannath Temple in Puri, Odisha.", "Chilika Lake. Puri: This holy city is famous for the late 11th century built Jagannath temple. The other major attraction here is the beach.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. Daily offerings are made to the Lord six times a day. These include:", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. The traditional story concerning the origins of the Lord Jagannath temple is that here the original image of Jagannath (a deity form of Vishnu) at the end of Treta yuga manifested near a banyan tree, near seashore in the form of an Indranila mani or the Blue Jewel. It was so dazzling that it could grant instant moksha, so the God Dharma or Yama wanted to hide it in the earth, and was successful. In Dvapara Yuga King Indradyumna of Malwa wanted to find that mysterious image and to do so he performed harsh penances to obtain his goal. Vishnu then instructed him to go to the Puri seashore and find a floating log to make an image from its trunk.", "Koraput. Koraput is mostly famous for its Jagannath Temple which is also known as Sabara Srikhetra. Srikhetra is normally referred to as Puri Jagannath, but the unique identity of the Koraput temple is because of the fact that no section of the society is barred entry.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. The God Mahaprabhu (LORD VISHNU) Jagannath, Badathakura Balabhadra and the Devi Subhadra constitute the main trinity of deities worshiped at the temple. The temple iconography depicts these three Gods sitting on the bejewelled platform or the Ratnabedi in the inner sanctum. The Sudarshan Chakra, deities of Madanmohan, Sridevi and Vishwadhatri are also placed on the Ratnavedi.[4]\nThe temple icons of Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra and Sudarshan Chakra are made from sacred Neem logs known as Daru. Depending on the season the deities are adorned in different garbs and jewels. Worship of these deities pre-date the temple structure and may have originated in an ancient tribal shrine.[5]", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. On the Purnima of the month of Jyestha the Gods are ceremonially bathed and decorated every year on the occasion of Snana Yatra.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. Lord Jagannath is the Purushottama as per the scripture, Skanda Purana. In order to teach human beings how to lead a life full of virtue, he has taken the form of Saguna Brahman or Darubrahman. He is the best brother to his siblings, Lord Balabhadra and Devi Subhadra. He is the best husband to Goddess Mahalaxmi (Sri and Bhu forms). The most noteworthy aspect is still in the month of Margashirsha, on three consecutive days during amavasya he does Shraddha to his parents (Kashyapa-Aditi, Dasharatha-Kaushalya, Vasudeva-Devaki, Nanda-Yashoda), along with the king Indradyumna and queen Gundicha. As a master he enjoys every comfort daily and in various festivals. He grants all wishes to his subjects, and those who surrender before him he takes the utmost care of.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. This temple was initially a Jain temple. Pandit Nilakantha Das suggested that Jagannath was a deity of Jain origin because of the appending of Nath to many Jain Tirthankars.[7] He felt Jagannath meant the 'World personified' in the Jain context and was derived from Jinanath. Evidence of the Jain terminology such as of Kaivalya, which means moksha or salvation, is found in the Jagannath tradition.[8] Similarly, the twenty two steps leading to the temple, called the Baisi Pahacha, have been proposed as symbolic reverence for the first 22 of the 24 Tirthankaras of Jainism.[9]", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. Here important decisions regarding conduct of daily worship and festivals are taken. The Dola Mandapa is noteworthy for a beautifully carved stone Torana or arch which is used for constructing a swing for the annual Dol Yatra festival. During the festival the idol of Dologobinda is placed on the swing. The Snana Bedi is a rectangular stone platform where idols of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra are placed for ceremonial bathing during the annual Snana Yatra.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. The temple remains open from 5 am to 12 midnight. Unlike many other temples devotees can go behind the idols (go round the idols). All devotees are allowed to go right up to the deities during the Sahana Mela without paying any fees. The Sahana mela or the public darshan is usually following the abakasha puja between around 7 to 8 am in the morning.[18] Special darshan or Parimanik darshan is when devotees on paying 50 Rupees are allowed right up to the deities. Parimanik darshan happens after the dhupa pujas at around 10 am, 1 pm and 8 pm . At all other times devotees can view the deities from some distance for free. The rathyatra occurs every year some time in the month of July. 2 or 6 weeks before Rathyatra (depending upon the year) there is a ritual of Lord undergoing \"Bhukaar\" (sick) hence the idols are not on \"Darshan\". Devotees to make a note of this before they plan to visit the lord.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. Early European observers told tales of devotees being crushed under the wheels of these chariots, whether by accident or even as a form of meritorious suicide akin to suttee. These reports gave rise to the loan word juggernaut suggesting an immense, unstoppable, threatening entity or process operated by fanatics.\nMany festivals like Dol Yatra in spring and Jhulan Yatra in monsoon are celebrated by temple every year. Pavitrotsava and Damanaka utsava are celebrated as per panchanga or panjika.There are special ceremonies in the month of Kartika and Pausha.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. As per another ritual, when the deities are taken out from the Shri Mandir to the Chariots in Pahandi vijay.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. Non-Hindus are totally barred from entry. Even Hindus from other countries are not allowed to enter, if they look different from average Indians. There is a Temple Management Committee, but nearly seven thousand Servitors (Pandas), mostly illiterate and superstitious, rule the roost. \nTemple has 4 entrances in all directions. Temple security is selective regarding who is allowed entry. Practicing Hindus of non-Indian descent are excluded from the premises.[14] Visitors not allowed entry may view the precincts from the roof of the nearby Raghunandan Library and pay their respects to the image of God Jagannath known as Patitapavana at the main entrance to the temple.[15] There is some evidence that this came into force following a series of invasions by foreigners into the temple and surrounding area. Buddhist, and Jain groups are allowed into the temple compound if they are able to prove their Indian ancestry.[16] The temple has slowly started allowing Hindus of non-Indian origin into the area, after an incident in which 3 Balinese Hindus were denied entry, even though Bali is 90% Hindu.[17] Recently hon'ble Supreme Court in its order on 5th July 2018 said that it cannot be disputed the aspect of List III of seventh schedule of Constitution of India, hence State and Central Govt. must intervene to remove the practice.", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. Lord Jagannath word was not found in Vedas or in Vedantas or earlier Hindu scriptures. Hence, worshipping of Lord Jagannath was a non-vedic ritual.\nJagannath worship in the temple continued until 1558, when Odisha was attacked by the an Afghan general. Subsequently, when Ramachandra Deb established an independent kingdom at Khurda in Orissa, the temple was consecrated and the deities reinstalled.[6]", "Jagannath Temple, Puri. After demise of Adi Shankaracharya in late 8th century CE, his \"Revival of Sanatan religion\" movement, fell into wrong hands of numerous local war lords. Their only motto to destroy all established Jain temples and Buddha Vihars to loot the valuables preserved in them. \nThese mercenaries destroyed Danta Puri Vihar, a huge Buddha vihar, which preserved a valuable relic, a tooth of Lord Buddha in it. The destroyer goons were afraid to destroy it. Hence, a temporary make shift temple was built in place of Danta Puri Vihar and two deities of local tribes, were brought from nearby forest (in present Angul district forests) and placed inside temple. One of the deity was called Neel Madhav, which was black in colour. The chest portion of this deity was cut open and the holy relic was placed inside and closed like a chaste. This was called as Jivan Vastu. This process is still followed every 12 years, at the time of 'Nabo Kolebaro'. Later on, a temple was constructed by Kalinga king Indradyummna and rechristened as Lord Jagannath Puri Temple. Lord Jagannath was declared as incarnation of Lord Vishnu. One more deity was added and rechristened as Lord Balabhadra and Goddess Subhadra, the brother and sister of Lord Jagannath. Incidentally, this temple was also destroyed by Kalapahad aka Rajiv Lochan Ray. And later on, the present magnificent temple was built thereby, by King Anantavarman Chodaganga of Eastern Ganga dynasty, in between late 11th century and early 12th century." ]

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[ "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Dr Jekyll is a \"large, well-made, smooth-faced man of fifty with something of a slyish cast\",[14] who occasionally feels he is battling between the good and evil within himself, upon leading to the struggle between his dual personalities of Henry Jekyll and Edward Hyde. He has spent a great part of his life trying to repress evil urges that were not fitting for a man of his stature. He creates a serum, or potion, in an attempt to mask this hidden evil within his personality. However, in doing so, Jekyll transpired into the smaller, younger, cruel, remorseless, evil Hyde. Jekyll has many friends and an amiable personality, but as Hyde, he becomes mysterious and violent. As time goes by, Hyde grows in power. After taking the potion repeatedly, he no longer relies upon it to unleash his inner demon, i.e., his alter ego. Eventually, Hyde grows so strong that Jekyll becomes reliant on the potion to remain conscious.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character). Dr. Henry Jekyll and his alternative personality, Mr. Edward Hyde, is a fictional character in Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Paramount film). Dr. Jekyll, a kind and charitable man, believes that everyone has two sides, one good and one evil, otherwise considered a split personality. Using a potion that he concocted, Dr. Jekyll becomes Mr. Hyde, creating havoc throughout his town.[1][2]", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character). Dr. Henry Jekyll feels he is battling between the good and bad within himself, thus leading to the struggle with his alter ego, Edward Hyde. He spends his life trying to repress evil urges that are not fitting for a man of his stature. He develops a serum in an attempt to mask this hidden evil. However, in doing so, Jekyll transforms into Hyde, a hideous creature without compassion or remorse. Jekyll has a friendly personality, but as Hyde, he becomes mysterious and violent. As time goes by, Hyde grows in power and eventually manifests whenever Jekyll shows signs of physical or moral weakness, no longer needing the serum to be released.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 film). Henry Jekyll (John Barrymore) is a doctor of medicine, but he is also an \"idealist, philanthropist.\" When he is not treating the poor in his free clinic, he is in his laboratory experimenting. Sir George Carew (Brandon Hurst), the father of his fiancée, Millicent (Martha Mansfield), is \"piqued\" by Dr. Jekyll. \"No man could be as good as he looks,\" Carew says. Following dinner one night, Carew taunts Dr. Jekyll in front of their friends, Edward Enfield (Cecil Clovelly), Dr. Lanyon (Charles Lane) and Utterson (J. Malcolm Dunn) proclaiming \"In devoting yourself to others, Jekyll, aren't you neglecting the development of your own life?\" \"Isn't it by serving others that one develops oneself?\" Jekyll replies. \"Which self?\" Carew retorts. \"Man has two - as he has two hands. Because I use my right hand, should I never use my left? Your really strong man fears nothing. It is the weak one who is afraid of experience. A man cannot destroy the savage in him by denying its impulses. The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it. With your youth, you should live - as I have lived. I have memories. What will you have at my age?\"", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Paramount film). Henry Jekyll (John Barrymore) is a doctor of medicine, an idealist, and philanthropist. When he is not treating the poor in his free clinic, he is in his laboratory experimenting. Sir George Carew (Brandon Hurst), the father of his fiancée, Millicent (Martha Mansfield), is \"piqued\" by Dr. Jekyll. \"No man could be as good as he looks,\" Carew says.\nFollowing dinner one night, Carew taunts Dr. Jekyll in front of their friends, Edward Enfield (Cecil Clovelly), Dr. Lanyon (Charles Lane) and Utterson (J. Malcolm Dunn) proclaiming \"In devoting yourself to others, Jekyll, aren't you neglecting the development of your own life?\"\n\"Isn't it by serving others that one develops oneself?\" Jekyll replies.\n\"Which self?\" Carew retorts. \"Man has two - as he has two hands. Because I use my right hand, should I never use my left? Your really strong man fears nothing. It is the weak one who is afraid of experience. A man cannot destroy the savage in him by denying its impulses. The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it. With your youth, you should live - as I have lived. I have memories. What will you have at my age?\"", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Paramount film). And thus the seed is sown, and Jekyll begins his experiments. As he observes, \"Wouldn't it be marvellous if the two natures in man could be separated - housed in different bodies? Think what it would mean to yield to every evil impulse, yet leave the soul untouched!\"\nFinally, Jekyll develops a potion that turns him into a hideously evil creature that he calls Edward Hyde. As this creature, he is not recognizable as Dr. Jekyll, and, so, to facilitate the comings and goings of Hyde, he tells his servant, Poole (George Stevens), that Hyde is to have \"full authority and liberty about the house.\"", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character). A lawyer named Gabriel Utterson and Jekyll's butler, Mr. Poole, end up breaking into Jekyll's lab. Inside, they find the body of Hyde wearing Jekyll's clothes and apparently dead from suicide. They find also a letter from Jekyll to Utterson promising to explain the entire mystery. Utterson takes the document home where he first reads Lanyon’s letter and then Jekyll's. The first reveals that Lanyon’s deterioration and eventual death resulted from the shock of seeing Hyde drinking a serum or potion and as a result of doing so, turning into Jekyll. The second letter explains that Jekyll, having previously indulged unstated vices (and with it the fear that discovery would lead to his losing his social position) found a way to transform himself and thereby indulge his vices without fear of detection. But Jekyll's transformed personality, Hyde, was effectively a sociopath — evil, self-indulgent, and utterly uncaring to anyone but himself. Initially, Jekyll was able to control the transformations, but eventually he would become Hyde involuntarily in his sleep.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 film). And thus the seed is sown, and Jekyll begins his experiments. As he observes, \"Wouldn't it be marvellous if the two natures in man could be separated - housed in different bodies? Think what it would mean to yield to every evil impulse, yet leave the soul untouched!\" Finally, Jekyll develops a potion that turns him into a hideously evil creature that he calls Edward Hyde. As this creature, he is not recognizable as Dr. Jekyll, and, so, to facilitate the comings and goings of Hyde, he tells his servant, Poole (George Stevens), that Hyde is to have \"full authority and liberty about the house.\"", "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The name Jekyll was borrowed from Reverend Walter Jekyll, a friend of Stevenson and younger brother of horticulturalist and landscape designer Gertrude Jekyll.[13]", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 film). This story of split personality has Dr. Jekyll a kind and charitable man who believes that everyone has two sides, one good and one evil. Using a potion, his personalities are split, creating havoc.[1][2]", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film). While on his way to a party at the Carews' home to celebrate their return and the announcement of a new wedding date to Muriel, Jekyll, without the use of his drugs, suddenly changes into Hyde. Ivy, who thought she was free of Hyde forever, is terrified when Hyde appears before her. Hyde angrily confronts her about seeing Jekyll and, just before murdering her, reveals that he and Jekyll are one and the same.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 film). Jekyll thus begins to live his double life. Hyde sets up a room in one of the seediest parts of London. He brings in a girl from the dance hall, Gina (Nita Naldi), to live with him there and frequents opium dens, dance halls, and bars - any place that satisfies his evil desires. Although Jekyll has developed a potion that will also return him to his original appearance and character as Dr. Jekyll, each time he takes the potion to become Edward Hyde, he worsens. He not only looks more evil, he becomes more evil, as well.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Paramount film). Jekyll thus begins to live his double life. Hyde sets up a room in one of the seediest parts of London. He brings in a girl from the dance hall, Gina (Nita Naldi), to live with him there and frequents opium dens, dance halls, and bars - any place that satisfies his evil desires.\nAlthough Jekyll has developed a potion that will also return him to his original appearance and character as Dr. Jekyll, each time he takes the potion to become Edward Hyde, he worsens. He not only looks more evil, he becomes more evil, as well.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film). Muriel and Sir Danvers leave London for a few months. In the meantime, Jekyll develops a drug that releases the evil side in himself, thus becoming the violent Edward Hyde. Along with his behavior, Dr. Jekyll's appearance changes as well. He transforms into something more menacing and primitive looking. Unlike Dr. Jekyll, Hyde has no conscience, no restrictions, no boundaries; he is free to do what he pleases. Hyde returns to Ivy's boarding house where he learns of the music hall where she works. He \"meets\" her and offers to tend to her financial needs in return for her company. Hyde manipulates Ivy into accompanying him by terrorizing her, being violent, controlling and torturing her psychologically. He remains at her boarding house until he finds out that Muriel and her father are returning to London; he leaves Ivy but threatens her that he'll be back but she won't know when.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character). While there are adaptations of the book, the section depicts the different portrayals in different media appearances:", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941 film). On the way to Emery's house for the announcement of his marriage to Beatrix, Jekyll transforms into Hyde without taking the serum. He goes over to Ivy's house, accuses her of meeting with Jekyll, and starts to strangle her. He escapes back to his lab, but discovers that he no longer has the key to the lab. He fails to break into the front door of his place and goes to Dr. Lanyon (Ian Hunter), a personal friend, for help. Lanyon is shocked to find out that both Jekyll and Hyde are the same person as Hyde drinks the antidote in his friend's presence. Jekyll decides to break off the engagement to Bea in order to keep his secret. She refuses to accept, her reaction triggering Jekyll to become Hyde and frighten Bea. Her father (Donald Crisp) responds to her scream, only to be beaten to death by Hyde.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character). At this point, Jekyll resolved to cease becoming Hyde. One night, however, the urge gripped him too strongly, and after the transformation he immediately rushed out and violently killed Carew. Horrified, Jekyll tried more adamantly to stop the transformations, and for a time he proved successful by engaging in philanthropic work. One day, at a park, he considered how good a person that he had become as a result of his deeds (in comparison to others), believing himself redeemed. However, before he completed his line of thought, he looked down at his hands and realized that he had suddenly transformed once again into Hyde. This was the first time that an involuntary metamorphosis had happened in waking hours. Far from his laboratory and hunted by the police as a murderer, Hyde needed help to avoid being caught. He wrote to Lanyon (in Jekyll's hand), asking his friend to retrieve the contents of a cabinet in his laboratory and to meet him at midnight at Lanyon's home in Cavendish Square. In Lanyon's presence, Hyde mixed the potion and transformed back to Jekyll. The shock of the sight instigated Lanyon's deterioration and death. Meanwhile, Jekyll returned to his home only to find himself ever more helpless and trapped as the transformations increased in frequency and necessitated even larger doses of potion in order to reverse them. It was the onset of one of these spontaneous metamorphoses that caused Jekyll to slam his laboratory window shut in the middle of his conversation with Enfield and Utterson.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film). The police and Lanyon are standing over Carew's body in the garden. Recognizing the broken cane found next to the body, Lanyon tells them that he knows whose cane that is and agrees to take them to its owner. The police later arrive at Jekyll's lab looking for Hyde and find only Jekyll, who lies that Hyde has escaped. They begin to leave when Lanyon arrives and tells them that Jekyll is the man they're searching for (because the man they are looking for is hiding inside him). Just then a nervous Jekyll begins changing into Hyde before their shocked eyes. Outraged at Lanyon for betraying him, Hyde leaps from behind the table and attacks him. Hyde then tries to escape from the police but is fatally shot before he can again hurt Lanyon. As Hyde lies dead on the table full of Dr. Jekyll's experiments and potions, he transforms one last time back into Henry Jekyll.", "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. A longtime friend of Jekyll's, Hastie Lanyon disagrees with Jekyll's \"scientific\" concepts, which Lanyon describes as \"...too fanciful\". He is the first person to discover Hyde's true identity (Hyde transforms himself back into Jekyll in Lanyon's presence). Lanyon helps Utterson solve the case when he describes the letter given to him by Jekyll and his thoughts and reactions to the transformation. When Lanyon witnesses the transformation process (and subsequently hears Jekyll's private confession, made to him alone), Lanyon becomes critically ill and later dies of shock.", "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a gothic novella by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson first published in 1886. The work is also known as The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, or simply Jekyll & Hyde.[1] It is about a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr Henry Jekyll,[2][3] and the evil Edward Hyde. The novella's impact is such that it has become a part of the language, with the very phrase \"Jekyll and Hyde\" coming to mean a person who is vastly different in moral character from one situation to the next.[4][5]", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film). The film tells the story of Dr. Henry Jekyll (Fredric March), a kind English doctor in Victorian London, who is certain that within each man lurks impulses for both good and evil. One evening, Jekyll attends a party at the home of his fiancée Muriel Carew (Rose Hobart), the daughter of Brigadier General Sir Danvers Carew (Halliwell Hobbes). After the other guests have left, Jekyll informs Sir Danvers that, after speaking to Muriel, he wants Carew's permission to push up their wedding date. Sir Danvers sternly refuses Jekyll's request. Later, while walking home with his colleague, Dr. John Lanyon (Holmes Herbert), Jekyll spots a bar singer, Ivy Pierson (Miriam Hopkins), being attacked by a man outside her boarding house. Jekyll drives the man away and carries Ivy up to her room to attend to her. Ivy begins flirting with Jekyll and feigning injury, but Jekyll fights temptation and leaves with Lanyon.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 film). In the ensuing days, as Millicent grieves, Jekyll is tortured by his misdeeds. Soon, the drug needed to make the potion that will return him as Dr. Jekyll is depleted and cannot be found in all of London. Jekyll stays locked up in his lab fearing he may become Hyde at any moment. Millicent finally goes to see him, but just as she is about to enter the lab, he begins to transform into Hyde. Jekyll consumes the poison in the ring he took from the Italian dancer before he opens the door, fully transformed into Hyde. He lets her in, locks the door and grabs her in his arms. Suddenly, he starts convulsing. Millicent runs from the lab and when Lanyon comes in, he finds Hyde sitting in a chair, having just died, and his appearance returned to that of Dr. Jekyll. He discerns that Jekyll committed suicide, and calls the others (Poole, Utterson and Millicent) in, but declares to them that Hyde has killed Dr. Jekyll. In the final shot, Millicent is grieving next to the body of Dr. Jekyll.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Paramount film). In the ensuing days, as Millicent grieves, Jekyll is tortured by his misdeeds. Soon, the drug needed to make the potion that will return him as Dr. Jekyll is depleted and cannot be found in all of London. Jekyll stays locked up in his lab fearing he may become Hyde at any moment.\nMillicent finally goes to see him, but just as she is about to enter the lab, he begins to transform into Hyde. Jekyll consumes the poison in the ring he took from the Italian dancer before he opens the door, fully transformed into Hyde. He lets her in, locks the door and grabs her in his arms. Suddenly, he starts convulsing. Millicent runs from the lab and when Lanyon comes in, he finds Hyde sitting in a chair, having just died, and his appearance returned to that of Dr. Jekyll. He discerns that Jekyll committed suicide, and calls the others (Poole, Utterson and Millicent) in, but declares to them that Hyde has killed Dr. Jekyll. In the final shot, Millicent is grieving next to the body of Dr. Jekyll.", "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. In his discussion of the novel, Vladimir Nabokov argues that the \"good versus evil\" view of the novel is misleading, as Jekyll himself is not, by Victorian standards, a morally good person in some cases.[16]", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film). With Ivy's murder, Sir Danvers' anger towards him for missing the party, and Hyde's persona beginning to dominate his own, Henry Jekyll's life continues to spiral out of control. He later goes to the Carews' where Sir Danvers coldly rejects his visit but Muriel welcomes him. Jekyll tells Muriel that he cannot be with her anymore. After leaving, he stands out on the terrace and tearfully watches Muriel cry. Suddenly Jekyll begins to change into Hyde once again. He then reenters the Carew house through the terrace door and assaults Muriel. Her screams bring her father and their butler, Hobson. Hyde then viciously murders Sir Danvers out in the garden by striking him repeatedly with Jekyll's cane until it breaks, then runs off into the night towards Jekyll's home and the lab to mix a new formula to change himself back.", "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (film). Dr. Henry Jekyll has succeeded in curing a higher primate of its serious heart condition. He tests the serum on himself, resulting in dire consequences; he is transformed into the evil Edward Hyde. Dr. Jekyll does not realize that Hyde is a manifestation of himself, and develops a kind of multiple personality disorder. Hyde murders female college students and frames Jekyll. Jekyll feels guilty about the murders, and gives the victims' families $30,000 in damages. Hyde rapes and murders Jekyll's boss, Donna Carew.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film). Jekyll is overcome with guilt over how Hyde treated Ivy, and has his servant Poole deliver 50 pounds to her. Poole tells Ivy that the money is from Dr. Jekyll, whose name Ivy's landlady Mrs. Hawkins (Tempe Pigott) recognizes as a doctor who helps those in need. Upon Mrs. Hawkins' advice, Ivy goes to see Dr. Jekyll, hoping that he can free her of the abusive Hyde. When she arrives, Ivy sees that the celebrated Dr. Jekyll was the same man who saved her from abuse just months before. She breaks down in tears over her situation with Hyde. Jekyll is extremely distraught over the pain that he (Hyde) has caused her and promises Ivy that she will never have to worry about Hyde again.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film). Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a 1931 American pre-Code horror film, directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Fredric March, who plays a possessed doctor who tests his new formula that can unleash people's inner demons. The film is an adaptation of The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, the 1886 Robert Louis Stevenson tale of a man who takes a potion which turns him from a mild-mannered man of science into a homicidal maniac. March's performance has been much lauded, and earned him his first Academy Award.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 film). \"What right have you to question me - you who first tempted me?\" says Jekyll. Sir George angrily retorts that unless Jekyll is forthcoming with an explanation, he must object to his marriage to Millicent. This angers Jekyll to the point that he suddenly becomes Hyde, right in front of Sir George's eyes, without benefit of the potion. Sir George runs into the courtyard where Hyde catches him and clubs him to death with his walking stick. Hyde runs to his apartment and destroys any evidence that may link him to Jekyll. He eludes the police by only minutes and returns to his lab where he is able to drink the potion that restores him as Jekyll.", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 Paramount film). \"What right have you to question me - you who first tempted me?\" says Jekyll.\nSir George angrily retorts that unless Jekyll is forthcoming with an explanation, he must object to his marriage to Millicent. This angers Jekyll to the point that he suddenly becomes Hyde, right in front of Sir George's eyes, without benefit of the potion. Sir George runs into the courtyard where Hyde catches him and clubs him to death with his walking stick.\nHyde runs to his apartment and destroys any evidence that may link him to Jekyll. He eludes the police by only minutes and returns to his lab where he is able to drink the potion that restores him as Jekyll.", "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (film). During a dinner party, Jekyll's friend Dennis Lanyon sees his colleague transform into Hyde before his eyes. Detective Karen Utterson and Lanyon race to find Jekyll before it's too late, as the serum gives Hyde immortality. Jekyll tries giving himself up to the police, but Hyde won't allow him to go to prison, knowing he will be executed: If Jekyll dies, so does Hyde." ]

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[ "Seizure types. In terms of their origin within the brain, seizures may be described as either partial (focal) or generalized. Partial seizures only involve a localized part of the brain, whereas generalized seizures involve the whole of both hemispheres. The term 'secondary generalisation' may be used to describe a partial seizure that later spreads to the whole of the cortex and becomes generalized.", "Focal seizure. Focal seizures (also called partial seizures[1] and localized seizures) are seizures which affect initially only one hemisphere of the brain.[2][3] The brain is divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four lobes – the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes. A focal seizure is generated in and affects just one part of the brain – a whole hemisphere or part of a lobe. Symptoms will vary according to where the seizure occurs. In the frontal lobe symptoms may include a wave-like sensation in the head; in the temporal lobe, a feeling of déjà vu; in the parietal lobe, a numbness or tingling; and in the occipital lobe, visual disturbance or hallucination.[4]", "Seizure types. Epilepsia partialis continua is a rare type of focal motor seizure (hands and face) which recurs every few seconds or minutes for extended periods (days or years). It is usually due to strokes in adults and focal cortical inflammatory processes in children (Rasmussen's encephalitis), possibly caused by chronic viral infections or autoimmune processes.", "Seizure types. The effects of partial seizures can be quite dependent on the area of the brain in which they are active. For example, a partial seizure in areas involved in perception may cause a particular sensory experience (for example, the perception of a scent, music or flashes of light) whereas, when centred in the motor cortex, a partial seizure might cause movement in particular groups of muscles. This type of seizure may also produce particular thoughts or internal visual images or even experiences which may be distinct but not easily described. Seizures effecting the anterior insular cortex may produce brief mystical or ecstatic experiences in some people; these are known as ecstatic seizures. They may result in a misdiagnosis of psychosis or schizophrenia,[citation needed] if other symptoms of seizure are disregarded and other tests are not performed. Unfortunately for those with epilepsy, anti-psychotic medications prescribed without anticonvulsants in this case can actually lower the seizure threshold further and worsen the symptoms.", "Epileptic seizure. Focal seizures (previously called partial seizures[9]) are divided into simple partial or complex partial seizure.[13] Current practice no longer recommends this, and instead prefers to describe what occurs during a seizure.[13]", "Seizure types. When the effects of a partial seizure appear as a 'warning sign' before a larger seizure, they are known as an aura: frequently, a partial seizure will spread to other parts of the brain and eventually become generalized, resulting in a tonic-clonic convulsion. The subjective experience of an aura, like other partial seizures, will tend to reflect the function of the affected part of the brain.", "Seizure types. Whilst most seizures can be neatly split into partial and generalized, there exists some that don't fit. For example: the seizure may be generalized only within one hemisphere. Alternatively there may be many focal points (multifocal seizures) that are distributed in a symmetrical or asymmetrical pattern.", "Epileptic seizure. Focal seizures begin in one hemisphere of the brain while generalized seizures begin in both hemispheres.[13] Some types of seizures may change brain structure, while others appear to have little effect.[35] Gliosis, neuronal loss, and atrophy of specific areas of the brain are linked to epilepsy but it is unclear if epilepsy causes these changes or if these changes result in epilepsy.[35]", "Seizure types. Partial seizures may be further subdivided into both simple and complex seizures. This refers to the effect of such a seizure on consciousness; simple seizures cause no interruption to consciousness (although they may cause sensory distortions or other sensations), whereas complex seizures interrupt consciousness to varying degrees. This does not necessarily mean that the person experiencing this sort of seizure will lose consciousness (like fainting). For example, a complex partial seizure may involve the unconscious repetition of simple actions, gestures or verbal utterances, or simply a blank stare and apparent unawareness of the occurrence of the seizure, followed by no memory of the seizure. Other patients may report a feeling of tunnel vision or dissociation, which represents a diminishment of awareness without full loss of consciousness. Still other patients can perform complicated actions, such as travel or shopping, while in the midst of a complex partial seizure.", "Epilepsy. The most common type (60%) of seizures are convulsive.[24] Of these, one-third begin as generalized seizures from the start, affecting both hemispheres of the brain.[24] Two-thirds begin as focal seizures (which affect one hemisphere of the brain) which may then progress to generalized seizures.[24] The remaining 40% of seizures are non-convulsive. An example of this type is the absence seizure, which presents as a decreased level of consciousness and usually lasts about 10 seconds.[2][25]", "Epilepsy. Focal seizures begin in one hemisphere of the brain while generalized seizures begin in both hemispheres.[28] Some types of seizures may change brain structure, while others appear to have little effect.[62] Gliosis, neuronal loss, and atrophy of specific areas of the brain are linked to epilepsy but it is unclear if epilepsy causes these changes or if these changes result in epilepsy.[62]", "Epilepsy. Common locations for the start of seizures and neural networks have been found to be affected in the majority of epilepsy.[156] Efforts to figure out how epilepsy occurs is working to take into account the different regions of the brain and the timing of their activity.[157]", "Focal seizure. Jacksonian seizures are initiated with abnormal electrical activity within the primary motor cortex. They are unique in that they travel through the primary motor cortex in succession, affecting the corresponding muscles, often beginning with the fingers. This is felt as a tingling sensation, or a feeling of waves through the fingers when touched together. It then affects the hand and moves on to more proximal areas on the same side of body. Symptoms often associated with a Jacksonian seizure are sudden head and eye movements, tingling, numbness, smacking of the lips, and sudden muscle contractions. Most of the time any one of these actions can be seen as normal movements, without being associated with the seizure occurring[citation needed]. They occur at no particular moment and last only briefly. They may result in secondary generalized seizure involving both hemispheres. They can also start at the feet, manifesting as tingling or pins and needles, and there are painful cramps in the foot muscles, due to the signals from the brain. Because it is a partial seizure, the postictal state is of normal consciousness[citation needed].", "Epilepsy. About 6% of those with epilepsy have seizures that are often triggered by specific events and are known as reflex seizures.[32] Those with reflex epilepsy have seizures that are only triggered by specific stimuli.[33] Common triggers include flashing lights and sudden noises.[32] In certain types of epilepsy, seizures happen more often during sleep,[34] and in other types they occur almost only when sleeping.[35]", "Consciousness. Research conducted on the effects of partial epileptic seizures on consciousness found that patients who suffer from partial epileptic seizures experience altered states of consciousness.[128][129] In partial epileptic seizures, consciousness is impaired or lost while some aspects of consciousness, often automated behaviors, remain intact. Studies found that when measuring the qualitative features during partial epileptic seizures, patients exhibited an increase in arousal and became absorbed in the experience of the seizure, followed by difficulty in focusing and shifting attention.", "Gelastic seizure. A gelastic seizure is typically caused by a hypothalamic hamartoma,[2] or a brain tumor. A hypothalamic hamartoma is defined as a benign mass of glial tissue on or near the hypothalamus. The size of the hamartoma can vary from one centimeter to larger than three centimeters. They can cause several different types of seizures including a Gelastic Seizure. These structures can be detected with different imaging modalities such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. A computed tomography scan of an individual with a hypothalamic hamartoma would reveal an suprasellar mass with the same density as brain tissue. Images of these masses are not enhanced with the use of contrast. However, although a computed tomography scan may be useful in diagnosing the cause of a seizure, in the case of a hypothalamic hamartoma, magnetic resonance imaging is the tool of choice due to the cerebrospinal fluid which defines these masses. Photon emission computed tomography may also be used. This involves the use of a radiotracer which is taken up by the ictal region of the brain which is typically where the tumor lies. Gelastic seizures have been observed after taking a birth control pill (Maxim (R)).", "Electroencephalography. Focal epileptiform discharges represent fast, synchronous potentials in a large number of neurons in a somewhat discrete area of the brain. These can occur as interictal activity, between seizures, and represent an area of cortical irritability that may be predisposed to producing epileptic seizures. Interictal discharges are not wholly reliable for determining whether a patient has epilepsy nor where his/her seizure might originate. (See focal epilepsy.)", "Epilepsy. Epilepsy may occur as a result of a number of other conditions including tumors, strokes, head trauma, previous infections of the central nervous system, genetic abnormalities, and as a result of brain damage around the time of birth.[28][29] Of those with brain tumors, almost 30% have epilepsy, making them the cause of about 4% of cases.[49] The risk is greatest for tumors in the temporal lobe and those that grow slowly.[49] Other mass lesions such as cerebral cavernous malformations and arteriovenous malformations have risks as high as 40–60%.[49] Of those who have had a stroke, 2–4% develop epilepsy.[49] In the United Kingdom strokes account for 15% of cases and it is believed to be the cause in 30% of the elderly.[24][49] Between 6 and 20% of epilepsy is believed to be due to head trauma.[49] Mild brain injury increases the risk about two-fold while severe brain injury increases the risk seven-fold.[49] In those who have experienced a high-powered gunshot wound to the head, the risk is about 50%.[49]", "Epileptic seizure. In a complex partial seizure a person may appear confused or dazed and can not respond to questions or direction. Focal seizure may become generalized.[11]", "Hallucination. Visual hallucinations due to focal seizures differ depending on the region of the brain where the seizure occurs. For example, visual hallucinations during occipital lobe seizures are typically visions of brightly colored, geometric shapes that may move across the visual field, multiply, or form concentric rings and generally persist from a few seconds to a few minutes. They are usually unilateral and localized to one part of the visual field on the contralateral side of the seizure focus, typically the temporal field. However, unilateral visions moving horizontally across the visual field begin on the contralateral side and move toward the ipsilateral side.[25][31]", "Focal seizure. Focal impaired awareness seizures might arise from any lobe of the brain.[12] They most commonly arise from the mesial temporal lobe, particularly the amygdala, hippocampus, and neocortical regions.[15] A common associated brain abnormality is mesial temporal sclerosis.[13] Mesial temporal sclerosis is a specific pattern of hippocampal neuronal loss accompanied by hippocampal gliosis and atrophy.[16] Focal onset impaired awareness seizures occur when excessive and synchronous electrical brain activity causes the impaired awareness and responsiveness.[17] The abnormal electrical activity might spread to the rest of the brain and cause a focal to bilateral seizure or a generalized tonic–clonic seizure.[18] The newer classification of 2017 groups only focal and generalized seizures, and generalised seizures are those that involve both sides of the brain from the onset.[6][5]", "Epileptic seizure. Seizure types are organized by whether the source of the seizure is localized (focal seizures) or distributed (generalized seizures) within the brain.[13] Generalized seizures are divided according to the effect on the body and include tonic-clonic (grand mal), absence (petit mal), myoclonic, clonic, tonic, and atonic seizures.[13][38] Some seizures such as epileptic spasms are of an unknown type.[13]", "Epilepsy. The cause of most cases of epilepsy is unknown.[1] Some cases occur as the result of brain injury, stroke, brain tumors, infections of the brain, and birth defects, through a process known as epileptogenesis.[1][2][3] Known genetic mutations are directly linked to a small proportion of cases.[4][13] Epileptic seizures are the result of excessive and abnormal nerve cell activity in the cortex of the brain.[12] The diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions that might cause similar symptoms such as fainting and determining if another cause of seizures is present such as alcohol withdrawal or electrolyte problems. This may be partly done by imaging the brain and performing blood tests. Epilepsy can often be confirmed with an electroencephalogram (EEG), but a normal test does not rule out the condition.[4]", "Epileptic seizure. Seizures have a number of causes. Of those who have a seizure, about 25% have epilepsy.[19] A number of conditions are associated with seizures but are not epilepsy including: most febrile seizures and those that occur around an acute infection, stroke, or toxicity.[20] These seizures are known as \"acute symptomatic\" or \"provoked\" seizures and are part of the seizure-related disorders.[20] In many the cause is unknown.", "Epileptic seizure. Seizure activity may be propagated through the brain's endogenous electrical fields.[36]", "Meningitis. The brain tissue may swell, pressure inside the skull may increase and the swollen brain may herniate through the skull base. This may be noticed by a decreasing level of consciousness, loss of the pupillary light reflex, and abnormal posturing.[3] The inflammation of the brain tissue may also obstruct the normal flow of CSF around the brain (hydrocephalus).[3] Seizures may occur for various reasons; in children, seizures are common in the early stages of meningitis (in 30% of cases) and do not necessarily indicate an underlying cause.[8] Seizures may result from increased pressure and from areas of inflammation in the brain tissue.[3] Focal seizures (seizures that involve one limb or part of the body), persistent seizures, late-onset seizures and those that are difficult to control with medication indicate a poorer long-term outcome.[2]", "Epilepsy. Focal seizures are often preceded by certain experiences, known as auras.[26] They include sensory (visual, hearing, or smell), psychic, autonomic, and motor phenomena.[2] Jerking activity may start in a specific muscle group and spread to surrounding muscle groups in which case it is known as a Jacksonian march.[27] Automatisms may occur, which are non-consciously-generated activities and mostly simple repetitive movements like smacking of the lips or more complex activities such as attempts to pick up something.[27]", "Focal seizure. If a focal seizure spreads from one hemisphere to the other side of the brain, this will give rise to a focal to bilateral seizure.[5][6] The person will become unconscious and may well have a tonic clonic seizure. When people have multiple focal seizures they generally have a condition known as temporal lobe epilepsy. (A generalized seizure is one that involves both sides of the brain from the onset).[6]", "Central nervous system disease. Epilepsy is an unpredictable, serious, and potentially fatal disorder of the nervous system, thought to be the result of faulty electrical activity in the brain. Epileptic seizures result from abnormal, excessive, or hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain. About 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, and nearly 80% of epilepsy occurs in developing countries. Epilepsy becomes more common as people age. Onset of new cases occurs most frequently in infants and the elderly. Epileptic seizures may occur in recovering patients as a consequence of brain surgery.[29]", "Human brain. Epileptic seizures are thought to relate to abnormal electrical activity.[165] Seizure activity can manifest as absence (of consciousness), focal effects such as limb movement or impediments of speech, or be generalized in nature.[165] Status epilepticus refers to a seizure or series of seizures that have not terminated within 30 minutes,[165] although this definition has recently been revised.[166] Seizures have a large number of causes, however many seizures occur without a definitive cause being found. In a person with epilepsy, risk factors for further seizures may include sleeplessness, drug and alcohol intake, and stress. Seizures may be assessed using blood tests, EEG and various medical imaging techniques based on the medical history and exam findings.[165] In addition to treating an underlying cause and reducing exposure to risk factors, anticonvulsant medications can play a role in preventing further seizures.[165]", "Epileptic seizure. Seizures can also occur in people who do not have epilepsy for various reasons including brain trauma, drug use, elevated body temperature, low blood sugar and low levels of oxygen. Additionally, there are a number of conditions that look like epileptic seizures but are not.", "Epileptic seizure. Differentiating an epileptic seizure from other conditions such as syncope can be difficult.[8] Other possible conditions that can mimic a seizure include: decerebrate posturing, psychogenic seizures, tetanus, dystonia, migraine headaches, and strychnine poisoning.[8] In addition, 5% of people with a positive tilt table test may have seizure-like activity that seems to be due to cerebral hypoxia.[45] Convulsions may occur due to psychological reasons and this is known as a psychogenic non-epileptic seizure. Non-epileptic seizures may also occur due to a number of other reasons." ]

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[ "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. \"Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now\" is a song co-written by Albert Hammond and Diane Warren,[2] recorded by the American rock band Starship in 1986. It is a duet featuring Starship vocalists Grace Slick and Mickey Thomas. Featured as the theme to the romantic comedy film Mannequin,[3][4] it hit No. 1 in the Billboard Hot 100 on April 4, 1987 and reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart for four weeks the following month and became the UK's 2nd biggest selling single of 1987. The song also reached the top 10 in six European countries. The single became the first number one single by songwriter Diane Warren.[5] At the time, it made Grace Slick (aged 47) the oldest woman to have a number one single in the United States[6] though the record was later broken by Cher's \"Believe\" in 1999 (aged 52).", "Breakin'... There's No Stopping Us. In 1999, the song was covered by UK garage duo DJ Luck & MC Neat featuring singer JJ, retitled as \"Ain't No Stoppin' Us\". It first appeared on the Red Rose EP (1999), then was released as an official single the following year. Their version peaked at no. 8 on the UK Singles Chart.[9]", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. The power ballad[7] also received an Academy Award nomination for \"Best Original Song\" at the 60th Academy Awards. In addition to appearing on the Mannequin soundtrack, the song was also released on Starship's album No Protection in July 1987. The music video was released in late 1986 to promote Mannequin.", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. A music video (released in 1987) was produced for the song. It shows Mickey Thomas pursuing a mannequin come to life, played by Grace Slick, wrapped around footage from the film. Meshach Taylor, who plays window dresser Hollywood Montrose in the film, makes a cameo. It has more than 25 million views on YouTube as of October 20, 2017.", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. In the 2014 film, The Skeleton Twins, a brother and sister, Milo and Maggie (played by Bill Hader and Kristen Wiig) lip-sync the song together.[12][13]", "Ain't Nothin' Stoppin' Us Now. Ain't Nothin' Stoppin' Us Now is an album by Tower of Power released in 1976, the band's first record on Columbia Records. Ron Beck takes up the drummers spot after David Garibaldi exited for a second time. This also would be the last album to feature bassist Francis \"Rocco\" Prestia as he would go on an extended hiatus from the band until his return in 1986. It is also the only album to feature vocalist Edward McGee.", "Breakin'... There's No Stopping Us. \"Breakin'... There's No Stopping Us\" is a song by American music duo Ollie & Jerry. Released in 1984 as a single from the soundtrack to the 1984 film Breakin', the song reached number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number five on the UK Singles Chart. It is the theme song to the film Breakin'. The drum was played with a Roland TR-808 and Linn LM-1.", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. In a radio interview, Albert Hammond said that the idea for the song came from his impending marriage to his live-in girlfriend of seven years, after his divorce from his previous wife was finalized. He had said to Diane Warren, \"It's almost like they've stopped me from marrying this woman for seven years, and they haven't succeeded. They're not gonna stop me doing it.\"[8] The song has been considered \"feel good\" propelled by a strong synthesizer beat.[9]", "Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now. \"Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now\" is a 1979 disco song performed by R&B duo McFadden & Whitehead, from their debut album McFadden & Whitehead. They wrote and produced the song along with keyboard player Jerry Cohen.[1] Released as the lead single from the album, the song spent a week at number one on the R&B singles chart. It also proved to be a successful crossover hit, peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100, and reached number 5 in the UK.[2] The single also made it to number 10 on the disco charts.[3] It eventually went double platinum, selling over 2 million copies.", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. In late 2016, the song was used in the Brooklyn Nine-Nine episode Skyfire Cycle", "Mannequin (1987 film). Mannequin received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for its main title tune, \"Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now\" by Starship.[4] The song reached #1 in the Billboard Hot 100 on April 4, 1987, and #1 on the UK Singles Chart for four weeks the following month.", "Kane Brown. On June 17, 2016, \"Ain't No Stopping Us Now\" was released for sales as a single from his debut full-length album.[30][31] \"Thunder in the Rain\" was released as the second single from the album on August 3, 2016. He headlined his own Ain't No Stopping Us Now Tour produced by Monster Energy and Outbreak Presents starting on November 3, 2016.[32]", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. In 2013, the song was used in an advertising campaign by UK telecommunication company Talk Talk. As a result, on September 8, 2013 (Sunday), it charted at number 39 on the Official UK Chart.[11]", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. In August 2016 the guitar solo of the track was named Best Hard Rock Solo of 1987 on Channel 5's Rock Up, Plug In, Rock Out... On Yer Knees! series, shown in the UK.", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. The song was licensed for use in a commercial for Chick-fil-A that first aired during the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2017. Grace Slick later wrote that she agreed to the licensing so she could donate her proceeds to Lambda Legal \"in direct opposition to Chick-fil-A’s causes\" against the LGBTQ community.[14]", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. The song was featured in 1987 episodes of the US daytime soap operas Another World and The Young and the Restless, as well as a 1988 episode of General Hospital", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. The song had played a major role in 1993 for the Montreal Canadiens NHL team during their 24th conquest of the Stanley Cup. While driving home after a lost game, head coach Jacques Demers heard the song playing on the radio and realized it was an empowering song. The next day, he brought to the Montreal Forum a cassette tape with the song on it and distributed among players a small card saying \"We're on a mission, nothing's gonna stop us\". They soon started to win. He played the song throughout all the playoff games and they eventually won the Stanley Cup that year, over Wayne Gretzky and the Los Angeles Kings in the Finals.[10]", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. In 2011, the song was used during a training montage in the Futurama episode Cold Warriors.", "I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me). Producer Narada Michael Walden had the unique distinction of knocking himself out of the US number-one spot, having knocked \"Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now\" out of the top.", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. The song was also used frequently during the Portland Trail Blazers' 1990 NBA playoff run to the NBA Finals. It was usually played during critical time outs during the 4th quarter of home games at the Portland Memorial Coliseum.", "Jesse Frederick. When ABC slated the new Miller/Boyett project to premiere on Tuesdays in March 1986, following some cast changes, it went into official production under the new title, Perfect Strangers. Frederick and Salvay penned their first TV title track, \"Nothing's Gonna Stop Me Now\", for the series, which obliquely told the ballad of the show's two leads—Balki Bartokomous (Bronson Pinchot) and Larry Appleton (Mark Linn-Baker)--as the former had dreams of making it in America from the island of Mypos, while the latter had aspirations to make it in Chicago, after moving from Wisconsin. Perfect Strangers went on to become a hit, running eight seasons on ABC, and made Frederick and Salvay's songwriting weekly staples in millions of households across the country. While the lyrics were written by Frederick and Salvay, \"Nothing's Gonna Stop Me Now\" was sung by David Pomeranz.", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. In June 2017, the song was used in the Season 6 finale of Veep in a flashback scene depicting Selina Meyer's concession speech ending her first campaign for president.", "Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now. McFadden & Whitehead would revisit the song in their 1984 single \"Ain't No Stoppin' (Ain't No Way).\"", "Never Stop (Echo & the Bunnymen song). All tracks written by Will Sergeant, Ian McCulloch, Les Pattinson and Pete de Freitas.", "The Living End. In mid-2002 The Living End recorded four tracks, including \"One Said to the Other\", which were released as an EP in January the following year and reached the top 20 on the ARIA Singles Chart.[17] Two of its tracks were re-recorded in Los Angeles with Mark Trombino (Blink-182, Jebediah) producing, together with new material for Modern ARTillery, which appeared on 28 October 2003.[1][7] It peaked at No. 3 on the ARIA Albums Chart,[17] top 50 in New Zealand,[19] and top 40 on Billboard's Heatseekers Albums Chart.[29] \"Who's Gonna Save Us?\" was issued a month earlier, as the lead single, which reached top 40 in Australia,[17] top 30 in New Zealand and on Billboard's Alternative Songs Chart.[16][19] They followed with heavy touring (including Big Day Out) promoting their releases.", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now. It was also featured in the 2015 Filipino movie Crazy Beautiful You starring Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla.", "We Can't Stop. On October 5, Cyrus served as the host and musical guest during an episode of Saturday Night Live, and performed an acoustic version of \"We Can't Stop\".[64] The following Monday, Cyrus performed \"We Can't Stop\" on Today as part of their Toyota Concert Series.[65] She appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and The Ellen DeGeneres Show later that month, and sang the track during both programs.[66][67] In November, Cyrus traveled to Europe again to sing \"We Can't Stop\" at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards in Amsterdam on November 10; she garnered media attention for smoking a joint of marijuana on-stage.[68] In December, she performed at Jingle Ball concerts in Los Angeles (KIIS-FM Jingle Ball), Saint Paul, Atlanta, New York City, Washington, D.C., Tampa and Sunrise.[69] An episode of MTV Unplugged starring Cyrus premiered through MTV on January 29, 2014;[70] Madonna appeared as a surprise guest that evening to sing an acoustic medley of \"We Can't Stop\" and her own \"Don't Tell Me\".[71] Later that year, Cyrus performed \"We Can't Stop\" during her headlining Bangerz Tour.[72] A critic from the Nashville Scene praised Cyrus' performance, writing, \"We Can’t Stop was sung by Miley and hilariously lip-synced by a kitten on screen.\"[73] Blake Hannon provided a positive review, writing, \"The crowd erupted for the opening notes of We Can't Stop.\"[74] Cyrus returned to perform the song during the musical festival on June 21, 2014, Summertime Ball at Wembley Stadium of London, in front of 80,000 people.[75]", "We Can't Stop. \"We Can't Stop\" is a song by American recording artist Miley Cyrus, from her fourth studio album Bangerz (2013). It was released on June 3, 2013 by RCA Records as the lead single from the album. The song was written and produced by Mike Will Made It, P-Nasty, and Rock City, with additional songwriting provided by Cyrus, Doug E. Fresh, and Slick Rick. \"We Can't Stop\" is a pop and R&B song about a house party and recreational drug use.", "MC Hammer. This patriotic album, originally planned to be titled The Autobiography Of M.C. Hammer, donated portions of the proceeds to 9/11 charities.[39][40][101] Hammer shot a video for the anthem \"No Stoppin' Us (USA)\" in Washington, D.C., with several members of the United States Congress, who sang in the song and danced in the video. Present members of the United States House of Representatives included J. C. Watts, Eddie Bernice Johnson, Thomas M. Davis, Earl Hilliard, Alcee Hastings, Rep. Diane Watson (D-Calif.), Rep. Corrine Brown (D-Fla.) and Jesse Jackson, Jr.", "Never Stop (Echo & the Bunnymen song). \"Never Stop\" is a single which was released by the British post-punk band Echo & the Bunnymen on 8 July 1983. It reached number fifteen on the UK Singles Chart the same month.[1] The title track on the 12-inch single is a remixed version called \"Never Stop (Discotheque)\" and is another minute and fifteen seconds longer.", "We Can't Stop. In other parts of the continent, \"We Can't Stop\" charted in the lower ends of national record charts. The track reached number 15 on The Official Finnish Charts, number 16 on the German Media Control Charts, and number 19 in both Slovakia and on the Swiss Hitparade.[36][40] It peaked at numbers 26, 33, and 48 on the French SNEP, Italian FIMI, and Dutch Single Top 100, respectively.[36] In Oceania, \"We Can't Stop\" peaked at numbers four and one on the Australian ARIA Charts and The Official New Zealand Music Chart, respectively.[36] It was certified triple-platinum in the former territory,[41] and platinum in the latter.[42] In Asia, the song reached number 7 on the Japan Hot 100[43] and number 23 on the South Korean Gaon Chart.[44]", "We Can't Stop. \"We Can't Stop\" received mixed reviews from music critics, who appreciated its overall production but were negative towards its lyrical content. Adam Carlson of Entertainment Weekly provided a favorable review, writing that the lyrics were questionable but \"infectious\", adding that it reminded him of \"Kesha on Benadryl.\"[17] Sam Lansky from Idolator noted that stands apart from other songs recently played on mainstream radio, adding that it \"just feels strange, and kind of wonderful\",[18] while the Los Angeles Times' Mikael Woods labeled it \"the calmest, most clear-eyed rebel yell since Janet Jackson's \"Control.\"[19] Sean Daly of the Tampa Bay Times and The Wall Street Journal's staff both appreciated the catchy melody,[20][21] while Lyndsey Parker from Yahoo! Music felt that \"We Can't Stop\" acted as a sequel to Cyrus' earlier single \"Party in the U.S.A.\", with the difference that \"she's just partying a little harder now.\"[22]" ]

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[ "Huntington's disease. Life expectancy in HD is generally around 20 years following the onset of visible symptoms.[17] Most life-threatening complications result from muscle coordination and, to a lesser extent, behavioral changes induced by declining cognitive function. The largest risk is pneumonia, which causes death in one third of those with HD. As the ability to synchronize movements deteriorates, difficulty clearing the lungs and an increased risk of aspirating food or drink both increase the risk of contracting pneumonia. The second greatest risk is heart disease, which causes almost a quarter of fatalities of those with HD.[17] Suicide is the third greatest cause of fatalities, with 7.3% of those with HD taking their own lives and up to 27% attempting to do so. It is unclear to what extent suicidal thoughts are influenced by behavioral symptoms, as they signify sufferers' desires to avoid the later stages of the disease.[82][83][84] Other associated risks include choking, physical injury from falls, and malnutrition.[17]", "Huntington's disease. There is no cure for HD.[4] Full-time care is required in the later stages of the disease.[2] Treatments can relieve some symptoms and in some improve quality of life.[3] The best evidence for treatment of the movement problems is with tetrabenazine.[3] HD affects about 4 to 15 in 100,000 people of European descent.[1][3] It is rare among Japanese, while the occurrence rate in Africa is unknown.[3] The disease affects men and women equally.[3] Complications such as pneumonia, heart disease, and physical injury from falls reduce life expectancy.[3] Suicide is the cause of death in about 9% of cases.[3] Death typically occurs fifteen to twenty years from when the disease was first detected.[4]", "Adult development. Huntington's disease (HD) named after George Huntington is a disorder that is caused by an inherited defect in a single gene on chromosome 4, resulting in a progressive loss of mental faculties and physical control.[32][33] HD affects muscle coordination (involuntary writhing) and leads to cognitive decline and psychiatric issues.[34] Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 30-50 but can occur at any age, including adolescence.[35] There is currently no cure for HD and treatments focus on managing symptoms and quality of life. Current estimates claim that 1 in 10,000 Americans have HD, however, 1 in 250,000 are at-risk of inheriting it from a parent.[36] Most individuals with HD live 10 to 20 years after a diagnosis.", "Huntington's disease. Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells.[4] The earliest symptoms are often subtle problems with mood or mental abilities.[1] A general lack of coordination and an unsteady gait often follow.[2] As the disease advances, uncoordinated, jerky body movements become more apparent.[1] Physical abilities gradually worsen until coordinated movement becomes difficult and the person is unable to talk.[1][2] Mental abilities generally decline into dementia.[3] The specific symptoms vary somewhat between people.[1] Symptoms usually begin between 30 and 50 years of age, but can start at any age.[4][3] The disease may develop earlier in life in each successive generation.[1] About eight percent of cases start before the age of 20 years and typically present with symptoms more similar to Parkinson's disease.[3] People with HD often underestimate the degree of their problems.[1]", "Central nervous system disease. Huntington's disease is a degenerative neurological disorder that is inherited. Degeneration of neuronal cells occurs throughout the brain, especially in the striatum. There is a progressive decline that results in abnormal movements.[30] Statistics show that Huntington's disease may affect 10 per 100,000 people of Western European descent.", "Huntington's disease. The late onset of Huntington's disease means it does not usually affect reproduction.[24] The worldwide prevalence of HD is 5–10 cases per 100,000 persons,[85][86] but varies greatly geographically as a result of ethnicity, local migration and past immigration patterns.[24] Prevalence is similar for men and women. The rate of occurrence is highest in peoples of Western European descent, averaging around 7 per 100,000 people, and is lower in the rest of the world; e.g., one per million people of Asian and African descent. A 2013 epidemiological study of the prevalence of Huntington's disease in the UK between 1990 and 2010 found that the average prevalence for the UK was 12.3 per 100,000.[24][87] Additionally, some localized areas have a much higher prevalence than their regional average.[24] One of the highest incidences is in the isolated populations of the Lake Maracaibo region of Venezuela, where HD affects up to 700 per 100,000 persons.[24][88] Other areas of high localization have been found in Tasmania and specific regions of Scotland, Wales and Sweden.[84] Increased prevalence in some cases occurs due to a local founder effect, a historical migration of carriers into an area of geographic isolation.[84][89] Some of these carriers have been traced back hundreds of years using genealogical studies.[84] Genetic haplotypes can also give clues for the geographic variations of prevalence.[84][90] Iceland, on the contrary, has a rather low prevalence of 1 per 100,000, despite the fact that Icelanders as a people are descended of the early Germanic tribes of Scandinavia which also gave rise to the Swedes; all cases with the exception of one going back nearly two centuries having derived from the offspring of a couple living early in the 19th century.[91] Finland, as well, has a low incidence of only 2.2 per 100,000 people.[92]", "Huntington's disease. There is no cure for HD, but there are treatments available to reduce the severity of some of its symptoms.[66] For many of these treatments, evidence to confirm their effectiveness in treating symptoms of HD specifically are incomplete.[67][68] As the disease progresses the ability to care for oneself declines, and carefully managed multidisciplinary caregiving becomes increasingly necessary.[67] Although there have been relatively few studies of exercises and therapies that help rehabilitate cognitive symptoms of HD, there is some evidence for the usefulness of physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy.[12] An association between caffeine intake and earlier age of onset in Huntington's disease has been found[69][70] but, since this finding was based on retrospective questionnaire data rather than a blinded, randomized trial or case-control study, this work is a poor basis for guiding lifestyle decisions.[71]", "Huntington's disease. Research is being conducted on many different approaches to prevent Huntington's disease or slow its progression. Disease-modifying strategies can be broadly grouped into three categories: reducing the level of the mutant huntingtin protein (including gene splicing and gene silencing); approaches aimed at improving neuronal survival by reducing the harm caused by the protein to specific cellular pathways and mechanisms (including protein homeostasis and histone deacetylase inhibition); and strategies to replace lost neurons. In addition, novel therapies to improve brain functioning are under development; these seek to produce symptomatic rather than disease-modifying therapies, and include phosphodiesterase inhibitors.[129][130]", "Huntington's disease. Generally, people have fewer than 36 repeated glutamines in the polyQ region which results in production of the cytoplasmic protein Huntingtin.[25] However, a sequence of 36 or more glutamines results in the production of a protein which has different characteristics.[25] This altered form, called mutant huntingtin (mHTT), increases the decay rate of certain types of neurons. Regions of the brain have differing amounts and reliance on these types of neurons, and are affected accordingly.[17] Generally, the number of CAG repeats is related to how much this process is affected, and accounts for about 60% of the variation of the age of the onset of symptoms. The remaining variation is attributed to environment and other genes that modify the mechanism of HD.[25] 36–39 repeats result in a reduced-penetrance form of the disease, with a much later onset and slower progression of symptoms. In some cases the onset may be so late that symptoms are never noticed.[27] With very large repeat counts, HD has full penetrance and can occur under the age of 20, when it is then referred to as juvenile HD, akinetic-rigid, or Westphal variant HD. This accounts for about 7% of HD carriers.[28]", "Huntington's disease. Symptoms of Huntington's disease most commonly become noticeable between the ages of 35 and 44 years, but they can begin at any age from infancy to old age.[12][13] In the early stages, there are subtle changes in personality, cognition, and physical skills.[12] The physical symptoms are usually the first to be noticed, as cognitive and behavioral symptoms[14] are generally not severe enough to be recognized on their own at the earlier stages.[12] Almost everyone with Huntington's disease eventually exhibits similar physical symptoms, but the onset, progression and extent of cognitive and behavioral symptoms vary significantly between individuals.[15][16]", "Huntington's disease. Testing before the onset of symptoms is a life-changing event and a very personal decision.[25] The main reason given for choosing testing for HD is to aid in career and family decisions.[25] Before 1993 there was not an available test for individuals to learn if they carried the Huntington's gene. At that time surveys indicated that 50–70% of at-risk individuals would have been interested in receiving testing, but since predictive testing has been offered far fewer choose to be tested.[53] Over 95% of individuals at risk of inheriting HD do not proceed with testing, mostly because there is no treatment.[25] A key issue is the anxiety an individual experiences about not knowing whether they will eventually develop HD, compared to the impact of a positive result.[24] Irrespective of the result, stress levels have been found to be lower two years after being tested, but the risk of suicide is increased after a positive test result.[24] Individuals found to have not inherited the disorder may experience survivor guilt with regard to family members who are affected.[24] Other factors taken into account when considering testing include the possibility of discrimination and the implications of a positive result, which usually means a parent has an affected gene and that the individual's siblings will be at risk of inheriting it.[24] In one study genetic discrimination was found in 46% of individuals at risk for Huntington's disease. It occurred at higher rates within personal relationships than health insurance or employment relations.[54] Genetic counseling in HD can provide information, advice and support for initial decision-making, and then, if chosen, throughout all stages of the testing process.[55] Because of the implications of this test, patients who wish to undergo testing must complete three counseling sessions which provide information about Huntington's.[56]", "Huntington's disease. HD is typically inherited from a person's parents, although up to 10% of cases are due to a new mutation.[1] The disease is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in either of an individual's two copies of a gene called Huntingtin.[4] This means a child of an affected person typically has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease.[4] The Huntingtin gene provides the genetic information for a protein that is also called \"huntingtin\".[1] Expansion of CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) triplet repeats in the gene coding for the Huntingtin protein results in an abnormal protein, which gradually damages cells in the brain, through mechanisms that are not fully understood.[4] Diagnosis is by genetic testing, which can be carried out at any time, regardless of whether or not symptoms are present.[5] This fact raises several ethical debates: the age at which an individual is considered mature enough to choose testing; whether parents have the right to have their children tested; and managing confidentiality and disclosure of test results.[2]", "Huntington's disease. Huntington's disease has autosomal dominant inheritance, meaning that an affected individual typically inherits one copy of the gene with an expanded trinucleotide repeat (the mutant allele) from an affected parent.[12] Since penetrance of the mutation is very high, those who have a mutated copy of the gene will have the disease. In this type of inheritance pattern, each offspring of an affected individual has a 50% risk of inheriting the mutant allele and therefore being affected with the disorder (see figure). This probability is sex-independent.[29]", "Sickle cell disease. About 90% of people survive to age 20, and close to 50% survive beyond age 50.[61] In 2001, according to one study performed in Jamaica, the estimated mean survival for people with sickle cell was 53 years old for men and 58 years old for women with homozygous SCD.[62] The specific life expectancy in much of the developing world is unknown.[63]", "Sickle-cell disease. About 90% of people survive to age 20, and close to 50% survive beyond the fifth decade.[57] In 2001, according to one study performed in Jamaica, the estimated mean survival for people with sickle-cell was 53 years old for men and 58 years old for women with homozygous SCD.[58] The specific life expectancy in much of the developing world is unknown.[59]", "Huntington's disease. Because HD follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, there is a strong motivation for individuals who are at risk of inheriting it to seek a diagnosis. The genetic test for HD consists of a blood test which counts the numbers of CAG repeats in each of the HTT alleles.[51] Cutoffs are given as follows:", "Huntington's disease. During the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance at the turn of the 20th century, HD was used tentatively as an example of autosomal dominant inheritance.[96] The English biologist William Bateson used the pedigrees of affected families to establish that HD had an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.[97] The strong inheritance pattern prompted several researchers, including Smith Ely Jelliffe, to attempt to trace and connect family members of previous studies.[96] Jelliffe collected information from across New York and published several articles regarding the genealogy of HD in New England.[101] Jelliffe's research roused the interest of his college friend, Charles Davenport, who commissioned Elizabeth Muncey to produce the first field study on the East Coast of the United States of families with HD and to construct their pedigrees.[102] Davenport used this information to document the variable age of onset and range of symptoms of HD; he claimed that most cases of HD in the USA could be traced back to a handful of individuals.[102] This research was further embellished in 1932 by P. R. Vessie, who popularized the idea that three brothers who left England in 1630 bound for Boston were the progenitors of HD in the USA.[103] The claim that the earliest progenitors had been established and eugenic bias of Muncey's, Davenport's, and Vessie's work contributed to misunderstandings and prejudice about HD.[97] Muncey and Davenport also popularized the idea that in the past some HD sufferers may have been thought to be possessed by spirits or victims of witchcraft, and were sometimes shunned or exiled by society.[104][105] This idea has not been proven. Researchers have found contrary evidence; for instance, the community of the family studied by George Huntington openly accommodated those who exhibited symptoms of HD.[97][104]", "Huntington's disease. Several clinical trials of new experimental treatments are underway and planned in Huntington's disease.[142]", "Alzheimer's disease. Fewer than 3% of people live more than fourteen years.[208] Disease features significantly associated with reduced survival are an increased severity of cognitive impairment, decreased functional level, history of falls, and disturbances in the neurological examination. Other coincident diseases such as heart problems, diabetes or history of alcohol abuse are also related with shortened survival.[209][210][211] While the earlier the age at onset the higher the total survival years, life expectancy is particularly reduced when compared to the healthy population among those who are younger.[212] Men have a less favourable survival prognosis than women.[208][213]", "Wilson's disease. Left untreated, Wilson's disease tends to become progressively worse and is eventually fatal. With early detection and treatment, most of those affected can live relatively normal lives. Liver and neurologic damage that occurs prior to treatment may improve, but it is often permanent.[citation needed]", "Huntington's disease. The length of the trinucleotide repeat accounts for 60% of the variation in the age symptoms appear and the rate they progress. A longer repeat results in an earlier age of onset and a faster progression of symptoms.[25][80] Individuals with more than sixty repeats often develop the disease before age 20, while those with fewer than 40 repeats may not ever develop noticeable symptoms.[81] The remaining variation is due to environmental factors and other genes that influence the mechanism of the disease.[25]", "Thirteen (House). Thirteen has a 50/50 chance of having inherited Huntington's disease from her mother, but she initially refuses to be tested for it as not knowing allows her to live with hope. It is revealed in the season-four finale that she has the mutation for Huntington's.[4] In \"Lucky Thirteen\", Thirteen says that her Huntington's is more aggressive, greatly decreasing her life expectancy and hastening the onset of symptoms. Initially after being diagnosed, she exhibits sensation seeking: staying out all night, using recreational drugs and having repeated one-night stands with women. She later ceases to behave self-destructively after a near-death experience in the episode \"Last Resort\", wherein she realizes her conviction to live, agreeing to participate in a Huntington's disease drug trial and becoming more active in her attempts to prolong her life.", "Huntington's disease. Until the discovery of a genetic test, statistics could only include clinical diagnosis based on physical symptoms and a family history of HD, excluding those who died of other causes before diagnosis. These cases can now be included in statistics; and, as the test becomes more widely available, estimates of the prevalence and incidence of the disorder are likely to increase.[84][93]", "Huntington's disease. Additionally, an increasing number of people with Huntington’s disease are turning to palliative care, which aims to improve quality of life through the treatment of the symptoms and stress of serious illness, in addition to their other treatments.[76]", "Huntington's disease. Among the approaches aimed at improving cell survival in the presence of mutant huntingtin are correction of transcriptional regulation using histone deacetylase inhibitors, modulating aggregation of huntingtin, improving metabolism and mitochondrial function and restoring function of synapses.[131]", "Huntington's disease. Reported neuropsychiatric manifestations are anxiety, depression, a reduced display of emotions (blunted affect), egocentrism, aggression, and compulsive behavior, the latter of which can cause or worsen addictions, including alcoholism, gambling, and hypersexuality.[11] Difficulties in recognizing other people's negative expressions have also been observed.[18] The prevalence of these symptoms is highly variable between studies, with estimated rates for lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders between 33% and 76%.[11] For many sufferers and their families, these symptoms are among the most distressing aspects of the disease, often affecting daily functioning and constituting reason for institutionalization.[11] Suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts are more common than in the general population.[12] Often individuals have reduced awareness of chorea, cognitive and emotional impairments.[22]", "Huntington's disease. The largest funder of Huntington's disease research globally, in terms of financial expenditure,[125] is the CHDI Foundation, a US non-profit biomedical foundation that aims to \"rapidly discover and develop drugs that delay or slow Huntington's disease\".[126] CHDI was formerly known as the High Q Foundation. In 2006, it spent $50 million on Huntington's disease research.[125] CHDI collaborates with many academic and commercial laboratories globally and engages in oversight and management of research projects as well as funding.[127] Many organizations exist to support and inform those affected by HD.", "Huntington's disease. At roughly the same time as the HDF formed, Marjorie Guthrie helped to found the Committee to Combat Huntington's Disease (now the Huntington's Disease Society of America), after her husband Woody Guthrie died from complications of HD.[10]", "Huntington's disease. In the rare situations where both parents have an expanded HD gene, the risk increases to 75%, and when either parent has two expanded copies, the risk is 100% (all children will be affected). Individuals with both genes affected are rare. For some time HD was thought to be the only disease for which possession of a second mutated gene did not affect symptoms and progression,[32] but it has since been found that it can affect the phenotype and the rate of progression.[25][33]", "Huntington's disease. HTT is expressed in all mammalian cells. The highest concentrations are found in the brain and testes, with moderate amounts in the liver, heart, and lungs.[24] The function of HTT in humans is unclear. It interacts with proteins which are involved in transcription, cell signaling, and intracellular transporting.[24][36] In animals genetically modified to exhibit HD, several functions of HTT have been found.[37] In these animals, HTT is important for embryonic development, as its absence is related to embryonic death. Caspase, an enzyme which plays a role in catalyzing apoptosis, is thought to be activated by the mutated gene through damaging the ubiquitin-protease system. It also acts as an anti-apoptotic agent preventing programmed cell death and controls the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a protein which protects neurons and regulates their creation during neurogenesis. HTT also facilitates vesicular transport and synaptic transmission and controls neuronal gene transcription.[37] If the expression of HTT is increased and more HTT produced, brain cell survival is improved and the effects of mHTT are reduced, whereas when the expression of HTT is reduced, the resulting characteristics are more typical of the presence of mHTT.[37] In humans the disruption of the normal gene does not cause the disease.[24] It is thought that the disease is not caused by inadequate production of HTT, but by an increase in the toxic function of mHTT in the body.[24]", "Huntington's disease. Thanks to the HDF, the ongoing US-Venezuela Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Project was started in 1979, and reported a major breakthrough in 1983 with the discovery of the approximate location of a causal gene.[89] This was the result of an extensive study focusing on the populations of two isolated Venezuelan villages, Barranquitas and Lagunetas, where there was an unusually high prevalence of the disease. It involved over 18,000 people—mostly from a single extended family.", "Harbor seal. Annual survival rates were calculated at 0.91 for adult males,[9] and 0.902 for adult females.[15] Maximum age for females was 36 and for males 31 years.[9]" ]

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[ "Battle royale game. A battle royale game, also spelled battle royal, is a video game genre that blends the survival, exploration and scavenging elements of a survival game with last man standing gameplay. Battle royale games challenge a large number of players, starting with minimal equipment, to search for weapons and armor and eliminate other opponents all while avoiding being trapped outside of a shrinking \"safe area\", with the winner being the last competitor in the game. The name for the genre is taken from the 2000 Japanese film Battle Royale, which presents a similar theme of a last-man-standing competition in a shrinking play zone.[1][2]", "Battle royale game. Formulative elements of the battle royale genre had existed before 2012: gameplay modes featuring last man standing rules remains a frequent staple of multiplayer online action games though generally with fewer total players, while elements of scavenging and surviving on a large open-world map were popularized through survival games.[9][10]", "Battle royale game. The genre's origins arose from mods for large-scale, online, survival games like Minecraft and ARMA 2, before becoming their own standalone games. While the 2017 game PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds was not the first battle royale game, its rapid growth popularized the genre with over 25 million copies sold by the end of 2017. In 2018, the free-to-play Fortnite Battle Royale rapidly became a cultural phenomenon, overtaking Battlegrounds in terms of player numbers and revenue.[3][4][5][6]", "Battle Royale (novel). Battle Royale was adapted into a 2000 feature film of the same name, directed by Kinji Fukasaku and written by his son Kenta Fukasaku. The film was also controversial and successful, with it being condemned by members of Japan's National Diet on grounds of it being harmful to the youth,[18] yet becoming one of the year's highest-grossing films.[19] It was followed in 2003 by Battle Royale II: Requiem.", "Fortnite Battle Royale. Fortnite Battle Royale has been jokingly referred to as the honomyn \"Fork Knife\" on social media, believed to have originated with people, unfamiliar with the game, described their friends and family spending time playing the game.[92] Epic added a harvestable, non-playable \"Fork Knife\" food truck to the game map as the term gained popularity.[2]", "Battle Royale (novel). Battle Royale (Japanese: バトル・ロワイアル, Hepburn: Batoru Rowaiaru) is the first novel by the Japanese author Koushun Takami. Originally completed in 1996, it was not published until 1999. The story tells of junior high school students who are forced to fight each other to the death in a program run by the authoritarian Japanese government, now known as the Republic of Greater East Asia.", "Fortnite Battle Royale. The idea for Fortnite Battle Royale arose following the release of the similar battle royale game PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, which saw numerous player count records broken throughout 2017. Seeing its rapid growth and commercial success, Epic Games saw the opportunity to create a battle royale mode of their own. Originally released as part of the paid Fortnite game, Epic spun out a dedicated version of the game offered as free-to-play funded by microtransactions, sharing in-game currency with the main Fortnite game, allowing players to buy or earn cosmetic items to customize their character. As of July 2018, the game has seen over 125 million players, and has been estimated to have earned more than US$1 billion in microtransactions. Fortnite Battle Royale has become a cultural phenomenon, with Fortnite streams achieving record-high viewerships, and with several celebrities and athletes stating their appreciation of the game.", "Battle Royale (film). Critics have often expressed the opinion that the film is a social commentary that is reflecting the issues of Japanese society towards the end of the 20th century. Some viewers see Battle Royale as a satire of the Japanese economy during the Lost Decade. Others view it as a criticism of the Japanese educational system, such as the issues of school violence and its failings to prepare students for the extremely competitive Japanese employment market that favors elitism, in which students must partake in fiercely competitive nationwide examinations in order to secure a spot into the more distinguished universities, as these will guarantee student placement into better careers. Other interpretations include the Japanese generational attitudes that is creating social, political and economic divides between the young and old.[62] Fukasaku himself has stated: \"The children who have grown up and witnessed what happened to the adults, their anxiety became heightened as well. So I set Battle Royale within this context of children versus adults.\"[13]", "Battle Royale (film). The film was labeled \"crude and tasteless\" by members of Japanese parliament and other government officials after the film was screened for them before its general release.[15] The film created a debate over government action on media violence. At one point, director Kinji Fukasaku allegedly gave a press statement directed at the age group of the film's characters, saying \"you can sneak in, and I encourage you to do so.\"[16] Many conservative politicians used the film to blame popular culture for a youth crime wave. Ilya Garger of TIME magazine said that Battle Royale received \"free publicity\" and received \"box-office success usually reserved for cartoons and TV-drama spin-offs.\"[3] The Japanese reaction to the film in the early 2000s has been compared to the British outrage over A Clockwork Orange in the early 1970s.[17] Critics note the relation of Battle Royale to the increasingly extreme trend in Asian cinema and its similarity to reality television.[18]", "Battle Royale (novel). In 2000, one year after publication, Battle Royale was adapted into a manga series, written by Takami himself, and a feature film. The film was both controversial and successful, becoming one of the year's highest-grossing films as well as prompting condemnation by Japan's National Diet. The film spawned a sequel, and two more brief manga adaptations were also created.", "Battle Royale (film). When asked in an interview with The Midnight Eye if the film is \"a warning or advice to the young\", Kinji Fukasaku responded by describing the words \"warning\" and \"advice\" as \"sounding very strong to me\" as if they were actions which one tries to accomplish; therefore the film would not be \"particularly a warning or advice.\" Fukasaku explained that the film, which he describes as \"a fable\", includes themes, such as crime by young people, which in Japan \"are very much real modern issues.\" Fukasaku said that he did not have a lack of concern or a lack of interest; he used the themes as part of his fable. When the interviewer told Fukasaku that he asked the question specifically because of the word \"run\" in the concluding text, which the interviewer described as \"very positive\", Fukasaku explained that he developed the concept throughout the film. Fukasaku interpreted the interviewer's question as having \"a stronger meaning\" than \"a simple message.\" He further explained that the film simply contains his \"words to the next generation\", so the viewer should decide whether to take the words as advice or as a warning.[11][13]", "Battle Royale (novel). Video game adaptations of the battle royale survival concept became popular in the mid-2010s, with the early examples of the \"Battle Royale\" mods for Arma II: DayZ, the stand-alone edition of DayZ and ARMA 3, concept subsequently transposed into full games like H1Z1, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds and Fortnite Battle Royale.", "Battle Royale (novel). Battle Royale takes place in a fictional fascist Japan in the year 1997. The state, known as the Republic of Greater East Asia (大東亜共和国, Dai Tōa Kyōwakoku), arose after an alternate World War 2, after a rebellion was put down by the combined military and police forces. The government controls everything, and anything \"immoral\", such as rock music, is banned, unless it beautifies the government, along with an unnamed dictator with a strong cult of personality able to bend the whims of the populace.", "Fortnite Battle Royale. Fortnite Battle Royale's primary distinction from other battle royale games is the building system, which originated from the original Fortnite survival game. Nearly all objects in the environment can be destroyed and harvested for materials (wood, stone, and metal), which can then be used to build fortifications of limited durabilities, such as walls, ramps, floors, and roofs, which can be used to help traverse the map, protect the player from gunfire, or slow down progression of other players.", "Battle Royale (novel). Battle Royale has been critically acclaimed abroad. In Entertainment Weekly, writer Stephen King included it as one of the seven books in his 2005 summer reading list, after it was recommended to him by novelist Kelly Braffet (writer of Josie and Jack). King described Battle Royale as \"an insanely entertaining pulp riff that combines Survivor with World Wrestling Entertainment. Or maybe Royale is just insane.\" He also notes that it has some similarities to his own novel The Long Walk. He concludes the brief review with a \"No prob,\" as \"Takami's Springsteen-quoting teenagers are fond of saying.\"[29]", "Fortnite Battle Royale. During the latter part of Fortnite's development, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds was released in March 2017 on personal computers in early access, and quickly became a popular and successful game, becoming the defining example of the battle royale genre. According to Mustard, the Epic team \"loved Battle Royale games like [Battlegrounds]\", and explored how they could make a similar mode within Fortnite's engine. They kept this mode in a separate development team from the main player versus environment modes for experimentation and as to not throw off the balance in the main game.[25] The Battle Royale mode development was led by Eric Williamson with Zack Estep as production lead. Their goal was to develop the Battle Royale mode quickly from the core \"Save the World\" mode, putting off any complex features that weren't already in place as to launch the new mode as soon as possible; while they explored such potential ideas, they held off inclusion until after the main mode was launched.[8] The development of the Battle Royale mode took about two months starting in July 2017 after the \"Save the World\" mode had shipped, and was aided by the Unreal Tournament team.[4][26] Key differences for Battle Royale that differed from \"Save the World\" included a more limited progression for weapons, a small subset of traps, and a smoother, more natural terrain for the maps.[8] They also wanted to aim for games not taking longer than 25 minutes, which led to some decisions of which elements from \"Save the World\" would not carry over.[8] They had including Fortnite's building mechanic for fortifications, not sure how players would use that since the safe zone would continue shrinking, but found quickly that the mechanic helped to distinguish the game from Battlegrounds and was used by expert players frequently to win matches, and had since implemented more features to help players with rapidly constructing temporary bases.[8]", "Battle Royale (novel). Upon publication in 1999, Battle Royale became a bestseller in Japan.[27] The novel was earlier entered into the 1997 Japan Horror Fiction Awards, but was eventually rejected in the final round with no winner that year.[2] All three members of the final round's selection committee that year admitted Battle Royale was the best work, but declined to award it due to its controversial content. Hiroshi Aramata said that while it was the best nominee in terms of \"story, structure, and subject matter,\" he felt it was too much of a Kinpachi-sensei parody and suspected its content would cause problems. Katsuhiko Takahashi felt that although it was the superior work as far as its construction as a novel, giving the award to a story about students killing each other at \"this time\" would hurt the reputation of the competition. Mariko Hayashi said that while she believed it was the best of the four novels, it was like reading an \"unpleasant near-future manga\" and \"No matter how squarely it might be horror or how interesting it might be, I'm not so sure we should be writing stories like this.\"[2] In 2001, Kōji Ōnuma wrote Battle Royale: Kyokugenshinri Kaisekisho (バトル・ロワイアル 極限心理解析書, Batoru Rowaiaru Kyokugenshinri Kaisekisho, roughly \"Battle Royale: Analysis of Extreme Psychology\"), a dissertation that explores the themes of the book.[28]", "Battle royale game. In addition to standalone games, the battle royale concept may also be present as part of one of many game modes within a larger game, or may be applied as a user-created mod created for another game.[7]", "Battle Royale (film). Maggie Lee of Reuters describes Battle Royale as the \"film that pioneered the concept of the teen death game\", citing its influence on films such as Kaiji (2009) and Hideo Nakata's The Incite Mill (2010), both of which starred Tatsuya Fujiwara (who played Battle Royale's protagonist Shuya Nanahara) in the leading roles.[79] V.A. Musetto of the New York Post compared it to The Condemned (2007), which the critic called \"a bad rip-off\" of Battle Royale as well as The Most Dangerous Game.[80]", "PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds. Battlegrounds is considered the defining game of the battle royale game genre due to its popularity, even though other games, including Greene's previous mods, were already on the market.[110] After its large early access sales numbers, other games followed with battle royale mechanics, with either existing games that added a battle royale mode or fully new games. Notably, Epic Games updated their in-development title Fortnite, a sandbox-based survival game that included the ability to construct fortifications to include a battle royale mode that including the fortification aspects. Epic later released this mode, Fortnite Battle Royale, as a standalone free-to-play game in September 2017. Shorty after its release, Bluehole expressed concerns about the game, acknowledging that while they cannot claim ownership of the battle royale genre, they feared that since they had been working with Epic for technical support of the Unreal engine, that they may have had a heads-up on planned features they wanted to bring to Battlegrounds and could release it first.[111] PUBG Corporation later filed a lawsuit against Epic Games Korea in January 2018, alleging that Fortnite Battle Royale was copyright infringing of Battlegrounds.[112]", "Battle Royale (film). Battle Royale (バトル・ロワイアル, Batoru Rowaiaru) is a 2000 Japanese dystopian film adapted from the 1999 novel of the same name by Koushun Takami. It is the final film directed by Kinji Fukasaku, the screenplay written by his son Kenta, and stars Takeshi Kitano. The film takes place in a dystopian Japan and it follows the story of Shuya Nanahara, a high school student, and his classmates. Their class has been chosen by the government to take part in an annual game where all the students of the class must fight to the death until only one remains alive. The film aroused both domestic and international controversy and was either banned outright or deliberately excluded from distribution in several countries.[3][4]", "Battle Royale (film). Battle Royale was released on December 16, 2000, in Japan, grossing Â¥3.11 billion domestically (over $25 million US).[3][26] Over the next two years, the film was distributed to cinemas throughout Asia, Australia, Europe, and South America (in addition to Mexico), gaining early cult film followings in France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, and the Philippines.[citation needed]", "Battle royale game. One such game was the Battle Royale mod for ARMA 2/DayZ, developed by Brendan Greene, known by his online alias, \"PlayerUnknown\", and first released in 2013.[10] This mod was directly inspired by the 2000 Japanese film Battle Royale, which told the story of a number of students transported to an island and forced to battle each other to be the sole survivor, lending to the mod's name.[15] In Greene's case, to differ his offering from Hunger Games-inspired mods, he designed the mod to randomly scatter weapons around the map instead of from a central repository. Greene updated this mode for ARMA 3 when the DayZ team opted to release their game as a standalone title. Greene continued to adopt his format as a consultant for H1Z1: King of the Kill before becoming the creative developer at Bluehole of a standalone game representing his vision of the battle royale genre, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds. While Battlegrounds was not the first battle royale game, its release to early access in March 2017 drew a great deal of attention, selling over twenty million units by the end of the year,[16][17] and is considered the defining game of the genre.[18] In September 2017, the game broke the previous record for highest number of concurrent players, with 1,348,374 players on the game simultaneously.[19] Battlegrounds' explosive growth and how it established the Battle royale genre was considered one of the top trends in the video game industry in 2017.[20][21]", "Battle Royale (film). During the summer of 2012, The CW Television Network had been in discussion with the Hollywood representatives about the possibility of turning Battle Royale into an American television show. According to a spokesperson, the talks were only preliminary, but if a deal could be reached, the network would acquire rights to Koushun Takami's underlying novel, then unpack and expand on it for an hour-long dramatic series. Joyce Jun, a Hollywood attorney representing U.S. rights to the title, states that \"there is no deal in place\". A CW spokesman confirmed only there had been some discussion but declined to comment further.[98]", "Battle Royale (novel). Koushun Takami completed Battle Royale when he stopped working as a journalist in 1996.[1] The story was rejected in the final round of the 1997 Japan Horror Fiction Awards (ja:日本ホラー小説大賞), which took place in March 1998, because of its controversial content.[2][3] Masao Higashi, who took part in the award's preliminary selection committee, later suspected this was due to its backdrop of students killing each other being too reminiscent of the Kobe child murders committed the previous year.[4] Battle Royale was first published in April 1999 by Ohta Publishing.[5] In August 2002, it was released in a revised, two-part pocket edition by Gentosha.[6][7]", "Battle Royale (film). In April 2013, the District Court (Amtsgericht) in Fulda, Germany, decided after some turns in the legal system that Battle Royale violates ยง131 of the Criminal Code, making it guilty of glorification of violence.[24] The film was confiscated and banned in Germany, but subsequently the ban was lifted following an objection by the German distributor Capelight Pictures.[25]", "Battle royale game. Battle royale games are played between a large number of individual players, or a number of small squads (typically up to four or five players). In each match, the goal is to be the last player or last team standing by eliminating all other opponents. A match starts by placing the player-characters into a large map space, which may have random distribution or allow players to have some control of where they start. All players start with minimal equipment, giving no player an implicit advantage at the onset, though games allow players to customize the appearance of their character. Randomly scattered around the map are weapons, armor, vehicles, and other items that are beneficial for combat and survival. Players need to search the map for these items while avoid being killed by other players. Equipment from eliminated players can be looted as well. The \"safe area\" of the map decreases in size around a randomly selected point throughout the match, forcing surviving players into closer quarters and increasing the chance of player encounters. Those caught outside this safe area take damage and will eventually die if they do not re-enter the so-called \"safe area\". The match is over when only one player or team remains, and the game typically provides some type of reward (in-game currency for more cosmetic items) to all players based on how long they survived.", "Battle royale game. In 2018, Fortnite Battle Royale surpassed Battlegrounds in revenue,[6] \"largely thanks to its free-to-play model\" and releasing as a cross-platform game,[5] as well as its accessibility to casual players. [4] Battlegrounds creator Brendan Greene credited it with growing the battle royale genre.[5] Its mainstream publicity further increased following a stream by Tyler \"Ninja\" Blevins with Drake,[32] which set a Twitch.tv record for concurrent viewership.[33][34] It accumulated a total playerbase of 45 million in January and 3.4 million concurrent players in February. Polygon labeled it \"the biggest game of 2018\" and \"a genuine cultural phenomenon\",[3] with \"everyone from NFL players to famous actors\" playing it,[4] including Red Sox player Xander Bogaerts and Bayern Munich's youth team borrowing celebrations from the game.[35]", "Battle royale game. Prior and near Battlegrounds's release, games from other developers took inspiration from highly played battle royale-style mods, as well as the popularity of The Hunger Games film series, which first premiered in 2012. Ark: Survival Evolved by Studio Wildcard introduced its \"Survival of the Fittest\" mode in July 2015, which was geared to be used for eSports tournaments. The mode was temporarily broken off as its own free-to-play game during 2016 before the developers opted to merge it back into the main game for ease of maintenance of the overall game.[22][23] The Culling, by Xaviant Studios, was released in early access in 2016, and was designed to be a streaming-friendly battle royale mode for 16 players.[24] However, following the release of Battlegrounds, The Culling lost much of its player base, and a few months after releasing the full version of the game, Xaviant announced they were ending further development on it to move onto other projects.[25] Battlegrounds's popularity created a new interest in the battle royale genre. Numerous games that copied the fundamental gameplay of Battlegrounds appeared in China, shortly after Battlegrounds's release.[26]", "Battle royale game. The random nature of starting point, item placement, and safe area reduction lends the battle royale genre to challenge players to think and react quickly and improve strategies throughout the match as to be the last man/team standing.", "Battle Royale (film). The film was first screened in Tokyo on more than 200 screens on December 16, 2000, with a R-15 rating, which is rarely used in Japan, and during the first weekend it grossed 212 million yen (US$1.8 million).[5][6][7] It was also the highest grossing Japanese language film for six weeks after its initial release, and it was later released in 22 countries worldwide.[3][8] It received global audience and critical acclaim and is often regarded as one of Fukasaku's best films. Fukasaku started working on a sequel, Battle Royale II: Requiem, but he died of prostate cancer on January 12, 2003 after shooting only one scene with Takeshi Kitano. His son, Kenta Fukasaku, completed the film in 2003 and dedicated it to his father.", "Battle Royale (novel). The government has established a military program, the Battle Experiment No. 68 Program (戦闘実験第六十八番プログラム, Sentō Jikken Dai Rokujyuu Hachi Ban Puroguramu), wherein fifty randomly selected classes of third-year junior high school students are kidnapped, dropped into a remote location, and forced to kill one another until only one student of each class remains. Ostensibly, it is to help the government and its military research survival skills and battle readiness – in actuality, it is meant to instill terror and distrust in all of Japan's citizens to curb any attempts at rebellion, by showcasing the government's power and ability to target citizen's families and preying on the fear of being killed by a friend." ]

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[ "California. The word California originally referred to the Baja California Peninsula of Mexico; it was later extended to the entire region composed of the current United States states of California, Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Wyoming.[24]", "California. California (/ˌkælɪˈfɔːrnjə, -niə/ ( listen) KAL-i-FORN-yə, -FOR-nee-ə) is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States. With 39.3 million residents, California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. The state capital is Sacramento. The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, with 18.7 million and 8.8 million residents respectively.[13] Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second largest after New York City. California also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County; its largest county by area, San Bernardino County; and its fifth most densely populated county, San Francisco.", "California. California is the 3rd largest state in the United States in area, after Alaska and Texas.[77] California is often geographically bisected into two regions, Southern California, comprising the 10 southernmost counties,[78][79] and Northern California, comprising the 48 northernmost counties.[80][81] It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east and northeast, Arizona to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and it shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California to the south.", "California. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence, but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican–American War. The western portion of Alta California then was organized and admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom.", "California. Once the state's Constitutional Convention had finalized its state constitution, it applied to the US Congress for admission to statehood. On September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850, California was officially admitted into the United States as an undivided free state. Its status as a 'free state' prevented the expansion of slavery to the Pacific Coast, which question was then a foremost concern for the pre-Civil War US Congress. Within the state of California, Sept. 9th remains as an annually celebrated legal holiday known as California Admission Day.", "San Francisco Bay. The United States seized the region from Mexico during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). On February 2, 1848, the Mexican province of Alta California was annexed to the U.S. with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. A year and a half later, California requested to join the United States on December 3, 1849 and was accepted as the 31st State of the Union on September 9, 1850.", "California. Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the war, the Western-most portion of the old Mexican territory of Alta California, soon became the American state of California, and the remainder of the old territory was then subdivided into the new American Territories of Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah. The lightly populated and arid lower region of old Baja California remained as a part of Mexico. In 1846, the total settler population of the Western part of the old Alta California had been estimated to be no more than 8,000, plus about 100,000 Native Americans down from about 300,000 before Hispanic settlement in 1769.[54]", "California. California is the 2nd-most populous subnational entity in the Western Hemisphere and the Americas, with a population second to that of the state of São Paulo in Brazil.[111] California's population is greater than that of all but 34 countries of the world.[112][113] The Greater Los Angeles Area is the 2nd-largest metropolitan area in the United States, after the New York metropolitan area, while Los Angeles, with nearly half the population of New York City, is the second-largest city in the United States. Also, Los Angeles County has held the title of most populous United States county for decades, and it alone is more populous than 42 United States states.[114][115] Including Los Angeles, four of the top 15 most populous cities in the U.S. are in California: Los Angeles (2nd), San Diego (8th), San Jose (10th), and San Francisco (13th). The center of population of California is located in the town of Buttonwillow, Kern County.[note 1]", "Demographics of California. In Mariposa County, there is a very small community of Californios or Spanish American people as they identify themselves, that dates back before the U.S. annexation of California. Hornitos is home to an estimated 1,000 people and many are \"Californios\". The community's \"Spanish\" Californio culture is closely linked with Mexico and other Latin American nations. Spanish colonial/Mexican/Latino influences was always a major part of California after it became part of the U.S. since 1848 and its statehood in 1850.[citation needed]", "List of cities and towns in California. California is a state located in the Western United States. It is the most populous state and the third largest by area after Alaska and Texas. According to the 2010 United States Census, California has 37,253,956 inhabitants and 155,779.22 square miles (403,466.3 km2) of land.[1]", "Geography of California. California is a U.S. state on the western coast of North America. Covering an area of 163,696 sq mi (423,970 km2), California is geographically diverse. The Sierra Nevada, the fertile farmlands of the Central Valley, and the arid Mojave Desert of the south are some of the major geographic features of this U.S. state. It is home to some of the world's most exceptional trees: the tallest (coast redwood), most massive (Giant Sequoia), and oldest (bristlecone pine). It is also home to both the highest (Mount Whitney) and lowest (Death Valley) points in the 48 contiguous states.", "San Diego. San Diego has been called \"the birthplace of California\".[13] Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico, which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later. California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican–American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850.", "San Jose, California. In 1800, due to the growing population in the northern part of the Californias, Diego de Borica, Governor of the Californias, officially split the province into two parts: Alta California (Upper California), which would eventually become a U.S. state, and Baja California (Lower California), which would eventually become two Mexican states.", "California. California is one of the richest and most diverse parts of the world, and includes some of the most endangered ecological communities. California is part of the Nearctic ecozone and spans a number of terrestrial ecoregions.[89]", "Southwestern United States. In 1804 Spain divided the Provincia de las Californias, creating the province Alta California, which consisted primarily of what would become California, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico. In 1821 Mexico achieved its independence from Spain and shortly after, in 1824, developed its constitution, which established the Alta California Territory, which was the same geographic area as the earlier Spanish province.", "Etymology of California. California is a place name used by three North American states: in the United States by the state of California, and in Mexico by the states of Baja California and Baja California Sur. Collectively, these three areas constitute the region formerly referred to as The Californias. The name California is shared by many other places in other parts of the world whose names derive from the original.", "California State Legislature. Since California was given official statehood by the U.S. in September 9, 1850 as part of the Compromise of 1850,[4] the state capital was variously San Jose (1850–1851), Vallejo (1852–1853) and Benicia (1853–1854), until Sacramento was finally selected in 1854.", "California. The economy of California is large enough to be comparable to that of the largest of countries. As of 2016[update], the gross state product (GSP) is about $2.514 trillion, the largest in the United States.[171] California is responsible for 13.9 percent of the United States' approximate $18.1 trillion gross domestic product (GDP).[171] California's GSP is larger than the GDP of all but 5 countries in dollar terms (the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom),[172][173] larger than Brazil, France, Russia, Italy, India, Canada, Australia, Spain and Turkey. In Purchasing Power Parity,[174] it is larger than all but 10 countries (the United States, China, India, Japan, Germany, Russia, Brazil, France, the United Kingdom, and Indonesia), larger than Italy, Mexico, Spain, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Canada and Turkey.[175]", "California. A majority of California's cities are located in either the San Francisco Bay Area or the Sacramento metropolitan area in Northern California; or the Los Angeles area, the Riverside-San Bernardino-Inland Empire, or the San Diego metropolitan area in Southern California. The Los Angeles Area, the Bay Area, and the San Diego metropolitan area are among several major metropolitan areas along the California coast.", "History of California 1900 to present. California is now the most populous state in the United States. If it were an independent country, California would rank 34th in population in the world. California has had waves of immigration and emigration over the years. The first big wave was the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 of miners, businessmen, farmers, loggers, etc. as well as their many supporters.", "Pacific States. The Pacific States form one of the nine geographic divisions within the United States that are officially recognized by that country's census bureau.[11] There are five states in this division – Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington – and, as its name suggests, they all have coastlines on the Pacific Ocean (and are the only American states that border that ocean). The Pacific States division is one of two divisions that are located within the United States Census Bureau's Western region; the other Western division is the Mountain States.", "Etymology of California. California originally referred to the entire region composed of the Baja California peninsula now known as Mexican Baja California and Baja California Sur, and the upper mainland now known as the U.S. states of California and parts of Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and Wyoming. After Mexico's independence from Spain, the upper territory became the Alta California province. In even earlier times, the boundaries of the Sea of Cortez and the Pacific Ocean coastlines were only partially explored and California was shown on early maps as an island. The Sea of Cortez is also known as the Gulf of California.", "California Republic. Sloat had learned of Frémont's confrontation with the Californios on Gavilan Peak and of his support for the Bears in Sonoma. He was also aware of Lt. Gillespie's tracking down of Frémont with letters and orders. Sloat finally concluded on July 6 that he needed to act, saying to U.S. Consul Larkin, \"I shall be blamed for doing too little or too much – I prefer the latter.\"[66] Early July 7, the frigate USS Savannah and the two sloops, USS Cyane and USS Levant of the United States Navy, captured Monterey, California, and raised the flag of the United States.[67] Sloat had his proclamation read in and posted in English and Spanish: \"...henceforth California will be a portion of the United States.\"[68]", "Ventura, California. California became a territory of the United States in 1848 and the 31st state in the Union in 1850. After the American Civil War, settlers came to the area, buying land from the Mexicans, or simply as squatters. Vast holdings were later acquired by Easterners, including the railroad magnate, Thomas A. Scott. He was impressed by one of the young employees, Thomas R. Bard, who had been in charge of train supplies to Union troops, and Bard was sent west to handle Scott's property. Not easily accessible, Ventura was not a target of immigrants, and remained quiet and rural. For most of the century which followed the incorporation of Ventura in 1866, it remained isolated from the rest of the state.", "Northern California. Northern California is the name of a proposed new state on the 2018 California ballot created by splitting the existing state into three parts.[5]", "List of capitals in the United States. Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 (following the Mexican–American War), a small portion of north-central California declared itself the California Republic, in an act of independence from Mexico, in 1846 (see Bear Flag Revolt). The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself, to join the advancing American army and therefore became part of the United States.", "History of California. The possibility of splitting off Southern California as a territory or a state was rejected by the national government, and the idea was dead by 1861 when patriotic fervor swept California after the attack on Fort Sumter.", "Southern California. Though there is no official definition for the northern boundary of southern California, such a division has existed from the time when Mexico ruled California and political disputes raged between the Californios of Monterrey in the upper part and Los Angeles in the lower part of Alta California. Following the acquisition of California by the United States, the division continued as part of the attempt by several pro-slavery politicians to arrange the division of Alta California at 36 degrees, 30 minutes, the line of the Missouri Compromise. Instead, the passing of the Compromise of 1850 enabled California to be admitted to the Union as a free state, preventing southern California from becoming its own separate slave state.", "American frontier. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 ceded the territories of California and New Mexico to the United States for $18.5 million (which included the assumption of claims against Mexico by settlers). The Gadsden Purchase in 1853 added southern Arizona, which was needed for a railroad route to California. In all Mexico ceded half a million square miles (1.3 million km2) and included the states-to-be of California, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming, in addition to Texas. Managing the new territories and dealing with the slavery issue caused intense controversy, particularly over the Wilmot Proviso, which would have outlawed slavery in the new territories. Congress never passed it, but rather temporarily resolved the issue of slavery in the West with the Compromise of 1850. California entered the Union in 1850 as a free state; the other areas remained territories for many years.[82][83]", "History of California before 1900. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, marked the end of the Mexican–American War. In that treaty, the United States agreed to pay Mexico $18,250,000; Mexico formally ceded California (and other northern territories) to the United States; and the first international boundary was drawn between the U.S. and Mexico by treaty. The previous boundary had been negotiated in 1819 between Spain and the United States in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which established the present border between California and Oregon. San Diego Bay is one of the few natural harbors in California south of San Francisco, and to claim this strategic asset the southern border was slanted to include the entire bay in California.", "California. Shortened forms of the state's name include CA, Cal., Calif. and US-CA.", "California. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of California was 39,250,017 on July 1, 2016, a 5.4% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The population is projected to reach 40 million by 2018 and 50 million by 2055.[107]" ]

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[ "English longbow. The English longbow was a powerful medieval type of longbow (a tall bow for archery) about 6 ft (1.8 m) long used by the English and Welsh for hunting and as a weapon in medieval warfare. English use of longbows was effective against the French during the Hundred Years' War, particularly at the start of the war in the battles of Sluys (1340), Crécy (1346), and Poitiers (1356), and perhaps most famously at the Battle of Agincourt (1415). They were less successful after this, with longbowmen having their lines broken at the Battle of Verneuil (1424), and being completely routed at the Battle of Patay (1429) when they were charged before they had set up their defensive position.", "English longbow. The origins of the English longbow are disputed. While it is hard to assess the significance of military archery in pre-Norman Conquest Anglo-Saxon warfare, it is clear that archery played a prominent role under the Normans, as the story of the Battle of Hastings shows. Their Anglo-Norman descendants also made use of military archery, as exemplified by their victory at the Battle of the Standard in 1138. During the Anglo-Norman invasions of Wales, Welsh bowmen took a heavy toll of the invaders and Welsh archers would feature in English armies from this point on. However, historians dispute whether this archery used a different kind of bow to the later English Longbow.[49] Traditionally it has been argued that prior to the beginning of the 14th century, the weapon was a self bow between four and five feet in length, known since the 19th century as the shortbow. This weapon, drawn to the chest rather than the ear, was much weaker. However, in 1985, Jim Bradbury reclassified this weapon as the ordinary wooden bow, reserving the term shortbow for short composite bows and arguing that longbows were a developed form of this ordinary bow.[50] Strickland and Hardy in 2005 took this argument further, suggesting that the shortbow was a myth and all early English bows were a form of longbow.[51] In 2011, Clifford Rogers forcefully restated the traditional case based upon a variety of evidence, including a large scale iconographic survey.[52] In 2012, Richard Wadge added to the debate with an extensive survey of record, iconographic and archaeological evidence, concluding that longbows co-existed with shorter self-wood bows in England in the period between the Norman conquest and the reign of Edward III, but that powerful longbows shooting heavy arrows were a rarity until the later 13th century.[53] Whether or not there was a technological revolution at the end of the 13th century therefore remains in dispute. What is agreed, however, is that the English longbow as an effective weapon system evolved in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.", "English longbow. Longbows have been in continuous production and use for sport and for hunting to the present day, but since 1642 they have been a minority interest, and very few have had the high draw weights of the medieval weapons. Other differences include the use of a stiffened non-bending centre section, rather than a continuous bend.[citation needed]", "English longbow. Longbows remained in use until around the 16th century, when advances in firearms made gunpowder weapons a significant factor in warfare and such units as arquebusiers and grenadiers began appearing. Despite this, the English Crown made numerous efforts to continue to promote archery practice by banning other sports and fining people for not possessing bows.[56] Indeed, just before the English Civil War, a pamphlet by William Neade entitled The Double-Armed Man advocated that soldiers be trained in both the longbow and pike; although this advice was followed only by a few town militias.[citation needed]", "English longbow. The earliest longbow known from England, found at Ashcott Heath, Somerset, is dated to 2665 BC,[1] but no longbows survive from the period when the longbow was dominant (c. 1250–1450 AD),[2] probably because bows became weaker, broke and were replaced, rather than being handed down through generations.[3] More than 130 bows survive from the Renaissance period, however. More than 3,500 arrows and 137 whole longbows were recovered from the Mary Rose, a ship of Henry VIII's navy that sank at Portsmouth in 1545.", "English longbow. The first recorded use of the term 'longbow', as distinct from simply 'bow', occurs in a Paston Letter of the 15th century.", "English longbow. A record of how boys and men trained to use the bows with high draw weights survives from the reign of Henry VII.", "English longbow. It was the difficulty in using the longbow that led various monarchs of England to issue instructions encouraging their ownership and practice, including the Assize of Arms of 1252 and Edward III of England's declaration of 1363:", "English longbow. The longbow was also used against the English by their Welsh neighbours. The Welsh used the longbow mostly in a different manner than the English. In many early period English campaigns, the Welsh used the longbow in ambushes, often at point blank range that allowed their missiles to penetrate armour and generally do a lot of damage.[54]", "English longbow. The Battle of Flodden (1513) was \"a landmark in the history of archery, as the last battle on English soil to be fought with the longbow as the principal weapon...\"[57] The last recorded use of bows in an English battle may have been a skirmish at Bridgnorth, in October 1642, during the Civil War, when an impromptu town militia, armed with bows, proved effective against un-armoured musketeers.[58] The Battle of Tippermuir (1644), in Scotland, may have been the last battle involving the longbow.[59] Longbowmen remained a feature of the Royalist Army, but were not used by the Roundheads.", "English longbow. In summary, however, the usual English deployment in the 14th and 15th centuries was as follows:", "Battle of Crécy. Longbows had been effectively used before by English armies. Edward I successfully used longbowmen to break up static Scottish schiltron formations at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298; however it was not until Edward III's reign that they were accorded greater significance in English military doctrine. Edward realised the importance of inflicting severe damage upon an enemy force before melée combat began; at Halidon Hill in 1333, he used massed longbowmen and favourable terrain to inflict a significant defeat on the Scots forces to very few casualties of his own—in some ways a harbinger of his similar tactics at Crécy. To ensure he had a force of experienced and equipped archers to call upon, Edward ingrained archery into English culture. He encouraged archery practice, and the production of stocks of arrows and bows in peacetime, as well as war. In 1341, when Edward led an expedition to Brittany, he ordered the gathering of 130,000 sheaves, a total of 2.6 million arrows; an impressive feat on such short notice.[25]", "English longbow. During the reign of Henry III the Assize of Arms of 1252 required that all \"citizens, burgesses, free tenants, villeins and others from 15 to 60 years of age\" should be armed.[75] The poorest of them were expected to have a halberd and a knife, and a bow if they owned land worth more than £2.[76] This made it easier for the King to raise an army, but also meant that the bow was a weapon commonly used by rebels during the Peasants' Revolt. From the time that the yeoman class of England became proficient with the longbow, the nobility in England had to be careful not to push them into open rebellion.[77][78]", "English longbow. Following the Battle of Crécy, the longbow did not always prove as effective. For example, at the Battle of Poitiers (1356), the French Men-at-Arms formed a shieldwall with which Geoffrey le Baker recounts \"‘protecting their bodies with joined shields, [and] turned their faces away from the missiles. So the archers emptied their quivers in vain\".[42]", "English longbow. Archery was described by contemporaries as ineffective against plate armour in the Battle of Neville's Cross (1346), the siege of Bergerac (1345), and the Battle of Poitiers (1356); such armour became available to European knights and men at arms of fairly modest means by the late 14th century, though never to all soldiers in any army. Longbowmen were however effective at Poitiers, and this success stimulated changes in armour manufacture partly intended to make armoured men less vulnerable to archery. Nevertheless, at the battle of Agincourt in 1415 and for some decades thereafter, English longbowmen continued to be an effective battlefield force.[40]", "Late Middle Ages. Through battles such as Courtrai (1302), Bannockburn (1314), and Morgarten (1315), it became clear to the great territorial princes of Europe that the military advantage of the feudal cavalry was lost, and that a well equipped infantry was preferable.[86] Through the Welsh Wars the English became acquainted with, and adopted, the highly efficient longbow.[87] Once properly managed, this weapon gave them a great advantage over the French in the Hundred Years' War.[88]", "English longbow. Serious military interest in the longbow faded after the seventeenth century but occasionally schemes to resurrect its military use were proposed. Benjamin Franklin was a proponent in the 1770s; the Honourable Artillery Company had an archer company between 1784 and 1794; and a man named Richard Mason wrote a book proposing the arming of militia with pike and longbow in 1798.[60] Donald Featherstone also records a Lt. Col. Richard Lee of 44th Foot advocated the military use of the longbow in 1792.[61] There is a record of the use of the longbow in action as late as WWII, when Jack Churchill is credited with a longbow kill in France in 1940.[62] The weapon was certainly considered for use by Commandos during the war but it is not known whether it was used in action.[63]", "Medieval technology. Having a high rate of fire and penetration power, the longbow contributed to the eventual demise of the medieval knight class[dubious – discuss]. Used particularly by the English to great effect against the French cavalry during the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453).", "English longbow. A longbow must be long enough to allow its user to draw the string to a point on the face or body, and the length therefore varies with the user. In continental Europe it was generally seen as any bow longer than 1.2 m (3.9 ft). The Society of Antiquaries of London says it is of 5 or 6 feet (1.5 or 1.8 metres) in length.[4] Richard Bartelot, of the Royal Artillery Institution, said that the bow was of yew, 6 feet (1.8 m) long, with a 3-foot (910 mm) arrow.[5] Gaston III, Count of Foix, wrote in 1388 that a longbow should be \"of yew or boxwood, seventy inches [1.8 m] between the points of attachment for the cord\".[6] Historian Jim Bradbury said they were an average of about 5 feet and 8 inches.[7] All but the last estimate were made before the excavation of the Mary Rose, where bows were found ranging in length from 1.87 to 2.11 m (6 ft 2 in to 6 ft 11 in) with an average length of 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in).[8]", "English longbow. Although longbows were much faster and more accurate than the black-powder weapons which replaced them, longbowmen always took a long time to train because of the years of practice necessary before a war longbow could be used effectively (examples of longbows from the Mary Rose typically had draws greater than 637 N (143 lbf)). In an era in which warfare was usually seasonal, and non-noble soldiers spent part of the year working at farms, the year-round training required for the effective use of the longbow was a challenge. A standing army was an expensive proposition to a medieval ruler. Mainland European armies seldom trained a significant longbow corps. Due to their specialized training, English longbowmen were sought as mercenaries in other European countries, most notably in the Italian city-states and in Spain. The White Company,[55] comprising men-at-arms and longbowmen and commanded by Sir John Hawkwood, is the best known English Free Company of the 14th century. The powerful Hungarian king, Louis the Great, is an example of someone who used longbowmen in his Italian campaigns.[citation needed]", "English longbow. The longbow decided many medieval battles fought by the English and Welsh, the most significant of which were the Battle of Crécy (1346) and the Battle of Agincourt (1415), during the Hundred Years' War and followed earlier successes, notably at the Battle of Falkirk (1298) and the Battle of Halidon Hill (1333) during the Wars of Scottish Independence. They were less successful after this, with longbowmen having their lines broken at the Battle of Verneuil (1424), and being routed at the Battle of Patay (1429) when they were charged before they had set up their defenses.", "English longbow. Forestry records in this area in the 17th century do not mention yew, and it seems that no mature trees were to be had. The English tried to obtain supplies from the Baltic, but at this period bows were being replaced by guns in any case.[17][page needed]", "English longbow. The trade of yew wood to England for longbows was such that it depleted the stocks of yew over a huge area. The first documented import of yew bowstaves to England was in 1294. In 1350 there was a serious shortage, and Henry IV of England ordered his royal bowyer to enter private land and cut yew and other woods. In 1470 compulsory practice was renewed, and hazel, ash, and laburnum were specifically allowed for practice bows. Supplies still proved insufficient, until by the Statute of Westminster 1472, every ship coming to an English port had to bring four bowstaves for every tun.[16] Richard III of England increased this to ten for every tun. This stimulated a vast network of extraction and supply, which formed part of royal monopolies in southern Germany and Austria. In 1483, the price of bowstaves rose from two to eight pounds per hundred, and in 1510 the Venetians obtained sixteen pounds per hundred.", "Medieval warfare. The Welsh & English longbowman used a single-piece longbow (but some bows later developed a composite design) to deliver arrows that could penetrate contemporary mail and damage/dent plate armour. The longbow was a difficult weapon to master, requiring long years of use and constant practice. A skilled longbowman could shoot about 12 shots per minute. This rate of fire was far superior to competing weapons like the crossbow or early gunpowder weapons. The nearest competitor to the longbow was the much more expensive crossbow, used often by urban militias and mercenary forces. The crossbow had greater penetrating power, and did not require the extended years of training. However, it lacked the rate of fire of the longbow.[citation needed]", "English longbow. The importance of the longbow in English culture can be seen in the legends of Robin Hood, which increasingly depicted him as a master archer, and also in the \"Song of the Bow\", a poem from The White Company by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.[74]", "English longbow. In the 16th century, these formations evolved in line with new technologies and techniques from the continent. Formations with a central core of pikes and bills were flanked by companies of \"shot\" made up of a mixture of archers and arquebusiers, sometimes with a skirmish screen of archers and arquebusiers in front.[67]", "English longbow. The idea that there was a standard formation for English longbow armies was argued by Alfred Byrne in his influential work on the battles of the Hundred Years' War, The Crecy War.[64] This view was challenged by Jim Bradbury in his book The Medieval Archer[65] and more modern works are more ready to accept a variety of formations.[66]", "English longbow. Gerald of Wales commented on the power of the Welsh longbow in the 12th century:", "English longbow. Whereas the people of our realm, rich and poor alike, were accustomed formerly in their games to practise archery – whence by God's help, it is well known that high honour and profit came to our realm, and no small advantage to ourselves in our warlike enterprises... that every man in the same country, if he be able-bodied, shall, upon holidays, make use, in his games, of bows and arrows... and so learn and practise archery. [25]", "English longbow. Longbows were very difficult to master because the force required to deliver an arrow through the improving armour of medieval Europe was very high by modern standards. Although the draw weight of a typical English longbow is disputed, it was at least 360 newtons (81 pounds-force) and possibly more than 600 N (130 lbf). Considerable practice was required to produce the swift and effective combat shooting required. Skeletons of longbow archers are recognisably affected, with enlarged left arms and often osteophytes on left wrists, left shoulders and right fingers.[24]", "English longbow. A wide variety of arrows were shot from the English longbow. Variations in length, fletchings and heads are all recorded. Perhaps the greatest diversity lies in hunting arrows, with varieties like broad-arrow, wolf-arrow, dog-arrow, Welsh arrow and Scottish arrow being recorded.[18] War arrows were ordered in the thousands for medieval armies and navies, supplied in sheaves normally of 24 arrows.[19] For example, between 1341 and 1359 the English crown is known to have obtained 51,350 sheaves (1,232,400 arrows).[20]", "English longbow. The range of the medieval weapon is not accurately known, with much depending on both the power of the bow and the type of arrow. It has been suggested that a flight arrow of a professional archer of Edward III's time would reach 400 yd (370 m)[26] but the longest mark shot at on the London practice ground of Finsbury Fields in the 16th century was 345 yd (315 m).[27] In 1542, Henry VIII set a minimum practice range for adults using flight arrows of 220 yd (200 m); ranges below this had to be shot with heavy arrows.[28] Modern experiments broadly concur with these historical ranges. A 667 N (150 lbf) Mary Rose replica longbow was able to shoot a 53.6 g (1.89 oz) arrow 328 m (359 yd) and a 95.9 g (3.38 oz) a distance of 249.9 m (273.3 yd).[29] In 2012, Joe Gibbs shot a 2.25 oz (64 g) livery arrow 292 yd (267 m) with a 170 lbf yew bow.[30] The effective combat range of longbowmen was generally lower than what could be achieved on the practice range as sustained shooting was tiring and the rigors of campaigning would sap soldiers' strength. Writing 30 years after the Mary Rose sank, Barnabe Rich estimated that if 1,000 English archers were mustered then after one week only 100 of them would be able to shoot farther than 200 paces, while 200 would not be able to shoot farther than 180 paces.[31][clarification needed]" ]

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[ "Art Deco. American skyscrapers marked the summit of the Art Deco style; they became the tallest and most recognizable modern buildings in the world. They were designed to show the prestige of their builders through their height, their shape, their color, and their dramatic illumination at night.[60] The first New York skyscraper, the Woolworth Building, in a neoclassical style, was completed in 1913, and the American Telephone and Telegraph Building (1924) had ionic and doric columns and a classical Doric hypostyle with a frieze. The American Radiator Building by Raymond Hood (1924) combined Gothic and Deco modern elements in the design of the building. Black brick on the frontage of the building (symbolizing coal) was selected to give an idea of solidity and to give the building a solid mass. Other parts of the facade were covered in gold bricks (symbolizing fire), and the entry was decorated with marble and black mirrors. Another early Art Deco skyscraper was Detroit's Guardian Building, which opened in 1929. Designed by modernist Wirt C. Rowland, the building was the first to employ stainless steel as a decorative element, and the extensive use of colored designs in place of traditional ornaments.", "Modern architecture. At the end of the 19th century, the first skyscrapers began to appear in the United States. They were a response to the shortage of land and high cost of real estate in the center of the fast-growing American cities, and the availability of new technologies, including fireproof steel frames and improvements in the safety elevator invented by Elisha Otis in 1852. The first steel-framed \"skyscraper\", The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, was ten stories high. It was designed by William Le Baron Jenney in 1883, and was briefly the tallest building in the world. Louis Sullivan built another monumental new structure, the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building, in the heart of Chicago in 1904-06. While these buildings were revolutionary in their steel frames and height, the designs of their facades were in the more traditional neo-renaissance, Neo-Gothic and Beaux-Arts architecture. The Woolworth Building, designed by Cass Gilbert, was completed in 1912, and was the tallest building in the world until the completion of the Chrysler Building in 1929. Its exterior was in the Neo-Gothic style, complete with decorative buttresses, arches and spires, which caused it be nicknamed the \"Cathedral of Commerce.\" [21]", "Skyscraper. The architect, Major William Le Baron Jenney, created a load-bearing structural frame. In this building, a steel frame supported the entire weight of the walls, instead of load-bearing walls carrying the weight of the building. This development led to the \"Chicago skeleton\" form of construction. In addition to the steel frame, the Home Insurance Building also utilized fireproofing, elevators, and electrical wiring, key elements in most skyscrapers today.[29]", "Early skyscrapers. The Home Insurance Building was a 138-foot (42 m) tall, 10-story skyscraper designed by William Le Baron Jenney, who had been trained as an engineer in France and was a leading architect in Chicago.[43][nb 2] Jenney's design was unusual in that it incorporated steel into the building's internal metal frame alongside the traditional wrought iron. This frame took the weight of the floors of the building and helped to support the weight of the external walls as well, proving an important step towards creating the genuine non-structural curtain walls that became a feature of later skyscrapers.[45] The design was not perfect – some of the weight was still carried by masonry walls, and the metal frame was bolted, rather than riveted, together – but it was clearly a significant advance in tall building construction.[24]", "Early skyscrapers. Using these metal frames for taller buildings, however, meant exposing them to the potentially devastating effects of wind pressure.[23] As a consequence, protective wind bracing had to be introduced, enabled by the work of Augustin-Jean Fresnel who produced equations for calculating the loads and moments on larger buildings.[23][nb 1] Metal-framed buildings were also particularly vulnerable to fire and required special fireproofing.[25] French engineers had made advances in this area in the early 19th century, but major breakthroughs only came with the work of architect Peter Wight in the 1860s.[26] Spurred on by the catastrophic fires in Chicago in 1871 and Boston in 1872, his findings were turned into a wide variety of patented fire proofing products during the 1870s.[27]", "Louis Sullivan. The technical limits of weight-bearing masonry had imposed formal as well as structural constraints; suddenly, those constraints were gone. None of the historical precedents needed to be applied and this new freedom created a technical and stylistic crisis of sorts. Sullivan addressed it by embracing the changes that came with the steel frame, creating a grammar of form for the high rise (base, shaft, and cornice), simplifying the appearance of the building by breaking away from historical styles, using his own intricate floral designs, in vertical bands, to draw the eye upward and to emphasize the vertical form of the building, and relating the shape of the building to its specific purpose. All this was revolutionary, appealingly honest, and commercially successful.", "Modern architecture. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, plate glass, and reinforced concrete, to build structures that were stronger, lighter and taller. The cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass and metal curtain wall. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1884 by William Le Baron Jenney.[2] The iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition.[3]", "Skyscraper. In the early 1960s structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan, considered the \"father of tubular designs\" for high-rises,[38] realized that the dominating rigid steel frame structure was not the only system apt for tall buildings, marking a new era of skyscraper construction in terms of multiple structural systems.[39] His central innovation in skyscraper design and construction was the concept of the \"tube\" structural system, including the \"framed tube\", \"trussed tube\", and \"bundled tube\".[40] These systems allow greater economic efficiency,[41] and also allow skyscrapers to take on various shapes, no longer needing to be rectangular and box-shaped.[42] The first building to employ the tube structure was the Chestnut De-Witt apartment building.[36] Over the next fifteen years, many towers were built by Fazlur Rahman Khan and the \"Second Chicago School\",[43] including the massive 442 m (1,450 ft) Willis Tower.[44] Other pioneers of this field include Hal Iyengar and William LeMessurier.", "Early skyscrapers. The emergence of skyscrapers was made possible by technological improvements during the middle of the 19th century.[20] One of these developments was the iron framed building. Traditional buildings supported their internal floors through their walls, but the taller the building, the thicker the walls had to become, particularly at the base: buildings of any substantial height rapidly saw their lower floors eaten up by brick or masonry.[21] In the 1860s French engineers experimented with using built-up plate girders made of wrought iron to construct buildings supported by internal metal frames.[22] These frames were stronger than traditional masonry and permitted much thinner walls.[22] The methodology was extensively described in engineering journals and was initially used to build warehouses.[22]", "Early skyscrapers. The approach quickly caught on in Chicago. In 1889 the Tacoma Building replaced the bolted metal design with a stronger, riveted approach, and Chicago's Chamber of Commerce Building introduced interior light courts to the structural design of skyscrapers.[46] In the 1890 Rand McNally Building the last remaining technical issues were resolved, resulting in the first entirely self-supporting, steel-framed skyscraper.[46] Some buildings, such as The Rookery and the Monadnock Building, combined elements of both the newer and older styles, but generally Chicago rapidly adopted steel structures as a flexible and effective way to produce a range of tall buildings.[47] Specialist professional structural engineers began to establish practices in Chicago specialising in the steel frames need for the new skyscraper.[48]", "Skyscraper. The term \"skyscraper\" was first applied to buildings of steel framed construction of at least 10 stories in the late 19th century, a result of public amazement at the tall buildings being built in major American cities like Chicago, New York City, Philadelphia, Detroit, and St. Louis.[4] The first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building (originally 10 stories with a height of 42 m or 138 ft) in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Some point to Philadelphia's 10-story Jayne Building (1849–50) as a proto-skyscraper, or to New York's seven-floor Equitable Life Building (New York City), built in 1870, for its innovative use of a kind of skeletal frame, but such designation depends largely on what factors are chosen. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic.[5][6]", "Skyscraper. Burnham and Root's 45 m (148 ft) Rand McNally Building in Chicago, 1889, was the first all-steel framed skyscraper,[30] while Louis Sullivan's 41 m (135 ft) Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri, 1891, was the first steel-framed building with soaring vertical bands to emphasize the height of the building and is therefore considered to be the first early skyscraper.", "Skyscraper. An early modern example of high-rise housing was in 17th-century Edinburgh, Scotland, where a defensive city wall defined the boundaries of the city. Due to the restricted land area available for development, the houses increased in height instead. Buildings of 11 stories were common, and there are records of buildings as high as 14 stories. Many of the stone-built structures can still be seen today in the old town of Edinburgh. The oldest iron framed building in the world, although only partially iron framed, is The Flaxmill (also locally known as the \"Maltings\"), in Shrewsbury, England. Built in 1797, it is seen as the \"grandfather of skyscrapers\", since its fireproof combination of cast iron columns and cast iron beams developed into the modern steel frame that made modern skyscrapers possible. In 2013 funding was confirmed to convert the derelict building into offices.[23]", "Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. While continuing his traditional neoclassical design practice Mies began to develop visionary projects that, though mostly unbuilt, rocketed him to fame as an architect capable of giving form that was in harmony with the spirit of the emerging modern society. Boldly abandoning ornament altogether, Mies made a dramatic modernist debut with his stunning competition proposal for the faceted all-glass Friedrichstraße skyscraper in 1921, followed by a taller curved version in 1922 named the Glass Skyscraper.[13]", "Home Insurance Building. The building was completed in 1885 in Chicago, Illinois, and was the first tall building to use structural steel in its frame,[4] but the majority of its structure was composed of cast and wrought iron. While the Ditherington Flax Mill was an earlier fireproof-metal-framed building and is sometimes considered to be the first skyscraper, it was only five stories tall.[5]", "Early skyscrapers. Efforts were made to improve the processes for erecting skyscrapers, largely through the work of general contractors such as Louis Horowitz and Frank Gilbreth, who in turn drew on recent work by efficiency specialist Frederick Taylor.[142] Time schedules were devised for all the work to be undertaken, with cost carefully monitored and reports produced each day.[143] The results were demonstrated on the Woolworth Building construction project, where 1,153 tonnes (1,153,000 kg) of steel were assembled in only six days, a record for the period.[143] Improved windbracing techniques introduced.[116] The use of pneumatic caissons in skyscraper foundations grew more advanced; in the construction of the 1908 Manhattan Municipal Building they were successfully sunk 144 feet (44 m) below the surface, with specially conditioned workers operating in shifts with constant medical support.[144]", "Early skyscrapers. Much of this commentary was positive, reflecting an optimism about technology and the direction of urban life in general.[257] Skyscrapers were seen as an expression of rational engineering, the perfect buildings for mankind to live in, as celebrated in artist Louis Lozowick's lithographs.[258] Some other proponents of skyscrapers likened them to medieval cathedrals, symbols of the modern age.[259] Poems depicted skyscrapers as objects of sublime, rational beauty, Ferris describing them as \"buildings like crystals, walls of translucent glass, sheer glass blocks sheathing a steel grill\".[260] At Chicago's Century of Progress exposition in 1933, skyscrapers and technology were portrayed as a solution for America's current and future problems.[226] The French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier acclaimed New York in 1935 as being \"overwhelming, amazing, exciting, violently alive\", but went on to complain that there were still too few skyscrapers, and those that had been built were not yet tall enough.[261] Lewis Hine, employed to record the building of the Empire State Building, portrayed the skyscraper construction teams as courageous heroes, creating a genre of photography that continued up until 1941.[262]", "Skyscraper. By 1895, steel had replaced cast iron as skyscrapers' structural material. Its malleability allowed it to be formed into a variety of shapes, and it could be riveted, ensuring strong connections.[55] The simplicity of a steel frame eliminated the inefficient part of a shear wall, the central portion, and consolidated support members in a much stronger fashion by allowing both horizontal and vertical supports throughout. Among steel's drawbacks is that as more material must be supported as height increases, the distance between supporting members must decrease, which in turn increases the amount of material that must be supported. This becomes inefficient and uneconomic for buildings above 40 stories tall as usable floor spaces are reduced for supporting column and due to more usage of steel.[53]", "Early skyscrapers. The architects of early skyscrapers faced a number of challenges. The most fashionable architectural style in the late 19th century was the French Beaux-Arts movement, sometimes termed the Italian Renaissance style, which applied Classical aesthetic principles to modern buildings.[68] American architects trained in the Beaux-Arts style at the Parisian Académie des Beaux-Arts began to return home in the 1880s, bringing these ideals and standards with them. Applying contemporary Beaux-Arts standards to early skyscrapers, however, was not straightforward. The buildings that the Beaux-Arts movement emulated and built were typically much shorter and broader than any skyscraper, and it was impossible to accurately reproduce the style in a tall, narrow building.[68]", "Skyscraper. The structural definition of the word skyscraper was refined later by architectural historians, based on engineering developments of the 1880s that had enabled construction of tall multi-story buildings. This definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicago's Monadnock Building.", "History of Chicago. The soft, swampy ground near the lake proved unstable ground for tall masonry buildings. While this was an early constraint, builders developed the innovative use of steel framing for support and invented the skyscraper in Chicago. The city became a leader in modern architecture and set the model nationwide for achieving vertical city densities.[22]", "Louis Sullivan. Because Sullivan's remarkable accomplishments in design and construction occurred at such a critical time in architectural history, he often has been described as the \"father\" of the American skyscraper. In truth, however, many architects had been building skyscrapers before or contemporarily with Sullivan. Chicago was replete with extraordinary designers and builders in the late years of the nineteenth century, including Sullivan's partner, Dankmar Adler, as well as Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root. Root was one of the builders of the Monadnock Building (see above). That and another Root design, the Masonic Temple Tower (both in Chicago), are cited by many as the originators of skyscraper aesthetics of bearing wall and column-frame construction respectively.", "Early skyscrapers. Wider artistic sentiments varied. Many, like, Alfred Stieglitz harboured mixed feelings over New York's skyscrapers, reflected in his famous 1903 portrait of the Gridiron building, and his 1910 work Old and New New York that contrasts the growing steel frame of the emerging Vanderbilt Hotel with the old low-rise blocks of the street below.[155] Poets also wrote about the issues, the early Modernist Sadakichi Hartmann describing how \"from the city's stir and madd'ning roar\" the Flatiron's \"monstrous shape soars in massive flight\".[156] Artists such as Alvin Coburn and John Marin experimented with producing portraits of New York's skyscrapers, capturing the positive and negative aspects of the modern structures.[157] In 1908 artist Harry Pettit produced a romantic interpretation of a future New York, filled with giant skyscrapers supporting aerial bridges and receiving dirigibles from around the globe.[158]", "Early skyscrapers. The early years of the 20th century saw a range of technically sophisticated, architecturally confident skyscrapers built in New York; academics Sarah Landau and Carl Condit term this \"the first great age\" of skyscraper building.[108] Some were relatively conservative buildings in a classical style, such as the Mutual Life, Atlantic Mutual and Broad Exchange Buildings, all designed by Clinton and Russell.[109] Others broke new ground, including the Flatiron Building which opened in 1903 near Madison Square.[110] The Chicago firm of Daniel Hudsdon Burnham designed the 307 feet (94 m) high, 21 story structure; the unusually shaped, narrow building needed particularly strong wind bracing, while the facade was richly textured and incorporated stylistic features more common in Chicago.[111] A critical and popular success, the Flatiron was likened to the Parthenon of Ancient Greece and became, for a time, a New York icon.[112]", "History of the world's tallest buildings. In the 19th Century, a new kind of structure was developed in Shrewsbury, UK using an iron or steel internal structure (instead of the outer walls) to bear the building's weight. The taller of these buildings are called skyscrapers. The Ditherington Flax Mill was the first iron framed building, and for this reason is often seen as 'the world's first skyscraper', despite being only five storeys tall. This design feature would become standard in skyscrapers all across the world. The Ditherington Flax Mill was constructed 87 years before the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, which is often credited with being the first metal-framed building.", "Steel frame. The Home Insurance Building, completed in 1885, was the first to use skeleton frame construction, relying on its masonry cladding for stability. In this case the iron columns are merely embedded in the walls, and their load carrying capacity appears to be secondary to the capacity of the masonry, particularly for wind loads. In the United States, the first steel framed building was the Rand McNally Building in Chicago, erected in 1890.", "Louis Sullivan. The development of cheap, versatile steel in the second half of the nineteenth century changed those rules. America was in the midst of rapid social and economic growth that made for great opportunities in architectural design. A much more urbanized society was forming and the society called out for new, larger buildings. The mass production of steel was the main driving force behind the ability to build skyscrapers during the mid-1880s. By assembling a framework of steel girders, architects and builders suddenly could create tall, slender buildings with a strong and relatively lightweight steel skeleton. The rest of the building elements—walls, floors, ceilings, and windows—were suspended from the skeleton, which carried the weight. This new way of constructing buildings, so-called \"column-frame\" construction, pushed them up rather than out. The steel weight-bearing frame allowed not just taller buildings, but permitted much larger windows, which meant more daylight reaching interior spaces. Interior walls became thinner, which created more usable floor space.", "Skyscraper. In 1857 Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, allowing convenient and safe passenger movement to upper floors. Another crucial development was the use of a steel frame instead of stone or brick, otherwise the walls on the lower floors on a tall building would be too thick to be practical. An early development in this area was Oriel Chambers in Liverpool, England. It was only five floors high.[24][25][26] Further developments led to the world's first skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1884–1885.[27] While its height is not considered very impressive today, it was at that time. The building of tall buildings in the 1880s gave the skyscraper its first architectural movement the Chicago School, which developed what has been called the Commercial Style.[28]", "Skyscraper. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls. These curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a steel frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete.", "Skyscraper. The concept of a skyscraper is a product of the industrialized age, made possible by cheap fossil fuel derived energy and industrially refined raw materials such as steel and concrete. The construction of skyscrapers was enabled by steel frame construction that surpassed brick and mortar construction starting at the end of the 19th century and finally surpassing it in the 20th century together with reinforced concrete construction as the price of steel decreased and labour costs increased.", "Early skyscrapers. In comparison, New York trailed behind Chicago, having only four buildings over 16 stories tall by 1893.[60] Part of the delay was caused by the slowness of the city authorities to authorize metal-frame construction techniques; it was not until 1889 that they relented and allowed Bradford Gilbert to construct the Tower Building, an 11-story iron-framed skyscraper.[61] This encouraged the building of more skyscraper towers in New York, although the city remained cautious about the technology for some years.[62] Finally, in 1895 a breakthrough was made with the construction of the American Surety Building, a twenty-story, 303-foot (92 m) high-steel development that broke Chicago's height record.[63] From then on, New York thoroughly embraced skeleton frame construction.[63] In particular, New York newspaper companies adopted the skyscraper, building several along Park Row, sometimes termed \"Newspaper Row\", in the 1880s and 1890s.[64] A few early skyscrapers were also constructed in Baltimore, Boston, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and Buffalo, including the Wainwright and the Guaranty Buildings.[65] Early examples on the West Coast include the Old Chronicle Building and the Call Building in San Francisco,[66] as well as the Luzon Building in Tacoma, Washington.[67]", "Louis Sullivan. Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924)[1] was an American architect, and has been called the \"father of skyscrapers\"[2] and \"father of modernism\".[3] He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper, was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School. Along with Wright and Henry Hobson Richardson, Sullivan is one of \"the recognized trinity of American architecture\".[4] \"Form follows function\" is attributed to him although he credited the origin of the concept to an ancient Roman architect. In 1944, he was the second architect to posthumously receive the AIA Gold Medal.[5]" ]

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[ "FIFA Club World Cup. As of 2012, most teams qualify to the FIFA Club World by winning their continental competitions, be it the Asian AFC Champions League, African CAF Champions League, North American CONCACAF Champions League, South American Copa Libertadores, Oceanian OFC Champions League or European UEFA Champions League. Aside from these, the host nation's national league champions qualify as well.[145]", "FIFA Club World Cup. The FIFA Club World Cup is an international men's association football competition organised by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The competition was first contested in 2000 as the FIFA Club World Championship. It was not held between 2001 and 2004 due to a combination of factors, most importantly the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure. Since 2005, the competition has been held every year, and has been hosted by Brazil, Japan, the United Arab Emirates and Morocco. The FIFA Club World Cup's prestige is perceived quite differently in different parts of the football world: while it is widely regarded as the most distinguished club level trophy in South America, it struggles to attract interest in most of Europe.", "2017 FIFA Club World Cup Final. The FIFA Club World Cup, held annually in December, is contested between the winners of continental club competitions and the winners of the host nation's league.", "2017 FIFA Club World Cup Final. Note: On 27 October 2017, FIFA officially recognized all the champions of the Intercontinental Cup as club world champions, in equal status to the FIFA Club World Cup.[4]", "FIFA Club World Cup. Seven players have won the FIFA Club World Cup on three occasions: Dani Alves,[160] Sergio Busquets,[161] Andrés Iniesta,[162] Lionel Messi,[101] Gerard Piqué,[163] Cristiano Ronaldo[164] and Toni Kroos.[165]", "FIFA Club World Cup. The current format of the tournament involves seven teams competing for the title at venues within the host nation over a period of about two weeks; the winners of that year's AFC Champions League (Asia), CAF Champions League (Africa), CONCACAF Champions League (North America), Copa Libertadores (South America), OFC Champions League (Oceania) and UEFA Champions League (Europe), along with the host nation's national champions, participate in a straight knock-out tournament. The host nation's national champions dispute a play-off against the Oceania champions, from which the winner joins the champions of Asia, Africa and North America at the quarter-finals. The quarter-final winners go on to face the European and South American champions, who enter at the semi-final stage, for a place in the final.", "FIFA Club World Cup. The United Arab Emirates applied, with success, for the right to host the FIFA Club World Cup in 2009 and 2010.[87] Barcelona dethroned world and European champions Manchester United in the 2009 UEFA Champions League final to qualify for that year's Club World Cup.[88] After a close final encounter, which saw the need for extra-time, Lionel Messi scored from a header to snatch victory for Barcelona and complete an unprecedented sextuple.[89][90][91][92][93] The 2010 tournament saw the first team from outside Europe or South America side to reach the final: DR Congo's TP Mazembe defeated Brazil's Internacional 2–0 in the semi-final to face Internazionale, who had beaten South Korean club Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma 3–0.[94][95] Internazionale would go on to beat Mazembe with the same scoreline to complete their quintuple.[96][97]", "FIFA Club World Cup. The maiden edition of this competition was separated into two rounds. The eight participants were split into two groups of four teams. The winner of each group met in the final while the runners-up played for third place. The competition changed its format during the 2005 relaunch into a single-elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one-off matches, with extra time and penalty shoot-outs used to decide the winner if necessary. It featured six clubs competing over a two-week period.There were three stages: the quarter-final round, the semi-final round and the final. The quarter-final stage pitted the Oceanian Champions League winners, the African Champions League winners, the Asian Champions League winners and the North American Champions League winners against each other. Afterwards, the winners of those games would go on to the semi-finals to play the European Champions League winners and South America's Copa Libertadores winners. The victors of each semi-final would play go on to play in the final.[145]", "FIFA Club World Cup. Since its inception in 2000, the competition, despite its name and the contestants' achievements, has received differing reception. In most of Europe it struggles to find broad media attention compared to the UEFA Champions League and commonly lacks recognition as a high-ranking contest.[172][173] In South America, however, it is widely considered the highest point in the career of a footballer, coach and/or team at international club level.[174][175]", "List of FIFA Club World Cup finals. The current format of the tournament involves seven teams competing for the title at venues within the host nation over a period of about two weeks; the winners of that year's edition of the Asian AFC Champions League, African CAF Champions League, North American CONCACAF Champions League, South American Copa Libertadores, Oceanian OFC Champions League and European UEFA Champions League, along with the host nation's national champion, participate in a straight knockout tournament.[1]", "List of FIFA Club World Cup finals. The FIFA Club World Cup is an international association football competition organised by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body.[1] The championship was first contested as the FIFA Club World Championship in 2000.[2] It was not held between 2001 and 2004 due to a combination of factors, most importantly the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure.[3] Following a change in format which saw the FIFA Club World Championship absorb the Toyota Cup, it was relaunched in 2005 and took its current name the season afterwards.[4]", "2017 FIFA Club World Cup Final. Brazilian club Grêmio qualified for their first Club World Cup by winning the 2017 Copa Libertadores in November. They entered the semi-finals round, facing North American champions C.F. Pachuca of Mexico, who had defeated African champions Wydad Casablanca of Morocco in the quarter-finals.[9] Grêmio won the match 1–0 in extra time, on a goal scored by Éverton in the 95th minute.[10]", "2017 FIFA Club World Cup Final. Real Madrid qualified for their fourth Club World Cup by winning the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League. The club previously won the 2014 and 2016 editions of the Club World Cup, second only to FC Barcelona in number of wins.[6] Madrid entered the competition in the semi-finals, facing UAE Pro-League champions Al-Jazira, who had won against Oceania champion Auckland City FC of New Zealand and Asian champions Urawa Red Diamonds of Japan.[7] Real Madrid won the match 2–1, after controversial decisions by the referee and video assistant referee system.[8]", "FIFA Club World Cup. The first FIFA Club World Championship took place in Brazil in 2000. It ran in parallel with the Intercontinental Cup (also known as European/South American Cup), a competition organised jointly by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL) first disputed in 1960 by the winners of the European Champions' Cup and the Copa Libertadores. In 2005, after the Intercontinental Cup's last edition, that competition was merged with the Club World Cup's pilot edition and renamed the \"FIFA Club World Championship\". In 2006, the tournament took its current name.", "2016 FIFA Club World Cup. The application process for the 2015–16 as well as the 2017–18 editions, i.e. two hosts, each hosting two years, began in February 2014.[5] Member associations interested in hosting had to submit a declaration of interest by 30 March 2014, and provide the complete set of bidding documents by 25 August 2014.[6] The FIFA Executive Committee was to select the hosts at their meeting in Morocco in December 2014.[7] However, no such decision regarding the 2015–2016 host was made until 2015.", "FIFA Club World Cup. The 2000 FIFA Club World Championship was the inaugural edition of this competition; it provided US$28 million in prize money for its participants. The prize money received by the clubs participating was divided into fixed payments based on participation and results. Clubs finishing the tournament from fifth to eighth place received US$2.5 million. The club who would eventually finish in fourth place received US$3 million while the third-place team received US$4 million. The runner-up earned US$5 million while the eventual champions would gain US$6 million.[153]", "2017 FIFA Club World Cup Final. The 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Final was the final match of the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup, the 13th edition of the FIFA Club World Cup, a FIFA-organised football tournament contested by the champions of the six continental confederations, as well as the league winner from the host nation. The final was played at the Zayed Sports City Stadium in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates on 16 December 2017 and was contested between Spanish club and title holders Real Madrid, representing UEFA as the reigning champions of the UEFA Champions League, and Brazilian club Grêmio, representing CONMEBOL as the reigning champions of the Copa Libertadores.[3]", "English football clubs in international competitions. The FIFA Club World Cup (or the FIFA Club World Championship, as it was originally called) has been won by Premier league clubs once (Manchester United in 2008),[5] and they have also been runners-up twice,[6][7] behind Spain's La Liga[10][11] with six wins, Brazil's Série A with four wins,[6][7][8][9] and Italy's Serie A[12][13] with two wins.", "FIFA Club World Cup. With the introduction of the current format, which now has a fifth place match and a place for the host nation's national league champions, the format slightly changed. There are now four stages: the play-off round, the quarter-final round, the semi-final round and the final. The first stage pits the host nation's national league champions against the Oceanian Champions League winners. The winner of that stage would go on the quarter-finals to join the African Champions League winners, the AFC Champions League winners and the CONCACAF Champions League winners. The winners of those games would go on to the semi-finals to play the UEFA Champions League winners and South America's Copa Libertadores winners. The winners of each semi-final play each other in the final.[145]", "FIFA Club World Cup. Like the FIFA World Cup, the FIFA Club World Cup is sponsored by a group of multinational corporations. Toyota Motor Corporation, a Japanese multinational automaker headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan, was the Presenting Partner of the FIFA Club World Cup until its sponsorship agreement expired at the end of December 2014 and was not renewed.[156] Because Toyota was an automobile manufacturer and the main sponsor of the tournament, Hyundai-Kia's status as a FIFA partner was not active with respect to the Club World Cup prior to 2015. However, the other FIFA partners – Adidas, Coca-Cola, and Visa – retained full sponsorship rights. From 2015 to 2022, the tournament will be presented by Alibaba E-Auto.[157]", "FIFA Club World Cup. Although FIFA hoped to eventually transform the International Soccer League into a Club World Cup, the Intercontinental Cup had attracted the interest of other continents.[19] The North and Central America confederation, CONCACAF, was created in 1961 to organise its intentions of allowing its clubs to participate in the Copa Libertadores and, by extension, the Intercontinental Cup.[20] However, their entry into both competitions was rejected. Subsequently, the CONCACAF Champions' Cup began in 1962.[21] FIFA was asked by CONMEBOL and UEFA in 1963 to make the Intercontinental Cup official; however, FIFA gave the same response as in 1960 and stated that they would only recognise the competition if the Asian and African champions were included.[22]", "2016 FIFA Club World Cup. Each team had to name a 23-man squad (three of whom must be goalkeepers). Injury replacements were allowed until 24 hours before the team's first match.[3] The official squads (excluding the host team, who was yet to be determined[citation needed]) were announced on 1 December 2016.[15]", "FIFA Club World Cup. The inaugural competition was planned to be contested in 1999 by the continental club winners of 1998, the Intercontinental Cup winners and the host nation's national club champions, but it was postponed by one year. When it was rescheduled, the competition had eight new participants from the continental champions of 1999: Brazilian clubs Corinthians and Vasco da Gama, English side Manchester United, Mexican club Necaxa, Moroccan club Raja Casablanca, Spanish side Real Madrid, Saudi club Al-Nassr, and Australian club South Melbourne.[68] The first goal of the competition was scored by Real Madrid's Nicolas Anelka in a 3–1 win over Al-Nassr on 5 January 2000.[69] The final was an all-Brazilian affair, as well as the only one which saw one side have home advantage.[70] Vasco da Gama could not take advantage of its local support, being beaten by Corinthians 4–3 on penalties after a 0–0 draw in extra time.[71]", "FIFA Club World Cup. In 1970, during its Congress in Mexico, FIFA officially proposed for the first time the creation of a FIFA Club World Cup, to feature champion clubs of all confederations. The proposal received a negative response from the Europeans.[39][40][41] In 1973, French newspaper L'Équipe, who helped bring about the birth of the European Cup,[42] volunteered to sponsor a Club World Cup contested by the champions of Europe, South America, North America and Africa, the only continental club tournaments in existence at the time; the competition was to potentially take place in Paris between September and October 1974, with an eventual final to be held at the Parc des Princes. The extreme negativity of the Europeans prevented this from happening.[43] L'Équipe tried once again in 1975 to create a Club World Cup, in which participants would have been the four semi-finalists of the European Cup, both finalists of the Copa Libertadores, as well as the African and Asian champions.[44] However, UEFA, via its president, Artemio Franchi, declined once again and the proposal failed.[45]", "FIFA Club World Cup. At the end of each Club World Cup, awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament. There are currently four awards:[150]", "2016 FIFA Club World Cup. On 18 March 2016, the FIFA Executive Committee agreed that the competition would be part of the International Football Association Board's trial to allow a fourth substitute to be made during extra time.[20]", "FIFA Club World Cup. The winners of the competition also receive the FIFA Club World Cup Champions Badge; it features an image of the trophy, which the reigning champion is entitled to display on its kit until the final of the next championship. The first edition of the badge was presented to Milan, the winners of the 2007 final.[151] All four previous champions were allowed to wear the badge until the 2008 final, where Manchester United gained the sole right to wear the badge by winning the trophy.[152]", "FIFA Club World Cup. Mexican clubs Necaxa and Monterrey, as well as Costa Rica's Saprissa, have each earned third place, North America's best results. Auckland City has earned third place and is the only OFC team to reach the semi-finals.", "FIFA Club World Cup. The current champions are Spain's Real Madrid, who defeated Japan's Kashima Antlers 4–2 in the final of the 2016 edition, to win a second title in the competition. European teams have been the most successful, with nine titles.", "FIFA Club World Cup. The idea that FIFA should organise international club competitions dates from the beginning of the 1950s.[5] In 1951, FIFA President Jules Rimet was asked about FIFA's involvement in the Copa Rio, and stated that it was not under FIFA's jurisdiction since it was organised and sponsored by the Brazilian Football Confederation (Confederação Brasileira de Futebol; CBF).[6] The competition was succeeded by another tournament, named Torneio Octogonal Rivadavia Corrêa Meyer, which was won by Vasco da Gama.[7] This tournament had five Brazilian sides, and three foreign clubs,[8] thus, losing half of its intercontinental aspect. In December 2007, FIFA turned down Palmeiras' request to recognise the tournament as a Club World Cup since the participants were limited to two continents.[9]", "FIFA Club World Cup. For the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup, a play-off match between the OFC champions and the host-nation champions for entry into the quarter-final stage was introduced in order to increase home interest in the tournament. The reintroduction of the match for fifth place for the 2008 competition also prompted an increase in prize money by US$500,000 to a total of US$16.5 million.[155]", "FIFA Club World Cup. The tournament's current event sponsors and brands advertised (in italic) are:[159]" ]

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[ "Jack Malone. Special Agent John \"Jack\" Michael Malone is a character in the CBS crime drama Without a Trace, portrayed by Anthony LaPaglia. He was the lead agent for the New York City FBI missing persons case squad. His departmental title is Supervisory Special Agent of New York District Unit C-8.[1] He appeared on a crossover episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation called \"Who and What\".[2]", "Anthony LaPaglia. He played the role of Joe in the coming-of-age comedy Empire Records and John in the film Autumn In New York, as well as FBI agent Jack Malone on the American television series Without a Trace, for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama.[2]\nHe also appeared in eight episodes of Frasier as Daphne Moon's alcoholic brother Simon.", "Timothy Busfield. Busfield also dabbles in directing television and has directed multiple episodes of thirtysomething, Without a Trace (on which he appeared as a divorce lawyer, in a wheelchair, for Jack Malone), and the Sorkin/Schlamme predecessor to The West Wing, Sports Night.", "Anthony LaPaglia. In addition to playing the central character in Without a Trace during 2002–09, LaPaglia co-wrote an episode entitled \"Deep Water\".[5]", "Alexander Mahone. Mahone returns to his family home to find his son has been murdered and since he is a wanted criminal, he is arrested by the police. Mahone is contacted by Agent Don Self (Michael Rapaport), a Homeland Security agent who was working with Whistler to take down the Company. He offers Mahone freedom if he joins an unofficial operation to recover Scylla from the Company. Mahone accepts, learning that other members of the operation are Michael, Lincoln, Sara, Bellick, Sucre[29] and computer hacker and identity thief Roland Glenn (James Hiroyuki Liao). The group devises a plan to regain the card, which succeeds, however, they learn that Scylla is actually made up of six cards held by different members of The Company. The group continues to look for the other cards,[30] while Mahone asks Lang to find out who killed his son.[31]", "Without a Trace (season 1). Jack and Martin appear in court as witnesses for the prosecution at the pre-trial hearing of Graham Spaulding, the headteacher and paedophile responsible for the disappearance of Andy Deaver. Meanwhile, back at the office, the rest of the squad are under fire too, as the FBI is conducting an internal review of some of their old cases. The investigation threatens to expose the secret of Sam and Jack's past relationship. It isn't long before the agents realize that the focus of the investigation is clearly focused on Jack and that the agent conducting the audit of the files has a very specific agenda in mind. Martin contacts his father in an attempt to uncover the truth.", "Steven Weber (actor). In 2006, he rejoined former Wings co-star Tony Shalhoub in a guest role on Monk. The same year, Weber played the role of network boss Jack Rudolph in the NBC series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip. In 2008, Weber starred in Alliance Group Entertainment's feature film Farm House, where he played Samael, a mysterious vineyard owner. Weber also guest starred on the drama series Brothers and Sisters as Graham Finch, a business specialist. He also guest-starred on Psych as Jack Spencer, Shawn Spencer's uncle and Henry Spencer's brother. He also starred on Desperate Housewives in 2008. Weber appeared as a recurring guest on the 2008-09 season of the CBS crime drama Without a Trace.", "Sam Malone. —John Ratzenberger, actor", "The Jacket. After miraculously recovering from an apparently fatal bullet wound to the head, Gulf War veteran Jack Starks (Adrien Brody) returns to Vermont in 1992, suffering from periods of amnesia. While walking, he sees a young girl, Jackie (Laura Marano), and her alcoholic mother (Kelly Lynch) in despair beside their broken-down truck. Starks and Jackie quickly form a certain affinity; she asks him to give her his dogtags and he does so. He gets the truck started for them and continues on his way. Shortly after, a man driving along the same highway gives Jack a ride and they get pulled over by a policeman.", "Alexandra Kyle. She made a guest appearance on Without a Trace on CBS, which aired as the fourth episode of the fifth season in 2006.", "Jena Malone. Malone made her acting debut in the television film Bastard Out of Carolina (1996); subsequently, she starred in a number of mainstream and independent films including Ellen Foster (1997), Contact (1997), Stepmom (1998), Donnie Darko (2001), Life as a House (2001), Hitler: The Rise of Evil (2003), Saved! (2004), Pride & Prejudice (2005), Into the Wild (2007), The Ruins (2008), Sucker Punch (2011) and The Neon Demon (2016). She played Johanna Mason in The Hunger Games film series.", "Harrison Ford. The 1990s brought Ford the role of Jack Ryan in Tom Clancy's Patriot Games (1992) and Clear and Present Danger (1994); as well as leading roles in Alan Pakula's Presumed Innocent (1990) and The Devil's Own (1997); Andrew Davis' The Fugitive (1993); Sydney Pollack's remake of Sabrina (1995); and Wolfgang Petersen's Air Force One (1997). Ford also played straight dramatic roles, including an adulterous husband in both Presumed Innocent (1990) and What Lies Beneath (2000), and a recovering amnesiac in Mike Nichols' Regarding Henry (1991).[14]", "Jena Malone. Malone appeared in the horror film, The Ruins, which was released on April 4, 2008, and co-starred Shawn Ashmore, Laura Ramsey, and Jonathan Tucker. She played Lavinia in an off-Broadway revival of Eugene O'Neill's play Mourning Becomes Electra in 2009. In 2011, Malone played the role of Rocket in Zack Snyder's Sucker Punch, which flopped at the box office and caused the actress to consider focusing on her photography and band, The Shoe. It was after the huge success of her next role in The History Channel's miniseries Hatfields and McCoys that Malone's passion for acting returned.[18] In 2012, Malone also starred in a series on the YouTube channel Wigs entitled Dakota, portraying the title character. She also played the role of Carson McCullers in the film Lonely Hunter, directed by Deborah Kampmeir.[19] Malone played Johanna Mason in three out of four films in The Hunger Games franchise, Catching Fire, Mockingjay – Part 1, and Mockingjay – Part 2.[20]", "Stephen Merchant. Merchant has played small roles in the films Hot Fuzz (2007), Run Fatboy Run (2007), and The Invention of Lying (2009). He has a supporting role in the 2010 film Tooth Fairy. On television, Merchant made a cameo appearance in a non-speaking role on the sixth-season premiere of 24; he also starred as a sports commentator in the unaired pilot No Skillz. In 2009, Merchant and Gervais collaborated on the film Cemetery Junction, set in working-class England in the 1970s, which received mixed to positive reviews on its release in 2010.", "Linda Hunt. Her television appearances include recurring roles as Judge Zoey Hiller on David E. Kelley's series The Practice and as Dr. Claire Bryson on Without a Trace. She has narrated several installments of The American Experience on PBS. Since 2009, she has co-starred as Operations Manager Henrietta \"Hetty\" Lange, on the CBS show NCIS: Los Angeles with Chris O'Donnell, LL Cool J, Daniela Ruah, Eric Christian Olsen, and Barrett Foa.", "Joseph Sikora. He also took part in plays and was part of the Geffen Theatre's production of Fat Pig and the Lost Angeles Theatre's production of Killer Joe.[4] He made a lot of TV appearances between 2005–2012, appearing in major network shows including ER, Grey's Anatomy, Criminal Minds, Without a Trace, CSI: Miami, Prison Break, Lost, and Dollhouse.[5] He was later cast in the 2007 horror film Night Skies.", "Travis Van Winkle. In 2011, Van Winkle starred in the suspense thriller film 247°F co-starring Scout Taylor-Compton.[8] In 2012, he starred in the independent comedy Last Call about two underachieving cousins, Danny (Van Winkle) and Phil have to prove themselves when they are charged with managing the family pub, in a bid to save their wayward uncle from prison and financial ruin.[9] He starred as Greg in the thriller Bloodwork co-starring Tricia Helfer.[10]", "Stockard Channing. Channing starred in two short-lived sitcoms on CBS in 1979 and 1980: Stockard Channing in Just Friends and The Stockard Channing Show. In both shows, she co-starred with actress Sydney Goldsmith, who played her best friend in both. When her Hollywood career faltered after these failures, Channing returned to her theatre roots.[15] Nevertheless, she continued to appear in movies, often in supporting roles, including 1983's Without a Trace (alongside Kate Nelligan and Judd Hirsch), Mike Nichols' 1986 Heartburn (re-teaming with Nichols and Jack Nicholson, and co-starring Meryl Streep), The Men's Club (also 1986; featuring Roy Scheider, Harvey Keitel, and Jennifer Jason Leigh), A Time of Destiny (1988; with William Hurt, Timothy Hutton, and Melissa Leo), and Staying Together (1989; directed by Lee Grant, and co-starring Melinda Dillon and Levon Helm.)", "Matt Barr. Matthew Jerome Barr (born February 14, 1984) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Johnse Hatfield in Hatfields & McCoys with Kevin Costner, Mike Fleming in Commander in Chief, Ian Banks in One Tree Hill, Christopher Sullivan in the mystery-horror limited series Harper's Island, and Dan Patch in The CW's series Hellcats.", "Jack Reacher (film). The police soon arrive at the scene of the murder, headed by Detective Emerson (David Oyelowo), and discover a shell casing as well as the quarter used to pay for parking. A fingerprint taken from the coin points to James Barr (Joseph Sikora), a former U.S. Army sniper. When the police raid his house, they find the van, equipment for reloading rifle cartridges, the rifle in question, and Barr asleep in his bed.", "Kent McCord. In 1989, he co-starred on the short-lived crime drama Unsub. He re-teamed with Martin Milner, his co-star in Adam-12, in the cable TV-movie Nashville Beat (1990), originally shown on The Nashville Network (now Spike). In 1990, McCord appeared in the film Predator 2 as Captain Pilgrim. He appeared as Jack in Out for Justice (1991), and played John Reynolds in Return of the Living Dead 3 (1993).[3]", "Ross Malinger. He appeared in the episode \"Shattered\" on Without a Trace (which aired on April 27, 2006) as Jason McMurphy.", "Peter Hermann (actor). He also guested on 30 Rock during its first season, and starred in ABC's mid-season replacement series, Cashmere Mafia, as Davis Draper. As of 2011 he appears in the Broadway play War Horse, and makes occasional appearances as Erin Reagan's ex-husband John \"Jack\" Boyle on Blue Bloods.[6][7][8]", "William Baldwin. In 2001, Baldwin played a leading role in the television film Double Bang which aired on HBO. Since then, Baldwin has played in other projects such as Red Rover in 2003, Park, Feel and Lenexa, 1 Mile in 2006, Adrift in Manhattan, A Plumm Summer, Noise, and Humble Pie in 2007. His 2004 film Art Heist received much attentions when its released on DVD. Baldwin has continued to act in films and on television, but has not taken many leading roles. He was well received in a supporting role in the 2005 film The Squid and the Whale alongside Laura Linney and Jeff Daniels, for which he earned the Gotham Award for Best Cast. He also co-starred in ABC's Dirty Sexy Money as Donald Sutherland's oldest son, Patrick Darling IV, for the duration of the show until April 2009. In 2008, he appeared in the comedy film Forgetting Sarah Marshall which stars Jason Segel and Kristen Bell, as Detective Hunter Rush. In February 2010, audiences got to hear his first time playing Batman in Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths, a loose adaptation of Grant Morrison's JLA: Earth 2 story.[6]", "Jack Malone. In the fourth season, Jack dealt with the death of his father (played by Martin Landau) from Alzheimer's Disease and started a new relationship with Anne (Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio), the widow of a fellow agent. Soon after they started dating, he learned that Anne was pregnant, which was an unpleasant surprise to both of them.", "Kyle MacLachlan. In 2003, MacLachlan made his Broadway debut as Aston in Harold Pinter's The Caretaker with Patrick Stewart.[29] He portrayed the spirit of Cary Grant in the 2004 film Touch of Pink.[30] His resemblance to Grant had been previously noted in an episode of Twin Peaks. In 2004 he also had a guest role on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, in which he played a psychiatrist who shot and killed a sociopathic child who had murdered his son.[31] He was a guest star on the show again in 2011 as a politician whose son is involved in a rape accusation.[32]", "Craig Parkinson. In 2011 he starred in the British independent film Ghosted, playing the psychotic and violent prisoner Clay. The film also starred John Lynch, Parkinson's brother-in-law, and Martin Compston, with whom Parkinson had previously starred in SoulBoy. In the same year, Parkinson played Tommy Flynn in the BBC sitcom In with the Flynns. Parkinson's character was described as \"the star of the show\" by David Butcher of the Radio Times and \"the standout character of the show\" by On the Box's Harry Hamburg.[6][7]", "Matt Barr. Some of Barr's roles include playing Ian Banks, Peyton Sawyer's (played by Hilarie Burton) stalker on One Tree Hill. Barr has also portrayed guest and recurring roles on popular television series ER, Bones, The O.C. and Commander in Chief. He starred as David Stanley in the direct to DVD film Protecting the King as Elvis Presley's youngest step-brother.", "Fab Filippo. His best-known roles include Scott Hope in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, violinist Ethan Gold in Queer as Folk, Dom Ramone in Ready or Not and lawyer Sam Caponelli in Billable Hours, as well as the films waydowntown, The Life Before This and Lives of the Saints. He played the lead role, Roland Travis, in the short lived series Level 9. He also appeared as Johnny, an adolescent unaware of the fact that he is a ghost, in an episode of the popular Nickelodeon series Are You Afraid of the Dark?", "Ben Savage. In 2008, he starred as Mark Ratner in an episode of the NBC series Chuck, as well as murder suspect 'Kirby Morris' in an episode of Without a Trace.", "James Cromwell. James Oliver Cromwell (born January 27, 1940) is an American actor. Some of his more notable films include Star Trek: First Contact (1996), L.A. Confidential (1997), The Green Mile (1999), Space Cowboys (2000), The Sum of All Fears (2002), I, Robot (2004), The Longest Yard (2005), The Queen (2006), Secretariat (2010), The Artist (2011) and Marshall (2017), as well as the television series Six Feet Under (2003–2005), 24 (2007) and Halt and Catch Fire (2015).", "Vanessa Marano. Vanessa Marano began acting professionally at the age of seven.[3] According to an interview with her sister, her mother did not want either of her children to have careers in show business, and took the girls to an agent that she believed was most likely to turn kids down, only to find that Vanessa was accepted. Her sister Laura, who was on the scene with her, also impressed the agency.[4] Since then, she worked for productions at the Stage Door Theater[disambiguation needed]. Marano's first major roles on television have been as Jack Malone's older daughter in Without a Trace (she and real life sister Laura play sisters), Valerie's stepdaughter in The Comeback and as April Nardini in Gilmore Girls. She also played Layne Abeley in The Clique based on the books by Lisi Harrison and Samantha Combs in Dear Lemon Lima. Marano starred in an episode of Ghost Whisperer alongside Jennifer Love Hewitt. Marano played Eden on The Young and the Restless and Hope on Scoundrels. Since June 2011, she has starred as Bay Kennish on the ABC Family TV show Switched at Birth.[5] In 2013, she starred in Restless Virgins which was inspired by a true story." ]

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[ "Common bile duct stone. Common bile duct stone, also known as choledocholithiasis, is the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct (thus choledocho- + lithiasis). This condition causes jaundice and liver cell damage. Treatment is by cholecystectomy and ERCP.", "Common bile duct stone. While stones can frequently pass through the common bile duct (CBD) into the duodenum, some stones may be too large to pass through the CBD and may cause an obstruction. One risk factor for this is duodenal diverticulum.", "Common bile duct stone. Choledocholithiasis (stones in common bile duct) is one of the complications of cholelithiasis (gallstones), so the initial step is to confirm the diagnosis of cholelithiasis. Patients with cholelithiasis typically present with pain in the right-upper quadrant of the abdomen with the associated symptoms of nausea and vomiting, especially after a fatty meal. The physician can confirm the diagnosis of cholelithiasis with an abdominal ultrasound that shows the ultrasonic shadows of the stones in the gallbladder.", "Common bile duct stone. Treatment involves an operation called a choledocholithotomy, which is the removal of the gallstone from the bile duct using ERCP, although surgeons are now increasingly using laparoscopy with cholangiography. In this procedure, tiny incisions are made in the abdomen and then in the cystic duct that connects the gallbladder to the bile duct, and a thin tube is introduced to perform a cholangiography. If stones are identified, the surgeon inserts a tube with an inflatable balloon to widen the duct and the stones are usually removed using either a balloon or tiny basket.", "Common bile duct. The common bile duct, sometimes abbreviated CBD,[2] is a duct in the gastrointestinal tract of organisms that have a gall bladder. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (from the gall bladder). It is later joined by the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater. There, the two ducts are surrounded by the muscular sphincter of Oddi.", "Common bile duct stone. Greater than 70% of people with gallstones are asymptomatic and are found incidentally on ultrasound. Studies have shown that 10% of those people will develop symptoms within five years of diagnosis and 20% within 20 years.[2]", "Common bile duct stone. Typically, the gallbladder is then removed, an operation called cholecystectomy, to prevent a future occurrence of common bile duct obstruction or other complications.[4]", "Common bile duct. If clogged by a gallstone, a condition called choledocholithiasis can result.[5] In this clogged state, the duct is especially vulnerable to an infection called ascending cholangitis. Very rare deformities of the common bile duct are cystic dilations (4 cm), choledochoceles (cystic dilation of the ampula of Vater (3–8 cm)), and biliary atresia.", "Common bile duct stone. The diagnosis of choledocholithiasis is suggested when the liver function blood test shows an elevation in bilirubin and serum transaminases. Other indicators include raised indicators of ampulla of vater (pancreatic duct obstruction) such as lipases and amylases. In prolonged cases the INR may change due to a decrease in vitamin K absorption. (It is the decreased bile flow which reduces fat breakdown and therefore absorption of fat soluble vitamins). The diagnosis is confirmed with either an MRCP (magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography), an ERCP, or an intraoperative cholangiogram. If the patient must have the gallbladder removed for gallstones, the surgeon may choose to proceed with the surgery, and obtain a cholangiogram during the surgery. If the cholangiogram shows a stone in the bile duct, the surgeon may attempt to treat the problem by flushing the stone into the intestine or retrieve the stone back through the cystic duct.", "Common bile duct stone. Murphy's sign is commonly negative on physical examination in choledocholithiasis, helping to distinguish it from cholecystitis. Jaundice of the skin or eyes is an important physical finding in biliary obstruction. Jaundice and/or clay-colored stool may raise suspicion of choledocholithiasis or even gallstone pancreatitis.[1] If the above symptoms coincide with fever and chills, the diagnosis of ascending cholangitis may also be considered.", "Common bile duct stone. This obstruction may lead to jaundice, elevation in alkaline phosphatase, increase in conjugated bilirubin in the blood and increase in cholesterol in the blood. It can also cause acute pancreatitis and ascending cholangitis.", "Bile duct. The bile duct is green like the gallbladder, because of bile stains.", "Common bile duct stone. If laparoscopy is unsuccessful, an open choledocholithotomy is performed. This procedure may be used in the case of large stones, when the duct anatomy is complex, during or after some gallbladder operations when stones are detected, or when ERCP or laparoscopic procedures are not available.[3]", "Liver. The biliary tract is derived from the branches of the bile ducts. The biliary tract, also known as the biliary tree, is the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum. The bile produced in the liver is collected in bile canaliculi, small grooves between the faces of adjacent hepatocytes. The canaliculi radiate to the edge of the liver lobule, where they merge to form bile ducts. Within the liver, these ducts are termed intrahepatic bile ducts, and once they exit the liver, they are considered extrahepatic. The intrahepatic ducts eventually drain into the right and left hepatic ducts, which exit the liver at the transverse fissure, and merge to form the common hepatic duct. The cystic duct from the gallbladder joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct.[21] The biliary system and connective tissue is supplied by the hepatic artery alone", "Common bile duct. The gall-bladder and bile ducts laid open.", "Bile duct. Bile, required for the digestion of food, is secreted by the liver into passages that carry bile toward the hepatic duct, which joins with the cystic duct (carrying bile to and from the gallbladder) to form the common bile duct, which opens into the intestine.", "Common bile duct. Blockage of the common bile duct and related jaundice has been documented since at least since the time of Erasistratus.[6]", "Gastrointestinal disease. Gallstones are a common cause of inflammation of the gallbladder, called cholecystitis. Inflammation of the biliary duct is called cholangitis, which may be associated with autoimmune disease, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, or a result of bacterial infection, such as ascending cholangitis.[3]:977–978, 963–968", "Bile. Biliary obstruction can be caused by a variety of dietary factors. Most biliary obstructions are caused by the high consumption of sugar, fat and processed foods. These foods can cause gallstones.[8] Primarily, biliary obstruction is caused by blockage in the bile ducts. Bile ducts carry bile from the liver and gallbladder through the pancreas. A huge amount of the bile is then released into the small intestine duodenum. The remaining bile is stored in the gallbladder. After food consumption the bile in the gallbladder is released to help with digestion and fat absorption.[citation needed]", "Common bile duct. Several problems can arise within the common bile duct. A diameter of more than 8 mm is regarded as abnormal dilatation and is a sign of cholestasis.[3]", "Bile duct. The path is as follows: Bile canaliculi → Canals of Hering → interlobular bile ducts → intrahepatic bile ducts → left and right hepatic ducts merge to form → common hepatic duct exits liver and joins → cystic duct (from gall bladder) forming → common bile duct → joins with pancreatic duct → forming ampulla of Vater → enters duodenum", "Bile duct. Jaundice is commonly caused by conditions such as pancreatic cancer, which causes blockage of the bile duct passing through the cancerous portion of the pancreas; cholangiocarcinoma, cancer of the bile ducts; blockage by a stone in patients with gallstones; and from scarring after injury to the bile duct during gallbladder removal.", "Common bile duct. When the sphincter of Oddi is closed, newly synthesized bile from the liver is forced into storage in the gall bladder. When open, the stored and concentrated bile exits into the duodenum. This conduction of bile is the main function of the common bile duct. The hormone cholecystokinin, when stimulated by a fatty meal, promotes bile secretion by increased production of hepatic bile, contraction of the gall bladder, and relaxation of the Sphincter of Oddi.", "Bile duct. A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile, and is present in most vertebrates.", "Bile. Bile tends to be alkali on average. The pH of common duct bile (7.50 to 8.05) is higher than that of the corresponding gallbladder bile (6.80 to 7.65). Bile in the gallbladder becomes more acidic the longer a person goes without eating, though resting slows this fall in pH.[5] As an alkali, it also has the function of neutralizing excess stomach acid before it enters the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine. Bile salts also act as bactericides, destroying many of the microbes that may be present in the food.[citation needed]", "Ampulla of Vater. The cystic duct leaves the gallbladder and joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. This duct subsequently joins with the pancreatic duct; this junction is known as the ampulla of Vater. The pancreatic duct delivers substances such as bicarbonate and digestive enzymes to the duodenum. The bile from the gallbladder contains salts which emulsify large fat droplets into much smaller units. This provides a large surface area for the lipase enzymes to act on. The bicarbonate neutralises the acidic chyme, creating alkaline conditions for enzymes such as chymotrypsin and amylase to function optimally.", "Liver. Bile either drains directly into the duodenum via the common bile duct, or is temporarily stored in the gallbladder via the cystic duct. The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter the second part of the duodenum together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, also known as the ampulla of Vater.", "Common bile duct stone. On a different pathway, the physician may choose to proceed with ERCP before surgery. The benefit of ERCP is that it can be utilized not just to diagnose, but also to treat the problem. During ERCP the endoscopist may surgically widen the opening into the bile duct and remove the stone through that opening. ERCP, however, is an invasive procedure and has its own potential complications. Thus, if the suspicion is low, the physician may choose to confirm the diagnosis with MRCP, a non-invasive imaging technique, before proceeding with ERCP or surgery.", "Gallbladder. Gallstones form when the bile is saturated, usually with either cholesterol or bilirubin.[16] Most gallstones do not cause symptoms, with stones either remaining in the gallbladder or passed along the biliary system.[17] When symptoms occur, severe \"colicky\" pain in the upper right part of the abdomen is often felt.[16] If the stone blocks the gallbladder, inflammation known as cholecystitis may result. If the stone lodges in the biliary system, jaundice may occur; and if the stone blocks the pancreatic duct, then pancreatitis may occur.[17] Gallstones are diagnosed using ultrasound.[16] When a symptomatic gallstone occurs, it is often managed by waiting it to be passed naturally.[17] Given the likelihood of recurrent gallstones, surgery to remove the gallbladder is often considered.[17] Some medication, such as ursodeoxycholic acid, may be used; and lithotripsy, a procedure used to break down the stones, may also be used.[17]", "Bile. In regions such as Asia where bile products are a popular ingredient in traditional medicine, the abuse of bears from which bile is farmed is common.[citation needed]", "Bile. The cholesterol contained in bile will occasionally accrete into lumps in the gallbladder, forming gallstones. Cholesterol gallstones are generally treated through surgical removal of the gallbladder. However, they can sometimes be dissolved by increasing the concentration of certain naturally occurring bile acids, such as chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid.[citation needed]", "Biliary tract. Bile is secreted by the liver into small ducts that join to form the common hepatic duct. Between meals, secreted bile is stored in the gall bladder, where 80%-90% of the water and electrolytes can be absorbed, leaving the bile acids and cholesterol. During a meal, the smooth muscles in the gallbladder wall contract, leading to the bile being secreted into the duodenum to rid the body of waste stored in the bile as well as aid in the absorption of dietary fats and oils by solubilizing them using bile acids." ]

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[ "Alexis (given name). Alexis is a given name derived from several saints venerated by Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, including Saint Alexis of Rome. Alexis (Greek ἀλέξω or aléxo) means \"to help, defend\". It was also used as a name for several members of the ruling house of Russia, including Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsarevich (heir apparent) Alexei Nikolaevich, and Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich.", "Alexis (given name). The name is internationally male, at the same time in the United States it has been a predominantly girls' name since at least the 1940s, when actress Alexis Smith began appearing in films. It has been among the top 50 most popular names for girls in the United States since 1990. In the 2008 book 5-Star Baby Name Advisor, author Bruce Lansky writes that the girls' name has the image of a \"sexy and seductive knockout.\"[1] The increase in popularity of the name is sometimes attributed to the notable character Alexis Colby from the American television series Dynasty. A 1978 movie, Ice Castles, featured as the main character a blind figure skater named Alexis \"Lexie\" Winston.", "Alexis Sánchez. Alexis Alejandro Sánchez Sánchez (Spanish pronunciation: [aˈleksis ˈsantʃes]; born 19 December 1988), also known as simply Alexis, is a Chilean professional footballer who plays as a forward for English club Arsenal and the Chile national team.", "Alexis (given name). Aleksi, a Finnish variant, was the third most popular name for boys born in Finland in 2007.[2] Alessia, an Italian feminine variant, was the second most common name for girls born in Italy in 2006.[3] Alesia, a feminine variant, and Aleksio, a masculine variant, are currently popular names for boys and girls in Albania.", "Alex. Alex is a common given name commonly associated with the Greek name Alexandros. In English, it is usually a diminutive of the male given name Alexander, or its female equivalent Alexandra or Alexandria. Aleck or Alec is the Scottish form of Alex. The East European male name Alexey (Aleksei, Alexis, Aleksa) is also sometimes shortened to Alex. It is a commonly used nickname in Spanish for Alejandro, Alexandro, Alejandrino and Alexandrino, and related names like Alexa and Alexis.", "Stacy (given name). The meaning of the name is disputed.[citation needed] Baby-naming guides cite two English derivations of Greek origins; Anastasia meaning \"resurrection\" for girls, and Eustace (Eustachios) meaning \"bountiful grain\" for boys.[1]", "Alyssa. As used in Western countries, the name is usually derived from the name of the flower alyssum. The name of the flower derives from the Greek roots a- (\"not\") and lyssum (insane); the flower was formerly thought to cure skin diseases. It shares many variants in common with the name Alice and is occasionally considered a form of that name as well.[1]", "Miriam. Thus, based on a tradition of the inner meaning of the verses enumerating the names of Calev’s progeny,[26] the Sages[27] taught that in her illness, Miriam was named “Azuva” (deserted) since all men forsook marrying her; “Yeriot” (curtain) since she was pale as a sheet; and “Chela” (sickly) because of her grave illness. But after God restored her health through Calev’s care, she was named “Vardon” (rose) since her complexion became as lovely as a rose; “Na’ara” (maiden) since she became as vigorous as a young woman; “Tzeret” (rival) since her beauty was envied by all; “Tzohar” (radiance) since her face shone like the noon-day sun; and “Etnan” (a paramour’s gift) since married men who were aroused by her beauty would court their wives with gifts for that purpose.", "Katherine. The name originated from the Greek Αἰκατερίνα or Αἰκατερίνη (Aikaterina, Aikaterinē), which is of uncertain etymology. The earliest known use of the Greek name is in reference to Saint Catherine of Alexandria. The theory that the name comes from Hecate, the name of the Greek goddess of magic, is regarded by the editors of the Oxford Dictionary of First Names as unconvincing.[1]", "Bishop (chess). In some Slavic languages (e.g. Czech/Slovak) the bishop is called střelec/strelec, which directly translates to English as a \"shooter\" meaning an archer, while in others it is still known as \"elephant\" (e.g. Russian slon). In South Slavic languages it is usually known as lovac, meaning \"hunter\", or laufer, taken from the German name for the same piece (laufer is also alternative Polish name). An alternative name for bishop in Russian is officer (Russian: офицер); it is also called αξιωματικός (axiomatikos) in Greek, афіцэр (afitser) in Belarusian and oficeri in Albanian.", "Russian Provisional Government. Alexis II (unproclaimed)\nMichael II (conditionally)", "Miriam. There are several meanings behind the name Miriam, spelled ‘mem’, ‘reish’, ‘yud’, ‘mem’ in Hebrew (מִרְיָם), which various Jewish sources relate to either “bitter”, “water”, “rebellion” or “elevation” as follows:", "Penelope. The origin of her name is believed by Robert S. P. Beekes to be Pre-Greek and related to pēnelops (πηνέλοψ)[3] or pēnelōps (πηνέλωψ), glossed by Hesychius as \"some kind of bird\"[4] (today arbitrarily identified with the Eurasian wigeon, to which Linnaeus gave the binomial Anas penelope), where -elōps (-έλωψ) is a common Pre-Greek suffix for predatory animals;[5] however, the semantic relation between the proper name and the gloss is not clear. In folk etymology, Pēnelopē (Πηνελόπη) is usually understood to combine the Greek word pēnē (πήνη), \"weft\", and ōps (ὤψ), \"face\", which is considered the most appropriate for a cunning weaver whose motivation is hard to decipher.[6]", "Patmos. According to a legend in Greek mythology, the island's original name was \"Letois\", after the goddess and huntress of deer Artemis, daughter of Leto. It was believed that Patmos came into existence thanks to her divine intervention.", "Eden (name). Eden (Hebrew: עֵדֶן‬), as a given name, has several derivations, from the Biblical Garden of Eden, meaning 'delight'; It is given to both boys and girls. The first recorded use is from ancient Israel in the book of II Chronicles. It is also as a variant of the feminine name Edith and the masculine name Aidan.[2]", "Sandra (given name). Sandra is a female name, which is often used as a short form for Alexandra or Cassandra.[1] Alexandra is a feminine form of the male name Alexander, which is a romanization of the Greek name Ἀλέξανδρος Alexandros.[2] It is generally interpreted to mean \"protector of man\" or \"defender of man\".", "Sycorax. Several competing linguistic theories have been put forth. Some scholars argue that her name may be a combination of the Greek sus (\"pig\") and korax (\"crow\"). Another rough translation produces the phrase \"the Scythian raven\", an etymological description of Medea (Batman upon Bartholome,[3] a work which Shakespeare is likely to have used for reference, gives the name Corax for a raven[4]) Also, psychorrhax (\"heartbreaker\"), may be a play on the Greek word psychoraggia (\"death struggle\"). One critic searched for a connection to Sycorax's North African heritage, and found a parallel in Shokereth שוקרת, a Hebrew word meaning \"deceiver\". Another recent idea suggests that, for thematic as well as historical reasons, the name is the reverberant combination of syllables in the name Corax of Syracuse – the oft acknowledged founder of rhetoric and worthy, fictionalised rival of Prospero.[5][6] An especially odd and early guess at a meaning by one critic was sic or rex, a Latin homophone alluding to Queen Elizabeth's pride.[7][8]", "Andrea. It derives from the Greek ἀνήρ (anēr), genitive ἀνδρός (andrós), that indicates the man as opposed to the woman (while man in the meaning of human being is ἄνθρωπος, ánthropos, ἀνθρώπου, anthrópou). The original male Greek name, Andréas, (directly etymologically related to andras/άνδρας, man/adult male, husband) represents the hypocoristic, with endearment functions, of male Greek names composed with the andr- prefix, like Androgeos (man of the earth), Androcles (man of glory), Andronikos (man of victory). The same root ἀνδρ-, andr- denoting the male gender is found e.g. in misandry (the hatred of the male sex), andrology (male physiology), androgens (male hormones) and polyandry (the practice of taking more than one husband at the same time).", "Amaryllis. The name Amaryllis is taken from a shepherdess in Virgil's pastoral Eclogues, (from the Greek ἀμαρύσσω (amarysso), meaning \"to sparkle\") and also from \"Amarella\" for the bitterness of the bulb.[4][5]", "Virgo (constellation). Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for virgin", "Angeles. Angeles is a Spanish name meaning angels. As a (female) given name, it is the abbreviation of María de los Ángeles. It may refer to:", "Tiger. The word specific name tigris derives from the Classical Greek language τίγρις meaning \"tiger\" as well as the river Tigris.[9]", "Patricia. Patricia is a common female given name of Latin origin. Derived from the Latin word patrician, meaning \"noble\", it is the feminine form of the masculine given name Patrick. The name Patricia was the second most common female name in the United States according to the 1990 US Census.[1]", "Slavic names. Alternative and fringe", "Asher. The text of the Torah states that the name of Asher means happy/blessing, implying a derivation from the Hebrew term osher\nin two variations—beoshri (meaning in my good fortune), and ishsheruni, which textual scholars attribute to different sources—one to the Yahwist and the other to the Elohist.[2] The Bible states that at his birth Leah exclaimed, \"Happy am I! for the daughters will call me happy:\nso she called his name Asher,\" meaning happy. (Genesis 30:13). [3] Some scholars argue that the name of Asher may have to do with a deity originally worshipped by the tribe, either Asherah,[4] or Ashur, the chief Assyrian deity;[5] the latter possibility is cognate with Asher.[5]", "Noun. A noun (from Latin", "Christopher. Christopher is the English version of a Europe-wide name derived from the Greek name Χριστόφορος (Christóforos). The constituent parts are Χριστός (Christós), \"Christ\" or \"Anointed\", and φέρειν (férein), \"bear\": the \"Christ-bearer\". It is related to the names Chris meaning \"Anointed\" and christop meaning \"follower of Christ\" or \"little Christ\"", "Miriam. One meaning is based on the letters ‘mem’, ‘reish’ of her name spelling “mar” (מר) which means “bitter”. This connotes the fact that Miriam was born during the beginning of Pharaoh’s bitter decrees as in the verse, “And the [Egyptians] embittered [the Jews’] lives with hard labor”.[14][15]", "Artemis. The name Artemis (noun, feminine) is of unknown or uncertain origin and etymology[8][9] although various ones have been proposed.[10][11]", "Gloria Patri. This differs from the Greek version because of the insertion of \"Sicut erat in principio\", which is now taken to mean \"As it (glory) was in the beginning\", but which seems originally to have meant \"As he (the Son) was in the beginning\", and echo of the opening words of the Gospel according to John: \"In the beginning was the Word\".[4]", "Alexandria (disambiguation). Alexandria may also refer to:", "Copper. In Greece, copper was known by the name chalkos (χαλκός). It was an important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it was known as aes Cyprium, aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium from Cyprus, where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to cuprum, hence the English copper. Aphrodite (Venus in Rome) represented copper in mythology and alchemy because of its lustrous beauty and its ancient use in producing mirrors; Cyprus was sacred to the goddess. The seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with the seven metals known in antiquity, and Venus was assigned to copper.[70]" ]

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[ "Kung Fu Panda. A second sequel, Kung Fu Panda 3 was announced as a co-production between DreamWorks Animation and Shanghai-based Oriental DreamWorks.[70] Kung Fu Panda 3 was released on January 29, 2016.[71] DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg has said that perhaps the series could see 3 more sequels after Kung Fu Panda 3, bringing it to a six-film series.[72]", "Kung Fu Panda 3. On September 10, 2012, it was announced that Kung Fu Panda 3 would be released on March 18, 2016.[24] On April 9, 2013, the film's release date was moved up to December 23, 2015.[7] In December 2014, the film was moved back to its original release date of March 18, 2016, to avoid competition with Star Wars Episode VII: The Force Awakens.[34] In April 2015, the release date was once again shifted, this time to January 29, 2016.[35] AMC Theatres partnered with Fox and DWA to play the movie in Mandarin at seven theatres and in Spanish at 14 locations in the U.S and Canada meaning there will be a mix of subtitled and dubbed formats of Kung Fu Panda 3. This will mark the first time that AMC is playing a major theatrical release in dubbed/subtitled Mandarin.[36] The film had a day-and-date release starting from January 28 in China, Russia, Ukraine, Jamaica and Puerto Rico and South Korea and the US and Canada on January 29, 2016. Other markets will follow on March and April.[37][38] According to Deadline.com, the strategy behind such a staggered release was to take advantage of certain opportunistic dates which presented themselves such as the Chinese New Year in February for China.[37]", "Kung Fu Panda (franchise). A multi-sensory attraction, based on Kung Fu Panda, will be coming in 2018 at Universal Studios Hollywood.[27]", "Kung Fu Panda 2. A sequel, titled Kung Fu Panda 3, and directed by Jennifer Yuh Nelson and Alessandro Carloni, was released on January 29, 2016.[4]", "Kung Fu Panda 2. A sequel, Kung Fu Panda 3, was released on January 29, 2016.[4] It was directed again by Jennifer Yuh Nelson,[74] and was produced in co-production with the Chinese-American studio Oriental DreamWorks.[75]", "Kung Fu Panda (franchise). On January 13, 2016, Collider asked the filmmakers of Kung Fu Panda 3 about the possibility of a fourth film.[3] Co-director Jennifer Yuh Nelson said, \"It’s one at a time. We want to make this a perfect jewel, and then we’ll see what happens after that.\"[3] Co-director Alessandro Carloni said, \"With the sequels, we don’t want to try to have them feel open-ended. We want it to feel like a completed journey, and we feel this movie does. And then, if a fantastic story presents itself, great.\"[3]", "Kung Fu Panda 3. Kung Fu Panda 3 premiered on January 16, 2016, in Los Angeles.[2] It received a limited release in China on January 23 for a special three-hour sneak preview and was released in the United States on January 29 in 3D. The film received generally positive reviews while grossing $521 million worldwide against its $145 million budget.", "Kung Fu Panda (franchise). The Kung Fu Panda franchise from DreamWorks Animation consists of three films: Kung Fu Panda (2008), Kung Fu Panda 2 (2011) and Kung Fu Panda 3 (2016). The first two were distributed by Paramount Pictures, while the third film was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Three shorts, Secrets of the Furious Five (2008), Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special (2010) and Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Masters (2011), were also released. A television series for Nickelodeon television network, Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness, premiered in the fall of 2011. A second series, entitled Kung Fu Panda: The Paws of Destiny, is currently being developed and is scheduled to be released on Amazon Prime in 2018.", "Kung Fu Panda 3. Kung Fu Panda 3 was released digitally on May 13, 2016, and was released on DVD, Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D on June 28, 2016.[39] The film debuted in first place on the home video sales chart for the week ending on July 3, 2016.[40]", "Kung Fu Panda 3. On January 13, 2016, Collider asked the filmmakers of Kung Fu Panda 3 about the possibility of a fourth film.[103] Co-director Jennifer Yuh Nelson said, \"It's one at a time. We want to make this a perfect jewel, and then we'll see what happens after that.\"[103] Co-director Alessandro Carloni said, \"With the sequels, we don't want to try to have them feel open-ended. We want it to feel like a completed journey, and we feel this movie does. And then, if a fantastic story presents itself, great.\"[103]", "Kung Fu Panda. The idea for the film was conceived by Michael Lachance, a DreamWorks Animation executive. The film was originally intended to be a parody, but director Stevenson decided instead, to shoot an action comedy wuxia film that incorporates the hero's journey narrative archetype for the lead character. The computer animation in the film was more complex than anything DreamWorks had done before. As with most DreamWorks animated films, Hans Zimmer (collaborating with John Powell this time) scored Kung Fu Panda. He visited China to absorb the culture and get to know the China National Symphony Orchestra as part of his preparation. A sequel, Kung Fu Panda 2, was released on May 26, 2011, along with a television series, Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness later that same year as a part of a franchise. A second sequel called Kung Fu Panda 3 was released on January 29, 2016.", "Kung Fu Panda 3. In 2010, DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg announced that the Kung Fu Panda franchise was planned to have six movies, or \"chapters\", altogether.[16] In April 2012, Jack Black first spoke to the press about the possible development of another Kung Fu Panda sequel: \"I think they're writing it, writing hard as we speak,\" he shared. \"I'd love to [return]. Yeah, it's a blast.\"[17] In July 2012, Kung Fu Panda 3 was officially confirmed by Bill Damaschke, DWA's chief creative officer.[18]", "Kung Fu Panda. A sequel, Kung Fu Panda 2, was released on Thursday, May 26, 2011,[69] to good reviews (Rotten Tomatoes rating of 81%). It was released in 3-D and was directed by Jennifer Yuh Nelson (who directed the 2-D opening sequence of the first film) with the original cast returning. The story features a new villain with a mysterious weapon so powerful it threatens the existence of kung fu, and Po must additionally confront his past.", "Kung Fu Panda 2. Kung Fu Panda 2 was screened at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival in early May before its commercial release.[15] In the United States, it premiered on May 22, 2011, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre, in Hollywood, California.[16] The film was widely released in the United States on May 26, 2011, in the United Kingdom on June 10, 2011, and in Australia on June 23, 2011. It was also released in IMAX theaters in the EMEA region.[17]", "Kung Fu Panda 3. The film was released in China on January 22, 2016 in a limited release, a week before its United States release. It had a 3-hour special sneak preview where it earned $6.4 million from two different versions of the film[72] topping the daily box office charts.[73] This broke the previous Saturday preview record held by Surprise: Journey to the West.[37] Buoyed by good word-of-mouth,[49] it had a single-day opening of ¥107 million ($16.3 million) from over 15,000 screens which is the biggest of 2016 thus far and second-biggest for an animated movie behind the $18.8 million opening of Minions in 2015 and including previews from its Saturday showings earned a total of $23.1 million (unofficial figure) which is one of the biggest opening and single-day gross in China.[47][74][75] It grossed a total of $40–43 million (including previews) in just two days.[48] Through its opening weekend, it earned an estimated $52.2 million (per Entgroup), setting a new record for an animated film (breaking Minions' previous record) from 278,000 screenings in over 15,000 screens viewed by over 9.38 million people accounting for 75% of ticket sales from Friday to Sunday and including previews made ¥384.4 million ($58.3 million).[50][61][76][77][78] It was No. 1 on Friday ($15.6 million), Saturday ($19.1 million) and Sunday ($16.1 million).[78] It made $3.8 million from 272 IMAX screens, a new record for an animated film besting the previous four-day $2.87 million gross record held by How to Train Your Dragon 2.[61][78] Despite having an opening weekend much higher than the US, box office analysts felt the figures to be somewhat disappointing given the rapid expansion of the Chinese movie industry, good word-of-mouth and Chinese-American co-production that the film could've benefited from.[50] Jonathan Papish of China Film Insider attributed the mediocre opening to the film's release timing; it opened a week ahead of the Lunar New Year which is historically one of the slowest moviegoing periods of the Chinese release calendar during which millions of Chinese travel back to their hometowns during chūnyùn (春运), the largest annual mass human migration in the world where people devote less time for leisure activities such as going to the movies.[50] The following weekend, it fell precipitously by 70% and added $15.4 million which is the biggest second-weekend drop for a Hollywood film since Spectre dropped 75% in its second weekend in 2015. The huge amount of drop can be attributed to the Chinese New Year since the film struggled to find audiences amidst the holiday. Nevertheless, it has passed $100 million in just two weekends with $101.65 million and remains as the biggest market for the film even ahead of the US and Canada.[62] By February 8, Kung Fu Panda 3 witnessed steep decline in the number of screenings as well as in generating overall revenue. It saw only 8,864 to 9,212 showings since a bulk of the screens were devoted to the arrival of big Chinese films like The Mermaid, From Vegas to Macau III and The Monkey King 2. In comparison, the three films had a combined 186,717 showings.[79][80] After two straight wins at the Chinese box office, it was finally surpassed by The Mermaid in its third weekend.[81] On February 21, it passed Monkey King: Hero Is Back to become the highest-grossing animated film of all time in China with 975 million yuan ($149.1 million)[82][83][84] only to be overtaken by Disney's Zootopia the next month on March 20.[82]", "Kung Fu Panda 3. Kung Fu Panda 3 is a 2016 3D computer-animated action-comedy martial arts film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the third installment in the Kung Fu Panda franchise, and the sequel to 2011's Kung Fu Panda 2. In the film, Po enters the panda village and re-unites with his birth father and other pandas, but problems arise when a villainous spirit warrior, named Kai, returns to the mortal realm and steals chi from the kung fu masters. To prevent Kai from taking chi from all kung fu masters and pandas, Po forms the army of pandas to battle Kai's jade minions and Po must become a master of chi to defeat him and save his friends.", "Kung Fu Panda 3. In the United States and Canada, early tracking suggested the film will open to about $40–45 million, with Box Office Mojo reporting as high as $53 million, which was on par with Kung Fu Panda 2's $47.7 million opening in 2011 but much lower than the original film's $60.2 million opening in 2008.[36][38][42][43][44] However, DreamWorks Animation and Fox were being more conservative suggesting a \"mid-$40 million\" opening.[42] The lower end of the projection was because of winter and only 4% of all K–12 schools were off per Rentrak.[45] According to digital data monitored and compiled by Moviepilot from various online social activities like Facebook likes, YouTube views, tweets and Google search among others, it predicted an opening of $48–50 million.[46] Paul Dergarabedian, senior analyst at Rentrak said the film, \"should land somewhere between the first two installments\" noting that after moviegoers – mostly from the East Coast – were affected by the 2016 United States blizzard, patrons, mostly families, would be on the look-out for entertainment movies which Kung Fu Panda 3 delivers.[43] On January 27, two days before the film's release, Fandango reported that Kung Fu Panda 3 was the top advance ticket seller for the weekend, outstripping previous DWA films Home as well as Kung Fu Panda 2 at the same point in their sale cycles.[36] Box office pundits also noted that the film didn't face any serious competition with its counterparts of newly released films such as The Finest Hours and Fifty Shades of Black, as well as holdovers Fox's own The Revenant and Disney/Lucasfilm's Star Wars: The Force Awakens, as all were expected to gross around $10 million.[36] In China, expectations were high for the film with Nancy Tartaglione of Deadline.com reporting a bigger opening weekend than the US and a bigger total gross. Conservative estimates for its Middle Kingdom opening were at $35 million and rising to well upwards of $50 million.[37][47][48] Even before the film's official release in China, it was already projected to emerge as the highest-grossing animated film there, a record held by Monkey King: Hero Is Back ($153 million) at that time,[49] with local box office analysts predicting at least RMB 2 billion ($300 million) for its final gross[50] since it had the added benefit of opening a week before the Chinese New Year, as well as Valentine's Day and debuting amidst the school holidays, the Lunar New Year blackout period in which foreign films are banned from entering the state meaning lesser competition and longer legs, and since it has the special privilege to run throughout the period and is also not limited to running 30 days in theatres.[37][48][49]", "Kung Fu Panda. Kung Fu Panda premiered in the United States on June 6, 2008. The film received positive reviews upon release. Kung Fu Panda opened in 4,114 theaters, grossing $20.3 million on its opening day and $60.2 million on its opening weekend, resulting in the number one position at the box office. The film became DreamWorks' biggest opening for a non-sequel film, the highest grossing animated film of the year worldwide, and also had the fourth-largest opening weekend for a DreamWorks animated film at the American and Canadian box office, behind Shrek 2, Shrek the Third, and Shrek Forever After.[2]", "Kung Fu Panda (franchise). A 2018 Amazon Prime series.[4] The series follows Po on a fresh adventure featuring four panda kids who happen upon a mystical cave beneath the Panda Village and the four panda kids accidentally absorbing the chi of ancient and powerful Kung Fu warriors known as the Four Constellations, the four panda kids must realize that they now have a new destiny and that is to save the world from an evil force with their newfound Kung Fu powers, meanwhile, Po finds himself faced with his biggest challenge yet — teaching this ragtag band of kids how to wield their newfound Kung Fu powers.", "Kung Fu Panda (franchise). DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg has said that it is possible that perhaps the series will see three more sequels after Kung Fu Panda 3, bringing it to a six-film series.[2]", "Kung Fu Panda 3. In 2010, DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg said that the Kung Fu Panda franchise was planned to have six films, or \"chapters\", altogether.[16]", "Kung Fu Panda. The film held its worldwide premiere at the 61st Cannes Film Festival on May 15, 2008,[21] where it received massive and sustained applause at the end of the film's screening.[22] Kung Fu Panda later had national premieres in the US on June 1, 2008 at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California,[23] and on June 26, 2008 at Leicester Square in London, for the UK.[24]", "Kung Fu Panda 2. The film was released in theatres May 26, 2011 in Real D 3D and Digital 3D. Kung Fu Panda 2 grossed $665 million worldwide against its $150 million budget. The film was the highest-grossing animated feature film of the year and was nominated for the 2011 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 84th Academy Awards.", "Kung Fu Panda 2. DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg said back in 2010 that perhaps the series could see three more sequels after Kung Fu Panda 3, bringing it to a six-film series.[76]", "Kung Fu Panda. Kung Fu Panda was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 9, 2008,[25] and on 3D Blu-ray on December 6, 2011 as a Best Buy exclusive.[26] The DVD double pack release of Kung Fu Panda also includes a short animated film Secrets of the Furious Five.[25] With 7,486,642 DVD units sold in 2008, Kung Fu Panda was the fourth highest-selling film and the first highest-selling animated film of 2008, right before WALL-E, which sold 7,413,548 units.[27]", "Kung Fu Panda 2. Kung Fu Panda 2 is a 2011 3D American computer-animated comedy-drama martial arts film, directed by Jennifer Yuh Nelson, produced by DreamWorks Animation, and distributed by Paramount Pictures.[a] It is the sequel to the 2008 film Kung Fu Panda and the second installment in the Kung Fu Panda franchise.", "Kung Fu Panda 2. After the original Kung Fu Panda was released in June 2008, DreamWorks Animation planned a second film with the subtitle Pandamoneum,[5] which was changed by 2010 to The Kaboom of Doom[6] before simply being retitled to Kung Fu Panda 2. Jennifer Yuh Nelson, who was head of story for the first film, was hired to direct the sequel. The original film's cast members reprised their voice roles. Like the other DreamWorks Animation films that began production in 2009, Kung Fu Panda 2 was produced in DreamWorks' stereoscopic 3-D technology of InTru 3D.", "Kung Fu Panda (franchise). Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Furious Five is an animated short film that serves as a semi-sequel (or spin-off) to Kung Fu Panda and appears on a companion disc of the original film's deluxe DVD release. It was later broadcast on NBC on February 26, 2009, and is available as a separate DVD as of March 24, 2009. The film has a framing story of Po in computer animation), telling the stories of his comrades in arms, the Furious Five, which are depicted in 2D cel animation.", "Kung Fu Panda 2. Beside the main films, Kung Fu Panda franchise also consists of three short films Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Furious Five, Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special and Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Masters. A television series titled Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness aired on Nickelodeon from September 19, 2011 to June 29, 2016. The show ran for three seasons and had a total of 78 episodes.", "Kung Fu Panda. Kung Fu Panda is a 2008 American computer-animated action comedy martial arts film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures.1 It was directed by John Stevenson and Mark Osborne and produced by Melissa Cobb, and stars the voices of Jack Black, Dustin Hoffman, Angelina Jolie, Ian McShane, Seth Rogen, Lucy Liu, David Cross, Randall Duk Kim, James Hong, and Jackie Chan. Set in a version of ancient China populated by anthropomorphic talking animals, the plot revolves around a bumbling panda named Po who aspires to be a kung fu master. When an evil kung fu warrior named Tai Lung is foretold to escape after twenty years in prison, Po is unwittingly named the chosen one destined to defeat him and bring peace to the land, much to the chagrin of the resident kung fu warriors.[1]", "Kung Fu Panda (franchise). Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Scroll is an animated short film officially released as a bonus feature in the Kung Fu Panda: Ultimate Edition of Awesomeness Blu-ray pack in January 2016.[6] Secrets of the Scroll details the forming of the Furious Five, and their first fight together against a common enemy. Unlike previous Kung Fu Panda short films, Secrets of the Scroll has yet to be released on its own DVD or Blu-ray.", "Kung Fu Panda (franchise). Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness is an animated television series based on the Kung Fu Panda film series, set between the first two films. The show was originally intended to first air in 2010, but it was delayed and officially premiered on Nickelodeon on November 7, 2011. Of the series's voice cast, only Lucy Liu, Randall Duk Kim, and James Hong reprise their roles from the films as Viper, Oogway, and Mr. Ping. The first season, consisting of 26 episodes, ended on April 5, 2012. The second season aired from April 6, 2012 to June 21, 2013 and also consisted of 26 episodes. A third season began airing June 24, 2013 consisting of 28 episodes." ]

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[ "Romania. The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the European Union and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a full member on 1 January 2007.[125]", "2007 enlargement of the European Union. Romania was the first country of post-communist Europe to have official relations with the European Community. In 1974, a treaty included Romania in the Community's Generalized System of Preferences. Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, membership of the EC, and its successor the European Union (EU), has been the main goal of every Romanian Government and practically every political party in Romania. Romania signed its Europe Agreement in 1993,[2] and submitted its official application for membership in the EU on 22 June 1995 and Bulgaria submitted its official application for membership in the EU on 14 December 1995, the third and the fourth of the post–communist European countries to do so after Hungary and Poland. Along with its official EU application, Romania submitted the “Snagov Declaration”, signed by all fourteen major political parties declaring their full support for EU membership.[3]", "Economy of Romania. Romania signed an Association Agreement with the EU in 1992 and a free trade agreement with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1993, codifying Romania's access to European markets and creating the basic framework for further economic integration. At the Helsinki Summit in December 1999, the European Union invited Romania to formally begin accession negotiations. In 2002, the target date of 2007 was set for Romania, along with Bulgaria, for its accession efforts. This was confirmed in 2003 at the Thessaloniki Summit and then in early 2005 Romania and Bulgaria signed the adherence treaty to EU. They formally joined the EU on 1 January 2007.", "2007 enlargement of the European Union. The 2007 enlargement of the European Union saw Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007. Together with the 2004 enlargement of the European Union, it is considered part of the fifth wave of enlargement of the European Union.[1]", "Economy of Romania. On 1 January 2007 Romania entered the EU. This led to some immediate international trade liberalization. Romania is part of the European single market which represents more than 508 million consumers. Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union members and by EU legislation. This is to be contrasted with enormous current account deficits. Low interest rates guarantee availability of funds for investment and consumption. For example, a boom in the real estate market started around 2000 and has not subsided yet. At the same time annual inflation in the economy is variable and during the mid-2000s (2003–2008) has seen a low of 2.3% and high of 7.8%.", "2007 enlargement of the European Union. Bulgaria and Romania became members on 1 January 2007, but some areas of cooperation in the European Union will apply to Bulgaria and Romania at a later date. These are:", "Romania. The current government has stated its goal of strengthening ties with and helping other countries (in particular Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia) with the process of integration with the rest of the West.[164] Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.[164] Romania also declared its public support for Turkey, and Croatia joining the European Union.[164] Because it has a large Hungarian minority, Romania has also developed strong relations with Hungary. Romania opted on 1 January 2007, to adhere the Schengen Area, and its bid to join was approved by the European Parliament in June 2011, but was rejected by the EU Council in September 2011.", "2007 enlargement of the European Union. During the 2000s, Bulgaria and Romania implemented a number of reforms to prepare for EU accession, including the consolidation of its democratic systems, the institution of the rule of law, the acknowledgement of respect for human rights, the commitment to personal freedom of expression, and the implementation of a functioning free-market economy. The objective of joining the EU has also influenced Romania's regional relations. As a result, Bulgaria and Romania have imposed visa regimes on a number of states, including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Serbia, Montenegro, Turkey and Moldova.", "Romania. Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union albeit with its limited relations with Russia. It joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 29 March 2004, the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007, while it had joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1972, and is a founding member of the World Trade Organization.[163]", "Romania. Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the sovereign Kingdom of Romania. During World War II, Romania was an ally of Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union, fighting side by side with the Wehrmacht until 1944, when it joined the Allied powers and faced occupation by the Red Army forces. Romania lost several territories, of which Northern Transylvania was regained after the war. Following the war, Romania became a socialist republic and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition towards democracy and a capitalist market economy.", "2004 enlargement of the European Union. Part of the same wave of enlargement was the accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, who were unable to join in 2004, but, according to the Commission, constitute part of the fifth enlargement.", "2007 enlargement of the European Union. The date of accession, 1 January 2007, was set at the Thessaloniki Summit in 2003 and confirmed in Brussels on 18 June 2004. Bulgaria, Romania and the EU-25 signed the Treaty of Accession on 25 April 2005 at Luxembourg's Neumuenster Abbey.", "2007 enlargement of the European Union. Within the framework of integration meetings held between the EU member states and the EU candidate states Bulgaria and Romania, an 'Association Committee' was held on 22 June 2004. It confirmed overall good progress for the preparation of accession; however, it highlighted the need for further reform of judicial structures in both Bulgaria and Romania, particularly in its pre-trial phases, as well as the need for further efforts to fight against political corruption and organized crime, including human trafficking. The findings were reflected in the 2004 Regular Report for Bulgaria and Romania.[4]", "2007 enlargement of the European Union. The Brussels European Council of December 17, 2004 confirmed the conclusion of accession negotiations with Bulgaria and Romania.[5] The 26 September 2006 of the European Commission[6] confirmed the date once more, also announcing that Bulgaria and Romania would meet no direct restrictions, but progress in certain areas — reforms of the judicial system, elimination of corruption and the struggle against organized crime — would be strictly monitored.", "Romania. Romania is a developing country and one of the poorest in the European Union, ranking 50th in the Human Development Index.[10][11] Following rapid economic growth in the early 2000s, Romania has an economy predominantly based on services, and is a producer and net exporter of machines and electric energy, featuring companies like Automobile Dacia and OMV Petrom. It has been a member of NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians and are native speakers of Romanian, a Romance language. The cultural history of Romania is often referred to when dealing with influential artists, musicians, inventors and sportspeople.", "2007 enlargement of the European Union. The accession treaty granted Bulgaria and Romania a seat, like every other state, on the Commission. Bulgaria nominated Meglena Kuneva, from NDSV who was given the post of Commissioner for Consumer Protection in the Barroso Commission, from 1 January 2007 until 31 October 2009. She was nominated in 2006 by the then current Bulgarian Prime Minister Sergei Stanishev. Romania nominated Leonard Orban, an independent, who was made Commissioner for Multilingualism in the Barroso Commission, from 1 January 2007 until 31 October 2009. He was nominated in 2006 by the previous Romanian Prime Minister Cﾄネin Popescu-Tﾄビiceanu. Both were approved by Parliament to become Commissioners upon accession.", "Revolutions of 1989. The 2004 enlargement of the European Union included the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The 2007 enlargement of the European Union included Romania and Bulgaria, and Croatia joined the EU in 2013. The same countries have also become NATO members.", "Passport stamp. Romania is not currently a member of the Schengen Area, however, being in the European Union since 2007, Romanian entry and exit stamps have been harmonised with the format of the stamps issued by Schengen states.", "Economy of Romania. Romania, as a member state of the European Union, is required to adopt the common European currency, the Euro. For this reason Romania must fulfil the five Maastricht criteria, of which it met three as of June 2016.", "Romania. Since 1867 the official currency has been the Romanian leu (\"lion\") and following a denomination in 2005, it has been valued at €0.2–0.3. After joining the EU in 2007, Romania is expected to adopt the Euro sometime around 2020.[204]", "Economy of Romania. European Union (EU) member states", "Nicolae Ceaușescu. Also, the Socialist Republic of Romania was the first of the Eastern bloc nations to have official relations with the Western bloc and the European Community: an agreement including Romania in the Community's Generalised System of Preferences was signed in 1974 and an Agreement on Industrial Products was signed in 1980. On 4 April 1975, CeauÈ™escu visited Japan and met with Emperor Hirohito.", "History of the European Union. In 2007, the fifth enlargement completed with the accession of Romania and Bulgaria on 1 January 2007. Also, in 2007 Slovenia adopted the euro,[36] Malta and Cyprus in 2008[37] and Slovakia in 2009. However trouble developed with existing members as the eurozone entered its first recession in 2008.[38] Members cooperated and the ECB intervened to help restore economic growth and the euro was seen as a safe haven, particularly by those outside such as Iceland.[39][40][41]", "European integration. It was established in 1992 by Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, but came into force only in 1994. Czechoslovakia had in the meantime split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Slovenia joined in 1996, while Romania did the same in 1997, Bulgaria in 1999, and Croatia in 2003. In 2004, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovenia left the CEFTA to join the EU. Romania and Bulgaria left it in 2007 for the same reason. Subsequently, Macedonia joined it in 2006, and Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and UNMIK (on behalf of Kosovo) in 2007. In 2013, Croatia left the CEFTA to join the EU.", "Economy of Romania. The leu (pronounced [ˈlew]), plural: lei ([ˈlej]); ISO 4217 code RON; numeric code 946), \"leo\" (lion) in English is the currency of Romania. It is subdivided into 100 bani (singular: ban). On 1 July 2005, Romania underwent a currency reform, switching from the previous leu (ROL) to a new leu (RON). 1 RON is equal to 10,000 ROL. Romania joined the European Union on 1 January 2007 and initially hoped to adopt the euro in 2014,[53] but with the deepening of the Euro crisis and with its own problems, such as a low workforce productivity, postponed its adoption plans indefinitely.[54]", "2007 enlargement of the European Union. Some member states of the EU required Bulgarians and Romanians to acquire a permit to work, whilst members of all other old member states did not require one. In the Treaty of Accession 2005, there was a clause about a transition period so each old EU member state could impose such 2+3+2 transitional periods. Restrictions were planned to remain in place until 1 January 2014 – 7 years after their accession.[11][12][13]", "2007 enlargement of the European Union. Upon accession Bulgaria's 18 and Romania's 35 observer MEPs became full voting representatives until each state held an election for the posts, which were mandated to happen before the end of the year. Bulgaria held its election on 20 May 2007 and Romania on 25 November 2007.", "Moldova. On 29 November 2013, at a summit in Vilnius, Moldova signed an association agreement with the European Union dedicated to the European Union's 'Eastern Partnership' with ex-Soviet countries.[89] The ex-Romanian President Traian Băsescu stated that Romania will make all efforts for Moldova to join the EU as soon as possible. Likewise, Traian Băsescu declared that the unification of Moldova with Romania is the next national project for Romania, as more than 75% of the population speaks Romanian.[90]", "European Economic Area. When a state joins the EU, they do not necessarily immediately become part of the EEA but are obliged to apply.[22] Following the 2007 enlargement of the EU, which saw Bulgaria and Romania acceding to the EU on 1 January 2007, an EEA Enlargement Agreement was not signed until 25 July 2007 and only provisionally entered into force on 1 August 2007.[23][24][15] The agreement did not fully enter into force until 9 November 2011.[15] On the other hand, the EEA Agreement was applied on a provisional basis to the 10 acceding countries in May 2004 as from the date of their accession to the EU.[25]", "Romania. Romania (/roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen) roh-MAY-nee-ə; Romanian: România i[romɨˈni.a]) is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, and Moldova. It has an area of 238,397 square kilometres (92,046 sq mi) and a temperate-continental climate. With almost 20 million inhabitants, the country is the seventh most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city, Bucharest, is the sixth-largest city in the EU, with 1,883,425 inhabitants as of 2011.[8]", "European Union. In 2007, Bulgaria and Romania became EU members. The same year, Slovenia adopted the euro,[59] followed in 2008 by Cyprus and Malta, by Slovakia in 2009, by Estonia in 2011, by Latvia in 2014, and by Lithuania in 2015.", "Romania in World War II. Under the 1947 Treaty of Paris,[25] the Allies did not acknowledge Romania as a co-belligerent nation but instead applied the term \"ally of Hitlerite Germany\" to all recipients of the treaty's stipulations. Like Finland, Romania had to pay $300 million to the Soviet Union as war reparations. However, the treaty specifically recognized that Romania switched sides on 24 August 1944, and therefore \"acted in the interests of all the United Nations\". As a reward, Northern Transylvania was, once again, recognized as an integral part of Romania, but the border with the USSR was fixed at its state on January 1941, restoring the pre-Barbarossa status quo. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Eastern territories became part of Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova." ]

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[ "Bob's Burgers (season 8). The eighth season of the animated comedy series Bob's Burgers began airing on Fox in the United States on October 1, 2017.[1]", "Bob's Burgers. On October 7, 2015, Fox renewed the series for the seventh and eighth production cycles.[8] The eighth season premiered on October 1, 2017.[9]", "Bob's Burgers (season 7). The seventh season of the animated comedy series Bob's Burgers began airing on Fox in the United States on September 25, 2016, and concluded on June 11, 2017.[1] The season contained 22 episodes.", "Bob's Burgers. On October 4, 2017, Fox announced that a Bob's Burgers movie was in the works to be released on July 17, 2020.[10]", "Bob's Burgers (season 8). On October 7, 2015, the series was renewed for an eighth production cycle, which is expected to premiere during the eighth broadcast season.[2]", "Bob's Burgers (season 6). The sixth season of the animated comedy series Bob's Burgers began airing on Fox in the United States on September 27, 2015, and concluded on May 22, 2016.[1] The season contained 19 episodes.[2]", "Bob's Burgers (season 7). On October 7, 2015, the series was renewed for a seventh production cycle, which premiered during the seventh broadcast season.[2]", "Bob's Burgers. The series also premiered on September 26, 2016 on TBS and airs Mondays afternoons (along with Family Guy, American Dad!, and The Cleveland Show) and on Friday nights.[101]", "Bob's Burgers. 20th Television began distributing Bob's Burgers to local stations in 2015. The syndication package began airing on its affiliates on the weekend of September 19–20, 2015, and two episodes air each weekend.[citation needed]", "Bob's Burgers. Bob's Burgers first appeared on the development slate at Fox on August 6, 2009.[19] On December 1, 2009, Fox ordered 13 episodes for the first season.[20] On May 17, 2010, Fox placed the series on the primetime slate for the 2010–11 television season.[21] A special preview aired on Thanksgiving on November 25, 2010.[22]", "Bob's Burgers. Adult Swim acquired the rights to air Bob's Burgers in 2013. Episodes air six nights a week, with a 1:30 am airing on Sunday and 8:30 pm airings Monday through Friday. An additional episode airs every Monday through Thursday at 9:00 pm. Adult Swim currently has rights to all five seasons of Bob's Burgers and recently began airing the season five episodes on Mondays.[100]", "Bob's Burgers. A film adaptation based on the animated TV series is in the works and is scheduled for a July 17, 2020 release.[10]", "Bob's Burgers. A comic book series based on the show, published by Dynamite Entertainment, began in September 2014,[5] and a soundtrack album was released on May 12, 2017.[6]", "Bob's Burgers (season 6). On January 8, 2015, the series was renewed for a sixth production cycle, which aired as part of the sixth broadcast season, which also included 13 holdover episodes from the fifth production cycle.[3]", "List of Bob's Burgers episodes. Bob's Burgers is an American animated television sitcom that premiered on the Fox network on January 9, 2011.[1] The series finished its seventh season on June 11, 2017. It centers on the Belchers, a family consisting of parents Bob (H. Jon Benjamin) and Linda (John Roberts) and their children Tina (Dan Mintz), Gene (Eugene Mirman) and Louise (Kristen Schaal), who run a hamburger restaurant. The show's premise originated with Loren Bouchard, who serves as an executive producer along with Jim Dauterive. The show is said to fill the void created by the conclusion of King of the Hill, which Dauterive worked on for nearly its entire run.", "Bob's Burgers. The original pilot can be seen on the DVD release of the first season, released on April 17, 2012.[18]", "Bob's Burgers. Bob's Burgers is an American adult animated sitcom created by Loren Bouchard that premiered on Fox on January 9, 2011. The series centers on the Belchers – parents Bob and Linda, and their children Tina, Gene, and Louise – who run a hamburger restaurant. The show was conceived by Bouchard after he developed Home Movies. It is produced and distributed in association with 20th Century Fox Television.", "Bob's Burgers. While reviews for the first season were mixed, feedback for subsequent seasons has been much more positive. The series premiere, \"Human Flesh\", drew in 9.39 million viewers, making it the highest-rated series premiere of the season, and finishing ninth in the ratings for the week it aired.[2][3] Reruns began airing on Cartoon Network's late night adult programming block Adult Swim on June 23, 2013,[4] and began airing in syndication on local stations in September 2015.", "Bob's Burgers. After airing, the show became the highest-rated series premiere of the season and also finished 9th in the ratings for the week it aired.[75][76] Despite this, the ratings went on a slide with ratings expert Bill Gorman of TV by the Numbers calling it a \"toss up\" for renewal before the series was renewed for a second season[77] which premiered on March 11, 2012.", "List of Bob's Burgers episodes. The first season was released on DVD on April 17, 2012 in Region 1 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. Bob's Burgers' first season averaged 5.07 million viewers in the 2010–11 television season, with the season's first episode, \"Human Flesh\", being the highest-rated new series premiere of the television season. The second season of Bob's Burgers averaged 4.18 million viewers, as part of the 2011–12 television season and the third season consisted of an average of 4.11 million views per episode in the 2012–13 television season. The first season consisted of 13 episodes, the second consisted of 9, the third consisted of 23, the fourth consisted of 22, the fifth consisted of 21, the sixth consisted of 19, and the seventh consisted of 22. Bob's Burgers has received very positive reviews from critics. On October 7, 2015, Fox renewed the series for seventh and eighth production cycles.[2] The eighth season is scheduled to premiere on October 1, 2017.[3]", "List of Bob's Burgers episodes. A total of 129 episodes have been broadcast. All episodes are approximately 22 minutes, without commercials, and are broadcast in both high-definition and standard. The series' episodes are also available for download at the iTunes Store in standard and high-definition qualities, and Amazon Video, with new episodes appearing the day after their live airing. Fox Video on Demand also releases episodes of the show, typically one to two days after their original airing. It can also be found on Hulu, with episodes available the day after their broadcast, and Yahoo! View, with episodes available a week after their broadcast.", "Bob's Burgers. The first season through the current season of the show are available on the iTunes Store for download & Hulu. The first 6 seasons are available from Amazon Video.", "Bob's Burgers. In 2016, The Bob's Burgers Burger Book, edited by series creator Bouchard, was released. There are 75 burger recipes pulled from the fan-based blog \"The Bob's Burger Experiment\" based on the Specials of the Day that appear on the chalkboard menu in the show.[110]", "Bob's Burgers. Creator Loren Bouchard serves as the executive producer, alongside developer Jim Dauterive. They have served as executive producers since the first season. Dan Fybel and Rich Rinaldi were promoted to executive producers during season 6.", "Bob's Burgers (season 8). The season will feature guest appearances from Adam Driver, Jack McBrayer, Thomas Middleditch, Fred Savage and Vanessa Bayer.[3][4][5]", "Bob's Burgers. Bob's Burgers initially received mixed reviews for season 1, with a Metacritic score of 54 out of 100.[29] However, by season 2, the ratings had reached a score of 78 out of 100, proving a rise in popularity with praises about its \"daffy comedic momentum\" and how it is \"new and fresh.\" [30] Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season a 58% from the collective critic feedback, admitting while it has potential, it needs to find its \"rhythm.\" [31] The Washington Post described the show as \"pointlessly vulgar and derivatively dull\", while Reuters stated that \"It's unwise – and unnecessary – to launch an animated sitcom on Fox that appears intent to ape the vulgarity quotient of Family Guy.\"[32][33] USA Today stated that \"Bob's Burgers isn't very tasty\" describing the comedy as just \"lop[ing] along, stumbling from one tasteless moment to the next\"[34] The New York Times described the show as having \"a lackadaisical vibe; its humor, no matter how anarchic, slides by in a deadpan monotone.\"[35]", "Bob's Burgers. Entertainment Weekly gave the show an A- grade in its review, remarking that \"a comedy this well done is very rare indeed\".[38] Ain't It Cool News called Bob's Burgers \"perhaps the funniest half-hour currently airing on broadcast TV.\"[39] In its review, CNN called the show \"wickedly funny\" and said there are \"too many highlights to list here\".[40] Speaking about the show during its second season, The A.V. Club reviewer Rowan Kaiser said: \"After an uneven start, Bob's Burgers is becoming one of television's best comedies!\"[41] Since the debut of season two of the series, the show's positive reception has increased.[citation needed]", "Bob's Burgers. As with other Fox animated series such as Futurama, The Simpsons and American Dad!, the show employs the \"changing element\" running gag in its opening credits. The gag present on Bob's Burgers involves the store located to the right of the restaurant, which has a new, humorously named client in every episode (such as \"Betty's Machetes\" in \"Purple Rain-Union\"). Additionally, beginning with Season 2, the pest control van in the sequence has the name of a different company on each episode; the van read \"Rat's all Folks! Exterminators\" on all episodes of Season 1. On certain episodes, an element is changed for a special night (a flash frame saying \"HAPPY HALLOWEEN\" was shown during the title sequence of \"Fort Night\").", "Bob the Builder. This series premiered on September 3, 2005 in the United States.", "Fort Night. \"Fort Night\" first aired in the United States on October 6, 2013 on Fox, as a part of the Animation Domination programming block.[8] The episode was watched by 4.21 million viewers and received a 1.9/5 Nielsen rating in the 18–49 demographic, becoming the fourth most-watched program of the Animation Domination block for the night.[9] Its ratings marked a minor decrease over the previous week's season premiere, \"A River Runs Through Bob\", which attained 4.48 million viewers.[10] \"Fort Night\" was the final episode of Bob's Burgers to air before a temporary month-long hiatus, during which Fox's coverage of Major League Baseball took over its time slot.[3] The series resumed on November 3 with the episode \"Seaplane!\"[11]", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). The channel's daytime schedule is heavily dominated by reruns of current and former network comedies, with these shows also airing in the evening and sporadically during the overnight hours. These programs are Family Guy, Friends, Seinfeld, The King of Queens, Married... with Children, The Big Bang Theory, New Girl, and 2 Broke Girls.[22] Starting in 2018 Brooklyn Nine-Nine and Mom will join the lineup as well.[26][27]", "Ear-sy Rider. \"Ear-sy Rider\" is the first episode of the third season of the animated comedy series Bob's Burgers and the overall 23rd episode, and is written by Dan Fybel and Rich Rinaldi and directed by Anthony Chun. The episode premiered on September 30, 2012 in the United States on Fox." ]

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[ "Yeast. It is not known when yeast was first used to bake bread. The first records that show this use came from Ancient Egypt.[8] Researchers speculate a mixture of flour meal and water was left longer than usual on a warm day and the yeasts that occur in natural contaminants of the flour caused it to ferment before baking. The resulting bread would have been lighter and tastier than the normal flat, hard cake.", "Baker's yeast. It is not known when yeast was first used to bake bread; the earliest definite records come from Ancient Egypt.[9] Researchers speculate that a mixture of flour meal and water was left longer than usual on a warm day and the yeasts that occur in natural contaminants of the flour caused it to ferment before baking. The resulting bread would have been lighter and tastier than the previous hard flatbreads. It is generally assumed that the earliest forms of leavening were likely very similar to modern sourdough; the leavening action of yeast would have been discovered from its action on flatbread doughs, and would have been either cultivated separately or transferred from batch to batch by means of previously mixed (\"old\") dough. Also, the development of leavened bread seems to have developed in close proximity to the development of beer brewing, and barm from the beer fermentation process can also be used in bread making.", "Yeast. By the late 18th century, two yeast strains used in brewing had been identified: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (top-fermenting yeast) and S. carlsbergensis (bottom-fermenting yeast). S. cerevisiae has been sold commercially by the Dutch for bread-making since 1780; while, around 1800, the Germans started producing S. cerevisiae in the form of cream. In 1825, a method was developed to remove the liquid so the yeast could be prepared as solid blocks.[20] The industrial production of yeast blocks was enhanced by the introduction of the filter press in 1867. In 1872, Baron Max de Springer developed a manufacturing process to create granulated yeast, a technique that was used until the first World War.[21] In the United States, naturally occurring airborne yeasts were used almost exclusively until commercial yeast was marketed at the Centennial Exposition in 1876 in Philadelphia, where Charles L. Fleischmann exhibited the product and a process to use it, as well as serving the resultant baked bread.[22]", "Yeast. Today, there are several retailers of baker's yeast; one of the earlier developments in North America is Fleischmann's Yeast, in 1868. During World War II, Fleischmann's developed a granulated active dry yeast which did not require refrigeration, had a longer shelf life than fresh yeast, and rose twice as fast. Baker's yeast is also sold as a fresh yeast compressed into a square \"cake\". This form perishes quickly, so must be used soon after production. A weak solution of water and sugar can be used to determine whether yeast is expired. In the solution, active yeast will foam and bubble as it ferments the sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Some recipes refer to this as proofing the yeast, as it \"proves\" (tests) the viability of the yeast before the other ingredients are added. When a sourdough starter is used, flour and water are added instead of sugar; this is referred to as proofing the sponge.[citation needed]", "Baker's yeast. Refinements in microbiology following the work of Louis Pasteur led to more advanced methods of culturing pure strains. In 1879, Great Britain introduced specialized growing vats for the production of S. cerevisiae, and in the United States around the turn of the century centrifuges were used for concentrating the yeast,[13] making modern commercial yeast possible, and turning yeast production into a major industrial endeavor. The slurry yeast made by small bakers and grocery shops became cream yeast, a suspension of live yeast cells in growth medium, and then compressed yeast, the fresh cake yeast that became the standard leaven for bread bakers in much of the Westernized world during the early 20th century.", "Baker's yeast. In the 19th century, bread bakers obtained their yeast from beer brewers, and this led to sweet-fermented breads such as the Imperial \"Kaiser-Semmel\" roll,[10] which in general lacked the sourness created by the acidification typical of Lactobacillus. However, beer brewers slowly switched from top-fermenting to bottom-fermenting yeast (both S. cerevisiae) and this created a shortage of yeast for making bread, so the Vienna Process was developed in 1846.[11] While the innovation is often popularly credited for using steam in baking ovens, leading to a different crust characteristic, it is notable for including procedures for high milling of grains (see Vienna grits[12]), cracking them incrementally instead of mashing them with one pass; as well as better processes for growing and harvesting top-fermenting yeasts, known as press-yeast.", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the 19th century, bread bakers obtained their yeast from beer brewers, and this led to sweet-fermented breads such as the Imperial \"Kaisersemmel\" roll,[4] which in general lacked the sourness created by the acidification typical of Lactobacillus. However, beer brewers slowly switched from top-fermenting (S. cerevisiae) to bottom-fermenting (S. pastorianus) yeast and this created a shortage of yeast for making bread, so the Vienna Process was developed in 1846.[5] While the innovation is often popularly credited for using steam in baking ovens, leading to a different crust characteristic, it is notable for including procedures for high milling of grains (see Vienna grits[6]), cracking them incrementally instead of mashing them with one pass; as well as better processes for growing and harvesting top-fermenting yeasts, known as press-yeast.", "History of bread. A major change was the development in 1961 of the Chorleywood Bread Process. This used the intense mechanical working of dough, and control of gases touching dough, to dramatically reduce the fermentation period and the time taken to produce a loaf at the expense of taste and nutrition.[18] The process, whose high-energy mixing allows for the use of inferior grain, is now widely used around the world in large factories. In total contrast, traditional breadmaking is extremely time-consuming, as the dough is mixed with yeast and requires several cycles of kneading and resting in order to become ready for baking, and to produce the desired flavor and texture.", "Yeast. The word \"yeast\" comes from Old English gist, gyst, and from the Indo-European root yes-, meaning \"boil\", \"foam\", or \"bubble\".[13] Yeast microbes are probably one of the earliest domesticated organisms. Archaeologists digging in Egyptian ruins found early grinding stones and baking chambers for yeast-raised bread, as well as drawings of 4,000-year-old bakeries and breweries.[14] In 1680, Dutch naturalist Anton van Leeuwenhoek first microscopically observed yeast, but at the time did not consider them to be living organisms, but rather globular structures.[15] Researchers were doubtful whether yeasts were algae or fungi,[16] but in 1837 Theodor Schwann recognized them as fungi.[17][18]", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Refinements in microbiology following the work of Louis Pasteur led to more advanced methods of culturing pure strains. In 1879, Great Britain introduced specialized growing vats for the production of S. cerevisiae, and in the United States around the turn of the century centrifuges were used for concentrating the yeast,[7] making modern commercial yeast possible, and turning yeast production into a major industrial endeavor. The slurry yeast made by small bakers and grocery shops became cream yeast, a suspension of live yeast cells in growth medium, and then compressed yeast, the fresh cake yeast that became the standard leaven for bread bakers in much of the Westernized world during the early 20th century.", "Baker's yeast. During World War II, Fleischmann's developed a granulated active dry yeast for the United States armed forces, which did not require refrigeration and had a longer shelf-life and better temperature tolerance than fresh yeast; it is still the standard yeast for US military recipes. The company created yeast that would rise twice as fast, cutting down on baking time. Lesaffre would later create instant yeast in the 1970s, which has gained considerable use and market share at the expense of both fresh and dry yeast in their various applications.", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae. During World War II, Fleischmann's developed a granulated active dry yeast for the United States armed forces, which did not require refrigeration and had a longer shelf-life and better temperature tolerance than fresh yeast; it is still the standard yeast for US military recipes. The company created yeast that would rise twice as fast, cutting down on baking time. Lesaffre would later create instant yeast in the 1970s, which has gained considerable use and market share at the expense of both fresh and dry yeast in their various applications.", "History of bread. The most common source of leavening in antiquity was to retain a piece of dough (with sugar and water in) from the previous day to utilize as a form of sourdough starter.[7] Pliny the Elder reported that the Gauls and Iberians used the foam skimmed from beer to produce \"a lighter kind of bread than other peoples.\" Parts of the ancient world that drank wine instead of beer used a paste composed of grape must and flour that was allowed to begin fermenting, or wheat bran steeped in wine, as a source for yeast.", "Yeast. In 1920, the Fleischmann Yeast Company began to promote yeast cakes in a \"Yeast for Health\" campaign. They initially emphasized yeast as a source of vitamins, good for skin and digestion. Their later advertising claimed a much broader range of health benefits, and was censured as misleading by the Federal Trade Commission. The fad for yeast cakes lasted until the late 1930s.[85]", "Yeast in winemaking. In 1996, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the first single-celled, eukaryotic organism to have its entire genome sequenced. This sequencing helped confirm the nearly century of work by mycologists and enologists in identifying different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are used in beer, bread and winemaking. Today there are several hundred different strains of S. cerevisiae identified.[3] Not all of the strains are suitable for winemaking and even among the strains that are, there is debate among winemakers and scientists about the actual magnitude of differences between the various strains and their potential impact on the wine.[5] Even among strains that have demonstrated distinctive difference when compared among young wines, these differences seem to fade and become less distinctive as the wines age.[2]", "Bread. In 1961 the Chorleywood bread process was developed, which used the intense mechanical working of dough to dramatically reduce the fermentation period and the time taken to produce a loaf. The process, whose high-energy mixing allows for the use of lower protein grain, is now widely used around the world in large factories. As a result, bread can be produced very quickly and at low costs to the manufacturer and the consumer. However, there has been some criticism of the effect on nutritional value.[9][10][11]", "Bread. There were multiple sources of leavening available for early bread. Airborne yeasts could be harnessed by leaving uncooked dough exposed to air for some time before cooking. Pliny the Elder reported that the Gauls and Iberians used the foam skimmed from beer called barm to produce \"a lighter kind of bread than other peoples\" such as barm cake. Parts of the ancient world that drank wine instead of beer used a paste composed of grape juice and flour that was allowed to begin fermenting, or wheat bran steeped in wine, as a source for yeast. The most common source of leavening was to retain a piece of dough from the previous day to use as a form of sourdough starter, as Pliny also reported.[6][7]", "Bread. Bread is one of the oldest prepared foods. Evidence from 30,000 years ago in Europe revealed starch residue on rocks used for pounding plants.[4] It is possible that during this time, starch extract from the roots of plants, such as cattails and ferns, was spread on a flat rock, placed over a fire and cooked into a primitive form of flatbread. Around 10,000 BC, with the dawn of the Neolithic age and the spread of agriculture, grains became the mainstay of making bread. Yeast spores are ubiquitous, including on the surface of cereal grains, so any dough left to rest leavens naturally.[5]", "Baker's yeast. Without an understanding of microbiology, early bakers would have had little ability to directly control yeast cultures, but still kept locally interesting cultures by reusing doughs and starters to leaven later batches. However, it became possible to isolate and propagate favored yeast strains in the same manner as was done in the beer industry, and it eventually became practical to propagate yeast in a slurry with a composition similar to beer wort, usually including malted barley and wheat flour. Such cultures (sometimes referred to in old American cookery as \"emptins\", from their origins as the dregs of beer or cider fermentation) would become the ancestors of modern baker's yeast, as, in general, they were carefully maintained to avoid what would later be discovered to be bacterial contamination, including using preservatives such as hops as well as boiling the growth medium.", "Yeast. When yeast is used for making bread, it is mixed with flour, salt, and warm water or milk. The dough is kneaded until it is smooth, and then left to rise, sometimes until it has doubled in size. The dough is then shaped into loaves. Some bread doughs are knocked back after one rising and left to rise again (this is called dough proofing) and then baked. A longer rising time gives a better flavour, but the yeast can fail to raise the bread in the final stages if it is left for too long initially.", "Baguette. No academic study has been written on the history of the baguette itself, as a type of bread.[3] Thus, much of its history is speculative; however, some facts can be established. Among these are the increased popularity of long, stick-like breads in France starting in the 18th century,[4] the shift among French bakers to using \"gruau\", a highly refined Hungarian high-milled flour in the early 19th century,[5] the introduction of Viennese steam oven baking to Paris in 1839 by August Zang,[6] and the subsequent introduction of the Austrian Adolf Ignaz Mautner von Markhof's compact yeast to Paris in 1867 at the Universal Exposition.[7] Finally, there is the first use of the word \"baguette\" in print, to define a particular type of bread, in a set of laws enacted by the Prefecture of the Seine Department in August 1920: \"The baguette, having a minimum weight of 80 g and a maximum length of 40 cm, may not be sold for a price higher than 0.65 francs apiece\"[8] While no one of these events is in itself definable as \"the invention of the baguette\", each of them, the shape, the flour, the fermentation, and the steam baking, contribute to what is today recognized as a \"baguette\".", "Yeast. Yeast, the most common one being S. cerevisiae, is used in baking as a leavening agent, where it converts the food/fermentable sugars present in dough into the gas carbon dioxide. This causes the dough to expand or rise as gas forms pockets or bubbles. When the dough is baked, the yeast dies and the air pockets \"set\", giving the baked product a soft and spongy texture. The use of potatoes, water from potato boiling, eggs, or sugar in a bread dough accelerates the growth of yeasts. Most yeasts used in baking are of the same species common in alcoholic fermentation. In addition, Saccharomyces exiguus (also known as S. minor), a wild yeast found on plants, fruits, and grains, is occasionally used for baking. In breadmaking, the yeast initially respires aerobically, producing carbon dioxide and water. When the oxygen is depleted, fermentation begins, producing ethanol as a waste product; however, this evaporates during baking.[69]", "History of bread. Up to the 19th century, bread in Europe was often adulterated with hazardous materials, including chalk, sawdust, alum, plaster, clay and ammonium carbonate. This gradually came to an end with government action, such as the 1860 and 1899 Food Adulteration Acts in Britain.[14] America had a more difficult time ending these processes of adulteration however, as various states had varying policies regarding bread making. [15]", "Baking. The first evidence of baking occurred when humans took wild grass grains, soaked them in water, and mixed everything together, mashing it into a kind of broth-like paste.[3] The paste was cooked by pouring it onto a flat, hot rock, resulting in a bread-like substance. Later, when humans mastered fire, the paste was roasted on hot embers, which made bread-making easier, as it could now be made any time fire was created. The world's oldest oven was discovered in Croatia in 2014 dating back 6500 years ago. The Ancient Egyptians baked bread using yeast, which they had previously been using to brew beer.[4] Bread baking began in Ancient Greece around 600 BC, leading to the invention of enclosed ovens.[4] \"Ovens and worktables have been discovered in archaeological digs from Turkey (Hacilar) to Palestine (Jericho) and date back to 5600 BC.\"[5]", "Baker's yeast. Because it is readily available and easy to culture, baker's yeast has long been used in chemical, biological, and genetic research as a model organism. In 1996, after 6 years of work, S. cerevisiae became the first eukaryote to have its entire genome sequenced. It has over 12 million base pairs and around 6000 genes. Since then, it has remained in the forefront of genetic research. For example, most of our knowledge of the cell division cycle was worked out from experiments with yeast.", "Fleischmann's Yeast. Common forms of yeast Fleischmann’s make are: cubes or \"cakes\" of compressed fresh yeast wrapped in foil, an original form of packaged yeast that is soft and perishable; packets of Active Dry Yeast, a shelf stable granular yeast invented by Fleischmann during WWII; packets of RapidRise yeast intended to reduce dough rising time by as much as fifty percent by bypassing the first rise; bread machine yeast, an instant yeast sold in a glass jar; and pizza crust yeast, an instant yeast packaged with dough relaxers intended to reduce the amount of time needed to make a fresh pizza crust.", "Yeast. The useful physiological properties of yeast have led to their use in the field of biotechnology. Fermentation of sugars by yeast is the oldest and largest application of this technology. Many types of yeasts are used for making many foods: baker's yeast in bread production, brewer's yeast in beer fermentation, and yeast in wine fermentation and for xylitol production.[49] So-called red rice yeast is actually a mold, Monascus purpureus. Yeasts include some of the most widely used model organisms for genetics and cell biology.[50]", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae is used in baking; the carbon dioxide generated by the fermentation is used as a leavening agent in bread and other baked goods. Historically, this use was closely linked to the brewing industry's use of yeast, as bakers took or bought the barm or yeast-filled foam from brewing ale from the brewers (producing the barm cake); today, brewing and baking yeast strains are somewhat different.", "History of bread. Even in antiquity there were a wide variety of breads. In ancient times the Greek bread was barley bread: Solon declared that wheaten bread might only be baked for feast days. By the 5th century BC bread could be purchased in Athens from a baker's shop, and in Rome, Greek bakers appeared in the 2nd century BC, as Hellenized Asia Minor was added to Roman dominion as the province of Asia;[9] the foreign bakers of bread were permitted to form a collegium. In the Deipnosophistae, the author Athenaeus (c.A.D.170 – c. 230) describes some of the bread, cakes, and pastries available in the Classical world.[10] Among the breads mentioned are griddle cakes, honey-and-oil bread, mushroom-shaped loaves covered in poppy seeds, and the military specialty of rolls baked on a spit. The type and quality of flours used to produce bread could also vary, as noted by Diphilus when he declared \"bread made of wheat, as compared with that made of barley, is more nourishing, more digestible, and in every way superior.\" In order of merit, the bread made from refined [thoroughly sieved] flour comes first, after that bread from ordinary wheat, and then the unbolted, made of flour that has not been sifted.\"[11] The essentiality of bread in the diet was reflected in the name for the rest of the meal: ópson, \"condiment\", i.e. bread's accompaniment, whatever it might be.[12]", "Yeast in winemaking. In the mid-19th century, the French scientist Louis Pasteur was tasked by the French government to study what made some wines spoil. His work, which would later lead to Pasteur being considered one of the \"Fathers of Microbiology\", would uncover the connection between microscopic yeast cells and the process of the fermentation. It was Pasteur who discovered that yeast converted sugars in the must into alcohol and carbon dioxide, though the exact mechanisms of how the yeast would accomplish this task was not discovered till the 20th century with the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.[7]", "History of bread. In the late 19th century, the British empire encouraged a noticeable increase in import of bread from the colonies. This was regarded as British bread despite its origins, and institutes such as the Imperial Economic Committee encouraged the consumption and trade of foods such as bread from across the empire as they viewed it as cementing Britain's position in its colonies further. Advancements in refrigeration technology and techniques also encouraged an increase in the import of bread, as it could be preserved a lot longer than before and could be transported over longer distances. Bread was transported and stored using refrigeration more than most other foods, particularly in North America, as it was a staple food in most diets, more so than other staple foods like meat. [16]", "Bread. Many breads are leavened by yeast. The yeast most commonly used for leavening bread is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the same species used for brewing alcoholic beverages. This yeast ferments some of the carbohydrates in the flour, including any sugar, producing carbon dioxide. Commercial bakers often leaven their dough with commercially produced baker's yeast. Baker's yeast has the advantage of producing uniform, quick, and reliable results, because it is obtained from a pure culture.[44] Many artisan bakers produce their own yeast with a growth culture. If kept in the right conditions, it provides leavening for many years.[45]" ]

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[ "Chip 'n' Dale. In 1989, Chip and Dale became the title characters in a new animated television series, Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers, in which they formed a detective agency with new characters created for the show: female mouse inventor Gadget Hackwrench, muscular adventuring Australian mouse Monterey Jack, and Zipper the fly. While in the original shorts the duo are frequent troublemakers who are concerned only with themselves, in Rescue Rangers they are crime fighters who help the less fortunate.[1]", "Chip 'n' Dale. Chip and Dale (also rendered as Chip 'n' Dale or Chip an' Dale) are two chipmunk cartoon characters created at Walt Disney Productions in 1943. Their names are a pun based on the name of the famous 18th-century cabinet maker and furniture designer Thomas Chippendale. This was suggested by Bill \"Tex\" Henson, a story artist at the studio.", "Chip 'n' Dale. Chip 'n' Dale occasionally appeared in Mickey Mouse Works and Disney's House of Mouse. They can also be spotted in the 1983 featurette Mickey's Christmas Carol where they are seen dancing to the music inside Fezziwigs. They also appear at all the Disney Parks as well. In the new Mickey Mouse episode \"Space Walkies\", they made a brief cameo as they were being chase by Pluto.", "Chippendales. Chippendales is a touring dance troupe best known for its male striptease performances and for its dancers' distinctive upper body costume of a bow tie, collar and shirt cuffs worn on an otherwise bare torso.", "Go-go dancing. Go-go dancers are dancers who are employed to entertain crowds at nightclubs[1] or other venues where music is played. Go-go dancing originated in the early 1960s, by some accounts when women at the Peppermint Lounge in New York City began to get up on tables and dance the twist.[2] Some claim that go-go dancing originated at, and was named after, the very popular Los Angeles rock club Whisky a Go Go which opened in January 1964, but the opposite may be true – the club chose the name to reflect the already popular craze of go-go dancing.[3] Many 1960s-era clubgoers wore miniskirts and knee-high, high-heeled boots, which eventually came to be called go-go boots. Night club promoters in the mid‑1960s then conceived the idea of hiring women dressed in these outfits to entertain patrons.", "The Wachowskis. Lana and Lilly attended Kellogg Elementary School in Chicago's Beverly area, and they graduated from Whitney Young High School, known for its performing arts and science curriculum, in 1983 and 1985 respectively, in both cases under their birth names.[18] Former classmates recall them playing Dungeons & Dragons and working in the school’s theater and TV program.[18]", "Chippendales. In 1990 a Saturday Night Live skit featured guest host Patrick Swayze and Chris Farley competing in an audition to become a Chippendales dancer.", "Chippendales. Established in 1979, Chippendales was the first all-male stripping troupe to make a business performing for mostly female audiences. Through the quality of its staging and choreography, Chippendales also helped legitimize stripping as a form of popular entertainment.", "The Chipettes. The origins of the Chipettes can be traced to the 1982 Alvin and the Chipmunks album The Chipmunks Go Hollywood (RCA, 1981). On this album, Alvin sings a duet with a female character billed as Charlene the Chipette. Charlene is featured on the song \"You're the One That I Want\" from the soundtrack of the motion picture Grease. Charlene was depicted on the album cover as having a long, golden blonde ponytail, and seems to have been the basis for the later character of Brittany. She may have made a visual appearance in 1990, in Rockin' with the Chipmunks, where she danced and lip-synced in the music video for \"Crocodile Rock\" by Elton John. Brittany had a similar appearance (but her eye color is blue)", "Frick and Frack. Frick and Frack found fame with the Follies, a revue promoted by Eddie Shipstad and his brother Roy, which began in 1936 and ran for almost 50 years. They also reached a worldwide audience when they began appearing in films, including the Monogram Pictures production Lady, Let's Dance in 1944. Their association lasted so long, and they were at one time so well known, that their names became a household term in many languages.", "Chip 'n' Dale. In this series the personality differences between the two are more pronounced, with Chip as the responsible, no-nonsense leader and Dale as the goofy, laid back free spirit. Additionally, they wear clothes in this series which reflect their personalities; Chip wears a leather jacket and fedora (much like Indiana Jones), while Dale wears a Hawaiian shirt (much like Magnum, P.I.). Also, Corey Burton gave Dale a slightly raspier voice not heard in any incarnations before.", "Chippendales. On October 1, 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the decision of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board.[10] Nothing in that decision affected the validity of the 2003 registration. One of the reasons for upholding the decision was the testimony of Chippendales' own expert, who admitted the male dancers' outfits were \"inspired\" by those of the Playboy Bunny, who also feature a bow-tie and shirt cuffs.[11][12] In April 2011, St. Joseph, Missouri, police shut down a show by a Chippendales impostor group, alleging that it violated Missouri's adult entertainment laws.[13][14][15]", "Chippendales. Eventually, De Noia and Banerjee fell out (forcing Nahin to deal with each of his partners separately). Banerjee brought in choreographer/director Steve Merritt, who, with his partner Mark Donnelly, had stage shows playing in Las Vegas and London. Merritt and Donnelly had the idea of putting the male strippers into a kind of mini-Broadway show, with dancers, music, and themes. To find strippers, they recruited the most attractive men they could find from Venice Beach, Manhattan Beach, and Santa Monica Beach. Merritt taught the men how to dance and perform.", "W. C. Handy. surrounded by crowds of country folks, they would pour their hearts out in song ... They earned their living by selling their own songs — \"ballets,\" as they called them — and I'm ready to say in their behalf that seldom did their creations lack imagination.[14]", "The Blues Brothers. It was also at the bar that Aykroyd introduced Belushi to the blues. An interest soon became a fascination, and it was not long before the two began singing with local blues bands. Jokingly, SNL band leader Howard Shore suggested they call themselves \"The Blues Brothers.\" In an April 1988 interview he gave to the Chicago Sun-Times, Aykroyd said the Blues Brothers act borrowed from Sam & Dave and others; the Sun-Times quoted him as explaining: \"Well obviously the duo thing and the dancing, but the hats came from John Lee Hooker. The suits came from the concept that when you were a jazz player in the 40's, 50's 60's, to look straight, you had to wear a suit.\"", "Chippendales. The concept of the male strip show was brought to Banerjee and Nahin by Snider (later notorious for killing his estranged wife, Playboy Playmate Dorothy Stratten and then himself) who was desperate to revive his nightclub business because other ideas of backgammon and female mud wrestling were failing. Banerjee was the creative force behind Chippendales, packaging the idea of a male burlesque show with the name of elegant furniture in a night club venue that was clean and refined, and that allowed women to feel comfortable watching men strip down to a G-string. The initial script was written by Richard Barsh, who was the show's first Emcee. The concept immediately gained a huge female following. Together with choreographer and Emmy award winner Nicholas De Noia and his associate Candace Mayeron (Snider had died in 1980),[4] Chippendales was expanded to New York's Club Magique, London, Hamburg,Amsterdam, Thailand, Australia, Philadelphia, and Florida. Choreographer De Noia was originally in charge of the stage show. Authorized shows also toured extensively in the U.S. (by De Noia and Mayeron), Asia, and Europe (through Banerjee).", "Chip 'n' Dale. A recurring shtick often mistakenly attributed to Chip 'n' Dale is the characters' alleged use of politeness: \"After you,\" … \"No, I insist, after you!\" This gag, from the early-1900s Alphonse and Gaston comic strip, is used by another studio's characters: Warner Bros' Mac and Tosh as the Goofy Gophers. However, in the 1950 short \"Out on a Limb,\" Chip 'n' Dale do engage in a round of this (possibly in reference to the Goofy Gophers) before Chip stops it from getting out of hand with a swift kick to Dale's rear end.", "Chip 'n' Dale. Chip 'n' Dale also had their own comic book title, first from Dell Comics with Four Color Comics #517, 581,and 636, then their own title for issues #4-30 (1955–62), which was then continued by Gold Key Comics with #1-64 (1967–80), and later under its brand Whitman with #65-83 (1980–84).[2]", "Chips Ahoy!. For a time in the mid-1990s, advertising labeled Chips Ahoy as being \"1,000 chips delicious!\" The acquired theme song for most of Chips Ahoy! commercials during its most popular time in the 1990s was a portion of the song \"Sing, Sing, Sing\" by Benny Goodman's jazz band in the 1930s. From 2001 to 2010, Chips Ahoy's mascots were the animated \"Cookie Guys.\" In 2010, the Cookie Guys were replaced by a live-action campaign on the theme of \"joy,\" in which it is demonstrated that the simple act of opening a bag of Chips Ahoy! brand cookies induces feelings of delight and exultation to the degree that one is affected with \"happy feet\" and begins dancing.[1] In 2014, Chips Ahoy made its appearance to the UK and Ireland in two flavors, Popcorn Candy Chip and Crispy Choco Caramel In Malaysia, The Chips More advertisements were seen similar to Chips Ahoy's Cookie Man.", "Chip 'n' Dale. Chip and Dale also make recurring appearances in Mickey and the Roadster Racers as mechanics.", "Opposites Attract. The idea of MC Skat Kat came from the Gene Kelly film Anchors Aweigh, where Kelly dances with Jerry Mouse from the Tom and Jerry cartoon series. Paula even choreographed the animated character's moves to match her live-action dance moves in the video. MC Skat Kat was animated by members of the Disney animation team, working outside the studio between major projects, under the direction of Chris Bailey.[4]", "Chip 'n' Dale. In the Kingdom Hearts series, Chip and Dale reside in Disney Castle as operators of the Gummi Ship garage. While Tress MacNeille and Corey Burton resume their respective roles, the latter uses a deep-sounding voice for Dale. Though making voiceless cameos in the first game, Chip and Dale play a larger role in Kingdom Hearts II. The two also appeared in the prequel game, Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep.", "Cotton-Eyed Joe. A resident of Central Texas who learned the dance in Williamson County in the early 1880s described it as nothing but a heel and toe \"poker\" with fringes added. These fringes added to the heel and toe polka were clog steps which required skill and extraversion on the part of the dancer.[10]", "The Jets (Minnesota band). In 1988, Eugene Wolfgramm and Joe Pasquale formed the duo Boys Club, which recorded for MCA Records. Boys Club released the song \"I Remember Holding You\", which reached #8 on the Hot 100. Eugene later reunited for the album The Best of The Jets (1990), but he and other siblings (Eddie, Elizabeth, Kathi) eventually left the band in succession. The band was also featured on the soundtrack for The Disney Afternoon, where they performed the Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers theme song. They also appeared on the soundtracks for \"Burglar\" (1987) (\"Tough Guys\"), Beverly Hills Cop II (1987) (\"Cross My Broken Heart\"), The Karate Kid Part III (\"Under Any Moon\") and The Family Man (2000) (\"La La Means I Love You\").", "Chip 'n' Dale. Of the two, Chip is portrayed as being safe, focused, and having a mind for logical scheming. Dale, by contrast, is more dim-witted, lazy, timid, and insecure, and has a very strong sense of humor. Originally the two had a very similar appearance, but as a way to tell them apart, some differences were introduced: Chip has a small black nose (which somewhat resembles a chocolate \"chip\", as befitting his name) and two centered protruding teeth, whereas Dale has a large dark red nose and his prominent canine teeth showing. Chip is also depicted as having smooth hair on top of his head while Dale's tends to be ruffled.", "The Jets (Minnesota band). The original members of the Jets had a number of Billboard Hot 100 hits and eight top 10 singles, including the 1986 \"Crush on You\", which peaked at #3 in July 1986 on the USA Billboard Hot 100 (#5 UK, #4 US R&B, #4 US Dance). They are also known for the singles \"You Got It All\", \"Cross My Broken Heart\", \"Rocket 2 U\", and \"Make It Real\". \"Sendin' All My Love\", which peaked at #88 on the Hot 100, reached #1 on the Billboard dance chart; \"You Got It All\" and \"Make It Real\", both ballads featuring lead vocals by Elizabeth Wolfgramm, were #1 hits on the Billboard adult contemporary chart. The band was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1988 for the song \"Rocket 2 U\" featuring lead vocals by Haini Wolfgramm. The Jets also performed the theme song for Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers, in 1989.", "Mickey Mouse universe. Chip 'n' Dale are two chipmunks who are often trouble-makers for Pluto and Donald. However, the chipmunks are often provoked, especially by Donald.", "Chippendales. After operating a Mobil gas station, Somen Banerjee and his newly acquired partner, a law student at Loyola Law School named Bruce Nahin, bought a failed west Los Angeles disco named Destiny II and turned it into a nightclub featuring female mud wrestling and a \"Female Exotic Dancing Night.\" Destiny II was located at 3739 Overland Avenue at McCune Avenue in Palms. The idea of featuring male dancers came from a nightclub promotional idea by Paul Snider, while the club name Chippendales was suggested by Nahin because of the Chippendale style furniture at the club.", "Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich. Ken Howard said that: \"We changed their name to Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick and Tich, because they were their actual nicknames and because we wanted to stress their very distinct personalities in a climate which regarded bands as collectives.\"[5] The distinctive name, coupled with well produced and catchy songs by Howard and Blaikley, quickly caught the UK public's imagination and their records started to sell in abundance.[6] Indeed, between 1965 and 1969, the group spent more weeks in the UK Singles Chart than the Beatles and made the odd tour 'down under' to Australia and New Zealand, where they had also experienced some marked chart success during this period.", "Cakewalk. Ethel L. Urlin, writing in the book Dancing, Ancient and Modern (1912), stated that the cakewalk \"originated in Florida, where it is said that the Negroes borrowed the idea of it from the war dances of the Seminole...The negroes were present as spectators at these dances, which consisted of wild and hilarious jumping and gyrating, alternating with slow processions in which the dancers walked solemnly in couples. The idea grew, and style in walking came to be practised among the negroes as an art.\"[17]", "Lauren Tom. Tom was born in the Chicago suburb of Highland Park, Illinois,[2] the daughter of Nancy (née Dare) and Chan Tom, Jr., who worked in the frozen food business.[3][1] She has a brother named Chip.[3] Their parents were born in Chicago, and their grandparents came from Kaiping, Guangdong province, China.[2] Raised in Highland Park, Tom was teased as a child about her Chinese heritage, making her introverted and eventually inspiring her to study dance.[4]", "Raja and Radha Reddy. Raja (born October 6, 1943) and Radha Reddy (b. February 15, 1955) are a Kuchipudi dancing couple, gurus and choreographers. Their names are synonymous with Kuchipudi dance and are regarded solely responsible for bringing it on the cultural map of the world.[1][2] For their services to the field of arts, the Government of India have conferred on them the Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan awards.[3][4] They are the only family completely dedicated to dance- Raja, his two wives and two daughters. An ace choreographer, Raja Reddy has many choreographies to his credit, namely, 'Shivas Dance', 'Mahanatam' (which has travelled to three continents), 'Shiva Leelas', 'Raasa Shabdam', 'Kuru Yadhunanandana Ashtapadi', and many more." ]

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[ "Dirty Dancing. Principal photography for Dirty Dancing took place in Lake Lure, North Carolina, and Mountain Lake, Virginia. Scenes in Lake Lure were filmed at the old Boys Camp, which is now a private, residential community known as Firefly Cove. These scenes included the interior dancing scenes, Baby carrying the watermelon and practicing on the signature stairs, Johnny's cabin, the staff cabins, the golf scene where Baby asks her father for $250. Scenes filmed at Mountain Lake included the famous \"water lift\" scene, dining scenes, Kellerman's Hotel, the beach games, Penny crying in the kitchen, and the Houseman family's cabins.[citation needed]", "Dirty Dancing (2017 film). In late summer 1963, affluent, college-bound Frances \"Baby\" Houseman visits Kellerman's Catskills resort with her family and falls in love with working-class dance instructor Johnny Castle. The film closely follows the plot of the original film; the following are notable changes:", "Mountain Lake (Virginia). Mountain Lake Hotel was the site for much of the on-location filming of the 1987 hit movie Dirty Dancing which starred Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey.[6] The Stone Lodge stood in for \"Kellerman's Resort\", a fictional mountain retreat in the Catskill Mountains of upstate New York. Like Kellerman's, the real Mountain Lake Hotel Resort also offers many indoor and outdoor activities for guests such as games like table tennis and billiards, water activities like paddle boating, canoeing, and fishing, and dry activities like mountain biking and hiking.", "Dirty Dancing. In the summer of 1963, 17-year-old Frances \"Baby\" Houseman (Jennifer Grey) is vacationing with her affluent family at Kellerman's,[5][6] a resort in the Catskill Mountains. Baby is the younger of two daughters, and plans to attend Mount Holyoke College to study economics in underdeveloped countries and then enter the Peace Corps. Her father, Jake (Jerry Orbach), is the doctor and friend of Max Kellerman (Jack Weston), the resort proprietor. Baby is befriended by Max's grandson Neil (Lonny Price). Baby develops a crush on the resort's dance instructor, Johnny Castle (Patrick Swayze). Johnny is the leader of the resort's working-class entertainment staff. Baby encounters Johnny's cousin Billy on a walk through the resort grounds, and helps him carry watermelons to the staff quarters. The staff hold secret after-hours parties in their quarters, and Baby is surprised by the \"dirty dancing\" they engage in.[7] Intrigued, Baby receives a brief, impromptu dance lesson from Johnny.", "Dirty Dancing (2017 film). Filming was based in Hendersonville, North Carolina. Most of the filming locations were across western North Carolina including Asheville, Cashiers and Saluda, with filming taking place in April and May 2016.[18][19] People living in the Hendersonville area served as crew members, extras and dancers, and they were invited to provide cars from the 1960s. Much of the filming took place at High Hampton Inn in Cashiers.[20] It created an estimated 1,225 jobs, including 900 extras, 30 cast members and 225 crew positions to support the project.[21]", "Dirty Dancing. The tight schedule allowed only two weeks for rehearsal and 44 days for filming, as it was already the tail end of summer. The cast stayed in the same hotel at Mountain Lake Lodge in Pembroke, Virginia and at the 1927 Lake Lure Inn & Spa in Lake Lure, N.C. Rehearsals quickly turned into disco parties involving nearly every cast member, even non-dancers such as Jack Weston.[citation needed]", "Dirty Dancing. For choreographer, Bergstein chose Kenny Ortega, who had been trained by Gene Kelly.[12] For a location, they did not find anything suitable in the Catskills (as many of the resorts had been shut down at that point), so they decided on a combination of two locations: Lake Lure, North Carolina and the Mountain Lake Hotel near Newport, Virginia, and with careful editing made it look like all shooting was done in the same area.[13]", "Dirty Dancing. In August 2011, Lionsgate, who owns the film rights, announced their plan to remake the film. It was confirmed that the studio had hired the film's choreographer, Kenny Ortega, to direct. \"We believe that the timing couldn't be better to modernize this story on the big screen, and we are proud to have Kenny Ortega at the helm,\" Joe Drake, president of Lionsgate's Motion Picture Group, explained about the project. A miniseries version of \"Dirty Dancing\" had been scheduled to be shot in Western North Carolina.[71] As of July 29, 2015, the miniseries has been put on hold.[72]", "Dirty Dancing. Dirty Dancing is a 1987 American romantic drama dance film written by Eleanor Bergstein, directed by Emile Ardolino and starring Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey in the lead roles, and featuring Cynthia Rhodes and Jerry Orbach.", "Dirty Dancing. Dirty Dancing is based in large part on screenwriter Eleanor Bergstein's own childhood: she is the younger daughter of a Jewish doctor from New York, spent summers with her family in the Catskills, participated in \"Dirty Dancing\" competitions, and was herself nicknamed \"Baby\" as a girl. In 1980, Bergstein wrote a screenplay for the Michael Douglas film, It's My Turn. However, the producers cut an erotic dancing scene from the script, much to her dismay. She then conceived a new story, focused almost exclusively on dancing. In 1984, she pitched the idea to MGM executive Eileen Miselle, who liked it and teamed Bergstein with producer Linda Gottlieb. They set the film in 1963, with the character of Baby based on Bergstein's own life, and the character of Johnny based on the stories of Michael Terrace, a dance instructor whom Bergstein met in the Catskills in 1985 while she was researching the story.[citation needed] She finished the script in November 1985, but management changes at MGM put the script into turnaround, or limbo.", "Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights. Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights (also known as Dirty Dancing 2 or Dirty Dancing 2: Havana Nights) is a 2004 American musical romance film directed by Guy Ferland. The film is a prequel/\"re-imagining\" of the 1987 blockbuster Dirty Dancing, reusing the same basic plot, but transplanting it from upstate New York to Cuba on the cusp of the Cuban Revolution.", "Dirty Dancing. Since 2009, there has been a Dirty Dancing Festival in Lake Lure, North Carolina.[58]", "Dirty Dancing. Bergstein then shopped the script around to other studios but was repeatedly rejected, until she brought it to Vestron Pictures, the newly formed studio division of Stamford, Connecticut, based Vestron Inc., the leading independent home video distribution company.[citation needed] While honing their pitch to Vestron, Gottlieb and Bergstein chose Emile Ardolino as the film's director, who had won the 1983 Academy Award for the documentary, He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'. Ardolino had never directed a feature film, but was extremely passionate about the project; he even sent a message from where he was sequestered on jury duty, insisting that he was the best choice as director. The team of Gottlieb, Bergstein, and Ardolino then presented their vision for the film to Vestron's president, Jon Peisinger, and the company's vice president for production, Mitchell Cannold. By the end of the meeting, Peisinger had greenlighted the project to become Vestron's first feature film production. The approved film was budgeted at the relatively low amount of $5 million, at a time when the average cost for a film was $12 million.[11]", "Dirty Dancing. In 2004, a prequel of the film was released, entitled Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights. It tells the story of a sheltered American teenager learning about life through dance, when her family relocates to Havana, Cuba just before the 1959 Cuban Revolution. Swayze was paid $5 million to appear in a cameo role as a dance teacher[67] —considerably more than the $200,000 he earned for the first film.[68]", "Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights. In 1958, Katey Miller (Romola Garai), her parents (Sela Ward and John Slattery), and her younger sister Susie (Mika Boorem) arrive in Cuba during the Cuban revolution. A self-described bookworm, Katey is not very happy about having to move to a different country during her senior year of high school, as she had been planning to attend Radcliffe College, although the rest of her family seem extremely pleased to be in Cuba.", "Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights. Havana Nights is based on an original screenplay by playwright and NPR host Peter Sagal, based on the real life experience of producer JoAnn Jansen, who lived in Cuba as a 15-year-old in 1958-59. Sagal wrote the screenplay, which he titled Cuba Mine, about a young American woman who witnessed the Cuban revolution and had a romance with a young Cuban revolutionary. The screenplay was to be a serious political romance story, documenting, among other stories, how the Cuban revolution transformed from idealism to terror. It was commissioned in 1992 by Lawrence Bender, who was rising to fame with his production of Quentin Tarantino's Reservoir Dogs and Pulp Fiction. The screenplay was bought by a film studio, which requested several rewrites before deciding not to produce the film. A decade later, Bender decided to make a Dirty Dancing sequel, and the film was very loosely adapted from Sagal's script. Not a single line from Sagal's original screenplay appears in the final film and Sagal says that the only remnants of the political theme that existed in his script is a scene wherein some people are executed.[2]", "Dirty Dancing. A New York production was in the planning stage in 2006,[34] with the show first starting in other North American cities. It broke box office records in May 2007 for its first such venue, selling $2 million on the first day of ticket sales in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The production opened on November 15, 2007 at the Royal Alexandra Theatre, with an all-Canadian cast, except for Monica West (Baby Housman), Britta Lazenga (Penny), and Al Sapienza (Jake Housman). After Toronto, the musical opened in Chicago in previews on September 28, 2008 and officially on October 19, 2008, running through January 17, 2009,[62] followed by Boston (February 7 – March 15, 2009) and Los Angeles.[63][64][65]", "Seven Sisters (colleges). In an early scene of the 1987 film “Dirty Dancing”, Dr. Jake Housemann (played by Jerry Orbach) in referring to his daughter, Baby Housemann (Jennifer Grey) announces that “Baby is going to Mount Holyoke in the fall.”", "Dirty Dancing. Director Ardolino was adamant that they choose dancers who could also act, as he did not want to use the \"stand-in\" method that had been used with Flashdance (1983). For the female lead of Frances \"Baby\" Houseman, Bergstein chose the 26-year-old Jennifer Grey, daughter of the Oscar-winning actor and dancer Joel Grey (e.g., of the film Cabaret (1972), who, like her father, was a trained dancer. They then sought a male lead, initially considering 20-year-old Billy Zane, who had the visual look desired (originally the Johnny character was to be Italian and have a dark exotic look), but initial dancing tests when he was partnered with Grey did not meet expectations. The next choice was 34-year-old Patrick Swayze, who had been noticed for his roles in Grandview, U.S.A. (1984) and Red Dawn (1984). He was a seasoned dancer, with experience from the Joffrey Ballet. The producers were thrilled with him, but his agent was opposed to the idea. However, Swayze read the script, liked the multi-level character of Johnny, and took the part anyway, and Johnny was changed from being Italian to Irish. Grey was initially not happy about the choice, as she and Swayze had difficulty getting along on Red Dawn, but when they did their dancing screen test, the chemistry between them was obvious. Bergstein described it as \"breathtaking\".[14]", "Dirty Dancing. For the 20th anniversary in 2007, the film was re-released in theatres with additional footage, while the original film version was re-released on DVD with deleted scenes, and included writer commentary.[69] At the same time, Codemasters released Dirty Dancing: The Video Game.[70] In the United Kingdom, the anniversary was marked by a reality TV show based on the film; titled Dirty Dancing: The Time of Your Life, the TV show was filmed at the Mountain Lake resort.", "Dirty Dancing. Filming started on September 5, 1986 but was plagued by the weather, which ranged from pouring rain to sweltering heat. The outside temperature rose to 105 °F (41 °C), and with all the additional camera and lighting equipment needed for filming, the temperature inside could be as high as 120 °F (49 °C). According to choreographer Kenny Ortega, on one day 10 people passed out within 25 minutes of shooting. The elderly Paula Trueman collapsed and was taken to the local emergency room to be treated for dehydration. Patrick Swayze also required a hospital visit; insisting on doing his own stunts, he repeatedly fell off the log during the \"balancing\" scene and injured his knee so badly he had to have fluid drained from the swelling.[14]", "Dirty Dancing. Kellerman's Hotel is the Mountain Lake Hotel, and it now offers \"Dirty Dancing Weekends\".[56]", "Dirty Dancing. After Baby discovers that Johnny's dance partner, Penny Johnson (Cynthia Rhodes), is pregnant by Robbie Gould (Max Cantor), a womanizing waiter who is also dating and cheating on Baby's older sister, Lisa (Jane Brucker) and several other female guests, she borrows money from her father to pay for an illegal abortion for Penny. Jake agrees to give the money to Baby even though she says she can't tell him what it's for. Penny eventually accepts the money, but says there is another issue. Johnny and Penny perform a weekly dance at the Sheldrake, another nearby resort. Penny will miss her performance if she goes for the abortion, and they will forfeit their salary for the season. Billy suggests that Baby fill in for her. Johnny scoffs at this, which overcomes Baby's initial resistance. Billy and Penny insist that Johnny can teach anyone to dance. Johnny begins to teach Baby the mambo, and the two spend several awkward practice sessions together. Baby gradually begins to improve, and a romantic attraction grows between them.", "Dirty Dancing. Lake Lure celebrated its Dirty Dancing legacy in the 1980s with the Dirty Dancing Revue featuring the A-Lure Dancers, soul singer Maurice Williams (whose song \"Stay\" was featured in the film), and Billy Scott and the Party Prophets. Today, Lake Lure hosts the annual Dirty Dancing Festival.[55]", "Dirty Dancing. The film was adapted for the stage in 2004 as a musical, Dirty Dancing: The Classic Story on Stage. Produced by Jacobsen Entertainment in Australia for $6.5 million, it was written by Eleanor Bergstein and had the same songs as the film, plus a few extra scenes. Musical direction was by Chong Lim (one of the composers for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney), and the initial production starred Kym Valentine as Baby and Sydney Dance Company's Josef Brown as Johnny. Although reviews were mixed,[34] the production was a commercial success, selling over 200,000 tickets during its six-month run.[27] It has also had sellout runs in Germany and in London's West End, where it opened at the Aldwych Theatre on October 23, 2006 with the highest pre-sell in London history, earning £6 million ($US12 million).[8][9][34] As of March 2011[update], over 1 million people have seen the musical in London, selling out 6 months in advance.[59] The original West End production closed in July 2011 after a five-year run, prior to a two-year national tour.[60] The show returned to the West End at the Piccadilly Theatre and ran from July 13, 2013 to February 22, 2014 before resuming its tour of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.[61]", "Dirty Dancing. Delays in the shooting schedule pushed filming into the autumn, which required the set decorators to spray-paint the autumn leaves green. The uncooperative weather then took a different turn, plunging from oppressive heat to down near 40 °F (4 °C), causing frigid conditions for the famous swimming scene in October. The crew wore warm coats, gloves, and boots. Swayze and Grey stripped down to light summer clothing, to repeatedly dive into the cold water.[13] Despite her character's enjoyment, Grey later described the water as \"horrifically\" cold, and she might not have gone into the lake, except that she was \"young and hungry\".[16]", "Dirty Dancing (2017 film). A frame story is added. In 1975, Frances attends \"Dirty Dancing,\" a Broadway show choreographed by Johnny and inspired by a book Frances wrote. Frances' faith in Johnny gave him the confidence to pursue a career. Frances is married and has a daughter. Frances takes a weekly dance lesson; she and Johnny encourage each other to continue dancing.", "Dirty Dancing. Originally a low-budget film by a new studio, Vestron Pictures, Dirty Dancing became a massive box office hit. As of 2009[update], it has earned over $214 million worldwide.[2] It was the first film to sell more than a million copies on home video,[2] and the Dirty Dancing soundtrack created by Jimmy Ienner generated two multi-platinum albums and multiple singles, including \"(I've Had) The Time of My Life\", which won both the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song, and a Grammy Award for best duet.[3] The film's popularity led to a 2004 prequel, Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights, as well as a stage version which has had sellout performances in Australia, Europe, and North America.", "Dirty Dancing (2017 film). Dirty Dancing is a 2017 American television film directed by Wayne Blair and written by Jessica Sharzer. It is a remake of the 1987 film of the same name. The film stars Abigail Breslin, Colt Prattes, Nicole Scherzinger, Bruce Greenwood, Debra Messing, Sarah Hyland, Tony Roberts, Billy Dee Williams, and J. Quinton Johnson. It aired on May 24, 2017, on ABC.[1] In its original broadcast, the film was seen by 6.61 million viewers with a 1.4 Nielsen rating in the 18-49 age demographic and a 5 share.[2]", "Dirty Dancing. Billy takes Penny to a traveling abortionist while Baby and Johnny perform at the Sheldrake Hotel. Their performance is mostly successful, although Baby is too nervous to accomplish the dance's climactic lift. Johnny and Baby return to Kellerman's and find Penny in agony. Billy explains that the \"doctor\" turned out to be a back-alley hack who caused severe damage to Penny. Baby brings her father to help Penny, but when Jake asks point blank, \"Who's responsible for this girl?\", Johnny replies \"I am\", claiming responsibility out of fear that Penny will be fired if it gets out that she slept with Robbie. Jake treats Penny, but is angry that Baby used his money to pay for the procedure, and forbids Baby to associate with Johnny or his friends. Baby goes to Johnny to apologize for her father's behavior. They dance, and afterwards have sex. Jake tells his family they'll be leaving early over breakfast. Marjorie says they are paid up til Sunday and Lisa protests, because she wants to sing at the end-of-season talent show. Jake gives in, and Baby continues to see Johnny despite her father's warning. She pulls Johnny off the footpath when her father is nearby, and Johnny is hurt that she won't stand up for him to her father. Robbie sees them during their argument and makes a derisive remark about \"going slumming\" with the staff. Johnny assaults him.", "Dirty Dancing. An official American tour began in September 2014 at The National Theatre in Washington, DC with dates scheduled in 31 cities. Previews started August 26 and the official opening night was on September 2.[66]", "Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights. The film was actress Romola Garai's first Hollywood film and she repeatedly has cited the filming of the movie as being an extremely negative experience which caused her to re-evaluate working in Hollywood. In a 2004 interview with The Telegraph she explained that the filmmakers \"were obsessed with having someone skinny. I just thought, why didn't they get someone like Kate Bosworth, if that's what they wanted?\"[3]" ]

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[ "Pilling Them Softly. Lois is informed by Stewie's teacher Miss Tammy that he has an attention problem. She takes him to Dr. Hartman, who promptly gives him a prescription to treat ADHD. When he takes the pills, he becomes totally calm. Brian is initially upset about this, but when Meg mentions the creative benefits of it, he decides to try it himself. They both begin to act out of the ordinary. Brian was hyper while Stewie was calm.", "Family Guy (season 14). During this season, the guys head to Korea after Quagmire is found to be a Korean soap-opera star (\"Candy, Quahog Marshmallow\"), Chris becomes a registered sex offender (\"An App a Day\"), Stewie has a nightmare and sends Brian into his mind to find the root of the problem (\"A Lot Going on Upstairs\"), Peter and Lois buy a new mattress (\"Guy, Robot\"), Peter accidentally gets the drinking age raised to 50 (\"Underage Peter\"), Brian and Stewie get hooked on Adderall (\"Pilling Them Softly\"), Peter reunites with his estranged sister (\"Peter's Sister\"),[2][3] and Chris runs for homecoming king (\"Run, Chris, Run\").[4]", "Mind Over Murder. Stewie is in terrible pain from teething and cannot find comfort anywhere. When his mother Lois tells him that his pain will ultimately pass, it gives him the idea to build a machine that will move time forward to the point where his teething will have already stopped. Meanwhile, Lois tells Peter to drive their other son Chris to his soccer match, then come right back to look after Stewie. However, Peter's friend Quagmire is there, and has brought beer, so Peter decides to ignore Lois and stay at the game. While there, another member of the crowd insults Chris. Enraged, Peter punches this person in the face, only to discover that it is a pregnant woman who looks and sounds like a man.", "Stewie Loves Lois. \"Stewie Loves Lois\" is the first episode of the fifth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy, an episode produced for Season 4. It originally aired on Fox on September 10, 2006. The episode features Stewie after his teddy bear, which has been destroyed by an unfamiliar dog at the park, is repaired by his mother, Lois, causing him to become overly affectionate of her. Meanwhile, Peter gets a prostate exam from Dr. Hartman, but believes that he has been raped instead, and decides to prosecute his doctor in court.", "Stewie Griffin. Stewie is a one-year-old prodigy who has a very sophisticated psyche and is able to speak fluently in an upper class English accent.[4] He reaches his first birthday in the season 1 episode \"Chitty Chitty Death Bang\", and has not been referred to as being more than a year old since, despite being seen in several episodes attending pre-school. Highly literate and able to cite pop culture references that long predate his birth, Stewie is also entranced by Raffi and the Teletubbies. Stewie succumbs to other childish tendencies – he believes Peter has truly disappeared in a game of Peekaboo; talks to his teddy bear, Rupert, as if he were alive; is overcome with laughter when Lois blows on his stomach;[5] and has no idea how to use a toilet. Stewie also has an extreme dislike for Matthew McConaughey. MacFarlane has stated that Stewie is meant to represent the general helplessness of an infant through the eyes of an adult. Per cartoon physics, his ability to move objects of greater weight than himself is not surprising to other characters, nor is his ability to retrieve firearms from hammerspace, neither is his ability to talk.", "Brian & Stewie. The episode received varied reviews from critics and viewers. Reviewers generally disliked the episode's humor, but were positive about the more serious moments. Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club believed that the show's concept, which allowed only two characters and a single scene, was \"ambitious\" but that the end result was \"flaccid.\"[14] He commented that with no cut-away gags or side plots, the episode was \"basically everything critics of the show would like the show to have\" but was deprived of Family Guy's trademark fast pace and reduced to \"a series of what amounts to grossout comedy sketches.\"[14] Television critic Ramsey Isler of IGN added that the gross-out humor \"didn't work for me\" and found the \"more serious stuff\" in the episode to be the most entertaining. Said Isler, \"the addition of more dramatic themes and the elimination of the cutaway gags really showed what this show could be if Seth [MacFarlane] and team put more effort in.\"[6] In a subsequent review of Family Guy's eighth season, Isler listed \"Brian & Stewie\" as being \"surprisingly dramatic,\" and, \"had it not been for the extended poop-eating jokes and rehashed musical numbers in the second half, I'd say it was one of the better efforts the show has ever put out.\"[15] Jason Hughes of TV Squad was also \"more than a little disturbed\" by the amount of time spent on Stewie's soiled diaper. However, he noted, \"I didn't laugh much at 'Brian & Stewie', but I found myself absolutely captured by their discussion throughout the episode.\"[16] Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly described the episode as \"tedious, predictably vulgar, and, by the end, sentimental.\"[5] Adam Rosenberg of MTV wrote, \"Beneath all of the more disturbing elements there's actually some very thoughtful, mature discussion of suicide and what love means amidst it all.\"[17] Andrew Hanson of The Los Angeles Times found the soiled diaper gag \"too sick to watch\" and \"the grossest\" moment featured in Family Guy so far, but conceded that that may have been the producer's intention. Still, Hanson described Brian's suicidal confession as \"deep\" and stated, \"It’s nice to see that Family Guy is still trying new things and going out on a limb even at episode No. 150.\"[18] Tom Eames of entertainment website Digital Spy placed the episode at number seven on his listing of the best Family Guy episodes in order of \"yukyukyuks\" and said he \"loved\" this episode due its feature of Brian and Stewie's relationship.[19] He added that the episode was \"particularly great\" because it featured no cutaway gags and was a two-hander, noting that \"Clearly, the writers know exactly what the fans want.\"[19]", "Farmer Guy. Brian offers to go to college to learn something of value in farming to help out and heads out. During a tornado, the Griffins take shelter in a storm cellar and discover a methamphetamine lab. Lois wants to call the police, but Peter decides to use it to get back on their feet. Despite her reservations, she agrees to make meth just long enough to get profitable. Peter becomes paranoid as he develops a carrier pigeon delivery system as Stewie buys decongestants. Brian returns to find that the farm and the family have gone to hell and are only wearing their underclothes (except for Meg who is unconscious for some reason). A news report reveals that the family is responsible for a flood of drugs into Quahog, Tricia Takanawa and almost everyone else hooked on meth, worsening the crime problem. Lois, distraught by how their business is destroying Quahog and changing the Griffins for the worst, packs up and convinces everyone to go back home. Peter at first is reluctant to leave, but changes his mind when he suddenly remembers the lab going haywire at the moment, thus blowing up the farm immediately. Eventually, they're back at their original house, having managed to buy it back after property values plummeted during the crime wave. When Jodie Sweetin comes looking for a taste of their drugs, Peter has the family hide out while he takes care of the situation.", "Stewie Loves Lois. Quahog becomes the subject of a flu epidemic, and Peter goes to see Dr. Hartman for a vaccine. Although the vaccines are in short supply and must be saved for the elderly, Peter manages to get one anyway (by pretending to fall onto the syringe). While looking through Peter's papers, Hartman realizes that Peter has not had a prostate exam. Peter agrees to get one, despite not knowing what it involves. Upon receiving the procedure, Peter feels sexually violated and proceeds to tell Lois about his ordeal, and she is rather unsupportive and finds it amusing, up to the point to calling him a \"fucking idiot\".[1][note 1] He then suffers a mental breakdown and tells his friends about the incident, at which point they reveal that Dr. Hartman also \"raped\" them. Peter decides to sue Hartman in a court of law, and Lois is unable to talk him out of it.", "Herbert (Family Guy). In his first appearance, \"To Love and Die in Dixie\" (season 3, 2001), Herbert tries to get Chris inside the house by offering him a popsicle. In the episode \"The Courtship of Stewie's Father\" (season 4, 2005), Chris breaks Herbert's window and, to pay off the debt, Chris helps him with chores around the house. Herbert later invites him to dinner.[6][7] When Chris gets a new job in \"Movin' Out (Brian's Song)\" (season 6, 2007), his baby brother Stewie takes over his paper route; Herbert tries to seduce him but is rebuffed by Stewie, who shouts, \"Piss off, you perverted old freak\".[8] In the episode \"Play It Again, Brian\" (season 6, 2008), Herbert is hired by Peter and Lois to babysit their children Chris, Stewie and Meg.[9][10] He says that he has no interest in Meg because of her age and gender,[8] and is disappointed when she is the one of the three who volunteers to bathe him.[9] Herbert has a grand-niece, Sandy, whom he helps attract Chris in the style of Cyrano de Bergerac in the episode \"Valentine's Day in Quahog\" (season 11, 2013).[11]", "Herbert (Family Guy character). In his first appearance, \"To Love and Die in Dixie\" (season 3, 2001), Herbert tries to get Chris inside the house by offering him a popsicle. In the episode \"The Courtship of Stewie's Father\" (season 4, 2005), Chris breaks Herbert's window and, to pay off the debt, Chris helps him with chores around the house. Herbert later invites him to dinner.[6][7] When Chris gets a new job in \"Movin' Out (Brian's Song)\" (season 6, 2007), his baby brother Stewie takes over his paper route; Herbert tries to seduce him but is rebuffed by Stewie, who shouts, \"Piss off, you perverted old freak\".[8] In the episode \"Play It Again, Brian\" (season 6, 2008), Herbert is hired by Peter and Lois to babysit their children Chris, Stewie and Meg.[9][10] He says that he has no interest in Meg because of her age and gender,[8] and is disappointed when she is the one of the three who volunteers to bathe him.[9] Herbert has a grand-niece, Sandy, whom he helps attract Chris in the style of Cyrano de Bergerac in the episode \"Valentine's Day in Quahog\" (season 11, 2013).[11]", "Mind Over Murder. \"Mind Over Murder\" is the fourth episode of the first season of the animated comedy series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on April 25, 1999.[2] The episode features Peter after he is placed under house arrest, and decides to open his own bar in the family's basement. The bar immediately becomes a success among Peter's male friends when his wife, Lois, begins to sing and dance in front of them while wearing revealing clothing. Meanwhile, Stewie attempts to create a time travel device in order to escape the pain of teething.", "Brian & Stewie. Awaking from his nap, Brian decides to drink a bottle of scotch that he had stored in his safety deposit box. He offers Stewie a sip, and they both become so drunk that Brian agrees to pierce Stewie's ear with a pin from his sweater, leaving Stewie with a bloody ear for the rest of the episode. Stewie and Brian discuss The Dog Whisperer and Cesar Millan, and Brian explains that he is inspired by the philosophy about dogs' instinctive ability to live in the present and with purpose. Stewie, however, points out that Brian himself does not appear to live with any specific purpose. Angered at the implication, Brian begins insulting Stewie, who bitterly retaliates by revealing that he could have gone all day without having his diaper changed, and only thinks of Brian as a passing amusement. Stewie dares Brian to shoot him with the revolver in the deposit, which Brian earlier said to be bullet-free. It is revealed that Brian lied, and he attempts to shoot Stewie. The two then find a security camera hanging on a wall of the vault. Brian tries to use it to call for help, but Stewie points out if there was someone out there, they would have been saved. Brian then realizes that the camera has recorded him cleaning Stewie, which amuses the infant, but Brian is upset about gaining a laughingstock reputation. Stewie then prematurely causes the gun to discharge, causing the bullet to randomly ricochet off the vault walls, smashing Stewie's already-broken phone and the bottle of Scotch, and forcing the two under the table.", "Stewie Is Enceinte. \"Stewie Is Enceinte\" is the twelveth episode of the thirteenth season of the animated sitcom Family Guy, and the 243rd episode overall. It aired on Fox in the United States on March 8, 2015, and is written by Gary Janetti and directed by Steve Robertson.[1]", "Mind Over Murder. Upstairs, Stewie takes drastic measures to protect his plans, programming the machine to go back in time before he drew them up. In the bar, Peter and Lois have a heart-to-heart conversation, and they do not immediately notice that the bar is burning. When they try to escape, the stairs become blocked and they are trapped. Stewie reverses time just as Peter is having an epiphany about how poorly he treats Lois, and seconds before the basement bar goes up in flames. They all travel back in time, to when Lois asked Peter to take Chris to the game. While he is getting ready, Peter trips on Stewie's time machine, destroying it and injuring his leg, thus preventing him from taking Chris to his soccer match, while Stewie is left to suffer with more teething pain.", "Family Guy (season 16). When Stewie gets sent to see his school's child psychologist Dr. Cecil Pritchfield (voiced by Ian McKellen) for a surprising session, he reveals major secrets about himself.", "Stuck Together, Torn Apart. Peter moves out of the house and stays with Mort Goldman's family and ends up dating his niece, who turns out to be Jennifer Love Hewitt, while Lois goes on a date with Quagmire, and both couples end up at the same restaurant on the same night. Despite her disgust towards Peter and his unpleasant antics, Hewitt becomes extremely attracted to him. Lois then unexpectedly displays her own jealous rage, and violently drives Hewitt away. Now that Lois can finally understand how Peter can get so envious, the two decide to live with their mutually jealous natures. Quagmire and Hewitt hook up, with Quagmire ending the episode by ordering a \"roofie colada\".", "Sibling Rivalry (Family Guy). When in the children's park, Stewie quotes \"Did ya get me my Cheez Whiz, boy\" and a man throws one to him, this is a reference to The Blues Brothers.[3] Stewie and Brian attempting to find diversity in an Abercrombie and Fitch catalogue is a reference to the children's book series Where's Wally?,[5] as well as to a lawsuit alleging a lack of diversity in Abercrombie and Fitch's hiring practices. Before the battle between \nStewie and Bertram, Stewie says \"On my signal, unleash hell.\" This is a reference to the opening scene of Gladiator. An Ice Age reference is made when Scrat, a character from the films, attempts to steal Peter's nuts.[3] When Stewie invades Bertram's camp at the end of the episode Bertram quotes Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, repeating the line Darth Vader says when he senses Obi-Wan Kenobi on the Death Star. When Peter names his kids, Peter mentions the kids from various shows that are currently airing at Nick at Nite. When Brian mentions this, Peter begins naming Street Fighter characters. Brian again points out this fact, after which Peter names various colors.[6] Sauron, the villain from The Lord of the Rings is shown as the Eye of Sauron in a scene where he is trying to find his lost contact lens. A cutaway scene features Peter in a jail surrounded by inmates who force him to strip, squeeze his boobs together, and sing the chorus from Kelis's 2003 hit “Milkshake.” This is possibly an homage to the scene after the credits in the movie Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story in which Ben Stiller does the same thing in his fatsuit.", "Family Guy (season 15). During this season, Peter becomes an Uber driver (\"Chris Has Got a Date, Date, Date, Date, Date\"),[2] Quagmire discovers Tinder (\"The Dating Game\"),[3] and also becomes a gigolo (\"American Gigg-olo\"). Other episode plots include Chris becoming a star baseball player (\"Bookie of the Year\"), Rob Gronkowski moving in next to Peter with his party bus (\"Gronkowsbees\"), a homage to three novels commonly taught in high school English classes (\"High School English\"),[1][4] Peter and Lois deciding not to vaccinate Stewie while joining the anti-vaccination movement (\"Hot Shots\"),[5] Peter being discovered to have frequented a sperm bank in his youth (\"A House Full of Peters\"), and a behind-the-scenes episode hosted by James Woods (\"Inside Family Guy\").[6]", "Family Guy Viewer Mail 1. After being exposed to toxic waste from a tanker truck, the Griffins develop superhuman powers. Stewie gains telekinetic abilities; Chris is able to start fires by thought; Peter can shapeshift; Lois becomes super-strong; Brian can move at incredible speeds; and Meg can make her fingernails grow longer or shorter on command. The Griffins vow to use their powers for good, but they soon use them for personal gain, such as Stewie using his powers to steal a candy bar, Lois to get her car through a traffic jam, Peter to help Meg get a piece of Justin Timberlake's hair, Brian to take all the martinis he wants, and Chris to get revenge on a friend who once called him \"Chris Gristle\". Eventually, they go too far and take over Quahog, threatening to kill anyone who disobeys them. Mayor West douses himself in toxic waste, hoping for powers with which to fight the Griffins, but develops lymphoma instead, unlike the Griffins. With Mayor West in the hospital the Griffins see the error of their ways and use their powers to help West recover.", "Brian Griffin's House of Payne. \"Brian Griffin's House of Payne\" is the 15th episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 28, 2010. The episode features Brian after he discovers an old script he had written that Stewie found in the basement, and subsequently pitches the show to television executives. The show is quickly and dramatically altered by the executives and James Woods, however, much to Brian's frustration, who nevertheless attempts to adapt to the new format. Meanwhile, Chris and Meg attempt to hide the fact that Stewie is unconscious, after they accidentally bump him down a flight of stairs.", "Sibling Rivalry (Family Guy). \"Sibling Rivalry\" was watched by 7.95 million viewers, making it the 77th most-watched program of the week.[7] In a review of the episode, Bob Sassone of TV Squad noted \"If there's one reason I'm glad I watched tonight's episode it's because I learned exactly how a vasectomy is done,\" adding that \"Peter is going to have a vasectomy, so he decides to freeze his sperm before he does it. This leads to a hysterical, yet truly gross, scene where Peter knocks over an entire shelf of sperm samples, and has to refill them, um, himself.\"[8] Geoffrey D. Roberts of Real Talk Reviews reviewed the episode negatively, writing \"many viewers will probably be disappointed with an episode about sibling rivalry between Stewie and newfound half-brother Bertram. Both share the same goal – to rule the Universe. With Bertram nothing more than a whinier version of his half-brother, it turns out one Stewie Griffin is more than enough.\"[9]", "Sibling Rivalry (Family Guy). The unsafe homeless man with whom Peter was seen leaving a youth-baseball team in Stewie's flashback was originally based on John Wayne Gacy, but people claimed he didn't look scary enough, so Povenmire changed the character completely to that of a homeless man.[5] The idea of Stewie and Bertram laughing as they go down the slide during their sword fight was pitched by Povenmire's wife and, although negative about the idea at first, Povenmire included it in the episode because the original sketch was not going so well.[5] During Peter and Lois' \"fat sex\", Peter repeatedly states \"almost, almost\"; originally, there was going to be approximately twice as many of these, but they were never included in the episode.[3] The DVD version of the episode shows Peter arriving at the sperm bank and saying to the receptionist: \"I have an appointment to banish a White Russian from my Kremlin\", to which she replies with \"This is a sperm bank, you don't have to use innuendo\", and Peter concludes the conversation with \"Where do I splooge?\".[3][5]", "Stewie Griffin. Stewie appeared in Bones,[35] eventually revealed to be the result of FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth's (David Boreanaz) brain tumor. Seth MacFarlane wrote all of Stewie's dialog for the episode.[36] The character appeared in a Coca-Cola[37] commercial during Super Bowl XLII, he and Brian appeared in a commercial for Wheat Thins, he presented a musical number at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards with Brian, and he appeared at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards.[38][39] He was on the Late Show with David Letterman to present \"Top Ten Things You Don't Want To Hear From Your Child.\"[specify]", "Alex P. Keaton. In the Family Guy episode \"Movin' Out (Brian's Song)\", after Brian gets dumped by Jillian when he admits he did not want to move in with her, Stewie tries to help him get over her by comparing the situation to when Alex P. Keaton lost his own girlfriend before getting another one. Stewie also mentions the fact that Michael J. Fox has Parkinson's disease.", "Family Guy (season 16). The season also marks the final appearances of Adam West and Carrie Fisher following their deaths, as well as the show's 300th episode (\"Dog Bites Bear\").[4] During this season, Brian is kicked out of the Griffin house in a three-episode story arc after he posts a tweet that angers Quahog (\"The D in Apartment 23\", \"Petey IV\", \"Crimes and Meg's Demeanor\"). Also, Stewie explores his fear of loneliness (\"Send in Stewie, Please\"), and Brian and Stewie solve a mystery in a Sherlock Holmes parody (\"V Is for Mystery\").[5]", "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side. As the episode opens with a shot of the Griffin family, they are seen sitting in front of the television watching a parody of several Aaron Sorkin shows, including Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, entitled The Kitchen.[1] Once the scene ends, the power unexpectedly goes out, to which Stewie responds by asking \"What are we in, Iraq?\" Reminiscent of the previous Star Wars-inspired episode, \"Blue Harvest\", Meg insists her father tell another story about Star Wars. Peter then begins to retell the film Black Snake Moan before being interrupted by Stewie and Chris.", "Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story. Meanwhile, Peter and Lois are trying to get intimate, but are constantly interrupted by Chris and Meg. To solve this problem, Peter and Lois decide to teach the children how to find dates. After several \"lessons\", Peter and Lois send them to the mall. However, Lois is concerned that people will think they're bad parents simply because they wanted their children out of the way.", "The Fat Guy Strangler. Patrick was traumatized as a child by Jackie Gleason after seeing him seduce his mother, Barbara, in front of him.[4] While at the mental hospital, Stewie makes a reference to the movie Sling Blade.[citation needed] Brian makes a reference to season-three Family Guy episode \"To Love and Die in Dixie\".[4] Lois is shown watching the game show The Price Is Right.[4] The cavemen who \"invented singing\" initially grunt \"Mary Had A Little Lamb\" before quickly evolving into an a cappella version of Billy Joel's \"The Longest Time.\"", "Zack Morris. On November 6, 2016, Gosselaar voiced an animated version of Zack in the Family Guy episode \"Chris Has Got a Date, Date, Date, Date, Date\", parodying the scene in \"Jessie's Song,\" where Jessie takes prescription drugs to stay awake for a performance.", "Hannah Banana. Brian and Stewie manage to sneak in backstage at the concert, where Miley asks why they're here. Brian then explains that Stewie has a 'tumor' shaped like a football, which convinces Miley to let them hang out with her backstage. Miley and Stewie quickly become best friends and they sing a song which Stewie wrote. Soon, Chris realizes that the Monkey has spent more time with him, like taking him to play baseball and going to a father and son BBQ in Monkeykid. Chris then says to Peter that he has never gave as much attention to him as the monkey has, so he grows to resent his own father. While having ice-cream with Miley, Stewie notices a signal interference on her cell phone when handing it to her. He then realises something is strange about Miley. Upon spying on her, Stewie and Brian discover that she is actually an android after seeing an employee insert a USB drive on the control panel on Miley's back. They both realized that Miley was created by Walt Disney Imagineering to become the perfect teen idol that can never fail. When Brian curiously asks if she can perform other tasks, Stewie agrees to reprogram Miley to have sex with Brian by gaining access to the control panel. However, it goes wrong and he accidentally sends Miley into a rage, forcing Stewie and Brian to run away from the monstrous Miley.", "Back to the Pilot. The episode was also the subject of criticism for its portrayal of the September 11 attacks, in which Brian and Stewie go back in time to make the attacks happen again, ultimately resulting in a high five when they are successful (despite Stewie immediately remarking that would sound terrible out of context).[15] The Daily Mail reported on the episode writing, \"Nothing is ever off limits for Family Guy and its creator Seth MacFarlane. No topic is taboo, not the Holocaust, not drunk driving and not even abortion, but last night's episode may finally have crossed the line.\"[15] Terri Pous of Time also wrote of the episode, \"It sounds custom-made for a 'too soon' label, and it probably is. But avid Family Guy viewers live for \"too soon\" moments, no matter how sensitive the material.\"[16] Other news organizations, including Aly Semigran of Entertainment Weekly, also thought the show had gone too far with the reference.[17] Nellie Andreeva of Deadline also commented that it \"squeaked past the Fox standards and practices department but is sure to raise as many eyebrows.\"[18] MacFarlane was scheduled to be on one of the planes that hit the Twin Towers but overslept allegedly due to being hungover.[19]", "Patriot Games (Family Guy). Two scenes in which Stewie graphically beats up Brian using a glass filled with orange juice, various household objects, and guns polarized people who viewed it. Several production members were offended. Cast members—as well as MacFarlane's mother and an animal rights advocate—enjoyed the scene; MacFarlane quoted his mother: \"I don't see what the problem is? He (Brian) owed him (Stewie) money!\", and so it was kept in the final cut.[4] When Lois gives the finger to the camera during the interview with Peter and Brady, her hand was blurred out on Fox airings of the episode. However, reruns on Adult Swim and TBS left the gesture intact.[5] The gesture was also left intact on the DVD of \"Volume Four\"; the production team enjoyed having this level of freedom. After the initial airing of the episode, where newscaster Tom Tucker announces a report on a fictional curse word, clemen, many viewers looked up the word on the Internet to try to find a definition. MacFarlane stated in the episode's DVD commentary that if someone invents an obscene definition for the word, the show will have to stop using it (it has not been used since this episode).[4]" ]

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[ "Horse teeth. Horses are diphyodontous, erupting a set of first deciduous teeth (also known as milk, temporary, or baby teeth) soon after birth, with these being replaced by permanent teeth by the age of approximately five years old. The horse will normally have 24 deciduous teeth, emerging in pairs, and eventually pushed out by the permanent teeth, which normally number between 36 and 40. As the deciduous teeth are pushed up, they are termed \"caps\". Caps will eventually shed on their own, but may cause discomfort when still loose, requiring extraction.", "Horse teeth. A horse's incisors, premolars, and molars, once fully developed, continue to erupt as the grinding surface is worn down through chewing. A young adult horse's teeth are typically 4.5–5 inches long, but the majority of the crown remaining below the gumline in the dental socket. The rest of the tooth slowly emerges from the jaw, erupting about 1/8\" each year, as the horse ages. When the animal reaches old age, the crowns of the teeth are very short and the teeth are often lost altogether. Very old horses, if lacking molars to chew, may need soft feeds to maintain adequate levels of nutrition.", "Tooth. A horse's incisors, premolars, and molars, once fully developed, continue to erupt as the grinding surface is worn down through chewing. A young adult horse will have teeth which are 4.5-5 inches long, with the majority of the crown remaining below the gumline in the dental socket. The rest of the tooth will slowly emerge from the jaw, erupting about 1/8\" each year, as the horse ages. When the animal reaches old age, the crowns of the teeth are very short and the teeth are often lost altogether. Very old horses, if lacking molars, may need to have their fodder ground up and soaked in water to create a soft mush for them to eat in order to obtain adequate nutrition.", "Tooth. Horse teeth can be used to estimate the animal's age. Between birth and five years, age can be closely estimated by observing the eruption pattern on milk teeth and then permanent teeth. By age five, all permanent teeth have usually erupted. The horse is then said to have a \"full\" mouth. After the age of five, age can only be conjectured by studying the wear patterns on the incisors, shape, the angle at which the incisors meet, and other factors. The wear of teeth may also be affected by diet, natural abnormalities, and cribbing. Two horses of the same age may have different wear patterns.", "Horse teeth. Horse teeth often wear in specific patterns, based on the way the horse eats its food, and these patterns are often used to conjecture on the age of the horse after it has developed a full mouth. As with aging through observing tooth eruption, this can be imprecise, and may be affected by diet, natural abnormalities, and vices such as cribbing.", "Horse teeth. All teeth are normally erupted by the age of five, at which point the horse is said to have a \"full mouth\", but the actual age this occurs will depend on the individual horse, and also by breed, with certain breeds having different average eruption times. For instance, in Shetland ponies the middle and corner incisor tend to erupt late, and in both draft horses and miniature horses, the permanent middle and corner incisors are usually late appearing.", "Horse teeth. Many horses require floating (or rasping) of teeth once every 12 months, although this, too, is variable and dependent on the individual horse. The first four or five years of a horse's life are when the most growth-related changes occur and hence frequent checkups may prevent problems from developing. Equine teeth get harder as the horse gets older and may not have rapid changes during the prime adult years of life, but as horses become aged, particularly from the late teens on, additional changes in incisor angle and other molar growth patterns often necessitate frequent care. Once a horse is in its late 20s or early 30s, molar loss becomes a concern. Floating involves a veterinarian wearing down the surface of the teeth, usually to remove sharp points or to balance out the mouth. However, the veterinarian must be careful not to take off too much of the surface, or there will not be enough roughened area on the tooth to allow it to properly tear apart food. Additionally, too much work on a tooth can cause thermal damage (which could lead to having to extract the tooth), or expose the sensitive interior of the tooth (pulp). A person without a veterinary degree who performs this service is called a horse floater or equine dental technician.[7]", "Horse teeth. To help prevent dental problems, it is recommended to get a horse's teeth checked by a vet or equine dental technician every 6 months. However, regular checks may be needed more often for individuals, especially if the horse is very young or very old. Additionally, the horse's teeth should be checked if it is having major performance problems or showing any of the above signs of a dental problem.", "Horse care. A horse's teeth grow continuously throughout its life and can develop uneven wear patterns. Most common are sharp edges on the sides of the molars which may cause problems when eating or being ridden. For this reason a horse or pony needs to have its teeth checked by a veterinarian or qualified equine dentist at least once a year. If there are problems, any points, unevenness or rough areas can be ground down with a rasp until they are smooth. This process is known as \"floating\".", "Horse teeth. A fully developed horse of around five years of age will have between 36 and 44 teeth. All equines are heterodontous, which means that they have different shaped teeth for different purposes. All horses have twelve incisors at the front of the mouth, used primarily for cutting food, most often grass, whilst grazing.[1] They are also used as part of a horse's attack or defence against predators, or as part of establishing social hierarchy within the herd.", "Horse. Horses are adapted to grazing. In an adult horse, there are 12 incisors at the front of the mouth, adapted to biting off the grass or other vegetation. There are 24 teeth adapted for chewing, the premolars and molars, at the back of the mouth. Stallions and geldings have four additional teeth just behind the incisors, a type of canine teeth called \"tushes\". Some horses, both male and female, will also develop one to four very small vestigial teeth in front of the molars, known as \"wolf\" teeth, which are generally removed because they can interfere with the bit. There is an empty interdental space between the incisors and the molars where the bit rests directly on the gums, or \"bars\" of the horse's mouth when the horse is bridled.[65]", "Horse. An estimate of a horse's age can be made from looking at its teeth. The teeth continue to erupt throughout life and are worn down by grazing. Therefore, the incisors show changes as the horse ages; they develop a distinct wear pattern, changes in tooth shape, and changes in the angle at which the chewing surfaces meet. This allows a very rough estimate of a horse's age, although diet and veterinary care can also affect the rate of tooth wear.[6]", "Horse teeth. Horse teeth refers to the dentition of equine species, including horses and donkeys. Equines are both heterodontous and diphyodontous, which means that they have teeth in more than one shape (there are up to five shapes of tooth in a horse's mouth), and have two successive sets of teeth, the deciduous (\"baby teeth\") and permanent sets.", "Horse teeth. In the wild, natural foodstuffs may have allowed teeth to wear more evenly. Because many modern horses often graze on lusher, softer forage than their ancestors, and are also frequently fed grain or other concentrated feed, it is possible some natural wear may be reduced in the domestic horse. On the other hand, this same uneven wear in the wild may have at times contributed to a shorter lifespan. Modern wild horses live an estimated 20 years at most, while a domesticated horse, depending on breed and management, quite often lives 25 to 30 years. Thus, because domesticated animals also live longer, they may simply have more time to develop dental issues that their wild forebears never faced.[citation needed]", "Horse teeth. Older horses may appear to have a lean, shallow lower jaw, as the roots of the teeth have begun to disappear.[6] Younger horses may seem to have a lumpy jaw, due to the presence of permanent teeth within the jaw.", "Horse teeth. As grazing animals, good dentition is essential to survival, and continued grazing creates specific patterns of wear, which can be used along with patterns of eruption to estimate the age of the horse.", "Tooth. An adult horse has between 36 and 44 teeth. The enamel and dentin layers of horse teeth are intertwined.[11] All horses have 12 premolars, 12 molars, and 12 incisors.[12] Generally, all male equines also have four canine teeth (called tushes) between the molars and incisors. However, few female horses (less than 28%) have canines, and those that do usually have only one or two, which many times are only partially erupted.[13] A few horses have one to four wolf teeth, which are vestigial premolars, with most of those having only one or two. They are equally common in male and female horses and much more likely to be on the upper jaw. If present these can cause problems as they can interfere with the horse's bit contact. Therefore, wolf teeth are commonly removed.[12]", "Horse teeth. Problems with dentition for horses in work can result in poor performance or behavioural issues, and must be ruled out as the cause of negative behaviours in horse. Most authorities recommend regular checks by a professional, normally six monthly or annually.", "Horse teeth. It is possible to estimate the age of a young horse by observing the pattern of teeth in the mouth, based on which teeth have erupted, although the difference between breeds and individuals make precise dating impossible.", "Horse teeth. The wear of the teeth can cause problems if it is uneven, with sharp points appearing, especially on the outer edge of the molars, the inner edge of the premolars and the posterior end of the last molars on the bottom jaw.", "Horse teeth. Horses may also experience an overbite/brachygnathism (parrot mouth), or an underbite/prognathism (sow mouth, monkey mouth). These may affect how the incisors wear. In severe cases, the horse's ability to graze may be affected. Horses also sometimes suffer from equine malocclusion where there is a misalignment between their upper and lower jaws.", "Horse teeth. Behind the interdental space, all horses also have twelve premolars and twelve molars, also known as cheek teeth or jaw teeth.[1] These teeth chew food bitten off by incisors, prior to swallowing.", "Horse teeth. In addition to the incisors, premolars and molars, some, but not all, horses may also have canine teeth and wolf teeth. A horse can have between zero and four canine teeth, also known as tusks (tushes for the deciduous precursor), with a clear prevalence towards male horses (stallions and geldings) who normally have a full set of four. Fewer than 28% of female horses (mares) have any canine teeth. Those that do normally only have one or two, and these may by only partially erupted.[2]", "Horse teeth. Other common problems include abscessed, loose, infected, or cracked teeth, retained deciduous teeth, and plaque build up. Wolf teeth may also cause problems, and are many times removed, as are retained caps.", "Horse teeth. The importance of dentition in assessing the age of horses led to veterinary dentistry techniques being used as a method of fraud, with owners and traders altering the teeth of horses to mimic the tooth shapes and characteristics of horses younger than the actual age of the equine.[3]", "Horse teeth. Equine teeth are designed to wear against the tooth above or below as the horse chews, thus preventing excess growth. The upper jaw is wider than the lower one. In some cases, sharp edges can occur on the outside of the upper molars and the inside of the lower molars, as they are unopposed by an opposite grinding surface. These sharp edges can reduce chewing efficiency of the teeth, interfere with jaw motion, and in extreme cases can cut the tongue or cheek, making eating and riding painful.", "Horse teeth. Immediately behind the front incisors is the interdental space, where no teeth grow from the gums. This is where the bit is placed, if used, when horses are ridden.", "Deciduous teeth. Deciduous teeth or primary teeth, commonly known as baby teeth, temporary teeth and milk teeth,[1] are the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and other diphyodont mammals. They develop during the embryonic stage of development and erupt—that is, they become visible in the mouth—during infancy. They are usually lost and replaced by permanent teeth, but in the absence of permanent replacements, they can remain functional for many years.", "Horse. Gestation lasts approximately 340 days, with an average range 320–370 days,[48] and usually results in one foal; twins are rare.[49] Horses are a precocial species, and foals are capable of standing and running within a short time following birth.[50] Foals are usually born in the spring. The estrous cycle of a mare occurs roughly every 19–22 days and occurs from early spring into autumn. Most mares enter an anestrus period during the winter and thus do not cycle in this period.[51] Foals are generally weaned from their mothers between four and six months of age.[52]", "Horse teeth. Between 13 and 32% of horses, split equally between male and female, also have wolf teeth, which are not related to canine teeth, but are vestigial premolars. Wolf teeth are more common on the upper jaw, and can present a problem for horses in work, as they can interfere with the bit. They may also make it difficult during equine dentistry work to rasp the second premolar, and are frequently removed.[1]", "Horse teeth. Typical wear patterns in horses include:", "Evolution of the horse. Throughout the phylogenetic development, the teeth of the horse underwent significant changes. The type of the original omnivorous teeth with short, \"bumpy\" molars, with which the prime members of the evolutionary line distinguished themselves, gradually changed into the teeth common to herbivorous mammals. They became long (as much as 100 mm), roughly cubical molars equipped with flat grinding surfaces. In conjunction with the teeth, during the horse's evolution, the elongation of the facial part of the skull is apparent, and can also be observed in the backward-set eyeholes. In addition, the relatively short neck of the equine ancestors became longer, with equal elongation of the legs. Finally, the size of the body grew as well.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "Unification of Germany. The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France. Princes of the German states, excluding Austria, gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor after the French capitulation in the Franco-Prussian War. Unofficially, the de facto transition of most of the German-speaking populations into a federated organization of states had been developing for some time through alliances formal and informal between princely rulers—but in fits and starts; self-interests of the various parties hampered the process over nearly a century of autocratic experimentation, beginning in the era of the Napoleonic Wars, which saw the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1806), and the subsequent rise of German nationalism.", "Territorial evolution of Germany. The territorial changes of Germany include all changes in the borders and territory of Germany from its formation in 1871 to the present. Modern Germany was formed in 1871 when Otto von Bismarck unified most of the German states, with the notable exception of Austria, into the German Empire.[1] After the First World War Germany lost about 10% of its territory to its neighbours and the Weimar Republic was formed. This republic included territories to the east of today's German borders.", "Germany. In 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the revolution of 1918–19, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 led to the establishment of a dictatorship, World War II and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded: the democratic West Germany and the socialist East Germany. Following the Revolutions of 1989 that ended communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe, the country was reunified on 3 October 1990.[12]", "Unification of Germany. Under the hegemony of the French Empire (1804–1814), popular German nationalism thrived in the reorganized German states. Due in part to the shared experience, albeit under French dominance, various justifications emerged to identify \"Germany\" as a single state. For the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte,", "Territorial evolution of Germany. The events of 12 March 1938, marked the culmination of historical cross-national pressures to unify the German populations of Austria and Germany under one nation. However, the 1938 Anschluss, regardless of its popularity, was enacted by Germany. Earlier, Hitler's Germany had provided support for the Austrian National Socialist Party (Austrian Nazi Party) in its bid to seize power from Austria's Austrofascist leadership. Fully devoted to remaining independent but amidst growing pressures, the chancellor of Austria, Kurt Schuschnigg, tried to hold a plebiscite.", "Unification of Germany. If the Wartburg and Hambach rallies had lacked a constitution and administrative apparatus, that problem was addressed between 1867 and 1871. Yet, as Germans discovered, grand speeches, flags, and enthusiastic crowds, a constitution, a political reorganization, and the provision of an imperial superstructure; and the revised Customs Union of 1867–68, still did not make a nation.[109]", "States of Germany. After 1945, new states were constituted in all four zones of occupation. In 1949, the states in the three western zones formed the Federal Republic of Germany. This is in contrast to the post-war development in Austria, where the Bund (federation) was constituted first, and then the individual states were created as units of a federal state.", "States of Germany. The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states (which were previously under American, British, and French administration) created in the aftermath of World War II. Initially, in 1949, the states of the Federal Republic were Baden, Bavaria (in German: Bayern), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (Hessen), Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen), Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz), Schleswig-Holstein, W端rttemberg-Baden (until 1952), and W端rttemberg-Hohenzollern (until 1952). West Berlin, while officially not part of the Federal Republic, was largely integrated and considered as a de facto state.", "End of World War II in Europe. The Federal Republic of Germany, that had been founded on 23 May 1949 (when its Basic Law was promulgated) had its first government formed on 20 September 1949 while the German Democratic Republic was formed on 7 October.", "Europe. In 1933, Hitler became the leader of Germany and began to work towards his goal of building Greater Germany. Germany re-expanded and took back the Saarland and Rhineland in 1935 and 1936. In 1938, Austria became a part of Germany following the Anschluss. Later that year, following the Munich Agreement signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy, Germany annexed the Sudetenland, which was a part of Czechoslovakia inhabited by ethnic Germans, and in early 1939, the remainder of Czechoslovakia was split into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, controlled by Germany, and the Slovak Republic. At the time, Britain and France preferred a policy of appeasement.", "History of Germany. In 1834 the Zollverein was established, a customs union between Prussia and most other German states, but excluding Austria. As industrialisation developed, the need for a unified German state with a uniform currency, legal system, and government became more and more obvious.", "Federation. Germany is another nation-state that has switched between confederal, federal and unitary rules, since the German Confederation was founded in 1815. The North German Confederation, the succeeding German Empire and the Weimar Republic were federations.", "States of Germany. Upon its founding in 1949, West Germany had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (South Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern, and Württemberg-Baden) merged to form Baden-Württemberg. From 1957, when the French-occupied Saar Protectorate was returned and formed into the Saarland, the Federal Republic consisted of ten states, which are referred to as the \"Old States\" today. West Berlin was under the sovereignty of the Western Allies and neither a Western German state nor part of one. However, it was in many ways de facto integrated with West Germany under a special status.", "History of Germany. During the Siege of Paris, the German princes assembled in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles and proclaimed the Prussian King Wilhelm I as the \"German Emperor\" on 18 January 1871. The German Empire was thus founded, with the German states unified into a single economic, political, and administrative unit. The empire comprised 25 states, three of which were Hanseatic free cities. It was dubbed the \"Little German\" solution, since it excluded the Austrian territories and the Habsburgs. Bismarck, again, was appointed to serve as Chancellor.", "Unification of Germany. Scholars of German history have engaged in decades of debate over how the successes and failures of the Frankfurt Parliament contribute to the historiographical explanations of German nation building. One school of thought, which emerged after The Great War and gained momentum in the aftermath of World War II, maintains that the failure of German liberals in the Frankfurt Parliament led to bourgeoisie compromise with conservatives (especially the conservative Junker landholders), which subsequently led to the so-called Sonderweg (distinctive path) of 20th-century German history.[47] Failure to achieve unification in 1848, this argument holds, resulted in the late formation of the nation-state in 1871, which in turn delayed the development of positive national values. Hitler often called on the German public to sacrifice all for the cause of their great nation, but his regime did not create German nationalism: it merely capitalized on an intrinsic cultural value of German society that still remains prevalent even to this day.[48] Furthermore, this argument maintains, the \"failure\" of 1848 reaffirmed latent aristocratic longings among the German middle class; consequently, this group never developed a self-conscious program of modernization.[49]", "History of Germany. Fighting among Charlemagne's grandchildren caused the Carolingian empire to be partitioned into three parts in 843. The German region developed out of the East Frankish kingdom, East Francia. From 919 to 936, the Germanic peoples – Franks, Saxons, Swabians, and Bavarians – were united under Henry the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, who took the title of king.[38] Imperial strongholds, called Kaiserpfalzen, became economic and cultural centers, of which Aachen was the most famous.[37]", "History of Germany (1945–90). On 23 May 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, Bundesrepublik Deutschland) was established on the territory of the Western occupied zones, with Bonn as its \"provisional\" capital. It comprised the area of 11 newly formed states (replacing the pre-war states), with present-day Baden-Württemberg being split into three states until 1952). The Federal Republic was declared to have \"the full authority of a sovereign state\" on 5 May 1955. On 7 October 1949 the German Democratic Republic (GDR, Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR)), with East Berlin as its capital, was established in the Soviet Zone.", "History of Germany (1945–90). The Western Allies turned over increasing authority to West German officials and moved to establish a nucleus for a future German government by creating a central Economic Council for their zones. The program later provided for a West German constituent assembly, an occupation statute governing relations between the Allies and the German authorities, and the political and economic merger of the French with the British and American zones. On 23 May 1949, the Grundgesetz (Basic Law), the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany, was promulgated. Following elections in August, the first federal government was formed on 20 September 1949, by Konrad Adenauer (CDU). Adenauer's government was a coalition of the CDU, the CSU and the Free Democrats. The next day, the occupation statute came into force, granting powers of self-government with certain exceptions.", "German nationalism. Prussia achieved hegemony over Germany in the \"wars of unification\": the Second Schleswig War (1864), the Austro-Prussian War [which effectively excluded Austria from Germany] (1866), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870).[1] A German nation-state was founded in 1871 called the German Empire as a Lesser Germany with the King of Ashwin inheritting the throne of German Emperor (Deutscher Kaiser) and Bismarck becoming Chancellor of Germany.[1]", "History of Germany (1945–90). The conclusion of the final settlement cleared the way for the unification of East and West Germany. Formal political union occurred on 3 October 1990, preceded by the GDR declaring its accession to the Federal Republic through Article 23 of West Germany's Basic Law (meaning that constitutionally, East Germany was subsumed into West Germany); but affected in strict legality through the subsequent Unification Treaty of 30 August 1990, which was voted into their constitutions by both the West German Bundestag and the East German Volkskammer on 20 September 1990.[53] These votes simultaneously extinguished the GDR and affected fundamental amendments to the West German Basic Law (including the repeal of the very Article 23 under which the GDR had recently declared its post-dated accession). On 2 December 1990, all-German elections were held for the first time since 1933. The \"new\" country stayed the same as the West German legal system and institutions were extended to the east. The unified nation kept the name Bundesrepublik Deutschland (though the simple 'Deutschland' would become increasingly common) and retained the West German \"Deutsche Mark\" for currency as well. Berlin would formally become the capital of the united Germany, but the political institutions remained at Bonn for the time being. Only after a heated 1991 debate did the Bundestag conclude on moving itself and most of the government to Berlin as well, a process that took until 1999 to complete, when the Bundestag held its first session at the reconstructed Reichstag building. Many government departments still maintain sizable presences in Bonn as of 2008.", "Unification of Germany. The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, which had included more than 500 independent states, was effectively dissolved when Emperor Francis II abdicated (6 August 1806) during the War of the Third Coalition. Despite the legal, administrative, and political disruption associated with the end of the Empire, the people of the German-speaking areas of the old Empire had a common linguistic, cultural, and legal tradition further enhanced by their shared experience in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars. European liberalism offered an intellectual basis for unification by challenging dynastic and absolutist models of social and political organization; its German manifestation emphasized the importance of tradition, education, and linguistic unity of peoples in a geographic region. Economically, the creation of the Prussian Zollverein (customs union) in 1818, and its subsequent expansion to include other states of the German Confederation, reduced competition between and within states. Emerging modes of transportation facilitated business and recreational travel, leading to contact and sometimes conflict among German speakers from throughout Central Europe.", "German reunification. The German reunification (German: Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR, colloquially East Germany; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik/DDR) became part of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, colloquially West Germany; German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland/BRD) to form the reunited nation of Germany, and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz (constitution) Article 23. The end of the unification process is officially referred to as German unity (German: Deutsche Einheit), celebrated on 3 October (German Unity Day) (German: Tag der deutschen Einheit).[1] Following German reunification, Berlin was once again designated as the capital of united Germany.", "States of Germany. Later, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed \"any other parts of Germany\" to join, was rephrased. It had been used in 1957 to reintegrate the Saar Protectorate as the Saarland into the Federal Republic, and this was used as a model for German reunification in 1990. The amended article now defines the participation of the Federal Council and the 16 German states in matters concerning the European Union.", "History of Germany. In 1879, Bismarck formed a Dual Alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary, with the aim of mutual military assistance in the case of an attack from Russia, which was not satisfied with the agreement reached at the Congress of Berlin. The establishment of the Dual Alliance led Russia to take a more conciliatory stance, and in 1887, the so-called Reinsurance Treaty was signed between Germany and Russia: in it, the two powers agreed on mutual military support in the case that France attacked Germany, or in case of an Austrian attack on Russia. Russia turned its attention eastward to Asia and remained largely inactive in European politics for the next 25 years. In 1882, Italy joined the Dual Alliance to form a Triple Alliance. Italy wanted to defend its interests in North Africa against France's colonial policy. In return for German and Austrian support, Italy committed itself to assisting Germany in the case of a French military attack.[144]", "German reunification. The reunification was not a merger that created a third state out of the two. Rather, West Germany effectively absorbed East Germany. Accordingly, on Unification Day, 3 October 1990, the German Democratic Republic ceased to exist, and five new Federal States on its former territory joined the Federal Republic of Germany. East and West Berlin were reunited and joined the Federal Republic as a full-fledged Federal City-State. Under this model, the Federal Republic of Germany, now enlarged to include the five states of the former German Democratic Republic plus the reunified Berlin, continued legally to exist under the same legal personality that was founded in May 1949.", "History of Germany. Under occupation by the Allies, German territories were split up, Austria was again made a separate country, denazification took place, and the Cold War resulted in the division of the country into democratic West Germany and communist East Germany. Millions of ethnic Germans fled from Communist areas into West Germany, which experienced rapid economic expansion, and became the dominant economy in Western Europe. West Germany was rearmed in the 1950s under the auspices of NATO, but without access to nuclear weapons. The Franco-German friendship became the basis for the political integration of Western Europe in the European Union. In 1989, the Berlin Wall was destroyed, the Soviet Union collapsed and East Germany was reunited with West Germany in 1990. In 1998–1999, Germany was one of the founding countries of the eurozone. Germany remains one of the economic powerhouses of Europe, contributing about one quarter of the eurozone's annual gross domestic product. In the early 2010s, Germany played a critical role in trying to resolve the escalating euro crisis, especially with regard to Greece and other Southern European nations. In the middle of the decade, the country faced the European migrant crisis, as the main receiver of asylum seekers from Syria and other troubled regions.", "Names of Germany. In 1866/1867 Prussia and her allies left the German Confederation, which led to the confederation being dissolved and the formation of a new alliance, called the North German Confederation. It became a federal state with its constitution of 1 July 1867. The remaining South German countries, with the exception of Austria and Liechtenstein, joined the country in 1870.[22]", "Unification of Germany. This sphere of influence system depended upon the fragmentation of the German and Italian states, not their consolidation. Consequently, a German nation united under one banner presented significant questions. There was no readily applicable definition for who the German people would be or how far the borders of a German nation would stretch. There was also uncertainty as to who would best lead and defend \"Germany\", however it was defined. Different groups offered different solutions to this problem. In the Kleindeutschland (\"Lesser Germany\") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Prussian Hohenzollerns; in the Grossdeutschland (\"Greater Germany\") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Austrian Habsburgs. This controversy, the latest phase of the German dualism debate that had dominated the politics of the German states and Austro-Prussian diplomacy since the 1701 creation of the Kingdom of Prussia, would come to a head during the following twenty years.[58]", "Germany. In the Gründerzeit period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as Chancellor of Germany under Emperor William I secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances, isolating France by diplomatic means, and avoiding war. Under Wilhelm II, Germany, like other European powers, took an imperialistic course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries. Most alliances in which Germany had previously been involved were not renewed. This resulted in creation of a dual alliance with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary, promoting at least benevolent neutrality if not outright military support. Subsequently, the Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy, completing a Central European geographic alliance that illustrated German, Austrian and Italian fears of incursions against them by France and/or Russia. Similarly, Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances that would protect them against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France.[44]", "Germany. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire.[11] During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the German Confederation was formed in 1815. The German revolutions of 1848–49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights.", "Unification of Germany. Historians debate whether Otto von Bismarck—Minister President of Prussia—had a master plan to expand the North German Confederation of 1866 to include the remaining independent German states into a single entity or simply to expand the power of the Kingdom of Prussia. They conclude that factors in addition to the strength of Bismarck's Realpolitik led a collection of early modern polities to reorganize political, economic, military, and diplomatic relationships in the 19th century. Reaction to Danish and French nationalism provided foci for expressions of German unity. Military successes—especially those of Prussia—in three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in the War of Liberation of 1813–14. By establishing a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism.", "History of Germany. The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the loose association of 39 states created in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries. It acted as a buffer between the powerful states of Austria and Prussia. Britain approved of it because London felt that there was need for a stable, peaceful power in central Europe that could discourage aggressive moves by France or Russia. According to Lee (1985), most historians have judged the Confederation to be weak and ineffective, as well as an obstacle to German nationalist aspirations. It collapsed because of the rivalry between Prussia and Austria (known as German dualism), warfare, the 1848 revolution, and the inability of the multiple members to compromise.[97] It was replaced by the North German Confederation in 1866." ]

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[ "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9, 2017, and was released in the United States on December 15, 2017. It has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film of 2017, the 6th-highest-grossing film in North America and the 9th-highest-grossing film of all time, as well as the second-highest-grossing film of the Star Wars franchise. It received highly positive reviews from critics, who praised its ensemble cast, visual effects, musical score, action sequences and emotional weight; some considered it the best Star Wars film since The Empire Strikes Back.[7][8][9][10][11] The film received four nominations at the 90th Academy Awards, including Best Original Score for Williams and Best Visual Effects, as well two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards. A sequel, provisionally titled Star Wars: Episode IX, is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019.[12]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9, 2017.[92] The European premiere was held at London's Royal Albert Hall on December 12, 2017, with a red carpet event.[93]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Star Wars: The Last Jedi (also known as Star Wars: Episode VIII – The Last Jedi) is a 2017 American epic space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson. It is the second installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the eighth main installment of the Star Wars franchise, following Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015). It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The ensemble cast includes Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Andy Serkis, Lupita Nyong'o, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels and Gwendoline Christie in returning roles, with Kelly Marie Tran, Laura Dern and Benicio del Toro joining the cast. The film features the final film performance by Fisher, who died in December 2016, and it is dedicated to her memory. The plot follows Rey as she receives Jedi training from Luke Skywalker, in hopes of turning the tide for the Resistance in the fight against Kylo Ren and the First Order.", "The Star (2017 film). In July 2016, the release date was set for November 10, 2017,[18] but it was later pushed back to November 17, 2017.[19]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. In January 2015, Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that Episode VIII would be released in 2017,[87] and in March, Lucasfilm announced a release date of May 26, 2017.[88][89] In January 2016, The Last Jedi was rescheduled for December 15, 2017 in 3D and IMAX 3D.[51][90] On January 23, 2017, the film's title was announced as Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[52] Similarly to The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens, \"Episode VIII\" was included in the film's opening crawl, although not in its official title.[91]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy. Unlike the previous two trilogies, whose films were released approximately three years apart and released on Memorial Day weekend, the sequel films are planned to be released two years apart in December. Star Wars: The Last Jedi was released in December 2017, with Rian Johnson as screenwriter and director, and most of the cast returning.", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Episode IX, the final installment of the sequel trilogy, is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019.[12] Principal photography is set to begin in June 2018.[131] Although Colin Trevorrow had been attached to direct the film, on September 5, 2017, Lucasfilm announced that Trevorrow had stepped down.[132] A week later, Lucasfilm announced that J. J. Abrams would return to direct Episode IX and co-write it with Chris Terrio. Abrams and Terrio stated that Episode IX will bring together all three trilogies, with elements from the previous two films.[133][134]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. The Last Jedi was part of a new trilogy of films announced after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012. It was produced by Lucasfilm President Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman, with Force Awakens director J. J. Abrams as an executive producer. John Williams, composer for the previous films, returned to compose the score. Scenes that required shooting at Skellig Michael in Ireland were filmed during pre-production in September 2015, with principal photography beginning at Pinewood Studios in England in February 2016 and ending in July 2016. Post-production wrapped in September 2017.", "The 5th Wave (series). The Last Star, the third and final book in The 5th Wave series, was released on May 24, 2016.", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. The official soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on December 15, 2017 in digipak CD, digital formats, and streaming services.[86]", "Warwick Davis. Davis confirmed that he will appear in Star Wars: The Last Jedi in a to be determined role. The film was released in December 2017.[17]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. A set of eight promotional postage stamps were released on October 12, 2017 in the UK by the Royal Mail with artwork by Malcolm Tween.[94] On September 19, 2017, Australia Post released a set of stamp packs.[95] Tie-in promotional campaigns were done with Nissan Motors and Bell Media, among others. Two main trailers were released, followed by numerous television spots. Figurines of many of the characters were released in October, and advance tickets for Last Jedi went on sale in October.", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. In December 2015, Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy stated that \"we haven't mapped out every single detail [of the sequel trilogy] yet\". She said that Abrams was collaborating with Johnson and that Johnson would in turn work with (then) Episode IX director Colin Trevorrow to ensure a smooth transition.[50] Abrams is an executive producer along with Jason McGatlin and Tom Karnowski.[51] Lucasfilm announced the film's title, Star Wars: The Last Jedi, on January 23, 2017.[52]", "Star Wars (film). The film's success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back in 1980 and Return of the Jedi in 1983. Star Wars was reissued multiple times at Lucas' behest, incorporating many changes including modified computer-generated effects, altered dialogue, re-edited shots, remixed soundtracks, and added scenes. A prequel trilogy was released beginning with The Phantom Menace in 1999, continuing with Attack of the Clones in 2002, and concluding with Revenge of the Sith in 2005. The film was followed by a sequel trilogy beginning with The Force Awakens in 2015. A direct prequel, Rogue One, was released in 2016. The film's fourth sequel, The Last Jedi, will be released in December 2017.", "Star (TV series). On February 22, 2017, Fox renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on September 27, 2017 and crossed over with other Fox series Empire.[5][6][7]", "All the Money in the World. The film premiered at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California on December 18, 2017. In the United States, the film was originally slated for a release on December 22, 2017, but two weeks prior to its debut, it was pushed to December 25, to avoid competition with Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[8]", "Star Wars. Star Wars was released on May 25, 1977. It was followed by The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21, 1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25, 1983. The sequels were all self-financed by Lucasfilm.[22]", "C-3PO. Daniels reprised his role of C-3PO in Star Wars: The Last Jedi, which was released on December 15, 2017.[11] C-3PO mostly serves as an assistant for Leia and, while she is unconscious, Poe Dameron; he spends much of the film voicing his concern over the protagonist's chances in missions such as the evacuation of D'Qar at the start of the film and Finn and Rose's mission on the Supremacy later on. At the end of the film, C-3PO has a brief reunion with \"master\" Luke Skywalker, who winks at him before confronting Kylo Ren.", "The Star (2017 film). The animation was produced by Cinesite Studios.[16] Animation work began on January 2017.[15]", "Mark Hamill. Hamill played Luke Skywalker again in Star Wars: The Last Jedi, released on December 15, 2017.[23] Hamill was critical of his own role in The Last Jedi, stating that he and director Rian Johnson had \"a fundamental difference\" on the characterization of Luke Skywalker.[24][25][26]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Star Wars: The Force Awakens was widely anticipated, and Disney backed the film with extensive marketing campaigns. It premiered in Los Angeles on December 14, 2015 before its wide release in the United States on December 18. The film received highly positive reviews from critics, with praise aimed at its ensemble cast, Abrams' direction, musical score, visual effects, and action sequences, although it received criticism for being derivative of the original trilogy. The film broke various box office records and became, unadjusted for inflation, the highest-grossing installment in the franchise, the highest-grossing film in North America, the highest-grossing film of 2015, and the third-highest-grossing film of all time, with a worldwide gross of over $2 billion and a net profit of over $780 million.[6][7] It received five Academy Award nominations and four British Academy Film Award nominations, where it won the award for Best Special Visual Effects. It was followed by The Last Jedi in December 2017, with a third film scheduled for release in 2019.", "Return of the Jedi. A sequel, The Force Awakens, was released on December 18, 2015, as part of the new sequel trilogy.[11]", "The Star (2017 film). The Star: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released on October 27, 2017, including contributions from Jessie James Decker, Jake Owen, Kelsea Ballerini, Zara Larsson, Casting Crowns, Kirk Franklin, Fifth Harmony, Yolanda Adams, Saving Forever and Mariah Carey. Pentatonix also contributes a bonus track to the digital release of the album.[17]", "John Williams. Williams wrote the music for Star Wars: The Last Jedi,[59] the eighth episode of the saga, released on December 15, 2017, and is presumed to be working on Star Wars Episode IX. Also in 2017, he composed the score for Steven Spielberg's drama film The Post.[60]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Rian Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII,[181] later titled The Last Jedi.[400] It was released on December 15, 2017.[401] Some second-unit filming took place in September 2015 in Ireland,[402][403] with principal photography beginning in February 2016 at Pinewood Studios.[404][405][406] Hamill, Fisher, Driver, Ridley, Boyega, Isaac, Serkis, Nyong'o, Gleeson, Daniels, Christie, Vee, and Suotamo reprised their roles in the film, and are joined by Kelly Marie Tran, Laura Dern, and Benicio del Toro.[407][38][38]", "Star Wars. Principal photography on The Last Jedi began in February 2016.[79] Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to March 16, 2016,[80][81] as well as in Ireland in May 2016.[82] Principal photography wrapped in July 2016.[83][84][85] On December 27, 2016, Carrie Fisher died after going into cardiac arrest a few days earlier. Before her death, Fisher had completed filming her role as General Leia Organa in The Last Jedi.[86] The film was released on December 15, 2017.[87]", "The Last Star (novel). The Last Star is a young adult science fiction novel written by American author Rick Yancey. It is the sequel to The Infinite Sea and the third and final book of the 5th Wave series. It was published on May 24, 2016.", "The Star (2017 film). The Star is a 2017 American computer-animated Christian adventure comedy film directed by Timothy Reckart.[7] Based on the Nativity of Jesus, and an original idea by Tom Sheridan,[7] the screenplay was written by Carlos Kotkin and Simon Moore.[1] It is produced by Sony Pictures Animation, with partnership from Walden Media, Affirm Films and The Jim Henson Company. It stars the voices of Steven Yeun, Gina Rodriguez, Zachary Levi, Keegan-Michael Key, Kelly Clarkson, Patricia Heaton, Kristin Chenoweth, Tracy Morgan, Tyler Perry, and Oprah Winfrey.", "Star Wars. The sequel trilogy began with Episode VII: The Force Awakens, released on December 18, 2015.", "Star Wars (film). Star Wars was released in theatres in the United States on May 25, 1977. It earned $461 million in the U.S. and $314 million overseas, totaling $775 million ($3.132 billion in 2017 dollars, adjusted for inflation). It surpassed Jaws (1975) to become the highest-grossing film of all time until the release of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982). When adjusted for inflation, Star Wars is the second-highest-grossing film in North America, and the third-highest-grossing film in the world. It received ten Academy Award nominations (including Best Picture), winning seven. It was among the first films to be selected as part of the U.S. Library of Congress' National Film Registry as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". At the time, it was the most recent film on the registry and the only one chosen from the 1970s. Its soundtrack was added to the U.S. National Recording Registry in 2004. Today, it is often regarded as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures. It launched an industry of tie-in products, including TV series spinoffs, novels, comic books, and video games, and merchandise including toys, games and clothing.", "The Star (2017 film). In September 2014, it was reported that DeVon Franklin would produce a faith-based film inspired by the Nativity story under his production company, Franklin Entertainment, in collaboration with Sony Pictures Animation.[12] In April 2015, Variety reported that Timothy Reckart would direct the film in his directing debut.[7] On August 5, 2015, it was announced that the film, then titled The Lamb, was given an official release date of December 8, 2017.[13] On June 20, 2016, it was announced that Brian Henson and Lisa Henson from The Jim Henson Company would be executive producers for the film, now titled The Star.[14]", "Star (TV series). On May 10, 2018, Fox renewed the series for a third season.[8]" ]

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[ "Chloroplast. The Calvin cycle, also known as the dark reactions, is a series of biochemical reactions that fixes CO2 into G3P sugar molecules and uses the energy and electrons from the ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.[123]", "Light-independent reactions. The Calvin cycle, Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle, reductive pentose phosphate cycle or C3 cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms.", "Light-independent reactions. The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are functionally equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, but they are found in the chloroplast stroma instead of the cell cytosol, separating the reactions. They are activated in the light (which is why the name \"dark reaction\" is misleading), and also by products of the light-dependent reaction. These regulatory functions prevent the Calvin cycle from being respired to carbon dioxide. Energy (in the form of ATP) would be wasted in carrying out these reactions that have no net productivity.", "Stroma (fluid). The series of biochemical redox reactions which take place in the stroma are collectively called the Calvin cycle or light-independent reactions. There are three phases: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration.", "Light-independent reactions. The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following:", "Light-independent reactions. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages in a cell. In the first stage, light-dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy-storage and transport molecules ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the energy from short-lived electronically excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds[4] that can be used by the organism (and by animals that feed on it). This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation. The key enzyme of the cycle is called RuBisCO. In the following biochemical equations, the chemical species (phosphates and carboxylic acids) exist in equilibria among their various ionized states as governed by the pH.", "Light-independent reactions. The light-independent reactions, or dark reactions,[1] of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products (ATP and NADPH) of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration.", "Chloroplast. The Calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme RuBisCO to fix CO2 into five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) molecules. The result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA. The ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions is used to convert the 3-PGA into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P sugar molecules. Most of the G3P molecules are recycled back into RuBP using energy from more ATP, but one out of every six produced leaves the cycle—the end product of the dark reactions.[123]", "Carbon fixation. In the second step, called the Calvin cycle, the actual fixation of carbon dioxide is carried out. This process consumes ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle in plants accounts for the preponderance of carbon fixation on land. In algae and cyanobacteria, it accounts for the preponderance of carbon fixation in the oceans. The Calvin cycle converts carbon dioxide into sugar, as triose phosphate (TP), which is glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) together with dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP):", "Light-independent reactions. In the first stage of the Calvin cycle, a CO2 molecule is incorporated into one of two three-carbon molecules (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or G3P), where it uses up two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH, which had been produced in the light-dependent stage. The three steps involved are:", "Light-independent reactions. This process occurs only when light is available. Plants do not carry out the Calvin cycle during nighttime. They instead release sucrose into the phloem from their starch reserves. This process happens when light is available independent of the kind of photosynthesis (C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon fixation, and Crassulacean acid metabolism); CAM plants store malic acid in their vacuoles every night and release it by day to make this process work. They are also known as dark reactions.[2]", "Light-independent reactions. The immediate products of one turn of the Calvin cycle are 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) molecules, 3 ADP, and 2 NADP+. (ADP and NADP+ are not really \"products.\" They are regenerated and later used again in the Light-dependent reactions). Each G3P molecule is composed of 3 carbons. For the Calvin cycle to continue, RuBP (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate) must be regenerated. So, 5 out of 6 carbons from the 2 G3P molecules are used for this purpose. Therefore, there is only 1 net carbon produced to play with for each turn. To create 1 surplus G3P requires 3 carbons, and therefore 3 turns of the Calvin cycle. To make one glucose molecule (which can be created from 2 G3P molecules) would require 6 turns of the Calvin cycle. Surplus G3P can also be used to form other carbohydrates such as starch, sucrose, and cellulose, depending on what the plant needs.[7]", "1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid. Contrary to the similar reactions of the glycolytic pathway, 1,3BPG in the calvin cycle does not produce ATP but instead uses it. For this reason it can be considered to be an irreversible and committed step in the cycle. The outcome of this section of the cycle is an inorganic phosphate is removed from 1,3BPG as a hydrogen ion and two electrons are added to the compound+.", "1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid. 1,3-BPG has a very similar role in the Calvin cycle to its role in the glycolytic pathway. For this reason both reactions are said to be analogous. However the reaction pathway is effectively reversed. The only other major difference between the two reactions is that NADPH is used as an electron donor in the calvin cycle whilst NAD+ is used as an electron acceptor in glycolysis. In this reaction cycle 1,3BPG originates from 3-phosphoglycerate and is made into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the action of specific enzymes.", "Photosynthesis. In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, long-term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle; some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle, to achieve the same end. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).[5] Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.", "Crassulacean acid metabolism. The carbon dioxide is fixed in the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells by a PEP reaction similar to that of C4 pathway. But, unlike the C4 mechanism, the resulting organic acids are stored in vacuoles for later use; that is, they are not immediately passed on to the Calvin cycle. The latter cannot operate during the night because the light reactions that provide it with ATP and NADPH cannot take place.", "Chloroplast. C4 plants evolved a way to solve this—by spatially separating the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light reactions, which store light energy in ATP and NADPH, are done in the mesophyll cells of a C4 leaf. The Calvin cycle, which uses the stored energy to make sugar using RuBisCO, is done in the bundle sheath cells, a layer of cells surrounding a vein in a leaf.[123]", "Light-independent reactions. There are two regulation systems at work when the cycle must be turned on or off: the thioredoxin/ferredoxin activation system, which activates some of the cycle enzymes; and the RuBisCo enzyme activation, active in the Calvin cycle, which involves its own activase.", "Photosynthesis. The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic, but differs in that it generates only ATP, and no reduced NADP (NADPH) is created. The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem, the electron is passed down the electron acceptor molecules and returns to photosystem I, from where it was emitted, hence the name cyclic reaction.", "Light-independent reactions. Hexose (six-carbon) sugars are not a product of the Calvin cycle. Although many texts list a product of photosynthesis as C\n6H\n12O\n6, this is mainly a convenience to counter the equation of respiration, where six-carbon sugars are oxidized in mitochondria. The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three-carbon sugar phosphate molecules, or \"triose phosphates\", namely, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).", "Photosynthesis. Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson, along with James Bassham, elucidated the path of carbon assimilation (the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle) in plants. The carbon reduction cycle is known as the Calvin cycle, which ignores the contribution of Bassham and Benson. Many scientists refer to the cycle as the Calvin-Benson Cycle, Benson-Calvin, and some even call it the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (or CBB) Cycle.", "Light-independent reactions. The next stage in the Calvin cycle is to regenerate RuBP. Five G3P molecules produce three RuBP molecules, using up three molecules of ATP. Since each CO2 molecule produces two G3P molecules, three CO2 molecules produce six G3P molecules, of which five are used to regenerate RuBP, leaving a net gain of one G3P molecule per three CO2 molecules (as would be expected from the number of carbon atoms involved).", "RuBisCO. As shown in Figure 2 (left), RuBisCO is one of many enzymes in the Calvin cycle.", "Crassulacean acid metabolism. During the day, the CO2-storing organic acids are released from the vacuoles of the mesophyll cells and enter the stroma of the chloroplasts where an enzyme releases the CO2, which then enters into the Calvin cycle.", "Light-independent reactions. The cycle was discovered by Melvin Calvin, James Bassham, and Andrew Benson at the University of California, Berkeley[3] by using the radioactive isotope carbon-14.", "Light-independent reactions. Thus, of six G3P produced, five are used to make three RuBP (5C) molecules (totaling 15 carbons), with only one G3P available for subsequent conversion to hexose. This requires nine ATP molecules and six NADPH molecules per three CO\n2 molecules. The equation of the overall Calvin cycle is shown diagrammatically below.", "Carbon fixation. Chemosynthesis is carbon fixation driven by the oxidation of inorganic substances (e.g., hydrogen gas or hydrogen sulfide). Sulfur- and hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria often use the Calvin cycle or the reductive citric acid cycle.[16]", "Carbon fixation. Six autotrophic carbon fixation pathways are known as of 2011. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon in the chloroplasts of plants and algae, and in the cyanobacteria. It also fixes carbon in the anoxygenic photosynthetic in one type of proteobacteria called purple bacteria, and in some non-phototrophic proteobacteria.[2]", "RuBisCO. When molecular oxygen is the substrate, the products of the oxygenase reaction are phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate. Phosphoglycolate is recycled through a sequence of reactions called photorespiration, which involves enzymes and cytochromes located in the mitochondria and peroxisomes (this is a case of metabolite repair). In this process, two molecules of phosphoglycolate are converted to one molecule of carbon dioxide and one molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate, which can reenter the Calvin cycle. Some of the phosphoglycolate entering this pathway can be retained by plants to produce other molecules such as glycine. At ambient levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen, the ratio of the reactions is about 4 to 1, which results in a net carbon dioxide fixation of only 3.5. Thus, the inability of the enzyme to prevent the reaction with oxygen greatly reduces the photosynthetic capacity of many plants. Some plants, many algae, and photosynthetic bacteria have overcome this limitation by devising means to increase the concentration of carbon dioxide around the enzyme, including C4 carbon fixation, crassulacean acid metabolism, and the use of pyrenoid.", "Electrochemistry. Reactions that take place at Down's cell are the following:[26]", "Photosystem. ATP is generated when the ATP synthase transports the protons present in the lumen to the stroma, through the membrane. The electrons may either continue to go through cyclic electron transport around PS I or pass, via ferredoxin, to the enzyme NADP+ reductase. Electrons and hydrogen ions are added to NADP+ to form NADPH. This reducing agent is transported to the Calvin cycle to react with glycerate 3-phosphate, along with ATP to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the basic building-block from which plants can make a variety of substances.", "Carbon fixation. The large majority of plants are C3 plants. They are so-called to distinguish them from the CAM and C4 plants, and because the carboxylation products of the Calvin cycle are 3-carbon compounds. They lack C4 dicarboxylic acid cycles, and therefore have higher carbon dioxide compensation points than CAM or C4 plants. C3 plants have a carbon isotope signature of −24 to −33‰.[7]" ]

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[ "2018 Major League Baseball season. The 2018 Major League Baseball season began on March 29, 2018, and is scheduled to end on September 30. The postseason will begin on October 2. The 2018 World Series is set to begin on October 23, and a potential Game 7 is scheduled on October 31.[2]", "2017 Major League Baseball season. The 2017 Major League Baseball season began on April 2, 2017 with three games, including the 2016 World Series champions Chicago Cubs facing off against the St. Louis Cardinals, and ended on October 1. The postseason began on October 3. The 2017 World Series began October 24 and Game 7 was played on November 1, in which the Houston Astros defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers, 5-1, to capture their first World Series championship in franchise history.", "Opening Day. Major League Baseball had most of its teams open the 2011 season on a Thursday (March 31) or Friday (April 1) rather than the traditional Monday, in order to prevent the World Series from extending into November.[23] Similarly, most teams opened the 2012 season on Thursday (April 5) or Friday (April 6). However, subsequent seasons through 2017 returned to Monday openers for most teams. For the 2018 season, all 30 teams were scheduled to open the season on Thursday, March 29 (the earliest domestic start for a regular season in MLB history, and the first time since 1968 that all major league teams were scheduled to start the season on the same day, although two games were subsequently rained out and postponed to Friday, March 30).[24]", "Opening Day. Opening Day is the day on which professional baseball leagues begin their regular season. For Major League Baseball and most of the minor leagues, this day typically falls during the first week of April.", "2018 Major League Baseball season. Under the new collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016, the regular season has been extended to 187 days in order to add four additional off-days for all teams. All teams were scheduled to play Opening Day, March 29–the earliest domestic start of a regular season in MLB history. There will no longer be a Sunday-night game on the final Sunday before the All-Star Game. A single, nationally televised afternoon game will be played on the Thursday after the All-Star Game (which for 2018, will be played between the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs), before all other teams return from break the next day.[3][4][5]", "Major League Baseball schedule. The Major League Baseball (MLB) season schedule consists of 162 games for each of the 30 teams in the American League (AL) and National League (NL), played over approximately six months—a total of 2,430 games, plus the postseason. The regular season runs from late March/early April to late September/early October, followed by the postseason which can run to early November. The season begins with the official Opening Day, and, as of 2018, runs 26½ weeks through the last Sunday of September or first Sunday of October. One or more International Opener games may be scheduled outside the United States before the official Opening Day.[1][2] It is possible for a given team to play a maximum of 20 games in the postseason in a given year, provided the team is a wild card and advances to each of the Division Series, Championship Series, and World Series with each series going the distance (5 games in the Division Series, 7 games each in the League Championship Series/World Series).", "2018 Major League Baseball season. Updated through April 26", "Major League Baseball. The current MLB regular season, consisting of 162 games per team, typically begins on the first Sunday in April and ends on the first Sunday in October. Each team's schedule is typically organized into three-game series, with occasional two- or four-game series.[117] Postponed games or continuations of suspended games can result in an ad hoc one-game or five-game series. A team's series are organized into homestands and road trips that group multiple series together. Teams generally play games five to seven days per week, commonly having Monday or Thursday as an off day. Frequently, games are scheduled at night. Sunday games are generally played during the afternoon, allowing teams to travel to their next destination prior to a Monday night game. In addition, teams will play day games frequently on Opening Day, holidays, and getaway days.", "Opening Day. Opening Day festivities extend throughout the sport of baseball, from hundreds of Minor League Baseball franchises to college, high school, and youth leagues in North America and beyond. Since Major League Baseball generally starts their season first among professional leagues, their Opening Day is the one most commonly recognized by the general public. Most of the minor leagues start a few days later, but within the same week; the short season Class A and Rookie leagues are exceptions, since they begin play in June. (College, high school and youth baseball seasons vary widely depending on location and weather conditions.) Opening Day ignores the exhibition games played during spring training in the month leading up to Opening Day.", "2018 NCAA Division I baseball season. The 2018 NCAA Division I Baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I level, began in February 2018. The season is progressing through the regular season, many conference tournaments and championship series, and will conclude with the 2018 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament and 2018 College World Series. The College World Series, consisting of the eight remaining teams in the NCAA Tournament and held annually in Omaha, Nebraska at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha, will end in June 2018.", "Spring training. Spring training typically starts in mid-February and continues until just before Opening Day of the regular season, traditionally the first week of April. In some years, teams not scheduled to play on Opening Day will play spring training games that day. Pitchers and catchers report to spring training first because pitchers benefit from a longer training period. A few days later, position players arrive and team practice begins.", "2018 Major League Baseball season. Nine regular season games will be broadcast exclusively in the United States on Facebook Watch, beginning with the April 4 game between the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies.[60]", "Major League Baseball schedule. Under the new collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016, several changes were done to the scheduling pattern for the 2018 season. The overall length of the season has been extended to 187 days with the addition of four off-days for all teams. All teams will play on Opening Day, which for 2018 will be held on March 29. Sunday Night Baseball will no longer be played on the final Sunday before the All-Star Game, in order to ease travel time for those who are participating in the Home Run Derby. A single, nationally televised afternoon game will be played the following Thursday, with all other teams returning to play on Friday.[4][5]", "2017 NCAA Division I baseball season. The 2017 College World Series began on June 17 in Omaha, Nebraska.", "2017 NCAA Division I baseball season. The 2017 NCAA Division I baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I level, began in February 2017. The season progressed through the regular season, many conference tournaments and championship series, and concluded with the 2017 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament and 2017 College World Series. The College World Series, consisted of the eight remaining teams in the NCAA Tournament and held annually in Omaha, Nebraska at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha, ended June 27, 2017.", "2018 NCAA Division I baseball season. The 2018 College World Series will begin on June 16 in Omaha, Nebraska.", "2017 Major League Baseball season. In March 2017, Major League Baseball and the Major League Baseball Players Association agreed to seven rule changes.[11]", "Opening Day. Since 1994 ESPN has televised a regular-season game the night before \"Opening Day\" and recent years have seen the staging of season-opening series in Mexico, Puerto Rico, Japan, and Australia. While these are technically \"opening games\", Major League Baseball still reserves the title \"Opening Day\" for the first day in which multiple games are played. (For the first time ever, three televised games were played on Sunday, April 3, 2016, before the traditional \"Opening Day\" slate of games on Monday, April 4.)[5][6][7]", "2018 Major League Baseball season. The 2018 MLB Draft will be held from June 4 to 6 in Secaucus, New Jersey.", "Major League Baseball. Spring training typically lasts almost two months, starting in mid February and running until just before the season opening day, traditionally the first week of April. As pitchers benefit from a longer training period, pitchers and catchers begin spring training several days before the rest of the team.[116]", "2018 Major League Baseball season. The Athletics and White Sox wore 1968 throwbacks April 17 to mark the 50th anniversary of the Athletics' first season in Oakland.[45]", "2017 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament. The 2017 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on June 1, 2017 as part of the 2017 NCAA Division I baseball season. The 64-team, double-elimination tournament concluded with the 2017 College World Series (CWS) in Omaha, Nebraska. The CWS started on June 17 and ended on June 27.[1]", "Opening Day. In the beginning, there was no baseball. But ever since, there have been few beginnings as good as the start of a new baseball season. It is the most splendid time in sport, in part because baseball is about the only sport left—now that football players report to training camp before the Fourth of July, and hockey players start skating in Indian summer—that still has a time and is true to it.", "Major League Baseball schedule. The regular season is constructed from series. Due to travel concerns and the sheer number of games, pairs of teams are never scheduled to play single games against each other (except in the instance of making up a postponed game); instead they play games on several consecutive days in the same ballpark. Most often the series are of three or four games, but two-game series are also scheduled. Teams play one mid-week series and one weekend series per week. Depending on the length of the series, mid-week series games are usually scheduled between Monday and Thursday, while weekend games are scheduled between Thursday and Monday. Beginning in 2018, teams start and end their season on a weekend for a total of 26½ weeks. Due to the mid-week all-star break in July, teams are scheduled to play 27 weekend series and 25 mid-week series for a total of 52 series (24 divisional series, 20 inter-divisional series, 8 inter-league series). A team's road games are usually grouped into a multi-series road trip; home series are grouped into homestands.", "2018 Major League Baseball season. The 89th Major League Baseball All-Star Game will be held on July 17 at Nationals Park, the home of the Washington Nationals.", "2011 Major League Baseball season. The 2011 Major League Baseball season began on Thursday, March 31, and ended on Wednesday, September 28.[1] This marked the first time a season began on a Thursday since 1976, and the first time a regular season ended on a Wednesday since 1990. The 82nd edition of the Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played at Chase Field in Phoenix, Arizona, on July 12 with the National League defeating the American League for the second straight year, by a score of 5–1. As has been the case since 2003, the league winning that game has home field advantage in the World Series. Accordingly, the 2011 World Series began on October 19, and ended on October 28, with the St. Louis Cardinals winning in seven games over the Texas Rangers.[1]", "Opening Day. Opening Day is a state of mind as well, with countless baseball fans known to recognize this unofficial holiday as a good reason to call in sick at work or be truant from school (as most teams typically play their home opener in the afternoon) and go out to the ballpark for the first of 162 regular season games. Teams' home openers serve as the only regular season games during the year in which the entire rosters of both teams as well as coaches and clubhouse staff are introduced to the crowd prior to the games; for the rest of the year, ballparks only introduce the starting lineups (including the designated hitter in American League ballparks) and the team's manager. Some teams, among them the New York Mets, have had their broadcasters as the master of pre-game ceremonies for their home openers, which also typically feature appearances by retired players, local celebrities or media personalities, politicians, and other dignitaries.", "2017 Major League Baseball season. This was the Atlanta Braves' first season at SunTrust Park in Cumberland, Georgia. It succeeds Turner Field as the Braves home ballpark. The first game at SunTrust Park was on April 14, 2017, against the San Diego Padres.", "2018 Major League Baseball draft. The 2018 Major League Baseball (MLB) First-Year Player Draft began on June 4, 2018. The draft assigned amateur baseball players to MLB teams. The draft order was determined based on the reverse order of the 2017 MLB season final standings. In addition, compensation picks were distributed for players who did not sign from the 2017 MLB Draft and for teams who lose qualifying free agents.[1] The first 43 picks, including the first round and compensatory picks, were broadcast by MLB Network on June 4. The remainder of the draft was streamed on MLB.com on June 5 and 6.", "2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season. The Dodgers began the 2017 season on April 3 at Dodger Stadium against the San Diego Padres. Clayton Kershaw made his seventh straight opening day start, tying Don Sutton for the most consecutive starts and Sutton and Don Drysdale for most overall opening day starts in franchise history. He allowed one unearned run in seven innings, while striking out eight. The Dodgers won 14–3 and Kershaw remained undefeated in openers. Joc Pederson hit a grand slam home run in the third inning, the first grand slam hit by a Dodger on opening day since Raúl Mondesí hit one in 1999. Switch-hitting Yasmani Grandal homered twice, one from each side of the plate. The first Dodger in history to do so on opening day and only the third to hit two opening day homers for the Dodgers in the same game, joining Mondesí (who did it twice, in 1995 and 1999) and Roy Campanella (1954).[27] Clayton Richard pitched eight scoreless innings as the Padres evened the series with a 4–0 win in game two.[28] Rich Hill allowed one run in five innings and Yasiel Puig hit his first home run of the season as the Dodgers won the next game 3–1.[29] He hit two more homers the next day as the Dodgers took the series with a 10–2 rout of the Padres.[30]", "2018 Major League Baseball season. Players, managers and coaches wore #42 on April 15, the 71st anniversary of Jackie Robinson's debut in the majors.[41]", "Minor League Baseball. Short season leagues, as the name implies, play a shortened season of 76 games, starting in mid-June and ending in early September, with only a few off-days during the season. The late start of the season is designed to allow college players to complete their college seasons in the spring, then be drafted, signed, and immediately placed in a competitive league (The MLB First Year Player Draft begins on the first Monday in June)." ]

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[ "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Twenty years after their first meeting and one year before the narrator’s present, Oliver visits Elio’s family home in Italy. They recall their time together; Elio informs Oliver that his father has died, and that he has spread his ashes all over the world. The novel concludes with Elio, as the narrator, remarking to the reader that if Oliver remembered everything as he says he did, he should once more \"look me in the face, hold my gaze, and call me by your name.\"", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). The narrator, Elio Perlman, recalls the events of the summer of 1987, when he was seventeen and living with his parents in Italy. Each summer, his parents would take in a doctoral student as a house guest for six weeks, who would revise a book manuscript while assisting his father with academic paperwork. Elio resents the tradition, as it requires him to vacate his bedroom so the guest can use it for the duration of their stay.", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Fifteen years later, Elio visits Oliver in the United States, where Oliver is now a professor. Elio is unwilling to meet Oliver’s wife and children, admitting that he still feels attraction towards Oliver and jealousy towards his new family. Oliver admits that he has followed Elio’s academic career, and shows him a postcard that he brought with him when he left Italy and has kept over the years. During a final meeting at a bar, Elio and Oliver muse that people can lead two parallel lives—one in reality, and one a fantasy that is denied to them by external forces.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Elio, a seventeen-year-old Jewish-American boy, lives in the Italian countryside with his parents. His father, a professor of archaeology, invites an American Jewish graduate student, Oliver, to live with his family during the summer of 1983 and help with his academic paperwork. Elio, an introspective bibliophile and musical prodigy, finds little in common with Oliver, whose carefree and exuberant personality contrasts with his own. Elio also resents vacating his bedroom for the duration of Oliver's stay. Elio spends much of the summer reading books and hanging out with his girlfriend, Marzia, while Oliver is attracted to one of the local girls, much to Elio's chagrin.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The film differs from its source material in a number of ways. While the novel serves as a memory-piece from Elio's perspective, the filmmakers behind Call Me by Your Name chose to set the movie entirely in the present timeline, a \"much more efficient\" solution, to help the audience understand the characters and \"reflect the essence of the book.\"[8][16] The setting was changed from Bordighera to the countryside of Crema, Lombardy, where Guadagnino lives.[8][28] He decided to push up the original setting from 1987 to 1983—which he explained was a year, \"in Italy at least, when everything that was great about the '70s is definitely shut down\", and one in which the characters \"are in a way untouched by the corruption of the '80s—in the U.S., Reagan, and in the UK, Thatcher\".[29][18] Mr. Perlman's profession was refined by Ivory from a classics scholar to \"an art historian/archeologist type.\"[8][28]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Before returning to the United States, Oliver decides to spend three days in Rome, where he is accompanied by Elio. Upon returning from the trip, Elio is saddened to find that his belongings have already been returned to his original bedroom, and that all traces of Oliver’s visit have vanished. Elio has a discussion with his father, who says that he approves of the friendship (and relationship) between Elio and Oliver.", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Call Me by Your Name is a 2007 novel by American writer André Aciman about a love affair between an intellectually precocious and curious 17-year-old American-Italian Jewish boy and a visiting 24-year-old American Jewish scholar in 1980s Italy. The novel chronicles their summer romance and the 20 years that follow.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 romantic coming-of-age drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino and written by James Ivory, based on the 2007 novel of the same name by André Aciman. It is the third and final installment in Guadagnino's thematic Desire trilogy, following I Am Love (2009) and A Bigger Splash (2015). Set in Northern Italy in 1983, Call Me by Your Name chronicles the romantic relationship between Elio Perlman (Timothée Chalamet), a 17-year-old living in Italy, and his father's American assistant, Oliver (Armie Hammer). The film also stars Michael Stuhlbarg, Amira Casar, Esther Garrel, and Victoire Du Bois.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The producers reached out to Luca Guadagnino and lined him up as their first choice to direct, but he declined, citing a busy schedule.[8][11] A native of northern Italy, he was first hired as a location consultant instead,[12][13] to help \"put the movie together from the Italian side.\"[14] Guadagnino later suggested that he co-direct the film with Ivory—without any contractual agreement yet in place.[9][14] Ivory accepted the offer,[9] and spent between six and nine months in 2014 working on the screenplay.[7][15] Guadagnino, who has described the novel as \"a Proustian book about remembering the past and indulging in the melancholy of lost things,\"[16] wrote the adaptation with Ivory, while also collaborating with Walter Fasano to \"really fine-tune it\".[14][17] It took place at Ivory's house, Guadagnino's kitchen table in Crema, and sometimes in New York.[18] Ivory hardly met the director during the process, as Guadagnino was busy making A Bigger Splash (2015).[15]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Oliver and Elio grow distant in the subsequent days. Elio begins an affair with Marzia, a local girl around his own age. Seeking reconciliation, Elio slips a note under Oliver’s bedroom door, with a plan to meet at midnight. At midnight, Elio enters Oliver’s room, where they have sex. Elio feels guilty about the encounter, and decides that he cannot continue his relationship with Oliver.", "List of accolades received by Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 coming-of-age drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino. The screenplay, written by James Ivory, is based on André Aciman's 2007 novel of the same name. Set in Italy in 1983, the film follows Elio (Timothée Chalamet), an American-Italian Jewish boy, and Oliver (Armie Hammer), a visiting American Jewish scholar, and their ensuing romantic relationship. Michael Stuhlbarg, Amira Casar, Esther Garrel, and Victoire Du Bois feature in supporting roles. Sayombhu Mukdeeprom served as the cinematographer and Sufjan Stevens contributed three songs to the soundtrack.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The Asian-inspired paintings, maps, and mirrors mostly came from an antiques store in Milan.[79] Books used in background were published before 1982.[46] The swimming pool used in the film was recreated from a watering trough common in the area.[8][79] A landscape designer was hired to organize an orchard in the mansion's garden.[46] In public places, the filmmakers set up faded political billboards to reflect the Italian general election in 1983,[46] and re-created a newsstand full of magazines of that particular time.[46] Guadagnino did not want the film to \"look like a reflection on the 80s, [...] when it becomes period.\"[13] His team performed extensive research, with an assist from the residents of Crema, by entering people's houses and collecting their pictures of the '80s.[13][80] Chen Li, a Chinese woman who lives in Milan, served as graphic designer. She wrote the titles in the opening credits, in which the director used Xerox images of statues and placed them with Mr. Perlman's personal items.[46]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Oliver, the guest for the summer, is carefree and detached—a stark contrast to Elio’s introversion. Elio selected Oliver as a guest in the hopes of \"instant affinities\" between them and acts as his tour guide, though Elio's attempts to impress Oliver are met with indifference. When Oliver grabs Elio's arm after a tennis match, Elio retracts in fear. Though Elio recognizes his own bisexuality and his attraction to Oliver—he is particularly excited by his discovery that Oliver is Jewish, seeing it as a bond between them—he doubts that Oliver reciprocates his feelings.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). With the end of Oliver's stay imminent, the couple find themselves overcome by uncertainty and longing. Elio's parents, conscious of the bond between the two, recommend they take a trip to Bergamo together before Oliver goes back to America. They spend three romantic days together, after which Oliver leaves, and a heartbroken Elio returns home. He encounters a sympathetic Marzia, who still wants to be his friend, and his father, seeing how forlorn his son is, tells him that he was aware of Elio's affair with Oliver. He confesses to having had his own love affair with a friend in his youth, and urges Elio to find pleasure in the grief, since true love of the kind Elio and Oliver shared is rare.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name began development in 2007, when producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman optioned the screen rights to Aciman's novel. Ivory had been set to co-direct the film, but ended up writing the script and producing instead. Guadagnino, who came on board as a location consultant, eventually became director and producer. The film was financed by several international companies, and principal photography took place in Crema, Italy in May and June 2016. Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom shot the film on 35-mm film.", "Your Name. High school girl Mitsuha lives in the town of Itomori in Japan's mountainous Hida region. Bored, she wishes to be a handsome boy in her next life. She begins switching bodies intermittently with Taki, a high school boy in Tokyo, when they wake up. They communicate by leaving notes in Mitsuha's notebook and memos on Taki's phone, and sometimes by writing on each other's skin. Mitsuha causes Taki to develop a relationship with his coworker Miki, while Taki causes Mitsuha to become popular in school.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). In revising Ivory's draft of the script, Guadagnino removed the voice-over narration and a considerable amount of nudity.[16][12] The director did not like the idea of having the main character tell the story retrospectively, stating that \"it kills the surprise\".[16] Toward the end of the novel, the two protagonists go off on a trip to Rome together, which lasts an entire chapter.[15] Because of the limited budget, Ivory and the producers came up with several variations, including the idea to have \"everyone else leave and they are alone in the house\"; and changed into \"another kind of a little trip\", where they spend \"some time together away from the house\".[15] Ivory had to cut down Mr. Perlman's speech at the end of the film, but was committed to keeping it in the script.[34] Ivory described the scene where Elio confronts his feelings for Oliver as one of the most important moments, capturing the \"euphoric passion and nervousness\" of their first love.[35]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). At the 20th Lambda Literary Awards, the novel won the award for Gay Fiction.[4]", "Call Me by Your Name. Call Me by Your Name may refer to:", "Call Me by Your Name (film). During Hanukkah, Elio receives a phone call from Oliver. Oliver tells Elio and his family that he is engaged to be married. After they hang up, a pained Elio sits by the fire. A parade of emotions crosses his face as his parents and the house staff prepare a holiday dinner.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The main location for the Perlmans' residence was an uninhabited 17th-century mansion in Moscazzano.[8] The director initially wanted to buy the house but could not afford it, so he made a film at the place instead.[78][20] Six weeks before production, the crew—including production designer Samuel Dehors and first-time set decorator Violante Visconti di Modrone—gradually decorated the house with furniture, objects, and decoration inspired by the characters.[78][8] Much of the furniture, including the dishes and glassware from the '50s, belonged to Guadagnino and Visconti's parents. \"That made it cozy and personal,\" Visconti said, \"I wanted to give it the sense of time passing by.\"[79]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). That Christmas, Oliver again visits the Perlman family, and announces that he intends to marry next summer. Oliver and Elio fall out of touch, and do not communicate with each other for many years.", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Reviewing Call Me by Your Name for The New York Times, Stacey D'Erasmo called the novel \"an exceptionally beautiful book\".[1] Writing in The New Yorker, Cynthia Zarin said, \"Aciman’s first novel shows him to be an acute grammarian of desire\".[2] In The Washington Post, Charles Kaiser said, \"If you have ever been the willing victim of obsessive love—a force greater than yourself that pulls you inextricably toward the object of your desire—you will recognize every nuance of André Aciman's superb new novel, 'Call Me by Your Name.'\"[3]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The film was shot primarily in Crema,[14][25] and in the nearby villages of Pandino and Moscazzano. It was shot during an unexpected historic rainstorm in Italy, described by the weather reports as a \"once-in-century rain.\"[48] The pre-production in Crema was fast:[10] a search for extras began there in March and April.[55][56] Scenes from Pandino and Moscazzano were filmed from May 17,[57][58] before moving to Crema on June 1.[59] Additional outdoor scenes were shot at the Palazzo Albergoni on December 4, 2016.[60][61] Several historical locations in the surrounding streets in Crema and Pandino were chosen during production, including the Crema Cathedral.[57][62] Businesses received compensation for financial losses caused by the closure, scheduled for May 30 and 31.[63] Two days' filming at the cathedral were postponed due to the weather.[62] Production in Crema cost €18,000,[64] with a promotion campaign that cost €7,500.[65] Filming also took place at the Grottoes of Catullus by Lake Garda in Sirmione,[66] the Cascate del Serio in Bergamo,[67] and in two small towns in the immediate vicinity of Crema: Montodine and Ripalta.[8][60]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). After seeing an early galley of André Aciman's debut novel Call Me by Your Name in 2007, American producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman bought the screen rights to it before it was published.[6] Before developing it into a film, the two invited their friend James Ivory to work as an executive producer on the adaptation, which he accepted.[7] Spears and Rosenman read the book independently and produced it in 2008.[8] They soon found themselves in development hell:[9] they met with three different sets of directors and writers but could not find anyone who would commit to the project.[6][10] Scheduling around the need to shoot in Italy during the summer also proved difficult.[6][10]", "Your Name. Five years later, Taki has graduated from university and is searching for a job. He senses he is missing something important, and learns that inhabitants of Itomori survived by following the mayor's order. He recognizes Tessie and Sayaka in a Tokyo restaurant, now engaged, but cannot identify them, and both Taki and Mitsuha's friends and family are shown to be pursuing their own paths. One day, Taki and Mitsuha see each other when their trains draw parallel, and are compelled to disembark and search for one another, finally meeting on a staircase. Feeling they have met before, they simultaneously ask for each other's name.", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). One day, Elio sneaks into Oliver’s room, and masturbates while wearing Oliver's swimming trunks. Later, Elio confesses his attraction to Oliver, and they kiss on a berm where Claude Monet had supposedly painted some of his pictures. When Elio touches Oliver’s penis through his clothes, Oliver pushes him away.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Guadagnino has deliberated over the idea of a sequel since the film's premiere at Sundance, when he realized the characters \"could go beyond the boundaries of the film.\"[30] During the 2017 BFI London Film Festival, he stated that he hoped to make a sequel to the film in 2020, suggesting it might be in the style of François Truffaut's The Adventures of Antoine Doinel series, while telling the story of Oliver and Elio as they aged. \"If I paired the age of Elio in the film with the age of Timothée, in three years’ time, Timothée will be 25, as would Elio by the time the second story was set,\" he said.[164][165] In the novel, Elio and Oliver reunited 15 years later, when Oliver is married. Guadagnino specified that in the sequel, \"I don't think Elio is necessarily going to become a gay man. He hasn’t found his place yet. I can tell you that I believe that he would start an intense relationship with Marzia again.\" Guadagnino is also interested in the politics of the 1990s, saying \"it would be the beginning of the Berlusconi era in Italy and it would mean dealing with the war of Iraq.\"[166][167]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). After its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, Call Me by Your Name was met with critical acclaim.[131][91] It received a ten-minute standing ovation at its New York Film Festival screening at the Alice Tully Hall, the longest recorded in the festival's history.[29][132] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 96% based on 239 reviews, with an average rating of 8.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Call Me by Your Name offers a melancholy, powerfully affecting portrait of first love, empathetically acted by Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer.\"[133] It was the best-reviewed limited release and second best-reviewed romance film of 2017 on the site.[134][135] On Metacritic, the film has an average weighted score of 93 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[136] It was the year's fifth-best rated film on Metacritic.[137]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). The audiobook was read in 2017 by Armie Hammer and published by Macmillan Publishers.[8]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The actors lived in Crema and were able to absorb the rhythm of small-town life.[8] Guadagnino engaged deeply with the cast and filmmakers, and often cooked and showed films for them in his house.[6] Hammer and Chalamet, who did not have to do a screen test together,[16][68] met for the first time during the production in Crema.[50][8] They spent a month together before filming began,[50] watched Mike Tyson documentaries and went to local restaurants,[23][40] to build character development.[50] \"We’d hang out with each other all the time, because we were pretty much the only Americans there, and we were able to defend one another and really get to know one another,\" Chalamet recalled.[42] In the first two days of production, Guadagnino sat down with the cast to read through the script.[18] Hammer and Chalamet went to the kissing scene during the first rehearsal.[68] The actors rehearsed their scenes every night before shooting, and spent several days shooting nude.[69] \"I’ve never been so intimately involved with a director before. Luca was able to look at me and completely undress me,\" Hammer said.[32]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). A film adaptation directed by Luca Guadagnino and starring Timothée Chalamet as Elio, Armie Hammer as Oliver, and Michael Stuhlbarg was released on November 24, 2017 in the United States, to critical acclaim.[5] At the 90th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Chalamet), Best Original Song (\"Mystery of Love\"), and Best Adapted Screenplay, winning the latter.[6][7]" ]

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[ "History of personal computers. The Kenbak-1, released in early 1971, is considered by the Computer History Museum to be the world's first personal computer. It was designed and invented by John Blankenbaker of Kenbak Corporation in 1970, and was first sold in early 1971. Unlike a modern personal computer, the Kenbak-1 was built of small-scale integrated circuits, and did not use a microprocessor. The system first sold for US$750. Only around 40 machines were ever built and sold. In 1973, production of the Kenbak-1 stopped as Kenbak Corporation folded.", "Personal computer. Using the narrow definition of \"operated by one person\", the first personal computer was the ENIAC which became operational in 1946.[8] It did not meet further definitions of affordable or easy to use.", "Personal computer. The first successfully mass marketed personal computer was the Commodore PET introduced in January 1977. However, it was back-ordered and not available until later in the year.[29] Five months later (June), the Apple II (usually referred to as the \"Apple\") was introduced,[30] and the TRS-80 from Tandy Corporation / Tandy Radio Shack in summer 1977, delivered in September in a small number. Mass-market ready-assembled computers allowed a wider range of people to use computers, focusing more on software applications and less on development of the processor hardware.", "History of personal computers. The history of the personal computer as a mass-market consumer electronic device began with the microcomputer revolution of the 1980s. The 1981 launch of the IBM Personal Computer coined both the term Personal Computer and PC. A personal computer is one intended for interactive individual use,[citation needed], as opposed to a mainframe computer where the end user's requests are filtered through operating staff, or a time-sharing system in which one large processor is shared by many individuals. After the development of the microprocessor, individual personal computers were low enough in cost that they eventually became affordable consumer goods. Early personal computers – generally called microcomputers – were sold often in electronic kit form and in limited numbers, and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians.", "History of personal computers. In 1972-1973 a team led by Dr. Paul Friedl at the IBM Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a portable computer prototype called SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) based on the IBM PALM processor with a Philips compact cassette drive, small CRT and full function keyboard. SCAMP emulated an IBM 1130 minicomputer in order to run APL\\1130.[30] In 1973 APL was generally available only on mainframe computers, and most desktop sized microcomputers such as the Wang 2200 or HP 9800 offered only BASIC. Because it was the first to emulate APL\\1130 performance on a portable, single-user computer, PC Magazine in 1983 designated SCAMP a \"revolutionary concept\" and \"the world's first personal computer\".[30][31] The prototype is in the Smithsonian Institution.", "History of personal computers. The history of the personal computer as mass-market consumer electronic devices effectively began in 1977 with the introduction of microcomputers, although some mainframe and minicomputers had been applied as single-user systems much earlier. A personal computer is one intended for interactive individual use, as opposed to a mainframe computer where the end user's requests are filtered through operating staff, or a time sharing system in which one large processor is shared by many individuals. After the development of the microprocessor, individual personal computers were low enough in cost that they eventually became affordable consumer goods. Early personal computers – generally called microcomputers– were sold often in electronic kit form and in limited numbers, and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians.", "History of personal computers. Released in June 1970, the programmable terminal called the Datapoint 2200 is the earliest known device that bears some significant resemblance to the modern personal computer, with a screen, keyboard, and program storage.[28] It was made by CTC (now known as Datapoint) and was a complete system in a small case bearing the approximate footprint of an IBM Selectric typewriter. The system's CPU was constructed from a variety of discrete components, although the company had commissioned Intel to develop a single-chip processing unit; there was a falling out between CTC and Intel, and the chip Intel had developed wasn't used. Intel soon released a modified version of that chip as the Intel 8008, the world's first 8-bit microprocessor.[29] The needs and requirements of the Datapoint 2200 therefore determined the nature of the 8008, upon which all successive processors used in IBM-compatible PCs were based. Additionally, the design of the Datapoint 2200's multi-chip CPU and the final design of the Intel 8008 were so similar that the two are largely software-compatible; therefore, the Datapoint 2200, from a practical perspective, functioned as if it were indeed powered by an 8008, making it a de facto microcomputer.", "Personal computer. In 1973 the IBM Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a portable computer prototype called SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) based on the IBM PALM processor with a Philips compact cassette drive, small CRT and full function keyboard. SCAMP emulated an IBM 1130 minicomputer in order to run APL\\1130.[19] In 1973 APL was generally available only on mainframe computers, and most desktop sized microcomputers such as the Wang 2200 or HP 9800 offered only BASIC. Because SCAMP was the first to emulate APL\\1130 performance on a portable, single user computer, PC Magazine in 1983 designated SCAMP a \"revolutionary concept\" and \"the world's first personal computer\".[19][20] This seminal, single user portable computer now resides in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.. Successful demonstrations of the 1973 SCAMP prototype led to the IBM 5100 portable microcomputer launched in 1975 with the ability to be programmed in both APL and BASIC for engineers, analysts, statisticians and other business problem-solvers. In the late 1960s such a machine would have been nearly as large as two desks and would have weighed about half a ton.[19]", "History of personal computers. A different model of computer use was foreshadowed by the way in which early, pre-commercial, experimental computers were used, where one user had exclusive use of a processor.[11] In places such as Carnegie Mellon University and MIT, students with access to some of the first computers experimented with applications that would today be typical of a personal computer; for example, computer aided drafting was foreshadowed by T-square, a program written in 1961, and an ancestor of today's computer games was found in Spacewar! in 1962. Some of the first computers that might be called \"personal\" were early minicomputers such as the LINC and PDP-8, and later on VAX and larger minicomputers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Data General, Prime Computer, and others. By today's standards, they were very large (about the size of a refrigerator) and cost prohibitive (typically tens of thousands of US dollars). However, they were much smaller, less expensive, and generally simpler to operate than many of the mainframe computers of the time. Therefore, they were accessible for individual laboratories and research projects. Minicomputers largely freed these organizations from the batch processing and bureaucracy of a commercial or university computing center.", "Laptop. As the personal computer (PC) became feasible in 1971, the idea of a portable personal computer soon followed. A \"personal, portable information manipulator\" was imagined by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in 1968,[5] and described in his 1972 paper as the \"Dynabook\".[6] The IBM Special Computer APL Machine Portable (SCAMP) was demonstrated in 1973. This prototype was based on the IBM PALM processor.[7] The IBM 5100, the first commercially available portable computer, appeared in September 1975, and was based on the SCAMP prototype.[8]", "History of personal computers. By 1976, there were several firms racing to introduce the first truly successful commercial personal computers. Three machines, the Apple II, PET 2001 and TRS-80 were all released in 1977,[32] becoming the most popular by late 1978.[33] Byte magazine later referred to them as the \"1977 Trinity\".[34] Also in 1977, Sord Computer Corporation released the Sord M200 Smart Home Computer in Japan.[35]", "IBM Personal Computer. Desktop sized programmable calculators by HP had evolved into the HP 9830 BASIC language computer by 1972. In 1972–1973 a team led by Dr. Paul Friedl at the IBM Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a portable computer prototype called SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) based on the IBM PALM processor with a Philips compact cassette drive, small CRT, and full-function keyboard. SCAMP emulated an IBM 1130 minicomputer to run APL\\1130.[28] In 1973 APL was generally available only on mainframe computers, and most desktop sized microcomputers such as the Wang 2200 or HP 9800 offered only BASIC. Because it was the first to emulate APL\\1130 performance on a portable, single-user computer, PC Magazine in 1983 designated SCAMP a \"revolutionary concept\" and \"the world's first personal computer\".[28][29] The prototype is in the Smithsonian Institution. A non-working industrial design model was also created in 1973 by industrial designer Tom Hardy illustrating how the SCAMP engineering prototype could be transformed into a usable product design for the marketplace. This design model was requested by IBM executive Bill Lowe to complement the engineering prototype in his early efforts to demonstrate the viability of creating a single-user computer.[30]", "Personal computer. 1974 saw the introduction of what is considered by many to be the first true \"personal computer\", the Altair 8800 created by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS).[22][23] Based on the 8-bit Intel 8080 Microprocessor,[24] the Altair is widely recognized as the spark that ignited the microcomputer revolution[25] as the first commercially successful personal computer.[26] The computer bus designed for the Altair was to become a de facto standard in the form of the S-100 bus, and the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft's founding product, Altair BASIC.[27][28]", "History of computing hardware. In April 1975 at the Hannover Fair, Olivetti presented the P6060, the world's first complete, pre-assembled personal computer system. The central processing unit consisted of two cards, code named PUCE1 and PUCE2, and unlike most other personal computers was built with TTL components rather than a microprocessor. It had one or two 8\" floppy disk drives, a 32-character plasma display, 80-column graphical thermal printer, 48 Kbytes of RAM, and BASIC language. It weighed 40 kg (88 lb). As a complete system, this was a significant step from the Altair, though it never achieved the same success. It was in competition with a similar product by IBM that had an external floppy disk drive.", "History of personal computers. An early use of the term \"personal computer\" appeared in a 3 November 1962, New York Times article reporting John W. Mauchly's vision of future computing as detailed at a recent meeting of the Institute of Industrial Engineers. Mauchly stated, \"There is no reason to suppose the average boy or girl cannot be master of a personal computer\".[1]", "History of personal computers. Over the next seven years, the phrase had gained enough recognition that Byte magazine referred to its readers in its first edition as \"[in] the personal computing field\",[5] and Creative Computing defined the personal computer as a \"non-(time)shared system containing sufficient processing power and storage capabilities to satisfy the needs of an individual user.\"[6] In 1977, three new pre-assembled small computers hit the markets which Byte would refer to as the \"1977 Trinity\" of personal computing.[7] The Apple II and the PET 2001 were advertised as personal computers,[8][9] while the TRS-80 was described as a microcomputer used for household tasks including \"personal financial management\". By 1979, over half a million microcomputers were sold and the youth of the day had a new concept of the personal computer.[10]", "History of personal computers. Chuck Peddle designed the Commodore PET (short for Personal Electronic Transactor) around his MOS 6502 processor. It was essentially a single-board computer with a simple TTL-based CRT driver circuit driving a small built-in monochrome monitor with 40×25 character graphics. The processor card, keyboard, monitor and cassette drive were all mounted in a single metal case. In 1982, Byte referred to the PET design as \"the world's first personal computer\".[38]", "History of personal computers. In 1983 Apple Computer introduced the first mass-marketed microcomputer with a graphical user interface, the Lisa. The Lisa ran on a Motorola 68000 microprocessor and came equipped with 1 megabyte of RAM, a 12-inch (300 mm) black-and-white monitor, dual 5¼-inch floppy disk drives and a 5 megabyte Profile hard drive. The Lisa's slow operating speed and high price (US$10,000), however, led to its commercial failure.", "Personal computer. An example of an early single-user computer was the LGP-30, created in 1956 by Stan Frankel and used for science and engineering as well as basic data processing.[9] It came with a retail price of $46,000‍—‌equivalent to about $414,000 today.[10]", "History of personal computers. In 1984, IBM introduced the IBM Personal Computer/AT (more often called the PC/AT or AT) built around the Intel 80286 microprocessor. This chip was much faster, and could address up to 16MB of RAM but only in a mode that largely broke compatibility with the earlier 8086 and 8088. In particular, the MS-DOS operating system was not able to take advantage of this capability.", "History of personal computers. The IBM PC was the first PC that justified widespread use. IBM responded to the success of the Apple II with the IBM PC, released in August 1981. Like the Apple II and S-100 systems, it was based on an open, card-based architecture, which allowed third parties to develop for it. It used the Intel 8088 CPU running at 4.77 MHz, containing 29,000 transistors. The first model used an audio cassette for external storage, though there was an expensive floppy disk option. The cassette option was never popular and was removed in the PC XT of 1983.[55] The XT added a 10MB hard drive in place of one of the two floppy disks and increased the number of expansion slots from 5 to 8. While the original PC design could accommodate only up to 64k on the main board, the architecture was able to accommodate up to 640KB of RAM, with the rest on cards. Later revisions of the design increased the limit to 256K on the main board.", "History of personal computers. The transition from a PC-compatible market being driven by IBM to one driven primarily by a broader market began to become clear in 1986 and 1987; in 1986, the 32-bit Intel 80386 microprocessor was released, and the first '386-based PC-compatible was the Compaq Deskpro 386. IBM's response came nearly a year later with the initial release of the IBM Personal System/2 series of computers, which had a closed architecture and were a significant departure from the emerging \"standard PC\". These models were largely unsuccessful, and the PC Clone style machines outpaced sales of all other machines through the rest of this period.[57] Toward the end of the 1980s PC XT clones began to take over the home computer market segment from the specialty manufacturers such as Commodore International and Atari that had previously dominated. These systems typically sold for just under the \"magic\" $1000 price point (typically $999) and were sold via mail order rather than a traditional dealer network. This price was achieved by using the older 8/16 bit technology, such as the 8088 CPU, instead of the 32-bits of the latest Intel CPUs. These CPUs were usually made by a third party such as Cyrix or AMD. Dell started out as one of these manufacturers, under its original name PC Limited.", "Personal computer. By the early 1970s, people in academic or research institutions had the opportunity for single-person use of a computer system in interactive mode for extended durations, although these systems would still have been too expensive to be owned by a single person. Early personal computers‍—‌generally called microcomputers‍—‌were often sold in a kit form and in limited volumes, and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians. Minimal programming was done with toggle switches to enter instructions, and output was provided by front panel lamps. Practical use required adding peripherals such as keyboards, computer displays, disk drives, and printers. Micral N was the earliest commercial, non-kit microcomputer based on a microprocessor, the Intel 8008. It was built starting in 1972 and few hundred units were sold. This had been preceded by the Datapoint 2200 in 1970, for which the Intel 8008 had been commissioned, though not accepted for use. The CPU design implemented in the Datapoint 2200 became the basis for x86 architecture used in the original IBM PC and its descendants.[18]", "History of personal computers. The Xerox Alto, developed at Xerox PARC in 1973, was the first computer to use a mouse, the desktop metaphor, and a graphical user interface (GUI), concepts first introduced by Douglas Engelbart while at International. It was the first example of what would today be recognized as a complete personal computer.", "Personal computer. A seminal step in personal computing was the 1973 Xerox Alto, developed at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). It had a graphical user interface (GUI) which later served as inspiration for Apple Computer's Macintosh, and Microsoft's Windows operating system. The Alto was a demonstration project, not commercialized, as the parts were too expensive to be affordable.[7]", "Personal computer. Also in 1973 Hewlett Packard introduced fully BASIC programmable microcomputers that fit entirely on top of a desk, including a keyboard, a small one-line display and printer. The Wang 2200 microcomputer of 1973 had a full-size cathode ray tube (CRT) and cassette tape storage.[21] These were generally expensive specialized computers sold for business or scientific uses. The introduction of the microprocessor, a single chip with all the circuitry that formerly occupied large cabinets, led to the proliferation of personal computers after 1975.", "History of personal computers. First produced in 1965, the Programma 101 was a printing programmable calculator[17][18][19] described in advertisements as a \"desktop computer\".[20][21][22] It was designed and produced by the Italian company Olivetti with Pier Giorgio Perotto being the lead developer. The Olivetti Programma 101 was presented at the 1965 New York World's Fair after 2 years work (1962- 1964). Over 44,000 units were sold worldwide; in the US its cost at launch was $3,200. It was targeted to offices and scientific entities for their daily work because of its high computing capabilities in small space and cost; also the NASA was amongst the first owners. Built without integrated circuits or microprocessors, it used only transistors, resistors and condensers for its processing,[23] the Programma 101 had features found in modern personal computers, such as memory, keyboard, printing unit, magnetic card reader/recorder, control and arithmetic unit.[24] HP later copied the Programma 101 architecture for its HP9100 series.[25][26]", "Hewlett-Packard. Although Programma 101 was the first commercial \"desktop computer\", HP is identified by Wired magazine as the producer of the world's first device to be called a personal computer, the Hewlett-Packard 9100A, introduced in 1968.[17] Programma 101 was called \"computer personale\" (in Italian), at Fiera di Milano, 1966.[18] HP called it a desktop calculator, because, as Bill Hewlett said, \"If we had called it a computer, it would have been rejected by our customers' computer gurus because it didn't look like an IBM. We therefore decided to call it a calculator, and all such nonsense disappeared.\" An engineering triumph at the time, the logic circuit was produced without any integrated circuits; the assembly of the CPU having been entirely executed in discrete components. With CRT display, magnetic-card storage, and printer, the price was around $5,000. The machine's keyboard was a cross between that of a scientific calculator and an adding machine. There was no alphabetic keyboard.", "History of personal computers. The IBM 610 was designed between 1948 and 1957 by John Lentz at the Watson Lab at Columbia University as the Personal Automatic Computer (PAC) and announced by IBM as the 610 Auto-Point in 1957. Although it was faulted for its speed, the IBM 610 handled floating-point arithmetic naturally. With a price tag of $55,000, only 180 units were produced.[15]", "IBM Personal Computer. After developing it in 12 months—faster than any other hardware product in company history—IBM announced the Personal Computer on 12 August 1981. Pricing started at US$1,565 (equivalent to $4,213 in 2017) for a configuration with 16K RAM, Color Graphics Adapter, and no disk drives. The company intentionally set prices for it and other configurations that were comparable to those of Apple and other rivals;[55][21][17][35][14] one analyst stated that IBM \"has taken the gloves off\",[1] while the company said \"we suggest [the PC's price] invites comparison\".[56] Microsoft, Personal Software, and Peachtree Software were among the developers of nine launch titles, including EasyWriter and VisiCalc.[55] In addition to the existing corporate sales force IBM opened its own Product Center retail stores. After studying Apple's successful distribution network, the company for the first time sold through others, ComputerLand and Sears Roebuck.[55][16][23][18][17] Because retail stores receive revenue from repairing computers and providing warranty service, IBM broke a 70-year tradition by permitting and training non-IBM service personnel to fix the PC.[4]", "Personal computer. In the same year, the NEC PC-98 was introduced, which was a very popular personal computer that sold in more than 18 million units.[34] Another famous personal computer, the revolutionary Amiga 1000, was unveiled by Commodore on July 23, 1985. The Amiga 1000 featured a multitasking, windowing operating system, color graphics with a 4096-color palette, stereo sound, Motorola 68000 CPU, 256 KB RAM, and 880 KB 3.5-inch disk drive, for US$1,295.[35]", "History of personal computers. Byte in January 1980 announced in an editorial that \"the era of off-the-shelf personal computers has arrived\". The magazine stated that \"a desirable contemporary personal computer has 64 K of memory, about 500 K bytes of mass storage on line, any old competently designed computer architecture, upper and lowercase video terminal, printer, and high-level languages\". The author reported that when he needed to purchase such a computer quickly he did so at a local store for $6000 in cash, and cited it as an example of \"what the state of the art is at present ... as a mass-produced product\".[41] By early that year Radio Shack, Commodore, and Apple manufactured the vast majority of the one half-million microcomputers that existed.[42] As component prices continued to fall, many companies entered the computer business. This led to an explosion of low-cost machines known as home computers that sold millions of units before the market imploded in a price war in the early 1980s." ]

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[ "Shriram Group. Shriram Group is an Indian conglomerate founded on 5 April 1974 by Ramamurthy Thyagarajan, AVS Raja and T. Jayaraman. They have their headquarters in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.[1][2][3] The group had its beginning in chit funds business and later on entered the lending business through Shriram Transport Finance (Commercial Vehicle Finance) and Shriram City Union Finance (Consumer and MSME Finance).", "Rhode Island. The headquarters of Citizens Financial Group is located in Providence, the 14th largest bank in the United States.[108] The Fortune 500 companies CVS Caremark and Textron are based in Woonsocket and Providence, respectively. FM Global, GTECH Corporation, Hasbro, American Power Conversion, Nortek, and Amica Mutual Insurance are all Fortune 1000 companies that are based in Rhode Island.[109]", "Capital adequacy ratio. Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is also known as Capital to Risk (Weighted) Assets Ratio (CRAR),[1] is the ratio of a bank's capital to its risk. National regulators track a bank's CAR to ensure that it can absorb a reasonable amount of loss and complies with statutory Capital requirements.", "Capital One. The companies were combined and rebranded as Capital One Auto Finance Corporation in 2003.[23]", "Comprehensive annual financial report. News stories covering financial issues of government cite \"rainy day funds\" or special \"ear marked\" funds, loans between government entities, sales of government holdings in, for example, shares of a health care insurance company, self insurance management funds, debt repayment funds that can be up to 40% of the debt itself, and then the \"budget\" is often referred to, along with mentions of pension funds investments, but the full accounting of assets of government entities, the \"CAFR\" is typically not mentioned.[citation needed]", "Capital One. Capital One Financial Corporation is a bank holding company specializing in credit cards, auto loans, banking and savings products headquartered in McLean, Virginia.[2]", "Small Industries Development Bank of India. SIDBI has also floated several other entities for related activities. Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises ([2]) provides guarantees to banks for collateral-free loans extended to SME. SIDBI Venture Capital Ltd.([3]) is a venture capital company focussed at SME. SME Rating Agency of India Ltd. (SMERA - [4]) provides composite ratings to SME. Another entity founded by SIDBI[3] is ISARC - India SME Asset Reconstruction Company in 2009, as specialized entities for NPA resolution for SME.", "NBFC & MFI in India. A Non Banking Financial Company (NBFC) is[1] a company registered under the Companies Act, 1956 of India, engaged in the business of loans and advances, acquisition of shares, stock, bonds hire-purchase insurance business or chit business but does not include any institution whose principal business includes agriculture, industrial activity or the sale, purchase or construction of immovable property.[2]", "Check 21 Act. Federal Deposit InsuranceCorporation (FDIC)", "NBFC & MFI in India. An AFC is a company which is a financial institution carrying on as its principal business the financing of physical assets supporting productive/economic, such as automobiles, tractors, lathe machines, cranes, generator sets, earth moving and material handling equipments, moving on own power and general purpose industrial machines. Principal business for this purpose is defined as aggregate of financing real/physical assets supporting economic activity and income arising therefrom is not less than 60% of its total assets and total income respectively.[6]", "State Farm. State Farm is a large group of insurance and financial services companies in the United States.", "Maruti Suzuki. Citicorp Maruti Finance Limited is a joint venture between Citicorp Finance India and Maruti Udyog Limited its primary business stated by the company is \"hire-purchase financing of Maruti Suzuki vehicles\". Citi Finance India Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of Citibank Overseas Investment Corporation, Delaware, which in turn is a 100% wholly owned subsidiary of Citibank N.A. Citi Finance India Limited holds 74% of the stake and Maruti Suzuki holds the remaining 26%.[73] GE Capital, HDFC and Maruti Suzuki came together in 1995 to form Maruti Countrywide. Maruti claims that its finance program offers most competitive interest rates to its customers, which are lower by 0.25% to 0.5% from the market rates.[citation needed]", "Regional Rural Bank. Subsequent to review of the financial status of RRBs by the Union Finance Minister in August, 2009, it was felt that a large number of RRBs had a low Capital to Risk weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR). A committee was therefore constituted in September, 2009 under the Chairmanship of K C Chakrabarty, Deputy Governor, RBI to analyse the financials of the RRBs and to suggest measures including re-capitalisation to bring the CRAR of RRBs to at least 9% in a sustainable manner by 2012. The Committee submitted its report in May, 2010. The following points were recommended by the committee:", "Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. • Complete Practical Training.", "State Farm. State Farm was founded in 1922 by retired farmer George J. Mecherle as a mutual automobile insurance company owned by its policyholders. The firm specialized in auto insurance for farmers, and later expanded its services into other types of insurance, such as homeowners and life insurance, and to banking and financial services.", "Capital employed. Capital employed is essentially the amount of money spent on the company, from shareholders and bondholders.", "Community Reinvestment Act. The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA) was enacted by the 101st Congress and signed into law by President George H. W. Bush in the wake of the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s. As part of the subsequent general reform of the banking industry, FIRREA added section 807 (12. U.S.C. § 2906) to the existing CRA statutes in an effort to improve the area concerning insured depository institution examinations.", "IFCI Ltd. IFCI, previously Industrial Finance Corporation of India, is a Non-Banking Finance Company in the public sector. Established in 1948 as a statutory corporation, IFCI is currently a company listed on BSE and NSE. IFCI manages seven number of subsidiaries and one associate under its fold.", "Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. Members have the designation ACA (Associate Chartered Accountant) or FCA (Fellow Chartered Accountant) after their name.[15]", "AU Small Finance Bank. AU Small Finance Bank is an Indian commercial bank that was founded as vehicle finance company Au Financiers (India) Ltd in 1996 and converted to a small finance bank on 19 April 2017.[2] It ranked 469 in the Fortune India 500 (2017) companies, with annual revenue of ₹2,041.82 crores (US$314 million) and assets of ₹9,186.28 crores (US$1.41 billion).[3] Its full market capitalization at FY18 was ₹17,655 crores (US$2.71 billion).[4][5]", "Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India. The institute has a national presence with the sponsoring and establishment of eleven universities across India. Ten of these eleven universities have been established in the states of Uttarakhand, Tripura, Jharkhand, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, WEST BENGAL, Meghalaya, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh through acts passed by the legislative assemblies of the respective states. The eleventh university, namely the Icfai Foundation for Higher Education (IFHE), has been declared as a deemed-to-be University under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956.[1] A few more university applications are at an advanced stage of processing by the respective state governments.", "Cheque and Credit Clearing Company. The Cheque and Credit Clearing Company members, known as clearing banks are:", "Money market. Finance companies typically fund themselves by issuing large amounts of asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP), which is secured by the pledge of eligible assets into an ABCP conduit. Examples of eligible assets include auto loans, credit card receivables, residential/commercial mortgage loans, mortgage-backed securities and similar financial assets. Some large corporations with strong credit ratings, such as General Electric, issue commercial paper on their own credit. Other large corporations arrange for banks to issue commercial paper on their behalf.", "International Financial Reporting Standards. (1) Phase I companies: listed companies and financial institutions supervised by the Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC), except for credit cooperatives, credit card companies and insurance intermediaries:", "NBFC & MFI in India. LC means any company which is a financial institution carrying on as its principal business the providing of finance whether by making loans or advances or otherwise for any activity other than its own but does not include an Asset Finance Company.", "List of business entities. A company having share capital may be formed as:", "Chartered Professional Accountant. (C.C.S.M., c. C71)", "Credit rating agency. DataPro Limited (Nigeria), Agusto & Co. (Nigeria), A. M. Best (U.S.), Capital Intelligence Ratings Limited (CIR) (Cyprus), China Lianhe Credit Rating Co., Ltd. (China), China Chengxin Credit Rating Group (China), Credit Rating Agency Ltd (Zambia), Credit Rating Information and Services Limited[185][186] (Bangladesh), CTRISKS (Hong Kong),[187] Dagong Europe Credit Rating (Italy), DBRS (Canada), Dun & Bradstreet (U.S.), Egan-Jones Rating Company (U.S.), Global Credit Ratings Co. (South Africa), HR Ratings de México, S.A. de C.V. (Mexico), The Pakistan Credit Rating Agency Limited (PACRA) (Pakistan), ICRA Limited (India), Japan Credit Rating Agency[188] (Japan) ,JCR VIS Credit Rating Company Ltd (Pakistan), Kroll Bond Rating Agency (U.S.), Levin and Goldstein (Zambia), modeFinance (Italy), Morningstar, Inc. (U.S.), Muros Ratings (Russia, alternative rating company), Public Sector Credit Solutions (U.S., not-for profit rating provider), Rapid Ratings International (U.S.), RusRating (Russia), Universal Credit Rating Group (Hong Kong), Veda (Australia, previously known as Baycorp Advantage), Wikirating (Switzerland, alternative rating organization), Humphreys Ltd (Chile, previously known as Moody's partner in Chile), Credit Research Initiative[189] (Singapore, non-profit rating provider), Spread Research (independent credit research and rating agency, France), INC Rating (Poland).", "OTC Exchange of India. OTCEI is promoted by the Unit Trust of India, the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, the Industrial Development Bank of India, the Industrial Finance Corporation of India, and other institutions, and is a recognised stock exchange under the SCR Act.", "HDFC Bank. HDFC (Housing Development Financial Corporation) Bank Limited is an Indian banking and financial services company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It has 84,325 employees[7] and has a presence in Bahrain, Hong Kong and Dubai.[8] HDFC Bank is India’s largest private sector lender by assets.[9] It is the largest bank in India by market capitalization as of February 2016.[10] It was ranked 69th in 2016 BrandZ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands.[11]", "Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation. The Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission (FSLRC) was a body set up by the Government of India, Ministry of Finance, on 24 March 2011, to review and rewrite the legal-institutional architecture of the Indian financial sector. In its report the FSLRC recommended a regulatory structure constituting of seven agencies including a deposit insurance-cum regulatory agency (which was named as Resolution Corporation). The present DICGC will be subsumed into the Resolution Corporation which will work across the financial system. Drawing on the best international practice, the FSLRC proposal involved a unified resolution corporation that will deal with an array of financial firms such as banks and insurance companies; it will not just be a bank deposit insurance corporation. It will concern itself with all financial firms which make highly intense promises to consumers, such as banks, insurance companies, defined benefit pension funds, and payment systems. It will also take responsibility for the graceful resolution of systemically important financial firms, even if they have no direct links to consumers. [3]", "Canadian Tire. Canadian Tire Financial Services is the credit arm of the company. This division operates Canadian Tire Bank, a bank under Canada's Bank Act. Its primary business is branded credit cards, including the Canadian Tire Options MasterCard, but it also provides other credit and loan products. CTFS also sells insurance and warranty products, and operates Canadian Tire Roadside Assistance, an emergency roadside service." ]

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[ "Double (basketball). Quadruple-doubles have only been possible since the 1973–74 season, when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals. It is often speculated by observers that other all-time greats, namely Oscar Robertson (all time triple-doubles leader with 181[85][86]), Wilt Chamberlain, Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple-doubles.[82] West's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple-double with 44 points, 12 rebounds, 10 assists and 10 blocks.[87] A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple-double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics, when he had 24 points, 32 rebounds, 13 assists and 12 blocks.[88]", "Double (basketball). A triple-double is the accumulation of a double-digit number total in three of the five categories in a game. The most common way to achieve a triple-double is through points, rebounds, and assists. Oscar Robertson leads the all-time NBA list with 181 career triple-doubles and is, with Russell Westbrook, one of only two players ever to average a triple-double for a season. Westbrook currently holds the record for most triple-doubles in a season with 42.", "Double (basketball). From the 2011–12 to the 2016–17 season, the NBA saw a dramatic increase in the number of triple-doubles, with an average of 57.33 triple-doubles per season, roughly 1 in every 22 games.[20] Russell Westbrook was responsible for 74 of the triple-doubles during that span, or 21.5% of the 344 total triple-doubles.", "Double (basketball). Special double-doubles are rare. One such double-double is called double double-double (also referred to as 20–20 or Double-20). It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game.[4][5][6] Another such double-double is called a triple double-double (also referred to as 30–30).[7] The only player in NBA history to record a 40-40 is Wilt Chamberlain, who achieved the feat eight times in his career. Of the five instances, four were recorded in his rookie season, and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game. Wilt Chamberlain also holds the record for most career double-doubles (regular season and playoffs) with 1111. Tim Duncan is second with 1005, followed by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar with 1004.", "Jason Kidd. Kidd's ability to pass and rebound made him a regular triple-double threat, and he retired ranked third all-time in the NBA for regular season triple-doubles with a career total of 107[1] and second in playoff triple-doubles with a career total of 11.[2] He ranks second on the NBA all-time lists in career assists and steals and ninth on the 3-point field goals made category.[3]", "Oscar Robertson. In the 1961–62 season, Robertson became the first player in NBA history to average a triple-double for an entire season, with 30.8 points, 12.5 rebounds and 11.4 assists.[1] Robertson also set a then-NBA record for the most triple-doubles during the regular season with 41 triple-doubles; the record would stand for over half a century when, in 2016–17, Russell Westbrook recorded 42 and joined Robertson as the only other player to average a triple-double for an entire season. He broke the assists record by Bob Cousy, who had recorded 715 assists two seasons earlier, by logging 899. The Royals earned a playoff berth; however, they were eliminated in the first round by the Detroit Pistons.[13] In the next season, Robertson further established himself as one of the greatest players of his generation, averaging 28.3 points, 10.4 rebounds and 9.5 assists, narrowly missing out on another triple-double season.[1] The Royals advanced to the Eastern Division Finals, but succumbed in a seven-game series against a Boston Celtics team led by Bill Russell.[14]", "List of career achievements by Michael Jordan. One of at least three pairs of teammates in NBA history to record triple-doubles in the same game: Chicago Bulls (126) vs. Los Angeles Clippers (121), 000000001989-01-03-0000January 3, 1989 (OT)", "DeMarcus Cousins. On April 1, 2015, Cousins recorded his second career triple-double with 24 points, 21 rebounds, 10 assists, 6 blocks and 3 steals in a 111–115 loss to the Houston Rockets.[24] In doing so, he became just the fourth player in NBA history to collect 20+ points, 20+ rebounds, 10+ assists and 5+ blocks in a single game, joining Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Chris Webber and Tim Duncan. In the following game on April 3 against the New Orleans Pelicans, Cousins became the first Kings player to record back-to-back triple doubles since Chris Webber did so in 2005. In just under 42 minutes of action, he recorded 24 points, 20 rebounds and a career-high 13 assists in a 95–101 loss. He joined elite company as one of only three players to have consecutive 20-point, 20-rebound, 10-assist games; the others being Elgin Baylor and Wilt Chamberlain.[25]", "Scottie Pippen. One of at least two pairs of teammates in NBA history to record triple-doubles in the same game: Chicago Bulls (126) vs. Los Angeles Clippers (121), 000000001989-01-03-0000January 3, 1989 (OT)", "Talk:Quadruple-double. \"Recorded the third quadruple-double in NBA history, with 18 points, 16 rebounds, 11 blocked shots and 10 assists, against the Milwaukee Bucks on 3/29/90\" from his player profile page on NBA.com,", "Stephen Curry. During the 2012–13 season, Curry set the NBA record for three-pointers made in a regular season with 272. He surpassed that record in 2015 with 286, and again in 2016 with 402. During the 2013–14 season, he and teammate Klay Thompson were nicknamed the Splash Brothers en route to setting the NBA record for combined three-pointers in a season with 484, a record they broke the following season (525) and again in the 2015–16 season (678).", "James Harden. On December 31, 2016, Harden recorded yet another triple-double with 53 points, 17 assists and 16 rebounds in a 129–122 win over the New York Knicks, becoming the first player in NBA history to finish with a 50-15-15 stat line.[62] He tied Wilt Chamberlain for the most points in a triple-double in NBA history—Chamberlain pulled the feat during the 1967–68 season, with 53 points, 32 rebounds and 14 assists. Harden set career highs for points and three-pointers (with nine) and matched his career best for assists. It was his 17th career triple-double and his fourth career 50-point game.[63] Two days later, he recorded his ninth triple-double of the season in a win over the Washington Wizards[64] and was named Western Conference Player of the Week for a third time.[65] It was Harden's 12th Player of the Week honor, matching Hakeem Olajuwon for the most Player of the Week awards in franchise history.[64] Harden's career-best December run earned him Western Conference Player of the Month honors.[66] His 10th and 11th triple-doubles came in back-to-back games on January 8 and January 10, both resulting in wins.[67][68] His two performances saw him become the fourth player in NBA history with at least 40 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists in consecutive games—Pete Maravich, Michael Jordan and Russell Westbrook are the three others to do it.[68] His 12th and 13th triple-doubles came in back-to-back games on January 15 and January 17.[69][70] On January 27, he recorded his 14th triple-double of the season with 51 points, 13 rebounds and 13 assists in a 123–118 win over the Philadelphia 76ers,[71] becoming the first player in NBA history with multiple 50-point triple-doubles in a season.[72] On February 3 against the Chicago Bulls, Harden scored his 10,000th point as a Rocket, passing Yao Ming for sixth place in franchise history.[73] On February 11, he scored 40 points in three quarters (his ninth 40-point game of the season) to help the Rockets win 133–102 over the Phoenix Suns. He played just 29 minutes against the Suns to become the first Rockets player since Sleepy Floyd in 1991 to score 40 points in less than 30 minutes.[74] On February 15, he recorded his 15th triple-double of the season with 38 points 12 rebounds and 12 assists in a 117–109 loss to the Miami Heat.[75] Between March 12 and March 18, he had four straight triple-doubles, giving him 19 for the season.[76] He finished the regular season with 22 triple-doubles and became the first player in NBA history to finish the regular season with at least 2,000 points (2,356), 900 assists (907) and 600 rebounds (659).[77]", "Magic Johnson. Johnson was exceptional because he played point guard despite being 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m), a size reserved normally for frontcourt players.[3] He combined the size of a power forward, the one-on-one skills of a swingman, and the ball handling talent of a guard, making him one of the most dangerous triple-double threats of all time; his 138 triple-double games are second only to Oscar Robertson's 181.[188] Johnson is the only player in NBA Finals history to have triple-doubles in multiple series-clinching games.[187]", "Stephen Curry. On December 28, Curry recorded his sixth career triple-double with 23 points, a career-high 14 rebounds and 10 assists in a 122–103 win over the Sacramento Kings. During the game against the Kings, Curry was guarded by his brother Seth for the first time in their NBA careers.[88] On January 22, he recorded his second triple-double of the season and seventh of his career with 39 points, 12 assists and 10 rebounds in a 122–110 win over the Indiana Pacers. He made eight three-pointers in the game to reach 200 for the season, becoming the first player in NBA history to make 200 three-pointers in four straight seasons.[89] On February 3, he made 11 three-pointers (including seven in the first quarter) and scored 51 points (including a career-high 36 points in the first half) to lead the Warriors past the Washington Wizards 134–121. His 51 points tied Gilbert Arenas and Michael Jordan for the Verizon Center record.[90] During the 2016 NBA All-Star Weekend, Curry competed in his third straight All-Star game for the West, and competed in the Three-Point Shootout, where he lost in the final round to teammate Klay Thompson. At 48–4, the Warriors entered the All-Star break with the best record through 52 games in NBA history, one win better than the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls and 1966–67 Philadelphia 76ers.[91]", "2017 NBA Finals. LeBron James tallied his ninth triple-double of the Finals (31 points, 10 rebounds, 11 assists), surpassing Magic Johnson for the most triple-doubles in a championship series. His highlight reel came three minutes into the third quarter when he threw a pass off the backboard to himself, finishing with a powerful dunk. James also passed Michael Jordan for third all-time in points scored in the Finals. Kyrie Irving led all scorers with 40 points, breaking out of a shooting slump from behind the arc by going 7-for-12. Kevin Love added 23 points on 6-of-8 from downtown, and J. R. Smith had 15 points, all on 5-of-9 from three-point range, including a deep shot from 30 feet in the second quarter to beat the shot clock buzzer. Kevin Durant scored 35 points to lead the Warriors, but their other three superstars were held to under 20 points each as Stephen Curry, Klay Thompson, and Draymond Green managed 14, 13, and 16 points respectively. Cleveland trails the Finals, 3–1, as the series shifts back to Oakland.[19]", "Nate Thurmond. First player in NBA history to record a quadruple-double in a game:[2] Chicago Bulls (120) vs. Atlanta Hawks (115), 000000001974-10-18-0000October 18, 1974 (OT)[10]", "Splash Brothers. In 2016–17, Curry and Thompson became the first two players in NBA history to make at least 200 three-pointers in five consecutive seasons.[51] Curry broke the NBA record for most three-pointers made in a single game with 13, breaking the previous of 12 he held jointly with Kobe Bryant and Donyell Marshall.[52] In 2017–18, the duo each made 200 three-pointers again to extend their record for consecutive seasons with 200 made.[53] In Game 6 of the Western Conference Finals against Houston, Thompson scored 35 points and shot 9-of-14 on three-pointers and Curry added 29 points and five 3's to help the Warriors overcome a 17-point deficit and win 115–86, staving off elimination and tying the series at 3–3.[54] The Splash Brothers outscored the Rockets 37–25 in the second half while shooting 11-of-15 on three-pointers.[55]", "Golden State Warriors. In other noteworthy occurrences for the season, Curry was named to the starting lineup for the 2014 NBA All-Star Game. For Curry, the only Warrior named to the team, this was his first all-star appearance in five seasons as an NBA player. Curry hit another notable milestone in posting 4 triple-doubles for the season, tying a franchise record unequaled since Wilt Chamberlain in 1963–64. Curry also averaged career-bests in points and assists; averaging 24.0 points and 8.5 assists in the season. Curry and Klay Thompson continued to set league records in three-point shooting. On February 7, in a 102–87 win over the Chicago Bulls, the backcourt duo became the first teammates to each make a three-pointer in 30 consecutive games.[42] Curry, who finished the season with 261 threes, set an individual record for most three-pointers in a span of two seasons with 533, surpassing the previous mark of 478 set by Seattle Supersonic Ray Allen in 2004–05 and 2005–06. Together, Thompson and Curry combined for 484 threes on the year, besting by one the NBA record they had set the year before.", "Pau Gasol. Gasol is a double-double machine, having recorded over 550 double-doubles in his NBA career.[99] On April 2, 2016, he became the 36th player in NBA history to reach the 10,000-point/10,000-rebound mark.[79] While Gasol became the 43rd player in NBA history to reach to the 20,000-point milestone, he is just the fourth with that many points, 10,000 rebounds, 3,500 assists and 1,500 blocks.[100]", "Dwyane Wade. On February 26, 2012, at the All-Star Game Wade recorded what was only the third triple-double in the history of the contest, posting 24 points, 10 rebounds, and 10 assists, joining Michael Jordan and LeBron James as the only players ever to record the prestigious stat (at the 1997 and 2011 games respectively). On March 10, 2012, Wade made the game-winning shot against the Indiana Pacers, giving the Heat a 93–91 overtime win. Wade finished the season averaging 22.1 points, 4.8 assists, 4.6 rebounds, and 1.7 steals per game. In the playoffs, the Heat defeated the New York Knicks in 5 games in the first round, then defeated the Indiana Pacers in 6 games in the second round. Wade heated up in Game 6 of the second round, recording 41 points and 10 rebounds.[81] The Celtics took the Heat to seven games in the Eastern Conference Finals, but the Heat prevailed and advanced to the NBA Finals. They lost to the Oklahoma City Thunder in Game 1 of the finals but won the next four games, and Wade secured his second NBA title. Wade averaged 22.6 points per game in the series. The Heat became the first team in NBA history to win a championship after trailing in three different playoff series.", "Russell Westbrook. On January 20, 2016, Westbrook recorded 16 points, 15 assists, eight rebounds, and five steals against the Charlotte Hornets, becoming just the fourth player in NBA history with at least 15 points, 15 assists, five rebounds and five steals in a game.[51][52] On February 3, he recorded his third straight triple-double and eighth of the season with 24 points, a career-high 19 rebounds and 14 assists in a 117–114 win over the Orland Magic.[53] Westbrook was voted to start in his first All-Star Game in 2016,[54] and he earned his second MVP award after a 196–173 win by the West. He recorded 31 points, eight rebounds, five assists, and five steals in 22 minutes, and became the first player in All-Star history to win consecutive MVPs outright. Bob Pettit is the other player to have won two back-to-back awards, winning in 1958 and sharing it with Elgin Baylor in 1959.[55] On March 9, he recorded his 11th triple-double of the season with 25 points, a career-high 20 assists and 11 rebounds in a 120–108 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. The stat line marked the NBA's first triple-double with at least 25 points, 20 assists and 10 rebounds since Magic Johnson did it for the Los Angeles Lakers in 1988, and the first with at least 20 points and 20 assists since Rod Strickland did it for the Washington Wizards in 1998.[56] On March 22, he recorded his 15th triple-double of the season and 34th of his career with 21 points, 15 assists and 13 rebounds in a 111–107 win over the Houston Rockets, setting the most triple-doubles by a player in a season since 1988–89, when Magic Johnson had 17 and Michael Jordan had 15. It was also Westbrook's sixth triple-double in March, the most by a player in a calendar month since Jordan had seven in April 1989.[57] On April 11, with his 18th triple-double of the season in a win over the Los Angeles Lakers,[58][59] he tied Magic Johnson (1981–82) for the most in a single season in the past 50 seasons.[60]", "Golden State Warriors. Stephen Curry, Draymond Green and Klay Thompson were all named to the All-Star Game, the first time the Warriors have had three All-Stars since 1976. Green broke the Golden State franchise record of nine triple-doubles in a season. Curry broke numerous three-point records during the season, including his own NBA record for made three-pointers in a season of 286; he finished the season with 402 three pointers. He made a three-pointer in 151 consecutive games, which broke the NBA record of 127 set by Kyle Korver in 2014. On February 27, 2016, Curry also tied the NBA record of twelve three-pointers made in a single game, jointly holding it with Donyell Marshall and Kobe Bryant.[58]", "Los Angeles Lakers accomplishments and records. Career triple doubles", "Talk:Quadruple-double. Alvin Robertson's quadruple double is, by far, the most impressive. First, 10 or more steals in one game has only happened 16 times EVER (17 if you include AIs 10 in the playoffs). Add a triple double, not nearly as rare but still pretty rare for most players, in the same game and that's amazing.", "History of the Golden State Warriors. In other noteworthy occurrences for the season, Curry was named to the starting lineup for the 2014 NBA All-Star Game. For Curry, the only Warrior named to the team, this was his first all-star appearance in five seasons as an NBA player. Curry hit another notable milestone in posting 4 triple-doubles for the season, tying a franchise record unequaled since Wilt Chamberlain in 1963–64. Curry also averaged career-bests in points and assists; averaging 24.0 points and 8.5 assists in the season. Curry and Klay Thompson continued to set league records in three-point shooting. On February 7, in a 102–87 win over the Chicago Bulls, the backcourt duo became the first teammates to each make a three-pointer in 30 consecutive games. Curry, who finished the season with 261 threes, set an individual record for most three-pointers in a span of two seasons with 533, surpassing the previous mark of 478 set by Seattle Supersonic Ray Allen in 2004–05 and 2005–06. Together, Thompson and Curry combined for 484 threes on the year, besting by one the NBA record they had set the year before.", "Russell Westbrook. On March 4, Westbrook set career-highs with 49 points and 16 rebounds, and added 10 assists for his fourth consecutive triple-double, helping the Thunder defeat the Philadelphia 76ers 123–118 in overtime. He subsequently became the first player since Michael Jordan in 1989 to have four consecutive triple-doubles, and the first since Jordan that year to have back-to-back triple-doubles with at least 40 points. It was also the most points by any player with a triple-double since Larry Bird also scored 49 in 1992.[39] His streak came to an end the following night against the Chicago Bulls as he recorded 43 points, 8 rebounds and 7 assists in a 105–108 loss.[40] On March 8, he recorded his fifth triple-double in six games to help the Thunder defeat the Toronto Raptors, 108–104. He had 30 points, matched a career-high with 17 assists and grabbed 11 rebounds for his seventh triple-double of the season and 15th of his career.[41] In much too similar fashion, Westbrook recorded yet another triple-double on March 13 against the Minnesota Timberwolves, collecting his sixth in eight games and scored 15 of his 29 points (with 12 assists and 10 rebounds) in the fourth quarter, helping the Thunder pull away for a 113–99 win.[42] He went on to record three more triple-doubles to finish the season.[43][44][45] On April 12, he scored a career-high 54 points on 21-of-43 shooting in a losing effort to the Indiana Pacers.[46] He went on to help the Thunder win the final two games of the 2014–15 season, but it wasn't enough to position the Thunder in the playoffs, as they finished ninth in the West with a 45–37 record.", "Double (basketball). From the 1990–91 to the 2010–11 season, the NBA averaged 34.5 triple-doubles per season, roughly 1 in every 36 games.[19]", "Jason Kidd. Kidd retired second all-time in NBA history in both assists and steals behind John Stockton. He led the NBA in assists five times. His 107 career triple-doubles are third all-time, trailing only Hall of Famers Oscar Robertson and Magic Johnson. Kidd finished his career with averages of 12.6 points, 8.7 assists, 6.3 rebounds and 1.9 steals in 1,391 regular season games.[7] He impacted games with his accurate passes and by involving his teammates; scoring was not his focus.[74] He is considered by many to be one of the best rebounding guards ever to play in the league,[75][76][77] and ESPN called him \"one of the best passing and rebounding point guards in NBA history.\"[7]", "Double (basketball). Only seven other players (Clyde Drexler did it twice) have managed to finish with triple-doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category (statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold):", "Russell Westbrook. On March 4, 2014, Westbrook recorded his second triple-double of the season. He recorded 13 points, 14 assists, and 10 rebounds, in just 20 minutes in a 125–92 victory over the Philadelphia 76ers. This was the second fastest recorded triple-double in NBA history.[26] Westbrook and the Thunder finished with a 59-23 record earning the #2 seed in the Western Conference. They advanced to the Western Conference Finals where they faced the San Antonio Spurs. On May 27, 2014, in a game 4 victory, Westbrook recorded 40 points, 5 rebounds, 10 assists and 5 steals. In doing so, he joined Michael Jordan as the only other player to post those numbers in a playoff game. The Thunder lost the series to the eventual NBA champion Spurs in six games. Westbrook averaged 26.7 points, 8.1 assists, and 7.3 rebounds in the postseason, and became the first player since Oscar Robertson in 1964 to average at least 26 points, 8 assists, and 7 rebounds in the playoffs.", "Russell Westbrook. Forty-one games into the season, Westbrook was averaging 30.8 points, 10.7 rebounds, and 10.5 assists per game, marking the latest anyone had averaged a triple-double since Robertson in 1966–67, when he became the first player to average a triple-double for an entire season (30.8 points, 12.5 rebounds and 11.4 assists).[69] On January 15, 2017, Westbrook had 36 points, 11 rebounds and 10 assists for his 20th triple-double of the season, as he helped the Thunder defeat the Sacramento Kings 122–118.[70] He joined Robertson (five times) and Wilt Chamberlain (twice) as the only players in NBA history to record 20 triple-doubles in a season.[71] His 21st triple-double of the season came on January 18 in a loss to former teammate Durant and the Golden State Warriors.[72] On January 23, Westbrook hit a pull-up jumper with 1.4 seconds left to lift the Thunder to a 97–95 win over the Utah Jazz. He finished with 38 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists for his 22nd triple-double of the season and No. 59 for his career, tying Larry Bird for fifth on the career list.[73] Two days later, he had 27 points, 12 rebounds and 10 assists in a 114–105 win over the New Orleans Pelicans, thus passing Bird with his 60th career triple-double.[74] Heading into All-Star Weekend, Westbrook was averaging 31.1 points, 10.5 rebounds and 10.1 assists in 57 games.[75] Westbrook went on to record three straight triple-doubles coming out of the All-Star break, giving him 67 for his career and 30 on the season.[76] On March 7, Westbrook's career-high 58 points wasn't enough to lift the Thunder over the Portland Trail Blazers, losing 126–121.[77] His 31st triple-double of the season, which came on March 9 against the San Antonio Spurs, matched Wilt Chamberlain's 1967–68 campaign for the second-most in a season.[78] He surpassed Chamberlain's record with his 32nd triple-double on March 11 against the Jazz.[79] Westbrook went on to tie Robertson's single-season record of 41 triple-doubles on April 4 against the Milwaukee Bucks. Westbrook also moved into a tie with Chamberlain for fourth on the career list with his 78th triple-double.[80] Three days later, he joined Robertson (in 1961–62) as the only players in NBA history to average a triple-double for a season, needing just six assists against the Phoenix Suns to clinch the triple-double average.[81] His historic 42nd triple-double, to break Robertson's record of most triple-doubles in a season, came in a 106–105 away victory against the Denver Nuggets on April 9. Westbrook scored 18 of his 50 points in the last five minutes, including a 36-foot game-winning buzzer-beater, to overcome a 14-point deficit. As a result, Westbrook moved into fourth place for most triple-doubles in NBA history with 79, surpassing Chamberlain's 78.[82] It was his third career 50-point triple-double, all of which came in 2016–17, the most by any player in NBA history.[83] The Thunder finished the regular season with a 47–35 record and entered the playoffs as the No. 6 seed.", "Talk:Quadruple-double. As far as quintuple doubles go, Andrei Kirilenko is the closest, in one sense. As far as I know, no player other than him has ever recorded more than 5 each of points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks all in one game. He has recorded 5 or more a few times and one time even recorded at least 6 in all five stats in the same game. Again, this data is from basketball-reference.com. The thing is, he doesn't have all box scores as far back as 73-74 when steals and blocks were started. But, of all the box scores he does have, Andrei is the only one with five sixes. This is the link to all \"five-by-fives\", as they are called on other sites I've found, from the data he has which probably contains pretty much all actual occurrences since 73-74 but might be missing a few I guess." ]

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[ "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical). The Phantom of the Opera is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe. Lloyd Webber and Stilgoe also wrote the musical's book together.[1] Based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux, its central plot revolves around a beautiful soprano, Christine Daaé, who becomes the obsession of a mysterious, disfigured musical genius living in the subterranean labyrinth beneath the Opera Populaire.[2]", "The Phantom of the Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber song). \"The Phantom of the Opera\" is a song from the stage musical of the same name. It was composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber, with lyrics written by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe, and additional lyrics by Mike Batt.[1] The song was originally recorded by Sarah Brightman and Steve Harley, which became a UK hit single in 1986, prior to the musical. In its theatrical debut, it was sung by Brightman and Michael Crawford in their roles as Christine Daaé and the Phantom.", "Andrew Lloyd Webber. Lloyd Webber also premiered The Phantom of the Opera in 1986, inspired by the 1911 Gaston Leroux novel. He wrote the part of Christine for his then-wife, Sarah Brightman, who played the role in the original London and Broadway productions alongside Michael Crawford as the Phantom. The production was directed by Harold Prince, who had also earlier directed Evita. Charles Hart wrote the lyrics for Phantom with some additional material provided by Richard Stilgoe, with whom Lloyd Webber co-wrote the book of the musical. It became a hit and is still running in both the West End and on Broadway; in January 2006 it overtook Cats as the longest-running musical on Broadway. On 11 February 2012, Phantom of the Opera played its 10,000th show on Broadway.[20]", "The Phantom of the Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber song). \"The Phantom of the Opera\" song was also specially arranged by the show's original orchestrator, David Cullen, for a virtuoso cello version for cellist Julian Lloyd Webber, Andrew's brother, for the CD Lloyd Webber Plays Lloyd Webber.", "Phantom (musical). Phantom is a musical with music and lyrics by Maury Yeston and a book by Arthur Kopit.[2] Based on Gaston Leroux's 1910 novel The Phantom of the Opera, the musical was first presented in Houston, Texas in 1991.", "All I Ask of You. Personnel working on the album for The Phantom of the Opera included recording engineer Martin Levan, conductor Michael Reed, Steve Pierce on clarinet, and Richard Wall on trumpet. The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra was headed by Lloyd Webber and David Cullen whereas the musical direction was led by Harold Prince and David Caddick.[4]", "The Phantom of the Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber song). \"Ladies and Gentlemen, On this recording I have required that Sarah Brightman and Steve Harley perform the theme from the forthcoming musical, which I have instructed Andrew Lloyd Webber to write around my legend 'The Phantom of the Opera.' Your Obedient Servant, The Phantom\".[3]", "The Phantom of the Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber song). Ray Repp sued Andrew Lloyd Webber over the main melody of Phantom, claiming that it was based on his folk song \"Till You\" which he recorded in 1978. Webber won the case however, with the counter-claim that the section of \"Phantom\" in question was actually based on Webber's \"Close Every Door\", which was written before Till You. Repp ultimately lost the case.", "The Phantom of the Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber song). The B-Side \"Overture – The Phantom of the Opera\" is a two-minute instrumental version of the A-Side. It was written and produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber.[18] On the American 7\" vinyl release, the B-Side was re-titled \"The Phantom of the Opera (Instrumental)\". The graphic artwork and sleeve design for all versions of the single was created by Dewynters Ltd, London.[19]", "The Phantom of the Opera (2004 soundtrack). The Phantom of the Opera is the soundtrack to the Andrew Lloyd Webber film-adaptation of the musical, The Phantom of the Opera. There are two versions released, the standard 14-track release and a 2-disc deluxe edition.", "The Phantom of the Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber song). Richard Clayderman has also arranged a piano-orchestral version of the song; originally found in his album The Best of Andrew Lloyd Webber.[30]", "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical). In 1984, Lloyd Webber contacted Cameron Mackintosh, the co-producer of Cats and Song and Dance, to propose a new musical. He was aiming for a romantic piece, and suggested Gaston Leroux's book The Phantom of the Opera as a basis. They screened both the 1925 Lon Chaney and the 1943 Claude Rains motion picture versions, but neither saw an effective way to make the leap from film to stage. Later, in New York, Lloyd Webber found a second-hand copy of the original, long-out-of-print Leroux novel, which supplied the necessary inspiration to develop a musical: \"I was actually writing something else at the time, and I realised that the reason I was hung up was because I was trying to write a major romantic story, and I had been trying to do that ever since I started my career. Then with the Phantom, it was there!\"[12]", "Phantom (musical). In 1984, British producer Ken Hill revived his 1976 musical Phantom of the Opera in England. This was not a big threat to Holder, Kopit and Yeston, since their musical was intended to play on Broadway. The real threat emerged through an announcement in Variety, where an article was published concerning plans for a musical production of The Phantom of the Opera by Andrew Lloyd Webber. The rights to the novel were in the public domain in Great Britain. Holder only held the rights for two years in the United States and Europe before the property became public domain there as well. Yeston had completed much of the score to Phantom, and Yeston, Kopit and Holder were in the process of raising money for a Broadway production when the Lloyd Webber plans were announced.[4]", "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical). Inspired in part by an earlier musical version of the same story by Ken Hill,[17] Lloyd Webber's score is sometimes operatic in style but maintains the form and structure of a musical throughout. The full-fledged operatic passages are reserved principally for subsidiary characters such as Andre and Firmin, Carlotta, and Piangi. They are also used to provide the content of the fictional \"operas\" that are taking place within the show itself, viz., Hannibal, Il Muto, and the Phantom's masterwork, Don Juan Triumphant. \"Here, Lloyd Webber pastiched various styles from the grand operas of Meyerbeer through to Mozart and even Gilbert and Sullivan.\"[18] These pieces are often presented as musical fragments, interrupted by dialogue or action sequences in order to clearly define the musical's \"show within a show\" format. The musical extracts from the Phantom's opera, \"Don Juan Triumphant\", during the latter stages of the show, are dissonant and modern—\"suggesting, perhaps, that the Phantom is ahead of his time artistically\".[19]", "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical). In 1990 a Baltimore songwriter named Ray Repp filed a lawsuit alleging that the title song from Phantom was based on a song that he wrote in 1978 called \"Till You\".[76] After eight years of litigation – including an unsuccessful countersuit by Lloyd Webber claiming that \"Till You\" was itself a plagiarism of \"Close Every Door\" from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat[77] – the jury found in Lloyd Webber's favour.[78]", "Phantom (musical). After The Phantom of the Opera became a smash hit in London in 1986, Lloyd Webber announced a Broadway production, and Yeston's Broadway investors backed out.[5] Yeston, Kopit and Holder reluctantly shelved their plans for Phantom and went their separate ways for a time. When Kopit saw the Lloyd Webber version of The Phantom of the Opera on Broadway, he realized that the approach he and Yeston had taken was fundamentally different and that it could still work on the musical stage. A few years later, Kopit wrote the NBC miniseries Hands of a Stranger, which was successful enough that NBC approached Kopit again.[1] Kopit rewrote the script outline of his unproduced musical Phantom into a teleplay for a four-hour two-part miniseries entitled The Phantom of the Opera and sold it to NBC, with Yeston's blessing. It was filmed at the Opera Garnier, and the only music used was opera music. It starred Charles Dance, Teri Polo and Burt Lancaster and premiered on television in 1990. Kopit said, \"I told Maury to hold on. Maybe someone would see the miniseries, think it would make a good musical we'd be ready.\"[2]", "The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall. After the cast bow-out, Andrew Lloyd Webber delivers a speech to the audience before bringing out the Royal Albert Hall creative team, the original creative team, as well as the original leads from both the London and Broadway productions, and the original London cast, including Michael Crawford and Sarah Brightman. Brightman sings \"The Phantom of the Opera\" with four Phantoms: Colm Wilkinson from the original workshop and the Canadian production, Anthony Warlow from the Australian production, Peter Jöback, who has now played the role in the West End, Broadway, and Sweden, John Owen-Jones from the London and 25th Anniversary Tour productions. The performance concludes when Ramin Karimloo joins the four Phantoms to sing \"The Music of the Night\", along with the entire cast and creative teams including Michael Crawford.", "Andrew Lloyd Webber. Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born 22 March 1948)[2] is an English composer and impresario of musical theatre.[3] Several of his musicals have run for more than a decade both in the West End and on Broadway. He has composed 13 musicals, a song cycle, a set of variations, two film scores, and a Latin Requiem Mass. Several of his songs have been widely recorded and were hits outside of their parent musicals, notably \"The Music of the Night\" and \"All I Ask of You\" from The Phantom of the Opera, \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" from Jesus Christ Superstar, \"Don't Cry for Me, Argentina\" from Evita, \"Any Dream Will Do\" from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and \"Memory\" from Cats. In 2001 The New York Times referred to him as \"the most commercially successful composer in history\".[4] Ranked the \"fifth most powerful person in British culture\" by The Daily Telegraph in 2008, the lyricist Don Black stated \"Andrew more or less single-handedly reinvented the musical.\"[5]", "The Phantom of the Opera. The Phantom of the Opera (French: Le Fantôme de l'Opéra) is a novel by French writer Gaston Leroux. It was first published as a serialization in Le Gaulois from 23 September 1909, to 8 January 1910. It was published in volume form in late March 1910 by Pierre Lafitte.[1] The novel is partly inspired by historical events at the Paris Opera during the nineteenth century and an apocryphal tale concerning the use of a former ballet pupil's skeleton in Carl Maria von Weber's 1841 production of Der Freischütz.[2] It has been successfully adapted into various stage and film adaptations, most notable of which are the 1925 film depiction featuring Lon Chaney, and Andrew Lloyd Webber's 1986 musical.", "The Phantom of the Opera (2004 soundtrack). \"Learn to Be Lonely\" was written for the film by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Charles Hart, recycling the melody of the deleted song \"No One Would Listen,\" sung by Gerard Butler. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 77th Academy Awards and the Golden Globe at the 62nd Golden Globe Awards.", "The Phantom of the Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber song). The British guitarist Hank Marvin did an instrumental version of the song on his 1997 album Hank Plays the Music of Tim Rice & Andrew Lloyd Webber.", "The Phantom of the Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber song). In 1984, Andrew Lloyd Webber and producer Cameron Mackintosh began working on the Phantom of the Opera musical. Sarah Brightman, whom Webber married in 1984, was set to play the heroine Christine. As development of the musical continued, Webber decided that releasing the title track as a pop single would be a good way of promoting the upcoming musical, and to \"test the water\" in terms of public reception. He stressed that he wanted the song to have a rock 'n' roll sound, to which producer Mike Batt added an \"electro-pop beat and heavy metal guitars\".[5]", "All I Ask of You. In the early 2000s, Lloyd Webber was sued by the estate of Giacomo Puccini for similarities between the former's song \"The Music of the Night\" (1986), also from The Phantom of the Opera, and a melody titled \"Quello che tacete\" which was used in Puccini's 1910 opera La fanciulla del West.[5][6] The matter was settled out of court between the two parties soon after the lawsuit was revealed.[7] However, author John Snelson, who wrote a biography on Lloyd Webber in 2009, further compared \"All I Ask of You\" to the same aforementioned melody, citing similar \"motivic connections\" and \"operatic and emotional cross-references\" as his evidence.[2]", "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical). There are several orchestrations:", "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical). The sequel to Phantom, written by Lloyd Webber, Ben Elton, Frederick Forsyth and Glenn Slater, is called Love Never Dies.[110] It was loosely adapted from the 1999 novel The Phantom of Manhattan, by Forsyth. Set in 1907 (a decade after the conclusion of Phantom according to the production's announcement,[111] but actually 26 years later, as the original show was set in 1881[37]), Christine is invited to perform at Phantasma, a new attraction at Coney Island, by an anonymous impresario. With her husband, Raoul, and son, Gustave, in tow she journeys to Brooklyn, unaware that it is the Phantom who has arranged her appearance at the popular beach resort.[111][112]", "The Phantom of the Opera (1925 film). In 1922, Carl Laemmle, the president of Universal Pictures, took a vacation to Paris. During his vacation Laemmle met the author Gaston Leroux, who was working in the French film industry. Laemmle mentioned to Leroux that he admired the Paris Opera House. Leroux gave Laemmle a copy of his 1910 novel The Phantom of the Opera. Laemmle read the book in one night and bought the film rights as a vehicle for actor Lon Chaney, Sr..[3] Production started in late 1924 at Universal Studios and did not go smoothly. According to the director of photography, Charles Van Enger, throughout the production Chaney and the rest of the cast and crew had strained relations with director Rupert Julian. The first cut of the film was previewed in Los Angeles on January 7 and 26, 1925. The score was prepared by Joseph Carl Breil. No information about the score survives other than Universal's release: \"Presented with augmented concert orchestra, playing the score composed by J. Carl Briel, composer of music for Birth of a Nation\". The exact quote from the opening day full-page ad in the Call-Bulletin read: \"Universal Weekly claimed a 60-piece orchestra. Moving Picture World reported that \"The music from Faust supplied the music [for the picture].\" Due to poor reviews and reactions, the January release was canceled. On advice from Chaney and others, Universal told Julian to re-shoot most of the picture and change its style, as it was feared that a Gothic melodrama would not recoup the film's massive budget. Julian eventually walked out.", "The Phantom of the Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber song). The song \"The Phantom of the Opera\" was covered in 1998 by Charlotte Church and Peter Karrie.", "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical). Lloyd Webber first approached Jim Steinman to write the lyrics because of his \"dark obsessive side\", but he declined in order to fulfill his commitments on a Bonnie Tyler album.[13] Alan Jay Lerner was then recruited, but he became seriously ill after joining the project and was forced to withdraw; none of his contributions (mostly involving the song \"Masquerade\") are credited in the show.[14][15] Richard Stilgoe, the lyricist for Starlight Express, wrote most of the original lyrics for the production. Charles Hart, a young and then-relatively unknown lyricist, later rewrote many of the lyrics, along with original lyrics for \"Think of Me\". Some of Stilgoe's original contributions are still present in the final version, however.[16]", "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical). Phantom began previews at Her Majesty's Theatre in London's West End on 27 September 1986 under the direction of Hal Prince, then opened on 9 October. It was choreographed by Gillian Lynne and the sets were designed by Maria Björnson, with lighting by Andrew Bridge.[23] Michael Crawford starred in the title role with Sarah Brightman as Christine and Steve Barton as Raoul. The production, still playing at Her Majesty's, celebrated its 10,000th performance on 23 October 2010, with Lloyd Webber and the original Phantom, Michael Crawford, in attendance. It is the second longest-running musical in West End (and world) history behind Les Misérables, and third overall behind The Mousetrap.[24][25]", "The Phantom of the Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber song). Being the prime candidate for the role of the Phantom in the musical, Harley ended up auditioning in front of the creative team, and was given the role the following day. He then spent five months rehearsing, including working with producer Hal Prince. He also recorded other tracks from the musical including \"Music of the Night\" and \"All I Ask of You\". He was surprised to find he was later replaced by Michael Crawford. For Behind the Mask, Cameron Mackintosh said: \"He wasn't that experienced as an actor. It became obvious to me, and then I discussed it with Hal and Andrew, who also came to the same conclusion that this was a lovely impulse but not the right decision for the show.\"[12]", "Phantom (musical). Yeston and Kopit had just finished the musical Nine, winner of the Tony Award for Best Musical in 1982, when in 1983 they were approached by actor/director Geoffrey Holder to write a musical based on Leroux's novel. Holder had obtained the rights to musicalize the novel in America from the Leroux estate, making Phantom the only Phantom of the Opera musical to do so.[2] Holder planned to direct. Initially, Yeston was skeptical of the project. \"I laughed and laughed.... That's the worst idea in the world! Why would you want to write a musical based on a horror story?.... And then it occurred to me that the story could be somewhat changed.... [The Phantom] would be a Quasimodo character, an Elephant Man. Don't all of us feel, despite outward imperfections, that deep inside we're good? And that is a character you cry for.\"[3]", "The Phantom of the Opera (2004 soundtrack). In addition to the listed tracks, versions of \"The Phantom of the Opera\" remixed by Junior Vasquez were made available to iTunes customers who purchased the expanded edition.[1]" ]

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[ "Article One of the United States Constitution. Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government, the United States Congress. The Congress is a bicameral legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate.", "Article One of the United States Constitution. Section 1 is a vesting clause that bestows federal legislative power exclusively to Congress. Similar clauses are found in Articles II and III. The former confers executive power upon the President alone, and the latter grants judicial power solely to the federal judiciary. These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government. This separation of powers, by which each department may exercise only its own constitutional powers and no others,[1][2] is fundamental to the idea of a limited government accountable to the people.", "First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prevents Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion, prohibiting the free exercise of religion, or abridging the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, the right to peaceably assemble, or to petition for a governmental redress of grievances. It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights.", "United States constitutional law. Clause 1 of Article I, ยง 8 grants Congress the power to tax and spend \"to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States,\" subject to the qualification that all taxes and duties be uniform across the country.", "Article One of the United States Constitution. Congress may establish uniform laws relating to naturalization and bankruptcy. It may also coin money, regulate the value of American or foreign currency and punish counterfeiters. Congress may fix the standards of weights and measures. Furthermore, Congress may establish post offices and post roads (the roads, however, need not be exclusively for the conveyance of mail). Congress may promote the progress of science and useful arts by granting copyrights and patents of limited duration. Section eight, clause eight of Article One, known as the Copyright Clause, is the only instance of the word \"right\" used in the original constitution (though the word does appear in several Amendments).[65] Though perpetual copyrights and patents are prohibited, the Supreme Court has ruled in Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003) that repeated extensions to the term of copyright do not constitute perpetual copyright; also note that this is the only power granted where the means to accomplish its stated purpose is specifically provided for. Courts inferior to the Supreme Court may be established by Congress.", "Article One of the United States Constitution. Having considered the bill this day presented to me entitled \"An act to set apart and pledge certain funds for internal improvements,\" and which sets apart and pledges funds \"for constructing roads and canals, and improving the navigation of water courses, in order to facilitate, promote, and give security to internal commerce among the several States, and to render more easy and less expensive the means and provisions for the common defense,\" I am constrained by the insuperable difficulty I feel in reconciling the bill with the Constitution of the United States to return it with that objection to the House of Representatives, in which it originated.\n\nThe legislative powers vested in Congress are specified and enumerated in the eighth section of the first article of the Constitution, and it does not appear that the power proposed to be exercised by the bill is among the enumerated powers, or that it falls by any just interpretation with the power to make laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution those or other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States.", "Article One of the United States Constitution. The Congress shall have Power [...] To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;", "Article One of the United States Constitution. The Congress shall have Power [...] To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.", "Member of Congress. The United States Congress was created in Article I of the Constitution, where the Founding Fathers laid out the limitations and powers of Congress. Article I grants Congress legislative power and lists the enumerated powers and allows Congress to make laws that are necessary and proper to carry out the enumerated powers. It specifies the election and composition of the House of Representatives and Senate and the qualifications necessary to serve in each chamber.", "Article One of the United States Constitution. This clause of the U.S. Constitution stemmed from an English parliamentary practice that all money bills must have their first reading in the House of Commons. This practice was intended to ensure that the power of the purse is possessed by the legislative body most responsive to the people, although the English practice was modified in America by allowing the Senate to amend these bills. The clause was part of the Great Compromise between small and large states; the large states were unhappy with the lopsided power of small states in the Senate, and so the clause theoretically offsets the unrepresentative nature of the Senate, and compensates the large states for allowing equal voting rights to Senators from small states.[60]", "Article One of the United States Constitution. The purpose of this clause is twofold. First, it makes clear the division of responsibility with respect to the conduct of the election of federal Senators and Representatives. That responsibility lies primarily with the states and secondarily with Congress. Second, the clause lodges the power to regulate elections in the respective legislative branches of the states and the federal government, not with the executive or judicial.[45][46] As authorized by this clause, Congress has set a uniform date for federal elections: the Tuesday following the first Monday in November.[47]", "Article One of the United States Constitution. After much debate, the framers of the Constitution decided to make population the basis of apportioning the seats in the House of Representatives and the tax liability among the states. To facilitate this, the Constitution mandates that a census be conducted every ten years to determine the population of each state and of the nation as a whole and establishes a rule for who shall be counted or excluded from the count. As the new form of government would become operational prior to the completion of a national census, the Constitution also provides for a temporary apportionment of seats.", "Article One of the United States Constitution. The Congress shall have power", "United States Constitution. The First Amendment (1791) prohibits Congress from obstructing the exercise of certain individual freedoms: freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and right to petition. Its Free Exercise Clause guarantees a person's right to hold whatever religious beliefs he or she wants, and to freely exercise that belief, and its Establishment Clause prevents the federal government from creating an official national church or favoring one set of religious beliefs over another. The amendment guarantees an individual's right to express and to be exposed to a wide range of opinions and views. It was intended to ensure a free exchange of ideas, even unpopular ones. It also guarantees an individual's right to physically gather or associate with others in groups for economic, political or religious purposes. Additionally, it guarantees an individual's right to petition the government for a redress of grievances.[58]", "United States. The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. Article One protects the right to the \"great writ\" of habeas corpus. The Constitution has been amended 27 times;[356] the first ten amendments, which make up the Bill of Rights, and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided. The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803)[357] in a decision handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall.[358]", "Article One of the United States Constitution. Section Nine reiterates the provision from Section Two that direct taxes must be apportioned by state populations. This clause was also explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 by Article V. In 1913, the 16th Amendment exempted all income taxes from this clause. This overcame the ruling in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. that the income tax could only be applied to regular income and could not be applied to dividends and capital gains. Furthermore, no tax may be imposed on exports from any state. Congress may not, by revenue or commerce legislation, give preference to ports of one state over those of another; neither may it require ships from one state to pay duties in another. All funds belonging to the Treasury may not be withdrawn except according to law. Modern practice is that Congress annually passes a number of appropriations bills authorizing the expenditure of public money. The Constitution requires that a regular statement of such expenditures be published.", "Article One of the United States Constitution. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.", "Article One of the United States Constitution. Article Five specifies the means by which the Constitution of the United States can be amended. It ends by temporarily shielding three Article I clauses from being amended. This clause is among them. (The others are first and fourth clauses in Section 9.) Article Five provides that \"no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate\". Thus, no individual state may have its individual representation in the Senate adjusted without its consent. That is to say, an amendment that changed this clause to provide that all states would get only one Senator (or three Senators, or any other number) could become valid as part of the Constitution if ratified by three-fourths of the states; however, one that provided for some basis of representation other than strict numerical equality (for example, population, wealth, or land area), would require the unanimous consent of all the states.", "United States Constitution. The preamble to the Constitution serves as an introductory statement of the document's fundamental purposes and guiding principles. It neither assigns powers to the federal government,[45] nor does it place specific limitations on government action. Rather, it sets out the origin, scope and purpose of the Constitution. Its origin and authority is in \"We, the people of the United States\". This echoes the Declaration of Independence. \"One people\" dissolved their connection with another, and assumed among the powers of the earth, a sovereign nation-state. The scope of the Constitution is twofold. First, \"to form a more perfect Union\" than had previously existed in the \"perpetual Union\" of the Articles of Confederation. Second, to \"secure the blessings of liberty\", which were to be enjoyed by not only the first generation, but for all who came after, \"our posterity\".[46]", "United States Constitution. Article One describes the Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government. Section 1, reads, \"All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.\" The article establishes the manner of election and the qualifications of members of each body. Representatives must be at least 25 years old, be a citizen of the United States for seven years, and live in the state they represent. Senators must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen for nine years, and live in the state they represent.", "Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution. Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.", "Article One of the United States Constitution. The idea of allowing Congress to have say over agreements between states traces back to the numerous controversies that arose between various colonies. Eventually compromises would be created between the two colonies and these compromises would be submitted to the Crown for approval. After the American Revolutionary War, the Articles of Confederation allowed states to appeal to Congress to settle disputes between the states over boundaries or \"any cause whatever\". The Articles of Confederation also required Congressional approval for \"any treaty or alliance\" in which a state was one of the parties.", "Article Six of the United States Constitution. Article Six of the United States Constitution establishes the laws and treaties of the United States made in accordance with it as the supreme law of the land, forbids a religious test as a requirement for holding a governmental position and holds the United States under the Constitution responsible for debts incurred by the United States under the Articles of Confederation.", "First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.[1]", "Article One of the United States Constitution. To the House of Representatives of the United States:", "Preamble to the United States Constitution. We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence,[note 1] promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.", "Article One of the United States Constitution. Many powers of Congress have been interpreted broadly. Most notably, the Taxing and Spending, Interstate Commerce, and Necessary and Proper Clauses have been deemed to grant expansive powers to Congress.", "Article One of the United States Constitution. The ninth section of Article One places limits on Congress' powers:", "Article One of the United States Constitution. No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.", "Constitution of Illinois. Article 1 is a Bill of rights and contains similar provisions as the United States Bill of Rights, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech and freedom of assembly. It also contains items not included in the United States Constitution like section 18, which prohibits discrimination based on sex and section 19, which prohibits discrimination based on physical or mental handicaps.", "First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should \"make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof\", thus building a wall of separation between Church & State. Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience, I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights, convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties.[9]", "Article Two of the United States Constitution. Section 1 begins with a vesting clause that confers federal executive power upon the President. Similar clauses are found in Article I and Article III. The former bestows federal legislative power exclusively to Congress, and the latter grants judicial power solely to the Supreme Court. These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government." ]

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[ "Right Here Waiting. \"Right Here Waiting\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Richard Marx. It was released in June 29, 1989, as the second single from his second album, Repeat Offender. The song was a global hit, topping charts throughout the world, including the U.S. where it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[2] It was certified Platinum by the RIAA.[3] The song has been covered by many artists, including Monica for her album The Boy Is Mine.", "Right Here Waiting. \"Right Here Waiting\" was the second single from Repeat Offender, after \"Satisfied\". Marx wrote the song on the road as a love letter to his wife, the actress Cynthia Rhodes, who was in South Africa shooting on a film.[4] The track was arranged by Marx with Jeffery (C.J.) Vanston to feature none of the heavy drums and synthesizers popular at the time, with Marx's vocal accompanied only by classical guitar (by Bruce Gaitsch) and keyboards (by Vanston). It is one of Marx's most frequently covered compositions.", "Right Here Waiting. \"Right Here Waiting\" entered the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart at number 44 in the week of July 8, 1989, and became Marx's third consecutive number one single on August 12, 1989.[2] Certified Gold on August 21, the record spent three consecutive weeks at number one, replaced by Paula Abdul's \"Cold Hearted\" in the week of September 2, 1989. The song was Marx's first of several to go to number one on the Hot Adult Contemporary Chart. Certified Platinum on October 16, 1989, \"Right Here Waiting\" is Marx's best selling single. It is also his most enduring, charting in the top 15 of Billboard's Hot Adult Contemporary Recurrents chart for four years running, from 2000 to 2003, more than ten years after its release. The song also reached #1 on the Radio & Records CHR/Pop Airplay chart on August 4, 1989 staying on the top of the chart for three weeks and remained on the chart for thirteen weeks.[5]", "Right Here Waiting. \"Right Here Waiting\" was covered by the American R&B artist Monica. It was only released in the United States in December 1999 as the seventh and final single from her second studio album, The Boy Is Mine, and features the R&B band 112. No music video was made for the song.", "Bowling for Soup. In 2015, Bowling for Soup appeared on Blues Traveler's album Blow Up the Moon, cowriting the songs \"Right Here Waiting For You\" and \"I Know, Right.\"", "Right Here (SWV song). The original version of \"Right Here\" was released in the third quarter of 1992. It peaked at number 13 on the Hot R&B Singles chart. Tamara \"Taj\" Johnson wrote and performed the bridge to the original song, which would result in her first (of many) co-writing credits on SWV songs.", "Right Here (Departed). \"Right Here (Departed)\" is a song by American recording artist Brandy Norwood. It was written by Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins and The Writing Camp members Evan \"Kidd\" Bogart, Victoria Horn, Erika Nuri, and David \"DQ\" Quiñones and produced by Jerkins for her fifth studio album Human (2008). Not recorded until late into the production of the album, it set much of the tone for the final Human track listing as it was the first out of several new songs Norwood and Jerkins recorded together following his absence on her previous album Afrodisiac (2004). Its lyrics chronicle a woman's talks about mutual support with loved ones.", "Right Here (Departed). Penned by Evan \"Kidd\" Bogart and his fellow Writing Camp members Victoria Horn, Erika Nuri and David Quiñones, \"Right Here (Departed)\" was not recorded until late into the production of the Human album. It was the first out of several Rodney Jerkins-crafted demo tracks Human A&R Brandon Creed presented to Norwood and the first song Jerkins and Brandy recorded together at the 2nd Floor Studios in Los Angeles following the pair's musical reunification in early June 2008.[5] It would eventually version as the result convinced Norwood and her team to replace actual main producer Brian Kennedy in favor of Jerkins.[6] While \"Right Here (Departed)\" was not specifically created for Brandy or the Human album, Bogart called it an \"honor\" to have the singer record one of their songs. \"I think it's definitely a great comeback song for her, stylistically and conceptually,\" he said. \"It's like working a new artist.\"[7] Her first record as a member of The Writing Team, Erika Nuri, added: \"It is truly an honor and a blessing to have her first single, especially knowing that so many other great songwriters and producers were gunning for it and are on the album. I do think it's a perfect comeback song for her. A song for her old fans, but also new enough for kids that have never heard her before to gravitate too.\"[7]", "Right Here Waiting. In the United Kingdom, the song was released in September 1989 and peaked at #2.[6]", "Right Here, Right Now (Jesus Jones song). \"Right Here, Right Now\" is a song by British alternative dance band Jesus Jones from the album, Doubt. It was released as the album's second single in September 1990 (approximately four months before the release of Doubt). Despite spending only nine nonconsecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart and peaking at number 31, it became a top ten hit in the United States; it topped the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in July 1991, only behind \"Everything I Do (I Do It For You)\" by Bryan Adams.[1]", "Right Here (SWV song). The \"Human Nature\" remix by Teddy Riley samples Michael Jackson's 1983 hit \"Human Nature\". One of their best known hits, it spent seven weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart, as well as three weeks atop the Rhythmic Top 40 chart. It became one of the longest running number-one R&B singles of 1993. It also peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, held from the top spot by Mariah Carey's \"Dreamlover.\" It also reached the top ten in Europe, including the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number three in September 1993.[7]", "Right Now (Rihanna song). \"Right Now\" was written by Rihanna, David Guetta, Ne-Yo, The-Dream, Giorgio Tuinfort, Nicky Romero, and Norwegian production duo StarGate.[6] Production, instrumentation, and programming for the song were handled by Guetta, Romero, Tuinfort, and StarGate.[6] The record engineers were Paul Norris and Aamir Yaqub, who were assisted by Xavier Stephenson at Metropolis Studios in London.[6] Rihanna's vocals were recorded by Marcus Tovar and Kuk Harrell at R Studios in Los Angeles, California, while it was mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Studios in Burbank, California and Romero at White Villa Studios in Ede, Netherlands.[6] Harrell also handled production of Rihanna's vocals.[6]", "Right Here (Departed). Upon its release, the track garnered generally positive reviews by music critics. Alex Macpherson of The Guardian declared \"Right Here (Departed)\" Human's \"finest moment\" and wrote that \"Norwood turns to face the world, though: 'Right Here (Departed)' is a cosmic, ride-or-die declaration of epic scope.\"[11] Emmanuel Ezugwu, reviewer for RWD Magazine, called the song a \"joyous ode to overcoming insurmountable odds.\"[12] Los Angeles Times writer Mikael Wood, barely satisfied with Human in general, called \"Right Here (Departed)\" one of the \"few highlights\" on the album, stating: \"Catchy lead single 'Right Here (Departed)' manages to dial down Brandy's introspection and increase the groove factor.\"[13]", "Right Here (Departed). Shanel Odum from Vibe called the track \"a graceful return to her melodic origins\" and praised Norwood's \"husky but hopeful, but still pain-infused\" vocal performance.[14] Newsday reviewer Glenn Gamboa wrote: \"With the help of producer Rodney Jerkins, Brandy radiates warmth and hopefulness throughout Human – not in the naive way of someone who doesn't know any better, but in the determined way of someone who does. Her delivery on the up-tempo \"Right Here (Departed)\" reflects those choices. There's no showing off with vocal acrobatics or flashy production, just a premium on the melody and the mood.\"[15]", "Right Here (SWV song). \"Right Here\" is the title of the debut single released by the American R&B girl group SWV. It charted on the Billboard charts as a double-A-side with \"Downtown\". A remixed version, commonly referred to as \"Right Here (Human Nature Remix)\", became a number-one R&B single, selling 500,000 copies and earning a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America.[2][3] According to Billboard, the song spent 54 weeks on the R&B chart, which is one of the longest chart runs of all time.[4][not in citation given]", "Right Now (Rihanna song). \"Right Now\" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her seventh studio album, Unapologetic (2012). The song features French disc jockey David Guetta. Rihanna co-wrote the song with R&B singers Ne-Yo and The-Dream, while their longtime collaborators, Norwegian production duo StarGate, co-produced the track alongside Guetta and his own longtime collaborators Nicky Romero and Giorgio Tuinfort. It was sent to contemporary hit and rhythmic radios in the United States as the fourth international single and fifth overall from the album on May 28, 2013. Musically, \"Right Now\" is an EDM song. The lyrical content features Rihanna chanting to live life in the moment.", "Roy Hamilton. On the heels of his \"Unchained Melody\" success, Hamilton recorded the following Great American Songbook singles in succession: Vincent Youmans' \"Without a Song\" (#77 US pop), Jimmy McHugh's \"Cuban Love Song\", Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"Everybody's Got a Home But Me\" (#42 US pop), from the musical Pipe Dream, and Frank Loesser's \"Somebody Somewhere\", from the musical The Most Happy Fella.[24]", "Delta Goodrem. Goodrem also recorded a duet, \"Right Here With You\", with Olivia Newton-John to help raise money for Newton-John's cancer hospital in Melbourne.[57][58]", "Waiting on a Friend. Recording of \"Waiting on a Friend\" (as 'Waiting for a Friend') began in late 1972 through early 1973 in Kingston, Jamaica, during the Goats Head Soup sessions when the band still had Mick Taylor as a member.\nHis guitar piece made it to the overdubbing sessions in April 1981 when the song was selected by Tattoo You producer Chris Kimsey as one the band could re-work for the album.", "Right Here, Right Now (Jesus Jones song). The song was inspired by events in Europe of the late 1980s, particularly Perestroika in Russia;[3][4] Mike Edwards has since noted some of the lyrics were influenced by the band's experiences playing in Romania in February 1990 right after the overthrow of Ceauşescu.[5] The official video for the song shows the band performing on stage mixed with various images from contemporary political events such as the fall of the Berlin Wall, and brief snippets of news footage of the collapse of the Soviet Union and speeches by American and Russian leaders.[6]", "Tired of Waiting for You. According to Ray Davies, the music for \"Tired of Waiting for You\" was written on the train to the recording studio and the words were written at a coffee shop during a break in the session.[2]", "The Peace and the Panic. \"Don't Wait\", which was written by drummer Dani Washington, was viewed by Barlow a \"more of a political song\" than \"Happy Judgement Day\".[11] The group initially turned down the idea of having guest musicians, \"but later we were sat in the studio and I had the brainwave of having Sam Carter. He really put his stamp on it.\"[11] The majority of lyrics on \"Critical Mistake\" were written by bassist Fil Thorpe-Evans. Barlow originally sent him an acoustic version of the track with a \"driving chorus that we all liked\".[11] His brother \"being the wizard that he is\" turned it into a full-band track with a Weezer feel to it, something that \"we definitely wanted to touch upon\".[11] With assistance from Barlow, Thorpe-Evans wrote \"Wish You Were Here\" about a friend who had died following a car crash. Thorpe-Evans said he \"really struggled dealing with those things ... even talking about it with family is really hard\".[8] He did, however, find it easier to write about it in a song \"because you can say what you want to say properly and decide what matters most\".[8] Thorpe-Evans wrote the music, as well as the verses, while Barlow wrote the chorus.[11]", "Where Everybody Knows Your Name. By 1981, New York songwriter Gary Portnoy had already written songs for the likes of Air Supply (\"I’ll Never Get Enough\") and Dolly Parton (\"Say Goodnight\"). One night in the summer of that same year, his friend Judy Hart happened to be seated next to a Broadway producer at dinner. Upon finding out that Hart was working for a music publisher, he asked her if she could recommend someone to compose the score for a new musical he was producing. On a whim, Hart, who had never written a song, approached Portnoy, who had never written for the theater. Together they set out to compose the words and music for the musical named Preppies.[1]", "Cinnamon Girl. Like two other songs from Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere, \"Cowgirl in the Sand\" and \"Down by the River\", Young wrote \"Cinnamon Girl\" while he was suffering from the flu with a high fever at his home in Topanga, California.[1][2]", "Just Got Started Lovin' You. James Otto had placed a telephone call to his friend, songwriter Jim Femino, when Femino and D. Vincent Williams were shopping at a grocery store in Nashville, Tennessee. Otto had wanted to write a song with Femino, and Femino suggested bringing Williams (who had never met Otto before) with him.[2]", "Olly Murs. In April 2012, it was revealed that Murs was in the process of writing his third studio album, which was released on 26 November 2012. Murs has once again written with Steve Robson and Claude Kelly. Ed Drewett (best known for his work for The Wanted) and Andrew Frampton and Steve Kipner (producers of both albums for The Script) are other names that have been confirmed for the third album, and in a June 2012 interview with the website Examiner he confirmed the name of a new song, \"One of These Days\", which he described as a 'follow-on' song from \"I Need You Now\" on his previous album.[49] On 17 September, Murs announced the first single from his third album, \"Troublemaker\", a collaboration with Claude Kelly and Steve Robson which features American rapper Flo Rida and was released on 18 November. It also served as Murs's second U.S. single. The same day, he also announced the name of the third album, Right Place Right Time.[50] The cover artwork and track listing for the album was unveiled on 1 October. Murs will be embarking on a second arena tour of the UK and Ireland in February/March 2013 to support the album, as well as performing his first live European dates in Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and Denmark in April 2013. On 14 January 2013 Murs confirmed that the second single from the album would be \"Army of Two\", which was released on 10 March 2013. The album's third single, \"Dear Darlin'\", was released on 3 June 2013. On 25 August 2013, the album's title track \"Right Place Right Time\" was released as the fourth single.", "Waitin' on a Woman. According to Country Weekly magazine, songwriter Wynn Varble received a call from his friend telling him that their former co-worker was in the hospital.[3] Varble wrote the song after calling his co-worker at the hospital, wondering where his wife was. He told \"the story and the idea [he] had for [the song]\" to co-writer Don Sampson.[3] After a few days, Varble and Sampson played \"Waitin' on a Woman\" for Paisley, and he decided to record it.[3]", "I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me). The single was the first Michael had recorded as a solo artist that he had not written himself. The co-writer, Simon Climie, was unknown at the time, although he later had success as a performer with Climie Fisher in 1988. On the US Billboard Hot 100, \"I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)\" debuted at number 59, the week of February 21, 1987, reaching number one in its ninth week, April 18, 1987, and remaining there for two consecutive weeks.", "I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me). \"I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)\" is a Grammy Award-winning number-one song recorded by American singer Aretha Franklin and English singer George Michael as a duet in 1987. It was written by Simon Climie and Dennis Morgan, and produced by Narada Michael Walden. Billboard listed \"I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)\" as Aretha Franklin's all-time biggest Hot 100 single.[1] It also stands as Franklin's biggest hit on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, spending several weeks at number two (thwarted from the number-one position by Starship and Steve Winwood).", "Indecent Proposal. The soundtrack was released on April 6, 1993, by MCA Records. \"In All the Right Places\" by Lisa Stansfield was released as the album's lead single on May 24, 1993, and is the film's theme song. Sheena Easton makes a cameo appearance in the movie performing \"The Nearness of You\" at a pivotal part of the movie. The length of the soundtrack is 60 minutes and 37 seconds. \"No Ordinary Love\" by English band Sade was also prominently featured in the film, though it was not included on its soundtrack album.", "Right Here, Right Now (Jesus Jones song). The single sold over 1 million copies, won a BMI award, and was the song most performed on college radio in 1991.[2]", "Right Here (Departed). In Canada, \"Right Here (Departed)\" became Brandy's highest-charting single since 2002's \"What About Us?\". It debuted at number 95 on the Canadian Hot 100, dropped one week after and made a re-entry a month later on the chart, eventually rising to its peak position of number 39.[19] In Europe, the single reached number twenty-four on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles chart and moreover made it to the top ten in France, where it became her best-selling effort in ten years, reaching a peak position of number seven based on digital downloads only.[19] It has since remained thirthy-seven weeks within the top 100 of the chart.[20] In addition, \"Right Here\" scored top forty entries in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, and Sweden, where it outsold any single release taken from previous album Afrodisiac (2004).[19]" ]

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[ "Aperture. Most SLR cameras provide automatic aperture control, which allows viewing and metering at the lens's maximum aperture, but stops the lens down to the working aperture during exposure, and returns the lens to maximum aperture afterward.[13]", "Statutory liquidity ratio. This percentage is fixed by the Reserve Bank of India. The maximum limit for the SLR was 40% in India.[when?][3] Following the amendment of the Banking regulation Act (1949) in January 2017, the floor rate of 20.75% for SLR was removed. Presently,[when?] the SLR is 19.5%.", "Future sea level. This estimate is confirmed by Pfeffer et al. (2008)[4] who examine the physics of ice calving. Estimates of ice calving were absent in the 2007 IPCC report. Pfeffer adds estimates of SLR due to thermal expansion and ice melting to calving approximations and concludes that SLR by the end of the century will range 0.8 to 2.0 m above present with an emphasis on the lower area of this range (Figure 7).", "Statutory liquidity ratio. Statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) is the Indian government term for the reserve requirement that the commercial banks in India are required to maintain in the form of cash, gold reserves, government approved securities before providing credit to the customers. Statutory liquidity ratio is determined by Reserve Bank of India maintained by banks in order to control the expansion of bank credit.", "Statutory liquidity ratio. The SLR is commonly used to control inflation and fuel growth, by increasing or decreasing it respectively. This counter acts by decreasing or increasing the money supply in the system respectively. Indian banks’ holdings of government securities are now close to the statutory minimum that banks are required to hold to comply with existing regulation. When measured in rupees, such holdings decreased for the first time in a little less than 40 years (since the nationalisation of banks in 1969) in 2005–06. Currently[when?] it is 19.5 percent.", "Statutory liquidity ratio. SLR is used by bankers and indicates the minimum percentage of deposits that the bank has to maintain in form of gold, cash or other approved securities. Thus, we can say that it is ratio of cash and some other approved liability (deposits). It regulates the credit growth in India.", "Future sea level. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007)[1] projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving.[2][3] Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. (2008)[4] indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 (favouring the low end of this range). Rahmstorf (2007)[5] estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century. Pielke (2008)[6] points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far. These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century. However, sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account.", "Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. The SLR features active aerodynamics; there is a spoiler mounted on the rear integral air brake flap. The spoiler increases downforce depending on its angle of elevation (angle of attack). At a set speed, the spoiler/brake automatically raises to 10 degrees (15 degrees in the 722 edition), when demanded via the driver's switch, the elevation can be increased to 30 degrees (35 degrees in the 722 version) for increased rear downforce, at the cost of increased steady state drag.", "Statutory liquidity ratio. There are some statutory requirements for temporarily placing the money in government bonds. Following this requirement, Reserve Bank of India fixes the level of SLR. However, as most banks currently keep an SLR higher than required (>26%) due to lack of credible lending options, near term reductions are unlikely to increase liquidity and are more symbolic.[1][2]", "Lens speed. This sets a limit close to f/1.0 to f/1.2 for most SLR mounts, whereas lenses for rangefinder and mirrorless cameras can be faster, as they can be brought closer to the image plane. Reproduction lenses incapable of infinity focus can have nominal f-numbers smaller than this limit, as the limit applies to the working f-number (the f-number corrected by the bellows factor), not to the nominal f-number. It should be noted that only the working f-number correctly assesses the light gathering power of the lens.", "Statutory liquidity ratio. The SLR is fixed for a number of reasons. The chief driving force is increasing or decreasing liquidity which can result in a desired outcome. A few uses of mandating SLR are:", "Statutory liquidity ratio. The liabilities that the banks are liable to pay within one month's time, due to completion of maturity period, are also considered as time liabilities. The maximum limit of SLR is 40% and minimum limit of SLR is 0 In India, Reserve Bank of India always determines the percentage of SLR.", "Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. The \"722 Edition\" includes an engine rated 650 PS (480 kW; 640 hp) at 6,500 rpm and 820 N·m (600 lb·ft) at 4,000 rpm. 19-inch light-alloy wheels were used to reduce unsprung weight, while modifications were also made to the suspension, with a stiffer damper setup and 10 mm (0.39 in) lower ride height introduced for improved handling. Larger 390 mm (15 in) diameter front brakes and a revised front air dam and rear diffuser were fitted.[7]", "Full-frame digital SLR. Some full-frame DSLRs intended mainly for professional use include more features than typical consumer-grade DSLRs, so some of their larger dimensions and increased mass result from more rugged construction and additional features as opposed to this being an inherent consequence of the full-frame sensor.", "Reserve Bank of India: Working and Functions. The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain in safe and liquid assets, such as government securities, cash and gold. The RBI has cut the SLR by 50 basis point to 20% in June 2017 .[29]", "Digital single-lens reflex camera. Digital SLR cameras, along with most other digital cameras, generally have a mode dial to access standard camera settings or automatic scene-mode settings. Sometimes called a \"PASM\" dial, they typically provide modes such as program, aperture-priority, shutter-priority, and full manual modes. Scene modes vary from camera to camera, and these modes are inherently less customizable. They often include landscape, portrait, action, macro, night, and silhouette, among others. However, these different settings and shooting styles that \"scene\" mode provides can be achieved by calibrating certain settings on the camera. Professional DSLRs seldom contain automatic scene modes as professionals often do not require these and professionals know how to achieve the looks they want.[citation needed]", "History of the camera. The first major post-war SLR innovation was the eye-level viewfinder, which first appeared on the Hungarian Duflex in 1947 and was refined in 1948 with the Contax S, the first camera to use a pentaprism. Prior to this, all SLRs were equipped with waist-level focusing screens. The Duflex was also the first SLR with an instant-return mirror, which prevented the viewfinder from being blacked out after each exposure. This same time period also saw the introduction of the Hasselblad 1600F, which set the standard for medium format SLRs for decades.", "Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. The SLR sports a 232 kg (511 lb) hand-built 5,439 cc (5.439 L; 331.9 cu in), supercharged, all-aluminium, SOHC, V8 engine. The cylinders are angled at 90 degrees with three valves per cylinder and lubricated via a dry sump system. The compression ratio is 8.8:1 and the bore and stroke is 97 mm × 92 mm (3.8 in × 3.6 in). The Lysholm-type twin-screw supercharger rotates at 23,000 rpm and produces 0.9 bar (13 psi) of boost. The compressed air is then cooled via two intercoolers. The engine generates a maximum power of 626 PS (460 kW; 617 hp) at 6,500 rpm and maximum torque of 780 N·m (580 lb·ft) at 3,250 to 5,000 rpm.[5]", "Digital single-lens reflex camera. The rapid maturation of HDSLR cameras has sparked a revolution in digital filmmaking, and the \"Shot On DSLR\" badge is a quickly growing phrase among independent filmmakers. Canon's North American TV advertisements featuring the Rebel T1i have been shot using the T1i itself. An increased number of films, documentaries, television shows, and other productions are utilizing the quickly improving features. One such project was Canon's \"Story Beyond the Still\" contest that asked filmmakers to collectively shoot a short film in 8 chapters, with each chapter being shot over a short period of time and a winner was determined for each chapter. After 7 chapters the winners collaborated to shoot the final chapter of the story. Due to the affordability and convenient size of HDSLRs compared with professional movie cameras, The Avengers used five Canon EOS 5D Mark II and two Canon 7D to shoot the scenes from various vantage angles throughout the set and reduced the number of reshoots of complex action scenes.[7]", "f-number. Modern electronically controlled interchangeable lenses, such as those used for SLR cameras, have f-stops specified internally in 1/8-stop increments, so the cameras' 1/3-stop settings are approximated by the nearest 1/8-stop setting in the lens.", "Aperture. The first SLR cameras with internal (“through-the-lens” or “TTL”) meters (e.g., the Pentax Spotmatic) required that the lens is stopped down to the working aperture when taking a meter reading. With a small aperture, this darkened the viewfinder, making viewing, focusing, and composition difficult.[14] Subsequent models soon incorporated mechanical coupling between the lens and the camera body, indicating the working aperture to the camera while allowing the lens to be at its maximum aperture for composition and focusing;[13] this feature became known as automatic aperture control or automatic diaphragm control.", "Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. When the SLR was first announced, Mercedes said total production would be limited to 3500 units. 1400 units had been sold by the end of 2007. The factory confirmed that production would halt at the end of 2009.[22]", "Single-lens reflex camera. The price of SLRs in general also tends to be somewhat higher than that of other types of cameras, owing to their internal complexity. This is compounded by the expense of additional components, such as flashes or lenses. The initial investment in equipment can be prohibitive enough to keep some casual photographers away from SLRs, although the market for used SLRs has become larger particularly as photographers migrate to digital systems.", "Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras. The maximum aperture for a zoom lens may be the same (constant) for all focal lengths, but it is more common that the maximum aperture is greater at the wide-angle end than at the telephoto end of the zoom range. For example, a 100 mm to 400 mm lens may have a maximum aperture of f/4.0 at the 100 mm end but will diminish to only f/5.6 at the 400 mm end of the zoom range. Zoom lenses with constant maximum apertures (such as f/2.8 for a 24–70mm lens) are usually reserved for lenses with higher build quality and are thus more expensive than those with variable maximum apertures.", "Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. The SLR uses AMG SPEEDSHIFT R five-speed automatic transmission with three manual modes. For durability Mercedes selected a five-speed transmission rather than their seven-speed gearbox which was more complex and used more parts.", "Single-lens reflex camera. Compared to most fixed-lens compact cameras, the most commonly used and inexpensive SLR lenses offer a wider aperture range and larger maximum aperture (typically f/1.4 to f/1.8 for a 50 mm lens). This allows photographs to be taken in lower light conditions without flash, and allows a narrower depth of field, which is useful for blurring the background behind the subject, making the subject more prominent. \"Fast\" lenses are commonly used in theater photography, portrait photography, surveillance photography, and all other photography requiring a large maximum aperture.", "Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. The supercharged V8 engine is rated 650 PS (480 kW; 640 hp). The car's top speed is 350 km/h (220 mph) with acceleration from 0 to 100 km/h in less than 3.5 seconds. The car is approximately 200 kg (440 lb) lighter than the regular model.[11]", "Digital single-lens reflex camera. Video functionality has continued to improve since the introduction of the HDSLR, including higher video resolution (such as 1080p24) and video bitrate, improved automatic control (autofocus) and manual exposure control, and support for formats compatible with high-definition television broadcast, Blu-ray disc mastering[5] or Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI). The Canon EOS 5D Mark II (with the release of firmware version 2.0.3/2.0.4.[6]) and Panasonic Lumix GH1 were the first HDSLRs to offer broadcast compliant 1080p24 video, and since then the list of models with comparable functionality has grown considerably.", "Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. The car uses carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) construction in an attempt to keep the weight low. Despite CFRP materials the total curb weight is 1,750 kg (3,858 lb).", "Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. 1,743–1,768 kg (3,843–3,898 lb) [1]", "History of the single-lens reflex camera. In the 2000s, film became supplanted by digital photography, which had a huge impact on all camera manufacturers, including the SLR market. Nikon, for instance, has ceased production of all film SLRs except for its flagship 35 mm SLR film camera, the F6; and the introductory-level Nikon FM10.", "Full-frame digital SLR. There are optical quality implications as well—not only because the image from the lens is effectively cropped—but because many lens designs are now optimized for sensors smaller than 36 mm × 24 mm. The rear element of any SLR lens must have clearance for the camera's reflex mirror to move up when the shutter is released; with a wide-angle lens, this requires a retrofocus design, which is generally of inferior optical quality.[4] Because a cropped-format sensor can have a smaller mirror, less clearance is needed, and some lenses, such as the EF-S lenses for the Canon APS-C sized bodies,[5] are designed with a shorter back-focus distance; however, they cannot be used on bodies with larger sensors." ]

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[ "Joint Entrance Examination. JEE Main has two papers, Paper-1 and Paper-2. Candidates may opt for either or both of them. Both papers contain multiple choice questions. Paper 1 is for admission to B.E./B.Tech courses and is conducted in both online and offline modes. Paper-2 is for admission in B.Arch and B.Planning courses and is conducted offline only.", "Joint Entrance Examination. JEE Main, unlike JEE Advanced, has a fixed exam structure and is not subject to change every year. Paper-1 is of three hours duration and consists of thirty multiple-choice (single-correct) questions in each of the three subjects (physics, chemistry, and maths). There is negative marking for incorrect answers. 4 marks are awarded for correct answers and 1 mark is deducted for incorrect answers.", "Joint Entrance Examination – Main. The examination consists of only two papers: Paper 1 for B.E./BTech courses and Paper 2 for BArch courses. A candidate can opt for any or both the papers. Candidates attempting Paper 1 can select one of the two modes of writing the test. 1) Pen & paper 2) Online. Paper 1 has three subject sections: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. Each one of the 3 subject sections consists of 30 questions each with equal weightage for every question. All questions are multiple choice objective-type questions each of which has four choices. Out of the four choices for a given question, only one choice is correct. Every correct answer will receive 4 marks each and every incorrectly attempted question will receive a negative marking of -1 mark. There is no negative marking applied if the question is left unanswered. Paper 2 has three sections: Mathematics, Drawing, and Aptitude. Mathematics, and Aptitude sections have multiple choice objective-type questions and the Drawing section has drawing-based questions. The duration of each paper is three hours. Candidates are not allowed to carry any textual material, calculators, logarithmic tables or electronic devices into the examination hall. The number of questions and their maximum marks have been variable through the years. The questions are based on a syllabus that is common to syllabi of all the state boards in India and the Central Board of Secondary Education. Candidates can opt for question papers either in English or in Hindi language. For admission to BTech or B.E. courses in the participating institutes the candidate is required to take the Paper 1; for admission to BArch or B. Planning courses the candidate is required to take Paper 2. The examination was conducted in offline pen and paper mode till 2010. In 2011, as per the orders of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, CBSE conducted Paper 1 in Computer-Based-Test mode for the first one lakh candidates who opted for the same, while the remaining students took the examination in the conventional pen and paper mode.[5] The number of attempts which a candidate can avail at the examination is limited to three in consecutive years. As of 2018[update], the top 224,000 rankers of JEE (Main) will qualify to appear for the second and final level of examination: JEE (Advanced)[6]", "Civil Services Examination (India). In May 2015, the Government of India announced that Paper II of the preliminary examination will be qualifying in nature i.e. it wouldn't be graded for eligibility in Mains Examination & a candidate needs to secure at least 33% marks in order to be eligible for graded on basis of marks of Paper I of Preliminary Examination.[1]", "Joint Entrance Examination – Main. Joint Entrance Examination – Main (JEE-Main), formerly All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE), is an examination organised by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in India.[2] Introduced in the year 2002, this national level competitive test is for admission to various undergraduate engineering and architecture courses in institutes accepting the AIEEE score, mainly 31 National Institutes of Technology (NITs) and 23 Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIITs).[3]", "Joint Entrance Examination. Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) is an engineering entrance examination conducted for admission to various engineering colleges in India. It is constituted by two different examinations - JEE Main and the JEE Advanced. The exams are of the objective pattern. JEE Advanced is regarded internationally as one of the most challenging undergraduate admission tests.", "Joint Entrance Examination. JEE Advanced 2015 was held on May 24, 2015. The two papers were of 504 marks overall, a sharp increase from the regular trend of about 360 marks. Changes in examination pattern surprised students nationwide. There were no single correct multiple choice questions at all; all of them were multi-correct. The level of negative marking was also increased.[18][19]", "University and college admission. However, Things have now changed and the AIEEE is converted into JEE (MAIN). And the earlier JEE for IITs has converted into JEE (Advanced). All students first have to qualify JEE (MAIN) to be able to appear in JEE (Advanced) under certain criterion. Students need to be in the 20 percentile of their respective boards. Their score of JEE (MAIN) will be formulated by combining the 40% score of their BOARD Examination and 60% of their JEE (MAIN) paper's score. Only the pure JEE (ADVANCED) score will be considered for selection in IITs. JEE (Main) will be on the same pattern as earlier AIEEE. JEE (ADVANCED) will be on the same pattern as earlier JEE. Changes in system take place from 2012.", "Joint Entrance Examination – Main. The examination, originally called sometimes AIEEE, was renamed as Joint Entrance Examination (Main) in April 2017. The AIEEE was generally held on the last Sunday of April and results were announced in the last week of May or the first week of June. Post the rename, the exam is held in the first week of April and now result of paper 1 is announced in last week of april and paper 2 in may. [4] Candidates are ranked on an all-India basis and on state basis. Thus, they get an All India Rank (AIR) and a State Rank (SR).", "Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering. The Examinations consist of three parts of written papers viz. the Preliminary, the Section A and the Section B. In addition, a project work has to be undertaken and Report submitted for acceptance. A student can appear for Section A papers only after completely passing the preliminary (or exempted from the preliminary). For appearance in a section, a student must have passed the previous section fully.", "Civil Services Examination (India). The subjects available for Papers VI and VII are:[15] Public administration is one of the most sought after optional subjects in Mains examination as it has overlapping content with other subjects like Current Affairs, History, Polity. The standards of Optional papers is of honours level. Paper I is theoretical but Paper II is often dominated by Current Affairs and Application based questions.", "Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced. In 1997, the IIT-JEE was conducted twice after the question paper was leaked in some centers.", "Joint Entrance Examination. In 2016, the JEE Advanced exam was held on May 22, 2016. The exam carried a total of 372 marks with each paper carrying 186 marks. The level of difficulty of questions was increased to a larger extent. Moreover, number of integer type questions (having no negative marking) were reduced. The paper was set up in collaboration of different IITs with the principal organiser being the IIT Guwahati. The Physics paper was set by IIT Madras, Mathematics by IIT Guwahati and the Chemistry portion was jointly set by IIT Bombay and IIT Delhi. These features made this paper the toughest ever JEE Paper till date. The paper had a huge surprise of partial marking in multiple correct choices where if a student marked some but not all correct answers without marking the wrong ones, he/she would be awarded one mark for each correct option.[17]", "Joint Entrance Examination. From 2013 to 2016, the marks obtained in the class XII school board examination used to be accorded a 40% weightage in deciding the JEE Main all India ranks.[4][5]", "Indian Engineering Services. marks secured in the Stage-II (Conventional type papers) of the", "Junior Certificate. However, later on, the government agreed to scrap the Junior Certificate and instead, introduce a brand new syllabus in English for students starting First Year of secondary school in September 2014, with only 90% of the test going for a written exam. The other 10% is based on continuous assessment over two years. The first assessment takes place at the end of 2nd Year, which is an oral exam. Students have 3 to choose a topic and have to present it. The second assessment takes place at Christmas of 3rd Year. It is Collection of Texts project which a student will choose 4 written pieces throughout the 3 years from 4 different genres and will re-draft them. These are then sent off to be corrected by the State Examination Commission. The final written exam at higher and ordinary levels now only consists of a two-hour paper.", "Joint Entrance Examination. In September 2013, the IIT Council approved the decision of the Joint Admission Board to continue with the two-phase JEE pattern (\"Main\" followed by \"Advanced\") for IITs in 2014. Joint Seat Allocation Authority (JoSAA) conducted the joint admission process for a total of 23 IITs, ISM, 32 NITs, 18 IIITs and 19 other Government Funded Technical Institutes (GFTIs).[1][2]", "Civil Services Examination (India). From 2011 onwards, the preliminary examination, now popularly known as the Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT) (officially it is still called General Studies Paper-1 and Paper-2), intends to focus on analytical abilities and understanding rather than the ability to memorize. The new pattern includes two papers of two hours duration and 200 marks each.[10] Both papers have multiple choice objective type questions only.[10] They are as under:", "Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced. From 2002, an additional exam called the AIEEE was introduced. All students had to qualify this exam to be eligible to sit for JEE(Advanced) (Then IIT-JEE). On 2012 The AIEEE was changed to JEE(Main) and IIT-JEE to JEE(Advanced) [obviously incorrect; AIEEE was never used as screening test for JEE; This became screening test for JEE (advanced) only on restructuring / renaming as JEE (main)].", "Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced. The common IIT-JEE was conducted for the first time in 1960,[4][5] when it had four subjects including an English language paper. The examination since evolved considerably from its initial pattern. The IIT-JEE was initially called the Common Entrance Exam (CEE); its creation coincided with that of the 1961 IIT Act.[6]", "Joint Entrance Examination. Earlier, counselling for JEE main was conducted through CSAB but now officials have made changes in the counselling procedure. The JAB (Joint Admission Board), representing IITs and CSAB (Central Seat Allocation Board), are making agreements on the behalf of NITs and other CFTIs, and are now united to conduct a counselling (common counselling) for the two exams of JEE. The memo for the same was signed on May 2, 2015. These two together will be known as the Joint Seat Allocation Authority (JoSAA).[24]", "Junior Certificate. The final examination takes place after three years of the course, in early June. The exams always start with English, then the other core subjects and finish with the subjects that have the fewest candidates. They usually last two and a half weeks. The exams can take the form of written papers, aural exams (which are usually included at the start of the written paper), practical exams (for example, in Music, 25% of the final result is based on a performance and skills test in front of an examiner) and marks from course work assignments (such as in CSPE, where 60% of the exam rests on an action project completed during the school year). Exams normally range from two to two and a half hours long; most subjects are one paper only (i.e. they are taken in a single session), however, three subjects have two papers at higher level – Irish, Mathematics and Business Studies. Until 2017, the English examination also had two papers at higher level.", "Central Board of Secondary Education. CBSE conducts the final examinations for Class 10 and Class 12 every year in the month of March. The results are announced by the end of May.[2] The board earlier conducted the AIEEE Examination for admission to undergraduate courses in engineering and architecture in colleges across India. However the AIEEE exam was merged with the IIT-Joint Entrance Exam (JEE) in 2013. The common examination is now called JEE(Main).", "Academic term. Terms 1 and 2 are known as Semester 1, and terms 3 and 4 as Semester 2. The first year of Junior College begins in February[citation needed] to accommodate the release of the O level results.", "Joint Entrance Examination. As per the recent dates released by CBSE, JEE Mains 2018 (Offline Exam) will be conducted on 8th April 2018.", "Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced. From June 2005, The Hindu newspaper led a campaign for reforming the IIT-JEE to reduce the coaching mania and to improve the gender and socio-economic diversity.[7][8][9] Two possible solutions were proposed - either a convergence between the screening test and the All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE), or a two-tier examination whereby ranks from the first tier can be used for the purposes of gaining admission to the NITs and other engineering colleges in the country.", "Joint Entrance Examination – Main. The number of applicants taking the JEE Main has varied over the years. In 2016, fewer aspirants registered as compared to the previous three years as shown in the table below.1.3 million candidates appeared for JEE Main in 2014.[10] In 2016, JEE Main was conducted on 3 April 2016 (offline mode) and April 9 and April 10, 2016 (online mode).", "Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. · Paper 6: Elective Paper (100 Marks) (One to be chosen from the list of Elective Papers)", "Indian Engineering Services. Examination (Conventional Type Papers)", "Joint Entrance Examination. No Changes in JEE Main 2017 except that Board Marks will not be considered for normalisation and A.I.R will strictly be based on JEE Scores. As per the official changes made in Eligibility Criteria of JEE Advanced, 12th Marks will not matter for appearing in the exam.", "Civil Services Examination (India). The written examination consists of nine papers, two qualifying and seven rankings in nature. The range of questions may vary from just one mark to sixty marks, twenty words to 600 words answers. Candidates who pass qualifying papers are ranked according to marks and a selected number of candidates are called for interview or a personality test at the Commission's discretion.", "Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced. Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced (JEE-Advanced), formerly the Indian Institutes of Technology-Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE) is an annual engineering college entrance examination in India. It is conducted by one of the seven zonal IITs (IIT Roorkee, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, and IIT Guwhati ) under guidance of the Joint Admission Board(JAB). It is used as the sole admission test by the 23 Indian Institute of Technology (IITs). Other universities like the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISERs) and the premier Indian Institute of Science (IISc) also use the score obtained in JEE Advanced as the basis for admission. Any student who takes admission to IITs cannot appear for the JEE-Advanced exam in the next year, but the same is not the case with IISc, IISER, RGIPT and other institutes as these institutes only use JEE Advanced score for admission. The examination is organised each year by one of the various IITs, on a round robin rotation pattern. It has a very low admission rate (about 9,369 in 479,651 in 2012;which is around 1.95%)[1] The current admission rate in 2017 is around 0.92% in IITs (about 11,000 out of 1,200,000 who applied for JEE Main)[1]\n.It is recognised as one of the toughest examinations in the world and is one of the most difficult examinations of India to qualify." ]

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[ "Jemaine Clement. In 2016, Clement lent his voice to Tamatoa, a giant coconut crab, in the Disney animated film Moana, both in English, and the Maori dub. He based the character's voice on that of David Bowie.[17]", "Jemaine Clement. Jemaine Clement (born 10 January 1974) is a New Zealand singer, comedian, musician, actor, voice actor, director, and writer. With Bret McKenzie, as the comedy duo Flight of the Conchords, he has released several albums and created comedy series for both BBC and HBO. He has provided the voices for some animated film characters as well, including the cockatiel Nigel in Blue Sky's Rio and its sequel, and the giant crab Tamatoa in Disney's 2016 film Moana.", "Moana (soundtrack). Lin-Manuel Miranda and Jordan Fisher sing a duet on \"You're Welcome\", which plays over the end credits. The song as performed by Dwayne Johnson appears in the film.[17] Johnson's version of \"You're Welcome\" peaked at number 83 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week of December 17, 2016.[18] The soundtrack also features Jemaine Clement, who voices the coconut crab Tamatoa.[19]", "Moana (2016 film). Moana (/moʊˈɑːnə/) is a 2016 American 3D computer-animated musical fantasy-adventure film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 56th Disney animated feature film. Directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, co-directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams, the film introduces Auli'i Cravalho as Moana and features the voices of Dwayne Johnson, Rachel House, Temuera Morrison, Jemaine Clement, Nicole Scherzinger, and Alan Tudyk. The film features music written by Lin-Manuel Miranda, Opetaia Foa'i, and Mark Mancina.", "Mr. Krabs. Mr. Krabs' voice is provided by American actor Clancy Brown. Brown describes the voice he uses for the character as \"piratey,\" with \"a little Scottish brogue.\"[17] According to Brown, Krabs' voice was improvised during his audition and it was not challenging for him to find the correct voice.[17] Brown is fond of playing the role, having told the New York Post in 2015, \"I wouldn't mind doing [the voice] until the end of time. There's just no corollary in live-action work—television or films or anything—to playing a miserly crab on the bottom of the ocean.\"[18]", "Moana (2016 film). On October 25, 2016, at a press conference in Papeete, it was announced that the film will be the first motion picture to be fully dubbed in the Tahitian language.[44] This marks the third time Disney has released a special dubbing dedicated to the culture which inspired the film: the first case was The Lion King (1994), for which the directors travelled to South Africa to cast voice actors for a Zulu-dubbed version;[45] and the second case was Mulan (1998), which was the first Disney film to have a Mandarin Chinese dubbing made in China, separate from and independent of the version released in Taiwan.[46] In June 2017, a Māori-language dubbing of the movie was announced.[47] Rachel House, Jemaine Clement, Temuera Morrison and Oscar Kightley will reprise their respective roles in this version, which will be directed by Rachel House herself.[48][49]", "Samuel E. Wright. Wright has performed and recorded several songs for the Walt Disney animated film The Little Mermaid, as Sebastian the Crab, and is most known for the songs \"Under the Sea\", and \"Kiss the Girl\". He released a soul music record in 1973, \"There's Something Funny Going On\" b/w \"Three Hundred Pounds of Hungry\" on the Paramount label.", "Sohyang. In Disney's movie Moana, Sohyang voiced the protagonist in the Korean-dubbed version, for the singing parts.[3][4]", "Dee Bradley Baker. Starting with gigs on The Wild Thornberrys, he voiced an assortment of animal characters, which would become one of his specialties.[21] He voiced Pig George in the live-action animal film My Brother the Pig.[26] Baker has also been involved with television shows for younger children including: Dora the Explorer where he provided animal sounds;[27] Mickey Mouse Clubhouse where he voices Boo Boo Chicken;[28] Curious George where he voices Gnocchi;[29] My Friends Tigger & Pooh where he voices Buster the dog;[30] and Jake and the Neverland Pirates (airing on Disney Junior) where he voices Tick-Tock the crocodile.[21] In Avatar: The Last Airbender where he voiced the creatures Appa and Momo,[31] and would soon voice many other creatures in the series as well as its sequel, The Legend of Korra, where he voices Naga, Pabu, and Oogi. He voiced in the American Dragon: Jake Long[32] and Ben 10 series, the latter of which he voiced many alien creatures such as Stinkfly and Wildmutt, as well as some of the transformations.[21][33] He also voiced in the Ben 10 sequels such as Ben 10: Alien Force,[34] Ben 10: Ultimate Alien, and Ben 10: Omniverse, as well as its live-action adaptation.[21][35][36] Derrick J. Wyatt, who was the art director for Omniverse, noted that they had to allow other voice actors to do some of the aliens in the later series because Baker was doing almost all of them and some of the characters were putting a strain on his throat.[36] Outside of television, he provided the voice of Captain Jack Sparrow's talking parrot in the refurbished Pirates of the Caribbean rides at Disneyland and the Magic Kingdom.[9][37]", "Moana (2016 film). Taika Waititi wrote the initial screenplay.[18] The first draft focused on Moana as the sole daughter in a family with \"five or six brothers\",[19] in which gender played into the story. However, the brothers and gender-based theme were deleted from the story, as the directors thought Moana's journey should be about finding herself.[9] A subsequent draft presented Moana's father as the one who wanted to resume navigation, but it was rewritten to have him oppose navigation so he would not overshadow Moana.[9] Instead, Pamela Ribon came up with the idea of a grandmother character for the film,[20] who would serve as a mentor linking Moana to ancient traditions.[19] Another version focused on Moana rescuing her father, who had been lost at sea.[21] The film's story changed drastically during the development phase (which happens with most Disney films), and that idea ultimately survived only as a subtle element of the father's backstory.[21] Aaron and Jordan Kandell joined the project during a critical period to help deepen the emotional story architecture of the film. They are credited with developing the core relationship between Moana and Maui, the prologue, the Cave of the Wayfinders, the Kakamora, and the collector crab Tamatoa (played by Jemaine Clement).[22] Jared Bush received sole credit as the writer of the final version of the screenplay.", "How Far I'll Go. In November 2017, a Hawaiian-language dubbing was announced to be under way, with Auli'i Cravalho reprising her role as Moana.[14]", "Lori Alan. Alan voices Pearl the Whale on SpongeBob SquarePants, Sue Richards (the Invisible Woman) on Marvel Comics' The Fantastic Four, newsreader-turned-murderer Diane Simmons on Family Guy, and The Boss in the Metal Gear series. Lori has done voices in feature films: Monsters University, Toy Story 3, Despicable Me 2, WALL·E, Inside Out, and each movie in the SpongeBob SquarePants film series. She has also voiced roles for Henry Hugglemonster, Cow and Chicken, Animaniacs, and Futurama. Her work as The Boss was praised as the \"most amazing female character of gaming at the time\" according to Rizwan Anwer.[8] Her rendition of The Boss was also rated as one of the top 25 \"Greatest Acting Performances in Video Games\" by Complex.[9]", "Moana (2016 film). They are attacked by Kakamora—coconut-armored pirates—who seek to steal the heart, but Moana and Maui outwit them. Moana realises Maui is no longer a hero, and convinces him to redeem himself by returning the heart. Maui first needs to obtain his fishhook, which is located in Lalotai, the Realm of Monsters, and is in the possession of Tamatoa, a giant, greedy coconut crab. Moana enters Tamatoa's lair, using herself as live bait to distract him and allowing Maui to climb atop the crab and retrieve his fish hook. However, Maui discovers he cannot control his shapeshifting and loses self-confidence, revealing that his first tattoo was earned when his mortal parents rejected him. After reassurance from Moana, Maui teaches her the art of sailing and regains control of his powers.", "Dwayne Johnson. In 2016, Johnson co-starred with Kevin Hart in the action-comedy Central Intelligence and had a lead voice role in the Disney animated film Moana, in which he voiced the Polynesian demigod", "Moana (2016 film). In a post-credits scene, Tamatoa, stuck on his back, addresses the audience, knowing they would help if he was named Sebastian and sang in a Jamaican accent (making reference to The Little Mermaid).", "Don Novello. In 2001, he lent his voice to the character Vincenzo \"Vinny\" Santorini in the Disney animated film Atlantis: The Lost Empire, and subsequently in the direct-to-video sequel Atlantis: Milo's Return. In 2003, he filed papers to enter the 2003 California recall election, but failed to collect enough valid signatures to qualify for the ballot.", "Moana (2016 film). After directing The Princess and the Frog (2009), Clements and Musker started working on an adaptation of Terry Pratchett's Mort,[6] but problems with acquiring the necessary film rights prevented them from continuing with that project. To avoid a recurrence of that issue, they pitched three original ideas.[7] The genesis of one of those ideas (the one that was ultimately green-lighted) occurred in 2011, when Musker began reading up on Polynesian mythology, and learned of the heroic exploits of the demigod Māui. Intrigued with the rich culture of Polynesia, he felt it would be a suitable subject for an animated film. Shortly thereafter, Musker and Clements wrote a treatment and pitched it to John Lasseter, who recommended that both of them should go on research trips.[8][9] Accordingly, in 2012, Clements and Musker went on research trips to Fiji, Samoa, and Tahiti to meet the people of the South Pacific Ocean and learn about their culture.[10] At first, they had planned to make the film entirely about Maui, but their initial research trips inspired Clements to pitch a new idea focused on the young daughter of a chief.[11] They were fascinated to learn during their research that the people of Polynesia abruptly stopped making long-distance voyages about three thousand years ago, then resumed voyaging again a thousand years later, and no one really knows why. They set the film at the end of that era, about two thousand years ago, on a fictional island in the central Pacific Ocean, which drew inspiration from elements of the real-life island nations of Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga.[12]", "Ron Taylor (actor). Taylor had numerous television roles. He voiced jazz musician \"Bleeding Gums\" Murphy on The Simpsons, appearing in the first season episode \"Moaning Lisa\" (1990) and returning for the character's death in the season six episode \"'Round Springfield\" (1995).[1][23] He was one of the first people to guest star on the show.[24] Taylor was supposed to reprise his role in the season two episode \"Dancin' Homer\", but was in New York and unable to record his part.[10] Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club said the role gave Taylor \"television immortality\".[25] He also reprised the role on a recording of Billie Holiday's song \"God Bless the Child\" on the 1990 The Simpsons' album The Simpsons Sing the Blues.[26] He appeared as a Klingon chef in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine,[6] and played wrestling instructor Coach Wingate in Twin Peaks.[25] Other television roles included guest spots on NYPD Blue, ER, Profiler, Family Matters, Home Improvement and Ally McBeal.[1][3][5][9][10][27] Taylor also had a recurring part in the 2000 series City of Angels,[1] and played a blues singer in a two-part episode of Matlock, a role that was written for him.[10] He also appeared in more than 20 films. These included Trading Places, Amos & Andrew, A Rage in Harlem (as Hank),[10] The Mighty Quinn and Rush Hour 2.[1][5][9]", "Moana (2016 film). Moana is Clements and Musker's first fully computer-animated film.[10][26] One of the reasons for using computer animation was that the environment, including the ocean, benefited much more from the use of CGI as opposed to traditional animation.[27] The filmmakers have also suggested that three-dimensional computer animation is well-suited to the \"beautiful sculpturing\" of the faces of the people of the South Pacific.[28] Eric Goldberg worked on the hand-drawn animation used to depict Maui's sentient tattoos.[29][30] During early development, the filmmakers considered the possibility of making the film with hand-drawn traditional animation, but only a few early animation tests were made in that style. In the final cut, only Maui's tattoos are hand-drawn.[31]", "Jimmy Buffett. In addition, Buffett has made several cameo appearances, including in Repo Man, Hook, Cobb, Hoot, Congo, and From the Earth to the Moon. He also made cameo appearances as himself in Rancho Deluxe (for which he also wrote the music) and in FM.[29] He made a guest appearance in the season two of Hawaii Five-0 on CBS in 2011. Buffett reportedly was offered a cameo role in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, but declined the offer.[30] In 1997, Buffett collaborated with novelist Herman Wouk on a musical production based on Wouk's 1965 novel Don't Stop the Carnival. In the South Park episode \"Tonsil Trouble\", an animated version of Buffett (but not voiced by Buffett) was seen singing \"AIDSburger in Paradise\" and \"CureBurger in Paradise\". Jimmy has also appeared on the Sesame Street special, Elmopalooza, singing \"Caribbean Amphibian\" with the popular Muppet, Kermit the Frog. Buffett appeared in an episode of Hawaii Five-0 in November 2011. He played a helicopter pilot named Frank Bama, a character from his novel Where Is Joe Merchant?. Another character mentioned that he preferred \"margaritas\"; Buffett's character replied, \"Can't argue with you there.\" He reprised the role with a brief cameo visiting McGarret on the March 30, 2018 episode \"E Ho'oko Kuleana\".", "Thurl Ravenscroft. Ravenscroft did some voice-over work and singing for Disney in both the films and the attractions at Disneyland (which were later featured at Walt Disney World). The best known of these attractions are Haunted Mansion as a singing bust, Country Bear Jamboree, Mark Twain Riverboat, Pirates of the Caribbean, Disneyland Railroad, and Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room as \"Fritz\". His voice acting career began in 1940 and lasted until his death in 2005 at age 91.[2]", "Hōkūleʻa. Navigator and Captain: Chad Baybayan; Co-assistant navigators: Moana Doi, PiÊ»ikea Miller; Watch Captains: \"Snake\" Ah Hee, \"Tava\" Taupu, Michael Tongg; Medical Officer: Mel Paoa; Fisherman and Teacher: Nainoa Thompson; Cook: Gary Yuen; Crew: Clyde Aikau, Sam Pautu, Mau Piailug, Sesario Sewralur, Gary Suzuki[71][72][72][73]", "How Far I'll Go. American actress and singer Auli'i Cravalho, the voice of Moana, recorded \"How Far I'll Go\" for Moana and the Moana soundtrack. It was released along with the album on November 18, 2016.", "Moana (soundtrack). Moana: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the 2016 Disney animated film Moana. The soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on November 19, 2016. It features songs written by Lin-Manuel Miranda, Mark Mancina and Opetaia Foa'i, with lyrics in English, Samoan, Tokelauan, and Tuvalu. The two-disc deluxe edition includes the score, which was composed by Mancina, as well as demos, outtakes and instrumental karaoke tracks.", "Alan Tudyk. Tudyk voiced the Duke of Weselton in Disney's 2013 film Frozen. In 2014, he voiced Alistair Krei in Disney's Big Hero 6, and in 2016 he voiced Duke Weaselton and Hei Hei in Disney's Zootopia and Moana, respectively. That same year, he played the droid K-2SO in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story.", "Jordan Fisher. In 2015, Fisher joined Disney Channel Circle of Stars for a remake of the song \"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?\" from the film Frozen.[7] For his role on Liv and Maddie, he sang both a duet and ballad version of the song \"True Love\", which appeared on the show's soundtrack in 2015.[19] He contributed two tracks, \"Fallin' For Ya\" and \"Wanna Be With You\", along with vocals on three others, to the Teen Beach 2 soundtrack, released in 2015.[10] He is also featured on Olivia Holt's self-titled debut EP on \"Thin Air\". On March 13, 2016, he sang the national anthem before the NASCAR Good Sam 500 stock car race at the Phoenix International Raceway in Avondale, Arizona.[17] At the 2016 Apple Music Festival in London, Fisher opened for Alicia Keys.[20][21] Fisher is featured alongside Lin-Manuel Miranda on \"You're Welcome\", an end-credits song for the 2016 animated Disney film Moana.[22] In July 2016, he was picked as Elvis Duran's Artist of the Month and was featured on NBC's Today show hosted by Kathie Lee Gifford and Hoda Kotb and broadcast nationally where he performed live his single \"All About Us\". He covered the song \"I'd Love to Change the World\" (originally recorded by Ten Years After in 1971) for the 2017 ABC miniseries When We Rise.[23] Fisher has performed at numerous WE Day concerts across the United States, to benefit WE Charity.[24][25]", "Moana (2016 film). In India, popular music composer Bappi Lahiri (who is known to be India's \"gold-man\") voiced the character of Tamatoa in the Hindi-dubbed version of the film; mostly because in reality, he too, similar to Tamatoa, has an immense love and fondness for gold.[50][51] In Russia, Tamatoa was voiced by a popular singer, Ilya Lagutenko, who performed Tamatoa's song with his distinctive soft \"meowing\" intonations.[52]", "Tia Carrere. From 1999 to 2002, Carrere starred as archeology professor Sydney Fox in Relic Hunter, a syndicated action-adventure series strongly reminiscent of the Indiana Jones and Tomb Raider films and video games. At this time, Carrere was featured in men's magazine Maxim. Relic Hunter lasted for a total of three contracted television seasons. Carrere then provided the voice of Lilo's sister Nani in the animated film Lilo & Stitch (2002) and its spinoffs, as well as the voice of Queen Tyr'ahnee from the 2003 Duck Dodgers animated series. She also provided the voice of Snookie in the 2005 animated film Aloha, Scooby-Doo!.[5]", "Sebastian (Disney). Sebastian is an animated anthropomorphic crab[1] in Disney's The Little Mermaid film franchise. He is an anthropomorphic crab from the Caribbean island of Jamaica and a servant of King Triton. Apart from his role in the film trilogy, Sebastian features in the animated series, in the Kingdom Hearts series of video games, and even has music albums based on him.", "Fifth Harmony. During the final round of bootcamp, Hansen sang \"Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)\" by Kelly Clarkson with another contestant. She forgot part of the song throughout the performance.[118] Hansen was eliminated as a solo performer, but was later brought back into the competition to form Fifth Harmony. In 2015, Hansen auditioned for the role of the main character in the then-upcoming animated film Moana; the role eventually went to Auli'i Cravalho.[119]", "James Earl Jones. In 1990, Jones performed voice work for The Simpsons first \"Treehouse of Horror\" Halloween special, in which he was the narrator for the Simpsons' version of Edgar Allan Poe's poem \"The Raven\". In 1992, Jones was often seen as the host on the video monitor at SeaWorld Orlando, in Florida, US.[citation needed] He also voiced the Emperor of the Night in Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night and Ommadon in Flight of Dragons. In 1996, he recited the classic baseball poem \"Casey at the Bat\" with the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra,[39] and in 2007 before a Philadelphia Phillies home game on June 1, 2007.[40]", "How Far I'll Go. In June 2017, a Māori-language version of the movie, featuring four voice-actors from the original English cast, was announced.[12] Three weeks later, New Zealander Jaedyn Randell was introduced as Moana's singing voice. The movie was released in September 2017.[13]" ]

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[ "Yes! We Have No Bananas. Frank Silver explained the origin of the song to TIME Magazine: \"I am an American, of Jewish ancestry, with a wife and a young son. About a year ago my little orchestra was playing at a Long Island hotel. To and from the hotel I was wont to stop at a fruit stand owned by a Greek, who began every sentence with 'Yess.' The jingle of his idiom haunted me and my friend Cohn. Finally I wrote this verse and Cohn fitted it with a tune.\"[2]", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. In the 1970s, Harry Chapin used this phrase in the chorus to his song \"30,000 Pounds of Bananas\".", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song was the theme of the outdoor relief protests in Belfast in 1932. These were a unique example of Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland protesting together, and the song was used because it was one of the few non-sectarian songs that both communities knew. The song lent its title to a book about the depression in Belfast.[3]", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. \"Yes! We Have No Bananas\" is a novelty song by Frank Silver and Irving Cohn published July 19, 1923. It became a major hit in 1923 (placing No. 1 for five weeks)[1] when it was recorded by Billy Jones, Arthur Hall, Irving Kaufman, and others. It was covered later by Benny Goodman and his Orchestra, Spike Jones & His City Slickers, and many more. It also inspired a follow-up song, \"I've Got the Yes! We Have No Bananas Blues\", recorded by Billy Jones and others in 1923.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song was the subject of a column by Sigmund Spaeth, who suggested that the melody could have been derived from a combination of parts of other songs, including the Hallelujah Chorus from Messiah by Handel, \"My Bonnie Lies Over The Ocean\", \"I Dreamt I Dwelt in Marble Halls\", \"Aunt Dinah's Quilting Party\", and Cole Porter's \"An Old-Fashioned Garden\".", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song was often used by singer and comedian Jimmy Durante on The Jimmy Durante Show in the 1950s and 1960s.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song was mentioned in the film Only Angels Have Wings (1939) and played on a wind-up record player by Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina (1954).", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song appeared in the popular Archie Comics.[when?][citation needed]", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song is referenced several times in Tender is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. In the Mel Brooks film Dracula: Dead and Loving It (1995), comic homage is paid to the song when Harvey Korman responds to a question from Mel Brooks saying, \"Yes, we have Nosferatu! We have Nosferatu today!\"", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song was parodied more than once on The Muppet Show, sung by various anthropomorphic fruits and vegetables and at one point The Swedish Chef.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song was used as a leitmotif in The Comic (1969), often to underscore serious moments in the life of the film's protagonist (played by Dick Van Dyke).", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. A snippet is also sung by Craig Sheffer's character in A River Runs Through It (1992)", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. In the musical film Luxury Liner (1948), the Pied Pipers performed the song.[5]", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. Replacing the original lyrics with the appropriate melodic phrases, you get:", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The term has been resurrected on many occasions, including during rationing in the United Kingdom in World War II, when the British government banned imports of bananas for five years. Shop owners put signs stating \"Yes, we have no bananas\" in their shop windows in keeping with the war spirit.[citation needed]", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. In The Simpsons episode \"Bart's Girlfriend\" (November 6, 1994), Homer briefly sings, and then laments, the song.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. More recently, the phrase was used in 2006, when Cyclone Larry destroyed a large portion of Australia's banana crop, leading to a shortage for most of the year.[citation needed]", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. In The English Patient (1996), a few verses are sung as a joke.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. Hallelujah, Bananas! Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me\nI dreamt that I dwelt in marble halls—the kind that you seldom see\nI was seeing Nellie home, to an old-fashioned garden: but,\nHallelujah, Bananas! Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me![4]", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. A German version, \"Ausgerechnet Bananen\", was featured in Billy Wilder's slapstick comedy One, Two, Three (1961), played by an over-the-hill dance band at a drab East Berlin hotel bar.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. In The Brady Bunch episode \"Never Too Young\", Greg, Marcia and Jan are looking through a record collection as they prep for a Roaring Twenties party. Jan reads the title of the record, finding it groovy and far out. She remarks, \"Today that sounds more like a group instead of a song\".", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. Spaeth subsequently repeated his argument as an expert witness.[citation needed]", "Banana. Now I don't think much of the man that throws a banana peelin' on the sidewalk, and I don't think much of the banana peel that throws a man on the sidewalk neither ... my foot hit the bananer peelin' and I went up in the air, and I come down ker-plunk, jist as I was pickin' myself up a little boy come runnin' across the street ... he says, \"Oh mister, won't you please do that agin? My little brother didn't see you do it.\"", "Urban legends about drugs. Originating from a recipe originally published as a hoax in the Berkeley Barb in March 1967,[15] variants of this legend often circulate on the Internet and were popular on BBSs well before the widespread availability of Internet access through William Powell's \"The Anarchist Cookbook.\" This book claimed \"Musa sapientum Bananadine\" was a mild psychoactive drug found in banana peels. The slang terms \"mellow yellow\" and \"saffron\" (for the color of the peels) were borrowed from the 1966 Donovan song, \"Mellow Yellow,\" perhaps because the phrase \"electrical banana\" is mentioned in one of the lines. According to The Rolling Stone Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock and Roll, Donovan claimed he was actually referring to a banana-shaped vibrator.[16] The song itself, despite its \"psychedelic\" feel, was written about Donovan's bout with hepatitis (which causes jaundice).[citation needed]", "The Banana Splits. The show’s theme song, titled \"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)\", was credited as being written by Ritchie Adams and Mark Barkan; Adams and Barkan were music directors for the show. The song was released as a single, attributed to The Banana Splits, and peaked at number 96 on Billboard's Top 100 in February 1969.[9] The version included on the We're The Banana Splits album is the same recording heard at the beginning of the show, while the single version is an entirely different arrangement and recording of the song, featuring an additional verse.", "Holiday in Cambodia. The re-recording of this song that appears on Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables is different from the single version, being fifty-five seconds longer, at a higher tempo and featuring an extended, surf-influenced intro, as well as an extended bridge and guitar solo. While the original lyrics include the satirically quoted word \"niggers\", subsequent performances by the reformed Dead Kennedys (post-2001, without vocalist Jello Biafra) and various other artists who have recorded the song over the years have omitted it substituting other words in its place. In performances over the years with other groups, Biafra has often used \"blacks\".[citation needed] The song also mentions the Dr. Seuss short story \"The Sneetches\".", "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song). The song originated as a Jamaican folk song. It was thought to be sung by Jamaican banana workers, with a repeated melody and refrain (call and response); to each set lyric, the workers made a response. There were numerous versions of lyrics, some likely improvised on the spot by the singers. The song was probably created around the second half of the nineteenth century or the first half of twentieth century, where there was a rise of the banana trade in Jamaica.", "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye. In February 1983, UK girl group Bananarama released the song as a single from their album Deep Sea Skiving. This version became a top ten hit in the United Kingdom (#5), but only a minor hit in the US (Billboard #101) later that year.[citation needed]", "Banana republic. In the book Canto General (General Song, 1950), the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda (1904–73) denounced foreign multinational corporate political dominance of Latin American countries with the four-stanza poem \"La United Fruit Co.\"; the second-stanza excerpts read:[19]", "I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts. The song appeared in I Could Go On Singing (1963), Judy Garland's last film. A portion of the song also appeared in Disney's 1994 The Lion King (sung by Rowan Atkinson). Nicolas Cage also sang part of this song in National Treasure: Book of Secrets. Ringo Starr sang an impromptu version of the song in Magical Mystery Tour, The Beatles' TV special broadcast by the BBC on 26 December 1967.[5] Also, actors Hayden Rorke and Bill Daily performed a few lines of the song on ukulele in the 1969 I Dream of Jeannie episode \"Uncles a Go-Go. In the first episode of the 1977 sitcom Mind Your Language it is mentioned that a professor went crazy and sang this song.[citation needed]", "Sí se puede. After AeroMexico, a Mexican airline, had filed a trademark application for \"Sí se puede\" with the US Trademark Office, lawyers for the United Farm Workers defended the phrase as the intellectual property of the UFW. After litigation, AeroMexico agreed not to use the phrase and abandoned its trademark application.[1] \"Yes, We Can\" was also used as a slogan by Air Canada commercials in the 1980s. \"And since Canada is our home, We can show you a Canada you've never known Yes we can, Air Canada, yes—we—can!\".[original research?]" ]

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[ "Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series). Last Man Standing first appeared on ABC's development slate in late 2010 when writer Jack Burditt received a put pilot commitment from the network under the original title Man Up.[8] In January 2011, ABC green-lighted production of a pilot episode under the title Last Days of Man.[9][10] On February 18, Tim Allen, who had been attached to the potential series from the beginning, officially joined the project in the lead role.[11][12][13] At the end of March, Nancy Travis joined the cast in the leading female role as Allen's \"smart and loving wife who doesn't miss much\".[14][15][16] Soon thereafter, Héctor Elizondo came on board in a supporting role as the boss to Allen's character.[17]", "Amanda Fuller. Amanda Marie Fuller (born August 27, 1984) is an American television and film actress.[1] She is best known for portraying Kristin Baxter on FOX's Last Man Standing.", "Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series). On July 2, Fox announced that, in addition to Allen, series regulars Nancy Travis, Amanda Fuller, Hector Elizondo, Christoph Sanders, Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams have all signed on to appear in the season 7 reboot. Molly Ephraim and Flynn Morrison both opted not to return for the new season.[60] Their roles (\"Mandy\" and \"Boyd\", respectively) will be recast ahead of the new season. Kaitlyn Dever, who recently signed on to play a lead role in the 2019 Netflix miniseries Unbelieveable, is in negotiations to return as \"Eve\" in a recurring role.[61] On August 6, 2018, it was announced that Molly McCook and Jet Jurgensmeyer would be taking over the roles of \"Mandy\" and \"Boyd\", respectively.[5]", "Nancy Travis. In 2011, Travis was cast in the ABC sitcom Last Man Standing opposite Tim Allen.[12][13] Travis also appeared in The CW medical drama series Hart of Dixie as Emmeline 'Mrs. H' Hattenbarger.[14]", "List of Last Man Standing episodes. Last Man Standing is an American sitcom that premiered on ABC on October 11, 2011.[1] Created by Jack Burditt, the series stars Tim Allen as Mike Baxter, a director of marketing at an outdoor sporting goods store in Colorado, whose home life and world is dominated by women: his wife Vanessa (Nancy Travis) and their three daughters Eve (Kaitlyn Dever), Mandy (Molly Ephraim), and Kristin (Alexandra Krosney for season 1 and Amanda Fuller for the remaining seasons). Héctor Elizondo also stars as Ed Alzate, Mike's boss at his sporting goods store \"Outdoor Man\", while Christoph Sanders appears as Kyle Anderson, a young employee of Outdoor Man.", "Nancy Travis. Nancy Ann Travis (born September 21, 1961) is an American actress. She is known for her roles in the films Three Men and a Baby (1987) and its sequel, Three Men and a Little Lady (1990), Air America (1990), Internal Affairs (1990), So I Married an Axe Murderer (1993), Greedy (1994), and Fluke (1995). She also starred as Vanessa Baxter in the ABC sitcom Last Man Standing (2011-17).", "Molly Ephraim. Ephraim appeared as a series regular in the role of Mandy Baxter, one of Tim Allen's character's daughter, in the ABC sitcom Last Man Standing, which premiered on October 11, 2011 and originally ended in March 2017, canceled after six seasons.[12] After the series was revived by Fox in May 2018, she opted not to return to the show's seventh season.[13]", "List of Last Man Standing episodes. On May 10, 2015, Last Man Standing was renewed for a fifth season.[107] At the start of this season, a different cast member narrating that the series is recorded in front of a live studio audience at the start of each episode is discontinued. Jay Leno guest starred as Joe Leonard, a mechanic in the episodes \"The Road Less Driven\", \"Mike and the Mechanics\" and the season finale \"The Shortcut\".[108][109][110][111] Patricia Richardson reprised her role as Helen Potts in the episode \"Tanks for the Memories\".[112] Bill Engvall guest starred in the episode \"The Marriage Doctor\", reuniting with his Bill Engvall Show co-star Nancy Travis.[113]", "Barbara Hershey. Hershey co-starred with Joe Pesci as a nightclub owner in the film drama The Public Eye (1992) and as the estranged wife of homicidal Michael Douglas in the thriller Falling Down (1993). Among the other feature films in which she appeared during the 1990s was Jane Campion's adaptation of the Henry James novel The Portrait of a Lady (1996). Hershey earned an Oscar nomination[41] and won the Best Supporting Actress award from the National Society of Film Critics for her role as Madame Serena Merle in that picture.[42] In 1995, Last of the Dogmen, co-starring Tom Berenger, was released through Savoy Pictures. In 1999, Hershey starred in an independent film called Drowning on Dry Land; during production she met co-star Naveen Andrews, with whom she began a romantic relationship that lasted until 2010.[43]", "Molly Ephraim. She is best known for her role as Mandy Baxter in the ABC sitcom Last Man Standing during its original run (2011–2017). Ephraim has also appeared in a number of other TV series including Brockmire (2017), Halt and Catch Fire (TV series) (2017), and Casual (TV series) (2018).", "Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series). The series follows Mike Baxter, a senior executive and director of marketing for an outdoor sporting goods store chain based in Denver, Colorado, whose world is filled with his wife, three daughters, grandson, and the young men married to or dating his daughters.", "Nancy Hower. Nancy began her professional acting career playing the role of Andrea in The Years at the Manhattan Theatre Club in 1993. Nancy has also been in several on and off-Broadway stage productions throughout her distinguished career. In 1994, she made her film debut with a supporting role in the comedy film Insomnia. In 1998, she appeared in the 1998 airline disaster film Blackout Effect. Her other film work includes a role in the short independent film Tunnel Vision also in 1998. In 1999, she was cast as FBI Agent Green in the sci-fi movie The Last Man On Planet Earth. Also that year, Nancy also had a role in Standing On Fishes, and although her name appears in the end credits of this movie, her role was cut from the final version of the film. She has also had guest-starring roles on such popular television series as Suddenly Susan and The Sentinel.", "List of Last Man Standing episodes. Bill McKendree (Richard Karn), an architect that has worked with Mike and Outdoor Man for years, is bidding on the construction of a new Outdoor Man mall store. Bill assumes the bid is a formality, but Ed feels that an attractive young female architect, Alyssa (Jackie Seiden), is more qualified. Mike assumes that Ed only wants to hire Alyssa for her looks, but Vanessa convinces him to view the bids \"blindly\" and determine who really is best for the job. After a colleague at her job passes away, Vanessa gets that person's job over an equally qualified but \"plain\" looking candidate, and she questions whether she got the job based on her looks. After Mandy takes all the drawers in their bathroom for herself, Eve hides all of Mandy's makeup, forcing her to go to school without wearing any.", "Jessy Schram. In 2012, she starred in ABC military drama series Last Resort. She played the wife of a naval officer, played by Scott Speedman. The series lasted for 13 episodes.[8]", "Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series). Last Man Standing is an American television sitcom starring Tim Allen as a senior employee of a sporting goods store in Denver, Colorado, who is a married father of three daughters. The series includes his interactions with family, neighbors, and coworkers.", "List of Last Man Standing episodes. On May 11, 2012, ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a second season.[23] Beginning this season, Amanda Fuller now plays Kristin, replacing Alexandra Krosney.[24] Flynn Morrison was also added to the main cast as an age-advanced Boyd, replacing twins Evan and Luke Kruntchev.[25] Jordan Masterson recurs as Ryan, Boyd's father, replacing Nick Jonas, who guest starred in one episode in the previous season.[26] The second season initially received a thirteen-episode order, but ABC announced on November 12, 2012 that an additional three scripts had been ordered.[27] The episode order was then extended to five additional episodes, bringing the current total to eighteen for the season.[28] Tim Allen's former Home Improvement co-star Richard Karn guest starred in the episode \"Attractive Architect\", playing the character Bill McKendree.[29][30] Karn reprised his role again in the episode \"The Fight\".[31] Jonathan Taylor Thomas, another Home Improvement co-star of Allen's, guest starred in the season finale, \"College Girl\", as the character John Baker.[32][33]", "Jeri Ryan. Ryan appeared in the romantic comedy film Down with Love[7] and as Lydia in the independent film Men Cry Bullets.[8] Ryan's first film lead was in the indie comedy The Last Man, as the last woman left on Earth.[9] The film was released by Lions Gate Entertainment.", "Kaitlyn Dever. Kaitlyn Dever (/ˈdiːvər/; born December 21, 1996)[1][2] is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Gwen Thompson in An American Girl: Chrissa Stands Strong, Loretta McCready in Justified, Eve Baxter in Last Man Standing, and Jayden Cole in Short Term 12.", "List of Last Man Standing episodes. On May 10, 2014, ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a fourth season,[81] which premiered on October 3, 2014. Both Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams were promoted to the main cast this season, however they are only credited in the opening credits for episodes they appear in. Patricia Richardson, Tim Allen's former Home Improvement co-star, guest starred in the episode \"Helen Potts\", playing the episode's titular character.[82] Richardson is the third Home Improvement cast member to guest star on Last Man Standing after both Richard Karn and Jonathan Taylor Thomas guest starred previously.[83] Thomas also made a cameo appearance at the end of the \"Helen Potts\" episode, not as John Baker (the character he previously played on Last Man Standing), but as Helen's son Randy, a reference to his character from Home Improvement.[84] On April 3, 2015, Allen and Héctor Elizondo guest starred on the fellow ABC sitcom Cristela as their Last Man Standing characters in the episode \"Last Goose Standing\", which aired after \"Restaurant Opening\".[85]", "Gal Gadot. Also in 2016, she had a small role in John Hillcoat's crime-thriller Triple 9, where she starred along with Kate Winslet and Aaron Paul.[34] Later that year, she co-starred in the thriller film Criminal, as the wife of Ryan Reynolds' character,[35] alongside Kevin Costner, Gary Oldman, and Tommy Lee Jones.[36] Her final film of 2016 was the comedy Keeping Up with the Joneses, in which she played a secret agent, alongside Isla Fisher and Jon Hamm.[37]", "Mary Steenburgen. From 2015 to 2018, she starred as Gail Klosterman on the comedy series The Last Man on Earth.", "Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series). Several notable guest stars have appeared throughout the series, including appearances made from cast members of Tim Allen's previous series, Home Improvement. (Episode numbers in parentheses)", "Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series). On June 11, 2012, Tim Doyle was hired as the new showrunner of the series. Doyle was the third showrunner that the series had had since it entered production. Doyle replaced Kevin Abbott, who joined the staff as the showrunner mid-way in the first season. Abbott replaced series creator Jack Burditt, who was the showrunner for the first thirteen episodes. Unlike Burditt, who is no longer credited as an executive producer, Abbott continued to serve as an executive producer while showrunning the fellow ABC sitcom Malibu Country starring Reba McEntire. Both Last Man Standing and Malibu Country aired as a part of ABC's Friday night lineup for the 2012–2013 primetime television season.[25] On November 8, 2012, Abbott re-joined the Last Man Standing crew full-time, after a stint in rehab, and gave Nastaran Dibai full showrunning duties of Malibu Country.[26]", "Cleopatra Coleman. In 2014, Coleman was cast as a regular cast member in the Fox comedy series The Last Man on Earth. She plays the role of Erica.[2]", "Kaitlyn Dever. Dever's first notable acting role was as Gwen Thompson in the American Girl film An American Girl: Chrissa Stands Strong (2009). In 2011, she was cast in a recurring role as Loretta McCready in the FX series Justified, during the show's second season. That same year, she was cast as a series regular in the ABC sitcom Last Man Standing, starring with Tim Allen.[4]", "Lindsay Wagner. Prior to being married, Wagner lived with Captain Daniel M. Yoder (USAF) until he went to Vietnam. She has been married four times. From 1971 to 1973, she was married to music publisher Allan Rider. From 1976 to 1979, she was married to actor Michael Brandon. In 1981, she married stuntman Henry Kingi, whom she met on the set of The Bionic Woman. Wagner had two sons with Kingi, Dorian (b. 1982) and Alex (b. 1986), but the couple divorced in 1984. Wagner then married TV producer Lawrence Mortorff in 1990, but they, too, divorced a few years later.", "Jane Wyatt. Other film appearances included Gentleman's Agreement with Gregory Peck, None but the Lonely Heart with Cary Grant, Boomerang with Dana Andrews, and Our Very Own with Farley Granger. Wyatt co-starred in the crime dramas Pitfall and House by the River, and with Randolph Scott in a Western, Canadian Pacific. She played the wife of Gary Cooper in the war story Task Force.", "Alexandra Daddario. In 2014, Daddario had a short role in the first season of the HBO anthology series True Detective.[16] She appeared in a four-episode arc as Lisa Tragnetti, a court reporter having an extramarital affair with Woody Harrelson's character - a role which involved full-frontal nudity.[17] The following year, she had a lead role as Blake Gaines in the disaster film San Andreas, alongside Dwayne Johnson.[18] Also in 2015, Daddario made a cameo appearance in the pilot of the Fox comedy series The Last Man on Earth created by and starring Will Forte.[19] That same year, she guest starred in the fifth season of the FX anthology series American Horror Story, portraying a fictionalized version of designer Natacha Rambova.[20]", "Hart of Dixie. On May 20, 2011, it was announced that Nancy Travis would not continue with the series due to her commitments with the 20th Century Fox-produced ABC sitcom Last Man Standing.[23] Travis was written out after the first two episodes.[24] Meredith Monroe appeared in one episode as Lemon's estranged mother.[25] JoBeth Williams appeared in three episodes as Candice Hart, the mother of Bilson's character. On July 26, 2013, it was announced that Kaitlyn Black was upgraded to series regular status for season three.[26]", "Kristen Schaal. In 2014, Schaal co-starred alongside Casey Wilson, Danielle Schneider, Tymberlee Hill, Andrea Savage, and Angela Kinsey in the first season of the Hulu original series The Hotwives of Orlando. She is currently co-starring alongside Will Forte in the FOX comedy The Last Man on Earth, which premiered on March 1, 2015.", "Tess Harper. Harper had a regular role on the CBS series Christy, from 1994-95. Her roles have frequently been that of a Southern lady, although she had worked to lose her Arkansas accent. She also had a recurring role on another CBS television series, Early Edition, from 1996 to 2000. She portrayed the mother of lead character Gary Hobsen. Harper shared a Screen Actors Guild Award (in the Best Ensemble Cast category) with her fellow cast members in the Oscar-winning film No Country for Old Men, in which she played the wife of Tommy Lee Jones.", "Cleopatra Coleman. Cleopatra Coleman (born 29 October 1987) is an Australian actress who lives in Los Angeles, California. She is best known for playing Erica on the American comedy series The Last Man on Earth." ]

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[ "Tanzania. Tanzania (/ˌtænzəˈniːə/),[13] officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a sovereign state in eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south; and the Indian Ocean to the east. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in north-eastern Tanzania.", "Tanzania. At 947,303 square kilometres (365,756 sq mi),[6] Tanzania is the 13th largest country in Africa and the 31st largest in the world, ranked between the larger Egypt and smaller Nigeria.[51] It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. Tanzania is located on the eastern coast of Africa and has an Indian Ocean coastline approximately 1,424 kilometres (885 mi) long.[52] It also incorporates several offshore islands, including Unguja (Zanzibar), Pemba, and Mafia.[53]:page 1245 The country is the site of Africa's highest and lowest points: Mount Kilimanjaro, at 5,895 metres (19,341 ft) above sea level, and the floor of Lake Tanganyika, at 352 metres (1,155 ft) below sea level, respectively.[53]:page 1245", "Tanzania. Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro is located. Three of Africa's Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africa's largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the continent's deepest lake, known for its unique species of fish. To the southwest lies Lake Nyasa. Central Tanzania is a large plateau, with plains and arable land. The eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore.", "Tanzania. The population distribution in Tanzania is uneven. Most people live on the northern border or the eastern coast, with much of the remainder of the country being sparsely populated.[53]:page 1252 Density varies from 12 per square kilometre (31/sq mi) in the Katavi Region to 3,133 per square kilometre (8,110/sq mi) in the Dar es Salaam Region.[8]:page 6", "Tanzania. As of 2016, Tanzania is divided into thirty-one regions. regions (mkoa),[76][77] twenty-six on the mainland and five in Zanzibar (three on Unguja, two on Pemba).[78] In 2012, the thirty former regions were divided into 169 districts (wilaya), also known as local government authorities. Of those districts, 34 were urban units, which were further classified as three city councils (Arusha, Mbeya, and Mwanza), nineteen municipal councils, and twelve town councils.[8]", "Tanzania. Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the north-east, where Mount Kilimanjaro is located. Three of Africa's Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africa's largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the continent's deepest lake, known for its unique species of fish. The eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore. The Kalambo water falls in the southwestern region of Rukwa are the second highest uninterrupted fall in Africa and are located near the south-eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika on the border with Zambia.[20] The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar's largest marine protected area.", "Tanzania. Tanzania is a member of the East African Community (EAC), along with Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, and Burundi.[91] According to the East African Common Market Protocol of 2010, the free trade and free movement of people is guaranteed, including the right to reside in another member country for purposes of employment.[53]:page 1250[92][93] This protocol, however, has not been implemented because of work permit and other bureaucratic, legal, and financial obstacles.[94]", "Politics of Tanzania. For administrative purposes, Tanzania is divided into 31 regions—26 in the mainland, 3 on Zanzibar, and 2 on Pemba. Ninety-nine districts have been created to further increase local authority. These districts are also now referred to as local government authorities. Currently there are 114 councils operating in 99 districts, 22 are urban and 92 are rural. The 22 urban units are classified further as city (Dar es Salaam and Mwanza), municipal (Arusha, Bukoba, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma-Ujiji, Lindi, Moshi, Mbeya, Morogoro, Musoma, Mtwara-Mikindani, Singida, Shinyanga, Tabora, and Tanga), and town councils.", "Tanzania. Approximately 70 percent of the population is rural, although this percentage has been declining since at least 1967.[137] Dar es Salaam (population 4,364,541)[138] is the largest city and commercial capital. Dodoma (population 410,956)[138] is located in the centre of Tanzania, is the capital of the country, and hosts the National Assembly.", "Tanzania. The United Nations estimated Tanzania's 2016 population at 55.57 million.[7] The population is composed of several ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. Tanzania is a presidential constitutional republic and since 1996 its official capital city has been Dodoma where the president's office, the National Assembly, and some government ministries are located.[17] Dar es Salaam, the former capital, retains most government offices and is the country's largest city, principal port, and leading commercial centre.[16][18][19] Tanzania is a de facto one-party state with the democratic socialist Chama Cha Mapinduzi party in power.", "Tanzania. Tanzania is also a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC).[95] The EAC, the SADC, and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa agreed in June 2011 to negotiate the creation of a Tripartite Free Trade Area spanning 26 African countries, with a goal to complete the first phase of negotiations within 36 months.[96]", "Tanzania. The name \"Tanzania\" was created as a clipped compound of the names of the two states that unified to create the country: Tanganyika and Zanzibar.[24]", "Tanzania. Tanzania is highly biodiverse and contains a wide variety of animal habitats.[59] On Tanzania's Serengeti plain, white-bearded wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi) and other bovids participate in a large-scale annual migration. Tanzania is home to about 130 amphibian and over 275 reptile species, many of them strictly endemic and included in the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red Lists of countries.[60]", "Regions of Tanzania. Tanzania is divided into thirty-one regions, or \"mikoa\".[1]", "Tanzania. Coordinates: 6°18′25″S 34°51′14″E / 6.307°S 34.854°E / -6.307; 34.854", "List of hospitals in Tanzania. Tanzania is the most populous and vast country in East Africa with a population of 50.1 million people according to the 2017 Projections by the National Bureau of Statistics National Census of 2012.[1] It is a sparsely populated country with a geographically wide distribution of settlements hence presenting a challenge regarding access to hospitals. With its population and an area of 940,000km2, its population density varies from 12 people per km2 in Lindi to 3,133 people per km2 in Dar es salaam.[1]. There are 26 administrative regions in the country and the list of hospitals will be arranged by regions.", "Tanzania. Approximately 38 percent of Tanzania's land area is set aside in protected areas for conservation.[55] Tanzania has 16 national parks,[56] plus a variety of game and forest reserves, including the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. In western Tanzania, Gombe Stream National Park is the site of Jane Goodall's ongoing study of chimpanzee behaviour, which started in 1960.[57][58]", "Tanzania. Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party in power. From its formation until 1992, it was the only legally permitted party in the country. This changed on 1 July 1992, when the constitution was amended.[61]:ยง 3", "Tanzania. From 2009 through 2013, Tanzania's per capita GDP (based on constant local currency) grew an average of 3.5% per year, higher than any other member of the East African Community (EAC) and exceeded by only nine countries in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.[101]", "Tanzania. Tanzania was also aligned with China, which from 1970 to 1975 financed and helped build the 1,860-kilometre-long (1,160 mi) TAZARA Railway from Dar es Salaam to Zambia.[47] Nonetheless, from the late 1970s, Tanzania's economy took a turn for the worse, in the context of an international economic crisis affecting both developed and developing economies.", "Tanzania. There are very few resources for Tanzanians in terms of credit services, infrastructure or availability to improved agricultural technologies, which further exacerbates hunger and poverty in the country according to the UNDP.[106] Tanzania ranks 159 out of 187 countries in poverty according to the United Nation’s Human Development Index (2014).[106]", "Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam is the most populous city in Tanzania. With a population increase of 5.6 percent per year from 2002 to 2012, it is the third-fastest-growing city in Africa, after Bamako and Lagos, and the ninth-fastest-growing in the world. The metro population is expected to reach 5.12 million by 2020 and predicted to be as high as 76 million by the year 2100, making it the third largest city on earth (after Lagos and Kinshasa), by 2100.[14][15]", "Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam (Dar) (from Arabic: دار السلام‎ Dār as-Salām, \"the house of peace\"; formerly Mzizima) is the former capital as well as the most populous city in Tanzania and a regionally important economic centre.[2] Located on the Swahili coast, the city is one of the fastest growing cities in the world.[3]", "Serengeti. The Serengeti (/ˌsɛrənˈɡɛti/) ecosystem is a geographical region in Africa. It is located mainly in northern Tanzania and extends into south-western Kenya between 1 and 3 degrees south (latitudes) and between 34 and 36 degrees east (longitudes). It spans approximately 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi). The Kenyan part of the Serengeti is known as Maasai Mara.", "Regions of Tanzania. In 1975 there were twenty-five regions in Tanzania. In 2002 one region changed its name, from Ziwa Magharibi Region (West Lake Region) to Kagera Region. In 2003 Manyara Region was created out of part of Arusha Region.[1] In 2012 four more regions were created: Geita, Katavi, Njombe and Simiyu.[2] In 2016 Songwe Region was created from the western part of Mbeya Region.[3][4]", "Tanzania. Tanzania is a party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.[68]", "Tanzania. As of 31 October 2014, Tanzania was contributing 2,253 soldiers and other personnel to various United Nations peacekeeping operations.[97] The Tanzanian military is participating along with South African and Malawian militaries in the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade (MONUSCO) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The United Nations Security Council authorised the force on 28 March 2013 to conduct targeted offensive operations to neutralise groups that threaten peace in the DRC.[98] Tanzania was also participating in peacekeeping missions in the Darfur Region of Sudan (UNAMID); Abyei, control of which is contested between South Sudan and Sudan (UNISFA); the Central African Republic (MINUSCA); Lebanon (UNIFIL); and South Sudan (UNMISS).[99]", "Tanzania. In 2010, Tanzania devoted 0.38 percent of GDP to research and development. The global average in 2013 was 1.7 percent of GDP. Tanzania had 69 researchers (in head counts) per million population in 2010. In 2014, Tanzania counted 15 publications per million inhabitants in internationally catalogued journals, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded). The average for sub-Saharan Africa was 20 publications per million inhabitants and the global average 176 publications per million inhabitants.", "Tanzania. European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa, which gave way to British rule following World War I. The mainland was governed as Tanganyika, with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction. Following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963, the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania.[16]", "East Africa. Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania.", "Tanzania. The population also includes people of Arab and Indian origin, and small European and Chinese communities.[142] Many also identify as Shirazis. Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar Revolution of 1964.[43] As of 1994, the Asian community numbered 50,000 on the mainland and 4,000 on Zanzibar. An estimated 70,000 Arabs and 10,000 Europeans lived in Tanzania.[143]", "Tanzania. The population consists of about 125 ethnic groups.[139] The Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Chagga, and Haya peoples each have a population exceeding 1 million.[140]:page 4 Approximately 99 percent of Tanzanians are of African descent, with small numbers of Arab, European, and Asian descent.[139] The majority of Tanzanians, including the Sukuma and the Nyamwezi, are Bantu.[141]" ]

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[ "Criminology. Rational choice theory is based on the utilitarian, classical school philosophies of Cesare Beccaria, which were popularized by Jeremy Bentham. They argued that punishment, if certain, swift, and proportionate to the crime, was a deterrent for crime, with risks outweighing possible benefits to the offender. In Dei delitti e delle pene (On Crimes and Punishments, 1763–1764), Beccaria advocated a rational penology. Beccaria conceived of punishment as the necessary application of the law for a crime; thus, the judge was simply to conform his sentence to the law. Beccaria also distinguished between crime and sin, and advocated against the death penalty, as well as torture and inhumane treatments as he did not consider them as rational deterrents.", "Rational choice theory (criminology). In criminology, rational choice theory adopts a utilitarian belief that man is a reasoning actor who weighs means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a rational choice. This method was designed by Cornish and Clarke to assist in thinking about situational crime prevention.[1] It is assumed that crime is purposive behavior designed to meet the offender’s commonplace needs for such things as money, status, sex and excitement, and that meeting these needs involves the making of (sometimes quite rudimentary) decisions and choices, constrained as these are by limits, ability, and the availability of relevant information...[2]", "Rational choice theory (criminology). Rational choice theory has sprung from older and more experimental collections of hypotheses surrounding what have been essentially, the empirical findings from many scientific investigations into the workings of human nature. The conceiving and semblance of these social models which are hugely applicable to the methodology expressed through the function of microeconomics within society are also similarly placed to demonstrate that a sizable amount of data is collated using behavioral techniques which are tweaked and made adjustable in order to ensure compatibility with the spontaneous motivational drives displayed by the consumer.The theory borrows concepts from economic theories, to give greater weight to non-instrumental motives for crime and the “limited” or “bounded” nature of the rational process involved (Clarke, 1997, p. 9).", "Rational choice theory (criminology). Routine activity theory a sub-field of rational choice criminology, developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen.", "Rational choice theory (criminology). Rational Choice Theory insists that crime is calculated and deliberate. All criminals are rational actors who practice conscious decision making, that simultaneously work towards gaining the maximum benefits of their present situation.Another aspect of rational choice theory is the fact that many offenders make decisions based on bounded/limited rationality.", "Criminology. This philosophy was replaced by the Positivist and Chicago Schools and was not revived until the 1970s with the writings of James Q. Wilson, Gary Becker's 1965 article titled \"Crime and Punishment\"[34] and George Stigler's 1970 article \"The Optimum Enforcement of Laws\".[35] Rational choice theory argues that criminals, like other people, weigh costs/risks and benefits when deciding whether to commit crime and think in economic terms.[36] They will also try to minimize risks of crime by considering the time, place, and other situational factors.[36]", "Rational choice theory (criminology). The main creation of the rational choice theory was to aide and give focus to situational crime prevention. Situational crime prevention comprises opportunity-reducing measures that are directed at highly specific forms of crime; involves management, design or manipulation of the immediate environment systematically and permanently; makes crime more difficult and risky or less rewarding and excusable as judged by a wide range of offenders.[24] Rather than simply responding to crime after the fact, recent attention to crime prevention has focused on specific ways in which to modify the physical and social environment.[25]", "Rational choice theory (criminology). Rational choice is based on numerous assumptions, one of which is individualism.[3] The offender sees himself as an individual. The second is that individuals have to maximize their goals, and the third is that individuals are self-interested.[4] Offenders are thinking about themselves and how to advance their personal goals. Central points of the theory are described as follows:[5]", "Rational choice theory (criminology). Many features of rational choice perspective make it particularly suitable to serve as a criminological “metatheory” with a broad role in the explanation for a variety of criminological phenomena.[9] Since rational choice can explain many different components; it is broad enough to be applied not only to crime but everyday life circumstances. Studies involve offenders being interviewed on motives, methods and target choices.[10] Research involves burglars (Walsh, 1980; Maguire 1982; Cromwell et al., 1991) bank and commercial robbers ( New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 1987; Nugent et al., 1989) and offenders using violence (Morrison and O’ Donnell, 1996).The rational choice perspective has provided a framework under which to organize such information so that individual studies produce more general benefits.[11]", "Juvenile delinquency. Classical criminology stresses that causes of crime lie within the individual offender, rather than in their external environment. For classicists, offenders are motivated by rational self-interest, and the importance of free will and personal responsibility is emphasized.[23] Rational choice theory is the clearest example of this idea. Delinquency is one of the major factors motivated by rational choice.", "Rational choice theory (criminology). The theory is related to earlier drift theory (David Matza, Delinquency and Drift, 1964) where people use the techniques of neutralization to drift in and out of delinquent behavior, and the Systematic Crime Theory (an aspect of Social Disorganization Theory developed by the Chicago School), where Edwin Sutherland proposed that the failure of families and extended kin groups expands the realm of relationships no longer controlled by the community, and undermines governmental controls. This leads to persistent \"systematic\" crime and delinquency. He also believed that such disorganization causes and reinforces the cultural traditions and cultural conflicts that support antisocial activity. The systematic quality of the behavior was a reference to repetitive, patterned or organized offending as opposed to random events. He depicted the law-abiding culture as dominant and more extensive than alternative criminogenic cultural views and capable of overcoming systematic crime if organized for that purpose.[citation needed] In a similar vein, Cohen and Felson (1979) developed Routine Activities Theory which focuses on the characteristics of crime rather than the characteristics of the offender. This is one of the main theories of environmental criminology as an aspect of Crime Prevention Theory. It states that for a crime to occur, three elements must be present, i.e. there must be:", "Rational choice theory (criminology). In 2000, O’Grady et al. performed a study which examined the illegal sale of tobacco products to underage youth.[21] With the use of a rational mind merchants and clerks weigh out the cost benefits and risk factors which are involved in selling cigarettes to underage youth.[22] Due to the minimal risk of police patrol after 5pm, merchants and clerks felt a diminished sense of risk, therefore allowing them to sell their products illegally to underage youth.[23]", "Rational choice theory (criminology). Support for theory", "Criminology. Such rational choice theories, linked to neoliberalism, have been at the basics of crime prevention through environmental design and underpin the Market Reduction Approach to theft [38] by Mike Sutton, which is a systematic toolkit for those seeking to focus attention on \"crime facilitators\" by tackling the markets for stolen goods [39] that provide motivation for thieves to supply them by theft.[40]", "Rational choice theory (criminology). Routine Activities Theory relates the pattern of offending to the everyday patterns of social interaction. Between 1960 and 1980, women left the home to work which led to social disorganization, i.e. the routine of leaving the home unattended and without an authority figure increased probability of criminal activity. The theory is supplemented by the crime triangle or the problem analysis triangle[6] which is used in the analysis both of a crime problem by reference to the three parameters of victim, location, and offender, and of an intervention strategy by reference to the parameters of target/victim, location and absence of a capable guardian with the latter helping to think more constructively about responses as well as analysis.The theory avoids speculation about the source of the offenders’ motivation, which distinguishes it immediately from most other criminological theories.[7][8]", "Classical school (criminology). As other Schools of thought developed, Classicism slowly grew less popular. It has seen revival through the Neo-Classical School and the theories of Right Realism such as the Rational Choice Theory.", "Rational choice theory (criminology). Routine activity theory says that crime is normal and depends on the opportunities available. If a target is not protected enough, if it is worth the reward, crime will happen. Crime does not need hardened offenders, super-predators, convicted felons or wicked people, just an opportunity.", "Rational choice theory. Rational choice theory, also known as choice theory or rational action theory, is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic behavior.[1] The basic premise of rational choice theory is that aggregate social behavior results from the behavior of individual actors, each of whom is making their individual decisions. The theory also focuses on the determinants of the individual choices (methodological individualism).", "Deviance (sociology). The Classical school of criminology comes from the works of Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Beccaria assumed a utilitarian view of society along with a social contract theory of the state. He argued that the role of the state was to maximize the greatest possible utility to the maximum number of people and to minimize those actions that harm the society. He argued that deviants commit deviant acts (which are harmful to the society) because of the utility it gives to the private individual. If the state were to match the pain of punishments with the utility of various deviant behaviors, the deviant would no longer have any incentive to commit deviant acts. (Note that Beccaria argued for just punishment; as raising the severity of punishments without regard to logical measurement of utility would cause increasing degrees of social harm once it reached a certain point.)", "Classical school (criminology). The idea of man as a calculating animal requires the view of crime as a product of a free choice by offenders. The question for policy makers is therefore how to use the institutions of the state to influence citizens to choose not to offend. This theory emerged at the time of the Enlightenment and it contended that it should focus on rationality. But, because it lacks sophistication, it was operationalised in a mechanical way, assuming that there is a mathematics of deterrence, i.e. a proportional calculation undertaken first by policy makers and then by potential offenders. This School believed that there are constants of value in pain and gain that can swing a decision to offend or not to offend. Not everyone is the same, however, nor has the same view of what constitutes a price worth paying. It also had a certain utopianism in assuming that the policing system could rapidly grow and deliver a better service of investigation and detection. If certainty of punishment is to be achieved, there must be a major investment in policing.", "Criminology. The Classical School arose in the mid-18th century and has its basis in utilitarian philosophy. Cesare Beccaria,[2] author of On Crimes and Punishments (1763–64), Jeremy Bentham (inventor of the panopticon), and other philosophers in this school argued:[citation needed]", "Classical school (criminology). In criminology, the Classical School usually refers to the 18th-century work during the Enlightenment by the utilitarian and social-contract philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria. Their interests lay in the system of criminal justice and penology and indirectly, through the proposition that \"man is a calculating animal\", in the causes of criminal behaviour. The Classical School of thought was premised on the idea that people have free will in making decisions, and that punishment can be a deterrent for crime, so long as the punishment is proportional, fits the crime, and is carried out promptly.", "Rational choice theory (criminology). Routine activity theory is controversial among sociologists who believe in the social causes of crime. But several types of crime are very well explained by routine activity theory:", "Rational choice theory (criminology). According to O’Grady (2011) the three main critiques of Rational Choice Theory include:", "Rational choice theory. The premise of rational choice theory as a social science methodology is that the aggregate behavior in society reflects the sum of the choices made by individuals. Each individual, in turn, makes their choice based on their own preferences and the constraints (or choice set) they face.", "Sociological theory. Rational choice theory models social behavior as the interaction of utility maximizing individuals. \"Rational\" implies cost-effectiveness is balanced against cost to accomplish a utility maximizing interaction. Costs are extrinsic, meaning intrinsic values such as feelings of guilt will not be accounted for in the cost to commit a crime.", "Rational choice theory (criminology). Bounded/limited rationality", "Rational choice theory. The rational choice approach allows preferences to be represented as real-valued utility functions. Economic decision making then becomes a problem of maximizing this utility function, subject to constraints (e.g. a budget). This has many advantages. It provides a compact theory that makes empirical predictions with a relatively sparse model - just a description of the agent's objectives and constraints. Furthermore, optimization theory is a well-developed field of mathematics. These two factors make rational choice models tractable compared to other approaches to choice. Most importantly, this approach is strikingly general. It has been used to analyze not only personal and household choices about traditional economic matters like consumption and savings, but also choices about education, marriage, child-bearing, migration, crime and so on, as well as business decisions about output, investment, hiring, entry, exit, etc. with varying degrees of success.", "Rational choice theory. Rationality is widely used as an assumption of the behavior of individuals in microeconomic models and analyses and appears in almost all economics textbook treatments of human decision-making. It is also used in political science,[2] sociology,[3] and philosophy. A particular version of rationality is instrumental rationality, which involves seeking the most cost-effective means to achieve a specific goal without reflecting on the worthiness of that goal. Gary Becker was an early proponent of applying rational actor models more widely.[4] Becker won the 1992 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his studies of discrimination, crime, and human capital.[5]", "Rational choice theory (criminology). The basic premise of routine activity theory is that most crimes are petty theft and unreported to the police. Crime is not spectacular or dramatic. It is mundane and happens all the time.", "Criminology. One of the main differences between this theory and Jeremy Bentham's rational choice theory, which had been abandoned in criminology, is that if Bentham considered it possible to completely annihilate crime (through the panopticon), Becker's theory acknowledged that a society could not eradicate crime beneath a certain level. For example, if 25% of a supermarket's products were stolen, it would be very easy to reduce this rate to 15%, quite easy to reduce it until 5%, difficult to reduce it under 3% and nearly impossible to reduce it to zero (a feat which would cost the supermarket so much in surveillance, etc., that it would outweigh the benefits). This reveals that the goals of utilitarianism and classical liberalism have to be tempered and reduced to more modest proposals to be practically applicable.", "Rational choice theory (criminology). Ideas of limited rationality emphasize the extent to which individuals and groups simplify a decision because of the difficulties of anticipating or considering all alternatives and all information[12] Bounded rationality relates to two aspects, one part arising from cognitive limitations and the other from extremes in emotional arousal[13] Sometimes emotional arousal at the moment of a crime can be acute, therefore would be offenders find themselves out of control, and rational considerations are far less salient.[14]" ]

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[ "Hello, Dolly! (musical). The role of Dolly Levi in the musical was originally written for Ethel Merman, but Merman turned it down, as did Mary Martin (although each eventually played it).[3] Merrick then auditioned Nancy Walker. Eventually, he hired Carol Channing, who then created in Dolly her signature role.[5] Director Gower Champion was not the producer's first choice, as Hal Prince and others (among them Jerome Robbins and Joe Layton) all turned down the job of directing the musical.[6]", "Hello, Dolly! (musical). The plot of Hello, Dolly! originated in an 1835 English play, A Day Well Spent by John Oxenford, which Johann Nestroy adapted into the farce Einen Jux will er sich machen (He Will Go on a Spree or He'll Have Himself a Good Time). Thornton Wilder adapted Nestroy's play into his 1938 farcical play The Merchant of Yonkers, a flop which he revised and retitled The Matchmaker in 1955, expanding the role of Dolly, played by Ruth Gordon.[3] The Matchmaker became a hit and was much revived and made into a 1958 film of the same name starring Shirley Booth. The story of a meddlesome widow who strives to bring romance to several couples and herself in a big city restaurant also features prominently in the 1891 hit musical A Trip to Chinatown.[4]", "Hello, Dolly! (musical). Hello, Dolly! premiered in the West End at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on December 2, 1965 and ran for 794 performances. Champion directed and choreographed, and the cast starred Mary Martin as Dolly (after she, as well as Merman, had turned down the role for the original run of the show), Loring Smith as Horace Vandergelder (Smith had created the Horace role in the original production of The Matchmaker), Johnny Beecher as Barnaby, Garrett Lewis as Cornelius, Mark Alden as Ambrose Kemper, and Marilynn Lovell as Irene Molloy. Dora Bryan replaced Martin during the run.[20]", "Hello, Dolly! (musical). The musical, directed and choreographed by Gower Champion and produced by David Merrick, opened on January 16, 1964, at the St. James Theatre and closed on December 27, 1970, after 2,844 performances. Carol Channing starred as Dolly, with a supporting cast that included David Burns as Horace, Charles Nelson Reilly as Cornelius, Eileen Brennan as Irene, Jerry Dodge as Barnaby, Sondra Lee as Minnie Fay, Alice Playten as Ermengarde, and Igors Gavon as Ambrose. Although facing competition from Funny Girl with Barbra Streisand, Hello, Dolly! swept the Tony Awards that year, winning awards in ten categories [14] (out of eleven nominations) that tied the musical with the previous record keeper South Pacific, a record that remained unbroken for 37 years until The Producers won twelve Tonys in 2001.", "Gloria LeRoy. She was originally cast in Hello, Dolly! (1963) as Ernestina Money only to be replaced by Mary Jo Catlett.[8]", "Hello, Dolly! (musical). Dorothy Lamour, Eve Arden, Ann Sothern, Michele Lee, Edie Adams, and Yvonne De Carlo played the role on tour. Betty White appeared with the Kenley Players as Dolly in the summer of 1979. Molly Picon appeared as Dolly in a 1971 production by the North Shore Music Theatre of Beverly, Massachusetts. Lainie Kazan starred in a production at the Claridge Atlantic City. Both Tovah Feldshuh and Betsy Palmer played Dolly in productions by the Paper Mill Playhouse. Marilyn Maye also starred in several regional productions and recorded a full album of the score.", "Hello, Dolly! (film). Working under the musical direction of Lionel Newman and Lennie Hayton, the very large team of orchestrators included film stalwarts Herbert W. Spencer and Alexander Courage; the original Broadway production arranger, Philip J. Lang, making a rare film outing; and pop arrangers Don Costa and Frank Comstock. All of the actors did their own singing, except for Marianne McAndrew (Irene Molloy) whose singing was dubbed by Melissa Stafford for Irene's vocal solos and Gilda Maiken for when Irene sings with other characters.[8] Choreography was by Michael Kidd.", "Sue Ane Langdon. In 1976, she appeared in Hello Dolly at The Little Theatre on the Square.[2] She was featured mainly in comedies as well as in an occasional dramatic film.", "Hello, Dolly! (musical). After Channing left the show, Merrick employed a string of prominent actresses to play Dolly, including Ginger Rogers, Martha Raye, Betty Grable, Pearl Bailey (in an all-black version with Cab Calloway), Mabel King, Clifton Davis, Ernestine Jackson and a young Morgan Freeman), Phyllis Diller, and Ethel Merman after having turned down the lead at the show's inception. Two songs cut prior to the opening — typical Mermanesque belt style songs \"World, Take Me Back\" and \"Love, Look in My Window\" — were restored for her run. Thelma Carpenter played Dolly at all matinees during the Pearl Bailey production and subbed more than a hundred times, at one point playing all performances for seven straight weeks. Bibi Osterwald was the standby for Dolly in the original Broadway production, subbing for all the stars, including Bailey, despite the fact that Osterwald was a blue-eyed blonde. Bailey received a Special Tony Award in 1968.[15]", "Hello, Dolly! (film). Hello, Dolly! is a 1969 American romantic comedy musical film based on the Broadway production of the same name. Directed by Gene Kelly and adapted and produced by Ernest Lehman, the cast includes Barbra Streisand, Walter Matthau, Michael Crawford, Danny Lockin, Tommy Tune, Fritz Feld, Marianne McAndrew, E. J. Peaker and Louis Armstrong (whose recording of the title tune had become a number-one single in May 1964).[1] The film follows the story of Dolly Levi (a strong-willed matchmaker), as she travels to Yonkers, New York, to find a match for the miserly \"well-known unmarried half-a-millionaire\" Horace Vandergelder. In doing so she convinces his niece, his niece's intended, and Horace's two clerks to travel to New York City.", "Dolly Parton. She launched a television series, The Dolly Show, but it was not a success. Parton made a cameo appearance as herself in The Beverly Hillbillies (1993), an adaptation of the long-running TV sitcom of the same name (1962–71).[70] Parton has done voice work for animation for television series, playing herself in the Alvin and the Chipmunks (episode \"Urban Chipmunk\", 1983) and the character Katrina Eloise \"Murph\" Murphy (Ms. Frizzle's first cousin) in The Magic School Bus (episode \"The Family Holiday Special\", 1994). She also has guest-starred in several of sitcoms, including a 1990 episode of Designing Women (episode \"The First Day of the Last Decade of the Entire Twentieth Century\") as herself, the guardian movie star of Charlene's baby.[74] She made a guest appearance on Reba (episode \"Reba's Rules of Real Estate\") portraying a real-estate agency owner and on The Simpsons (episode \"Sunday, Cruddy Sunday\", 1999). She appeared as herself in 2000 on the Halloween episode of Bette Midler's short-lived sitcom Bette, and on episode 14 of Babes (which was produced by Sandollar Productions, Parton and Sandy Gallin's joint production company). She made cameo appearances on the Disney Channel as \"Aunt Dolly\" visiting Hannah and her family in the fellow Tennessean, and real-life goddaughter, Miley Cyrus' series Hannah Montana (episodes \"Good Golly, Miss Dolly\", 2006, \"I Will Always Loathe You\", 2007, and \"Kiss It All Goodbye\", 2010). She was nominated for an Outstanding Guest Actress in Comedy Series.[75]", "Hello, Dolly! (musical). Hello, Dolly! is a 1964 musical with lyrics and music by Jerry Herman and a book by Michael Stewart, based on Thornton Wilder's 1938 farce The Merchant of Yonkers, which Wilder revised and retitled The Matchmaker in 1955. The musical follows the story of Dolly Levi (a strong-willed matchmaker), as she travels to Yonkers, New York, to find a match for the miserly \"well-known unmarried half-a-millionaire\" Horace Vandergelder. In doing so she convinces his niece, his niece's intended, and Horace's two clerks to travel to New York City.", "Hello, Dolly! (musical). \"Hello, Dolly! is a musical comedy dream, with Carol Channing the girl of it.... Channing opens wide her big-as-millstone eyes, spreads her white-gloved arms in ecstatic abandon, trots out on a circular runway that surrounds the orchestra, and proceeds to dance rings around the conductor.... With hair like orange sea foam, a contralto like a horse's neighing, and a confidential swagger, [she is] a musical comedy performer with all the blowzy glamor of the girls on the sheet music of 1916.\"", "Hello, Dolly! (film). In 1890, all of New York City is excited because widowed, brassy Dolly Levi (Barbra Streisand) is in town (\"Call On Dolly\"). Dolly makes a living through matchmaking and numerous sidelines (\"Just Leave Everything to Me\"). She is currently seeking a wife for grumpy Horace Vandergelder (Walter Matthau), the well-known \"half-a-millionaire\", but it becomes clear that Dolly intends to marry Horace herself. Dolly travels to Yonkers, New York to visit Horace. Ambrose Kemper (Tommy Tune), a young artist, wants to marry Horace's weepy niece, Ermengarde (Joyce Ames), but Horace opposes this because Ambrose's vocation does not guarantee a steady living. Horace, who is the owner of Vandergelder's Hay and Feed, explains to his two clerks, Cornelius Hackl (Michael Crawford) and Barnaby Tucker (Danny Lockin), that he is going to get married because \"It Takes a Woman\" to cheerfully do all the household chores. He plans to travel to New York City to propose to Irene Molloy (Marianne McAndrew), who owns a hat shop there. Dolly arrives in Yonkers and sends Horace ahead to the city. Before leaving, he tells Cornelius and Barnaby to mind the store.", "Hello, Dolly! (film). Cornelius decides that he and Barnaby need to get out of Yonkers. Dolly knows two ladies in New York City they should call on: Irene Molloy and her shop assistant, Minnie Fay (E.J. Peaker). She enters Ermengarde and Ambrose in the upcoming polka competition at the fancy Harmonia Gardens Restaurant in New York City, so Ambrose can demonstrate his ability to be a breadwinner to Uncle Horace. Cornelius, Barnaby, Ambrose, Ermengarde and Dolly take the train to New York (\"Put on Your Sunday Clothes\"). Irene and Minnie open their hat shop for the afternoon. Irene does not love Horace Vandergelder and declares that she will wear an elaborate hat to impress a gentleman (\"Ribbons Down My Back\"). Cornelius and Barnaby arrive at the shop and pretend to be rich. Horace and Dolly arrive and Cornelius and Barnaby hide. Minnie screams when she finds Cornelius hiding in an armoire. Horace is about to open the armoire himself, but Dolly \"searches\" it and pronounces it empty. After hearing Cornelius sneeze, Horace storms out upon realizing there are men hiding in the shop, although he is unaware that they are his clerks. Dolly arranges for Cornelius and Barnaby, who are still pretending to be rich, to take the ladies out to dinner at Harmonia Gardens to make up for their humiliation. She teaches Cornelius and Barnaby how to dance since they always have dancing at such establishments (\"Dancing\"). The clerks and the ladies go to watch the Fourteenth Street Association Parade together. Alone, Dolly asks her first husband Ephram's permission to marry Horace, requesting a sign. She resolves to move on with life (\"Before the Parade Passes By\"). After meeting an old friend, Gussie Granger (Judy Knaiz), on a float in the parade, Dolly catches up with the annoyed Vandergelder as he is marching in the parade. She tells him the heiress Ernestina Semple (changed from the stage version's Ernestina Money; also Judy Knaiz) would be perfect for him and asks him to meet her at Harmonia Gardens that evening.", "Hello, Dolly! (musical). Opening night reviews of the original production were generally positive, and Carol Channing's performance as Dolly Levi was greatly acclaimed; however, some reviewers criticized the score and the libretto, implying that Channing's performance was responsible for the efficacy of the show. In his review of the opening night performance, The New York Times theatre critic Howard Taubman wrote", "Hello, Dolly! (musical). In 1989, there was a UK tour of the show directed and choreographed by Paul Kerryson, starring Dora Bryan. Kerryson went on to direct the show again in 2014 at the Curve Theatre in Leicester UK, starring Janie Dee.", "Hello, Dolly! (musical). The production is produced by Scott Rudin, directed by Jerry Zaks and choreographed by Warren Carlyle. David Hyde Pierce plays Horace Vandergelder.[26] Other principal casting for this revival includes: Kate Baldwin as Irene Molloy, Gavin Creel as Cornelius Hackl, Jennifer Simard as Ernestina Money, Taylor Trensch as Barnaby Tucker, Will Burton as Ambrose Kemper, Melanie Moore as Ermengarde, and[27] Beanie Feldstein as Minnie Fay.[28] Donna Murphy plays the role of Dolly at Tuesday evening performances beginning in June 2017, as well as covering Midler's holiday dates.[29] Midler will leave the production as of January 9, 2018. Bernadette Peters will take over the role of Dolly, officially starting on February 22, 2018 (with previews from January 20, 2018), and Victor Garber will take over the role of Horace Vandergelder.[30] Charlie Stemp will assume the role of Barnaby Tucker on January 20, 2018.[31]", "Michael Kidd. He choreographed the 1969 film adaptation of the hit Broadway play Hello, Dolly! The film was beset by tension on the unhappy set, with Barbra Streisand clashing with her costar Walter Matthau and director Gene Kelly; Kidd also had conflicts with costume designer Irene Sharaff and Kelly, to the point that he and Kelly were no longer on speaking terms.[13] The film was not a success as a musical, with Kelly and Kidd making little use of the widescreen format of the film. Critic Tom Santopietro described their approach as \"shoveling more and more bodies on screen with no apparent purpose\".[14]", "Hello, Dolly! (musical). *Song cut before Broadway Opening, reinstated when Ethel Merman joined to play Dolly.\n**Song replaced \"Come and Be My Butterfly\" during Broadway Run.", "Dolly Parton. Dolly Rebecca Parton Dean (born January 19, 1946) is an American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer, actress, author, businesswoman, and philanthropist, known primarily for her work in country music. After achieving success as a songwriter for others, Dolly Parton made her album debut in 1967, with her album Hello, I'm Dolly. With steady success during the remainder of the 1960s (both as a solo artist and with a series of duet albums with Porter Wagoner), her sales and chart peak came during the 1970s and continuing into the 1980s; Parton's subsequent albums in the later part of the 1990s were lower in sales. However, in the new millennium, Parton achieved commercial success again and has released albums on independent labels since 2000, including albums on her own label, Dolly Records.", "Sally Struthers. In 2014, Struthers toured in the 50th anniversary production of Hello, Dolly!, playing Dolly Levi.", "Dora Bryan. In 1999, she made an appearance in the Victoria Wood sitcom Dinnerladies. In 2000, she joined the cast of the long-running BBC comedy series Last of the Summer Wine as Aunt Roz Utterthwaite, and in 2001 she was a guest star on Absolutely Fabulous as June Whitfield's on-screen friend Dolly (originally called Milly). She received a BAFTA nomination in 2002 for this role.", "Richard Deacon (actor). In 1969, he co-starred on Broadway as Horace Vandergelder in the long-running musical Hello, Dolly!, reuniting him onstage with Diller, who played the musical's zany title character.[5]", "Hello, Dolly! (film). Cornelius is determined to get a kiss before the night is over. Since the clerks have no money to hire a carriage, they tell the girls that walking to the restaurant shows that they've got \"Elegance\". In a quiet flat, Dolly prepares for the evening (\"Love is Only Love\"). At the Harmonia Gardens Restaurant, Rudolph (David Hurst), the head waiter, whips his crew into shape for Dolly Levi's return. Horace arrives to meet his date, who is really Dolly's friend Gussie. As it turns out, she is not rich or elegant as Dolly implied, and she soon leaves after being bored by Horace, just as she and Dolly planned.", "Hello, Dolly! (film). The film was photographed in 65 mm Todd-AO by Harry Stradling, Sr.", "Hello, Dolly! (musical). The song \"Elegance\", though credited to Herman, was written by Bob Merrill for the 1957 show New Girl in Town but deleted from the original production.[13]", "Georgia Engel. After college, Engel appeared in musical productions with Washington's American Light Opera Company. She moved to New York City in 1969, appearing Off-Broadway in Lend an Ear, and for a year as Minnie Fay in the Broadway production of Hello, Dolly!, starting in December 1969.[5] A 1971 off-Broadway production of The House of Blue Leaves eventually played in Los Angeles, where Engel was seen by Mary Tyler Moore and her husband, producer Grant Tinker, her soon-to-be employers.[1][6]", "Lanai. Danny Lockin, actor, dancer, born in Lānaʻi in 1943. Best known for his role as Barnaby Tucker in the 1969 movie Hello Dolly!, he played the same role in the Broadway play and when it went on tour across The United States.", "Hello, Dolly! (musical). \"Hello, Dolly! ... has qualities of freshness and imagination that are rare in the run of our machine-made musicals. It transmutes the broadly stylized mood of a mettlesome farce into the gusto and colors of the musical stage. ... Mr. Herman's songs are brisk and pointed and always tuneful ... a shrewdly mischievous performance by Carol Channing. ... Making the necessary reservations for the unnecessary vulgar and frenzied touches, one is glad to welcome Hello, Dolly! for its warmth, color and high spirits.\"[41]", "WALL-E. Stanton originally wanted to juxtapose the opening shots of space with 1930s French swing music, but he saw The Triplets of Belleville (2003) and did not want to appear as if he were copying it. Stanton then thought about the song \"Put On Your Sunday Clothes\" from Hello, Dolly!, since he had portrayed the sidekick Barnaby Tucker in a 1980 high school production.[56] Stanton found that the song was about two naive young men looking for love, which was similar to WALL-E's own hope for companionship. Jim Reardon suggested WALL-E find the film on video, and Stanton included \"It Only Takes a Moment\" and the clip of the actors holding hands, because he wanted a visual way to show how WALL-E understands love and conveys it to EVE. Hello Dolly! composer Jerry Herman allowed the songs to be used without knowing what for; when he saw the film, he found its incorporation into the story \"genius\".[57] Coincidentally, Newman's uncle Lionel worked on Hello, Dolly![8]", "Dolly Parton. On October 27, 2009, Parton released a four-CD box set, \"Dolly\", which featured 99 songs and spanned most of her career.[37] She released her second live DVD and album, Live From London in October 2009, which was filmed during her sold out 2008 concerts at London's The O2 Arena. In 2010, she was said to have been working on a dance-oriented album, Dance with Dolly, but as of June 2015, the album had not been released.[38] With longtime friend Billy Ray Cyrus, Parton released their album Brother Clyde on August 10, 2010. Parton is featured on \"The Right Time\", which she cowrote with Cyrus and Morris Joseph Tancredi. On January 6, 2011, Parton announced that her new album would be titled Better Day. In February 2011, she announced that she would embark on the Better Day World Tour on July 17, 2011, with shows in northern Europe and the U.S.[39] The album's lead-off single, \"Together You and I\", was released on May 23, 2011, and Better Day was released on June 28, 2011.[40] In 2011, Parton voiced the character Dolly Gnome in the animated film Gnomeo & Juliet." ]

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[ "Varieties of Chinese. Chinese, also known as Sinitic,[a] is a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family consisting of hundreds of local language varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible. The differences are similar to those within the Romance languages, with variation particularly strong in the more rugged southeast. These varieties, often called \"dialects\", have been classified into seven to ten groups, the largest being Mandarin (e.g. Beijing dialect), Wu (e.g. Shanghainese), Min (e.g. Hokkien), and Yue (e.g. Cantonese).", "Chinese language. The varieties of Chinese are usually described by native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, but linguists note that they are as diverse as a language family.[a] The internal diversity of Chinese has been likened to that of the Romance languages, but may be even more varied. There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese (depending on classification scheme), of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin (about 960 million, e.g. Southwestern Mandarin), followed by Wu (80 million, e.g. Shanghainese), Min (70 million, e.g. Southern Min), Yue (60 million, e.g. Cantonese), etc. Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, and even dialect groups within Min Chinese may not be mutually intelligible. Some, however, like Xiang and certain Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms and a certain degree of intelligibility. All varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic.", "Languages of China. The languages of China are the languages that are spoken by China's 56 recognized ethnic groups. The predominant language in China, which is divided into seven major dialect groups (often classified as distinct languages by foreign linguists), is known as Hanyu (simplified Chinese: 汉语; traditional Chinese: 漢語; pinyin: Hànyǔ). and its study is considered a distinct academic discipline in China.[6] Hanyu, or Han language, spans eight primary dialect groups, that differ from each other morphologically and phonetically to such a degree that dialects from different regions can often be mutually unintelligible. The languages most studied and supported by the state include Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur and Zhuang. China has 297 living languages according to Ethnologue.[7] According to the 2010 edition of the Nationalencyklopedin, 955 million out of China's then-population of 1.34 billion spoke some variety of Mandarin Chinese as their first language, accounting for 71% of the country's population.[8]", "Chinese language. Local varieties of Chinese are conventionally classified into seven dialect groups, largely on the basis of the different evolution of Middle Chinese voiced initials:[45][46]", "Mandarin Chinese. The hundreds of modern local varieties of Chinese developed from regional variants of Old Chinese and Middle Chinese. Traditionally, seven major groups of dialects have been recognized. Aside from Mandarin, the other six are Wu, Gan and Xiang in central China, and Min, Hakka and Yue on the southeast coast.[12] The Language Atlas of China (1987) distinguishes three further groups: Jin (split from Mandarin), Huizhou in the Huizhou region of Anhui and Zhejiang, and Pinghua in Guangxi and Yunnan.[13][14]", "Varieties of Chinese. The Language Atlas of China (1987) follows a classification of Li Rong, distinguishing three further groups:[38][39]", "China. There are as many as 292 living languages in China.[448] The languages most commonly spoken belong to the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, which contains Mandarin (spoken by 70% of the population),[449] and other varieties of Chinese language: Yue (including Cantonese and Taishanese), Wu (including Shanghainese and Suzhounese), Min (including Fuzhounese, Hokkien and Teochew), Xiang, Gan and Hakka. Languages of the Tibeto-Burman branch, including Tibetan, Qiang, Naxi and Yi, are spoken across the Tibetan and Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau. Other ethnic minority languages in southwest China include Zhuang, Thai, Dong and Sui of the Tai-Kadai family, Miao and Yao of the Hmong–Mien family, and Wa of the Austroasiatic family. Across northeastern and northwestern China, local ethnic groups speak Altaic languages including Manchu, Mongolian and several Turkic languages: Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Salar and Western Yugur. Korean is spoken natively along the border with North Korea. Sarikoli, the language of Tajiks in western Xinjiang, is an Indo-European language. Taiwanese aborigines, including a small population on the mainland, speak Austronesian languages.[450]", "Varieties of Chinese. Local varieties from different areas of China are often mutually unintelligible, differing at least as much as different Romance languages.[51][52] These varieties form the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family (with Bai sometimes being included in this grouping).[53] Because speakers share a standard written form, and have a common cultural heritage with long periods of political unity, the varieties are popularly perceived among native speakers as variants of a single Chinese language,[54] and this is also the official position.[55] Conventional English-language usage in Chinese linguistics is to use dialect for the speech of a particular place (regardless of status) while regional groupings like Mandarin and Wu are called dialect groups.[18] ISO 639-3 follows the Ethnologue in assigning language codes to eight of the top-level groups listed above (all but Min and Pinghua) and five subgroups of Min.[56] Other linguists choose to refer to the major groupings as languages.[52]", "Chinese language. All varieties of modern Chinese are analytic languages, in that they depend on syntax (word order and sentence structure) rather than morphology—i.e., changes in form of a word—to indicate the word's function in a sentence.[72] In other words, Chinese has very few grammatical inflections—it possesses no tenses, no voices, no numbers (singular, plural; though there are plural markers, for example for personal pronouns), and only a few articles (i.e., equivalents to \"the, a, an\" in English).[c]", "Standard language. Chinese consists of hundreds of local varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible, usually classified into seven to ten major groups, including Mandarin, Wu, Yue, Hakka and Min. Before the 20th century, most Chinese spoke only their local variety. For two millennia, formal writing had been done in Literary Chinese (or Classical Chinese), a style modelled on the classics and far removed from any contemporary speech.[17] As a practical measure, officials of the late imperial dynasties carried out the administration of the empire using a common language based on Mandarin varieties, known as Guānhuà (literally \"speech of officials\").[18]", "Languages of China. The Chinese language policy in mainland China is heavily influenced by the Soviet nationalities policy and officially encourages the development of standard spoken and written languages for each of the nationalities of China. However, in this schema, Han Chinese are considered a single nationality and the official policy of the People's Republic of China (PRC) treats the different varieties of Chinese differently from the different national languages, even though their differences are as significant as those between the various Romance languages of Europe. While official policies in mainland China encourage the development and use of different orthographies for the national languages and their use in educational and academic settings, realistically speaking it would seem that, as elsewhere in the world, the outlook for minority languages perceived as inferior is grim.[10] The Tibetan Government-in-Exile argue that social pressures and political efforts result in a policy of sinicization and feels that Beijing should promote the Tibetan language more. Because many languages exist in China, they also have problems regarding diglossia. Recently, in terms of Fishman's typology of the relationships between bilingualism and diglossia and his taxonomy of diglossia (Fishman 1978, 1980) in China: more and more minority communities have been evolving from \"diglossia without bilingualism\" to \"bilingualism without diglossia.\" This could be an implication of mainland China's power expanding.[11]", "Sino-Tibetan languages. By far the largest group are the 1.3 billion speakers of varieties of Chinese, most of whom live in the eastern half of China. The first records of Chinese are oracle bone inscriptions from c. 1200 BC, when Old Chinese was spoken around the middle reaches of the Yellow River.[41] Chinese has since expanded throughout China, forming a family whose diversity has been compared with the Romance languages. Diversity is greater in the rugged terrain of southeast China than in the North China Plain.[42]", "Chinese language. Chinese (simplified Chinese: 汉语; traditional Chinese: 漢語; pinyin: Hànyǔ; literally: \"Han language\"; or Chinese: 中文; pinyin: Zhōngwén; literally: \"Chinese writing\") is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the Han majority and many minority ethnic groups in China. About 1.2 billion people (around 16% of the world's population) speak some form of Chinese as their first language.", "Sino-Tibetan languages. The Sino-Tibetan languages, in a few sources also known as Trans-Himalayan, are a family of more than 400 languages spoken in East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia. The family is second only to Indo-European in terms of the number of native speakers. The Sino-Tibetan languages with the most native speakers are the varieties of Chinese (1.3 billion speakers), Burmese (33 million), and the Tibetic languages (6 million), but many Sino-Tibetan languages are spoken by small communities in remote mountain areas and as such are poorly documented. Unlike Western linguists, Chinese linguists generally include Kra–Dai and Hmong-Mien languages within Sino-Tibetan.", "Languages of China. The spoken languages of nationalities that are a part of the People's Republic of China belong to at least nine families:", "Languages of China. Other writing system for Chinese languages in China include:", "Chinese language. With the increase in demand for Chinese as a second language, there are 330 institutions teaching Chinese language globally according to the Chinese Ministry of Education. The establishment of Confucius Institutes, which are the public institutions affiliated with the Ministry of Education of China, aims at promoting Chinese language and culture as well as supporting Chinese teaching overseas. There were more than 480 Confucius Institutes worldwide as of 2014.[78]", "Chinese language. Most linguists classify all varieties of Chinese as part of the Sino-Tibetan language family, together with Burmese, Tibetan and many other languages spoken in the Himalayas and the Southeast Asian Massif.[4] Although the relationship was first proposed in the early 19th century and is now broadly accepted, reconstruction of Sino-Tibetan is much less developed than that of families such as Indo-European or Austroasiatic. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, and the effects of language contact. In addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive border zones.[5] Without a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the higher-level structure of the family remains unclear.[6] A top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is often assumed, but has not been convincingly demonstrated.[7]", "Languages of China. Below are lists of ethnic groups in China by linguistic classification. Ethnicities not on the official PRC list of 56 ethnic groups are italicized. Respective Pinyin transliterations and Chinese characters (both simplified and traditional) are also given.", "Varieties of Chinese. Classifications of Chinese varieties in the late 19th century and early 20th century were based on impressionistic criteria. They often followed river systems, which were historically the main routes of migration and communication in southern China.[22] The first scientific classifications, based primarily on the evolution of Middle Chinese voiced initials, were produced by Wang Li in 1936 and Li Fang-Kuei in 1937, with minor modifications by other linguists since.[23] The conventionally accepted set of seven dialect groups first appeared in the second edition of Yuan Jiahua's dialectology handbook (1961):[24][25]", "Demographics of China. Other languages include other varieties of Chinese: Mandarin dialects, as well as Wu (Shanghainese), Yue (Cantonese), Eastern Min (Fuzhou), Southern Min (Hokkien or Taiwanese and Teochiu), Xiang, Gan and Hakka; there are also minority languages spoken in China.", "Chinese language. Because of the difficulties involved in determining the difference between language and dialect, other terms have been proposed: ISO 639-3 follows Ethnologue in assigning individual language codes to the 13 main subdivisions, while Chinese as a whole is classified as a 'macrolanguage'.[63] Other options include vernacular,[64] lect [65] regionalect,[52] topolect,[66] and variety.[67]", "Varieties of Chinese. The Min languages are often regarded as furthest removed linguistically from Standard Chinese in phonology, grammar, and vocabulary. Historically, the Min languages were the first to diverge from the rest of the Chinese languages (see the discussion of historical Chinese phonology for more details). The Min languages are also the group with the greatest amount of internal diversity and are often regarded as consisting of at least five separate languages, e.g. Northern Min, Southern Min, Central Min, Eastern Min, and Puxian Min.", "Varieties of Chinese. The North China Plain provided few barriers to migration, leading to relative linguistic homogeneity over a wide area in northern China. In contrast, the mountains and rivers of southern China have spawned the other six major groups of Chinese languages, with great internal diversity, particularly in Fujian.[9][10]", "Varieties of Chinese. All varieties of Chinese, like neighbouring languages in the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area, have phonemic tones.\nEach syllable may be pronounced with between three and seven distinct pitch contours, denoting different morphemes.\nFor example, the Beijing dialect distinguishes mā (妈 \"mother\"), má (麻 \"hemp\"), mǎ (马 \"horse\") and mà (骂 \"to scold\").\nThe number of tonal contrasts varies between dialects, with northern dialects tending to have fewer distinctions than southern ones.[80]\nMany dialects have tone sandhi, in which the pitch contour of a syllable is affected by the tones of adjacent syllables in a compound word or phrase.[81]\nThis process is so extensive in Shanghainese that the tone system is reduced to a pitch accent system much like modern Japanese.", "Varieties of Chinese. The only varieties usually recognized as languages in their own right are Dungan and Taz.[citation needed] This is mostly due to political reasons[citation needed] as they are spoken in the former Soviet Union and are usually not written in Han characters but in Cyrillic. Various mixed languages, particularly those spoken by ethnic minorities, are also referred to as languages such as Tangwang language and E language. Some people and institutions may also allude to Taiwanese language, Cantonese language, and Hakka languages. The Taiwanese Ministry of Education uses the terms \"Minnan language\" and \"Taiwan Minnan language\".[60]", "Varieties of Chinese. Standard Chinese takes its phonology from the Beijing dialect, with vocabulary from the Mandarin group and grammar based on literature in the modern written vernacular. It is the sole official language of both China and Taiwan, one of the four official languages of Singapore, and one of the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Chinese language. The most comprehensive pure linguistic Chinese-language dictionary, the 12-volumed Hanyu Da Cidian, records more than 23,000 head Chinese characters and gives over 370,000 definitions. The 1999 revised Cihai, a multi-volume encyclopedic dictionary reference work, gives 122,836 vocabulary entry definitions under 19,485 Chinese characters, including proper names, phrases and common zoological, geographical, sociological, scientific and technical terms.", "Languages of China. During Qing dynasty, palaces, temples, and coins have sometimes been inscribed in four scripts:", "Varieties of Chinese. Jerry Norman classified the traditional seven dialect groups into three larger groups: Northern (Mandarin), Central (Wu, Gan, and Xiang) and Southern (Hakka, Yue, and Min).\nHe argued that the Southern Group is derived from a standard used in the Yangtze valley during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), which he called Old Southern Chinese, while the Central group was transitional between the Northern and Southern groups.[48]\nSome dialect boundaries, such as between Wu and Min, are particularly abrupt, while others, such as between Mandarin and Xiang or between Min and Hakka, are much less clearly defined.[19]", "Sino-Tibetan languages. Chinese and the Hmong-Mien and Kra–Dai languages are analytic languages that have similar grammar, pronunciation, and syllable structure. They all started with four tones, soon afterward developed into different phonological tones such as checked tone because of the voiced and voiceless properties of the initial. The aspiration of the initial and the length of the vowel in checked tone led to further tone development of dialects in these languages. Cantonese in Jiangyang area for Chinese developed eight different tones because of the length of the vowel. The aspiration property also determined the tone development of Kra-Dai, of which the tone eventually developed into sixteen types of tone.[85] Zongdi dialect of Hmong-Mien had also experienced the change in tone because of the aspiration property.[86]", "Chinese language. There are also at least two systems of cyrillization for Chinese. The most widespread is the Palladius system." ]

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[ "National Union Party (United States). The National Union Party was the temporary name used by the Republican Party for the national ticket in the 1864 presidential election which was held during the Civil War. For the most part, state Republican parties did not change their name.[1] The temporary name was used to attract War Democrats and border state, Unconditional Unionists and Unionist Party members who would not vote for the Republican Party. The party nominated incumbent President Abraham Lincoln and for Vice President Democrat Andrew Johnson, who were elected in an electoral landslide.", "National Union Party (United States). Republicans loyal to Lincoln created a new name for their party in convention at Baltimore, Maryland during the first week in June 1864 in order to accommodate the War Democrats who supported the war and wished to separate themselves from the Copperheads. This is the main reason why War Democrat Andrew Johnson was selected to be the vice presidential nominee as then-current Vice President Hannibal Hamlin was not nominated. The National Unionists supporting the Lincoln–Johnson ticket also hoped that the new party would stress the national character of the war.", "History of the United States Republican Party. The Republicans denounced the peace-oriented Democrats as disloyal Copperheads and won enough War Democrats to maintain their majority in 1862. In 1864, they formed a coalition with many War Democrats as the National Union Party which reelected Lincoln easily. During the war, upper middle-class men in major cities formed Union Leagues to promote and help finance the war effort.", "History of the United States Republican Party. From 1860 to 1912, the Republicans took advantage of the association of the Democrats with \"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion\". Rum stood for the liquor interests and the tavernkeepers, in contrast to the GOP, which had a strong dry element. \"Romanism\" meant Roman Catholics, especially Irish Americans, who ran the Democratic Party in every big city and whom the Republicans denounced for political corruption. \"Rebellion\" stood for the Democrats of the Confederacy, who tried to break the Union in 1861; and the Democrats in the North, called \"Copperheads\", who sympathized with them.", "Abraham Lincoln. While the war was still being waged, Lincoln faced reelection in 1864. Lincoln was a master politician, bringing together—and holding together—all the main factions of the Republican Party, and bringing in War Democrats such as Edwin M. Stanton and Andrew Johnson as well. Lincoln spent many hours a week talking to politicians from across the land and using his patronage powers—greatly expanded over peacetime—to hold the factions of his party together, build support for his own policies, and fend off efforts by Radicals to drop him from the 1864 ticket.[277][278] At its 1864 convention, the Republican Party selected Johnson, a War Democrat from the Southern state of Tennessee, as his running mate. To broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans, Lincoln ran under the label of the new Union Party.[279]", "History of the United States Republican Party. In Reconstruction, how to deal with the ex Confederates and the former slaves, or freedmen, were the major issues. By 1864, Radical Republicans controlled Congress and demanded more aggressive action against slavery and more vengeance toward the Confederates. Lincoln held them off, but just barely as Republicans at first welcomed President Andrew Johnson—the Radicals thought Johnson would take be harsher in punishing the South.", "Gilded Age. From 1860 to the early 20th century, the Republicans took advantage of the association of the Democrats with \"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion\". \"Rum\" stood for the liquor interests and the tavernkeepers, in contrast to the GOP, which had a strong dry element. \"Romanism\" meant Roman Catholics, especially Irish Americans, who ran the Democratic Party in most cities, and whom the reformers denounced for political corruption and their separate parochial-school system. \"Rebellion\" harked back to the Democrats of the Confederacy, who had tried to break the Union in 1861, as well as to their northern allies, called \"Copperheads.\"[99]", "National Union Party (United States). In the 1864 congressional elections, the party won 42 Senate seats (out of 54 senators seated, not including vacancies due to the secession of Confederate states) and 149 seats (out of 193) in the House of Representatives.[7] These candidates ran under various party names, including National Union, Republican and Unconditional Union, but were part of the overall Republican/National Union effort.[8]", "Hannibal Hamlin. In June 1864, the Republicans and War Democrats joined to form the National Union Party. Although Lincoln was renominated, War Democrat Andrew Johnson of Tennessee was named to replace Hamlin as Lincoln's running mate. Lincoln was seeking to broaden his base of support and was also looking ahead to Southern Reconstruction, at which Johnson had proven himself adept as military governor of occupied Tennessee. Hamlin, by contrast, was an ally of the Northern \"Radical Republicans\" (who would later impeach Johnson). Lincoln and Johnson were elected in November 1864, and Hamlin's term expired on March 4, 1865.", "Republican Party (United States). Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War and over Reconstruction.[27][28] In the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket.", "Republican Party (United States). The party's founding members chose the name \"Republican Party\" in the mid-1850s as homage to the values of republicanism promoted by Thomas Jefferson's Republican party.[59] The idea for the name came from an editorial by the party's leading publicist, Horace Greeley, who called for, \"some simple name like 'Republican' [that] would more fitly designate those who had united to restore the Union to its true mission of champion and promulgator of Liberty rather than propagandist of slavery\".[60] The name reflects the 1776 republican values of civic virtue and opposition to aristocracy and corruption.[61] It is important to note that \"republican\" has a variety of meanings around the world, and the U.S. Republican Party has evolved such that the meanings no longer always align.[62][63]", "Democratic-Republican Party. Political parties were new in the United States, and people were not accustomed to having formal names for them. There was no single, official name for the party. Party members generally called themselves \"Republicans\" and voted for what they called the \"Republican party\", \"republican ticket\" or \"republican interest\".[29] Jefferson and Madison often used the terms \"republican\" and \"Republican party\" in their letters.[30] The 1804 Convention of Republican members of Congress that renominated Jefferson described itself as a \"regular republican caucus\". The name Democratic-Republican was used by contemporaries only occasionally.[31]", "National Union Party (United States). The National Union Party was created in 1864 prior to the end of the Civil War. A faction of anti-Lincoln Radical Republicans held the belief that Lincoln was incompetent and therefore could not be reelected. A number of Radical Republicans formed a party called the Radical Democracy Party and a few hundred delegates in Cleveland starting on May 31, 1864, eventually nominating John C. Frémont, who had also been the Republicans' first presidential standard-bearer during the 1856 presidential election.", "Origins of the American Civil War. Meeting in a Ripon, Wisconsin, Congregational Church on February 28, 1854, some thirty opponents of the Nebraska Act called for the organization of a new political party and suggested that \"Republican\" would be the most appropriate name (to link their cause to the defunct Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson). These founders also took a leading role in the creation of the Republican Party in many northern states during the summer of 1854. While conservatives and many moderates were content merely to call for the restoration of the Missouri Compromise or a prohibition of slavery extension, radicals advocated repeal of the Fugitive Slave Laws and rapid abolition in existing states. The term \"radical\" has also been applied to those who objected to the Compromise of 1850, which extended slavery in the territories.", "Wade–Davis Bill. Lincoln survived their attacks and greatly strengthened his position with a landslide victory in the 1864 election, and national passage of the 13th Amendment in February, 1865. He momentarily marginalized the Radicals in terms of shaping Reconstruction policy. After Lincoln's death, Radical Republicans battled President Andrew Johnson, who tried to implement a version of Lincoln's plan. The midterm elections of 1866 turned into a referendum on the 14th amendment and the trajectory of Reconstruction policy. With the Republicans' victory, Congress took control of Reconstruction. The radicals wanted a much harsher plan, but they did not try to reimpose the terms of Wade-Davis. Instead they implemented the Reconstruction Acts and took control of the former rebel states with the United States Army, which registered black men as voters and barred some former Confederate leaders from running for office.[10]", "Copperhead (politics). Republicans started calling anti-war Democrats \"Copperheads\", likening them to the venomous snake. Those Democrats accepted the label, reinterpreting the copper \"head\" as the likeness of Liberty, which they cut from Liberty Head large cent coins and proudly wore as badges.[1] By contrast, Democratic supporters of the war were called War Democrats. The Copperheads represented the more extreme wing of the Northern Democrats. Notable Copperheads included two Democratic Congressmen from Ohio: Clement L. Vallandigham and Alexander Long. Republican prosecutors accused some prominent Copperheads of treason in a series of trials in 1864.[2]", "Union (American Civil War). The 1862 election for the Indiana legislature was especially hard-fought. Though the Democrats gained control of the legislature, they were unable to impede the war effort. Republican Governor Oliver P. Morton was able to maintain control of the state's contribution to the war effort despite the Democrat majority.[13] Washington was especially helpful in 1864 in arranging furloughs to allow Hoosier soldiers to return home so they could vote in elections.[14] Across the North in 1864, the great majority of soldiers voted Republican. Men who had been Democrats before the war often abstained or voted Republican.[15]", "Origins of the American Civil War. The Republican Party grew out of the controversy over the Kansas–Nebraska legislation. Once the Northern reaction against the Kansas–Nebraska Act took place, its leaders acted to advance another political reorganization. Henry Wilson declared the Whig Party dead and vowed to oppose any efforts to resurrect it. Horace Greeley's Tribune called for the formation of a new Northern party, and Benjamin Wade, Chase, Charles Sumner, and others spoke out for the union of all opponents of the Nebraska Act. The Tribune's Gamaliel Bailey was involved in calling a caucus of anti-slavery Whig and Democratic Party Congressmen in May.", "Republicanism in the United States. In 1792–93 Jefferson and Madison created a new \"Democratic-Republican party\" in order to promote their version of the doctrine. They wanted to suggest that Hamilton's version was illegitimate.[40] According to Federalist Noah Webster, a political activist bitter at the defeat of the Federalist party in the White House and Congress, the choice of the name \"Democratic-Republican\" was \"a powerful instrument in the process of making proselytes to the party.... The influence of names on the mass of mankind, was never more distinctly exhibited, than in the increase of the democratic party in the United States. The popularity of the denomination of the Republican Party, was more than a match for the popularity of Washington's character and services, and contributed to overthrow his administration.\"[41] The party, which historians later called the Democratic-Republican Party, split into separate factions in the 1820s, one of which became the Democratic Party. After 1832, the Democrats were opposed by another faction that named themselves \"Whigs\" after the Patriots of the 1770s who started the American Revolution. Both of these parties proclaimed their devotion to republicanism in the era of the Second Party System.", "Republican Party (United States). Founded in the Northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex Whigs and ex Free Soilers, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party and the briefly popular Know Nothing Party. The main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil. The first public meeting of the general \"anti-Nebraska\" movement where the name \"Republican\" was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20, 1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin.[21] The name was partly chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party.[22]", "Presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Even as they cooperated on most other issues, Lincoln and congressional Republicans continued to clash over Reconstruction policies after the 1864 election. Many in Congress sought far-reaching reforms in Southern society that went beyond the abolition of slavery, and they were strongly opposed to recognizing Lincoln's reconstituted Southern governments. Disagreements within Congress prevented the passage of any Reconstruction bill or the recognition of governments in Arkansas and Louisiana.[182] As the war came to a close, Lincoln indicated an openness to some of the proposals of the Radical Republicans, and he signed a bill creating the Freedmen's Bureau,[183] Established as a temporary institution, the Freedmen's Bureau was designed to provide food and other supplies to free blacks in the South, and was also authorized to grant former slaves land that had been confiscated during the war.[184] Lincoln did not take a definitive stand on black suffrage, stating only that \"very intelligent blacks\" and those that had served in the military should be granted the right to vote.[185]", "Radical Republican. After the 1860 elections, moderate Republicans dominated the Congress. Radical Republicans were often critical of Lincoln, who they believed was too slow in freeing slaves and supporting their legal equality. Lincoln put all factions in his cabinet, including Radicals like Salmon P. Chase (Secretary of the Treasury), whom he later appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, James Speed (Attorney General) and Edwin M. Stanton (Secretary of War). Lincoln appointed many Radical Republicans, such as journalist James Shepherd Pike, to key diplomatic positions. Angry with Lincoln, in 1864 some Radicals briefly formed a political party called the Radical Democracy Party[8] with John C. Frémont as their candidate for president, until Frémont withdrew.", "Ulysses S. Grant. When Grant's term began, Republicans controlled most Southern states. Professor Richard Scher states, \"The Republican governments, the first of which did not appear until 1868, were propped up by the Republican-dominated federal government, northern Republican money, and the presence of an army of occupation.\"[286] Unlike Johnson, Grant's vision of Reconstruction included federal enforcement of civil rights and spoke out against voter intimidation of Southern blacks.[287] In his message to Congress in 1874, Grant wrote, \"Treat the negro as a citizen and a voter, as he is and must remain, and soon parties will be divided, not on the color line, but on principle.\"[288] He lobbied Congress to pass the Fifteenth Amendment, guaranteeing that no state could prevent someone from voting based on race, and believed that its passage would secure freedmen's rights. Grant asked Congress to admit representatives from the remaining unrepresented Southern states conforming with Congressional Reconstruction, and passed legislation providing that Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas would be represented in Congress after they ratified the Fifteenth Amendment.[289] Grant pressured Congress to draw up legislation that would seat African American state legislators in Georgia, who had been ousted by white conservatives. Congress responded through legislation; the members were re-seated in the Georgia legislature, and Georgia was required to adopt the Fifteenth Amendment to regain representation in Congress. By July 1870, the remaining states were readmitted.[290]", "Radical Republican. By 1866, the Radical Republicans supported federal civil rights for Freedmen, which Johnson opposed. By 1867 they defined terms for suffrage for freed slaves and limited early suffrage for many ex-Confederates. While Johnson opposed the Radical Republicans on some issues, the decisive Congressional elections of 1866 gave the radicals enough votes to enact their legislation over Johnson's vetoes. Through elections in the South, ex-Confederate officeholders were gradually replaced with a coalition of Freedmen, southern whites (called Scalawags), and northerners who had resettled in the South (called Carpetbaggers). The Radical Republicans impeached Andrew Johnson in the House but failed by one vote in the Senate to remove him from office.[9]", "History of the United States (1865–1918). Historians' interpretations of the Radical Republicans have dramatically shifted over the years, from the pre-1950 view of them as tools of big business motivated by partisanship and hatred of the white South, to the perspective of the neoabolitionists of the 1950s and afterwards, who applauded their efforts to give equal rights to the freed slaves.[10]", "Republicanism in the United States. In reaction to the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854, antislavery forces in the North formed a new party. The party officially designated itself \"Republican\" because the name resonated with the struggle of 1776. \"In view of the necessity of battling for the first principles of republican government,\" resolved the Michigan state convention, \"and against the schemes of aristocracy the most revolting and oppressive with which the earth was ever cursed, or man debased, we will co-operate and be known as Republicans.\"[65][66]", "History of the United States Republican Party. Leading up to the second presidential election after the party's establishment, disdain for it grew considerably among Democrats, particularly those from the South. In reference to the Republicans' anti-slavery position, prominent Democrats applied the slur \"Black Republican\" against them, as seen repeatedly in the speeches of Senator Stephen Douglas during the Lincoln–Douglas debates of 1858 in Illinois. During the presidential campaign in 1860, at a time of escalating tension between the North and South, Abraham Lincoln addressed the harsh treatment of Republicans in the South in his famous Cooper Union speech:", "California in the American Civil War. In July 1864, with many Douglas Democrats having deserted their party over the war, the remaining Democrats formed a fusion party behind the former governor John G. Downey, opposed to continuation of the war, emancipation, the arrest of civilians by the military, the suppression of free speech and of the press and racial equality. The result in the September election was a second Republican governor of California, Frederick F. Low.[19]", "Wade–Davis Bill. Davis was a bitter enemy of Lincoln because he believed that the President was too lenient in his policies for the South. Davis and Wade issued a manifesto \"To the Supporters of the Government\" on August 4, 1864, accusing Lincoln of using reconstruction to secure electors in the South who would \"be at the dictation of his personal ambition,\" and condemning what they saw as his efforts to usurp power from Congress (\"the authority of Congress is paramount and must be respected\"). The Manifesto backfired, however, and while it initially caused much debate on the nature of the Reconstruction to come, Winter Davis was not renominated for his Congressional seat in Maryland.[8] Its ideas, particularly that Congress should be the main driver of the post-war process and that the Presidency should be a weaker office (the President \"must confine himself to his executive duties – to obey and execute, not to make the laws –, to suppress by arms armed rebellion, and leave political reorganization to Congress\" [9]), did influence Congressional Republicans during the following years, however, eventually leading to Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial.[citation needed]", "Democratic Party (United States). The Democratic-Republican Party splintered in 1824 into the short-lived National Republican Party and the Jacksonian movement which in 1828 became the Democratic Party. Under the Jacksonian era, the term \"The Democracy\" was in use by the party, but the name \"Democratic Party\" was eventually settled upon[34] and became the official name in 1844.[35] Members of the party are called \"Democrats\" or \"Dems\".", "United States presidential election, 1856. The Republican Party was formed in early 1854 to oppose the Kansas-Nebraska Act. During the midterm elections of 1854–1855, the Republican Party was one of the patchwork of anti-administration parties contesting the election, but they were able to win thirteen seats in the House of Representatives for the 34th Congress. However, the party collaborated with other disaffected groups and gradually absorbed them. In the elections of 1855, the Republican Party won three governorships.", "Democratic-Republican Party. The term \"Democratic-Republican\" is used especially by modern political scientists for the first \"Republican Party\" (as opposed to the modern Republican Party founded in 1854). It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans. Historians typically use the title \"Republican Party\". An \"Anti-Administration\" faction met secretly in the national capital (Philadelphia) to oppose Hamilton's financial programs. Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism. Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities. Foreign affairs took a leading role in 1794–1795 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain, which was then at war with France. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy. The party denounced many of Hamilton's measures as unconstitutional, especially the national bank." ]

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[ "Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects[60], the population of sub-Saharan Africa was 995,694,907 in 2016. The current growth rate is 2.3%. The UN predicts for the region a population between 1.5 and 2 billion by 2050[61] with a population density of 80 per km2 compared to 170 for Western Europe, 140 for Asia and 30 for the Americas.", "Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. According to the UN, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara.[2] It contrasts with North Africa, whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa, but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world.[3]", "Demographics of Africa. As of 2016[update], the total population of Africa is estimated at estimated at 1.225 billion, representing 17% of the world's population.[1] According to UN estimates, the population of Africa may reach 2.5 billion by 2050 (about 26% of the world's total) and nearly 4.5 billion by 2100 (about 40% of the world's total).[1]", "Sub-Saharan Africa. Only seven African countries are not geopolitically a part of Sub-Saharan Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara (claimed by Morocco) and Sudan, they form the UN subregion of Northern Africa which also makes up the largest bloc of the Arab World. Nevertheless, some international organisations include Sudan as part of Sub-Saharan Africa. Although a long-standing member of the Arab League, Sudan has around 30% non-Arab populations in the west (Darfur, Masalit, Zaghawa), far north (Nubian) and south (Kordofan, Nuba).[187][188][189][190][191][192] Mauritania and Niger only include a band of the Sahel along their southern borders. All other African countries have at least significant portions of their territory within Sub-Saharan Africa.", "Africa. Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (the first being Asia in both categories). At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its total land area.[3] With 1.2 billion people[1] as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition.[4] The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere.", "Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan African countries top the list of countries and territories by fertility rate with 40 of the highest 50, all with TFR greater than 4 in 2008. All are above the world average except South Africa and Seychelles.[62] More than 40% of the population in sub-Saharan countries is younger than 15 years old, as well as in Sudan, with the exception of South Africa.[63]", "Middle class. According to a 2014 study by the German Development Institute, the middle class of Sub-Saharan Africa rose from 14 million to 31 million people between 1990 and 2010.[50]", "Sub-Saharan Africa. Radio is the major source of information in Sub-Saharan Africa.[120] Average coverage stands at more than a third of the population. Countries such as Gabon, Seychelles, and South Africa boast almost 100% penetration. Only five countries – Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia – still have a penetration of less than 10%. Broadband penetration outside of South Africa has been limited where it is exorbitantly expensive.[121][122] Access to the internet via cell phones is on the rise.[123]", "Population growth. Population growth rates vary by world region, with the highest growth rates in Sub-Saharan Africa and the lowest in Europe. For example, from 1950 to 2010, Sub-Saharan African grew over three and a half times, from about 186 million to 856 million. On the other hand, Europe only increased by 35%, from 547 million in 1950 to 738 million in 2010. As a result of these varying population growths, Sub-Saharan Africa changed from 7.4% of world population in 1950 to 12.4% in 2010, while Europe declined from 22% to 11% in the same time period. [79]", "Africa. Africa's population has rapidly increased over the last 40 years, and consequently, it is relatively young. In some African states, more than half the population is under 25 years of age.[105] The total number of people in Africa increased from 229 million in 1950 to 630 million in 1990.[106] As of 2016, the population of Africa is estimated at 1.2 billion[1]. Africa's total population surpassing other continents is fairly recent; African population surpassed Europe in the 1990s, while the Americas was overtaken sometime around the year 2000; Africa's rapid population growth is expected to overtake the only two nations currently larger than its population, at roughly the same time – India and China's 1.4 billion people each will swap ranking around the year 2022.[107]", "Human overpopulation. Hunger and malnutrition kill nearly 6 million children a year, and more people are malnourished in sub-Saharan Africa this decade than in the 1990s, according to a report released by the Food and Agriculture Organization. In sub-Saharan Africa, the number of malnourished people grew to 203.5 million people in 2000–02 from 170.4 million 10 years earlier says The State of Food Insecurity in the World report. In 2001, 46.4% of people in sub-Saharan Africa were living in extreme poverty.[220]", "Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa is the least successful region of the world in reducing poverty ($1.25 per day); some 50% of the population living in poverty in 1981 (200 million people), a figure that rose to 58% in 1996 before dropping to 50% in 2005 (380 million people). The average poor person in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to live on only 70 cents per day, and was poorer in 2003 than in 1973,[94] indicating increasing poverty in some areas. Some of it is attributed to unsuccessful economic liberalization programmes spearheaded by foreign companies and governments, but other studies have cited bad domestic government policies more than external factors.[95][96][97]", "Islands of Africa. The total population of inhabitants of the islands of Africa is estimated at a little over 30 million, with the bulk of the population of the islands of Africa residing in Madagascar.", "Human overpopulation. The Population Reference Bureau in the US reported that the population of Sub-Saharan Africa – the poorest region in the continent – is rising faster than most of the rest of the world, and that \"Rapid population growth makes it difficult for economies to create enough jobs to lift large numbers of people out of poverty.\" Seven of the 10 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with the highest fertility rates also appear among the bottom 10 listed on the United Nations' Human Development Index.[219]", "Sub-Saharan Africa. As of 2011, Africa is one of the fastest developing regions in the world. Six of the world's ten fastest-growing economies over the previous decade were situated below the Sahara, with the remaining four in East and Central Asia. Between 2011 and 2015, the economic growth rate of the average nation in Africa is expected to surpass that of the average nation in Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa is by then projected to contribute seven out of the ten fastest growing economies in the world.[112] According to the World Bank, the economic growth rate in the region had risen to 4.7% in 2013, with a rate of 5.2% forecasted for 2014. This continued rise was attributed to increasing investment in infrastructure and resources as well as steady expenditure per household.[113]", "East Africa. According to the CIA, as of 2017, the countries in the eastern Africa region have a total population of around 537.9 million inhabitants.[57]", "Demographics of Africa. The Sub-Saharan African region experiences disproportionate rates of infectious and chronic diseases in comparison to other global regions.[14]", "Demographics of Africa. Population growth has continued at almost the same pace, and total population is expected to surpass 2 billion by 2038 (doubling time 29 years, 2.4% p.a.).[1]", "Demographics of Africa. The population of Africa has grown rapidly over the past century,[2] and consequently shows a large youth bulge, further reinforced by a low life expectancy of below 50 years in some African countries.[3] Total population as of 2017 is estimated at more than 1.25 billion, with a growth rate of more than 2.5% p.a. The most populous African country is Nigeria with 191 million inhabitants as of 2017 and a growth rate of 2.6% p.a.[1]", "Demographics of Nigeria. The most populated country in Africa, Nigeria, accounts for approximately one-sixth of the African population (or one fifth of the Sub-Saharan African population)[citation needed].", "Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa displays the most linguistic diversity of any region in the world. This is apparent from the number of languages spoken. The region contains over 1,000 languages, which is around 1/6 of the world's total.[70]", "Member states of the African Union. The African Union is composed of fifty-two republics and three monarchies. The total population of the AU is 1,068,444,000 (2013).[3]", "Demographics of Africa. Population estimates by region (in billions):", "Demographics of Africa. The population of Africa first surpassed one billion in 2009, with a doubling time of 27 years (growth rate 2.6% p.a.).[4]", "Demographics of Africa. The extreme population growth in Africa is driven by East Africa, Middle Africa and West Africa, which regions are projected to more than quintuple their populations over the 21st century. The most extreme of these is Middle Africa, with an estimated population increase by 680%, from less than 100 million in 2000 to more than 750 million in 2100 (more than half of this figure is driven by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, projected to increase from 47 million in 2000 to 379 million in 2100). Projected population growth is less extreme in Southern Africa and North Africa, which are expected, respectively, to not quite double and triple their populations over the same period.[1]", "Demographics of Africa. In 2011, Sub-Saharan Africa was home to 69% of all people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide.[16] In response, a number of initiatives have been launched to educate the public on HIV/AIDS. Among these are combination prevention programmes, considered to be the most effective initiative, the abstinence, be faithful, use a condom campaign, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation's outreach programs.[17] According to a 2013 special report issued by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the number of HIV positive people in Africa receiving anti-retroviral treatment in 2012 was over seven times the number receiving treatment in 2005, with an almost 1 million added in the last year alone.[18][19] The number of AIDS-related deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 33 percent less than the number in 2005.[20] The number of new HIV infections in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 25 percent less than the number in 2001.[20]", "Sub-Saharan Africa. As of 2009[update], fifty percent of Africa is rural with no access to electricity. Africa generates 47 GW of electricity, less than 0.6% of the global market share. Many countries are affected by power shortages.[114]", "Sub-Saharan Africa. GDP per Capita (2006 in dollars (US$)), Life (Exp.) (Life Expectancy 2006), Literacy (Male/Female 2006), Trans (Transparency 2009), HDI (Human Development Index), EODBR (Ease of Doing Business Rank June 2008 through May 2009), SAB (Starting a Business June 2008 through May 2009), PFI (Press Freedom Index 2009)", "South Africa. South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans;[9][10][11] on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland; and surrounds the kingdom of Lesotho.[12] South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa[13] and the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and, with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry,[5] divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages, nine of which have official status.[11] The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.", "White South Africans. 2017 Estimate: 4,493,500 (8.0% of South Africa's population)[1]\n2011 Census: 4,586,838 (8.9%)[2]", "Economy of Africa. The economy of Africa consists of the trade, industry, agriculture, and human resources of the continent. As of 2012[update], approximately 1.07 billion people[1] were living in 54 different countries in Africa. Africa is a resource-rich continent.[2][3] Recent growth has been due to growth in sales in commodities, services, and manufacturing.[4] Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, is expected to reach a GDP of $29 trillion by 2050.[5]", "Sub-Saharan Africa. Forty percent of African scientists live in OECD countries, predominantly in Europe, the United States and Canada.[145] This has been described as an African brain drain. According to Naledi Pandor, the South African Minister of Science and Technology, even with the drain enrollments in Sub-Saharan African universities tripled between 1991 and 2005, expanding at an annual rate of 8.7%, which is one of the highest regional growth rates in the world. In the last 10 to 15 years interest in pursuing university level degrees abroad has increased. In some OECD countries, like the United States, Sub-Saharan Africans are the most educated immigrant group.[145]" ]

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[ "List of Full House and Fuller House characters. Joseph Alvin \"Joey\" Gladstone (portrayed by Dave Coulier) is the childhood best friend of Danny Tanner, and adulthood best friend of Jesse Katsopolis. Joey moved in with Danny shortly after the death of Danny's wife, Pam, to help raise D.J., Stephanie, and Michelle. Joey works as a stand-up comedian, whose act usually includes vocal imitations of cartoon characters such as Popeye, Bullwinkle J. Moose, Pepé Le Pew and others. Joey initially slept in the alcove of Danny's living room. However, after complaining of not being able to find privacy, Danny reconstructs his basement garage into a bedroom for him in the season one episode \"Joey's Place\" (prior to the reveal, Joey contemplates moving out after the family's behavior makes him believe that Jesse and Danny can handle taking care of the girls and that he is not needed). Joey nearly quits comedy in the season one episode \"But Seriously, Folks,\" after Phyllis Diller (who was there as an audience member) hogs his slot at a comedy club, deciding to change his name to Joe and become a serious businessman. He reverses his decision after D.J. decides to quit practicing the guitar, realizing that he is not setting a good example. Although there was some tension between Joey and Jesse when they first move in with the Tanners, they quickly become good friends to the point where Jesse asks Joey to be his best man at his wedding. Even so, Joey's perceived immaturity does irritate Jesse at times. Joey usually handles the day-to-day raising of the kids by doing chores like making meals, driving the kids to school appointments, and after school activities, taking care of Michelle as a baby, and helping the kids with their homework. Joey also buys D.J. her first car for her 16th birthday in the season six episode \"Grand Gift Auto,\" which ends up getting repossessed after the police discover that the car had been stolen; Joey nearly moves out again after the family's attempts to try illustrate that Joey is not capable of committing a crime make him believe that the rest of the family thinks of him as a big joke. It is in this episode that Joey reveals that he had wished to have siblings as he grew up as an only child (even imaging that he was part of The Brady Bunch), and that being part of the Tanner family gave him the extended family he always wanted. In season four's \"Viva Las Joey,\" Joey is reunited with his estranged father (at the arrangement of Stephanie and D.J.), a former serviceman in the Armed Forces, with whom Joey did not get along with growing up due to his strict parenting style and his disapproval of Joey's dream of being a comedian; his father realizes that Joey made the right career decision when he sees his son's routine when Joey is invited as an opening act for Wayne Newton in Las Vegas.", "Joey Tribbiani. Joey was presumably born in 1968 as he talks about being 13 in 1981.[2] He comes from an Italian American family of eight children. His father Joseph Tribbiani, Sr. (Robert Costanzo), is a pipefitter and his mother's name is Gloria (Brenda Vaccaro). Joey has seven sisters: Mary Therese (Mimi Lieber) aka Mary Teresa Christina Ricci, Mary Angela (Holly Gagnier), Dina (Marla Sokoloff), Gina (Drea de Matteo), Tina (Lisa Maris),[3] Veronica (Dena Miceli),[3] and Cookie (Alex Meneses). Joey is from Queens, New York. As a child, he was extremely accident prone.[4] He also had an imaginary friend, Maurice, who was a space cowboy.[5]", "List of Full House and Fuller House characters. Joey has held various jobs in addition to his work as a stand-up comic. For a while during seasons two and three, Joey and Jesse run an advertising business, J&J Creative Services, in which they partnered to compose jingles for television and radio commercials. In season four's \"Joey Goes Hollywood,\" Joey wins a role he secretly auditions for in a sitcom co-starring Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello called Surf's Up. Joey's most successful job was portraying \"Ranger Joe,\" on an afternoon children's variety television show. He was given the job to replace retiring original host \"Ranger Roy\" in season five's \"The Legend of Ranger Joe,\" only to be fired after triggering Roy's acute physical paranoia when hugging him as a thank you; after Danny informs Joey of this while telling him of his firing, Joey ends up saving Roy from a \"hug-o-gram\" that he had sent to gratitude for the job; he then gets rehired after Roy becomes impressed with Joey's hosting skills when he takes over for Roy on his last show. Ranger Joe's sidekick is his wise-cracking woodchuck marionette puppet \"Mr. Woodchuck\" (first seen in \"The Legend of Ranger Joe\" and last seen in \"Michelle Rides Again\"). Joey quits his job in season six's \"Radio Days,\" after he becomes disgruntled with his boss Mr. Strowbridge's wife as his co-host. Jesse and Joey subsequently become co-hosts of a successful afternoon show on radio station KFLH called, Rush Hour Renegades. Besides his impressions, much of Joey's humor comes from his depiction as a man child, particularly the fact that he still watches cartoons as an adult and has an extensive knowledge of animation.", "List of Liv and Maddie characters. Joseph Gilligan \"Joey\" Rooney[4] (Joey Bragg) is the middle child of the Rooney family. He is the middle brother to Liv and Maddie and older brother to Parker. Joey is a student at Ridgewood High. Parker affectionately calls him \"munch\". Although close in age to his older twin sisters, only a school year younger as a freshman, Joey is perceived as immature and awkward, but also somewhat of a brainiac. Joey has a close relationship with his younger brother, Parker, especially in pranking or being manipulative, but with Liv and Maddie's assistance, there is hope for growth. He is bitter rivals with Artie, one of his classmates. In \"Helgaween-a-Rooney\", Joey and Parker want to see a haunted house magic show and use a magic amulet to clone themselves so they can sneak out for the night, but later the clones try to cook and eat the parents. In the same episode, Karen tries her hypnotherapy on Joey to make him feel ready to take on the world, but all Joey can say is \"Ooey, ooey, ooey!\" Around near the end of season 3 and into Liv and Maddie Cali Style he realized that he was starting to develop a crush on Willow and they start dating then they officially become boyfriend and girlfriend.", "Full House (season 4). Joey performs in Las Vegas, but – surprisingly – comes face-to-face with his strict, estranged father, Colonel Gladstone.", "Joey Potter. Joey has been friends with Dawson Leery since they were very young. She lives with her older sister, Bessie, Bessie's son Alexander and (sometimes) boyfriend, Bodie. Her father, Mike, is in and out of prison for drug trafficking. Her mother, Lillian, died of breast cancer when Joey was thirteen. Joey is also the only character to appear in every episode of the series.", "Joey Buchanan. Joey returns for two days in August 2007, along with brothers Cord Roberts (John Loprieno) and Kevin, for the funeral of his adopted grandfather, Asa Buchanan (Philip Carey). He and Dorian briefly discuss their past relationship, and the fact that they both still think of each other.[6][7]", "Full House (season 5). Joey has a streak of good luck. His childhood idol Ranger Roy (Barney Martin), the host of a children's program, is retiring, and Joey is confident to audition. However, his luck goes bad after innocently angering Roy by hugging him (due to acute physical paranoia), but when the show becomes a disaster, Joe uses his antics to save the day. Becky and D.J. are curious why Jesse wants good names for the twins, and Stephanie tries to get rid of Michelle's tap shoes.", "Joey (TV series). Additionally, Robert Costanzo reprised his role as Joey's father, a character who originated in the first season of Friends, in \"Joey and the Dad\". Costanzo was the only actor besides LeBlanc to play the same character in this series as in Friends (Gina appeared in a third-season episode of Friends, but was not played by Drea de Matteo; Joey's sister Mary Theresa also appeared in a third season Friends episode, but was played by a different actress than on Joey).", "Joey Tribbiani. After the 2003/2004 final season of Friends, Joey Tribbiani became the main character of Joey, a spin-off TV series, where he moved to L.A. to polish his acting career. His sister Gina Tribbiani and her son Michael (Paulo Costanzo) were two other central characters of the show.", "Joey Potter. \"Joey Potter is a headstrong, vibrant, wily, sultry, and determined go-getter. And yet, in a gloriously contradictory manner, in spite of her tough-as-nails exterior demeanor, Joey's also a frail, sometimes uncertain, emotionally sensitive, in-need-of-love person\", said the show's official book.[5] Joey, named for Jo in Little Women, for years had been climbing in Dawson's bedroom window and platonically sharing his bed. Joey's mother had died from cancer when Joey was thirteen and her father, Mike (Gareth Williams), was in prison for \"conspiracy to traffic in marijuana in excess of 10,000 pounds.\" Her harried, unmarried, and very pregnant sister, Bessie (Nina Repeta), about ten years older than Joey,[n 1] was raising her while running the Ice House restaurant, where Joey worked as a waitress. GQ described Joey as \"kind of an uptight fussbudget—one who's always twisted up over doing the right thing and bungling-up ways to hook up with her crush and across the creek neighbor, Dawson.\"[6]", "John Stamos. In the late 1980s, ABC's Full House gradually became a hit, and the show solidified Stamos's career. He asked that the character's last name be Katsopolis to highlight his Greek heritage, according to show creator and executive producer Jeff Franklin. He played one of the show's protagonists, Jesse, who lives with his brother-in-law, whose deceased wife was Jesse's older sister. Danny's best friend, Joey, also lives in the house with them. The three help each other raise three young girls. Jesse is known to be the \"bad boy\" at first until he falls in love with and marries Rebecca Donaldson and has twin boys, Nicky and Alex. In 1995, after eight seasons, the series came to an end. Stamos has since maintained close relationships with co-stars Bob Saget, Dave Coulier, Lori Loughlin, Jodie Sweetin, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, Andrea Barber, and Candace Cameron Bure.", "List of Full House and Fuller House characters. Joey has moved to Las Vegas in Fuller House, and is now married with four kids. His wife Ginger is a magician, and their kids, Phyllis, Lewis, Joan, and Jerry are very loud and obnoxious kids. Joey and his kids are moving back to San Francisco since his wife will be working as a magician on a cruise ship for six months. He also bought back the Smash Club with Jesse.", "Joey (TV series). Joey is an American sitcom and a spin-off of Friends starring Matt LeBlanc reprising his role as Joey Tribbiani. It premiered on the NBC television network, on September 9, 2004, in the former time slot of its parent series, Thursday nights at 8:00 p.m.", "List of Full House and Fuller House characters. Tommy Fuller, Jr. (portrayed by twins, Dashiell and Fox Messitt) is D.J.'s youngest son. Like his aunt Michelle he also loses a parent as a baby.", "List of Friends characters. Though Joey's parents do not appear on the show again, Joey Sr. later makes an appearance on the spin-off series Joey, making Costanzo the only actor, besides Matt LeBlanc, to reprise his role from Friends on the series", "Fuller House (TV series). In addition to Cameron Bure, Sweetin, and Barber reprising their roles, the other main roles went to Michael Campion, Elias Harger, and Soni Bringas, as their children: Jackson and Max Fuller, and Ramona Gibbler, respectively.[17] It was disclosed that John Stamos would have a recurring role as Jesse Katsopolis and would also be producing.[24] Other original main cast members who would be reprising their roles periodically are Lori Loughlin as Becky Katsopolis, Bob Saget as Danny Tanner, and Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone.[25][26][53][54] Dylan and Blake Tuomy-Wilhoit also make an appearance reprising their roles as Nicky and Alex Katsopolis, respectively.[27] On April 19, 2016, it was announced Ashley Liao, who plays Ramona's best friend, had been upgraded to a series regular.[22]", "List of Full House and Fuller House characters. Jackson Fuller (portrayed by Michael Campion) is D.J.'s oldest son. When Kimmy and her daughter, Ramona moves in Jackson has to give up his room and move in with his brother Max. Jackson and Ramona don't get along at first but become like brother and sister. Jackson has shown to be a good older brother to Max and Tommy. Jackson likes to do stunts, and joins the football team to impress Ramona's friend, Lola. He likes to call himself \"J. Money\" and \"Action Jackson\". He breifly dates Lola but she breaks up with him for being too clingy. While attending summer school he becomes friends with Gia's daughter Rocki, much to D.J's dislike.", "List of Full House and Fuller House characters. Jesse Katsopolis (portrayed by John Stamos; the character's last name in season one was Cochran, but was changed reportedly due to John Stamos wanting his character to better reflect his Greek heritage) is Danny's brother-in-law, Pam's younger brother, husband of Rebecca Donaldson and father of twin sons Nicky and Alex. Born Hermes Katsopolis (as revealed in the season five episode \"The Legend of Ranger Joe\"), he was named after his great-grandfather, who in turn is named after the Greek god of swiftness. However, he did not like his birth name, as other kids teased him for it; so when he was in kindergarten, he begged his parents to have his name changed to Jesse, thinking that one had to have a \"cool name\" to be in the in-crowd. As an adult, he was more confident with his true name, telling the girls about the Greek god of speed, and how his great-grandfather saved a village from a volcano, but still goes by Jesse.", "Joey Stivic. Joseph Michael \"Joey\" Stivic is a fictional character who first appeared on the 1970s American sitcom All in the Family. Joey Stivic was the son and only child of Mike Stivic (played by Rob Reiner) and Gloria Stivic (played by Sally Struthers), and the grandson of Archie Bunker (Carroll O'Connor) and Edith Bunker (Jean Stapleton). The character first appeared as a newborn baby in a two-part episode of All in the Family that aired in December 1975.", "List of Full House and Fuller House characters. Max Fuller (portrayed by Elias Harger) is D.J.'s well dressed and intelligent middle child. He likes science, and is shown to be a clean freak like his grandfather. Max has rivalries with Kimmy's fiancé Fernando and classmate Taylor. Max's girlfriend is Rose, the daughter of Steve's fiancée C.J.", "Joey Buchanan. Joey later becomes involved with Dorian's niece, Kelly Cramer (Gina Tognoni) in late 1995. Ultimately, Kelly leaves him for his brother Kevin.", "Full House. After his wife Pamela Katsopolis is killed in a car accident by a drunk driver, sports anchorman Danny Tanner recruits his brother-in-law Jesse (a rock musician) and best friend Joey (who works as a stand-up comedian) to help raise his three young daughters. Over time, the three men as well as the children bond and become closer to one another.", "Joey. Joey may refer to:", "Melissa & Joey. Melissa & Joey is an American sitcom television series starring Melissa Joan Hart and Joey Lawrence that aired for four seasons between 2010 and 2015 on ABC Family (now Freeform). The series follows local politician Mel Burke (Hart) and Joe Longo (Lawrence), whom Mel hires to look after her niece (Taylor Spreitler) and nephew (Nick Robinson) after a Ponzi scheme leaves Joe broke.", "Joey Buchanan. Joey Buchanan is a fictional character from the American daytime serial One Life to Live. The character is the son of original protagonists Victoria Lord and Joe Riley, Sr.", "Days of Our Lives characters (1990s). Joey Kiriakis was introduced in September 1990 and was portrayed by child actors Candace Mead and Benjamin Iorio until the character left the series in 1991. Joey is the biological twin son of Kiriakis family nanny, J.J. Bagwood (Patti Johns) and Stanley Krakowski (Dick Christie), who along with his brother was later adopted by Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis (Judi Evans) and her husband Justin Kiriakis (Wally Kurth).", "List of Full House and Fuller House characters. Stephanie Judith Tanner (portrayed by Jodie Sweetin) is the witty, sarcastic middle child of Danny and Pam, the younger sister of D.J., and the older sister of Michelle. Her mother died when she was five years old. Her catchphrases during the early seasons of the series include \"how rude!,\" \"well, pin a rose on your nose!\" and \"hot dog\". She eventually evolved into something of a tomboy in seasons four and five. Stephanie has a habit of spying on D.J.'s life by reading her diary and eavesdropping on her telephone calls (having been caught in the act several times), and is generally the most athletic and nosiest of the Tanner girls. Her best friends in school are Gia Mahan and Mickey, whom she meets in season seven (the former is the only one who appears through to season eight). Of the three sisters, Stephanie has dealt with the toughest issues, such as peer pressure into smoking (in season seven's \"Fast Friends\"), \"make-out\" parties (in season eight's \"Making Out is Hard to Do\"), joyriding (in season eight's \"Stephanie's Wild Ride\"), and uncovering a classmate's child abuse (in season six's \"Silence is Not Golden\"), as well as the death of her mother when she was only five. In her early years, she is very sentimental about Mr. Bear, a stuffed animal that her mother gave to her after Michelle was born (this was the focal point of the season two episode \"Goodbye Mr. Bear\"). She and Jesse are the most abrasive when it comes to how they feel about Kimmy Gibbler.", "Joey Stivic. After many appearances on All in the Family until Reiner and Struthers left the series in 1978 (by that time, Joey had been played most often by alternating twins Jason and Justin Draeger), the Joey Stivic character next appeared in the All in the Family spin-off series (some call it a continuation of the original) Archie Bunker's Place, in a guest appearance in the November 1979 episode \"Thanksgiving Reunion.\" (Played by three-year-old Cory R. Miller, the character also appeared in the two-part December 1978 All in the Family episode \"California, Here We Are,\"[1] after Reiner and Struthers were no longer series regulars.) On Archie Bunker's Place, the character was played by child actor Dick Billingsley and was appropriately pre-school age. With Gloria now separated from Mike, she returned to Archie Bunker's Place with Joey in the February 1982 episode \"Gloria Comes Home.\" In this episode, Joey was played by Christopher Johnston.", "Joey Tribbiani. The series' penultimate episode sees Joey in an established and committed relationship with Alex Garrett, his next-door neighbor.", "Joey Johnson (Days of Our Lives). Joey Johnson is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network, currently portrayed by James Lastovic. Introduced in 2008, Joey was created by head writers Dena Higley and Victor Gialanella as the youngest child of supercouple, Steve \"Patch\" Johnson and Kayla Brady (Stephen Nichols and Mary Beth Evans). The role was originated by siblings Brody and Jonas—who vacated the role in 2009 when the character was written out. Child actor, Jadon Wells appeared in the role of Joey on a recurring basis from 2012 to 2014. In 2015, the character was rapidly aged to 16 when Lastovic stepped into the role. Joey returns having skipped out on boarding school suffering from abandonment issues. It is later revealed that Joey has secretly been conspiring with Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun) to orchestrate Patch and Kayla's reunion. Unbeknownst to Joey, Ava is his father's ex-lover and has caused quite a bit of trouble for Kayla and the rest of the Brady family.", "Joey Potter. In season one, Joey is the \"girl next door.\" She is confused by her growth into a teenager and her developing feelings for her longtime best friend Dawson, who she also admitted is her soulmate. She immediately becomes jealous when Jen Lindley arrives and steals Dawson away from her. She is intimidated by Jen, who grew up in New York and does not know how to compete. She lives with her pregnant sister Bessie, and she works for her at the Ice House, the Potter family restaurant. She is frustrated with having to deal with work and taking care of her sister along with significant helpings of teenage angst. Nonetheless, Joey manages to be helpful with the birth of Bessie's son, Alexander, as does their critical neighbor, Evelyn Ryan. One day she is convinced to compete in the beauty pageant, which she does so that she can win the cash prize. But instead of winning the contest, she wins Dawson's heart, as he finally sees past his best friend image, and realizes that he has strong romantic feelings towards her. At the end of the season, she finds herself with the opportunity of going to Paris for a year, but rejects it in favor of staying in Capeside with Dawson after she and Dawson kiss." ]

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[ "Britain's Got Talent (series 8). The eighth series was won by boy band Collabro, with opera singer Lucy Kay finishing in second place and singing/rapping duo Bars and Melody in third place.[4] During its broadcast, the series averaged around 9.8 million viewers.", "Britain's Got Talent (series 8). Of the participants that took part, forty-five made it past this stage and into the five live semi-finals-[19] of these acts, salsa dancing duo Paddy & Nico,[20] hip hop duo Bars & Melody,[21] singer Christian Spridon,[22] girl group REAformed,[23] and stand-up comedian/impressionist Toju,[24] each received a golden buzzer during their auditions - with nine appearing in each one, and eleven of these acts making it into the live final; the wildcard act chosen by the judges was impressionist Jon Clegg, after he lost out in the tied Judges' vote in the first semi-final. The following below lists the results of each participant's overall performance in this series:", "List of Britain's Got Talent finalists. Opera singer Paul Potts won the first series of the competition in 2007, street dancer George Sampson won the second series in 2008, dance troupe Diversity won the third series in 2009, gymnast troupe Spelbound won the fourth series in 2010, singer Jai McDowall won the fifth series in 2011, dancing dog act Ashleigh and Pudsey won the sixth series in 2012, shadow theatre group, Attraction won the seventh series in 2013, classical singers Collabro won the eighth series in 2014, and musical canine freestyle act Jules O'Dwyer & Matisse won the ninth series in 2015. Magician Richard Jones won the tenth series in 2016. Pianist Tokio Myers won the eleventh series in 2017.", "Britain's Got Talent (series 8). Following open auditions held the previous year between 19 October to 1 December 2013 in various cities,[5] which included auditions held at a series of \"Talent Spot tents\" provided by the show's sponsor that year,[6] and at The Savoy Hotel in Blackpool and The Old Ship Hotel in Brighton, the Judges' auditions took place between January and February 2014, within Belfast,[7] London,[8][9][10] Manchester, Birmingham,[11][12][13] and Cardiff.[14][15] For the first time since the second series, auditions didn't take place in Scotland, as the show's producers wished to try new locations for talent, which led to them opting to hold auditions within Northern Ireland for the first time as a result.[16][17] Due to illness, Simon Cowell was forced to be absent from a day of auditions in Manchester to recover, leading to hosts Ant & Dec each standing in for him,[1] while on the final day of auditions in London, Cowell was forced to be absent for them to attend to his girlfriend Lauren Silverman, who had gone into labour that day; the show's production team chose not to bring in a stand-in because of this.[18]", "Australia's Got Talent. The winner was declared on 22 April 2009. This grand finale followed the same format as the 2008 one: acts were eliminated in pairs, as well as each judge picking their favorite act to reappear on the show once more. Mark Vincent won the season, while Jal Joshua became the runner-up. On the grand finale, international opera singer and winner of Britain's Got Talent series one, Paul Potts performed live in the studio.", "The X Factor (UK series 8). The first live results show included live performances from series 7 winner Matt Cardle and Cee Lo Green,[35] while Katy Perry and The Wanted performed on the second results show.[36] On the third results show, Bruno Mars, Professor Green featuring Emeli Sandé and Kelly Clarkson performed.[37] Series 7 contestant Cher Lloyd and The X Factor USA judge Nicole Scherzinger performed on the fourth live result show.[38][unreliable source?] Series 5 runners up JLS and Florence and the Machine performed on the fifth live results show,[39][unreliable source?] while Lady Gaga and series 7 contestants One Direction performed on the sixth.[citation needed] The seventh live show featured performances from Rihanna and series 7 runner-up Rebecca Ferguson,.[40] The eighth live results show included performances from former contestant and The Xtra Factor host Olly Murs featuring The Muppets, and Jessie J.[41][42] JLS and One Direction also appeared alongside the 16 finalists to perform this year's charity single, \"Wishing on a Star\".[41][42] The semi-final live result show featured performances from Justin Bieber and The X Factor judge Rowland.[43] The live final featured performances from Coldplay, JLS, Leona Lewis, Michael Bublé and One Direction[44]", "Britain's Got Talent. The eighth series aired during 2014, between 12 April to 7 June. This series was the first to introduce the \"Golden Buzzer\", and for the first time since the first series, auditions were not held in Scotland, instead being held in Northern Ireland within Belfast, along with Cardiff, London, Birmingham and Manchester; Edinburgh joined these cities to hold open auditions in late 2013, along with Blackpool and Brighton, with additional open auditions held in various local branches of Morrisons within \"Talent Spot\" tents, owing to the show's sponsorship deal with the supermarket chain at the time. The series was won by boy band Collabro, with opera singer Lucy Kay coming in second, and rapper duo Bars & Melody placing third.", "Britain's Got Talent (series 9). The ninth series was won by dog tricks duo Jules O'Dwyer & Matisse, with magician Jamie Raven finishing in second place and Welsh choir Côr Glanaethwy in third place. Following the series' broadcast, viewers complained about being misled by winner O'Dwyer's performance, after it was found that their act involved a second dog that had not been disclosed to the public or the judges.[4] During its broadcast, the series averaged around 9.9 million viewers.", "Britain's Got Talent (series 10). The tenth series was won by magician Richard Jones,[3] with jazz singer Wayne Woodward finishing in second place and dance troupe Boogie Storm in third place.", "America's Got Talent (season 8). Guest performer: James Lipton", "Britain's Got Talent. The tenth series was aired during 2016, between 9 April to 28 May. Auditions were held within Liverpool, Birmingham and London, with all three holding open auditions in late 2015 along with Cardiff, Glasgow, and Manchester. It was the last series to hold live episodes within The Fountain Studios, before its closure at the end of the year. The series was won by magician Richard Jones, with singer Wayne Woodward coming in second, and dance group Boogie Storm placing third.", "Britain's Got Talent (series 11). Musician Tokio Myers was declared the winner of the series on 3 June. Magician Issy Simpson was runner-up while comedian Daliso Chaponda came third.[3][4]", "The Great British Bake Off (series 8). This series was won by Sophie Faldo, with Kate Lyon and Steven Carter-Bailey finishing as runners-up.[4][5]", "Britain's Got Talent. The seventh series was aired during 2013, between 13 April to 8 June; the show took a break on the 29 May, due to live football coverage of England's friendly with the Republic of Ireland. While the show retained the new features introduced in the previous series, the cash prize was reduced to £250,000, with the series featuring auditions within five cities - Birmingham, London, Cardiff, Glasgow and Manchester. The series was won by shadow theatre troupe Attraction, with comedian Jack Carroll coming in second, and opera duo Richard & Adam placing third.", "Britain's Got Talent. The second series was aired during 2008, between 12 April to 31 May, and featured notable differences. Not only did the series run for much longer, auditions took place in Blackpool and Glasgow, the latter following complaints that Scotland hadn't been visited during the previous series, along with Manchester, Birmingham, London and Cardiff. In addition, the show had five live semi-finals, featuring a total of 40 semi-finalists. The series was won by street-dancer George Sampson, with dual dance group Signature coming in second, and singer Andrew Johnston placing third.", "America's Got Talent (season 8). Guests: Tom Cotter, Train, and Ashley Monroe", "Britain's Got Talent (series 9). The following below lists the results of each participant's overall performance in this series:", "Britain's Got Talent (series 8). Series Eight of Britain's Got Talent, a British talent competition series, began broadcasting in the UK during 2014, from 12 April to 7 June on ITV; because of England's international friendly with Peru, the show took a break on 30 May to avoid clashing with live coverage of the match. The series is most notable for holding auditions in Northern Ireland for the first time, instead of Scotland as had been done since the second series, as well as for the hosts Ant & Dec having to stand in for Simon Cowell, after illness forced him to be absent during a day of auditions.[1] It was also the first series in the show's history to have a buzzer used during the live final, and was the first to include the \"Golden Buzzer\" - a format introduced to the programme, which had begun to appear within the Got Talent franchise since it was first introduced on Germany's Got Talent in 2012.[2][3]", "Diversity (dance troupe). Following their performance in the final, Holden said she thought Diversity had \"blown Flawless out of the water\", while Cowell said that \"If I had to give marks on that, this would be the only performance tonight I would give a 10 to.\" However, Morgan thought Flawless \"just edged [Diversity].\"[18] They finished in the top 3 again, as did Boyle, along with saxophonist Julian Smith. In a shock result, in front of a record audience of 17.3 million viewers,[19] Diversity were announced as the winners, despite Boyle being the clear favourite to win.[20]", "Britain's Got Talent. The third series was aired during 2009, between 11 April to 30 May, with auditions held in the same five cities as before. Initially, the producers intended to change the format by including a fourth judge on the panel, but this was later dropped a few days after auditions began. The series was won by dance troupe Diversity, with singer Susan Boyle coming in second, and saxophonist Julian Smith placing third.", "The X Factor (UK series 8). The X Factor is a British television music competition to find new singing talent. The eighth series commenced airing on ITV on 20 August 2011[1] and ended on 11 December 2011. The winner was Little Mix, a four-piece girl group known earlier in the series as Rhythmix, consisting of members Jesy Nelson, Perrie Edwards, Leigh-Anne Pinnock, and Jade Thirlwall. They became the first act in the groups category to win in the UK show's history with new judge Tulisa emerging as their winning mentor. Dermot O'Leary presented the main show on ITV, while Caroline Flack and series 6 runner-up Olly Murs co-presented the spin-off show The Xtra Factor on ITV2, replacing Konnie Huq from the previous year. Louis Walsh returned to the judging panel and was joined by Gary Barlow, Kelly Rowland and Tulisa. Barlow, Rowland and Tulisa joined the panel as replacements for former judges, Simon Cowell, Dannii Minogue and Cheryl Cole. Series 5 winner Alexandra Burke served as a guest judge for week 4 of the live shows due to Rowland having a throat infection.", "America's Got Talent (season 8). Guest performer: Dierks Bentley", "David Walliams. Since 2012 Walliams has been a judge on the ITV talent show Britain's Got Talent with Amanda Holden, Alesha Dixon and Simon Cowell. In 2015 and 2018, he was recognised at the National Television Awards as Best Judge[17] for his involvement in the series. His chemistry with Simon Cowell on the show has often been praised.", "America's Got Talent. In 2013, after the success of the 2012 tour, another tour was scheduled, featuring season eight's winner, Kenichi Ebina, and finalists Collins Key, Jimmy Rose, Taylor Williamson, Cami Bradley, The KriStef Brothers, and Tone the Chiefrocca.[78] Tone hosted the tour.", "Britain's Got Talent. Between 2008 - 2011, several of the show's semi-finalists, finalists, and winners from various series, took part in a live tour entitled \"Britain's Got Talent Tour\". The event consisted of several shows held across various UK cities during the Summer months, with site locations including Cardiff, Liverpool, Birmingham, Belfast, Sheffield, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Nottingham, London, and Manchester. When the first live tour, hosted by Stephen Mulhern, was announced on 17 April 2008, demand for tickets for the thirteen dates set for it was high. This led to an extension in the number of performances for it, increasing the overall number from twelve - the ten finalists from that year's series and two of the semi-finalists, Tracey Lee Collins and Anya Sparks - to twenty two, including matinées, and a duet with Faryl Smith and Andrew Johnston. In 2009, Mulhern hosted a new live tour, which initially featured four dates before it was later increased to run for eighteen shows, and included performances by Diversity, Flawless, Aidan Davis, Shaun Smith, Stavros Flatley, Hollie Steel, 2 Grand, Julian Smith, Shaheen Jafargholi, Susan Boyle, Darth Jackson, DJ Talent and the 2008 winner, George Sampson. In 2010, a third live tour was created, featuring a much larger schedule and taking place across 16 cities and 23 shows. It was hosted by comedian Paddy McGuinness, and featured performances by that year's finalists of Britain's Got Talent - Spelbound, Twist & Pulse, Kieran Gaffney, Tobias Mead, Tina & Chandi, Paul Burling, Christopher Stone, Janey Cutler, Liam McNally and Connected.", "Britain's Got Talent (series 7). In the final, during the performance of Welsh singers Richard & Adam, a woman—later identified as violinist Natalie Holt [55]—stormed the stage and launched eggs in the direction of Cowell.[56] It was reported that this was because she had failed to reach the next round with her classical band RaVen Quartet during the previous year's series.[57] Ant & Dec stated that Holt's action was not part of Richard & Adam's performance, rather a security breach.[57] Dixon apologised to the group for having their performance interrupted, while Holden was less polite, calling Holt a \"stupid cow\".[56] Although she eventually apologised,[57] Holt, who claims to have received messages of support from famous musicians, later withdrew this and released a statement which criticised Cowell's influence on the music industry and miming on live television shows.[58]", "Britain's Got Talent (series 7). The seventh series of Britain's Got Talent began airing on ITV on 13 April 2013 and ended on 8 June 2013. Ant & Dec returned to present the main show on ITV, while Stephen Mulhern returned to present spin-off show Britain's Got More Talent on ITV2. The judges were Simon Cowell, Amanda Holden, Alesha Dixon and David Walliams, all of whom were judges for the sixth series.", "Paul Potts. After winning Britain's Got Talent, Potts took a six-month sabbatical from his job and resigned on 5 March 2008.[10]", "Britain's Got Talent. The ninth series was aired during 2015, between 11 April to 31 May. This series saw the \"Wildcard\" feature updated; along with the judges being able to put forth an eliminated act from the semi-finals into the final (referred to as the Judges' Wildcard), the show now also allowed the public to vote between the three most popular eliminated acts, with the one with the highest number of votes going forward into the final - this act is referred to as the Public Wildcard. Audition took place within Edinburgh, Manchester, Birmingham, and London, with the latter three cities holding open auditions in late 2014 along with Newcastle, Cardiff, Portsmouth, Leeds, Norwich, and Bristol. The winner of the series was trainer and dog duo Jules O'Dwyer & Matisse, with magician Jamie Raven coming second, and Welsh choir Côr Glanaethwy placing third.", "The X Factor (UK series 8). The eighth series won Most Popular Talent Show at the 17th National Television Awards on 25 January 2012.[3]", "Britain's Got Talent (series 8). After the final semi-final had been aired, several viewers took to social media to criticise Amanda Holden for a comment she had made in regards to he performance of salsa dance duo Paddy & Nico. Prior to their appearance in the live episode, Paddy had received an injury during practice and had to be checked over by the show's doctors before she could be allowed to perform. Making her opinion of their act in the semi-final, Holden had complimented the dancer for doing well despite the circumstances, adding remarks that she had \"come back from injury with fighting spirit\" and \"today is Pad-D Day\". Posts written about the comment complained that it had been distasteful to compare the performance of the dance duo with the efforts of the soldiers during the D-Day landings, with one viewer commenting that her words had been \"disrespectful\".[49]", "America's Got Talent (season 8). Guest performer: Gavin DeGraw" ]

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[ "Drums of Autumn. Drums of Autumn is the fourth book in the Outlander series of novels by Diana Gabaldon. Centered on time travelling 20th century doctor Claire Randall and her 18th century Scottish Highlander warrior husband Jamie Fraser, the books contain elements of historical fiction, romance, adventure, science fiction, and fantasy.[1]", "Drums of Autumn. The heroine of the bestselling Outlander, Claire, returns in Drums of Autumn, reunited with her husband Jamie Fraser and facing a new life in the American colonies. As the preceding novel, Voyager, concluded with Jamie Fraser and his wife Claire shipwrecked on the Georgia coastline in 1766 —and happy to be out of Scotland—Drums of Autumn picks up where Voyager left off. Jamie and Claire, as well as Fergus, and Ian, make their way first to Charleston, and then Wilmington, before settling in the North Carolina foothills in hopes of building a homestead. Fergus' wife Marsali stayed behind on the island of Jamaica expecting the arrival of their first child. At the same time, Brianna Ellen Randall and her suitor, historian Roger Wakefield, remain safely ensconced in the 20th century. Now orphaned by her mother's departure to the past, Brianna struggles to accept her loss and satisfy her curiosity about a father she has never met, only to discover a tragic piece of \"history\" that threatens her parents' happiness in the past. This discovery sends Brianna back through time on a mission to save her parents that sends Roger after her.", "Outlander (novel). In 1946, after working apart during the Second World War, British Army nurse Claire Randall and her husband Frank, a history professor, go on a second honeymoon to Inverness, Scotland. Frank conducts research into his family history and Claire goes plant-gathering near standing stones on the hill of Craigh na Dun. She faints when investigating a buzzing noise near the stones; upon waking, she encounters Frank's ancestor, Captain Jack Randall. Before Captain Randall can take her into custody, he is knocked unconscious by a Scottish Gael who takes Claire to his clansmen. As the Gaels inexpertly attend their injured comrade Jamie, Claire uses her medical skill to set Jamie's dislocated shoulder. The men identify themselves as members of Clan MacKenzie, and Claire eventually concludes that she has traveled into the past. She represents herself as an English widow who is traveling to France to see her family. The Gaels do not believe her and take her to Castle Leoch, where Claire searches for a way to return to her own time.", "An Echo in the Bone. In the past, Lord William Ellesmere (actually Jamie's son but raised as Lord John Grey's stepson) is involved in the American Revolution as a Redcoat, but is repeatedly embarrassed until the battle of Saratoga, wherein he distinguishes himself. Arch and Murdina Bug go after the gold on Fraser's Ridge, during a confused confrontation Mrs. Bug shoots Jamie when he tells her to stop, and Ian shoots her. Ian feels guilty for killing Mrs. Bug; Arch vows to take his revenge when Ian has 'someone worth losing'. Claire, Jamie, and Ian leave their mountain home for Scotland to see Jenny, Ian, and their children, and also to recover Jamie's printing press. Before they can leave America, they become involved in the Revolutionary war; Jamie accidentally shoots the hat off William's head at Saratoga. A kinsman of Jamie's on the British side, Simon Fraser of Balnain, is killed, and Jamie and Claire are asked to take his body back to Scotland. Before they leave a stranger tries to blackmail Jamie, but Ian kills him. Claire, Jamie and Ian leave for Scotland to bury Jamie's relative and Ian leaves his dog Rollo with a Quaker woman named Rachel Hunter. Jamie, Claire, and Ian reach Scotland, where Ian the elder, husband to Jamie's sister Jenny, and Jamie's best childhood friend, is dying of consumption when they arrive. Ian and Jenny are ecstatic that young Ian has returned; but Jenny is hostile to Claire who is unable to cure Ian. Jamie apologizes to Laoghaire (his second wife) for their separation. Laoghaire's daughter (and Jamie's adopted daughter) Joan requires Laoghaire to marry her lover, a crippled servant, so that she (Joan) can become a nun. A letter from Laoghaire's daughter Marsali reveals that her son Henri-Christian is very ill. In this missive Marsali beseeches Claire's help in treating her son, Henri-Christian. Claire agrees to return to America to treat Henri-Christian stipulating that Laoghaire marry her lover, stop taking alimony from Jamie, and help Joan become a nun.", "Drums of Autumn. The fourth season of Outlander, the TV series adaptation of Gabaldon's novels, will be based on Drums of Autumn.[2][3]", "Outlander (novel). Claire tells Jamie her real story, and he takes her to Craigh na Dun. When he offers her the chance to stay or go, she decides to stay. Jamie takes her to his home of Lallybroch, where they meet Jamie's sister Jenny and her husband, Ian. Though Jamie is still a fugitive from the British, he reclaims his position as Laird of Lallybroch, until one of his tenants betrays him and he is taken to Wentworth Prison. Claire and the MacKenzie clansmen attempt to rescue him, but they fail, and Claire is captured by Randall, who threatens to have her raped. Jamie offers himself in Claire's place, and Randall frees Claire into the woods. Claire tells Randall that she is a witch and tells him the exact day of his death, which she knows from Frank's family history. Thereafter Claire is befriended by Sir Marcus MacRannoch, a former suitor of Jamie's mother. While MacRannoch's men distract Wentworth's guards, the clansmen drive a herd of cattle through the underground halls, trampling a man. They rescue Jamie, who has been assaulted physically and sexually by Randall, and take him to MacRannoch's stronghold, where Claire tends Jamie's wounds. As soon as Jamie is able, they and Jamie's godfather, Murtagh, escape to Saint Anne de Beaupre's monastery in France, where another of Jamie's uncles is abbot. As she and Jamie emerge from a sacred hot spring under the Abbey, Claire reveals that she is pregnant.[4]", "An Echo in the Bone. An Echo in the Bone is the seventh book in the Outlander series of novels by Diana Gabaldon. Centered on time travelling 20th century doctor Claire Randall and her 18th century Scottish Highlander warrior husband Jamie Fraser, the books contain elements of historical fiction, romance, adventure and science fiction/fantasy.[1]", "Written in My Own Heart's Blood. Written in My Own Heart's Blood is the eighth book in the Outlander series of novels by Diana Gabaldon. Centered on time travelling 20th century doctor Claire Randall and her 18th century Scottish Highlander warrior husband Jamie Fraser, the books contain elements of historical fiction, romance, adventure and science fiction/fantasy.[1]", "An Echo in the Bone. Claire saves Henri-Christian's life, with the help of Lord John, and saves Lord John's injured nephew Henry. Lord John's niece Dottie has come to America as well, in love with Rachel's brother, a Quaker physician Denzell Hunter. Claire receives a letter from Jamie that Ian has died and Jenny has decided to leave Lallybroch. Word later arrives that Jamie has been lost at sea; and Claire is about to be arrested for being a spy, when Lord John insists on marrying Claire for her protection, as well as for the protection of Fergus, Marsali, and their children. Arch tries to kill Rachel, but Ian fights him, until William kills Arch. Jamie returns alive, with Redcoats after him, and pretends to take Lord John hostage and flees; but William realizes that Jamie is his father, flies into a rage, and storms out.", "Written in My Own Heart's Blood. Claire marries John Grey for protection after Jamie is presumed lost at sea. John and Jamie fight when the details are revealed. John's stepson William is angry at finding out he's Jamie's biological son. Jamie's nephew Ian marries Rachel Hunter, and Rachel's brother Denzell weds John's niece Dorothea in the same ceremony. The Hunters are Quakers; their service with the Continental Army even as noncombatants gets them ostracized by other Quakers.", "Outlander (novel). Outlander (published in the United Kingdom as Cross Stitch) is the first in a series of eight historical multi-genre novels by Diana Gabaldon. Published in 1991, it focuses on the Second World War–era nurse Claire Randall, who travels through time to 18th century Scotland and finds adventure and romance with the dashing Jamie Fraser.[1] A mix of several genres, the Outlander series has elements of historical fiction, romance, adventure and science fiction/fantasy.[1] Outlander won the Romance Writers of America's RITA Award for Best Romance of 1991.[2] A television adaptation of the Outlander series premiered on Starz in the US on August 9, 2014.[3] As of fall 2017, the series is airing in its third season and has begun pre-production on the fourth.", "Written in My Own Heart's Blood. In the 20th century, Jamie and Claire's grandson Jeremiah is kidnapped. Their son-in-law Roger meets Jamie's father and his own when time traveling to search. After the boy is recovered, his family joins the Frasers in the 18th century.", "Written in My Own Heart's Blood. Claire is wounded at Monmouth, and Jamie resigns from the Continental Army to remain by her side. After spending time in Savannah, they return to Fraser's Ridge, their farm settlement in North Carolina.", "An Echo in the Bone. First published and released in the United States on September 22, 2009,[2] the novel continues the adventures of Claire and Jamie in the 18th century, as well as their daughter, Brianna MacKenzie and her husband, Roger MacKenzie, who returned to the 20th century at the end of the previous book, A Breath of Snow and Ashes.", "Fall on Your Knees. Kathleen's diary and old dress is eventually sent home by her caretaker in New York, and after Frances reads it, sends it with Lily to New York, to find Kathleen's lover. As Lily reads through the pages of the diary, we learn of Kathleen's vocal lessons, her instructor she calls the Kaiser, and her illicit love affair with the female black piano accompanist, Rose Lacroix. The romance is a whirlwind, as both women fall madly in love with one another, going to Jazz bars with Rose dressed as a man. Kathleen thrives, and basks in her complete happiness. The world is their oyster, until James barges into Kathleen's apartment one day to find her in bed with the black woman (whom he mistakes for a man). A furious attack on Rose leads to James' jealous rape of Kathleen, as his sexual desire for her finally overcomes him. This reveals Lily's true father, and James brings Kathleen home to Cape Breton, where she then dies in childbirth, her dreams shattered and her short and gloriously promising life cut terribly short. James eventually confesses everything to Frances, and soon after dies in his reading chair, peacefully. Frances finally reveals the family's darkest secrets to her sister Mercedes, who is firmly in denial. Frances dies as an elderly woman with the help of Mercedes, without ever knowing the actual fate of her child.", "Dragonfly in Amber. Claire frees Jamie by an arrangement with King Louis XV of France, and they are banished from France. Back in Scotland with Fergus, they settle into farm life at his home at Lallybroch with Jamie's sister Jenny and her family. Jamie receives a letter from Stuart, announcing his attempt to retake the throne of Scotland, which the prince has signed Jamie's name to, branding him a traitor to the Crown. Left with no choice, he gathers the men of Lallybroch to join the Stuart army. Young Lord John Grey, an English scout, stumbles upon Jamie and Claire. Thinking Claire a prisoner, Grey tries to \"save\" her, whereupon Jamie breaks the boy's arm but spares his life. Information gleaned by Jamie from this encounter helps the Highlanders win at the Battle of Prestonpans; but the Rising still fails at the disastrous Battle of Culloden. Claire discovers that she is pregnant again. Jamie and Claire discuss assassinating Stuart, but decide against it. Dougal MacKenzie, having overheard their conversation, accuses Claire of persuading Jamie to betray his people, and attempts to kill Claire. Dougal is stabbed and dies in Jamie's arms. Jamie, knowing that the Jacobites lose Culloden, forces Claire and the unborn Brianna to return to her own time to spare her the battle's aftermath, and returns to Culloden, intending to die in the battle.", "Outlander (TV series). In 1946, former World War II nurse Claire Randall and her husband Frank are visiting Inverness, Scotland, when she is carried back in time from the standing stones at Craigh na Dun to the 18th century. She falls in with a group of rebel Scottish Highlanders from the Clan MacKenzie, who are being pursued by British redcoats led by Captain Jonathan \"Black Jack\" Randall, Frank's ancestor. She marries a highlander, Jamie Fraser, out of necessity but they quickly fall in love. The Clan suspect her of being a spy, and retain her as a healer, preventing her attempts to return to her own time. Knowing that the Jacobite cause is doomed to fail, Claire tries to warn against pursuing a rebellion. Jamie is captured and tortured by the sadistic Randall, but rescued by Claire and the Clan. They set sail for France.", "The Heart of Midlothian. The second, and main element of the novel was based on a story Scott claimed to have received in an unsigned letter. It was about a certain Helen Walker who had travelled all the way to London by foot, to receive a royal pardon for her sister, who was unjustly charged with infanticide. Scott put Jeanie Deans in the place of Walker, a young woman from a family of highly devout Presbyterians. Jeanie goes to London, partly by foot, hoping to achieve an audience with the Queen through the influence of the Duke of Argyll.", "Outlander (novel). The Gaels of 1743 see Claire as a \"Gall\" (foreigner), \"Sassenach\", or \"Outlander\", ignorant of Gaelic culture. Her medical skills earn their respect; but the clan chieftain, Colum MacKenzie, suspects her of being an English spy. Colum sends her with his brother, Dougal, to collect rents; on the way he also solicits donations for the Jacobites, overseen by Ned Gowan, a lawyer from Edinburgh who is working for the Clan.", "Written in My Own Heart's Blood. Claire Elizabeth Beauchamp Randall Fraser - Main female character around whom the series revolves. Nurse/Physician. Born in 1918 and married in the 20th century to professor/historian Frank Randall, Claire falls through the standing stones at Craigh na Dun in Scotland at Beltane (1 May) while on a second honeymoon with Frank in 1946, and finds herself in the 18th century Scotland Highlands in 1743. She is forced to marry James Alexander Malcolm MacKenzie Fraser (Jamie), whom she eventually falls in love with. Mother of Faith (stillborn, 18th century) and Brianna, foster mother of Fergus, and mother-in-law to Marsali. Returned through the stones to 20th century in 1746 to protect hers and Jamie's unborn child (who is then born in Boston in the 20th century). Twenty years later, after Frank Randall has died, Claire discovers (through Roger's research) that Jamie probably didn't die at Culloden, and she returns through the standing stones to 1766 to search for him.", "An Echo in the Bone. Claire Elizabeth Beauchamp Randall Fraser - Main female character around whom the series revolves. Nurse/Physician. Born in 1918 and married in the 20th century to professor/historian Frank Randall, Claire falls through the standing stones at Craigh na Dun in Scotland at Beltane (1 May) while on a second honeymoon with Frank in 1946, and finds herself in the 18th century Scotland Highlands in 1743. She is forced to marry James Alexander Malcolm MacKenzie Fraser (Jamie), whom she eventually falls in love with. Mother of Faith (stillborn, 18th century) and Brianna, foster mother of Fergus, and mother-in-law to Marsali. Returned through the stones to 20th century in 1746 to protect hers and Jamie's unborn child (who is then born in Boston in the 20th century). Twenty years later, after Frank Randall has died, Claire discovers (through Roger's research) that Jamie probably didn't die at Culloden, and she returns through the standing stones to 1766 to search for him.", "An Echo in the Bone. In the 20th century at Lallybroch, Brianna, Roger, Jem, and Mandy are reading letters from Claire and Jamie from the past, one of which mentions hidden gold, with a location known only to Jem. William Buccleigh, Roger's Scottish ancestor, accidentally appears in their time. Given his date of death on the family record, Brianna and Roger know he is unlikely to make it safely back. Rob Cameron, one of Brianna's coworkers, kidnaps Jem, and appears that he has taken Jem into the past, and Roger and William travel through time to find them; but Rob appears at Brianna's home and orders her to tell Jem to disclose the location of the gold. Jem is locked underground at the dam where Brianna and Rob work, finds an electric train, and starts an escape; his fate is unseen.", "Fall on Your Knees. At the start of the 20th century, James Piper sets fire to his dead mother’s piano and heads out across Cape Breton Island to find a new place to live. Working as a piano tuner, he meets and eventually elopes with 13-year-old Materia Mahmoud, much to the anger of her wealthy, traditional Lebanese parents. James, madly obsessed with Materia, impregnates her, and then becomes increasingly frustrated and confused by her resulting strange behavior. Materia gives birth to their first daughter, Kathleen, and James subsequently becomes disgusted with his once intriguing wife, finally realizing that he actually married \"a child\". Materia regrets marrying James, and does not take to the child, as she believes her daughter's relationship with James to be revolting. James, however, is swollen with pride over his beautiful daughter, and spends his time ignoring and neglecting Materia while spoiling and smothering Kathleen. Through the eyes of James, his life is perfect, aside from his wife. According to the town folk, however, something appears to be seriously wrong with the Piper family. Materia is taken in by the kind neighbor Mrs. Luvovitz, who teaches her to sew and cook. Materia misses her old life and her family who have since disowned her. She grows to hate James and their daughter Kathleen.", "Claire Fraser (character). Claire Fraser is a fictional character in the Outlander series of multi-genre novels by American author Diana Gabaldon, and its television adaptation. In the series, Claire is a married World War II nurse visiting Scotland who finds herself transported from 1945 back to 1743. There she finds adventure, war and romance with the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser.[1][2] Smart, stubborn and willful, Claire uses her wits, practical medical skills and knowledge of the future to survive in the 18th century.", "All's Well That Ends Well. In Florence, a Widow, her daughter Diana, Mariana and other women speak of the soldiers and watch or wait for them from afar. They discuss Bertram's success in war and his and Parolles' seduction of the local virgins. Helena arrives disguised as a pilgrim, who are hosted in Florence at the widow's house. She hears of Bertram's martial fame, his history, and his most recent attempts to seduce Diana, with more equivoques between war and the seduction of virgins. Helena befriends the women.", "The Last of the Mohicans. Cora and Alice Munro, daughters of Lieutenant Colonel Munro, are traveling with Major Duncan Heyward from Fort Edward to Fort William Henry, where Munro is in command, and acquire another companion in David Gamut, a naive singing teacher. They are guided through the forest by a native named Magua, who leads them through a shortcut unaccompanied by the British militia. Heyward is dissatisfied with Magua's shortcut, and the party roam unguided and finally join Natty Bumppo (known as Hawk-eye), a scout for the British, and his two Mohican friends, Chingachgook and his son Uncas. Heyward becomes suspicious of Magua, and Hawk-eye and the Mohicans agree with his suspicion, that Magua is a Huron scout secretly allied with the French. Upon discovery as such, Magua escapes, and in the (correct) belief that Magua will return with Huron reinforcements, Hawk-eye and the Mohicans lead their new companions to a hidden cave on an island in a river. They are attacked there by the Hurons, and when ammunition is exhausted, Hawk-eye and the Mohicans escape, with a promise to return for their companions. Magua and the Hurons capture Heyward, Gamut, and the Munro sisters, and Magua offers to spare the party if Cora becomes his wife, but she refuses. Upon a second refusal, he sentences the prisoners to death. Hawk-eye and the Mohicans rescue all four, and lead them to a dilapidated building that was involved with a battle between the Indians and the British some years ago. They are nearly attacked again, but the Hurons leave the area, rather than disturb the graves of their own fellow-countrymen. The next day, Hawk-eye leads the party to Fort Henry, past a siege by the French army. Munro sends Hawk-eye to Fort Edward for reinforcements; but he is captured by the French, who deliver him to Fort Henry without the letter. Heyward returns to Colonel Munro and announces his love for Alice, and Munro gives his permission for Heyward's courtship.", "All's Well That Ends Well. Helena, the low-born ward of a French-Spanish countess, is in love with the countess's son Bertram, who is indifferent to her. Bertram goes to Paris to replace his late father as attendant to the ailing King of France. Helena, the daughter of a recently deceased doctor, follows Bertram, ostensibly to offer the King her services as a healer. The King is sceptical, and she guarantees the cure with her life: if he dies, she will be put to death, but if he lives, she may choose a husband from the court.", "Legends of the Fall. Tristan returns during Prohibition, bringing life back to the ranch and his father. He falls in love with Isabel Two and they marry. They have two children, the elder being a boy named Samuel Decker. Tristan becomes involved in small-scale rum-running, finding himself at odds with the O'Banion brothers. Isabel is accidentally killed by a police officer working for the O'Banions. In a fit of grief, Tristan beats the officer nearly to death and is jailed. Susannah visits Tristan, still having feelings for him, but he refuses her advances. After his release, Tristan and Decker kill those responsible for Isabel's death, including one of the O'Banion brothers.", "Fall on Your Knees. Mercedes spends her time praying, taking care of the family and working hard at school. She flirts with the idea of a romance with the son of Mrs. Luvovitz, but drags her feet because his Jewish ancestry conflicts with her growing religious devotion and sense of propriety. Eventually he moves away, marries, and has children of his own, leaving her with nothing but repressed regret over both her snobbery and having never taken a chance on being happy. James, who has become a moonshiner as his primary income source, suffers a severe stroke and Mercedes is slowly consumed by her role as care-taker in the family; becoming severe and controlling as she gives up on any life for herself outside of this role. This culminates in her deception involving Frances' illegitimate mixed-race child: who was in fact given up for adoption by his disapproving aunt. As Frances and their father grow closer in his old age, Mercedes resents their bond, feeling left out and snubbed after all the sacrifices she has made for her family.", "The Last of the Mohicans. Cooper set this novel during the Seven Years' War, an international conflict between Great Britain and France, which had a front in North America known by the Anglo-American colonists as the French and Indian War. The conflict arrayed British colonial settlers and minimal regular forces against royal French forces, with both sides also relying on Native American allies. The war was fought primarily along the frontiers of the British colonies from Virginia to Nova Scotia.", "Legends of the Fall. Years later, Samuel returns from Harvard University with his fiancée, Susannah. Susannah talks with Isabel Two and learns of her fondness for Tristan. Susannah finds Tristan captivating but loves Samuel. Before they can marry, Samuel announces his intention to join the Canadian Expeditionary Force and aid Britain in the fight against Germany. Much to their father's displeasure, Alfred also joins. Although Tristan does not want to join, he does so to protect his brothers.", "Outlander (franchise). The Outlander series focuses on 20th-century British nurse Claire Randall, who time travels to 18th-century Scotland and finds adventure and romance with the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser.[1]" ]

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[ "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Windell D. Middlebrooks as Kirby, Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Kurt Warner as himself", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Erin Cardillo as Emma Tutweiller, Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Windell D. Middlebrooks as Kirby", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Mackenzie Baker as Sloane, Windell D. Middlebrooks as Kirby, Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Erin Cardillo as Emma Tutweiller, Windell D. Middlebrooks as Kirby", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Erin Cardillo as Emma Tutweiller, Windell D. Middlebrooks as Kirby, Chad Duell as Holden, Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Windell D. Middlebrooks as Kirby", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Jennifer Tisdale as Connie, Windell D. Middlebrooks as Kirby", "List of recurring characters in The Suite Life on Deck. Kirby Morris (Windell D. Middlebrooks) is the ship's security guard.[1] He first appeared in \"Showgirls\". He loves to eat junk food and can not get enough of it. Kirby never finished high school, so Zack and Cody help him study for the GED test allowing him to graduate. He then suffered through test anxiety as he couldn't get past the first question which was \"Put name here\". He played arena football and is a friend of Kurt Warner. (He also bit Kurt Warner's leg. \"But I spit it back out\", he says on the subject.) In \"Any Given Fantasy\", he coached Cody in football. In \"Seven Seas News\", he had a television show which was called Boat Cops. which was exclusively made for the SS Tipton guests. In \"Rat Tale\", it is shown he likes rats and mice as he cares about Buck (Cody and Bailey's pet rat) after Bailey and Cody had an argument about who gets Buck. He is shown to love grilled cheese sandwiches. Despite not appearing again for the rest of the series, he is mentioned once more in the episode, \"My, Oh Maya\".", "Windell Middlebrooks. Windell Dwain Middlebrooks, Jr. (January 8, 1979 – March 9, 2015) was an American actor and singer. He was most well known for his role in The Suite Life on Deck as Kirby Morris, a security guard on the cruise ship. He also starred in Body of Proof and Ace in the Hole.", "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody. The Suite Life on Deck is a sequel to The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, that debuted on Disney Channel on September 26, 2008, set on a cruise ship with Zack, Cody, and London attending a semester-at-sea program, while Mr. Moseby manages the ship. Debby Ryan joins the cast as Bailey Pickett, who becomes Zack and Cody's friend (and Cody's girlfriend) and London's friend and roommate.[13] The series also introduces Doc Shaw as Marcus Little, a former superstar who lost his fame after his voice changed. While an attempted spin-off, Arwin!, which was to star Selena Gomez and Brian Stepanek, was not picked up by Disney Channel,[14] The Suite Life on Deck skipped the pilot process and went straight to the series.", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. When Cody and Kirby don't allow Zack to bungee-jump off the side of the ship, the brothers accidentally knock Kirby off the ship, but Kirby, who is by then attached to the bungee cord, gets pulled back and, after a short flight, lands in the hot tub. To make it up to him, Zack and Cody tutor Kirby so he can pass his high school equivalency exam and earn a promotion. Meanwhile, London embarrasses Bailey on her internet show in a new segment called \"Boo You!\"", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Erin Cardillo as Emma Tutweiller, Fabio as Captain Hawk, Christiann Castellanos as Valentina, Jack Guzman as Bouncer", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Tabitha Morella as Callie, Brian Stepanek as Arwin Hawkhauser, Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Erin Cardillo as Emma Tutweiller, Zoey Deutch as Maya, Cody Kennedy as Mischa", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Brittany Curran as Chelsea Brimmer, Sophie Oda as Barbara Brownstein, Jennifer Tisdale as Activities Coordinator Connie, Charlie Stewart as Bob, Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest star: Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Linsey Godfrey as Willa Fink, Jane Oshita as London's Double", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest star: Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Brian Posehn as Dr. Cork, Todd Sherry as Arturo Vitali", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Erin Cardillo as Emma Tutweiller, Joe Green as Robot Moseby, Jonathan Kite as Anterian", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Al Benner as Pascal, Nick Roux as Jean Luc, Stelio Savante as Stephane, Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Larry Vanburen Jr. as Dante", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Lisa K. Wyatt as Frankie", "Carey Martin. Carey Marie Martin (played by Kim Rhodes) is a fictional character in the Disney Channel sitcom, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and The Suite Life on Deck.", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Anthony Bonaventura as Captain Entenille", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Erin Cardillo as Emma Tutweiller, Rachael Marie as Cissy, Markus Silbiger as Josh, Matthew Timmons as Woody", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Savannah Jayde as Tanya, Briana Lane as Karina, Justin Kredible as Armando", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Erin Cardillo as Emma Tutweiller, Michelle DeFraites as Jenna", "List of recurring characters in The Suite Life on Deck. Carey Martin (Kim Rhodes) is Zack and Cody's mother and a singer. She appeared on the first episode \"The Suite Life Sets Sail\" and has since appeared in \"Mom and Dad on Deck\", \"Trouble in Tokyo\" and \"Graduation on Deck\". She was also a main character on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody.", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Rachael Kathryn Bell as Addison, Erin Cardillo as Emma Tutweiller, Zoey Deutch as Maya, Brian Stepanek as Arwin, Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Robert Torti as Kurt Martin, Lisa K. Wyatt as Frankie", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Zoey Deutch as Maya, Larry Vanburen, Jr. as Dante, Elle McLemore as Gina", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Americus Abesamis as Mikio, Tom Choi as Mr. Hashimoto", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Andy Richter as Brother Theodore, Erin Cardillo as Emma Tutweiller, Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Special guest stars: Jake T. Austin as Max Russo, Miley Cyrus as Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana, Selena Gomez as Alex Russo, David Henrie as Justin Russo, Emily Osment as Lilly Truscott/Lola Luftnagle", "List of The Suite Life on Deck episodes. Guest stars: Matthew Timmons as Woody Fink, Linda Porter as Grammy Pickett, Ginette Rhodes as Eunice Pickett, Joe Dietl as Clyde Pickett, Michael Ralph as Sergeant Pepper" ]

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[ "Newfoundland dog. The Newfoundland dog is known for its calm and docile nature and its strength. They are highly loyal and make ideal working dogs. It is for this reason that this breed is known as \"the gentle giant\". International kennel clubs generally describe the breed as having a sweet temper.[6][8][9] It typically has a deep bark and is easy to train if started young. They are wonderfully good with children, but small children can get accidentally leaned on and knocked down. Newfoundlands are ideal companions in the world of therapy and are often referred to as the nanny dog. The breed was memorialized in \"Nana\", the beloved guardian dog in J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan.[A] The Newfoundland, in general, is good with other animals, but its size can cause problems if it is not trained.", "Newfoundland dog. The Newfoundland dog is a large working dog. They can be either black, brown, or white-and-black (called Landseer). However, in Canada, the country of their origin, the only correct colours are either black or Landseer.[2] They were originally bred and used as a working dog for fishermen in the Dominion of Newfoundland (which is now part of Canada).[3][4] They are known for their giant size, intelligence, tremendous strength, calm dispositions, and loyalty. Newfoundland dogs excel at water rescue/lifesaving because of their muscular build, thick double coat, webbed feet, and innate swimming abilities.[5]", "Newfoundland dog. The American Kennel Club (AKC) standard colors of the Newfoundland dogs are black, brown, grey, and white-and-black (sometimes referred to as Landseer). Other colors are possible but are not considered rare or more valuable. The Kennel Club (KC) permits only black, brown, and white/black; the Canadian Kennel Club (CKC) permits only black and white/black. The \"Landseer\" pattern is named after the artist, Sir Edwin Henry Landseer, who featured them in many of his paintings. Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) consider the ECT Landseer (\"European Continental Type\") to be a separate breed. It is a taller, more narrow white dog with black markings not bred with a Newfoundland.[7]", "Newfoundland dog. \"The man they had got now was a jolly, light-hearted, thick-headed sort of a chap, with about as much sensitiveness in him as there might be in a Newfoundland puppy. You might look daggers at him for an hour and he would not notice it, and it would not trouble him if he did.\" Jerome K. Jerome Three Men in a Boat", "Newfoundland dog. The Newfoundland's extremely large bones give it mass, while its large musculature gives it the power it needs to take on rough ocean waves and powerful tides. These dogs have huge lung capacity for swimming extremely long distances and a thick, oily, and waterproof double coat which protects them from the chill of icy waters. The double coat makes the dog hard to groom, and also causes a lot of shedding to occur. The droopy lips and jowls make the dog drool, especially in high heat.", "Newfoundland dog. The Newfoundland breed originated on Newfoundland, and is descended from a breed indigenous to the island known as the lesser Newfoundland, or St. John's dog. The Mastiff characteristics of the Newfoundland are likely a result of breeding with Portuguese Mastiffs brought to the island by Portuguese fishermen beginning in the 16th century.", "Newfoundland dog. The breed prospered in the United Kingdom, until 1914 and again in 1939, when its numbers were almost fatally depleted by wartime restrictions. Since the 1950s there has been a steady increase in numbers and popularity, despite the fact that the Newfoundland's great size and fondness for mud and water makes it unsuitable as a pet for many households.[17]", "Newfoundland dog. By the time colonization was permitted in Newfoundland in 1610, the distinct physical characteristics and mental attributes had been established in the Newfoundland breed. In the early 1880s, fishermen and explorers from Ireland and England traveled to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, where they described two main types of working dog. One was heavily built, large with a longish coat, and the other medium-sized in build – an active, smooth-coated water dog. The heavier breed was known as the Greater Newfoundland, or Newfoundland. The smaller breed was known as the Lesser Newfoundland, or St. John's dog. The St. John's dog became the founding breed of the modern retrievers. Both breeds were used as working dogs to pull fishnets, with the Greater Newfoundland also being used to haul carts and other equipment.", "Newfoundland dog. The Newfoundland shares many traits with other Mastiffs, such as the St. Bernard and English Mastiff, including stout legs, massive heads with very broad snouts, a thick bull neck, and a very sturdy bone structure.[12] In fact, many St. Bernard Dogs have Newfoundland Dog ancestry. Newfoundlands were brought and introduced to the St. Bernard breed in the 18th century when the population was threatened by an epidemic of distemper. They share many characteristics of many mountain dog breeds such as the Great Pyrenees.", "Miniature Schnauzer. The American Kennel Club breed standard describes temperament as \"alert and spirited, yet obedient to command... friendly, intelligent and willing to please... never overaggressive or timid.\"[6] Usually easy to train, they tend to be excellent watchdogs with a good territorial instinct, but more inclined toward barking than biting. They are often aloof with strangers until the owners of the home welcome the guest, upon which they are typically very friendly to them.[17]", "Newfoundland dog. The Newfoundlands ('Newfs' or 'Newfies') have webbed feet and a water-resistant coat.[6] Males normally weigh 65–80 kg (143–176 lb), and females 55–65 kg (121–143 lb), placing them in the \"Giant\" weight range; but some Newfoundland dogs have been known to weigh over 90 kg (200 lb) – and the largest on record weighed 120 kg (260 lb) and measured over 1.8 m (6 ft) from nose to tail, ranking it among the biggest Molossers. They may grow up to 56–76 cm (22–30 in) tall at the shoulder.[7]", "Labrador Retriever. The AKC describes the Labrador's temperament as a kind, pleasant, outgoing and tractable nature.[5] Labradors' sense of smell allows them to home in on almost any scent and follow the path of its origin. They generally stay on the scent until they find it. Navies, military forces and police forces use them as detection dogs to track down smugglers, thieves, terrorists and black marketers. Labradors instinctively enjoy holding objects and even hands or arms in their mouths, which they can do with great gentleness (a Labrador can carry an egg in its mouth without breaking it).[45] They are known to have a very soft feel to the mouth, as a result of being bred to retrieve game such as waterfowl. They are prone to chewing objects (though they can be trained to abandon this behaviour).", "Newfoundland dog. \"A man is not a good man to me because he will feed me if I should be starving, or warm me if I should be freezing, or pull me out of a ditch if I should ever fall into one. I can find you a Newfoundland dog that will do as much.\" Henry David Thoreau Walden", "Beagle. The beagle has an even temper and gentle disposition. Described in several breed standards as \"merry\", they are amiable and typically neither aggressive nor timid, although this depends on the individual. They enjoy company, and although they may initially be standoffish with strangers, they are easily won over. They make poor guard dogs for this reason, although their tendency to bark or howl when confronted with the unfamiliar makes them good watch dogs. In a 1985 study conducted by Ben and Lynette Hart, the beagle was given the highest excitability rating, along with the Yorkshire Terrier, Cairn Terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, West Highland White Terrier, and Fox Terrier.[41][c]", "Labrador Retriever. In his book Excursions In and About Newfoundland During the Years 1839 and 1840,[18] the geologist Joseph Beete Jukes describes the St. John's water dog. \"A thin, short-haired, black dog came off-shore to us to-day. The animal was of a breed very different from what we understand by the term Newfoundland dog in England. He had a thin, tapering snout, a long thin tail, and rather thin, but powerful legs, with a lank body, – the hair short and smooth.\" wrote Jukes. \"These are the most abundant dogs in the country...They are no means handsome, but are generally more intelligent and useful than the others...I observed he once or twice put his foot in the water and paddled it about. This foot was white, and Harvey said he did it to \"toil\" or entice the fish. The whole proceeding struck me as remarkable, more especially as they said he had never been taught anything of the kind.\"", "Labrador Retriever. The steady temperament of Labradors and their ability to learn make them an ideal breed for search and rescue, detection, and therapy work. They are a very intelligent breed. They are ranked No. 7 in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs. The AKC describes the breed as an ideal family and sporting dog. Their primary working role in the field continues to be that of a hunting retriever.", "Golden Retriever. The temperament of the Golden Retriever is a hallmark of the breed, and is described in the standard as \"kindly, friendly and confident\".[13] Golden Retrievers make good family pets, particularly as they are patient with children.[4] They are not \"one-man dogs\" and are generally equally amiable with both strangers and those familiar to them.[21] Their trusting, gentle disposition makes them a poor guard dog.[22] Any form of unprovoked aggression or hostility towards either people, dogs or other animals, whether in the show ring or community, is considered unacceptable in a Golden Retriever and is not in keeping with the character of the breed, nor should a Golden Retriever be unduly timid or nervous.[16][21] The typical Golden Retriever is calm, naturally intelligent and biddable, and with an exceptional eagerness to please.", "Boston Terrier. Boston is a gentle breed that typically has a strong, happy-go-lucky, and friendly personality with a merry sense of humour. Bostons are generally eager to please their owner and can be easily trained. They can be very protective of their owners, which may result in aggressive and territorial behavior toward other pets and strangers. The breed requires only a minimal amount of grooming.[9]", "Labrador Retriever. Labradors have a reputation as a very even-tempered breed and an excellent family dog.[5] This includes a good reputation with children of all ages and other animals.[15] Some lines, particularly those that have continued to be bred specifically for their skills at working in the field (rather than for their appearance), are particularly fast and athletic. Their fun-loving boisterousness and lack of fear may require training and firm handling at times to ensure it does not get out of hand—an uncontrolled adult can be quite problematic. Females may be slightly more independent than males.[15] Labradors mature at around three years of age; before this time they can have a significant degree of puppy-like energy, often mislabelled as being hyperactive.[15][46] Because of their enthusiasm, leash-training early on is suggested to prevent pulling when full-grown.[47] Labradors often enjoy retrieving a ball endlessly (often obsessively) and other forms of activity (such as agility, frisbee, or flyball).", "Labrador Retriever. The tail and coat are designated \"distinctive [or distinguishing] features\" of the Labrador by both the Kennel Club and AKC.[26][28] The AKC adds that \"true Labrador Retriever temperament is as much a hallmark of the breed as the 'otter' tail.\"[26]", "Newfoundland dog. In the water, the dog's massive webbed paws give it maximum propulsion. The swimming stroke is not an ordinary dog paddle. Unlike other dogs, the Newfoundland moves its limbs in a down-and-out motion giving more power to every stroke.", "Rottweiler. a calm, confident and courageous dog with a self-assured aloofness that does not lend itself to immediate and indiscriminate friendships. A Rottweiler is self-confident and responds quietly and with a wait-and-see attitude to influences in its environment. It has an inherent desire to protect home and family, and is an intelligent dog of extreme hardness and adaptability with a strong willingness to work, making them especially suited as a companion, guardian and general all-purpose dog.[18]", "Greyhound. Greyhounds can be aloof and indifferent to strangers, but are affectionate with their own pack. They are generally docile, lazy, easy-going, and calm.", "Labrador Retriever. Labradors are an intelligent breed with a good work ethic and generally good temperaments. Common working roles for Labradors include: hunting, tracking and detection (they have a great sense of smell which helps when working in these areas), disabled-assistance, carting, and therapy work.[52] Approximately 60–70% of all guide dogs in Canada are Labradors; other common breeds are Golden Retrievers and German Shepherds.[53] Labrador Retrievers have proven to have a high success rate at becoming guide dogs. A study was recently done on how well four different breeds (Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever/Golden Retriever Mix, and German Shepherds) trained to become guide dogs. In this experiment, German Shepherds had the highest chance of not completing it. Labrador Retrievers and Labrador Retriever/Golden Retriever Mix had the highest success rate. However, German Shepherds and Golden Retrievers had a higher success rate after going through longer training than the training required for Labrador Retrievers.[54][55]", "Emotion in animals. The existence and nature of personality traits in dogs have been studied (15,329 dogs of 164 different breeds). Five consistent and stable \"narrow traits\" were identified, described as playfulness, curiosity/fearlessness, chase-proneness, sociability and aggressiveness. A further higher order axis for shyness–boldness was also identified.[73][74]", "Leonberger. First and foremost a family dog, the Leonberger's temperament is one of its most important and distinguishing characteristics. Well socialized and trained, the Leonberger is self-assured, insensitive to noise, submissive to family members, friendly toward children, well composed with passersby, and self-disciplined when obliging its family or property with protection. Robust, loyal, intelligent, playful, and kindly, they can thus be taken anywhere without difficulty and adjust easily to a variety of circumstances, including the introduction of other dogs.[1] Proper control and early socialization and training are essential, as this is a giant breed.", "Newfoundland dog. Many tales have been told of the courage displayed by Newfoundlands in adventuring and lifesaving exploits. Over the last two centuries, this has inspired a number of artists, who have portrayed the dogs in paint, stone, bronze, and porcelain. One famous Newfoundland was a dog named Seaman, who accompanied American explorers Lewis and Clark on their expedition.", "Newfoundland dog. There are several health problems associated with Newfoundlands. Newfoundlands are prone to hip dysplasia (a malformed ball and socket in the hip joint). They also get Elbow dysplasia, and cystinuria (a hereditary defect that forms calculi stones in the bladder). Another genetic problem is subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS). This is a common heart defect in Newfoundlands involving defective heart valves. SAS can cause sudden death at an early age. It is similar to having a heart attack. It is common that \"Newfs\" live to be 8 to 10 years of age; 10 years is a commonly cited life expectancy.[10] But, Newfoundlands can live up to 15 years old.[11]", "Bernese Mountain Dog. The breed standard for the Bernese mountain dog states that dogs should not be \"aggressive, anxious or distinctly shy\", but rather should be \"good-natured\", \"self-assured\", \"placid towards strangers\", and \"docile\".[7] The temperament of individual dogs may vary, and not all examples of the breed have been bred carefully to follow the standard. All large breed dogs should be well socialized when they are puppies, and given regular training and activities throughout their lives.", "Northern Inuit Dog. The Northern Inuit dog is not for the novice owner as they can be very stubborn and are very quick-witted. The owner of a Northern Inuit must show themselves to be a strong leader or be prepared to be the underdog, and be taken advantage of.", "Old English Sheepdog. The breed standards describe the ideal Old English Sheepdog as never being nervous or aggressive. The New Zealand Kennel Club adds that \"they are sometimes couch potatoes\" and \"may even try to herd children by gently bumping them.\"[18] This breed's temperament can be described as intelligent, social and adaptable. The American Kennel Club adds that the breed has \"a clownish energy\" and \"may try to herd people or other objects.\"[7]", "Newfoundland and Labrador. The north-south extent of the province (46°36′N to 60°22′N), prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create the various climates of the province.[18] Northern Labrador is classified as a polar tundra climate, southern Labrador has a subarctic climate, while most of Newfoundland has a humid continental climate (Dfb under the Köppen climate classification system): cool summer subtype." ]

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[ "Seven Years' War. The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763. It involved every European great power of the time and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (including Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (including the Austrian-led Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Bourbon Spain, and Sweden) on the other. Meanwhile, in India, the Mughal Empire, with the support of the French, tried to crush a British attempt to conquer Bengal.", "Seven Years' War. The Seven Years' War was perhaps the first true world war, having taken place almost 160 years before World War I and influenced many major events later around the globe. The war restructured not only the European political order, but also affected events all around the world, paving the way for the beginning of later British world supremacy in the 19th century, the rise of Prussia in Germany, the beginning of tensions in British North America, as well as a clear sign of France's eventual turmoil. It was characterised in Europe by sieges and the arson of towns as well as open battles with heavy losses.", "Great Britain in the Seven Years' War. Great Britain was one of the major participants in the Seven Years' War which lasted between 1754 and 1763, although warfare in the European Theatre involving countries other than Britain and France only commenced in 1756 (hence the name \"Seven Years' War\"). Britain emerged from the war as the world's leading colonial power, having gained a number of new territories at the Treaty of Paris in 1763 and established itself as the world's pre-eminent naval power.", "French and Indian War. In Europe, the North American theater of the Seven Years' War usually is not given a separate name. The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years' War. \"Seven Years\" refers to events in Europe, from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763. These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, which was largely concluded in six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.[9]", "Seven Years' War. Conflict between Great Britain and France broke out in 1754–1756 when the British attacked disputed French positions in North America, starting with a British ambush of a small French force at the Battle of Jumonville Glen on 28 May 1754, and extended across the colonial boundaries and the seizure of hundreds of French merchant ships at sea. Meanwhile, rising power Prussia was struggling with Austria for dominance within and outside the Holy Roman Empire in central Europe. In 1756, the major powers \"switched partners\".", "History of the British Army. The Seven Years' War, which took place from 1755 to 1763, has sometimes been described as the first true world war, in that conflict took place in almost every continent and on almost all the oceans. Although there were early setbacks, British troops eventually were victorious in every theatre.[28]", "Seven Years' War. By 1763, the war in central Europe was essentially a stalemate between Prussia and Austria. Prussia had retaken nearly all of Silesia from the Austrians, and after Prussia's 1762 victory at the Battle of Freiberg Frederick held most of Saxony but not its capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many effective officers and generals that an offensive against Dresden seemed impossible.[34] British subsidies had been stopped by the new prime minister, Lord Bute, and the Russian emperor had been overthrown by his wife, Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war. Austria, however, like most participants, was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army, something which greatly affected its offensive power.[34] Indeed, after having effectively sustained a long war, its administration was in disarray.[82] By that time, it still held Dresden, the southeastern parts of Saxony, and the county of Glatz in southern Silesia, but the prospect of victory was dim without Russian support and Maria Theresa had largely given up her hopes of re-conquering Silesia. In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, in which Glatz was returned to Prussia in exchange for the Prussian evacuation of Saxony. This ended the war in central Europe.", "France in the Seven Years' War. France was one of the leading participants in the Seven Years' War which lasted between 1754 and 1763. France entered the war with the hope of achieving a lasting victory against Prussia, Britain and their German allies and with the hope of expanding its colonial possessions.(1)", "Political history of the world. Less than 50 years later, in 1740, war broke out again, sparked by the invasion of Silesia, part of Austria, by King Frederick II of Prussia. Britain, the Netherlands and Hungary supported Maria Theresa. Over the next eight years, these and other states participated in the War of the Austrian Succession, until a treaty was signed, allowing Prussia to keep Silesia.[20][21] The Seven Years' War began when Theresa dissolved her alliance with Britain and allied with France and Russia. In 1763, Britain won the war, claiming Canada and land east of the Mississippi. Prussia also kept Silesia.[22]", "Spain–United Kingdom relations. The Seven Years' War lasted between 1756–1763, arraying Prussia, Britain and Hanover (with the British king as its prince-elector) against Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, and most smaller German states. Spain was drawn into the conflict later in 1761, on the side of France. British colonies in the Americas were on this war, but had to pay long, heavy taxes.", "Seven Years' War. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris between France, Spain and Great Britain and the Treaty of Hubertusburg between Saxony, Austria and Prussia, in 1763.", "Early modern Britain. The Seven Years' War, which began in 1756, was the first war waged on a global scale, fought in Europe, India, North America, the Caribbean, the Philippines and coastal Africa. The signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763) had important consequences for Britain and its empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the ceding of New France to Britain (leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control) and Louisiana to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. In India, the Carnatic War had left France still in control of its enclaves but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states, effectively leaving the future of India to Britain. The British victory over France in the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's dominant colonial power.[47]", "Seven Years' War. In the historiography of some countries, the war is named after combatants in its respective theatres. In the present-day United States — at the time, the southern English-speaking British colonies in North America — the conflict is known as the French and Indian War (1754–1763). In English-speaking Canada — the balance of Britain's former North American colonies — it is called the Seven Years' War (1754–1763). In French-speaking Canada, it is known as La guerre de la Conquête (the War of the Conquest). Swedish historiography uses the name Pommerska kriget (Pomeranian War), as the Sweden–Prussian involvement in 1757–1762 was limited to Pomerania in northern central Germany.[4] The Third Silesian War involved Prussia and Austria (1756–1763). On the Indian subcontinent, the conflict is called the Third Carnatic War (1757–1763).", "Ancien Régime. The Nine Years' War (1688–97) was a major conflict between France and a European-wide coalition of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Britain, and Savoy. It was fought on the European continent and the surrounding seas, Ireland, North America and in India. It was the first truly global war.[4]", "Seven Years' War. It would require a greater philosopher and historian than I am to explain the causes of the famous Seven Years' War in which Europe was engaged; and, indeed, its origin has always appeared to me to be so complicated, and the books written about it so amazingly hard to understand, that I have seldom been much wiser at the end of a chapter than at the beginning, and so shall not trouble my reader with any personal disquisitions concerning the matter.[131]", "Seven Years' War. 1762 brought two new countries into the war. Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January.[73] Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida. The arrival of British reinforcements stalled a further Spanish advance, and the Battle of Valencia de Alcántara saw British-Portuguese forces overrun a major Spanish supply base. The invaders were stopped on the heights in front of Abrantes (called the pass to Lisbon) where the Anglo-Portuguese were entrenched. Eventually the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy,[74][75][76] chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain,[77][78][79] recovering almost all the lost towns, among them the Spanish headquarters in Castelo Branco full of wounded and sick that had been left behind.[80]", "Seven Years' War. Realising that war was imminent, Prussia pre-emptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe. Because of Austria's alliance with France to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in the War of the Austrian Succession, Prussia formed an alliance with Britain. Reluctantly, by following the imperial diet, which declared war on Prussia on 17 January 1757, most of the states of the empire joined Austria's cause. The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states (especially the Electorate of Hanover). Sweden, seeking to re-gain Pomerania (most of which had been lost to Prussia in previous wars) joined the coalition, seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia. Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched an utterly unsuccessful invasion of Portugal in 1762. The Russian Empire was originally aligned with Austria, fearing Prussia's ambition on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but switched sides upon the succession of Tsar Peter III in 1762.", "Seven Years' War. News of this arrived in Europe, where Britain and France unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate a solution. The two nations eventually dispatched regular troops to North America to enforce their claims. The first British action was the assault on Acadia on 16 June 1755 in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour,[11] which was immediately followed by their expulsion of the Acadians.[12] In July British Major General Edward Braddock led about 2,000 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition to retake Fort Duquesne, but the expedition ended in disastrous defeat.[13] In further action, Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on 8 June 1755, capturing it and two troop ships. In September 1755, British colonial and French troops met in the inconclusive Battle of Lake George.[14]", "Seven Years' War. The stalemate had really been reached by 1759–1760; Prussia and Austria were nearly out of money. The materials of both sides had been largely consumed. Frederick was no longer receiving subsidies from Britain; the Golden Cavalry of St. George had produced nearly 13 million dollars (equivalent). He had melted and coined most of the church silver, had ransacked the palaces of his kingdom and coined that silver, and reduced his purchasing power by mixing it with copper. His banks' capital was exhausted, and he had pawned nearly everything of value from his own estate. While Frederick still had a significant amount of money left from the prior British subsidies, he hoped to use it to restore his kingdom's prosperity in peacetime; in any case, Prussia's population was so depleted that he could not sustain another long campaign.[83] Similarly, Marie Theresa had reached the limit of her resources. She had pawned her jewels in 1758; in 1760, she approved a public subscription for support and urged her public to bring their silver to the mint. French subsidies were no longer provided.[84] Although she had many young men still to draft, she could not conscript them and did not dare to resort to the impressment Frederick had done.[85] She had even dismissed some men because it was too expensive to feed them.[84]", "Seven Years' War. Louis XV\n Duc de Choiseul\n Maria Theresa\n Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz\n Elizabeth (until 1762)\n Peter III (from 1762)\n Charles III\n Adolph Frederick\nAlamgir II (to 1759)", "France in the Seven Years' War. While the war began in North America, in 1756 France became drawn into a major war in Europe. Allied to Austria, Sweden and Russia the French tried to defeat the Prussians who had only the British as major allies. Despite repeated attempts between 1757 and 1762, the French and their allies failed to win the conclusive victory against Prussia despite a constant war of attrition. They were partly frustrated by an army led by the Duke of Brunswick made up of British forces and troops from the smaller German states which operated in West Germany.", "Seven Years' War. Many middle and small powers in Europe, like in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark–Norway. Denmark–Norway was, however, close to being dragged into the war on France's side when Peter III became Russian emperor and switched sides; Dano-Norwegian and Russian armies were close to ending up in battle, but the Russian emperor was deposed before war formally broke out. The Dutch Republic, a long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe, and even tried to prevent Britain's domination in India. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with the Franco-Spanish alliance, declined to join the coalition under fear of British naval power. The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship, being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace. Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.", "Seven Years' War. The Russians and the Austrians were determined to reduce the power of Prussia; the new threat on their doorstep. Along with France, they agreed in 1756 to mutual defence and an attack by Austria and Russia on Prussia, subsidized by France.[24]", "Seven Years' War. The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at \"the Forks\" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River (present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful, and the French proceeded to build the fort they named Fort Duquesne. British colonial militia from Virginia were then sent to drive them out. Led by George Washington, they ambushed a small French force at Jumonville Glen on 28 May 1754 killing ten, including commander Jumonville.[9] The French retaliated by attacking Washington's army at Fort Necessity on 3 July 1754 and forced Washington to surrender.[10] These were the first engagements of what would become the worldwide Seven Years' War.", "Seven Years' War. The carefully coded word in the agreement proved no less catalytic for the other European powers. The results were absolute chaos. Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged at the duplicity of Britain's position. Not only that, but France was enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria, particularly Kaunitz, used this situation to their utmost advantage. Now-isolated France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance or face ruin. Thereafter, on 1 May 1756, the First Treaty of Versailles was signed, in which both nations pledged 24,000 troops to defend each other in the case of an attack. This diplomatic revolution proved to be an important cause of the war; although both treaties were self-defensive in nature, the actions of both coalitions made the war virtually inevitable.", "Seven Years' War. In France, 1758 had been disappointing, and in the wake of this a new chief minister, the Duc de Choiseul, was appointed. Choiseul planned to end the war in 1759 by making strong attacks on Britain and Hanover.", "Seven Years' War. The war has been described as the first \"world war\",[5] although this label was also given to various earlier conflicts like the Eighty Years' War, the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, and to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars. The term \"Second Hundred Years' War\" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of worldwide conflict between France and Great Britain during the entire 18th century, reminiscent of the Hundred Years' War of the 14th and 15th centuries.[6]", "Seven Years' War. Prussia\n Portugal (from 1762)\n Hanover\n Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel", "History of the United Kingdom. The Seven Years' War, which began in 1756, was the first war waged on a global scale, fought in Europe, India, North America, the Caribbean, the Philippines and coastal Africa. The signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763) had important consequences for Britain and its empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the ceding of New France to Britain (leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control) and Louisiana to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. In India, the Carnatic War had left France still in control of its enclaves but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states, effectively leaving the future of India to Britain. The British victory over France in the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's dominant colonial power.[28]", "Seven Years' War. Holy Roman Empire:", "2006 Lebanon War. The 2006 Lebanon War, also called the 2006 Israel–Hezbollah War and known in Lebanon as the July War[2] (Arabic: حرب تموز‎‎, Ḥarb Tammūz) and in Israel as the Second Lebanon War (Hebrew: מלחמת לבנון השנייה‎‎, Milhemet Levanon HaShniya),[52] was a 34-day military conflict in Lebanon, Northern Israel and the Golan Heights. The principal parties were Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The conflict started on 12 July 2006, and continued until a United Nations-brokered ceasefire went into effect in the morning on 14 August 2006, though it formally ended on 8 September 2006 when Israel lifted its naval blockade of Lebanon. Due to unprecedented Iranian military support to Hezbollah before and during the war, some consider it the first round of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict, rather than a continuation of the Arab–Israeli conflict.[5]", "Seven Years' War.  Russia (until 1762)\n Spain" ]

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[ "Little Caesars Arena. In late October 2016, it was reported that the Detroit Pistons were considering a move from The Palace of Auburn Hills to Little Caesars Arena as soon as the 2017–18 season, pending city and league approval.[49][50] Pistons owner Tom Gores, Palace Sports & Entertainment vice chairman Arn Tellem, and Olympia Entertainment had been in negotiations over a partnership since the summer of 2015, with talks intensifying just as the Pistons were set to open their 2016–17 season; the terms may also include a possible merger between Olympia and the Pistons' holding company Palace Sports & Entertainment.[51] The team also sought land to construct a new headquarters and practice facility within the vicinity of the arena.[51]", "Detroit Pistons. On November 22, 2016, the Pistons announced their intention to move to Little Caesars Arena, and the site of the Palace of Auburn Hills would be redeveloped and sold, with the arena likely to be demolished as part of the redevelopment.[226]", "The Palace of Auburn Hills. From 1957 to 1978, the Pistons competed in Detroit's Olympia Stadium, Memorial Building, and Cobo Arena. In 1978, owner Bill Davidson elected not to share the new Joe Louis Arena with the Detroit Red Wings, and instead chose to relocate the team to the Pontiac Silverdome, a venue constructed for football, where they remained for the next decade.[8] While the Silverdome could accommodate massive crowds, it offered substandard sight lines for basketball viewing. In late 1985, a group led by Davidson decided to build a new arena in Auburn Hills. Groundbreaking for the arena took place in June 1986.[12] Using entirely private funding, The Palace cost a relatively low price of $90 million.[2][8] The Davidson family held a controlling interest in the arena until Tom Gores bought it as part of his purchase of the Pistons in 2011.[2]", "The Palace of Auburn Hills. In October 2016, it was reported that the Pistons' ownership were negotiating a possible relocation to Little Caesars Arena, a new multi-purpose venue located in Midtown Detroit built by Olympia Entertainment to replace Joe Louis Arena as home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings, as soon as the 2017–18 season.[15][16][17] On November 22, 2016, the team officially announced that the Pistons would play at Little Caesars Arena in 2017.[18][19][20] The final NBA game at The Palace was played on April 10, 2017, with the Pistons losing to the Washington Wizards, 105-101.[21][22] That game ended a 42-year history of professional sports in Oakland County, dating back to the Detroit Lions' first game at the nearby Pontiac Silverdome in 1975.", "Little Caesars Arena. On June 20, 2017, Detroit City Council approved the Pistons' move to Little Caesars Arena.[55] On August 3, 2017, it was announced that the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved the move, which made it official.[56][57] This marked the first time since 1974 that all four major sports teams played in the city limits on a regular basis, and the first time since 1978 that the Pistons played in the city of Detroit on a regular basis.[58][59][60] The move also marked the first time since 1961 that they and the Red Wings shared the same arena; the Pistons called the Detroit Olympia home from 1957 to 1961.[61]", "Detroit Pistons. On June 20, 2017, Detroit City Council approved the Pistons' move to Little Caesars Arena.[227] On August 3, 2017, it was announced that the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved the move, which made it official.[228][229]", "Detroit Pistons. Pistons owner Tom Gores, Palace Sports & Entertainment vice chairman Arn Tellum, and Olympia Entertainment (the Ilitch family's holding company that controls the Detroit Red Wings and Tigers) had been in negotiations over a partnership since the summer of 2015, with the Pistons possibly relocating to the new Little Caesars Arena as soon as the 2017–18 season. Talks intensified just as the Pistons were set to open their 2016–17 season, and as part of the terms of the agreement, it also may include a possible merger between Olympia and PS&E.[222] Also contingent on a finalized agreement, the Pistons were looking for a parcel of land in the arena's vicinity, to build a new practice facility and team headquarters.[222][223] The leasing agreement/partnership needed both city and league approval to be finalized.[224][225]", "Detroit Pistons. Prior to the 1988–89 season, the Pistons moved to Auburn Hills to play at The Palace of Auburn Hills.[47] The 1989 Pistons completed the building of their roster by trading Dantley for Mark Aguirre, a trade that Piston fans would criticize heavily initially, but later praise.[48][49][50][51] The team won 63 games, shattering their one-year-old franchise record, and steamrolled through the playoffs and into an NBA Finals rematch with the Lakers. This time the Pistons came out victorious in a four-game sweep to win their first NBA championship. Joe Dumars was named NBA Finals MVP.[52]", "The Palace of Auburn Hills. The Pistons court was previously named the \"William Davidson Court\", in honor of the late owner, prior to the home opener on October 28, 2009; however, Davidson's signature, along with the retired numbers, were removed from the hardwood when Tom Gores took over ownership of the Palace, and were re-retired instead atop the Palace rafters as replacement banners.", "Detroit Pistons. Beginning with the 1978–79 season, the Pistons played their home games in suburban Oakland County (directly north of Detroit/Wayne County), first playing ten seasons at the Pontiac Silverdome, and then began play at The Palace of Auburn Hills starting in the 1988–89 season.[17][218][219] From 1999, when the Lakers relocated from The Forum in suburban Inglewood to Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles, until the conclusion of the 2016-17 season, the Pistons remained the only NBA franchise to play in a suburban location, concluding a 39-year stay in Oakland County.[220][221]", "Little Caesars Arena. On November 22, 2016, it was officially announced that the Pistons would move to Little Caesars Arena starting with the 2017–18 season.[52][53][54]", "Luxury box. Luxury boxes have become a feature of the major professional sports league system in North America. The Palace of Auburn Hills' large number of luxury suites was a pioneer for the building boom of modern-style NBA arenas in the 1990s. The Detroit Pistons played in The Palace from its opening in 1988 through the 2016–17 season, by which time it was one of the NBA's oldest arenas. Nonetheless, The Palace's forward-thinking design contained the amenities that most NBA teams sought in newer arenas. The Pistons are set to move to the new Little Caesars Arena in midtown Detroit for the 2017–18 season, by which time only one of the five other NBA venues that opened in the 1988–89 season was still in use—the Bradley Center, which is slated for replacement in 2018. Three of those five have been demolished (Amway Arena, Charlotte Coliseum, and Miami Arena), and the other, Sleep Train Arena, was replaced in 2016.[5][6][7][8]", "The Palace of Auburn Hills. The Palace opened in 1988.[12] When one of The Palace's basketball occupants won a championship, the number on its address changed. Its current address is 6 Championship Drive, reflecting the Pistons' three NBA titles and the Detroit Shock's three WNBA titles (the Detroit Vipers' 1997 Turner Cup championship has not been officially recognized in the arena's address; the address also remained unchanged despite the Shock's move to Tulsa, Oklahoma in 2010; they moved to Dallas, Texas in 2016, and are now known as the Dallas Wings). The original address was 3777 Lapeer Road.", "Detroit Pistons. The new Detroit Pistons played in Olympia Stadium (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings at the time) for their first four seasons, then moved to Cobo Arena.[16][17]", "2003–04 Detroit Pistons season. Sunday, June 13, 2004, 14:49 at The Palace of Auburn Hills.", "2003–04 Detroit Pistons season. Tuesday, June 15, 2004, 14:32 at The Palace of Auburn Hills.", "2003–04 Detroit Pistons season. Thursday, June 10, 2004, 14:31 at The Palace of Auburn Hills.", "Detroit Pistons. On April 7, 2011, the Pistons reached a long-awaited agreement to sell the franchise to billionaire Tom Gores. The deal was granted by the NBA Board of Governors in May and also included The Palace of Auburn Hills and DTE Energy Music Theatre.[187][188][189] According to Crain's Detroit Business, the final sale price was $325 million, far lower than expected.[190]", "The Palace of Auburn Hills. The Palace of Auburn Hills, commonly referred to as The Palace, is a defunct multi-purpose arena located in Auburn Hills, Michigan, which is a suburb of Detroit. It was the home of the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Detroit Shock of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), the Detroit Vipers of the International Hockey League, the Detroit Safari of the Continental Indoor Soccer League, and the Detroit Fury of the Arena Football League.", "The Palace of Auburn Hills. The Palace, despite being 29 years old at its closure, was still in top condition as a sporting and concert venue.[25] However, it was located in suburbia of \"enclosed malls and stadiums plopped in a sea of asphalt parking\" which was in decline, in the face of the growing trend of \"walkable urbanism\" where the Pistons wanted to grow their fanbase.[26] The Palace is expected to be demolished, where it will be redeveloped to accommodate new auto supplier headquarters and research and development parks.[27]", "Michigan. The Pistons played at Detroit's Cobo Arena until 1978 and at the Pontiac Silverdome until 1988 when they moved into The Palace of Auburn Hills. The Detroit Lions played at Tiger Stadium in Detroit until 1974, then moved to the Pontiac Silverdome where they played for 27 years between 1975 and 2002 before moving to Ford Field in Detroit in 2002. The Detroit Tigers played at Tiger Stadium (formerly known as Navin Field and Briggs Stadium) from 1912 to 1999. In 2000 they moved to Comerica Park. The Red Wings played at Olympia Stadium before moving to Joe Louis Arena in 1979. Professional hockey got its start in Houghton,[147] when the Portage Lakers were formed.[citation needed]", "The Palace of Auburn Hills. On November 19, 2004, a fight broke–out between members of the NBA's Detroit Pistons and Indiana Pacers. As the on-court fight died down, a fan threw a cup of Diet Coke at Pacers forward Ron Artest, who then rushed into the crowd, sparking a melee between players and spectators. The fight resulted in the suspension of nine players, criminal charges against five players, and criminal charges against five spectators. The offending fans were banned from attending games at The Palace. In the aftermath of the fight, the NBA decided to increase the security presence between players and spectators. The fact that the fight took place at The Palace of Auburn Hills led to it becoming colloquially referred to as \"Malice at the Palace\" and \"Basketbrawl\".", "Detroit Pistons. In 1978, Davidson became displeased with Cobo Arena, but opted not to follow the Detroit Red Wings to the under-construction Joe Louis Arena. Instead, he moved the team to the suburb of Pontiac, where they played in the 82,000 capacity Silverdome, a structure built for professional football (and the home of the Detroit Lions at the time).[17]", "The Palace of Auburn Hills. Then-Pistons owner William Davidson and two developers privately financed the $90 million construction of The Palace, and did not require public funds.[2]", "Detroit Pistons. After moving from Fort Wayne, Indiana to Detroit in 1957, the Pistons' uniforms remained largely unchanged for two decades, featuring the word \"Pistons\" in blue block lettering. In the 1978–79 season, the team featured a uniform with lightning bolts on the sides and in the wordmark on the front of the jerseys. The team ditched the lightning bolt theme and returned to its classic block lettering and simple side panel pattern in 1981, staying with this look until 1996. That year, the Pistons changed its colors to teal, black, yellow and red, and unveiled a new logo with a horse's head and flaming mane. This uniform pattern lasted until 2001, when the team returned to the traditional red, white and blue colors, and a uniform pattern taking cues from the 1981–96 threads.[233]", "Detroit Pistons. The Detroit Pistons are an American professional basketball team based in Detroit, Michigan. The Pistons compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member club of the league's Eastern Conference Central Division. The team plays its home games at Little Caesars Arena and was founded in Fort Wayne, Indiana as the Fort Wayne (Zollner) Pistons in 1941, a member of the National Basketball League (NBL). The Pistons joined the Basketball Association of America (BAA) in 1948. In 1949, the NBL and BAA merged to become the NBA, and the Pistons became part of the merged league.[3][6] Since moving to Detroit in 1957, the Pistons have won three NBA championships in 1989, 1990 and 2004.", "2003–04 Detroit Pistons season. Tuesday, June 8, 2004, 15:04 at the Staples Center.", "Detroit Pistons. Though the Pistons enjoyed a solid local following, Fort Wayne's small size made it difficult for them to be profitable, especially as other early NBA teams based in smaller cities started folding or relocating to larger markets.[7] After the 1956–57 season, Zollner decided that Fort Wayne was too small to support an NBA team and announced the team would be playing elsewhere in the coming season. He ultimately settled on Detroit.[7] Although it was the fifth largest city in the United States at the time,[13] Detroit had not seen professional basketball in a decade.[14][15][16] They lost the Detroit Eagles due to World War II, both the Detroit Gems of the NBL (whose remnants became the Minneapolis Lakers) and the Detroit Falcons of the BAA in 1947, and the Detroit Vagabond Kings in 1949.[14][15][16] Zollner decided to keep the Pistons name, believing it made sense given Detroit's status as the center of the automobile industry.[7][8]", "2003–04 Detroit Pistons season. Sunday, June 6, 2004, 14:30 at the Staples Center.", "Detroit Pistons. The franchise's fortunes finally began to turn in 1981, when they drafted point guard Isiah Thomas from Indiana University.[29] In November 1981, the Pistons acquired Vinnie Johnson in a trade with the Seattle SuperSonics.[30] They would later acquire center Bill Laimbeer in a trade with the Cleveland Cavaliers in February 1982.[31] Another key move by the Pistons was the hiring of head coach Chuck Daly in 1983.[32]", "Detroit Pistons. Initially, the Pistons had a tough time moving up the NBA ladder. In 1984, the Pistons lost a tough five-game series to the underdog New York Knicks, three games to two.[33] In the 1985 playoffs, Detroit won its first-round series and faced the defending champion Boston Celtics in the conference semifinals. Though Boston would prevail in six games, Detroit's surprise performance promised that a rivalry had begun.[27] In the 1985 NBA draft, the team selected Joe Dumars 18th overall, a selection that would prove to be very wise.[34] They also acquired Rick Mahorn in a trade with the Washington Bullets.[35] However, the team took a step backwards, losing in the first round of the 1986 playoffs to the more athletic Atlanta Hawks. After the series, changes were made in order to make the team more defensive-minded.[27]", "Indiana Pacers. On November 19, 2004, at The Palace of Auburn Hills, what has become known as the Pacers–Pistons brawl took place. All involved were suspended for varying lengths. Artest, who started it, carried the longest penalty: the entire season." ]

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[ "Economic interventionism. During World War I, U.S government intervention mandated that the manufacturing of cars be replaced with machinery to successfully fight the war. Today government intervention could be used to break the U.S dependence on oil by mandating U.S automakers to produce electric cars such as the Chevrolet Volt. Recently, Michigan Gov. Jennifer Granholm (D) said, “We need help from Congress,” namely, renewing the clean energy manufacturing tax credit and the tax incentives that make plug-ins cheaper to buy for consumers.[17] It is possible that government mandated carbon taxes could be used to improve technology and make cars like the Volt more affordable to consumers. Unfortunately, current bills suggest carbon prices would only add a few cents to the price of gasoline, which has negligible effects, compared to what’s needed to change fuel consumption.[17] Washington is beginning to invest in car manufacturing industry by partially provinding $6 billion in battery-related public and private investments since 2008, and the White House has taken credit for putting a down payment on the U.S. battery industry that may reduce battery prices in the coming years.[17] Currently, opponents believe that the carbon dioxide emissions tax, that the U.S. government introduced, on new cars that is unfair on consumers and looks like a revenue-raising fiscal intervention instead of limiting harm caused to the environment.[18] A national fuel tax means everyone, no matter what vehicle they drive, will pay the tax. The amount of tax each individual or company pays will be proportional to the emissions they generate. The more they drive, the more that they would need to pay.[18] This tax is supported by the motor manufacturers, however stipulations confirmed by the National Treasury, state that minibuses and midibuses will receive a special exclusion from the emissions tax on cars and light commercial vehicles, which comes into effect from September 1, 2010. This exclusion is because these taxi vehicles are used for public transport, which opponents of the tax disagree with.[18]", "Carbon tax. On August 22, 2008 The Chong Wa Dae, also known as the Blue house – the executive office and official residence of the South Korean head of state, confirmed a list of 40 new administrative strategy agenda, which included substitution of a carbon tax with the current transportation tax.[71] Most revenues of the tax amounting to an annual $11 trillion won ($10.4 billion) will be financed toward the \"Low Carbon, Green Growth\" move, which was announced in President Lee Myung-bak's speech marking the nation's 63rd Liberation day the week before the announcement.[71] A carbon tax is imposed on emissions of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide. The direct taxation system is now applied to several European countries, such as Sweden, the Netherlands and Norway, as well as several states in North America. The temporary transportation tax, one of the major objective taxes in the country, is slated to end in 2009. About 80 percent of its yield is used in transportation-related work like road construction. Additional taxation amendment could follow with a \"tax on emissions\" bottom line, in possible implementations of tax discrimination according to a vehicles' size and a carbon tax on the currently tax-free thermal power plants. Taxation on emissions is inevitable in that low carbon policies take substantial budget, the government says.[71]", "Carbon tax. In 1979, economist Milton Friedman expressed support for the idea of a carbon tax in an interview on The Phil Donahue Show, saying \"...the best way to [deal with pollution] is to impose a tax on the cost of the pollutants emitted by a car and make an incentive for car manufacturers and for consumers to keep down the amount of pollution.\"[205]", "Pigovian tax. The tax policy also did not accord with basic common sense economic principles. For one, it makes sense to impose a tax on the industry that creates the pollution problem, on the activity that emits the harmful chemicals. This particular activity happened to be the use of automobiles with leaky compressor systems, but because of the high administration cost of taxing that many people, the government decided to tax the producers of those chemicals, though they contributed nothing to the actual problems of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere.", "Carbon tax. Carbon tax offers social and economic benefits.[6] It is a tax that increases revenue without significantly altering the economy while simultaneously promoting objectives of climate change policy.[citation needed] The objective of a carbon tax is to reduce the harmful and unfavorable levels of carbon dioxide emissions, thereby decelerating climate change and its negative effects on the environment and human health.[7]", "Carbon tax. Companies are allowed to exempt themselves from the tax by participating in a Swiss cap-and-trade emissions trading scheme where they voluntarily commit to legally binding targets to reduce their CO2 emissions.[148] Under this scheme, emission allowances are given to companies for free, and each year emission allowances equal to the amount of CO2 emitted must be surrendered by the company. Companies are allowed to sell or trade excess permits. However, should a company fail to surrender the correct amount of allowances, they must pay the CO2 tax retroactively for each tonne of CO2 emitted since the exemption was granted.[145] About 400 companies take part in trading CO2 emission credits under this program. In 2009, for the second year in a row, the companies returned enough credits to the Swiss government to cover their CO2 emissions for the year. The 2009 report shows that companies emitted only about 2.6 million tonnes of CO2, falling well below the total permissible quantity of 3.1 million tonnes.[149] The Swiss carbon market still remains fairly small, with few emissions permits being traded. Swiss domestic law tends to favor the use of a CO2 tax to achieve emissions reductions and this preference for taxes combined with an immature carbon market could partially explain why Switzerland has not yet joined the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS).[150]", "Carbon tax. A number of countries have implemented carbon taxes or energy taxes that are related to carbon content.[11] Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles, rather than on CO\n2 emissions directly.[8]", "Carbon tax. While many remain apprehensive, a carbon tax is a step towards helping India meet their voluntary target to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released per unit of gross domestic product by 25% from 2005 levels by 2020. Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh told reporters in June 2010 that a domestic tax should come before a global carbon tax, and India has imposed one while others debate the issue. With the new government in India under PM Narendra Modi, the carbon tax has been further increased form 100Rs per tonne to 200Rs per tonne in the Budget 2015-16.[66][67] Currently the carbon tax stands at 400rs per tonne.", "Climate change mitigation. An emissions tax on greenhouse gas emissions requires individual emitters to pay a fee, charge or tax for every tonne of greenhouse gas released into the atmosphere.[267] Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles, rather than on CO2 emissions directly.[267]", "Carbon tax. A carbon tax is a form of pollution tax (although carbon dioxide is naturally occurring).[24] Pollution taxes are often grouped with two other economic policy instruments: tradable pollution permits/credits and subsidies. These three environmental economic policy instruments are built upon a foundation of a command and control regulation. The difference is that classic command-penalty regulations stipulate, through performance or prescriptive standards, what each polluter is required to do to be in compliance with the law. Command and control regulation is not considered an economic instrument as it is typically enforced by narrower means such as stop or control order, though it may include an administrative monetary penalty in site-specific regulations.[25] The instrumental distinction between a tax and a command-and-control regulation is determined by the enacted legislative names, and whether they contain \"tax\" as a defined term within the Act, for example British Columbia's Carbon Tax Act versus Alberta's Specified Gas Emitters Regulation, Alta Reg 139/2007", "Pigovian tax. The diagram illustrates the working of a Pigovian tax. A tax shifts the marginal private cost curve up by the amount of the externality. If the tax is placed on the quantity of emissions from the factory, the producers have an incentive to reduce output to the socially optimum level. If the tax is placed on the percentage of emissions per unit of production, the factory has the incentive to change to cleaner processes or technology.", "Carbon tax. According to the Carbon Tax Center,[186] the United States is one of the few large and industrialized nations on Earth that does not implement a Carbon tax. One simple solution being considered is to implement a federal carbon emissions tax, instead of relying on states to enforce their own. According to economists a tax would be the simplest and the easiest way to reduce emissions since, primarily, it seems like a plan both parties can get behind since it would not impose strict regulations on business, instead allowing the industries to self regulate, while also a showing that the government is taking steps to protect the environment. Furthermore, a tax would lead both producers and consumers to adjust their respective habits accordingly, and in ways that may become more efficient.[187] There is also a national movement called Citizens' Climate Lobby to create support across parties to put a national price on Carbon.", "Carbon tax. A tax on emissions has been proposed for South Africa. Announced by Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan, the tax will be implemented starting September 1, 2015 on new motor vehicles.[58] This tax will apply at the time of sale, and will be related to the amount of CO2 emitted by the vehicle. 75 South African Rand will be added to the price for every gram of CO2 per kilometer the vehicle emits over 120 g/km. The tax will apply to passenger cars first and eventually to commercial vehicles.[59] Bakkies (pickup trucks) will be taxed because they are often used as passenger vehicles: this has caused an uproar for fear of affecting industry.", "Carbon tax. In January 1991, Sweden enacted a CO2 tax of 0.25 SEK/kg ($40 per ton at the time, or EUR 27 at current rates) on the use of oil, coal, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, petrol, and aviation fuel used in domestic travel. Industrial users paid half the rate (between 1993 and 1997, 25% of the rate), and certain high-energy industries such as commercial horticulture, mining, manufacturing and the pulp and paper industry were fully exempted from these new taxes.", "Carbon tax. During the 1990s, a carbon/energy tax was proposed at the EU level but failed due to industrial lobbying.[86] In 2010, the European Commission considered implementing a pan-European minimum tax on pollution permits purchased under the European Union Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) in which the proposed new tax would be calculated in terms of carbon content rather than volume, so that fuels with high energy concentrations, despite their subsequently high carbon content, will no longer carry the same traditionally low price.[87] According to the European Commission, the new plan will charge firms a minimum tax per tonne of carbon dioxide emissions[88] at a suggested rate of €4 to €30 per tonne of CO2.[89]", "Carbon tax. In December 2009, nine industry groupings opposed a carbon tax at the opening day of the COP-15 Copenhagen climate conference stating, \"Japan should not consider a carbon tax as it would damage the economy which is already among the world's most energy efficient.\" The industry groupings represented the oil, cement, paper, chemical, gas, electric power, auto manufacturing and electronics, and information technology sectors. The sectors state that \"the government has neither studied nor explained thoroughly enough why such a carbon tax is needed, how effective and fair it is and how the payments are to be used.\"[69]", "Carbon tax. A carbon tax is also an indirect tax—a tax on a transaction—as opposed to a direct tax, which taxes income. A carbon tax is called a price instrument, since it sets a price for carbon dioxide emissions.[26] In economic theory, pollution is considered a negative externality, a negative effect on a party not directly involved in a transaction, which results in a market failure. To confront parties with the issue, the economist Arthur Pigou proposed taxing the goods (in this case hydrocarbon fuels), which were the source of the negative externality (carbon dioxide) so as to accurately reflect the cost of the goods' production to society, thereby internalizing the costs associated with the goods' production. A tax on a negative externality is called a Pigovian tax, and should equal the marginal damage costs.", "Carbon tax. On 1 July 2012 the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils. To offset the impact of the tax on some sectors of society, the government reduced income tax (by increasing the tax-free threshold) and increased pensions and welfare payments slightly to cover expected price increases, as well as introducing compensation for some affected industries. On 17 July 2014, a report by the Australian National University estimated that the Australian scheme had cut carbon emissions by as much as 17 million tonnes, the biggest annual reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in 24 years of records in 2013 as the carbon tax helped drive a large drop in pollution from the electricity sector.[79]", "Carbon tax. Both carbon taxes and permit systems (Cap and Trade) aim to reduce the total quantity of carbon emissions by creating a price for emitting CO2 pollution, but they achieve this goal in distinctly separate ways[229]. While carbon taxes dictate the price that will be paid for each unit of pollution, permit systems set a specific quantity of CO2 that all applicable entities will be held to and divides this total amount into tradable permits[230]. In the absence of uncertainty these two systems will achieve the same effect and result in the efficient market quantity of CO2 and price charged per unit of CO2 emitted[231][232]. In the case of environmental uncertainty, that is when the environmental damages of each unit of CO2 cannot be accurately calculated, a permit system may be more advantageous in order to limit total quantity and thus potential damages[233]. In the case of uncertainty regarding the costs of CO2 abatement for firms, a tax is preferable[234][235][236]. The abatement uncertainty issue was illustrated in 2005 by the first phase of the European Union Emissions Trading System (cap and trade)[237][238][239]. In this program, the initial allocation of permits was too great as the EU did not accurately assess the CO2 reduction capabilities of the various firms it regulated, and thus firms simply reduced their emissions to their allotted quantity without the purchase of any additional permits[240]. This drove the permit prices to nearly zero 2 years after the program began, crashing the system and commanding reform and permit allocation refinement that would eventually manifest itself in the current European Union Emissions Trading System (Phase 3)[241][242]", "Carbon tax. However, the government signaled that in addition to setting aside state funds, it will ask private companies to contribute 2.4 trillion won to the fund. It added that spending from the fund will be directed mainly toward business involved in greenhouse gas emissions reduction and promoting energy efficiency. In addition, the government intends to expand its system of tax breaks to cover new technologies in solar, wind and thermal power, low-emission vehicles, rechargeable batteries and next generation nuclear reactors.[74]", "Fuel economy in automobiles. The Energy Tax Act of 1978[54] in the US established a gas guzzler tax on the sale of new model year vehicles whose fuel economy fails to meet certain statutory levels. The tax applies only to cars (not trucks) and is collected by the IRS. Its purpose is to discourage the production and purchase of fuel-inefficient vehicles. The tax was phased in over ten years with rates increasing over time. It applies only to manufacturers and importers of vehicles, although presumably some or all of the tax is passed along to automobile consumers in the form of higher prices. Only new vehicles are subject to the tax, so no tax is imposed on used car sales. The tax is graduated to apply a higher tax rate for less-fuel-efficient vehicles. To determine the tax rate, manufacturers test all the vehicles at their laboratories for fuel economy. The US Environmental Protection Agency confirms a portion of those tests at an EPA lab.", "Carbon tax. As of the year 2002, the standard carbon tax rate since 1996 amounts to 100 DKK per tonne of CO2, equivalent to approximately 13 Euros or 18 US dollars . Net carbon emission tax from fuel combustion can vary depending on the level of pollution each source emits, the tax rate varies between 402 DKK per tonne of oil to 5.6 DKK per tonne of natural gas and 0 for non-combustible renewables. The rate for electricity is 1164 DKK per tonne or 10 øre per kWh, equivalent to .013 Euros or .017 US dollars per kWh. The CO2 tax applies to all energy users, including the industrial sector. But the industrial companies can be taxed differently according to two principles: the process the energy is used for, and whether or not the company has entered into a voluntary agreement to apply energy efficiency measures. Danish policies like this provide incentives for companies to put in place more sustainable practices similar to a cap and trade program on carbon dioxide.[90]", "Carbon tax. A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content of fuels.[1] It is a form of carbon pricing. Revenue obtained via the tax is however not (always) used to compensate the carbon emissions on which the tax is levied (see implementation). Carbon is present in every hydrocarbon fuel (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) and converted to carbon dioxide (CO\n2) and other products when combusted. In contrast, non-combustion energy sources—wind, sunlight, geothermal, hydropower, and nuclear—do not convert hydrocarbons to CO\n2. CO\n2 is a heat-trapping \"greenhouse\" gas[2] which represents a negative externality on the climate system (see scientific opinion on global warming).[2][3][4] Since GHG emissions caused by the combustion of fossil fuels are closely related to the carbon content of the respective fuels, a tax on these emissions can be levied by taxing the carbon content of fossil fuels at any point in the product cycle of the fuel.[5]", "Carbon tax. The German ecological tax reform was adopted in 1999. After that, the ecological law of the country was amended twice-in 2000 and in 2003. First of all, the law provided rung-by-rung growth of the taxes on fuel and fossil fuels and laid the foundation for the tax for energy. Only in 2003, after the law's gradual implementation, the amount of emissions reduced by 2.4%, which is 20 million tons of CO2. Thus, the eco-tax is one of the most powerful instruments for climate protection in Germany. The number of workplaces rose by 250,000 jobs.[100]", "Carbon tax. In January 2008, Switzerland implemented a CO2 incentive tax on all hydrocarbon fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas, unless they are used for energy. Gasoline and diesel fuels are not affected by the CO2 tax. The tax is collected by the Swiss Federal Customs Administration. It is an incentive tax because it is designed to promote the economic use of hydrocarbon fuels.[141] The tax amounts to CHF 12 per tonne CO2 (US $11.41 per tonne CO2), which is the equivalent of CHF 0.03 per litre of heating oil (US $0.108 per gallon) and CHF 0.025 per m3 of natural gas (US $0.024 per m3).[142][143] This tax comes from Switzerland's 1999 Federal Law on the Reduction of CO2 (CO2 Law). Although Switzerland prefers to rely on voluntary actions and measures to achieve emissions reductions, the CO2 Law mandated the introduction of a CO2 tax if voluntary measures proved to be insufficient.[144] In 2005 the federal government decided that additional measures were needed to achieve emissions reductions and meet Kyoto Protocol commitments of an 8% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012.[145] In 2007, the CO2 tax was approved by the Swiss Federal Council, coming into effect 2008.[142] In 2010, the highest tax rate will be CHF 36 per tonne of CO2 (US $34.20 per tonne CO2).[146][147]", "Carbon tax. Both cap-and-trade and carbon taxes give polluters a financial incentive to reduce their GHG emissions. Carbon taxes provide certainty regarding emission prices, while a cap provides certainty regarding emissions quantity.[243] In a literature assessment, Fisher et al.. (1996:430) concluded that the choice between an international quota (cap) system, or an international carbon tax, remained ambiguous.[50] Lu et al. (2012) compared a carbon tax, an emission trading, and command-and-control regulation at the industrial level. Their abstract concludes that market-based mechanisms would perform better than emission standards in achieving emission targets without affecting industrial production.[244]", "Carbon tax. In attempt to reduce CO2 emissions by a larger amount Norway implemented the first phase of an Emissions Trading Scheme in 2005[136] and joined the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) in 2008.[137] As of 2013, roughly 55% of CO2 emissions in Norway are taxed and emissions that are not covered by a carbon tax are included in the EU ETS.[137] Certain CO2 taxes are applied to emissions that result from petroleum activities on the continental shelf.[138] This tax is charged per liter of oil and natural gas liquids produced, as well as per standard cubic meter of gas burnt off or otherwise directly emitted into the air.[138] However, this carbon tax is considered a deductible operating cost for petroleum production which can therefore be written off to reduce the ordinary taxes paid by oil companies.[138] In 2013, carbon tax rates were doubled in Norway to a rate of 0.96 NOK per liter/standard cubic meter of mineral oil and natural gas.[138] As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas.[139] Despite this increase, there is intention to reduce the tax in the future if there is a rise in the EU ETS price from the rate it was when the increased carbon tax rate was implemented.[136] According to the Norwegian Ministry of the Environment, CO2 taxes have been the most important tool for reducing emissions produced by petroleum activities and there is a low level of CO2 emissions per produced oil equivalent.[140]", "Carbon tax. David Powels of the National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa (NAAMSA), opposes this taxation on light commercial vehicles.[58] The tax could increase the cost of new vehicles by 2.5% and cause a decrease in total automobile sales: in addition, Powels questions the ability to accurately predict CO2 emissions based on engine capacity.[60] NAAMSA acknowledges the ability of carbon taxes to change consumer behavior for the betterment of the environment, but argues that this tax is not transparent enough for consumers because the taxation occurs at the time of automobile production.[60] Powels says the tax is discriminatory because it targets new vehicles, and that the government should focus on introducing \"green fuel\" to South Africa.[60]", "Carbon tax. In October 2012 Japan introduced a Carbon tax with the goal to take action on mitigating dangerous climate change. The government plans to use the revenues generated from this tax to finance clean energy and energy saving projects.[68]", "Carbon tax. On September 10, 2009, France detailed a new carbon tax with a new levy on oil, gas and coal consumption by households and businesses that was supposed to come into effect on January 1, 2010. The new carbon tax would be 17 euros (25 US dollars) per tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) for households and businesses, which will raise the cost of a liter of unleaded fuel by about four cents (25 US cents per gallon). The total estimated income from the carbon tax would have been between 3 and 4.5 billion euros annually, with 55 percent of profit coming from households and 45 percent coming from businesses.[93] The tax will not apply to electricity as mostly produced by France's network of nuclear reactors.[94]", "Carbon tax. In February 2010, a deputy finance minister Yoon Young-sun confirmed that South Korea is considering a carbon tax to help reduce emissions 4% from 2005 levels by 2020.[72] This would be in conjunction with a cap-and-trade program to be implemented later this year. With a tax rate of 31,828 won (25 Euros) per ton of CO2, the South Korean government would collect 9.1 trillion won ($7.9 billion) in tax revenue based on 2007 emissions. Income from the carbon tax would be used to reduce corporate and income taxes. On July 22, 2010 Chairman Sohn Kyung-shik of the Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry asked for the South Korean government to delay the implementation of the carbon tax: \"If the government applies much stricter guidelines over carbon emissions, then companies might be burdened.\"[73]", "Carbon tax. Carbon Tax is payable in foreign currency at the rate of US$0.03 (3 cents) per litre of petroleum and diesel products or 5% of cost, insurance and freight value (as defined in the Customs and Excise Act [Chapter 23:02]), whichever is greater.[57]" ]

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[ "Rolling Stone. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylan's hit single: \"At [Ralph] Gleason's suggestion, Wenner named his magazine after a Bob Dylan song.\"[11] Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. However, it distanced itself from the underground newspapers of the time, such as Berkeley Barb, embracing more traditional journalistic standards and avoiding the radical politics of the underground press. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone \"is not just about the music, but about the things and attitudes that music embraces\".", "Rolling Stone. You're probably wondering what we're trying to do. It's hard to say: sort of a magazine and sort of a newspaper. The name of it is Rolling Stone which comes from an old saying, \"A rolling stone gathers no moss.\"", "Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason.[5] To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim.[6] The first issue carried a cover date of November 9, 1967,[7] and was in newspaper format with a lead article on the Monterey Pop Festival.[8] The cover price was 25¢ (equivalent to $1.83 in 2016).", "Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the magazine's publisher, and the music critic Ralph J. Gleason. It was first known for its musical coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors, and popular music.[2] In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content.", "Rolling Stone. In the first issue,[9] Wenner explained that the title of the magazine referred to the 1950 blues song, \"Rollin' Stone\", recorded by Muddy Waters, the rock and roll band the Rolling Stones, and Bob Dylan's hit single \"Like a Rolling Stone\":", "Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone was initially known for its musical coverage and for Thompson's political reporting. In the 1990s, the magazine changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors and popular music. This led to criticism that the magazine was emphasizing style over substance.[2] In recent years, the magazine has resumed its traditional mix of content, including in-depth political stories. It has also expanded content to include coverage of financial and banking issues. As a result, the magazine has seen its circulation increase and its reporters invited as experts to network television programs of note.[14]", "List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson. Rolling Stone is a United States-based magazine devoted to music, politics, and popular culture that is published every two weeks. Rolling Stone was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and the music critic Ralph J. Gleason.", "Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone Press is the magazine's associated book publishing imprint. Straight Arrow Press was the magazine's associated book publishing imprint, Straight Arrow Publishing Co., Inc. was the publishing company that published the Rolling Stone.[3][4]", "Rolling Stone. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City. Editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become \"a cultural backwater\".[13]", "Rolling Stone. Muddy Waters used the name for a song he wrote. The Rolling Stones took their name from Muddy's song. \"Like a Rolling Stone\" was the title of Bob Dylan's first rock and roll record. We have begun a new publication reflecting what we see are the changes in rock and roll and the changes related to rock and roll.\"—Jann Wenner, Rolling Stone, November 9, 1967, p. 2[10]", "Rolling Stone. In the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazine's political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005.[12] In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of many prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Ben Fong-Torres, Patti Smith and P. J. O'Rourke. It was at this point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories, including that of the Patty Hearst abduction odyssey. One interviewer, speaking for a large number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus, describing it as a \"rite of passage\".[2]", "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Tsarnaev was the subject of a cover story for an August 2013 issue of Rolling Stone entitled \"The Bomber: How a Popular, Promising Student Was Failed by His Family, Fell into Radical Islam and Became a Monster\". The magazine drew large amounts of criticism for the flattering photo of Tsarnaev used for the issue's cover. Boston Mayor Tom Menino wrote that the cover \"rewards a terrorist with celebrity treatment\". Massachusetts State Police sergeant Sean Murphy stated that \"glamorizing the face of terror is not just insulting to the family members of those killed in the line of duty, it also could be an incentive to those who may be unstable to do something to get their face on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine\".[102] The New York Times used the same photo on their front page in May 2013,[103] but did not draw criticism. Rolling Stone columnist Matt Taibbi criticized those who took offense at the cover, arguing that their offense-taking was the result of their associating Rolling Stone with glamor instead of news,[104] stating that The New York Times did not draw the criticism that Rolling Stone did, \"because everyone knows the Times is a news organization. Not everyone knows that about Rolling Stone… because many people out there understandably do not know that Rolling Stone is also a hard-news publication.\"[104]", "Rolling Stone. In 2005, Dana Leslie Fields, former publisher of Rolling Stone, who had worked at the magazine for 17 years, was an inaugural inductee into the Magazine Hall of Fame.[16]", "Rolling Stone. The August 2013 Rolling Stone cover, featuring then-accused (later convicted) Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, drew widespread criticism that the magazine was \"glamorizing terrorism\" and that the cover was a \"slap in the face to the great city of Boston\".[58] The online edition of the article was accompanied by a short editorial stating that the story \"falls within the traditions of journalism and Rolling Stone's long-standing commitment to serious and thoughtful coverage of the most important political and cultural issues of our day\".[59] The controversial cover photograph that was used by Rolling Stone had previously featured on the front page of The New York Times on May 5, 2013.[60]", "Rolling Stone. The website has become an interactive source of biographical information on music artists in addition to historical rankings from the magazine. Users can cross-reference lists and they are also provided with historical insights. For example, one group that is listed on both Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time is Toots and the Maytals, with biographical details from Rolling Stone that explain how Toots and the Maytals are responsible for coining the term \"reggae\" in their song \"Do the Reggay\".[38][39] For biographical information on all artists, the website contains a directory listed alphabetically.[40]", "Rolling Stone. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being a general \"entertainment\" magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films and the pop culture of the day. The magazine also initiated its annual \"Hot Issue\" during this time.", "The Rolling Stone Interview. The Rolling Stone Interview is a feature article in the American magazine Rolling Stone that sheds light on notable figures from the worlds of music, popular culture, or politics. Editor Jann Wenner has said that the interview is \"part[ly] based on The Paris Review, which featured definitive interviews with writers like Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck, exploring their lives, their philosophy and their technique\".[citation needed]", "The Cover of Rolling Stone. In reference to the song, the March 29, 1973 cover of Rolling Stone did feature the band, in caricature rather than a photograph. It was accompanied by the caption \"What's-Their-Names Make the Cover.\"", "Rolling Stone. The printed format has gone through several changes. The first publications, in 1967–72, were in folded tabloid newspaper format, with no staples, black ink text, and a single color highlight that changed each edition. From 1973 onwards, editions were produced on a four-color press with a different newsprint paper size. In 1979, the bar code appeared. In 1980, it became a gloss-paper, large format (10\"×12\") magazine. As of edition of October 30, 2008, Rolling Stone has had a smaller, standard-format magazine size.[15]", "Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone magazine has been criticized for reconsidering many classic albums that it had previously dismissed, and for frequent use of the 3.5-star rating. For example, Led Zeppelin was largely written off by Rolling Stone magazine critics during the band's most active years in the 1970s, but by 2006, a cover story on the band honored them as \"the Heaviest Band of All Time\".[51] A critic for Slate magazine described a conference at which 1984's The Rolling Stone Record Guide was scrutinized. As he described it, \"The guide virtually ignored hip-hop and ruthlessly panned heavy metal, the two genres that within a few years would dominate the pop charts. In an auditorium packed with music journalists, you could detect more than a few anxious titters: How many of us will want our record reviews read back to us 20 years hence?\"[49]", "Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone devotes one of its table of contents pages to promoting material currently appearing on its website, listing detailed links to the items. The magazine also has a page at MySpace, Facebook and Twitter.", "Rolling Stone. In the November 19, 2014 issue, the story \"A Rape on Campus\" was run about an alleged gang rape on the campus of the University of Virginia.[71] Separate inquiries by Phi Kappa Psi, the fraternity accused by Rolling Stone of facilitating the alleged rape, and The Washington Post revealed major errors, omissions and discrepancies in the story.[72][73] Reporter Sabrina Erdely's story was subject to intense media criticism.[72][74] The Washington Post and Boston Herald issued calls for magazine staff involved in the report to be fired.[75] Rolling Stone subsequently issued three apologies for the story. Some suggested that legal action against the magazine by persons accused of the rape might result.[76]", "Rolling Stone. After years of declining readership, the magazine experienced a major resurgence of interest and relevance with the work of two young journalists in the late 2000s, Michael Hastings and Matt Taibbi.[citation needed]", "American Jews. The influential folk music magazine Sing Out! was co-founded and edited by Irwin Silber in 1951, and edited by him until 1967, when the magazine stopped publication for decades. Rolling Stone magazine's first music critic Jon Landau is of German Jewish descent. Izzy Young who created the legendary[171] Folklore Center in NY, and currently the Folklore Centrum near Mariatorget in Södermalm, Sweden, which relates to American and Swedish folk music.[172]", "A rolling stone gathers no moss. The contemporary interpretation of equating moss to undesirable stagnation has turned the traditional understanding on its head. Erasmus's proverb gave the name \"rolling stone\" to people who are agile (mobile) and never get rusty due to constant motion.", "O. Henry. He then worked full-time on his humorous weekly called The Rolling Stone, which he started while working at the bank. The Rolling Stone featured satire on life, people and politics and included Porter's short stories and sketches. Although eventually reaching a top circulation of 1,500, The Rolling Stone failed in April 1895 because the paper never provided an adequate income. However, his writing and drawings had caught the attention of the editor at the Houston Post.", "The Cover of Rolling Stone. German comedian Mike Krüger covered and translated the song with small lyrical changes for his 1978 album Stau mal wieder, changing the title to \"Auf der Hülle mit den Rolling Stones\" (On the Cover with the Rolling Stones), lyrics implying he would like to have his photograph as an album cover for the Rolling Stones.", "The Cover of Rolling Stone. In 1987 Dutch band Bertus Staigerpaip released a parody: \"De veurplaat van d'n Donald Duck\" (the cover of the Donald Duck - the latter having been a highly popular comics magazine in The Netherlands for many decades).", "The Cover of Rolling Stone. \"The Cover of 'Rolling Stone'\" is a song written by Shel Silverstein and first recorded by American rock group Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show. Produced by Ron Haffkine and released in 1972, it was the band's third single and peaked at number six on the U.S. pop chart for two weeks on March 17–24, 1973.", "Rolling Stone. \"The Cover of Rolling Stone\" is a song written by Shel Silverstein and first recorded by American rock group Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show. The song satirizes success in the music business; the song's narrator laments that his band, despite having the superficial attributes of a successful rock star (including drug usage, \"teenage groupies, who'll do anything we say\" and a frenetic guitar solo) has been unable to \"get their pictures/on the cover of the Rolling Stone\".", "The Cover of Rolling Stone. BBC Radio refused to play the song, as it contained the name of a commercial publication (Rolling Stone) and could therefore be considered advertising. An urban legend states that the song was re-recorded by the band as \"The Cover of the Radio Times\", the weekly television and radio guide published by the BBC; however, this is disputed by Dennis Locorriere, Dr. Hook's co-lead singer. \"Legend has it that we went into a studio and rerecorded the song. What actually happened was that a bunch of BBC disc jockeys went into a studio and shouted 'RADIO TIMES' over our original chorus,\" Locorriere said. \"It's the same recording that we released but with the addition of their voices layered on top of ours. You can, however, still hear us singing 'Rolling Stone,' but way in the background, under their voices.\" The new version was rush-released in the UK, but did not find its way onto the charts there.[2]", "Indian rock. The rock n' roll scene was also closely followed by Junior Statesman (or simply JS), a magazine started in 1965 contemporaneously with Rolling Stone magazine in the USA and NME in the UK." ]

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[ "Jeff Fischer (actor). Jeffrey Todd \"Jeff\" Fischer (born 1968) is an American voice actor known for his work in commercials, cartoons, and video games. Since 2005, he has eponymously provided the voice of an American Dad! character based on himself (character Jeff Fischer).", "List of American Dad! characters. Jeff Fischer-Smith (né Fischer, voiced by Jeff Fischer) is Hayley's mellow, stoner, hippie boyfriend and later whipped husband. An unemployed high school dropout with no apparent skills, he is emasculated, weak-willed, pathetic and frequently behaves naively. Jeff is often shown to be infatuated with Hayley's mother, Francine, having made subtle passes at her on many occasions. Jeff's own mother abandoned him early on, giving birth to him in a van, within which he lives until moving in with the Smiths. His relationship with his father, Henry, is abysmal, with Henry viewing and treating Jeff as a failure. Before moving in with the Smiths, Jeff lived from his van, which he had parked in front of the Smiths' residence when he started dating Hayley.\nIn the episode \"Joint Custody\" however, Jeff moves in with the Smiths as a result of Stan having a demolition crew crush his van into smithereens with a wrecking ball. Stan effected this in an effort to get Jeff away from his [Stan] property. Throughout the series, Hayley repeatedly dumps Jeff for being a needy, clingy pushover, leaving Jeff crushed until their inevitable reconciliations.", "Jeff Fischer (actor). Fischer has voiced several characters in video games such as Pimp My Ride, Tony Hawk's Underground and the Final Fantasy series, and has supplied voiceovers for hundreds of television commercials.[1]", "Jeff Fischer (actor). Beyond American Dad!, Fischer's other animation credits include the role of MC Cobra in Jackie Chan Adventures and a guest-starring role as Doug Reisman in Spider-Man: The New Animated Series. Fischer played Lewis in a stage production of Blockage.[1] In 2005, he announced the Teen Choice Awards.", "List of American Dad! characters. In the episode \"Portrait of Francine's Genitals\", Jeff revealed he took Hayley's last name, making him Jeff Smith. Later in the season, in the episode \"Roger's Baby\", Jeff is reborn as a human, via Roger eating his brain and rebirthing him.", "Lost in Space (American Dad!). Regular composers Walter Murphy and Joel McNeely did not score the episode; instead, American rock band Wax Fang provided the music. Barker was a fan of the band, their songs inspiring him with several visuals for the episode. The alien creature that plays Jeff's poor memories was inspired by the song \"Majestic,\" and the name was also taken from the song. Barker states that he generally uses music to help him write and that he has difficulty otherwise.[3]", "Dee Bradley Baker. Dee Bradley Baker (born August 31, 1962)[3][4] is an American voice actor. His major roles, many of which feature his vocalizations of animals, include animated series such as American Dad!, Codename: Kids Next Door, Gravity Falls, Phineas and Ferb, Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Star Wars Rebels, Ben 10, and The 7D, live-action series such as Legends of the Hidden Temple and Shop 'til You Drop, films such as The Boxtrolls and Space Jam and video games such as Halo, Gears of War, Viewtiful Joe, and Spore.", "The Cleveland Show. Other voices include that of Arianna Huffington as Tim's wife Arianna the Bear, Nat Faxon as Tim and Arianna's son Raymond the Bear, Jamie Kennedy as Roberta's boyfriend Gabriel Friedman, a.k.a. \"Federline Jones\", Will Forte as Principal Wally, Frances Callier as Evelyn \"Cookie\" Brown, Craig Robinson as LeVar \"Freight Train\" Brown and David Lynch as Gus the bartender.", "Stan Smith (American Dad!). Stanford Leonard \"Stan\" Smith is the main protagonist of the adult animated sitcom American Dad!. He is voiced by the series' co-creator and executive producer, Seth MacFarlane.", "Jeff Kober. Jeff Kober (born December 18, 1953) is an American actor.", "Sinbad (comedian). In 2013, Sinbad voiced Roper in the animated film Planes. The same year he had a guest role on the adult animated series American Dad!, voicing an animated version of himself in the episode \"Lost in Space\", then returning for the 2014 episode \"The Longest Distance Relationship\", and again in 2015's \"Holy Shit, Jeff's Back!\"[citation needed]", "Jeff Fischer (actor). In addition to his acting work, Fischer is also a vintner and founded Habit Winery in Santa Barbara, California.[2]", "Seth MacFarlane. Other than Family Guy and American Dad!, MacFarlane voices characters in other cartoon shows and films. He voiced Wayne \"The Brain\" McClain in an episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force.[129] He has also voiced various characters on Adult Swim's Robot Chicken, including a parody of Lion-O and Emperor Palpatine as well as Peter Griffin in the Season 2 premiere – he even parodied himself in the Season 4 premiere, in which he renewed the show simply by mentioning it in a Family Guy-like cutaway after its fictitious cancellation at the end of Season 3. He also played the villain \"The Manotaur\" in Bob Boyle's animated kids series Yin Yang Yo!.[130] In addition, MacFarlane voiced Johann Kraus in the 2008 film Hellboy II: The Golden Army.[131] He also had a guest appearance in the animated film Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder where he sings \"That Was Then (And This is Too)\", the opening theme.[132] He had also starred in a commercial for Hulu in which he plays an alien presenting Hulu as an \"evil plot to destroy the world\", progressively as his famous Family Guy and American Dad! characters. He also lent his voice to the series finale movie of the Comedy Central series, Drawn Together.", "Dee Bradley Baker. Baker would continue to do regular voice-over roles. In 2005, landed the starring role as Klaus Heissler, an Olympic ski jumper from Germany who was body-swapped into a goldfish, in the primetime cartoon sitcom American Dad!,[41][42] which has run over eleven seasons on Fox and TBS. In an interview with Pop Break, Baker said that he liked playing Klaus because he loves the German language, the part was well written, and it is light duty on his voice. He compared the table reads to being on The Carol Burnett Show.[43] He participated in American Dad panels at San Diego Comic-Con 2010[44] 2012,[45] and 2014;[46] and the New York Comic-Con in 2014.[47] His voicing of council member Tarrlok in Korra garnered a nomination for the Behind the Voice Actors (BTVA) Voice Acting Award in 2012.[48][49][50][51] In addition to television shows, Baker voiced characters in many animated and live-action animation films, including some of the classic ghost monsters in Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed,[52] Maurice in Happy Feet,[21] He had roles in the Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated TV series and its direct-to-video releases.[21]", "American Dad!. Another technique used by American Dad! is the story arc. On several occasions, a circumstance expands and progresses across a collection of episodes.[3][18] As an example, one of Hayley's temporary breakups with Jeff expanded across a string of episodes, in which she instead temporarily dated a black man in a koala body, Reginald Koala—known for his very urban mannerisms and behaviors. As another example, since the 9th season episode \"Naked to the Limit, One More Time\", Jeff Fischer has been absent from the Smith house and planet Earth altogether. In that episode, Jeff is blindsided when Roger hurls him into a spaceship. This spacecraft belongs to Roger's race of aliens and was intended to return him back to his birth planet; however, Roger remains behind after casting Jeff into the spaceship. The spaceship immediately takes off and Jeff is not seen until several episodes later, the episode \"Lost in Space\". During episodes that aired between the two aforementioned episodes, allusions to the ongoing plot line are made. For example, in the episode \"Spelling Bee My Baby\", Hayley is shown holding out hope for Jeff's return. In the episode, Roger and Stan attempt to rush Hayley through her grieving process so she will be willing to be their tennis official.[3][42] In the episode \"The Longest Distance Relationship\" Jeff gets in touch with Hayley via a radio and ultimately tells her not to wait for him and to move on with her life. This story arc is finally resolved in the episode \"Holy Shit, Jeff's Back!\", Jeff supposedly returns to Earth but it turns out to be an alien called Zebleer masquerading as Jeff and the real Jeff has been dissected, however Jeff's brain is transplanted into Zebleer's body allowing the real Jeff to live, after which Stan and Hayley's memories are wiped, leaving them unaware that Jeff is no longer entirely human. This plot point is continued at the end of \"Bahama Mama\", where Roger mentions Jeff cannot get Hayley pregnant because he has an alien body, so he agrees to rebirth Jeff in \"Roger's Baby\". By the end of the episode, Jeff is human again and with Hayley on Earth.", "Clancy Brown. Brown also voices Destro in G.I. Joe: Renegades; Jeff Fischer's biological father in American Dad!; Grune the Destroyer in the ThunderCats reboot; and the recurring role of Agent Silas in Transformers: Prime.", "Jonathan Groff. Jonathan Drew Groff (born March 26, 1985) is an American actor and singer.", "List of American Dad! characters. In the Season 9 episode \"Lost in Space\", Jeff escapes from an alien spaceship and starts to make his way back to Earth.", "Jeff Goldblum. Jeff Goldblum has contributed as a voice actor to the following games :", "Seth MacFarlane. While MacFarlane regularly does extensive voice acting work for American Dad!, he has left much of the show's creative direction up to Weitzman and Barker. MacFarlane has credited this move with helping to give the series its own distinct voice and identity.[44] Though, as announced on November 4, 2013, Barker departed American Dad! after 10 seasons of serving as the show's producer/co-showrunner, resulting from creative differences as production for season 11 on TBS commenced.[45][46] American Dad! was first shown after Super Bowl XXXIX, debuting with the episode \"Pilot\", which MacFarlane co-wrote. This February 6, 2005 series premiere was somewhat of an early sneak preview as the program would not begin airing regularly as part of Fox's Animation Domination until May 1, 2005.[47][48]", "Lost in Space (American Dad!). \"Lost in Space\" is unconventional in that Jeff is, for the most part, the only main character from the show to appear, although Roger and Hayley have brief cameo appearances, and the rest of the family makes a brief appearance together in the beginning recap. The episode received positive reviews from television critics, with praise directed to the visual style and humor.", "Jeff Perry (American actor). Jeffrey Perry (born August 16, 1955) is an American actor of stage, television, and film. He currently stars in the ABC political drama Scandal.", "Jeffrey Hunter. Hunter was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, the son of Edith Lois (Burgess) and Henry Herman McKinnies.[1] After 1930, he was reared in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he graduated from Whitefish Bay High School. He was very involved in school sports and began acting in local theater and radio in his early teens. He worked for Station WTMS-FM and the Children's Theatre of the Air, sponsored by the Wauwatosa School Board.", "Jeffrey Garcia. Garcia began his career as a stand-up comedian, starting in 1991 at the age of fourteen, he continued his stand-up comedy through the 90s at comedy clubs in Southern, California before getting into acting in 1995.[2] Garcia is known for portraying Sheen Estevez in Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius and its spin-off series The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius and Planet Sheen on Nickelodeon. He also guest starred on the animated series Clone High. He was also the leader of the KMRK-FM 96.1 Wild Wake-Up crew. He also voices \"Tyler Nelson\" in The Maw franchises, \"Pip\" the mouse in the 2006 film Barnyard, and he continued to provide the voice of the same character for the television show Back at the Barnyard. He voiced \"Rinaldo\" the penguin in the 2006 film Happy Feet. He is rumored to be the voice of Suneo Honekawa in the anime series Doraemon and in the anime film The New Record of Nobita: Spaceblazer. He has appeared on one of the half-hour comedy special Comedy Central Presents in May 2006. He was a contestant in the Comedy Central series Reality Bites Back, but quit after the first day. He also voiced Tipa, one of the smugglers and the bat in the 2011 animated comedy film, Rio. In the 2nd film Rio 2, he voices a spoonbill and an auditioning Spix's Macaw named Peri.", "Patrick Warburton. Patrick John Warburton (born November 14, 1964) is an American actor and voice artist. In television, he is known for playing David Puddy on Seinfeld,[1] the title role on The Tick, Jeb Denton on Less Than Perfect, Jeff Bingham on Rules of Engagement, and Lemony Snicket on A Series of Unfortunate Events.[2] His voice roles include Kronk in The Emperor's New Groove and its sequels, paraplegic police officer Joe Swanson on Family Guy, Brock Samson on The Venture Bros, Lok in the Tak and the Power of Juju video game series and in the television series, Sheriff Bronson Stone in Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, and Flynn in the Skylanders video games.[3] In advertising he has played a \"control enthusiast\" in a series of commercials for National Car Rental.[4]", "Scott Weinger. Weinger's first professional acting work was a national commercial for Ideal Toys.[3] His first acting role was in Police Academy 5: Assignment: Miami Beach. After guest starring on ABC's Life Goes On, Weinger became a series regular on the situation comedy The Family Man on CBS. His next regular role in a series came as Steve Hale on the sitcom Full House from 1991 to 1995, after he had guest-starred on one episode during its fifth season. During the run of Full House, Weinger made his motion-picture debut as the voice of the title character in Disney's 1992 animated feature Aladdin.", "David Herman. Herman is also known for his work as a voice actor in cartoons and video games, notably in Futurama, where he provides the voices of many recurring characters (including Scruffy the Janitor, Roberto the psycho robot, Mayor Poopenmeyer, and Professor Farnsworth's rival Ogden Wernstrom), and King of the Hill, for which he voiced Anthony \"Twig Boy\" Page (the social worker from the pilot episode who accused Hank of beating his son and from season two's \"Junkie Business\", where he forces Strickland Propane to hire a drug addict who has his addiction listed as a disability), Hank's childhood friend, Eustace, and other incidental characters. His other voice work includes Family Guy, American Dad!, Father of the Pride (in which he voices Roy Horn), and the Jak and Daxter video game series. He starred as Ubuntu Goode (and other supporting voices) in The Goode Family. He also provides voices in Fox' Bob's Burgers and from 2012 to 2015 worked on the Comedy Central series Brickleberry as self-absorbed park ranger Steve Williams.", "Miko Hughes. Miko John Hughes (born February 22, 1986) is an American actor known for his film roles, as a child, as Gage Creed in Pet Sematary (1989), as astronaut Jim Lovell's son Jeffrey in Apollo 13 (1995), as a child on the autistic spectrum named Simon opposite Bruce Willis in Mercury Rising (1998), and as Dylan (Heather Langenkamp's son) in Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994), as well as his recurring role as Aaron on Full House from 1990 to 1995.", "David Boreanaz. In the 2011 movie The Mighty Macs, Boreanaz played the role of Ed T. Rush, NBA referee and husband of Immaculata basketball coach Cathy Rush.[18] In 2013, Boreanaz starred in the miniseries Full Circle as Jace Cooper. The same year, Boreanaz starred in the independently made fantasy drama Officer Down as Detective Les Scanlon.[19] Boreanaz has also appeared on American Dad! as Seeley Booth in the episode \"Less Money, Mo' Problems\", on Family Guy as himself in the episode \"Road to the North Pole\", and in the Baby Blues episode \"Teddy-Cam\" as the voice of Johnny.", "Andrés Cantor. He voiced himself in the Simpsons episode \"You Don't Have to Live Like a Referee\".", "Tony Shalhoub. Anthony Marcus Shalhoub (/ʃəˈluːb/ shə-LOOB; born October 9, 1953) is an American actor.", "Lost in Space (American Dad!). Jeff is unconscious, hanging from a ceiling in a solitary confinement. An alien named Foster enters and awakens Jeff. Foster reveals himself as the head of Emperor Zing's security team. Emperor Zing, Foster, the rest of his security team, along with half the residents of the spaceship belong to Roger's race of aliens. They are the slave owners on the spaceship. The rest of the aliens populating the ship are miscellaneous races of aliens that have been abducted from their respective home planets and are being used as slaves. Being toured around the spaceship, Jeff learns that it is a bizarre shopping mall-like facility. Foster sends Jeff to work at a shawarma food stand, where Jeff encounters Sinbad (the only other human on the spaceship), who had been abducted two months prior. After the emperor of the ship, Zing, walks by, Jeff protests that he misses his wife but is ignored. After work, Sinbad shows Jeff around the ship and eventually takes him to a bar. Jeff eventually finds out that the only way Emperor Zing will allow any of his captives to escape is to prove that they are truly in love with another. Despite reports that many of the slaves on the ship had previously tried this and all failed, Jeff decides to attempt the test. However, Sinbad reveals there is a cost: if Jeff fails to prove his love, his penis will be removed and stored in a fishbowl—an operation the aliens call \"the smoothening\" (similar to the missing genitalia of a plastic doll)." ]

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[ "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. Since 1901, the Giants and Dodgers have played more head-to-head games than any other two teams in Major League Baseball. In their 2,356 meetings (seasons 1901 through 2012),[1] the Giants have won 1,190 games and the Dodgers have won 1,166. The St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Cardinals rival Chicago Cubs (in games versus each other) are very close behind in head-to-head tallies from 1901 onwards. In total (1890–2011), they have played 2,346 games against each other.", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. If ranked by the number of all-time MLB wins by franchise, the Giants (10,463 wins) and Dodgers (10,157 wins) are number 1 and 3, respectively, number 2 being the Chicago Cubs (10,261 wins). What is notable about the rivalry is not only the balance between the teams but also how both have often played meaningful games late in the year. Since 1951, the Giants and Dodgers have finished 1–2 11 times, and in 3 other years were within several games of both first place and each other. Just as important is the role one team has played as spoiler to the other in the years when they were not directly competing in a pennant race.", "Los Angeles Dodgers. The Dodgers share a fierce rivalry with the San Francisco Giants, the oldest rivalry in baseball, dating back to when the two franchises played in New York City. Both teams moved west for the 1958 season. The Brooklyn Dodgers and Los Angeles Dodgers have collectively appeared in the World Series 19 times, while the New York Giants and San Francisco Giants have collectively appeared 20 times and have been invited 21 times. The Giants have won two more World Series (8); the Dodgers have won 22 National League pennants, while the Giants hold the record with 23. Although the two franchises have enjoyed near equal success, the city rivalries are rather lopsided and in both cases, a team's championships have predated to the other's first one in that particular location. When the two teams were based in New York, the Giants won five World Series championships, and the Dodgers one. After the move to California, the Dodgers have won five in Los Angeles, the Giants have won three in San Francisco.", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. Since 2000, the Giants have advanced to the postseason seven times while the Dodgers have advanced eight times. In that time, the Giants made first-round playoff appearances in 2000, 2003 and 2016, won a National League pennant in 2002, and won the 2010 World Series, 2012 World Series and the 2014 World Series. The Dodgers have made first-round playoff appearances in 2004, 2006, 2014, and 2015, made NLCS appearances in 2008, 2009, 2013, and 2016, and won a National League pennant in 2017.", "San Francisco Giants. The Giants-Dodgers rivalry has been marked by the Giants' slightly better success. While the Giants have more total wins, head-to-head wins, National League pennants and World Series titles in their franchise histories, the Dodgers have won the National League West 5 more times than the Giants since the start of division play in 1969. Both teams have made the postseason as a National League wild card twice. The Giants won their first world championship in California in 2010, while the Dodgers won their last world title in 1988. As of the end of the 2014 baseball season, the Los Angeles Dodgers lead the San Francisco Giants in California World Series triumphs, 5-3, whereas in 20th century New York, the Giants led the Dodgers in World Series championships, 5-1. The combined franchise histories give the Giants an 8-6 edge in MLB championships, overall.", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. On July 14, 2005, the Giants became the first professional sports team to win 10,000 games with a 4–3 win over the Dodgers.[15]", "Los Angeles Dodgers. Unlike many other historic baseball match-ups in which one team remains dominant for most of their history, the Dodgers–Giants rivalry has exhibited a persistent balance in the respective successes of the two teams. While the Giants have more wins in franchise history, and lead all NL teams with 23 National League pennants, the Dodgers are second, having won 21;[28] the Giants have won eight World Series titles, while the Dodgers have won six. The 2010 World Series was the Giants' first championship since moving to California, while the Dodgers had won five World Series titles since their move, their last title coming in the 1988 World Series.", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. The Dodgers won the National League pennant 12 times in Brooklyn, and 10 times in Los Angeles. The Giants won the National League pennant 17 times in New York and 6 times in San Francisco.", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. The Giants have lacked killer instinct in recent years, blowing big division leads to the Dodgers. The Giants blew a 9 1/2 game lead over the Dodgers in 2014 and in 2016, despite the Dodgers missing star pitcher Clayton Kershaw for an extended amount of time, the Giants choked away an 8-game lead over their rivals. Despite this, the Giants have won 3 World Series during the current decade, while the Dodgers are waiting for their first since 1988.", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. The New York Giants won the 68-year series against the Brooklyn Dodgers, 722–671. But since relocating to the West Coast in 1958, the Dodgers are ahead in the 945 games played between the two teams as of 2011[update], 487–458.[14]", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. While the Dodgers have won the National League West fourteen times compared to the Giants' eight since the beginning of the Divisional Era in 1969, the Giants have more total wins, head-to-head wins, National League pennants (23–22), and World Series titles (8–6) in franchise history. Since moving to California, Los Angeles holds the edge in pennants (10–6) and World Series titles (5–3). Each team has advanced to the postseason as the wild card twice, the Giants most recently in 2016. The 2014 World Series was the Giants' most recent championship, while the Dodgers lost the 2017 World Series.", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. 2010's results continued to reflect the closeness in the rivalry as the Giants won the season series 10 games to 8.", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. Both teams play in the National League Western Division, and due to the unbalanced schedule, play 19 head-to-head games each year. This is comparable to the 22 games each year that they faced each other in New York and Brooklyn.", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. When the teams were based in New York, the Giants won five world championships, whereas the Dodgers won one. After the move to California, the Dodgers have won five, the Giants three. In both New York and in California, all of one team's world championships preceded the other's first one in that region to date. The Giants' five world championships won in New York preceded the Dodgers' only one in Brooklyn, in 1955. The Dodgers' five world championships won in Los Angeles preceded the Giants' first one in San Francisco, in 2010. All six of the Dodgers' world championships are sandwiched by the Giants' final world championship in New York (1954) and their first in San Francisco (2010).", "Major League Baseball rivalries. Unlike many other historic baseball match-ups in which one team remains dominant for most of their history, the Dodgers–Giants rivalry has exhibited a persistent balance in the respective successes of the two teams. While the Giants have more wins, National League pennants and World Series titles in franchise history, the Dodgers have won the National League West twelve times compared to the Giants' eight. The 2014 World Series was the Giants' third championship since moving to California, while the Dodgers' last title came in the 1988 World Series.", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. The Dodgers–Giants rivalry is a rivalry between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants baseball teams of Major League Baseball (MLB). It is regarded as one of the most competitive and longest-standing rivalries in American baseball, with some observers considering it the greatest sports rivalry of all time.[2][3]", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. Ardent fans of each club would be likely to consider the other as their \"most hated\" rival,[26] enjoying the other team's misfortune almost as much as their own team's success. A typical Giants fan may just as soon ask \"Did the Dodgers lose?\" as they would \"Did the Giants win?\" and vice versa. This view is supported by the consistently solid attendance figures for Giants-versus-Dodgers games at both home fields, and increased media coverage as well. A good example of this is that during the final 3 game Dodger-vs-Giants series in 1991, the Giants drew over 150,000 fans. The attendance for these 3 games represented almost ​1⁄10 of their total fans (1.7 million) for the entire 81 game home schedule, and prompted at least one reporter on ESPN to wonder if the euphoria in the Bay Area following the games reflected a delusion that the Giants had won the World Series rather than simply knocking the Dodgers out. In 2009, Forbes rated the Giants-Dodgers rivalry the most intense rivalry in baseball due to its lasting competitiveness through the 20th century and both fanbases' willingness to be overcharged for Dodgers-Giants game tickets with a ticket markup of 44% for the 2008 season.[27]", "San Francisco Giants. Playing as the New York Giants, they won 14 pennants and five World Series championships behind managers such as John McGraw and Bill Terry and players like Christy Mathewson, Carl Hubbell, Mel Ott, Bobby Thomson, and Willie Mays. The Giants' franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball.[7] The Giants' rivalry with the Dodgers is one of the longest-standing and biggest rivalries in American sports.[8][9] The teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers, respectively, before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season.", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. In the 1880s, New York City played host to a number of professional baseball clubs in the National League and the American Association. By 1889, each league had but one representative in New York—the Giants and Dodgers—and the teams met in an early version of the World's Championship Series in which the Giants defeated the Dodgers 6 games to 3.[10] In 1890, the Dodgers switched to the National League and the rivalry was officially underway.", "San Francisco Giants. The Giants' rivalry with the Los Angeles Dodgers dates back to when the two teams were based in New York, as does their rivalry with the New York Yankees. Their rivalry with the Oakland Athletics dates back to when the Giants were in New York and the A's were in Philadelphia and played each other in the 1905, 1911, & 1913 World Series, and was renewed in 1968 when the Athletics moved from Kansas City and the teams again played each other in the earthquake-interrupted 1989 Bay Bridge World Series. The 2010 NLCS inaugurated a Giants rivalry with the Philadelphia Phillies after confrontations between Jonathan Sánchez and Chase Utley, and between Ramón Ramírez and Shane Victorino. However, with the Philadelphia Phillies dropping off as one of the premier teams of the National League, this rivalry has died down since 2010 and 2011. Another rivalry that has intensified recently is with the St. Louis Cardinals, whom the team has faced 4 times in the NLCS.", "List of San Francisco Giants seasons. The Giants are one of the most successful teams in Major League Baseball history, having won more games than any other team and having the second highest winning percentage.[3] Their eight World Series titles are tied for fourth-most in baseball, while their 23 pennants are the most in the National League, and second-most overall.[3] Their first title came in 1905 against the Philadelphia Athletics, where they won the series 4–1. They claimed four consecutive National League pennants between 1921 and 1924, going on to beat cross-town team the New York Yankees in the World Series on two of those occasions. Their fourth title came in 1933 as they beat the Washington Senators in five games. The 1951 season saw the Giants beat their rivals the Brooklyn Dodgers in a three-game playoff for the National League pennant. The Giants won the series 2–1 on a walk-off home run by Bobby Thomson in game 3, a moment remembered as the Shot Heard 'Round the World. They went on to lose in the World Series to the Yankees. A 4–0 series sweep of the Cleveland Indians in the 1954 World Series earned the Giants their fifth title.", "Los Angeles Dodgers. The Dodgers–Giants rivalry is one of the longest-standing rivalries in American baseball.[21][22]", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. Two Dodgers benefited from controversial calls against the Giants to keep streaks alive that continue to be Major League Records. In 1968, Don Drysdale set the current record for consecutive complete game shutouts (6) with a call against Dick Dietz for not attempting to avoid a bases loaded hit by pitch. In 1988, Orel Hershiser established the current record for consecutive scoreless innings pitched (59) with the benefit of an interference call against Brett Butler for breaking up a double play.[16][17][18][19][20]", "World Series. The Dodgers won two more World Series in the 1980s (1981, 1988). The A's again went to three straight world series, from 1988–1990, winning once. 1988 and 1989 were all-California series as the A's lost to the Dodgers and beat the Giants, respectively. The Giants have been in four World Series' in the new millennium, losing in 2002 to the Anaheim Angels (Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim since 2005), and winning in 2010 (Rangers), 2012 (Tigers), and 2014 (Royals).", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. The rivalry between the Dodgers and Giants began in the late 19th century when both clubs were based in the New York City area. The Dodgers played in Brooklyn (then a separate city, before being incorporated as a borough of Greater New York in 1898) and the Giants played at the Polo Grounds in Manhattan.", "San Francisco Giants. As one of the longest-established and most successful professional baseball teams, the franchise has won the most games of any team in the history of American baseball.[6] The team was the first major league team based in New York City, most memorably playing at the legendary Polo Grounds. They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions – both NL records. The Giants' eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and are tied for fourth overall (New York Yankees are first with 27, then the St. Louis Cardinals (the National League record-holders) with 11, the Oakland Athletics with 9, and the Boston Red Sox also with 8). The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times – 14 times in New York, six in San Francisco – but boycotted the event in 1904.", "History of the New York Giants (baseball). The Giants had intense rivalries with their fellow New York teams the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers; games between any two of these three teams were known collectively as the Subway Series. The New York–Brooklyn rivalry carried over to the West Coast when the Dodgers relocated to Los Angeles at during the same year and continues today as a Los Angeles–San Francisco rivalry.", "History of the Brooklyn Dodgers. The historic and heated rivalry between the Dodgers and the Giants is more than a century old. It began when the Dodgers and Giants faced each other in the 1889 World Series, the ancestor of the Subway Series, and both played in separate cities (the Dodgers in Brooklyn and the Giants in New York City Manhattan). When both franchises moved to California after the 1957 season, the rivalry was easily transplanted, as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been rivals in economics, culture, and politics.", "San Francisco Giants. The Giants-Dodgers rivalry is one of the greatest and longest-standing rivalries in team sports, and has been regarded as the most intense in American baseball.[8][9]", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. In 1940, umpire George Magerkurth was brutally beaten during a game by an enraged Dodger fan ostensibly for making a pro-Giants call. The rivalry is said to have been the motive for at least one fan-on-fan homicide, in 1938, and another in 2003 in the parking lot of Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles.[12] Future Dodger manager Joe Torre recalled how he felt threatened being a Giants fan growing up in Brooklyn in the series.[13]", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. During the latter years for both teams in New York, players often engaged in purposeful, aggressive, physical altercations. In 1965, Giants pitcher Juan Marichal knocked Dodger catcher John Roseboro in the head with a bat.[11]", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry. As of the end of April 2018, San Francisco is one of only two teams in the National League with a winning overall record against Los Angeles (St. Louis is the other one).[9]" ]

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[ "Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts. The Partition of British India came about in the aftermath of World War II, when both Great Britain and British India were dealing with the economic stresses caused by the war and its demobilisation.[1] It was the intention of those who wished for a Muslim state to come from British India to have a clean partition between independent and equal \"Pakistan\" and \"Hindustan\" once independence came.[2]", "Partition of India. Within British India, the border between India and Pakistan (the Radcliffe Line) was determined by a British Government-commissioned report prepared under the chairmanship of a London barrister, Sir Cyril Radcliffe. Pakistan came into being with two non-contiguous enclaves, East Pakistan (today Bangladesh) and West Pakistan, separated geographically by India. India was formed out of the majority Hindu regions of British India, and Pakistan from the majority Muslim areas.", "1946 Cabinet Mission to India. Reaching an impasse, the British proposed a second plan on 16 June 1946 to arrange for India to be divided into Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority India that would later be renamed Pakistan since Congress had vehemently rejected 'parity' at the centre. A list of princely states of India, which would be permitted to accede to the dominion or attain independence, was also drawn up.", "Partition of India. The Partition of India was the division of British India[a] in 1947 which accompanied the creation of two independent dominions, India and Pakistan.[1] The Dominion of India is today the Republic of India, and the Dominion of Pakistan is today the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The partition involved the division of two provinces, Bengal and the Punjab, based on district-wise Hindu or Muslim majorities. The boundary demarcating India and Pakistan became known as the Radcliffe Line. It also involved the division of the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury, between the two new dominions. The partition was set forth in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj, as the British government there was called. The two self-governing countries of Pakistan and India legally came into existence at midnight on 14–15 August 1947.[2]", "Partition of India. Britain wanted India and its army to remain united for the purpose of keeping India in its system of 'imperial defence'.[58][59] With India's two political parties unable to come to an agreement, Britain devised the Cabinet Mission Plan. Through this mission, Britain hoped to preserve the united India which they and the Congress desired, while concurrently securing the essence of Jinnah's demand for a Pakistan through 'groupings'.[60] The Cabinet Mission was composed of three Cabinet ministers from England. The Cabinet Mission engaged with various Indian political parties for three weeks but could not reach an agreement. Finally, the mission released its own recommendations on May 16, 1946. In its recommendations the Cabinet Mission rejected the idea of a separate Pakistan and favoured an undivided, although decentralized, India. The Cabinet Mission recommended groupings of Muslim-majority provinces, separate from Hindu-majority provinces, which were to be provided almost complete autonomy. The Congress, having wanted a strong centre, rejected the proposals concerning decentralization.[61]", "Islam in India. The partition of India was set forth in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Indian Empire and the end of the British Raj. It resulted in a struggle between the newly constituted states of India and Pakistan and displaced up to 12.5 million people with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million (most estimates of the numbers of people who crossed the boundaries between India and Pakistan in 1947 range between 10 and 12 million).[37] The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of mutual hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that plagues their relationship to this day.", "Partition of India. The Partition was a highly controversial arrangement, and remains a cause of much tension on the Indian subcontinent today. According to Allen McGrath many British leaders including the British Viceroy, Mountbatten, were unhappy over the partition of India.[121] Lord Mountbatten of Burma had not only been accused of rushing the process through, but also is alleged to have influenced the Radcliffe Line in India's favour.[122][123] The commission took longer to decide on a final boundary than on the partition itself. Thus the two nations were granted their independence even before there was a defined boundary between them.", "Partition of India. Late in 1946, the Labour government in Britain, its exchequer exhausted by the recently concluded World War II, decided to end British rule of India, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948. However, with the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, advanced the date for the transfer of power, allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence. In June 1947, the nationalist leaders, including Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, B. R. Ambedkar representing the Untouchable community, and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs, agreed to a partition of the country along religious lines in stark opposition to Gandhi's views. The predominantly Hindu and Sikh areas were assigned to the new India and predominantly Muslim areas to the new nation of Pakistan; the plan included a partition of the Muslim-majority provinces of Punjab and Bengal. The communal violence that accompanied the announcement of the Radcliffe Line, the line of partition, was even more horrific.", "Indian Civil Service (British India). At the time of the partition of India and departure of the British, in 1947, the Indian Civil Service was divided between the new Dominions of India and Pakistan. The part which went to India was named the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), while the part that went to Pakistan was named the \"Civil Service of Pakistan\" (CSP). In 1947, there were 980 ICS officers. 468 were Europeans, 352 Hindus, 101 Muslims, two depressed classes/Scheduled Castes, five domiciled Europeans and Anglo-Indians, 25 Indian Christians, 13 Parsis, 10 Sikhs and four other communities.[18] Most European officers left India at Partition, while many Hindus and Muslims went to India and Pakistan respectively. This sudden loss of officer cadre caused major challenges in administering the nascent states.", "Historiography of the British Empire. The Indians organised under Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru and finally achieved independence in 1947. They wanted one India but the Muslims were organized by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and created their own nation, Pakistan, in a process that still is heatedly debated by scholars.[204] Independence came in the midst of religious communal violence, chiefly between Hindus and Moslems in border areas. Millions died and millions more were displaced as the conflicting memories and grievances still shape subcontinent tensions, as Jisha Menon argues.[205][206]", "Partition of India. The Partition of British India split the former British province of Punjab between the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan's Punjab province; the mostly Sikh and Hindu eastern part became India's East Punjab state (later divided into Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh). Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and the fears of all such minorities were so great that the Partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence. Some have described the violence in Punjab as a retributive genocide.[81]", "Islam in India. The partition of India (Hindi: हिन्दुस्तान का बटवारा, Urdu: تقسیم ہند‎‎) was the partition of British India on the basis of religious demographics. This led to the creation of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan (that later split into the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh) and the Union of India (later Republic of India). The Indian Independence Act 1947 had decided 15 August 1947, as the appointed date for the partition. However, Pakistan celebrates its day of creation on 14 August.", "Partition of India. Some critics allege that British haste led to increased cruelties during the Partition.[124] Because independence was declared prior to the actual Partition, it was up to the new governments of India and Pakistan to keep public order. No large population movements were contemplated; the plan called for safeguards for minorities on both sides of the new border. It was a task at which both states failed. There was a complete breakdown of law and order; many died in riots, massacre, or just from the hardships of their flight to safety. What ensued was one of the largest population movements in recorded history. According to Richard Symonds, at the lowest estimate, half a million people perished and twelve million became homeless.[125]", "Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts. The partition itself, according to leading politicians such as Mohammed Ali Jinnah, leader of the All India Muslim League, and Jawaharlal Nehru, leader of the Indian National Congress, should have resulted in peaceful relations. As the Hindu and Muslim populations were scattered unevenly in the whole country, the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947 was not possible along religious lines. Nearly one third of the Muslim population of British India remained in India.[3] Inter-communal violence between Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims resulted in between 500,000 and 1 million casualties.[1]:6", "Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The Indian Princely States, of which there were several hundred, were advised by the departing British to choose whether to join Pakistan or India. Most did so prior to independence, but the holdouts contributed to what have become lasting divisions between the two nations.[175] Indian leaders were angered at Jinnah's courting the princes of Jodhpur, Udaipur Bhopal and Indore to accede to Pakistan—the latter princely states did not border Pakistan, while Jodhpur bordered it and had both a Hindu majority population and a Hindu ruler.[176] The coastal princely state of Junagadh, which had a majority-Hindu population, did accede to Pakistan in September 1947, with its ruler's dewan, Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, personally delivering the accession papers to Jinnah. But the two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh — Mangrol and Babariawad — declared their independence from Junagadh and acceded to India. In response, the nawab of Junagadh militarily occupied the two states. Subsequently, the Indian army occupied the principality in November,[177] forcing its former leaders, including Bhutto, to flee to Pakistan, beginning the politically powerful Bhutto family.[178]", "Indian independence movement. On 3 June 1947, Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the last British Governor-General of India, announced the partitioning of British India into India and Pakistan. With the speedy passage through the British Parliament of the Indian Independence Act 1947, at 11:57 on 14 August 1947 Pakistan was declared a separate nation, and at 12:02, just after\nmidnight, on 15 August 1947, India also became a sovereign and democratic nation. Eventually, 15 August became the Independence Day for India, due to the ending of British rule over India. On that 15 August, both Pakistan and India had the right to remain in or remove themselves from the British Commonwealth. In 1949, India decided to remain in the commonwealth.", "Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The Radcliffe Commission, dividing Bengal and Punjab, completed its work and reported to Mountbatten on 12 August; the last Viceroy held the maps until the 17th, not wanting to spoil the independence celebrations in both nations. There had already been ethnically charged violence and movement of populations; publication of the Radcliffe Line dividing the new nations sparked mass migration, murder, and ethnic cleansing. Many on the \"wrong side\" of the lines fled or were murdered, or murdered others, hoping to make facts on the ground which would reverse the commission's verdict. Radcliffe wrote in his report that he knew that neither side would be happy with his award; he declined his fee for the work.[164] Christopher Beaumont, Radcliffe's private secretary, later wrote that Mountbatten \"must take the blame—though not the sole blame—for the massacres in the Punjab in which between 500,000 to a million men, women and children perished\".[165] As many as 14,500,000 people relocated between India and Pakistan during and after partition.[165] Jinnah did what he could for the eight million people who migrated to Pakistan; although by now over 70 and frail from lung ailments, he travelled across West Pakistan and personally supervised the provision of aid.[166] According to Ahmed, \"What Pakistan needed desperately in those early months was a symbol of the state, one that would unify people and give them the courage and resolve to succeed.\"[167]", "History of Pakistan. The British had neither the will, nor the financial resources or military power, to hold India any longer but they were also determined to avoid partition and for this purpose they arranged the Cabinet Mission Plan.[137] According to this plan India would be kept united but would be heavily decentralized with separate groupings of Hindu and Muslim majority provinces. The Muslim League accepted this plan as it contained the 'essence' of Pakistan but the Congress rejected it. After the failure of the Cabinet Mission Plan, Jinnah called for Muslims to observe Direct Action Day to demand the creation of a separate Pakistan. The Direct Action Day morphed into violent riots between Hindus and Muslims in Calcutta. The riots in Calcutta were followed by intense communal rioting between Hindus and Muslims in Noakhali, Bihar, Garhmukteshwar and Rawalpindi.", "Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. The years 1946–1947 saw the rise of All-India Muslim League and Muslim nationalism, demanding a separate state for India's Muslims. The demand took a violent turn on the Direct Action Day (16 August 1946) and inter-communal violence between Hindus and Muslims became endemic. Consequently, a decision was taken on 3 June 1947 to divide British India into two separate states, the Dominion of Pakistan comprising the Muslim majority areas and the Union of India comprising the rest. The two provinces Punjab and Bengal with large Muslim-majority areas were to be divided between the two dominions. An estimated 11 million people eventually migrated between the two parts of Punjab, and possibly 1 million perished in the inter-communal violence. Jammu and Kashmir, being adjascent to the Punjab province, was directly affected by the happenings in Punjab.", "Pakistan. As the cabinet mission failed, the British government announced its intention to end the British Rule in 1946–47.[108] Nationalists in British India—including Jawaharlal Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad of Congress, Jinnah of the All-India Muslim League, and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence in June 1947 with the Viceroy of India, Lord Mountbatten of Burma.[109] As the United Kingdom agreed to the partitioning of India in 1947, the modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27th of Ramadan in 1366 of the Islamic Calendar), amalgamating the Muslim-majority eastern and northwestern regions of British India.[102] It comprised the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, and Sindh.[93][109]", "Radcliffe Line. After the breakdown of the 1945 Simla Conference of viceroy Lord Wavell, the idea of Pakistan began to be contemplated seriously. Sir Evan Jenkins, the private secretary of the viceroy (later the governor of Punjab), wrote a memorandum titled \"Pakistan and the Punjab\", where he discussed the issues surrounding the partition of Punjab. K. M. Panikkar, then prime minister of the Bikaner State, sent a memorandum to the viceroy titled \"Next Step in India\", wherein he recommended that the British government concede the principle of 'Muslim homeland' but carry out territorial adjustments to the Punjab and Bengal to meet the claims of the Hindus and Sikhs. Based on these discussions, the viceroy sent a note on \"Pakistan theory\" to the Secretary of State.[11] The viceroy informed the Secretary of State that Jinnah envisaged full provinces of Bengal and Punjab going to Pakistan with only minor adjustments, whereas Congress was expecting almost half of these provinces to remain in India. This essentially framed the problem of partition.[12]", "Clement Attlee. The Labour government gave independence to India and Pakistan in an unexpectedly quick move in 1947. Historian Andrew Roberts says the independence of India was a \"national humiliation\" but it was necessitated by urgent financial, administrative, strategic and political needs.[163] Churchill in 1940-45 had tightened the hold on India and imprisoned the Congress leadership, with Attlee's approval. Labour had looked forward to making it a fully independent dominion like Canada or Australia. Many of the Congress leaders in the India had studied in England, and were highly regarded as fellow idealistic socialists by Labour leaders. Attlee was the Labour expert on India and took special charge of decolonisation.[164] Attlee found that Churchill's viceroy, Field Marshal Wavell, was too imperialistic, too keen on military solutions (he wanted seven more Army divisions) and too neglectful of Indian political alignments.[165] The new Viceroy was Lord Mountbatten, the dashing war hero and a cousin of the King.[166] The boundary between the newly created states of Pakistan and India involved the widespread resettlement of millions of Muslims and Hindus (and many Sikhs). Extreme violence ensued when Punjab and Bengal provinces were split. Historian Yasmin Khan estimates that between a half-million and a million men, women and children were killed.[167][168] Gandhi himself was assassinated by a Hindu activist in January 1948.[169]", "Partition of India. Venkat Dhulipala rejects the idea that the British divide and rule policy was responsible for partition and elaborates on the perspective that Pakistan was popularly imagined as a sovereign Islamic state or a 'New Medina', as a potential successor to the defunct Turkish caliphate[131][132] and as a leader and protector of the entire Islamic world. Islamic scholars debated over creating Pakistan and its potential to become a true Islamic state[131][132] The majority of Barelvis supported the creation of Pakistan[133][134] and believed that any co-operation with Hindus would be counter productive.[135] Most Deobandis, who were led by Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, were opposed to the creation of Pakistan and the two-nation theory. According to them Muslims and Hindus could be one nation.[136][137][138]", "Indus Waters Treaty. The partition of British India created a conflict over the plentiful waters of the Indus basin. The newly formed states were at odds over how to share and manage what was essentially a cohesive and unitary network of irrigation. Furthermore, the geography of partition was such that the source rivers of the Indus basin were in India. Pakistan felt its livelihood threatened by the prospect of Indian control over the tributaries that fed water into the Pakistani portion of the basin. Where India certainly had its own ambitions for the profitable development of the basin, Pakistan felt acutely threatened by a conflict over the main source of water for its cultivable land.", "States Reorganisation Act, 1956. On 15 August 1947, British India was granted independence as the separate dominions of India and Pakistan. The British dissolved their treaty relations with more than five hundred princely states, who were encouraged to accede to either India or Pakistan, while under no compulsion to do so. Most of the states acceded to India, and a few to Pakistan. Bhutan, Hyderabad and Kashmir opted for independence, although the armed intervention of India conquered Hyderabad and brought it into the Indian Union.", "India–Pakistan relations. According to the British plan for the partition of British India, all the 680 princely states were allowed to decide which of the two countries to join. With the exception of a few, most of the Muslim-majority princely-states acceded to Pakistan while most of the Hindu-majority princely states joined India. However, the decisions of some of the princely-states would shape the Pakistan-India relationship considerably in the years to come.", "Diaspora. The 1947 Partition resulted in the migration of millions of people between India and Pakistan. Millions were murdered in the religious violence of the period, with estimates of fatalities up to 2 million people. Thousands of former subjects of the British Raj went to the UK from the Indian subcontinent after India and Pakistan became independent in 1947.", "History of the British Raj. As independence approached, the violence between Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of Punjab and Bengal continued unabated. With the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, advanced the date for the transfer of power, allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence. In June 1947, the nationalist leaders, including Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, B. R. Ambedkar representing the Untouchable community, and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs, agreed to a partition of the country along religious lines. The predominantly Hindu and Sikh areas were assigned to the new India and predominantly Muslim areas to the new nation of Pakistan; the plan included a partition of the Muslim-majority provinces of Punjab and Bengal.", "Gopinath Bordoloi. In 1947, Lord Mountbatten took over as new Viceroy. He held separate meetings with the Muslim League, Congress and Mahatma Gandhi. They decided to go for Partition as a permanent solution instead of grouping. India and Pakistan became separate independent countries.", "Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma. Given the British government's recommendations to grant independence quickly, Mountbatten concluded that a united India was an unachievable goal and resigned himself to a plan for partition, creating the independent nations of India and Pakistan.[1] Mountbatten set a date for the transfer of power from the British to the Indians, arguing that a fixed timeline would convince Indians of his and the British government's sincerity in working towards a swift and efficient independence, excluding all possibilities of stalling the process.[54]", "Muhammad Ali Jinnah. On 20 February 1947, Attlee announced Mountbatten's appointment, and that Britain would transfer power in India not later than June 1948.[143] Mountbatten took office as Viceroy on 24 March 1947, two days after his arrival in India.[144] By then, the Congress had come around to the idea of partition. Nehru stated in 1960, \"the truth is that we were tired men and we were getting on in years ... The plan for partition offered a way out and we took it.\"[145] Leaders of the Congress decided that having loosely tied Muslim-majority provinces as part of a future India was not worth the loss of the powerful government at the centre which they desired.[146] However, the Congress insisted that if Pakistan were to become independent, Bengal and Punjab would have to be divided.[147]", "History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The British, while not approving of a separate Muslim homeland, appreciated the simplicity of a single voice to speak on behalf of India's Muslims.[18] To preserve India's unity the British arranged the Cabinet Mission Plan.[19] According to this plan India would be kept united but would be heavily decentralised with separate groupings of autonomous Hindu and Muslim majority provinces. The Muslim League accepted this plan as it contained the 'essence' of Pakistan but the Congress rejected it.[20] After the failure of the Cabinet Mission Plan, Jinnah called for Muslims to observe Direct Action Day to demand the creation of a separate Pakistan. Direct Action Day morphed into violent riots between Hindus and Muslims in Calcutta. The riots in Calcutta were followed by intense communal rioting in Noakhali, Bihar, Garhmukteshwar and Rawalpindi." ]

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[ "Leaning Tower of Pisa. Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years. Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on August 14, 1173 during a period of military success and prosperity. This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals.[citation needed]", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. The tower was closed to the public on January 7, 1990, after more than two decades of stabilisation studies and spurred by the abrupt collapse of the Civic Tower of Pavia in 1989. The bells were removed to relieve some weight, and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away. Apartments and houses in the path of the tower were vacated for safety. The solution chosen to prevent the collapse of the tower was to slightly straighten it to a safer angle by removing 38 cubic metres (1,342 cubic feet) of soil from underneath the raised end. The tower was straightened by 45 centimetres (17.7 inches), returning to its 1838 position. After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts, the tower was reopened to the public on December 15, 2001 and was declared stable for at least another 300 years.[23] In total, 70 metric tons (77 short tons) of earth were removed.[25]", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. The tower's tilt began during construction in the 12th century, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure's weight. The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed in the 14th century. It gradually increased until the structure was stabilized (and the tilt partially corrected) by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. In 1272, construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto. In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other. Because of this, the tower is curved.[9] Construction was halted again in 1284 when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria.[citation needed]", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. Numerous efforts have been made to restore the tower to a vertical orientation or at least keep it from falling over. Most of these efforts failed; some worsened the tilt. On February 27, 1964, the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling. It was, however, considered important to retain the current tilt, due to the role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa.[22]", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178. This was due to a mere three-metre foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil, a design that was flawed from the beginning. Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century, because the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence. This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled.[citation needed] In 1198, clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction.[citation needed]", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa) or simply the Tower of Pisa (Torre di Pisa [ˈtorre di ˈpiːza]) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its unintended tilt. The tower is situated behind the Pisa Cathedral and is the third oldest structure in the city's Cathedral Square (Piazza del Duomo), after the cathedral and the Pisa Baptistry.", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. After a phase (1990–2001) of structural strengthening,[11] the tower is currently undergoing gradual surface restoration, in order to repair visible damage, mostly corrosion and blackening. These are particularly pronounced due to the tower's age and its exposure to wind and rain.[12]", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. The seventh floor was completed in 1319. The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372. It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell-chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower.[10] There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale. The largest one was installed in 1655.[citation needed]", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. In May 2008, engineers announced that the tower had been stabilized such that it had stopped moving for the first time in its history. They stated that it would be stable for at least 200 years.[25]", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. For many years, the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano,[7] a well-known 12th-century resident artist of Pisa, famous for his bronze casting, particularly in the Pisa Duomo. Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale, Sicily, only to come back and die in his home town. A piece of cast bearing his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820, but this may be related to the bronze door in the façade of the cathedral that was destroyed in 1595. A 2001 study[8] seems to indicate Diotisalvi was the original architect, due to the time of construction and affinity with other Diotisalvi works, notably the bell tower of San Nicola and the Baptistery, both in Pisa.", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. The tower and the neighbouring cathedral, baptistery, and cemetery are included in the Piazza del Duomo UNESCO World Heritage Site, which was declared in 1987.[24]", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183.27 feet) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 metres (185.93 feet) on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m (8 ft 0.06 in). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 metric tons (16,000 short tons).[1] The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase. Prior to restoration work performed between 1990 and 2001, the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 degrees,[2][3][4] but the tower now leans at about 3.99 degrees.[5] This means the top of the tower is displaced horizontally 3.9 metres (12 ft 10 in) from the centre.[6]", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. About the 5th bell: The name Pasquareccia comes from Easter, because it used to ring on Easter day. However, this bell is older than the bell-chamber itself, and comes from the tower Vergata in Palazzo Pretorio in Pisa, where it was called La Giustizia (The Justice). The bell was tolled to announce executions of criminals and traitors, including Count Ugolino in 1289.[33] A new bell was installed in the bell tower at the end of the 18th century to replace the broken Pasquareccia.", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. Entrance door to the bell tower", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. View looking up", "Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment. In 1589–92,[1] the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (then professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa) is said to have dropped two spheres of different masses from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass, according to a biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani, composed in 1654 and published in 1717.[2][3]:19–21[4][5]", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. View from the top", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. View, looking down from the top", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. A multinational task force of engineers, mathematicians, and historians gathered on the Azores islands to discuss stabilisation methods. It was found that the tilt was increasing in combination with the softer foundations on the lower side. Many methods were proposed to stabilise the tower, including the addition of 800 tonnes of lead counterweights to the raised end of the base.[23]", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. Inner staircase from sixth to seventh floor", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. During World War II, the Allies suspected that the Germans were using the tower as an observation post. A U.S. Army sergeant sent to confirm the presence of German troops in the tower was impressed by the beauty of the cathedral and its campanile, and thus refrained from ordering an artillery strike, sparing it from destruction.[20][21]", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. Inner staircase from seventh to eighth (the top) floor", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. Two German churches have challenged the tower's status as the world's most lop-sided building: the 15th-century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th-century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen.[26] Guinness World Records measured the Pisa and Suurhusen towers, finding the former's tilt to be 3.97 degrees.[27] In June 2010, Guinness World Records certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi, UAE as the \"World's Furthest Leaning Man-made Tower\".[28] The Capital Gate tower has an 18-degree slope, almost five times more than the Pisa Tower; however the Capital Gate tower has been deliberately engineered to slant. The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand, also deliberately built, leans at 53 degrees to the ground.[29]", "Italy. The Leaning Tower and the Duomo of Pisa", "Eiffel Tower. 15 May 1888: Start of construction on the second stage.", "Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment. A similar experiment took place some years earlier in Delft in the Netherlands, when the mathematician and physicist Simon Stevin and Jan Cornets de Groot (the father of Hugo de Groot) conducted the experiment from the top of the Nieuwe Kerk. The experiment is described in Simon Stevin's book De Beghinselen der Weeghconst (The Principles of Statics), published in 1586 and a landmark book on statics:", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. A popular photo opportunity with tourists is to pose as if one was either holding up or pushing over the tower", "Architecture of cathedrals and great churches. Pisa Cathedral from the \"Leaning Tower\" shows the Latin Cross form, with projecting apse, foreground and free-standing baptistry at the west.", "Leaning Tower of Pisa. Galileo Galilei is said to have dropped two cannonballs of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their speed of descent was independent of their mass. However, the only primary source for this is the biography Racconto istorico della vita di Galileo Galilei (Historical Account of the Life of Galileo Galilei), written by Galileo's secretary Vincenzo Viviani and published in 1717, long after Viviani's death.[18][19]", "Blackpool Tower. Blackpool Tower is a tourist attraction in Blackpool, Lancashire, England, which was opened to the public on 14 May 1894. Inspired by the Eiffel Tower in Paris, it is 518 feet (158 metres) tall and is the 120th tallest freestanding tower in the world.[1] Blackpool Tower is also the common name for Tower buildings, an entertainment complex in a red-brick three-storey block comprising the tower, the ground floor aquarium and cafeteria, Tower Circus, the Tower Ballroom and roof gardens that was designated a Grade I listed building in 1973.[2]", "Eiffel Tower. 20 March 1888: Completion of the first level." ]

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[ "Guns, Germs, and Steel. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (also titled Guns, Germs and Steel: A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years), commonly cited as Guns, Germs, and Steel, is a 1997 transdisciplinary non-fiction book by Jared Diamond, professor of geography and physiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In 1998, Guns, Germs, and Steel won the Pulitzer Prize for general nonfiction and the Aventis Prize for Best Science Book. A documentary based on the book, and produced by the National Geographic Society, was broadcast on PBS in July 2005.[1]", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. Guns, Germs, and Steel argues that cities require an ample supply of food, and thus are dependent on agriculture. As farmers do the work of providing food, division of labor allows others freedom to pursue other functions, such as mining and literacy.", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. The book's title is a reference to the means by which farm-based societies conquered populations of other areas and maintained dominance, despite sometimes being vastly outnumbered – superior weapons provided immediate military superiority (guns); Eurasian diseases weakened and reduced local populations, who had no immunity, making it easier to maintain control over them (germs); and durable means of transport (steel) enabled imperialism.", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. Guns, Germs, and Steel won the 1997 Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science.[10] In 1998, it won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction, in recognition of its powerful synthesis of many disciplines, and the Royal Society's Rhône-Poulenc Prize for Science Books.[11][12] The National Geographic Society produced a documentary of the same title based on the book that was broadcast on PBS in July 2005.[1]", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. Guns, Germs, and Steel focuses on why some populations succeeded. His later book, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, focuses on environmental and other factors that have caused some populations to fail. It is a cautionary book.", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. Anthropologist Jason Antrosio describes Guns, Germs, and Steel as a form of 'academic porn'. Diamond’s account makes all the factors of European domination a product of a distant and accidental history and has almost no role for human agency–the ability people have to make decisions and influence outcomes. Europeans become inadvertent, accidental conquerors. Natives succumb passively to their fate. \"Jared Diamond has done a huge disservice to the telling of human history. He has tremendously distorted the role of domestication and agriculture in that history. Unfortunately his story-telling abilities are so compelling that he has seduced a generation of college-educated readers.\" [20]", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. In 2003 and 2007, the author published new English-language editions that included information collected since the previous editions. The new information did not change any of the original edition's conclusions.[27]", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. In a review of Guns, Germs, and Steel that ultimately commended the book, historian Tom Tomlinson wrote, \"Given the magnitude of the task he has set himself, it is inevitable that Professor Diamond uses very broad brush-strokes to fill in his argument.\"[13]", "Steel. Steel manufactured after World War II became contaminated with radionuclides by nuclear weapons testing. Low-background steel, steel manufactured prior to 1945, is used for certain radiation-sensitive applications such as Geiger counters and radiation shielding.", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. Guns, Germs, and Steel was first published by W. W. Norton in March 1997. It was subsequently published in Great Britain under the title Guns, Germs, and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years by Vintage in 1998 (ISBN 978-0099302780).[25] It was a selection of Book of the Month Club, History Book Club, Quality Paperback Book Club, and Newbridge Book Club.[26]", "Environmental determinism. In the Pulitzer Prize winning Guns, Germs, and Steel (1999), author Jared Diamond points to geography as the answer to why certain states were able to grow and develop faster and stronger than others. His theory cited the natural environment and raw materials a civilization was blessed with as factors for success, instead of popular century old claims of racial and cultural superiority. Diamond says that these natural endowments began with the dawn of man, and favored Eurasian civilizations due to their location along similar latitudes, suitable farming climate, and early animal domestication.[28]", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. The plentiful supply of food and the dense populations that it supported made division of labor possible. The rise of nonfarming specialists such as craftsmen and scribes accelerated economic growth and technological progress. These economic and technological advantages eventually enabled Europeans to conquer the peoples of the other continents in recent centuries by using the guns and steel of the book's title.", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. In his last book published in 2000, the anthropologist and geographer James Morris Blaut criticized Guns, Germs, and Steel, among other reasons, for reviving the theory of environmental determinism, and described Diamond as an example of a modern Eurocentric historian.[15] Blaut criticizes Diamond's loose use of the terms \"Eurasia\" and \"innovative\", which he believes misleads the reader into presuming that Western Europe is responsible for technological inventions that arose in the Middle East and Asia.[16]", "Steel. Eglin steel uses a combination of over a dozen different elements in varying amounts to create a relatively low-cost steel for use in bunker buster weapons. Hadfield steel (after Sir Robert Hadfield) or manganese steel contains 12–14% manganese which when abraded strain-hardens to form an incredibly hard skin which resists wearing. Examples include tank tracks, bulldozer blade edges and cutting blades on the jaws of life.[69]", "Steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with trace amounts of other elements. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, it is a major component used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons.", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. Berkeley economist Brad DeLong describes the book as a \"work of complete and total genius.\"[18]", "Cartridge (firearms). Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in some military ammunition (mainly from the former Soviet Union and China). Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload and reuse steel cases. Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, cartridge weight (mass) affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, so the lighter steel cases do have a military advantage. Conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cartridges are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements.", "Steel. To inhibit corrosion, at least 11% chromium is added to steel so that a hard oxide forms on the metal surface; this is known as stainless steel. Tungsten slows the formation of cementite, keeping carbon in the iron matrix and allowing martensite to preferentially form at slower quench rates, resulting in high speed steel. On the other hand, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus are considered contaminants that make steel more brittle and are removed from the steel melt during processing.[5]", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. John Brätland, an Austrian school economist of the U.S. Department of the Interior, complained in a Journal of Libertarian Studies article that Guns, Germs, and Steel entirely neglects individual action, concentrating solely on the centralized state; fails to understand how societies form (assessing that societies do not exist or form without a strong government); and ignores various economical institutions, such as monetary exchange that would allow societies to \"rationally reckon scarcities and the value of actions required to replace what is depleted through human use.\" Instead, the author concludes that because there was no sophisticated division of labor, private property rights, and monetary exchange, societies like that on Easter Island could never progress from the nomadic stage to a complex society. Those factors, according to Brätland, are crucial, and at the same time neglected by Diamond. [19]", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. Harvard International Relations (IR) scholar Stephen Walt called the book \"an exhilarating read\" and put it on a list of the ten books every IR student should read.[17]", "Geography and wealth. Physiologist Jared Diamond was inspired to write his Pulitzer Prize-winning work Guns, Germs, and Steel by a question posed by Yali, a New Guinean politician: why were Europeans so much wealthier than his people? In this book, Diamond argues that the Europe-Asia land mass is particularly favorable for the transition of societies from hunter-gatherer to farming communities. This continent stretches much further along the same lines of latitude than any of the other continents. Since it is much easier to transfer a domesticated species along the same latitude than it is to move it to a warmer or colder climate, any species developed at a particular latitude will be transferred across the continent in a relatively short amount of time. Thus the inhabitants of the Eurasian continent have had a built-in advantage in terms of earlier development of farming, and a greater range of plants and animals from which to choose.", "Stainless steel. Some firearms incorporate stainless steel components as an alternative to blued or parkerized steel. Some handgun models, such as the Smith & Wesson Model 60 and the Colt M1911 pistol, can be made entirely from stainless steel. This gives a high-luster finish similar in appearance to nickel plating. Unlike plating, the finish is not subject to flaking, peeling, wear-off from rubbing (as when repeatedly removed from a holster), or rust when scratched.", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. The prologue opens with an account of Diamond's conversation with Yali, a New Guinean politician. The conversation turned to the obvious differences in power and technology between Yali's people and the Europeans who dominated the land for 200 years, differences that neither of them considered due to any genetic superiority of Europeans. Yali asked, using the local term \"cargo\" for inventions and manufactured goods, \"Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own?\" (p. 14)", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. Diamond argues geographic, climatic and environmental characteristics which favored early development of stable agricultural societies ultimately led to immunity to diseases endemic in agricultural animals and the development of powerful, organized states capable of dominating others.", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. Another historian, professor J. R. McNeill, was on the whole complimentary, but thought Diamond oversold geography as an explanation for history and underemphasized cultural autonomy.[3][14]", "Stock (firearms). Some high production firearms (such as the PPS-43, MP-40, and the Zastava M70B) make use of metal stocks in order to have a strong, thin stock that can be folded away in order to make the weapon more compact. Even a skeletal steel stock is often heavier than the equivalent wooden fixed stock. Consequentially, less cost-sensitive designs like the FN Minimi make use of aluminium or lighter-than-steel alloys. A few designs, like the Accuracy International Arctic Warfare, use a metal chassis which securely beds the components of the firearm, with non-structural synthetic panels attached for ergonomics.", "Japanese swordsmithing. The various metals are also filled with slag, phosphorus and other impurities. Separation of the various metals from the bloom was traditionally performed by breaking it apart with small hammers dropped from a certain height, and then examining the fractures, in a process similar to the modern Charpy impact test. The nature of the fractures are different for different types of steel. The high-carbon steel, in particular, contains pearlite, which produces a characteristic pearlescent-sheen on the crystals.[22]", "Stainless steel. Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of chromium present. Unprotected carbon steel rusts readily when exposed to air and moisture. This iron oxide film (the rust) is active and accelerates corrosion by making it easier for more iron oxide to form. Since iron oxide has lower density than steel, the film expands and tends to flake and fall away. In comparison, stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to undergo passivation, forming an inert film of chromium oxide on the surface. This layer prevents further corrosion by blocking oxygen diffusion to the steel surface and stops corrosion from spreading into the bulk of the metal.[3] Passivation occurs only if the proportion of chromium is high enough and oxygen is present in it.", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. Diamond argues that Eurasian civilization is not so much a product of ingenuity, but of opportunity and necessity. That is, civilization is not created out of superior intelligence, but is the result of a chain of developments, each made possible by certain preconditions.", "Guns, Germs, and Steel. Diamond continues to describe the story of human development up to the modern era, through the rapid development of technology, and its dire consequences on hunter-gathering cultures around the world.", "Barley. In the Pulitzer Prize-winning book Guns, Germs, and Steel, Jared Diamond proposed that the availability of barley, along with other domesticable crops and animals, in southwestern Eurasia significantly contributed to the broad historical patterns that human history has followed over approximately the last 13,000 years; i.e., why Eurasian civilizations, as a whole, have survived and conquered others.[29]", "Domestication. Jared Diamond in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel describes the universal tendency for populations that have acquired agriculture and domestic animals to develop a large population and to expand into new territories. He recounts migrations of people armed with domestic crops overtaking, displacing or killing indigenous hunter-gatherers,[3]:p112 whose lifestyle is coming to an end.[3]:p86" ]

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[ "Las Vegas Stadium. Las Vegas Stadium is the working name for a domed stadium under construction in Paradise, Nevada for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL) and the UNLV Rebels football team from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). It is located on about 62 acres west of Mandalay Bay at Russell Road and Hacienda Avenue and between Polaris Avenue and Dean Martin Drive, just west of Interstate 15. Construction of the $1.9 billion stadium began in September 2017 and is expected to be completed in time for the 2020 NFL season.", "Mark Davis (American football). On September 15, 2016, the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan.[29]", "Las Vegas Stadium. For Las Vegas Stadium, Mark Davis retained the same architecture firm, MANICA Architecture, that had designed the previously proposed Carson Stadium near Los Angeles.[50][51] The stadium as proposed is a 10 level domed stadium with a clear ETFE roof, silver and black exterior and large retractable curtain-like side windows facing the Las Vegas Strip.[52] There is a large torch in one end that would house a flame in honor of Al Davis, the late long-time owner of the Raiders.[53]", "Las Vegas Stadium. Sandoval called a special session of the Nevada Legislature to consider the stadium and other tourism-related proposals in October 2016.[19] The funding bill for the stadium was approved by a 16–5 vote in the Senate and by 28–13 in the Assembly, and was signed into law by Sandoval on October 17.[20][21][22][23] The bill increased a hotel tax to provide the $750 million in funding.[22]", "Las Vegas Stadium. In January 2016, reports emerged that Las Vegas Sands was considering developing a stadium in conjunction with Majestic Realty and UNLV, on a 42-acre site owned by UNLV.[6] UNLV had been in the market to for a new stadium to replace Sam Boyd Stadium since at least 2011.[7] Raiders owner Mark Davis visited Las Vegas on January 29 to tour the site and meet with Sands chairman Sheldon Adelson and other local figures.[8] The Raiders, who had been trying to get a new, long term stadium built for the team since the 1980s had just missed out on relocating to Los Angeles that same month and were at an impasse in Oakland. In order for the team to relocate to Las Vegas a new stadium was required since Sam Boyd Stadium is undersized for the NFL and there are no other professional-caliber stadiums in Nevada.", "T-Mobile Arena. The Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG) first tried to build an arena in Las Vegas in association with Harrah's Entertainment. In 2007, the joint venture announced they would build a 20,000 seat stadium behind the Bally's and Paris casino-hotels.[7] Caesars Entertainment, Inc. had previously envisioned using the location to build a baseball park, but the company's buyout by Harrah's cancelled the plans. Through the following year, Harrah's became uncertain on continuing with the project, not knowing if AEG would split the costs, and whether building a major league-ready stadium without a guaranteed franchise to play on it would be feasible given the enduring financial crisis.[8] The original plans were to break ground in June 2008 and finish the arena in 2010, but by 2009, it was revealed the stalled project had not even done a traffic study despite being located near a busy intersection.[9] In 2010, the plans were changed to use an area behind the Imperial Palace. However, given the financing would require a special taxation district, opposition from Clark County regarding using public money in the project stalled it even further.[10] AEG eventually backed out completely by 2012, once MGM Resorts International came up with their own project using a terrain behind the New York-New York and Monte Carlo resorts. This attracted AEG primarily for not relying on public funding.[11]", "Las Vegas Stadium. On September 18, construction activity began on the stadium site with site preparation.[36] The Raiders officially broke ground for the new stadium on November 13.[37][38] The ceremony featured NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell, Raiders owner Mark Davis, his mother Carol Davis, various Raiders legends including Howie Long, Jim Plunkett, Tom Flores, and Ray Guy, Las Vegas and Nevada politicians such as Governor Brian Sandoval, Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman, Clark County Commissioner Steve Sisolak and stadium authority head Steve Hill. The event was hosted by George Lopez and included other celebrities like Carlos Santana, longtime Vegas icon Wayne Newton, and Howie D and Nick Carter of the Backstreet Boys. There was also a tribute to the victims of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that happened nearby by with Judith Hill and the Las Vegas House of Blues Gospel Choir performing ‘Rise up’ while 58 beams of light for the 58 people shot and killed lit up.[39]", "Mark Davis (American football). On October 11, 2016, the Nevada Senate voted 16–5 to approve the funding bill for the Las Vegas stadium proposal.[30] The Nevada Assembly voted 28–13 three days later to approve the bill to fund the new Las Vegas stadium proposal; two days later, Sandoval signed the funding bill into law.[31]", "Las Vegas Stadium. On August 25, 2016, the Raiders filed a trademark application for \"Las Vegas Raiders\" on the same day renderings of a proposed stadium design were released.[16] On September 15, 2016, the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan.[17]", "Las Vegas Stadium. The Raiders closed the purchase of the land for the stadium at the Russell Road site on May 1. The purchase price was reported at $77.5 million.[33] In a Las Vegas Stadium Authority meeting on May 11, it was announced that in a joint venture Mortenson Construction and McCarthy Construction will be the developers for the stadium. Mortenson Construction previously worked on U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis for the Minnesota Vikings. The stadium authority approved a stadium lease with the Raiders on May 18.[34] The lease is for 30 years with four successive extension options of five years each.[35]", "Las Vegas Stadium. In January, construction crews began blasting caliche rock with dynamite to excavate and create the stadium bowl.[40]", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. On October 11, 2016, the Nevada Senate voted 16–5 to approve the funding bill for the Las Vegas stadium proposal.[44] The Nevada Assembly voted 28–13 three days later to approve the bill to fund the new Las Vegas stadium proposal; two days later, Sandoval signed the funding bill into law.[45]", "Las Vegas Stadium. The budget for development of the stadium is estimated at $1.9 billion. Of this, an estimated $375 million is to be spent on land and infrastructure costs, $1.35 billion on construction, and $100 million on a Raiders practice facility, with the remaining $100 million as a contingency allowance for unexpected costs.[41][42][43]", "Oakland Raiders. In late January 2016, billionaire Sheldon Adelson, president and CEO of the Las Vegas Sands Corporation casino empire, proposed a new domed stadium in Las Vegas to potentially house the University of Nevada, Las Vegas football team and a possible NFL team. Adelson quickly reached out to the Raiders to discuss the team partnering on the new stadium.[63] In April 2016, without promising the team would move, Raiders owner Mark Davis met with the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee and pledged $500 million toward Adelson's stadium if public officials agreed to contribute to the stadium.[64]", "Las Vegas Stadium. On April 28, 2016, Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of the proposed $2.4 billion domed stadium.[9][10] \"Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state,\" Davis said.[9][11]", "Las Vegas Stadium. Updated renderings released after the relocation vote passed show the stadium with a roll-in natural grass field similar to the one at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona.[54] In an August 17, 2017 Las Vegas Stadium Authority meeting it was revealed that the stadium will have a designated pickup/drop off loop for ride sharing services such as Uber and Lyft, a first for a stadium in the NFL.", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. On September 15, 2016, the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan.[43]", "Las Vegas Monorail. In November 2016, the Clark County Commission approved a proposed extension to Mandalay Bay, putting the monorail closer to the soon to be constructed Las Vegas Stadium.", "Sports in the Las Vegas metropolitan area. Prior to the opening of T-Mobile Arena in April 2016, another major obstacle was the lack of suitable facilities. Cashman Field, Sam Boyd Stadium, the Thomas & Mack Center, MGM Grand Garden Arena, and Mandalay Bay Events Center are all inadequate to host a professional sports franchise beyond short term usage due to capacity, age or design. Harrah's Entertainment and the Anschutz Entertainment Group committed to building a new arena on a parcel of land behind Harrah's Paris and Bally's off the Strip, to be built to NHL and NBA standards. The arena was expected to open in the fall of 2010, but construction never began. Harrah's Entertainment CEO Gary Loveman said in a June, 2009 article in Las Vegas Business Press that his company was still committed to building the arena, but it was delayed by a lack of financing. On April 6, 2010 the Las Vegas Review-Journal reported that three proposals had been made to build an arena of approximately 20,000 seats on or near the Strip to host professional basketball and hockey, rodeo, concerts and other events. All three proposals called for public money to be used for a portion of the construction cost.[7] On November 5, 2013, Las Vegas news media reported plans for a joint-venture arena to be built on the Strip with the backing parties being AEG and MGM Resorts. Located at a former parking lot at the back of the Monte Carlo, T-Mobile Arena seats 20,000 and costs $350 million. Ground was broken on May 2014, with its opening on April 6, 2016.[8][9]", "Las Vegas Stadium. Stadium backers project 20 to 25 additional events per year, with plausible possibilities including the Super Bowl, the Pro Bowl, the NFL Draft, the NCAA Final Four, the USA Sevens rugby tournament, the Monster Jam World Finals, boxing matches, Ultimate Fighting Championship events, neutral-site college football games, international soccer matches, concerts, and corporate shows.[56][57]", "Las Vegas Stadium. The financing for the project is expected to come in the form of $750 million in public funding, $500 million from the Raiders, and $650 million lent by Bank of America.[42] The public portion of the funding will come from municipal bonds issued by Clark County, backed by the proceeds of a special tax on hotel rooms in the Las Vegas area, which was initiated in March 2017.[44] The Raiders' contribution is expected to include a $200 million loan from the NFL's stadium upgrade program, $250 million from sales of personal seat licenses at the stadium, and $50 million from cash reserves.[45]", "Las Vegas Stadium. On March 21, 2016, when asked about Las Vegas, Davis said, \"I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan,\" and \"it's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan\", referring to the stadium plan in Las Vegas. Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan. On April 1, 2016, Davis toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether UNLV could serve as a temporary home of the team and was with UNLV football coach Tony Sanchez, athletic director Tina Kunzer-Murphy, adviser Don Snyder and school president Len Jessup to further explore the possibility of the Raiders moving to Las Vegas.", "Las Vegas 51s. In April 2013, the team was purchased by Summerlin Las Vegas Baseball Club LLC, a joint venture of Howard Hughes Corp and Play Ball Owners Group, including investors Steve Mack, Bart Wear, and Chris Kaempfer, with intentions of moving it to a proposed stadium in Summerlin near the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino.[11] In October 2017, the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority approved a 20-year, $80 million naming rights agreement to help pay for a new $150 million 10,000-seat ballpark which could open in 2019. Las Vegas Ballpark, located Summerlin, is expected to include 22 suites, a center field pool, kids' zone, and several bars.[12]", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. On January 29, 2016, Davis met with Las Vegas Sands owner Sheldon Adelson about possibly relocating to a $2.3 billion, 65,000 capacity domed stadium in Las Vegas, Nevada. During Davis' meeting with Adelson, he also visited the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), which included a contingent consisting of the university's president Len Jessup, former university president Donald Snyder, Steve Wynn, and former Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) owner Lorenzo Fertitta. The proposed stadium would replace Sam Boyd Stadium and would serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels college football program. A relocation to Las Vegas would be a long-term proposal, as Sam Boyd Stadium is undersized for the NFL and there are no other professional-caliber stadiums in Nevada. Raiders officials were also in Las Vegas to tour locations in the valley for a potential new home; they were also on the 42-acre site of the proposed stadium to ask questions about the site.", "Mark Davis (American football). In 2016, the Carson Stadium design was retained by Davis with the small additions of a roof and black covering instead of silver in a stadium proposal with Sheldon Adelson's Las Vegas Sands Corporation to interests in Las Vegas, Nevada.", "Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park. The Hollywood Park stadium project plan competed directly with a rival proposal. On February 19, 2015, the Oakland Raiders, and the San Diego Chargers announced plans for a privately financed $1.85 billion stadium that the two teams would build in Carson, California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market. Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities.[52]", "Las Vegas Stadium. In the spring of 2016, the board of directors of Las Vegas Sands rejected Adelson's stadium proposal. Adelson decided to move ahead with the stadium as an individual investment, pledging $650 million of his personal wealth to the project.[12]", "Mark Davis (American football). On October 17, 2016, Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval signed into law Senate Bill 1 and Assembly Bill 1 which approved a hotel room rate tax increase to accommodate $750 million in public funding for the new stadium.[33][34]", "Las Vegas Stadium. Majestic Realty revealed in October 2016 that it had withdrawn from the stadium project.[18]", "Las Vegas Stadium. The viability of the Tropicana Avenue site was called into serious question in June 2016, when Southwest Airlines objected to the location because its proximity to the northern end of one of McCarran Airport's runways could have a negative impact on the safety and capacity of air traffic at the airport.[13] The list of potential locations soon expanded to nine candidates, including the sites of the Wild Wild West casino, the Wynn golf course, the Riviera casino, the Las Vegas Festival Grounds, and Cashman Center.[14] By September, the list was narrowed to two possibilities: the Bali Hai Golf Club, south of Mandalay Bay, and a vacant lot on Russell Road, just west of Interstate 15.[15]", "Oakland Raiders. Nevada's legislature approved a $750 million public subsidy for the proposed domed Las Vegas stadium in October 2016.[66][67] Davis informed his fellow NFL owners that he intended to file for relocation to Las Vegas following the end of the season.[68]", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. On February 23, 2015, while still involved in the Carson project, Mark Davis attended a secret meeting at the UNLV International Gaming Research Center to look at Las Vegas sports betting, its effect on pro sports, how it could effect a pro sports team in Vegas and how the Raiders and the NFL could possibly work in Las Vegas. At the time Las Vegas was seen as a long shot candidate for the Raiders. The meeting was set up by Napoleon McCallum, former Raiders player and current Las Vegas Sands employee. McCallum approached Davis about moving the team to Las Vegas before a Broncos-Raiders game on November 9, 2014 in Oakland. McCallum was the first to suggest meeting with UNLV about the idea. Previously Las Vegas officials notably Mayor Carolyn Goodman had suggested building a stadium near Las Vegas Motor Speedway. In attendance at the meeting was Davis and McCallum along with then UNLV president Don Snyder and Bo Bernhard, executive director of the International Gaming Institute. The meeting would not be known about until two years later.[32]" ]

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[ "List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1989. The number one song of the year was \"Look Away\" by Chicago which, despite having topped the Hot 100 for two weeks the previous December, never held the number one spot during 1989. The highest-charting year-end number one hit song from 1989 was \"My Prerogative\" by Bobby Brown which reached the number one spot for one week in January and was the number two song of the year.", "List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1989. These are the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1989. The two longest running number-one singles of 1989 are \"Miss You Much\" by Janet Jackson and \"Another Day in Paradise\" by Phil Collins, which each charted at \nnumber-one for four weeks. \"Another Day in Paradise\" attained two weeks at number-one in 1989 and two more weeks in 1990, achieving four weeks at the top. 1989 ties with 1988 by having the second most #1 hits with 32 songs going to number one.", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). 1989 sold 1.287 million copies in the US during its first week and debuted at number one on Billboard 200. It became the best-selling album of 2014 in the United States with total sales of 6.11 million as of December 2017,[5] while selling 10.1 million worldwide. Seven singles have been released from the set: \"Shake It Off\", \"Blank Space\", and \"Bad Blood\" all reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, with others reaching top-ten (\"Style\" and \"Wildest Dreams\") and top-20 (\"Out of the Woods\"). The first five singles all received a multi-platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). 1989 won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year, making Swift the first female artist to win the award twice, having previously won in 2010 for Fearless.", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). Swift's second single from 1989, \"Blank Space\", appeared on the Mainstream Top 40, Rhythmic Top 40, and Hot AC radio on November 10.[58] The music video for the song was leaked on the same day by Yahoo!, after which time Swift released the video on Vevo—Yahoo! pulled their version offline after Swift's prompt response.[59] \"Blank Space\" went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and stayed for seven weeks, making Swift's longest chart-leader to date.[60]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). 1989 was included in several year-end lists. Rolling Stone ranked the album at number ten on their Best of 2015 list, saying \"America's sweetheart has been writing perfect pop tunes since the day she hit Nashville.\"[129] Jon Caramanica of The New York Times ranked 1989 at number seven on his top ten albums list. Caramanica praised her country to pop transition, saying \"This album's biggest accomplishment is that in shifting from making the sort of music no one had really made before to making the sort of music many have made, Ms. Swift retained her self.\"[130] It was the best album of the year for Billboard, commenting \"Many artists have attempted the sea change that Swift accomplished on 1989, but few have rendered that vision as successfully.\"[131] Pitchfork Media placed the album 31 on its year-end list.[132] Time staff ranked the album at number four on their \"Top 10 Best Albums\" of 2014, concluding \"Country's premiere princess is now pop's heir apparent.\"[133] For Complex it was the eighth best album of 2014, stating \"This is Swift the risk-taker, the new arrival who's brought with her a suitcase, a willingness to experiment, and a bit of confidence to do it her way.\"[134]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). During the week ending January 18, 2015, the album sales surpassed 4 million copies.[150][151] 1989 is the first album to sell four million copies in the US since the week ending February 23, 2014, when Red crossed the four-million mark.[152] By early February 2015, in its 15th week of release, 1989 had topped the US chart for eleven non-consecutive weeks, establishing Swift as the female artist with the second-highest number of total weeks, with 35 weeks, in the number-one Billboard position for all of her albums—Whitney Houston's record total of 46 weeks at number one remained intact.[149][153] It spent a total of 24 consecutive weeks inside the top five of the Billboard 200, making it one of the nine albums to spend their first 24 weeks in the top five since 1963.[154] On March 13, 2015, Billboard announced that 1989 had outsold both of her previous two albums in the US after 19 weeks of release.[155] On October 27, 2015, the album became the fifth album to spend its first year of release in the top 10 of the Billboard 200.[156] It remained in the top 10 of the Billboard 200 until its 54th week of release.[157] As of January 2018, 1989 has sold 6.11 million copies in the US.[158]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). 1989 received awards in the 2014 Billboard Music Awards and \"Bad Blood\" won Video of the Year at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards with \"Blank Space\" also winning Best Female Video. An app, American Express Unstaged: Taylor Swift Experience, was released alongside the \"Blank Space\" video as a 360° experience. The app won the Emmy for Original Interactive Program at the 2015 ceremony, giving Swift her first Emmy Award.[135] 1989 won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 58th Grammy Awards, making Swift the first female artist to win twice with her own works. The album also won Best Pop Vocal Album, while \"Shake It Off\" and \"Blank Space\" were both nominated for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Pop Solo Performance.[136][137] 1989 also won Album of the Year at the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards.[138]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). The album remained at the top spot of the Billboard 200 during the second and third week of release, surpassing 2 million copies sold.[141][142][143] In its fourth week, the album was replaced by One Direction's Four,[144] but returned to number one again for the fourth time in its fifth week.[145] The album sold 200,000 or more copies in each of the 10 successive weeks after release, a feat last achieved by Usher's Confessions in 2004. 1989 eventually sold over 3,660,000 copies in 2014 and was the best-selling album in the US that year, ahead of Coldplay's Ghost Stories (745,000 copies).[146][147][148][149]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). On February 17, 2015, Swift announced that the deluxe edition songs of 1989, which were released to Target and internationally last October, will be making its way to the Apple retailer, one song at a time.[98] \"Wonderland\" was released on the same day, via iTunes Stores, as a digital download single from the deluxe edition of the album.[99] \"You Are in Love\" and \"New Romantics\" joined the track on the platform on February 24, 2015 and March 4, 2015, respectively.[98]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). In order to promote the album, Swift released \"Out of the Woods\" as a countdown single from the album on October 14, 2014.[96] The following week, \"Welcome to New York\" was released as the second countdown single on October 20, 2014.[97] On October 28, Starbucks announced \"This Love\" as their Pick of the Week, offering a free iTunes download to customers.[citation needed]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). \"Wonderland\" makes frequent allusions to the novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,[43] and is known for a \"bass drop\" in the first chorus.[50] It was released as a promotional single in the US on February 17, 2015; the other two bonus tracks are also planned to become singles. \"You Are in Love\" describes a happy, if surreal, relationship. \"New Romantics\" is the final song on the deluxe album; its name references the New Romanticism movement.[43][51] Thematically, the song resembles \"Shake It Off\", as it addresses popular criticism of Swift and her fans.[52]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). In Canada, the album debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 107,000 copies.[159] In its second week, the album remained at number one with sales of 37,000, bringing its two-week sales total to 144,000 copies.[160] It went on to become Canada's best-selling album of the year, having sold 314,000 copies.[161] In the UK, 1989 sold 90,000 in its first week and debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart. It became her second number-one album in the UK, following Red (2012), and was the fastest-selling female solo album in 2014.[162] To date, the album has sold 1.127 million copies in the UK.[163] As of October 2017, 1989 has sold 10.25 million copies worldwide.[164]", "List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1990s. Songs which peaked at number 3 were \"How Do You Talk to an Angel\" by The Heights, \"December 1963 (Oh, What a Night)\" (Remix) by Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons, \"You Ain't Thinking (About Me)\" by Sonia Dada, \"Gimme Little Sign\" by Peter Andre, \"Two Princes\" by Spin Doctors, \"Freak Me\" by Silk, and \"If I Can't Have You\" by Kim Wilde.", "Max Martin. Martin produced and co-wrote the first three singles on Swift's fifth studio album 1989 (2014): \"Shake It Off\" (2014), \"Blank Space\" (2014), and \"Style\" (2015). \"Shake It Off\" and \"Blank Space\" hit number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, with the former debuting at the top spot; \"Style\" peaked at number 6.[23] Martin was both a co-writer and co-producer for Swift's \"Bad Blood\" which in a remixed form reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 the week dated 6 June 2015.[24] Martin also contributed to multiple other songs off of 1989 such as \"Wildest Dreams\", \"All You Had to Do Was Stay\", \"How You Get the Girl\" and two of the bonus tracks on the international, USA and Canada Target deluxe edition of the album: \"New Romantics\" and \"Wonderland\". He produced Swift's vocals on the albums and co-wrote all his tracks with Swift and Shellback apart from \"All You Had to Do Was Stay\".", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). \"Wildest Dreams\" was released as the fifth single from 1989.[69] A slight remix of the song officially impacted Adult Contemporary radio on August 31, 2015[70] and Mainstream radio on September 1, 2015.[71] The music video for the song premiered at the 2015 MTV VMA's on August 30, 2015, and was directed by Joseph Kahn.[72] \"Wildest Dreams\" peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100.[73]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). \"New Romantics\" was released to contemporary hit radio on February 23, 2016 as the seventh and final single from the album.[77] The music video was uploaded to Vevo and YouTube on April 13, 2016, and features various clips from The 1989 World Tour.[78] \"New Romantics\" is the lowest peaking single from 1989, peaking at number 46 on the Hot 100 in April 2016.[79]", "Taylor Swift. 1989 sold 1.28 million copies in the US during the first week of release and debuted atop the Billboard 200—this made Swift the first act to have three albums sell more than one million copies in their opening release week, for which she earned a Guinness World Record.[138][139] As of June 2017, 1989 had sold over 10 million copies worldwide.[140] The album's lead single, \"Shake It Off\", was released in August 2014 and debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[141] Others included two number-one singles—\"Blank Space\" and \"Bad Blood\" (featuring Kendrick Lamar)—as well as the top-ten entries \"Style\" and \"Wildest Dreams\", and the singles \"Out of the Woods\" and \"New Romantics\".[142] \"Shake It Off\", \"Blank Space\", and \"Bad Blood\" also topped the charts in Australia and Canada.[56][81] After \"Blank Space\" reached number-one in the US following \"Shake It Off\", Swift became the first woman in the Hot 100's history to succeed herself at the top spot.[143] The music video for the former briefly became the fastest video to reach one billion views on Vevo.[144] The videos for \"Blank Space\" and \"Bad Blood\" won four accolades at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards, with the latter winning for Video of the Year and Best Collaboration.[145] Swift's headlining tour, the 1989 World Tour, running from May to December 2015, grossed over $250 million, and became one of the highest grossing tours of the decade.[146]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). On August 18, 2014, Swift premiered the album's lead single, \"Shake It Off\", which was cowritten with Martin and Shellback, and produced by Martin and Shellback. The music video, directed by Mark Romanek, was also premiered during the live stream. It features professional dancers, Swift, and several fans picked from Instagram, Twitter, and fan letters she received.[4] The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and remained for four weeks.[53]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). On October 21, 2014, Swift accidentally released the track \"Track 3\", under the album's name, due to an iTunes glitch. The track, which consisted of 8 seconds of white noise, topped the Canadian iTunes chart. It was subsequently removed.[54][55][56][57]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). 1989 is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift released on October 27, 2014, through Big Machine Records. Swift began composing the album following release of previous studio effort, Red (2012). Over the course of the two-year songwriting period, she collaborated with producers Max Martin and Shellback—Martin served as the album's executive producer alongside Swift. The album's title was named after the singer's birth year and inspired by the pop music of the 1980s.", "Straight Up (Paula Abdul song). In the US, \"Straight Up\" reached the number-one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 on February 11, 1989, where it stayed for three consecutive weeks. \"Straight Up\" was one of the most popular R&B and dance-pop singles of the entire year, remaining in the Top 10 for seven weeks, the Top 20 for nine weeks, and the Top 40 for sixteen weeks. It ultimately ranked as the 4th biggest hit of the year on Billboard's year-end chart for 1989. The success of \"Straight Up\" catapulted the \"Forever Your Girl\" album into the top 20 on the album chart. Two more number-one hits from the album boosted it up further into the top 5 where it lingered before it finally reached #1 in October after a record-setting 64 weeks on the market.", "Wildest Dreams (Taylor Swift song). Following the release of 1989, it charted in the United States, Canada, and Australia on the strength of digital downloads. After its release as a single, it reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the fifth consecutive top-10 song from 1989 and Swift's 19th top-10 single on the chart.[2] It also became her sixth chart topper on the Radio Songs chart.[3]", "Fight the Power (Public Enemy song). As a single, \"Fight the Power\" reached number one on Hot Rap Singles and number 20 on the Hot R&B Singles. It was named the best single of 1989 by The Village Voice in their Pazz & Jop critics' poll. It has become Public Enemy's best-known song and has received accolades as one of the greatest songs of all time by critics and publications. In 2001, the song was ranked number 288 in the \"Songs of the Century\" list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts.", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). The album represents a departure from the country music of Swift's previous albums, and is described by the singer as her \"first documented official pop album.\"[4] Contrasting her previous endeavors, the production of 1989 consists of drum programming, synthesizers, pulsating bass, processed backing vocals, and guitars. 1989 received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics and it was ranked as one of the best albums of 2014 by several publications, including Billboard, Time, and Rolling Stone.", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). In December 2015, Billboard magazine reported that \"Out of the Woods\" would serve as the sixth official single. The accompanying music video premiered on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest on ABC on December 31, 2015.[74] It was released to radio on February 5, 2016.[75] \"Out of the Woods\" peaked at number 18 on the Hot 100 after being released as a promotional single in 2014.[76]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, it received an average score of 76, based on 29 reviews indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[118] Writing for Rolling Stone, Rob Sheffield wrote, \"Deeply weird, feverishly emotional, wildly enthusiastic, 1989 sounds exactly like Taylor Swift, even when it sounds like nothing she's ever tried before.\"[115] In The Daily Telegraph, Neil McCormick said, \"The immediate impression is slick; candyfloss cheerleading, full of American fizz.\"[119] Alexis Petridis from The Guardian says the album \"deals in undeniable melodies and huge, perfectly turned choruses and nagging hooks. Its sound is a lovingly done reboot of the kind of late 80s MTV pop-rock exemplified by Jane Wiedlin's Rush Hour.\"[112] Jon Caramanica from The New York Times remarked that Swift was \"making pop with almost no contemporary references\" and \"aiming somewhere even higher, a mode of timelessness that few true pop stars even bother aspiring to.\"[120]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). The first single from the album, \"Shake It Off\", was revealed during a worldwide live video stream hosted by Swift in partnership with Yahoo! on August 18—Swift said during the stream that she was told it was the first-ever global stream of its kind. A live studio audience was also present, as Swift spoke about 1989 and the two-year writing and recording process.[15] An audio stream of the album was made available in on the same date as the worldwide video stream, and consumers could pre-order 1989 after the stream was taken down.[4] As part of the 1989 promotional campaign the next month, Swift invited fans to secret album-listening sessions, called the \"1989 Secret Sessions\", at her houses in New York, Nashville, Los Angeles and Rhode Island, as well as in her hotel room in London. Swift conceived of the idea and the L.A. session was held on September 22.[82]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). Both the fourth single \"Bad Blood\" and its music video were released on May 17, 2015, with the latter premiering at the opening of the 2015 Billboard Music Awards. The music video features many of Swift's friends including Karlie Kloss, Lena Dunham and Selena Gomez, while the single is actually a remix collaboration with hip hop artist Kendrick Lamar, who also appears in the video.[65][66] The music video also includes Lily Aldridge, Zendaya, Hayley Williams, Gigi Hadid, Ellie Goulding, Hailee Steinfeld, Jessica Alba, Serayah, Martha Hunt, Ellen Pompeo, Mariska Hargitay, Cara Delevingne and Cindy Crawford, all of whom chose their individual character's name and persona.[67] \"Bad Blood\" peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[68]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). The album was released on October 27, 2014 in the US, with a standard 13-track edition released to retailers[4] and digital download sites,[83] while a deluxe edition, including three extra songs and three voice memos, was released exclusively by Target in the United States and Canada.[84] In Germany and the United Kingdom, the album was also released to wide retail and digital download—both were the standard 13-track edition—while the deluxe edition was released on the same day.[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][excessive citations] However, the album leaked online a few days before its official release.[93] In line with the album's visual theme, and to boost CD sales, Big Machine decided to include 13 of 65 collectible printed \"polaroids\" with every physical copy of 1989. Scott Borchetta, the record label's founder, claims that the idea came from Swift and her team.[94] The ploy reportedly boosted Polaroid Corporation's ailing sales.[95]", "Fight the Power (Public Enemy song). \"Fight the Power\" was well-received by music critics upon its release. Greg Sandow of Entertainment Weekly wrote that it is \"perhaps the strongest pop single of 1989\".[27] \"Fight the Power\" was voted the best single of 1989 in The Village Voice's annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll.[28] Robert Christgau, the poll's creator, ranked it as the sixth best on his own list.[29] It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance at the 1990 Grammy Awards.[30]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). \"Out of the Woods\" is a synthpop song, and the first song for which Swift wrote lyrics to a pre-existing track.[22] Martin produced Swift's vocals for the song.[37] Featuring heavy synths and percussion, Antonoff described that the song is given an arrangement that combines both 1980s and modern elements. A Yamaha DX7 is used for the 1980s-tinged sounds apparent on most parts of the song, but they are countered with the Minimoog Voyager during the chorus sections.[22] \"All You Had to Do Was Stay\" was inspired by a dream of Swift's rather than a real-life romance. Swift recalled: \"I was trying to talk to someone important ... And that's all that would come out of my mouth. I woke up so weirded out!\"[38] \"Shake It Off\" is an uptempo pop song with a sound that is in stark contrast to Swift's previous releases,[39] and consists of a central saxophone line.[40] Jason Lipshutz from Billboard compared the song's melody to that of Macklemore & Ryan Lewis' song \"Thrift Shop\" (2013).[41] Lyrically, the song is dedicated to Swift's detractors. Swift explained that, \"I've learned a pretty tough lesson that people can say whatever they want about us at any time, and we cannot control that. The only thing we can control is our reaction to that.\"[42]", "1989 (Taylor Swift album). Following the release of her fourth studio album, Red, and its corresponding tour, Swift was \"six months deep in the songwriting process.\"[13] In November 2013, the singer told Billboard: \"There are probably seven or eight [songs] that I know I want on the record. It's already evolved into a new sound, and that's all I wanted.\"[14] During the promotion for the album, Swift said that she \"woke up every single day not wanting, but needing to make a new style of music than I'd ever made before\".[15] Swift explained in a January 2015 interview that she was \"very proud\" that she made a pop album because she \"wanted to\", and \"there was no-one else influencing\" her.[16] Recording sessions for the album took place at Conway Studios in Los Angeles, Jungle City Studios in New York, Lamby's House Studios in Brooklyn, MXM Studios in Stockholm, Sweden; Pain in the Art Studio in Nashville, Studio Elevator Nobody in Göteborg, Sweden and The Hideaway Studio.[17]" ]

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[ "Bridget Jones's Diary (film). Bridget Jones (Renée Zellweger) is 32 years old, single, very accident-prone, and worried about her weight. She works in publicity at a book publishing company in London where her main focus is fantasising about her boss, Daniel Cleaver (Hugh Grant). At a New Year party hosted by her parents, she re-encounters Mark Darcy (Colin Firth), the barrister son of her parents' friends. They had known each other as children. After their initial encounter, Mark thinks that Bridget is a fool and vulgar and Bridget thinks that he is arrogant and rude, and is disgusted by his novelty Christmas jumper. After overhearing Mark grumble to his mother about her attempts to set him up with \"a verbally incontinent spinster who smokes like a chimney, drinks like a fish and dresses like her mother\", she decides to turn her life around. She starts her own diary, which covers all her attempts to stop smoking, lose weight and find her Mr. Right.", "George Wickham. In the 1996 novel Bridget Jones's Diary, and its film adaptation released in 2001, Helen Fielding was inspired by Wickham to create Daniel Cleaver, the womanising, cowardly boss of Bridget Jones, the rival of Mark Darcy.", "Bridget Jones's Diary (film). Bridget Jones's Diary is a 2001 romantic comedy film directed by Sharon Maguire and written by Richard Curtis, Andrew Davies, and Helen Fielding. It is based on Fielding's 1996 novel of the same name, which is a reinterpretation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. The adaptation stars Renée Zellweger as Bridget, Hugh Grant as the caddish Daniel Cleaver, and Colin Firth as Bridget's \"true love\", Mark Darcy. Production began in August 2000 and ended in November 2000, and took place largely on location in London and the Home Counties. The film premiered on 4 April 2001 in the United Kingdom and was released to theatres on 13 April 2001 simultaneously in the United Kingdom and in the United States.", "Bridget Jones (film series). Bridget is currently living a happy life with her lawyer boyfriend Mark Darcy, however not only does she starts to become threatened and jealous of Mark's new young intern, she is angered by the fact Mark is a conservative voter. With so many issues already at hand, things get worse for Bridget as her ex-lover, Daniel Cleaver, re-enters her life; the only help she has are her friends and her reliable diary.", "Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film). The film begins shortly before Bridget's mother's (Gemma Jones) annual Turkey Curry Buffet. Bridget (Renée Zellweger) is ecstatic about her relationship with Mark Darcy (Colin Firth). However, Bridget's confidence in her relationship is shattered when she meets Mark's assistant, a beautiful, slim and quick witted Australian named Rebecca Gillies (Jacinda Barrett). Bridget meets her ex, Daniel Cleaver (Hugh Grant), at her job for TV morning show Sit-Up Britain and is offered a position alongside Cleaver in a new travel tv series. Bridget initially refuses and declares that Daniel is a \"deceitful, sexist, disgusting specimen of humanity\". Bridget eventually relents and agrees to sign on to the project, despite her friends' serious misgivings.", "Bridget Jones. The new Independent column was set in the then-present day of 2005 and 2006, with references being made to events such as River Thames whale,[2] and has dropped some of the motifs of the original diary, particularly the alcohol unit and calorie counts. Despite the time advance, Cleaver and Darcy were still the two men in Jones' life[3] (\"I'm not sleeping with them both at once,\" she explains later to her friend Shaz. \"I accidentally slept with each of them separately\"),[4] and the plot line launched into a pregnancy. As Fielding said, \"she's heading in a different direction.\"[5] The column is continued into 2006. In the last entry, Bridget Jones gave birth to a baby boy, fathered by Daniel Cleaver, and moved in with him.[6] However, Mark was not entirely out of the picture, as he previously suggested that he would like to adopt the child.[7] The column finished with the note, \"Bridget is giving every attention to the care of her newborn son – and is too busy to keep up her Diary for the time being.\"[6]", "Bridget Jones's Diary (film). Bridget and Daniel begin to flirt heavily at work, first over email, ahead of an important book launch, at which Bridget bumps into Mark and his glamorous but haughty colleague Natasha (Embeth Davidtz). Bridget leaves with Daniel and they have dinner, despite the fact that he is a notorious womaniser with a questionable personality, of which Bridget is aware. Bridget learns from Daniel that he and Mark have a history and, as a result, hate each other. Daniel informs Bridget of their falling-out, telling her that Mark broke their friendship by sleeping with Daniel's fiancée.", "Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film). Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason is a 2004 romantic comedy film directed by Beeban Kidron and written by Adam Brooks, Richard Curtis, Andrew Davies, and Helen Fielding, based on Fielding's 1999 novel of the same name. It stars Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones, Colin Firth as Mark Darcy, and Hugh Grant as Daniel Cleaver.", "Bridget Jones's Baby. A newspaper lying on a bench reveals that Daniel Cleaver has been found alive in the woods in the wreckage of the plane.", "Bridget Jones. The first novel was turned into a movie of the same name in 2001, directed by Sharon Maguire. The movie starred Renée Zellweger as Bridget, Hugh Grant as Daniel Cleaver and Colin Firth as Mark Darcy. Before the film was released, a considerable amount of controversy surrounded the casting of the American Zellweger as what some saw as a quintessentially British heroine: however, her performance is widely considered to be of a high standard, including a perfect English accent, and garnered Zellweger an Academy Award nomination. A second film was released in 2004, directed by Beeban Kidron. There are many differences between the books and the films. A third movie, Bridget Jones's Baby, was released on 16 September 2016.[23] Patrick Dempsey was cast as Jack Qwant. [24]", "Bridget Jones's Diary (film). Actresses who were considered for the role of Bridget Jones were Helena Bonham Carter,[7] Cate Blanchett,[7] Emily Watson,[8] Rachel Weisz[9] and Cameron Diaz.[10] Toni Collette declined the role because she was on Broadway starring in The Wild Party at the time.[11] Kate Winslet[7] was also considered, but the producers decided she was too young. Zellweger's participation to the film was announced in late May 2000 which concluded a two-year search. Producer Eric Fellner explained that she \"brings enormous character and conviction to the part\".[12] Maguire said of Zellweger, \"I saw in Renee a gift few people have, that she was able to straddle comedy and emotion.\"[7] Zellweger worked on her accent with Barbara Berkery, who had helped Gwyneth Paltrow for Shakespeare in Love.[7] She also gained 20 pounds for the part.[13] To prepare for the role, Zellweger worked at the producers' request at London book publishers Picador as a trainee in the publicity department.[6] Before the film was released, a considerable amount of controversy surrounded the casting of the American Zellweger as what some saw as a quintessentially British heroine.[14][15] However, her performance, including her south-eastern English accent, is widely considered to be of a high standard.[16][17][18] In July 2000, the leading male roles were given to Colin Firth and Hugh Grant.[19] The director of the film, Sharon Maguire, is one of Fielding's friends, on whom the film's character \"Shazza\" or \"Shazzer\" (English shorthand for Sharon[20]) was reportedly based. In the film, Shazza is played by Sally Phillips.", "Bridget Jones. Both novels were adapted for the big screen in 2001 and 2004, starring Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones, and Hugh Grant and Colin Firth as the men in her life: Daniel Cleaver and Mark Darcy, respectively. After Fielding had ceased to work for The Daily Telegraph in late 1998, the feature began again in The Independent on 4 August 2005 and finished in June 2006. Helen Fielding released a third novel in 2013, Bridget Jones: Mad About the Boy, which is set 14 years after the events of the second novel.", "Hugh Grant. While promoting Woody Allen's Small Time Crooks on NBC's The Today Show in 2000, Grant told host Matt Lauer, \"It's my millennium of bastards\".[63] In 2000, Grant also joined the Supervisory Board of IM Internationalmedia AG, the powerful Munich-based film and media company.[64] Small Time Crooks starred Grant, in the words of film critic Andrew Sarris, as \"a petty, petulant, faux-Pygmalion art dealer, David, [who] is one of the sleaziest and most unsympathetic characters Mr. Allen has ever created.\"[65] In a role devoid of his comic attributes, the New York Times wrote: \"Mr. Grant deftly imbues his character with exactly a perfect blend of charm and nasty calculation.\"[66] A year later, his turn as a charming but womanising book publisher Daniel Cleaver in Bridget Jones's Diary (2001) was proclaimed by Variety to be \"as sly an overthrow of a star's polished posh – and nice – poster image as any comic turn in memory\".[67] The film, adapted from Helen Fielding's novel of the same name, was an international hit, earning $281 million worldwide.[46] Grant was, according to the Washington Post, fitting as \"a cruel, manipulative cad, hiding behind the male god's countenance that he knows all too well\".[68]", "Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film). Bridget overhears a message from Rebecca on Mark's answering machine and discusses it with her friends, who advise Bridget that \"If Mark says 'I refuse to dignify that question with an answer', then you know he's having an affair\". Bridget asks the question, Mark responds predictably and Bridget breaks up with him. She travels to Thailand with her friend, Shazzer (Sally Phillips) and Daniel Cleaver to film \"The Smooth Guide\". Bridget and Daniel film the show, visit several exotic locations and flirt while off duty. Bridget loses faith in Daniel again when she is in his hotel room and while getting ready to romance, notices that a Thai prostitute has arrived for him. She decides he has not changed.", "Bridget Jones's Diary (film). In the meantime, Bridget's mother, Pamela (Gemma Jones) temporarily leaves Bridget's father, Colin (Jim Broadbent) and begins an affair with a perma-tanned shopping channel presenter named Julian. After the affair is over and she has reconciled with Colin, she returns to the Jones family home and unintentionally reveals a truth: that Mark and Daniel's falling-out resulted from Daniel (who was Mark's best friend at Cambridge University) seducing Mark's wife, not the other way around, as Daniel had led Bridget to believe.", "Hugh Grant. In 2004, Grant reprised his role as Daniel Cleaver for a small part in Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, which, like its predecessor, made more than $262 million commercially.[46] Gone from the screen for two years, Grant next reteamed with Paul Weitz (About a Boy) for the black comedy American Dreamz (2006). Grant starred as the acerbic host of an American Idol-like reality show where, according to Caryn James of the New York Times, \"nothing is real ... except the black hole at the centre of the host's heart, as Mr. Grant takes Mr. Cowell's villainous act to its limit.\"[81] American Dreamz failed financially but Grant was generously praised. He played his self-aggrandising character, an amalgam of Simon Cowell and Ryan Seacrest, with smarmy self-loathing. The Boston Globe proposed that this \"just may be the great comic role that has always eluded Hugh Grant,\"[82] and critic Carina Chocano said, \"He is twice as enjoyable as the preening bad guy as he was as the bumbling good guy.\"[83]", "Bridget Jones's Diary (film). Bridget is invited to a family party, and she takes Daniel along as her \"plus one\". They spend the day before the party at a country house hotel, where Mark and Natasha are also staying. Daniel, having to spend the day working, is not able to attend and sends Bridget to the party alone. However, his dubious character becomes clearer to Bridget when she returns home from the party to find Daniel with another woman, a colleague of his, Lara (Lisa Barbuscia), and Bridget cuts ties with him soon after. Bridget begins to search for a new job and after landing a job in television, quits her role at the publishing house without giving notice. Daniel makes a desperate attempt to convince Bridget to stay, only for her to retort that she would \"rather have a job wiping Saddam Hussein's arse.\"", "Bridget Jones's Baby. On her 43rd birthday, Bridget Jones is awoken by her mother who reminds her that her time to have children is running out. She goes to attend the funeral of Daniel Cleaver, who is presumed dead after a plane crash. While there, she sees her ex, Mark Darcy (Colin Firth) and his new wife. They bump into one another somewhat awkwardly and then go their separate ways.", "Renée Zellweger. In 2001, Zellweger gained the prized lead role of Bridget Jones, opposite Hugh Grant and Colin Firth, in the British romantic comedy Bridget Jones's Diary, based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Helen Fielding. The choice came amid much controversy since she was neither British nor overweight and did not smoke.[12] During casting, Zellweger was told she was too thin to play the chubby, chain-smoking Bridget, so she quickly embarked on gaining the required weight (20 pounds) and learning an English accent while she smoked herbal cigarettes.[56] Besides receiving voice coaching to fine-tune her accent, part of Zellweger's preparations involved spending three weeks working undercover in a \"work experience placement\" for British publishing firm Picador in Victoria, London.[12][57] Her performance as Bridget received praise from critics with Stephen Holden of The New York Times commenting, \"Ms. Zellweger accomplishes the small miracle of making Bridget both entirely endearing and utterly real.\"[56] This role won her a second Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, and her first Academy Award and BAFTA Award nominations for Best Leading Actress.[12] Bridget Jones's Diary was a major commercial success, earning US$281 million worldwide.[58]", "Dane DeHaan. In 2012, DeHaan starred in the camcorder drama film Chronicle, and as Cricket in Lawless. In 2013, he played Lucien Carr, a contemporary of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, in Kill Your Darlings, alongside Daniel Radcliffe. It was a role for which he has received critical acclaim.[9] He was the cover star of Hero (magazine) issue 10, shot by Hedi Slimane and published in October 2013.[10] In 2014, Annie Leibovitz photographed DeHaan for a Prada clothing \"men’s spring advertising campaign\".[11] Also that year, he played Harry Osborn, in The Amazing Spider-Man 2[2] and Zach Orfman in Life After Beth.", "Bridget Jones. Bridget Jones graduated from Bangor University. She is a 32-year-old single woman whose life is a satirized version of the stereotypical single London 30-something in the 1990s trying to go out there and look for love. She has some bad habits—smoking and drinking too much—but she annually writes her New Year's resolutions in her diary, determined to stop smoking, drink no more than 14 alcohol units a week, and eat more \"pulses\" and try her best to lose weight. In the two novels and screen adaptations, Bridget's mother is bored with her life as a housewife in the country and leaves Bridget's father. Bridget repeatedly flirts with her boss, Daniel Cleaver. A successful barrister named Mark Darcy also keeps popping into Bridget's life, being extremely awkward, and sometimes coming off a bit rude. After Bridget and Mark reach an understanding of each other and find a sort of happiness together, she gains some self-esteem and cuts down on her cigarette consumption. However, Bridget's obsession with self-help books plus several misunderstandings cannot keep the couple together forever.", "Bridget Jones's Diary (film). Bridget begins to develop feelings for Mark, and he comes to her rescue at her birthday dinner party at her flat in Borough, which she is disastrously attempting to cater for herself. Daniel drunkenly visits, temporarily claiming Bridget's attention. Mark leaves the party, but returns to face Daniel. Mark punches Daniel and the two fight. They end up in a nearby restaurant and finally smash through the window, landing on the street. Mark wins the battle and knocks Daniel out. Bridget chides Mark for being mean and he leaves, but after an insensitive appeal by Daniel, she also rejects him emphatically.", "Nicholas Bond-Owen. His television roles included Tristram Fourmile in George and Mildred (1976–1979), Park Ranger with Richard Gibson (1979), Alan Shaw in Airline (1982), Peterkin in The Coral Island (1983), Charley Bates in Oliver Twist (1985), Graham in an episode of Dramarama (1986), First Boy in David Copperfield (1986), and Derek, a troubled teenager in an episode of the schools' series Starting Out (1986). In 2001 he was interviewed for the documentary The Unforgettable Yootha Joyce during which he reminisced about working with the actress Yootha Joyce.[2]", "Hugh Grant. By the turn of the 21st century, Grant had established himself as a leading man, skilled with a satirical comic talent.[7] Grant has expanded his oeuvre with critically acclaimed turns as a cad in Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), About a Boy (2002), and American Dreamz (2006).[8] Grant later played against type with multiple roles in the epic sci-fi drama film, Cloud Atlas (2012). He is also known for appearing in period pieces such as The Remains of the Day (1993), Sense and Sensibility (1995) and Florence Foster Jenkins (2016).", "Renée Zellweger. Zellweger's first major film role came in the horror sequel Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation (1994), which she followed with a critically acclaimed appearance in Empire Records (1995). She later gained widespread attention for her roles in the dramedy sports film Jerry Maguire (1996) and the comedy Nurse Betty (2000), for which she won her first Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy. She subsequently starred in the romantic comedy Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), obtaining nominations for the Academy Award and BAFTA Award for Best Leading Actress. Her role in the musical Chicago (2002) earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress and won her a Golden Globe Award.", "Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film). During the Thailand vacation, Shazzer has a fling with a younger British man called Jed. While packing up for their trip back home, Shazzer asks Bridget to put Jed's (Paul Nicholls) gift in her bag. Bridget is arrested and sent to a Thai prison after airport security dogs detect a large stash of cocaine inside the gift. In prison, Bridget spends her time sharing stories with the inmates, giving relationship advice and teaching them how to sing and dance to Madonna's \"Like a Virgin\". Mark arrives to tell Bridget that his superiors have sent him to put her release in motion. Bridget identifies Jed in a picture as the man who gave Shazzer the hidden cocaine. Mark states that he was \"just the messenger\" and after confirming Jed's identity and that Bridget \"spent the night with Daniel Cleaver\", declares that her sex life does not interest him. Bridget does not protest or correct his presumption. Back in Britain, Mark confronts Daniel for not helping Bridget when she was arrested, and they start a fight outside an art gallery in Kensington Gardens. Eventually, Daniel swears off Bridget for good and sarcastically suggests to Mark \"why don't you just marry her\".", "Bridget Jones's Diary (film). An official cast for the production has not yet been announced, but workshops for the show have already begun with television actress and current star of Legally Blonde, Sheridan Smith, in the title role.[30]", "Bridget Jones (film series). Bridget Jones is alcoholic binger, smoker, overweight thirty-something British woman who tries to keep things in order and while also dealing with her job as a publisher. When she attends a Christmas party with her parents, they try to set her up with their neighbours' son, Mark. After being snubbed by Mark, she starts to fall for her boss Daniel, a handsome man who begins to send her suggestive e-mails that leads to a dinner date. Daniel reveals that he and Mark attended college together, in that time Mark had an affair with his fiancée. Bridget decides to get a new job as a TV presenter after finding Daniel being frisky with a colleague. At a dinner party, she runs into Mark who expresses his affection for her, Daniel claims he wants Bridget back, the two fight over her and Bridget must make a decision who she wants to be with.", "Embeth Davidtz. A supporting role in the film adaptation of Bridget Jones' Diary (2001) saw Davidtz play Natasha, a colleague and one of the love interests of Mark Darcy (Colin Firth). That year, she began her run on the CBS drama, Citizen Baines, playing the daughter of a defeated United States Senate incumbent (James Cromwell) who is herself leaning towards a career in politics. Other roles included horror thrillers like 2001's Thir13en Ghosts. In 2002, she appeared in the Michael Hoffman drama, The Emperor's Club, which co-starred Kevin Kline and Emile Hirsch.", "Colin Firth. In May 2011, Firth began filming Gambit – a remake of a 1960s crime caper, taking a part played in the original by Michael Caine. It was released in the UK in November 2012 and was a financial and critical failure,[80] attracting many negative reviews.[81] Empire's Kim Newman wrote, \"Firth starts out homaging Caine with his horn-rimmed cool but soon defaults to his usual repressed British clod mode\",[82] whilst Time Out London called his a \"likeable performance\", although criticised the film overall.[83] Stephen Dalton writing in The Hollywood Reporter said \"To his credit, Firth keeps his performance grounded in downbeat realism while all around are wildly mugging in desperate pursuit of thin, forced laughs.[84][85] He will appear in Rupert Everett's directorial debut The Happy Prince,[86] an Oscar Wilde biopic.[87] Firth will play Wilde's friend Reginald \"Reggie\" Turner. Shooting began in September 2016.[88] Firth was also expected to return for the third Bridget Jones film, which was in production in 2012.[89][90]", "Bridget Jones's Diary (film). The film version is currently being adapted into a musical, set to hit London's West End, although no date has been set. British musician Lily Allen has written the score and lyrics, and Stephen Daldry, best known for his Tony award-winning work on the West End and Broadway productions of Billy Elliot, will be directing, joined by his co-worker Peter Darling, who will serve as choreographer.", "Bridget Jones's Diary (film). Principal photography began on 1 August 2000 and concluded on 5 November 2000. The crew spent six weeks shooting in and around London.[6] Locations used included Shad Thames where Bridget and Daniel have their first date, the Royal Courts of Justice, St Pancras railway station and Tower Bridge.[6] Scenes were filmed at Stoke Park in Buckinghamshire where Bridget and Daniel ventured to for their mini-break.[21] Wrotham Park in Hertfordshire served as the Darcys' home.[6] Stansted Airport doubled as JFK Airport in New York, while Syon House in Brentford featured as the venue for the anniversary party. The crew filmed for four days at Snowshill in Gloucestershire which featured as the home of Bridget Jones's family.[6][22] After six weeks of shooting on location, the crew moved to Shepperton Studios in Surrey.[6]" ]

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[ "R. Budd Dwyer. A number of television stations throughout Pennsylvania broadcast taped footage of Dwyer's suicide to a midday audience. Philadelphia station WPVI (Channel 6) showed Dwyer pulling the trigger and falling backwards, but did not show the bullet path.[37] Over the next several hours, news editors had to decide how much of the graphic footage to air.[38]", "Louis Conradt. Using the tip given to them by Dateline, the police made a decision to call in a SWAT team and perform a tactical entry. They feared that Conradt was aware of their presence and was now destroying evidence. The police broke the door's lock and swept through the house. They encountered Conradt in a hallway. According to the officers' account, Conradt said a variation of \"I'm not going to hurt anyone.\" He then shot himself in the head with a Browning .380 handgun.[4]", "Curly Howard. When Howard was 12, he accidentally shot himself in the left ankle while cleaning a rifle. Moe rushed him to the hospital and saved his life. The wound resulted in a noticeably thinner left leg and a slight limp. He was so frightened of surgery that he never had the limp corrected. While with the Stooges, he developed his famous exaggerated walk to mask the limp on screen.[1]", "George Reeves. In contemporary news articles, Lemmon attributed Reeves' alleged suicide to depression caused by his \"failed career\" and inability to find more work. The report made by the Los Angeles Police states, \"[Reeves was]... depressed because he couldn't get the sort of parts he wanted.\" Newspapers and wire-service reports quoted LAPD Sergeant V.A. Peterson as saying: \"Miss Lemmon blurted, 'He's probably going to go shoot himself.' A noise was heard upstairs. She continued, 'He's opening a drawer to get the gun.' A shot was heard. 'See there—I told you so!'\"'[29]", "Rusty Hamer. On the night of January 18, 1990, John Hamer found his brother's body in his trailer home in DeRidder, Louisiana. Hamer had shot himself in the head with a .357 Magnum revolver.[26]", "Sam Sheppard. Three weeks after the trial, Sheppard appeared as a guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. In 1975, Carson told guest George Peppard (who played Sheppard in a TV movie), that Sheppard had told him during this conversation that had he been found guilty, he would have shot himself in court.", "R. Budd Dwyer. Robert Budd Dwyer (November 21, 1939 – January 22, 1987) was the 30th State Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He served from 1971 to 1981 as a Republican member of the Pennsylvania State Senate representing the state's 50th district. He then served as the 30th Treasurer of Pennsylvania from January 20, 1981, until his death. On January 22, 1987, Dwyer called a news conference in the Pennsylvania state capital of Harrisburg where he killed himself in front of the gathered reporters, by shooting himself in the mouth with a .357 Magnum revolver.[4] Dwyer's suicide was broadcast later that day to a wide television audience across Pennsylvania.", "Murders of Alison Parker and Adam Ward. The gunman was 41-year-old Vester Lee Flanagan II, also known by the professional pseudonym of Bryce Williams, a former reporter at WDBJ. The station fired him for disruptive conduct in 2013.[7] After a manhunt that lasted for almost five hours, he shot himself during a car chase with police officers and died later at a hospital.[8][9][10]", "Randy Meisner. On March 6, 2016, police responded to a 911 call made by a woman from the couple's Studio City, California house asking for police assistance for a possibly intoxicated male suspect.[57] A detective confirmed that police had received a call on Sunday evening at around 5:30pm and officers had listed it as a domestic incident which required no further action. \"It was an every day argument between a husband and wife and there was no violence involved,\" said the source.[58] Just ninety minutes later, after police had left the scene, Lana Meisner accidentally shot and killed herself when a rifle she was moving was struck by an object in its case and fired.[59] Authorities determined that Randy Meisner had no role in the shooting, as surveillance tapes showed he was in another part of the house at the time.[60][61] Following the accidental shooting, Meisner was placed under psychiatric hold after threatening suicide, due to previous threats and mental issues.[62]", "Roy Sullivan. On the morning of September 28, 1983, Sullivan died at the age of 71 under mysterious circumstances from a gunshot wound to the head. Officially, he shot himself over an unrequited love[5][1][2][6][7] lying in bed next to his wife who was 30 years younger and allegedly did not notice his death for several hours.[8]", "R. Budd Dwyer. Many stations, including WCAU and Pennsylvania's Group W stations KYW and KDKA, froze the action just prior to the gunshot. However, the latter two allowed the audio of the shooting to continue under the frozen image. Group W's news cameraman William L. \"Bill\" Martin and reporter David Sollenberger had a camera set up at the conference. They chose to air the audio with a freeze frame of the gun in Dwyer's mouth. Only a handful aired the unedited press conference. WPVI in Philadelphia re-broadcast the suicide footage in full on their 5 p.m. and 6 p.m. Action News broadcast without a warning to viewers. That station's broadcast is a source for copies circulating on the Internet. WPXI in Pittsburgh is reported by the Associated Press to have broadcast the footage uncensored on an early newscast. In explaining the decision to air, WPXI operations manager By Williams said, \"It's an important event [about] an important man.\" Williams avoided airing the footage in the evening newscasts, explaining, \"Everyone knows by then that he did it. There are children out of school.\"[39] However, in central Pennsylvania, many children were home from school during the day of Dwyer's suicide due to a snowstorm, and Harrisburg TV station WHTM-TV opted to broadcast uncut video of the suicide twice that day, defending the decision (despite hundreds of viewer complaints afterward) due to the important nature of the story.", "Louis Conradt. Louis William \"Bill\" Conradt, Jr. (January 30, 1950 – November 5, 2006)[1] was an assistant district attorney from Texas. He was inextricably linked to Dateline NBC's To Catch a Predator, a TV series which conducted sting operations against suspected sexual predators that target children online. Local law enforcement conducted a sting operation that identified Conradt as a suspect and Dateline cameras recorded the events that followed. Conradt fatally shot himself upon encountering SWAT team members that were serving an arrest warrant at his home.", "Chico and the Man. After struggling with depression and drug use, Freddie Prinze shot himself on January 28, 1977.[6] He was taken off life support and died the following day at the age of 22.[7]", "Pablo Escobar. It has never been proven who actually fired the final shot into his ear, or determined whether this shot was made during the gunfight or as part of a possible execution, with wide speculation remaining regarding the subject. Some of Escobar's relatives believe that he had committed suicide.[9][35] His two brothers, Roberto Escobar and Fernando Sánchez Arellano, believe that he shot himself through the ear. In a statement regarding the topic, the duo would state that Pablo \"had committed suicide, he did not get killed. During all the years they went after him, he would say to me every day that if he was really cornered without a way out, he would 'shoot himself through the ear'.\"[36][page needed]", "Terrell Owens. Some media outlets in Dallas reported on the morning of September 27, 2006 that Owens had tried to kill himself by intentionally ingesting an overdose of hydrocodone, a pain medication.[62] A police report filed on the night of September 26[63] seemed to confirm the attempt, saying that Owens's publicist, Kim Etheredge, found him unresponsive with an empty bottle of pain killers, pried two pills from his mouth, and called 9-1-1, after which an ambulance transported him four blocks from his Deep Ellum condo to Baylor University Medical Center.", "Hugh O'Connor. On March 28, 1995, the third anniversary of his marriage, O'Connor called his father to tell him he was going to end his life. He told his father he believed he could not beat the drugs and could not face another drug rehabilitation program. Carroll called the police, who arrived at Hugh's Pacific Palisades, California home just as he shot himself.[1] The police later determined he had cocaine in his blood.", "Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Investigators found Lanza was fascinated with mass shootings, most notably the Columbine High School massacre and the Northern Illinois University 2008 shooting. Among the clippings found in his room, there was a story from The New York Times about a man who shot at schoolchildren in 1891. His computer contained two videos of gunshot suicides, movies which showed school shootings and two pictures of Lanza pointing guns at his own head.[158][159]", "Terrell Owens. According to the police report, Owens and Etheredge both said he was depressed, and Owens answered \"yes\" when asked whether he had intended to harm himself. Owens' publicist, however, refuted the report, stating that Owens had suffered an allergic reaction to the medication combined with a dietary supplement. ESPN reported that about half the police report was blacked out, including the phrases \"attempting suicide by prescription pain medication\" and \"a drug overdose\".[64]", "Bobby Ewing. Bobby is first on the scene after hearing a gunshot from J.R.'s room uttering the words \"Oh my God.\" The camera never shows what Bobby actually saw and it was thought J.R. committed suicide, although in subsequent films it was explained J.R. shot a mirror.", "Jerry Dunphy. Dunphy was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was attacked and shot by would-be robbers in 1983, but soon after made a full recovery. Although he had suffered two previous heart attacks in 1978 and 1991, he had been in good health and had even anchored broadcasts the week before he succumbed to a heart attack on May 20, 2002. He suffered this heart attack on his way to work the week before.", "Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold. At 12:08 p.m., art teacher Patti Nielson, who had locked herself inside a break room with student Brian Anderson and library staff, overheard Harris and Klebold shout out in unison: \"One! Two! Three!\" followed immediately by the sound of gunfire.[5] Harris had fired his shotgun through the roof of his mouth, and Klebold had shot himself in the left temple with his TEC-9 semi-automatic handgun.", "George Reeves. Sometime near midnight, after Reeves had gone to bed, an impromptu party began when Bliss and Carol Van Ronkel arrived at the Reeves home. Reeves angrily came downstairs and complained about the noise. After blowing off steam, he stayed with the guests for a while, had a drink, and then retired upstairs again in a bad mood. The guests later heard a single gunshot from upstairs. Bliss ran upstairs into Reeves' bedroom and found him lying across the bed dead, his naked body facing upward and his feet on the floor. It is believed that this corroborated Reeves' sitting position on the edge of the bed when he allegedly shot himself, after which his body fell back on the bed and the .30 caliber (7.65×21mm) Luger pistol fell between his feet.", "Billy Joe Shaver. In an August 2014 NPR interview, Shaver said that he shot Coker because he was \"Such a bully\" and that \"I hit him right between a mother and a fucker. That was the end of that. He dropped his weapons and said, 'I'm sorry.' And I said, 'Well, if you had said that inside, there would have been no problem.' \"[1]", "William McMaster Murdoch. In the 1996 miniseries and the 1997 film, Murdoch committed suicide. The latter depicted him accepting (and later refusing) a bribe from Caledon Hockley; and shooting two passengers (Tommy Ryan and an unnamed passenger) in a mob on the deck after he presumes they intend to storm one of the remaining lifeboats. After realizing what he had done, he then salutes Chief Officer Henry Wilde and commits suicide by firing the pistol into his temple, his body crumpling backwards into the sea. When Murdoch's nephew Scott saw the film, he objected to his uncle's portrayal as destroying Murdoch's heroic reputation,[24] and studio executives later flew to Murdoch's hometown to issue an apology for this depiction.[25]", "William McMaster Murdoch. Within days of the disaster, several crew members and passengers spoke of an officer committing suicide in the ship's final moments; in one example in a letter reprinted in the London Daily Telegraph, Third Class Passenger Eugene Daly wrote that he had seen an unknown officer shoot two men and then himself: \"an officer pointed a revolver and said if any man tried to get in he would shoot him on the spot. I saw the officer shot two men dead because they tried to get into the boat. Afterwards there was another shot, and I saw the officer himself lying on the deck. They told me he shot himself, but I did not see him\". First class passenger George Rheims also said, \"While the last boat was leaving, I saw an officer with a revolver fire a shot and kill a man who was trying to climb into it. As there remained nothing else for him to do, the officer told us, 'Gentlemen, each man for himself. Good bye.' He gave a military salute and then fired a bullet into his head. That's what I call a man!\"", "Peter Weller. In a 1977 episode of the television series Lou Grant, he played Oberster SA-Führer Donald Sterner/Stryker, a tragically disillusioned Jewish-American Neo-Nazi leader who later committed suicide off screen with his Colt .45 near the end of the episode when his heritage was discovered.", "Barry Sadler. Sadler moved to Guatemala City in 1984. He continued to write and publish his Casca books, produced a never-released self-defense video, and provided free medical treatment in rural villages. On September 7, 1988, Sadler was shot in the head while sitting in a cab in Guatemala City. Witnesses said he accidentally shot himself, but his friends and family believed he was shot by a robber or an assassin. He was flown to the United States by friends in a private jet paid for by Soldier of Fortune magazine publisher Bob Brown.[citation needed]", "My Lai Massacre. PFC Mauro, PFC Carter, and SP4 Widmer (Carter shot himself in the foot with a .45 pistol during the My Lai Massacre)", "Ronald Ryan. Nineteen years after Ryan's execution, a former warder, Doug Pascoe, claimed on air to Channel 9 and other media that he had fired a shot during Ryan's escape bid. Pascoe said his shot may have accidentally killed his fellow prison guard, Hodson. Pascoe had not told anyone that he fired a shot during the escape because at that time, \"I was a 23-year-old coward.\" In 1986, he tried to sell his story but his claim was dismissed by police because his rifle had a full magazine after the shooting and he was too far away.[52][53]", "List of The Howard Stern Show staff. Lange left the show in December 2009. At first the leave was thought to be temporary, but in early 2010 he attempted suicide at his apartment in Hoboken, New Jersey.[35] The incident has not been discussed in great detail on the show and for much of 2010, Stern mentioned that Lange would return when he was healthy. However, in 2011 the show and the Howard 100 News began to reference Lange as a \"former\" staffer. On October 3, 2011, Lange began co-hosting The Nick & Artie Show with comedian Nick DiPaolo. This show aired on Directv. In April 2014, Artie was informed before the show that Directv had cancelled his show. He went on air that night for the last time as a part of the Directv team. He currently is the host of a podcast called \"The Artie Lange Uncensored Podcast.\"", "Lee Thompson Young. On August 19, 2013, Young failed to show up for filming an episode of Rizzoli & Isles.[5] Police were called to do a well-being check on him at his Los Angeles apartment, where he was found dead.[1] His manager stated the actor had committed suicide.[6][7] Police confirmed the cause of death as a self-inflicted gunshot wound.[8] Young had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, for which he had been taking medication, and had been suffering from depression before his death.[9]", "Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan. Hinckley asked the arresting officers whether that night's Academy Awards ceremony would be postponed because of the shooting, and it was; the ceremony—for which former actor Reagan had taped a message—occurred the next evening.[11][62] The president survived surgery with a good prognosis, and the NCAA championship basketball game that day was not postponed, although the audience of 18,000 in Philadelphia held a moment of silence before the game.[63] In the immediate aftermath of the shooting, The Dow Jones Industrial Average declined before the New York Stock Exchange closed early, but the index rose the next day as Reagan recovered.[64] Beyond having to postpone its Academy Awards broadcast, ABC temporarily renamed the lead character of The Greatest American Hero (which had debuted less than two weeks before) from \"Ralph Hinkley\" to \"Hanley\",[65] and NBC postponed a forthcoming episode of Walking Tall titled \"Hit Man\".[66]" ]

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[ "Dance Plus (season 3). Based on the scores of these rounds, two teams go to the final showdown. The fourth artist from each team performs and the super judge chooses the winner. The winning team's captain nominates two artists from his or her team to go forward and the super judge chooses the artist who will go to top eight.", "Dance Plus (season 3). Each mentor has their own team consisting of contestants selected in auditions. There will be one final winner at the end of the show.", "Dance Plus (season 3). Team Dharmesh 3 contestant won hearts of people.", "Dance Plus (season 3). Season 3 of Dance Plus started on 1 July 2017[1] on STAR Plus and produced by Urban Brew Studios. Winner was Bir Radha Sherpa, from team Punit. Other three contestants from Top four were from Dharmesh's, a new record for the finalists. Amardeep singh natt first runner up, Aryan Patra second runner up and Shivani and Tarun third runner up. All the finalists won the hearts of public with their entertaining and excellent performances. Overall, Team Dharmesh has two winners from season one and two, Team Punit has one and Shakti Mohan none. Show is acclaimed and very popular due to creative format and uniqueness.", "Dance Plus (season 3). The captain who gave the challenge can score out of five and the super judge can score out of ten. the super judge can also give five additional points.", "Dance Plus (season 3). The fourth round is the international squad challenge in which one member of each team has to match the level of dancing of the international dancer. This round is also scored out of ten by the super judge and he can give an additional five points.", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 3). The season finale brought in 27.8 million viewers, making it the highest rated Dancing with the Stars season finale to date. Emmitt Smith was the celebrity winner from this season.", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 3). This was the only season in which the runner-up got the highest Freestyle score and did not win the season.", "Dance Plus (season 3). Remo D'Souza is the super judge for this season also. He is a well known and reputed choreographer and film director. He directed movies like F.A.L.T.U., Any Body Can Dance (ABCD and ABCD 2) and A Flying Jatt. He was also judge on Jhalak Dikhla Ja and Dance India Dance (seasons 1, 2 and 3).", "Rachel Tucker. At the semi-final stage, week nine, Tucker was in the bottom two for a third time, together with Samantha Barks, who had received the lowest number of viewers votes. They sang \"Memory\" from the musical Cats. Cameron Mackintosh joined the judging panel for this episode. Lloyd Webber chose to save Barks and eliminate Tucker saying: \"Last night Cameron and I were both saying that we thought both of you would be fantastic Nancys and now here am I faced with this. But I've got to make a decision and I've got to think of where the show ultimately for Cameron is going to go and I think I have to go with you Samantha.[8] A week after the show, Lloyd Webber said: \"The fact is Cameron wanted Rachel to stay. He wanted Rachel and Samantha in the final from the beginning of the series. Rachel did a fantastic performance but I had to face up to the fact that she wouldn't have gone any further. What I may think professionally is sometimes different to what the public want. I saved Rachel three times and she still ended up in the bottom two.\"[9]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 9). Donny Osmond, was the winner in the competition, with singer Mýa as runner-up, and reality star and singer, Kelly Osbourne in third place.", "America's Best Dance Crew (season 2). The eliminated crews returned and performed with the finalists for a regional collaboration. Instead of going head-to-head, Super CR3W and SoReal Cru teamed up for their last performance.", "Quest Crew. For the finale Quest performed in a dance collaboration with Strikers All Stars and Dynamic Edition. This group which was chosen by Shane Sparks had to dance to the song \"Right Round\" by Flo Rida. Later that same night Quest performed a routine with fellow finalist Beat Freaks to a mastermix \"Beggin'\" by Madcon. After nearly 20 million votes were cast, Quest was declared the winners of America's Best Dance Crew season 3. Their victory dance was to \"On Top of the World\" by T.I. ft Ludacris.", "Valentin Chmerkovskiy. Chmerkovskiy danced as a professional partner in season 15 with season 1 winner, Kelly Monaco.[13] They finished in third place on the season finale.", "Dance India Dance. Third season was started on 24 December 2011. This season was also hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 21 April 2012 and winner was Rajasmita Kar.[7]", "Donny Osmond. For the finals week, he danced a Cha-Cha-Cha (27), a Megamix dance alongside Mya and Kelly Osbourne (28), the only perfect-scoring Freestyle (30) and a repeat of his Argentine Tango (30) and won the competition. As he accepted his trophy, he hugged fellow finalist Mya and grabbed his wife, Debbie, and his sister, Marie, on stage.", "Jonathan and Charlotte. In the final, held on 12 May 2012, they appeared 11th, again performing \"The Prayer\", and received a standing ovation for their performance. Fans expressed disappointment that the duo did not win first place, but Charlotte responded by saying, \"Oh my God, we came second out of 70,000 people, it's incredible, it's been amazing.\"[6]", "Valentin Chmerkovskiy. 2The American public scored the dance in place of Goodman with the averaged score being counted alongside the three other judges.", "Stomp the Yard. DJ's suspension was finally uplifted and he rejoins the Thetas to compete alongside them against the Gammas in the stepping competition. Both teams were tied at the end and it was brought into sudden death rules to determine a winner. Unknown to DJ and the Thetas, the Gammas had recorded DJ practicing his moves prior to the competition. Going first, Grant does DJ's exact routine from the videotape. After he finishes, DJ matches Grant move for move, but tosses in something the Gammas didn't get on tape. The Thetas finally defeats the Gammas. April goes on stage to hug and kiss DJ and while celebrating their victory DJ still wearing Duron's gloves kisses his fist and throws it in the air in Honor of his brother. The Thetas then do their new cheer and have their picture taken where its hung in the Heritage Hall.", "Jordan Lloyd. Now in the final three, Jordan was outnumbered 2-1 by the alliance of Kevin and Natalie, and lost the first part of the final Head of Household competition to Kevin. However, she then rebounded by surprisingly winning the final two parts, earning herself a spot in the final two. She chose to evict Kevin and take Natalie to the final with her. Faced with the jury, Jordan admitted she hadn't played as strong a strategic game as Natalie, but in the end emerged as the winner in a 5-2 vote, gaining the votes of Jeff, Michele, Lydia, Jessie and a vote from America, losing just Kevin and Russell's votes.", "So You Think You Can Dance (UK TV series). During the live finals stage, each remaining contestant will perform a dance for the judges and the live audience, week after week. The public would get choose who they want to remain the competition by voting. The bottom two will perform again and then the judges will decide which act they would like to see again in the competition. The season finale consists of the top 4, and in addition to their solos, each also dances several other numbers, while being paired or grouped with the other finalists in such a way that \"everyone dances with everyone.\" In addition, during the grand finale, contestants who were eliminated that season come back, and that season's favorite dances are showcased. At the end of the finale, the winner (the competitor with the highest number of audience votes from the night before) is revealed.", "ABCD: Any Body Can Dance. Before the semifinals, Chandu prepares to propose to Shaina, but he meets his old drug dealer on the street. Now completely free from the hold of drugs he refuses to fall back into that world, but the dealer, irritated, tosses the ring intended for Shaina at him and it falls into the street. As he retrieves it, Chandu is hit by a truck and killed, leaving the team devastated. Shaina, though barely able to stand from grief, becomes the centerpiece of the team's semifinal routine, in which they express the loss of their friend, bringing audience members to tears. The team and the community come together to cremate Chandu, and DDR resolves to continue in the competition in Chandu's memory. At the finals, Jehangir pulls a dirty trick: his informant Mayur (a performer in DDR but, tempted by Jehangir's offer of a main lead role in JDC began to feed information to the opposition) leads JDC's dancers to copy DDR's choreography and performance concept. Faced with losing, DDR crafts a new routine on the spot, based around Lord Ganesha. Their heartfelt and spontaneous performance reminds the cold-hearted Jehangir why he and Vishnu started JDC in the first place and he is humbled. The DDR crew are rewarded with thunderous applause and victory in the competition.", "Cheryl Burke. In Season 15, Burke returns with former partner and Season 3 Champion, Emmitt Smith for a chance to win another mirrorball trophy. They were eliminated in the semi-finals. For season 16, Burke was partnered with comedian D.L. Hughley. Despite receiving low marks and harsh criticism from the judges, Hughley and Burke made it halfway through the competition.[citation needed] They were eliminated third in Week 5 of the competition. During Week 8, she danced a Paso Doble with Jacoby Jones and Karina Smirnoff in the trio challenge. For season 17, she was partnered with media personality Jack Osbourne. Osbourne's struggle with multiple sclerosis was a source of inspiration to Burke.[citation needed] They made it to the finals and ended up receiving third place.", "Extreme Rules (2017). During the Pre-Show, Kalisto faced Apollo Crews, who was accompanied by Titus O'Neil. In the climax, as Crews argued with O'Neil, Kalisto performed Salida Del Sol on Crews to win the match.[20]", "So You Think You Can Dance: The Next Generation (U.S. TV series). The episode began with a group dance for all the contestants and all-stars that began with the Top 4 contestants waking up and getting ready for the big day. There were also new group dances for the hip-hop finalists and their all-stars; the ballroom finalists and their all-stars; and the contemporary finalists (plus Emma) and their all stars. In addition, there was a new group routine for all the finalists plus Maddie Ziegler, and Cat Deely chose to reprise her favorite all-stars routine. During the course of the broadcast, each of the Top 4 reprised their favorite solo of the season, each judge chose two favorite routines to see again, each of the all-stars chose a favorite duet to reprise, and other duets were reprised as described below. Results were announced during the last hour of the show as follows: Emma placed 4th, Tate was 3rd, J. T. was runner-up, and Kida won the $250,000 top prize and will be featured on the cover of Dance Spirit magazine.[33]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 23). On the second night, the final three couples danced a fusion dance that fused two dance styles.", "Emma Slater. 2The American public scored the dance in place of Goodman with the averaged score being counted alongside the three other judges.", "Tony Dovolani. 2The American public scored the dance in place of Goodman with the averaged score being counted alongside the three other judges.", "Big Brother 17 (U.S.). Though Jason and John had an early lead, they fell behind in the pumpkin smashing zone, which allowed Jackie and James to come from behind to win the competition, dethroning Liz and keeping Shelli in power and putting the plan to backdoor Audrey in jeopardy again. As punishment for losing the competition or being dethroned, Jason, John, and Liz were forced to dress up as a boy band and dance together at routine intervals.", "Mat Franco. At the conclusion of the finale, Franco was announced as the winner.", "Ellie Darcey-Alden. On 23–26 May, she appeared in the Showstopper! Competition 2014 which took place at the Disneyland Hotel in California.[98][99] She competed in a ballet solo, ballet group, jazz group and contemporary group.[100] She and her group were later awarded two Platinum 1st Place prizes with scores of 114.2 and 114.0, respectively for their performances \"Stranded\" and \"Hold It Against Me\" presented by Elite Dance Studio.[101]", "Cheryl Burke. 2The American public scored the dance in place of Goodman with the averaged score being counted alongside the three other judges." ]

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[ "Santa Claus's reindeer. In traditional lore, Santa Claus's sleigh is led by eight reindeer: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder (variously spelled Donder and Donner), and Blixem (variously spelled Blixen and Blitzen), with Rudolph being a 20th-century inclusion.[2][3]", "Santa Claus's reindeer. In traditional festive legend, Santa Claus's reindeer pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children on Christmas Eve. The commonly cited names of the eight reindeer are Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner, and Blitzen. They are based on those used in the 1823 poem \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" (commonly called \"The Night Before Christmas\"), arguably the basis of the reindeers' popularity.[1]", "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, popularly known as \"Santa's ninth reindeer\", is a fabled reindeer created by Robert Lewis May. Rudolph is usually depicted as the lead reindeer pulling Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, though he is a young buck who has only adolescent antlers and a glowing red nose. Though he receives scrutiny for it, the luminosity of his nose is so great that it illuminates the team's path through harsh winter weather.", "Santa Claus's reindeer. When, what to my wondering eyes should appear,\nbut a miniature sleigh, and eight tiny rein-deer,\nwith a little old driver, so lively and quick,\nI knew in a moment it must be St. Nick.\n\nMore rapid than eagles his coursers they came,\nAnd he whistled, and shouted, and call'd them by name:\n\"Now, Dasher! Now, Dancer! Now, Prancer, and Vixen!\n\"On, Comet! On, Cupid! On, Dunder and Blixem!\n\n\"To the top of the porch! to the top of the wall!\n\"Now dash away! dash away! dash away all!\"", "Santa Claus's reindeer. The 1823 poem by Clement C. Moore \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" (also known as \"'Twas the Night Before Christmas\") is largely credited for the contemporary Christmas lore that includes eight named reindeer.[8]", "Santa Claus's reindeer. The first reference to Santa's sleigh being pulled by a reindeer appears in Old Santeclaus with Much Delight, an illustrated children's poem published in New York in 1821.[5][6] The names of the author and the illustrator are not known.[6] The poem, with eight colored lithographic illustrations, was published by William B. Gilley as a small paperback book entitled The Children's Friend: A New-Year's Present, to the Little Ones from Five to Twelve.[7]", "Santa Claus's reindeer. The enduring popularity of the Christmas song \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" has led to Rudolph often joining the list, bringing the number of Santa Claus's reindeer up to nine.", "Santa Claus's reindeer. The names Dunder and Blixem derive from Dutch words for thunder and lightning, respectively. In the premiere episode of The Simpsons, Homer misremembers them collectively as \"Donna Dixon\".[4]", "Santa Claus's reindeer. The relevant segment of the poem reads:", "Santa Claus. In 1821, the book A New-year's present, to the little ones from five to twelve was published in New York. It contained Old Santeclaus with Much Delight, an anonymous poem describing Santeclaus on a reindeer sleigh, bringing presents to children.[29] Some modern ideas of Santa Claus seemingly became canon after the anonymous publication of the poem \"A Visit From St. Nicholas\" (better known today as \"The Night Before Christmas\") in the Troy, New York, Sentinel on 23 December 1823; Clement Clarke Moore later claimed authorship, though some scholars argue that Henry Livingston, Jr. (who died nine years before Moore's claim) was the author.[7][30] St. Nick is described as being \"chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf\" with \"a little round belly\", that \"shook when he laughed like a bowlful of jelly\", in spite of which the \"miniature sleigh\" and \"tiny reindeer\" still indicate that he is physically diminutive. The reindeer were also named: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder and Blixem (Dunder and Blixem came from the old Dutch words for thunder and lightning, which were later changed to the more German sounding Donner and Blitzen).[31]", "Santa Claus's reindeer. As dry leaves that before the wild hurricane fly,\nWhen they meet with an obstacle, mount to the sky;", "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song). The song in its Finnish translation, \"Petteri Punakuono\", has led to Rudolph's general acceptance in the mythology as the lead reindeer of Joulupukki, the Finnish Santa.", "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special). Donner, Santa's lead reindeer, and his wife have given birth to their new baby fawn, Rudolph. Upon admiring him, they are surprised to see that Rudolph has been born with a glowing red nose. When Santa arrives, he warns Donner that Rudolph won't make the sleigh team because of his nose. Donner then decides to hide the nose by covering it with mud to allow Rudolph to fit in with all the other reindeer.", "Santa Claus's reindeer. In An American Anthology, 1787–1900, Edmund Clarence Stedman reprints the 1844 Clement C. Moore version of the poem, including the German spelling of \"Donder and Blitzen,\" rather than the original 1823 version using the Dutch spelling, \"Dunder and Blixem\".[1] Both phrases translate as \"Thunder and Lightning\" in English, though German for \"thunder\" is now spelled Donner, and the Dutch words would now be spelled Donder and Bliksem.", "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song). \"You know Dasher and Dancer and Prancer and Vixen,\nComet and Cupid and Donner and Blitzen,\nBut do you recall\nThe most famous reindeer of all?\"", "Santa Claus: The Movie. Sometime in the 14th century, Claus is a woodcarver in his mid-50s who, with his wife Anya, delivers his gifts to the children of local villages. One night, Claus, Anya and their two reindeer, Donner and Blitzen, are caught in a blizzard and succumb to the cold weather. In death, they are transported to the vast \"ice mountains, way up at the top of the world.\" Their expected arrival is heralded with the appearance of several elves, or as Claus's people call them in their legends, the Vendequm, led by the venerable and wise elf named Dooley. Claus and Anya also meet inventive elf Patch, and the more down-to-earth Puffy. Dooley tells Claus it is his destiny to deliver toys to the children of the world every Christmas Eve, which the elves will make in their large workshops. Donner and Blitzen are joined by six other reindeer and fed magic food that allows them to fly. When Christmas Eve comes, Claus is approached by the oldest of elves, the Ancient One, who renames him as \"Santa Claus\".", "Santa Claus. In his book Nicholas: The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus, writer Jeremy Seal describes how the commercialization of the Santa Claus figure began in the 19th century. \"In the 1820s he began to acquire the recognizable trappings: reindeer, sleigh, bells,\" said Seal in an interview.[119] \"They are simply the actual bearings in the world from which he emerged. At that time, sleighs were how you got about Manhattan.\"", "Christmas elf. In American, Canadian, Irish,and British cultures, a Christmas elf is a diminutive elf that lives with Santa Claus at the North Pole and acts as his helper. Christmas elves are often depicted as green or red clad with large, pointy ears and pointy hats. Santa's elves are often said to make the toys in Santa's workshop and take care of his reindeer, among other tasks.", "List of Ice Age characters. The herd alongside Prancer and the local Mini-Sloths were able to work to save Christmas by rebuilding the toys and Santa Claus' workshop. With the Mini-Sloths agreeing to work for Santa Claus, Prancer was able to round up his fellow reindeer in order to pull Santa Claus' sleigh.", "Christmas card. Santa Claus and his reindeer", "Deer. Reindeer (Caribou)", "Christmas. A number of figures are associated with Christmas and the seasonal giving of gifts. Among these are Father Christmas, also known as Santa Claus (derived from the Dutch for Saint Nicholas), Père Noël, and the Weihnachtsmann; Saint Nicholas or Sinterklaas; the Christkind; Kris Kringle; Joulupukki; tomte/nisse; Babbo Natale; Saint Basil; and Ded Moroz. The Scandinavian tomte (also called nisse) is sometimes depicted as a gnome instead of Santa Claus.", "Santa Claus. Wodan's role during the Yuletide period has been theorized as having influenced concepts of St. Nicholas in a variety of facets, including his long white beard and his gray horse for nightly rides (compare Odin's horse Sleipnir) or his reindeer in North American tradition.[25] Folklorist Margaret Baker maintains that \"the appearance of Santa Claus or Father Christmas, whose day is the 25th of December, owes much to Odin, the old blue-hooded, cloaked, white-bearded Giftbringer of the north, who rode the midwinter sky on his eight-footed steed Sleipnir, visiting his people with gifts. […] Odin, transformed into Father Christmas, then Santa Claus, prospered with St Nicholas and the Christchild, became a leading player on the Christmas stage.\"[26]", "Santa Claus. Santa Claus is said to make lists of children throughout the world, categorizing them according to their behavior (\"good\" and \"bad\", or \"naughty\" and \"nice\") and to deliver presents, including toys, and candy to all of the well-behaved children in the world, and coal to all the misbehaved children, on the single night of Christmas Eve. He accomplishes this feat with the aid of his elves, who make the toys in his workshop at the North Pole, and his flying reindeer, who pull his sleigh.[5][6] He is commonly portrayed as living at the North Pole, and often laughing in a way that sounds like \"ho ho ho\".", "Christmas traditions. Since the 1880s, the Christmas customs of the Eastern Slavic countries have included a similar character known as Ded Moroz (\"Grandfather Frost\"). According to legend, he travels in a magical sanki — a decorated sleigh drawn by reindeer (or three white horses). With his young, blond assistant Snegurochka (the \"Snow Maiden\", said to be his granddaughter) at his side, he visits homes and gives gifts to good children (not true for former Yugoslavian countries). He only delivers presents to children while they are asleep, and unlike Santa, he does not travel down chimneys, coming instead to the front door of children's homes. It is traditional for children to leave food for Ded Moroz.", "Christmas traditions. In Denmark, Santa Claus is known as Julemanden (literally \"the Yule Man\") and is said to arrive in a sleigh drawn by reindeer, with presents for the children. He is assisted with his Yuletide chores by elves known as julenisser (or simply nisser), who are traditionally believed to live in attics, barns or similar places. In some traditions, to maintain the favour and protection of these nisser, children leave out saucers of milk or rice pudding or other treats for them and are delighted to find the food gone on Christmas morning.", "List of Ice Age characters. Prancer is a flying reindeer character in the special.", "Christmas ornament. Santa Claus is a commonly used figure. Candy canes, fruit, animals, snowmen, angels and snowflake images are also popular choices.", "A Visit from St. Nicholas. On Christmas Eve night, while his wife and children sleep, a father awakens to noises outside his house. Looking out the window, he sees Santa Claus (Saint Nicholas) in an air-borne sleigh pulled by eight reindeer. After landing his sleigh on the roof, the saint enters the house through the chimney, carrying a sack of toys with him. The father watches Santa filling the children's Christmas stockings hanging by the fire, and laughs to himself. They share a conspiratorial moment before Santa bounds up the chimney again. As he flies away, Santa wishes everyone a \"Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night.\"", "Elf. As American Christmas traditions crystallized in the nineteenth century, the 1823 poem \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" (widely known as \"'Twas the Night before Christmas\") characterized St Nicholas himself as \"a right jolly old elf\". However, it was his little helpers, inspired partly by folktales like The Elves and the Shoemaker, who became known as \"Santa's elves\"; the processes through which this came about are not well understood, but one key figure was a Christmas-related publication by the German-American cartoonist Thomas Nast.[125][126] Thus in the US, Canada, UK, and Ireland, the modern children's folklore of Santa Claus typically includes small, nimble, green-clad elves with pointy ears, long noses, and pointy hats, as Santa's helpers. They make the toys in a workshop located in the North Pole.[127] The role of elves as Santa's helpers has continued to be popular, as evidenced by the success of the popular Christmas movie Elf.[123]", "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song). The song had an added introduction, paraphrasing the poem \"A Visit from Saint Nicholas\" (public domain by the time the song was written), stating the names of the eight reindeer which went:", "Christmas elf. In the USA, Canada, and Britain, the modern children's folklore of Santa Claus typically includes diminutive elves at Christmas; green-clad elves with pointy ears and pointy hats as Santa's assistants or hired workers. They make the toys in a workshop located in the North Pole. In recent years, other toys—usually high-tech toys like computers, video games, DVDs and DVD players, and even mobile phones—have also been depicted as being ready for delivery, but not necessarily made, in the workshop as well. In this portrayal, elves slightly resemble nimble and delicate versions of the dwarves of Norse myth." ]

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[ "Ford Fox platform. By the early 1990s, the Ford Mustang had become the sole model produced on the Fox platform. For the 1994 model year, as the Mustang underwent a major redesign (under the body family program code name Fox-4), the Fox platform itself saw major changes to its architecture. As part of the upgrade, nearly 60% of its parts were redesigned, with major changes to the suspension and improvements to noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH); the updated Mustang-specific platform became known as the SN-95 platform.", "Ford Mustang. An alternative view was that Robert J. Eggert, Ford Division market research manager, first suggested the Mustang name. Eggert, a breeder of quarterhorses, received a birthday present from his wife of the book, The Mustangs by J. Frank Dobie in 1960. Later, the book's title gave him the idea of adding the \"Mustang\" name for Ford's new concept car. The designer preferred Cougar (early styling bucks can be seen wearing a Cougar grille emblem) or Torino (an advertising campaign using the Torino name was actually prepared), while Henry Ford II wanted T-bird II.[16] As the person responsible for Ford's research on potential names, Eggert added \"Mustang\" to the list to be tested by focus groups; \"Mustang,\" by a wide margin, came out on top under the heading: \"Suitability as Name for the Special Car.\"[17][18] The name could not be used in Germany,[16] however, because it was owned by Krupp, which had manufactured trucks between 1951 and 1964 with the name Mustang. Ford refused to buy the name for about US$10,000 from Krupp at the time. Kreidler, a manufacturer of mopeds, also used the name, so Mustang was sold in Germany as the \"T-5\" until December 1978.", "Ford Mustang (third generation). The Fox body mustang was manufactured in Ford's Cuatitlan Itzcalli plant (located in Mexico City) from 1979 to 1984. Both the Coupe and the Hatchbacks were offered.", "Ford Mustang. The 1979 Mustang was based on the larger Fox platform (initially developed for the 1978 Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zephyr). The larger body with an increased wheelbase yielded more interior space for four passengers, especially in the back seat, as well as a larger capacity trunk and a bigger engine bay.[41]", "Ford Mustang. In November 1993, the Mustang debuted its first major redesign in fifteen years. Code-named \"SN-95\" by the automaker, it was based on an updated version of the rear-wheel drive Fox platform called \"Fox-4.\" The new styling by Patrick Schiavone incorporated several styling cues from earlier Mustangs.[42] For the first time since its introduction 1964, a notchback coupe model was unavailable.", "Ford Fox platform. The Ford Fox platform is an automobile platform that was used by Ford Motor Company in North America for various compact and mid-size vehicles for the Ford, Mercury, and Lincoln divisions. Using a rear-wheel drive, unibody chassis configuration, the Fox platform was used by Ford from 1978 to 1993; a substantial redesign of the Ford Mustang extended its life another eleven years to the 2004 model year. With the exception of the Panther platform, the Fox platform is the longest-produced vehicle architecture by Ford Motor Company.", "Ford Mustang (third generation). The 1979 model year Mustang was based on the Fox platform. This chassis was \"Ford's initiative to build a one-size-fits-all car to serve as a two-door sports car and a four-door family car\" with its initial use by the larger Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zephyr twins that debuted in the 1978 model year.[4] \"Ford built the 1979 Mustang around a platform it would share with more humble cars in the Lincoln-Mercury-Ford corporate family in order to keep development and construction costs down.\"[5] Body styles for the Mustang included a coupe (notchback) and hatchback. Two trim levels were available: the base model and the more luxurious Ghia model. Wheelbase dimensions was 4 inches shorter than the Fairmont/Zephyr series at 100 inches - same as the outgoing European Ford Capri and 6 inches longer than the Mustang II.", "Ford Mustang (third generation). The third-generation Mustang was produced by Ford from 1978 until 1993. Built on Ford’s Fox platform (and thus commonly referred to as the \"Fox\" or \"Foxbody\" Mustang), it evolved through a number of sub-models, trim levels, and drivetrain combinations during its production life. It underwent updates for 1987, and for a time seemed destined for replacement with a front-wheel drive Mazda platform. However, company executives were swayed by consumer opinion and the rear-wheel drive Mustang stayed, while the front wheel drive version was renamed the Ford Probe. Enthusiasts group the generation into two segments: the 1979-1986 cars, with their quad headlight arrangement, and the 1987-1993 cars, with their aerodynamic composite headlamps and front fascia styling. Production ended with the introduction of the fourth-generation Mustang (SN-95) for the 1994 model year.", "Ford Mustang (first generation). To decrease developmental costs, the Mustang used chassis, suspension, and drivetrain components derived from the Ford Falcon and Fairlane. It used a unitized platform-type frame from the 1964 Falcon, and welded box-section side rails, including welded crossmembers. Although hardtop Mustangs accounted for the highest sales, durability problems with the new frame led to the engineering of a convertible first, which ensured adequate stiffness. Overall length of the Mustang and Falcon was identical, although the Mustang's wheelbase was slightly shorter. With an overall width of 68.2 in (1,732 mm), it was 2.4 in (61 mm) narrower, yet the wheel track was nearly identical. Shipping weight, approximately 2,570 lb (1,166 kg) with the straight six-cylinder engine, was also similar to the Falcon. A fully equipped V8 model weighed approximately 3,000 lb (1,361 kg). Although most of the mechanical parts were from the Falcon, the Mustang's body was completely different; sporting a shorter wheelbase, wider track, lower seating position and lower overall height. An industry first, the \"torque box\" was an innovative structural system that greatly stiffened the Mustang's construction and helped contribute to better handling.", "Ford Mustang. The Ford Mustang is an American car manufactured by Ford. It was originally based on the platform of the second generation North American Ford Falcon, a compact car.[1] The original 1962 Ford Mustang I two-seater concept car had evolved into the 1963 Mustang II four-seater concept car which Ford used to pretest how the public would take interest in the first production Mustang. The 1963 Mustang II concept car was designed with a variation of the production model's front and rear ends with a roof that was 2.7 inches shorter.[2] Introduced early on April 17, 1964[3] (16 days after the Plymouth Barracuda), and thus dubbed as a \"1964½\" by Mustang fans, the 1965 Mustang was the automaker's most successful launch since the Model A.[4] The Mustang has undergone several transformations to its current sixth generation.", "Ford Mustang. Developed under the watch of Semon \"Bunkie\" Knudsen, the Mustang evolved \"from speed and power\" to the growing consumer demand for bigger and heavier \"luxury\" type designs.[30] \"The result were the styling misadventures of 1971–73 ... The Mustang grew fat and lazy,\"[30] \"Ford was out of the go-fast business almost entirely by 1971.\"[31] \"This was the last major restyling of the first-generation Mustang.\"[32] \"The cars grew in every dimension except height, and they gained about 800 pounds (363 kg).\"[32] \"The restyling also sought to create the illusion that the cars were even larger.\"[32] The 1971 Mustang was nearly 3 inches (76 mm) wider than the 1970, its front and rear track was also widened by 3 inches (76 mm), and its size was most evident in the SportsRoof models with its nearly flat rear roofline[33] and cramped interior with poor visibility for the driver.[34] Performance decreased with sales continuing to decrease[35] as consumers switched to the smaller Pintos and Mavericks. A displeased Iacocca summed up later: \"The Mustang market never left us, we left it.\"[36]", "Ford Fox platform. For 1989, Ford moved the Thunderbird and the Mercury Cougar to the all-new MN12 platform; while still rear-wheel drive, the new chassis introduced a number of suspension advances over the Fox platform. As the Lincoln Mark VII was replaced by the Mark VIII for 1993, the Ford Mustang became the sole Fox-platform produced by Ford. During its 1994 redesign, many upgrades to the suspension and chassis were made, retaining largely the floorpan from the original design.", "Ford Mustang (first generation). When Ford wanted to introduce the Mustang in Germany, they discovered that Krupp company had already registered the name for a truck.[31] The German company offered to sell the rights for US$10,000. Ford refused and removed Mustang badges from exported units, instead naming the cars as T-5 (a pre-production Mustang project name) for the German market until 1979 when Krupp copyrights expired.[31]", "Ford Mustang (first generation). The first-generation Ford Mustang was manufactured by Ford from March 1964 until 1973. The introduction of the Mustang created a new class of automobile known as the pony car. The Mustang’s styling, with its long hood and short deck, proved wildly popular and inspired a host of competition.", "Ford Mustang. Executive stylist John Najjar, who was a fan of the World War II P-51 Mustang fighter plane, is credited by Ford to have suggested the name.[13][14] Najjar co-designed the first prototype of the Ford Mustang known as Ford Mustang I in 1961, working jointly with fellow Ford stylist Philip T. Clark.[15] The Mustang I made its formal debut at the United States Grand Prix in Watkins Glen, New York, on October 7, 1962, where test driver and contemporary Formula One race driver Dan Gurney lapped the track in a demonstration using the second \"race\" prototype. His lap times were only slightly off the pace of the F1 race cars.", "Ford Mustang. The Mustang was selected as the 1979 Official Indianapolis 500 Pace Car with replicas sold to the public. Its special body appearance parts were adapted by the Cobra package for 1980-81.", "Ford Mustang. The Mustang created the \"pony car\" class of American muscle cars, affordable sporty coupes with long hoods and short rear decks,[5] and gave rise to competitors such as the Chevrolet Camaro,[6] Pontiac Firebird, AMC Javelin,[7] Chrysler's revamped Plymouth Barracuda, and the second generation Dodge Challenger.[8] The Mustang is also credited for inspiring the designs of coupés such as the Toyota Celica and Ford Capri, which were imported to the United States.", "Ford Mustang. In response to poor sales and escalating fuel prices during the early 1980s, a new Mustang was in development. It was to be a variant of the Mazda MX-6 assembled at AutoAlliance International in Flat Rock, Michigan. Enthusiasts wrote to Ford objecting to the proposed change to a front-wheel drive, Japanese-designed Mustang without a V8 option. The result was the continuation of the existing Mustang while the Mazda MX-6 variant had a last minute name change from Mustang to Probe and released as a 1989 model.", "Ford Mustang (first generation). The 1969 model year restyle \"added more heft to the body\" with body length extended by 3.8 inches (97 mm) (the wheelbase remaining at 108 inches), width increased by almost half an inch, and the Mustang's \"weight went up markedly too.\"[51] 1969 was the first model to use quad headlamps placed both inside and outside the grille opening. The corralled grille pony was replaced with the pony and tribars logo, set off-center to the driver's side.[52] The car was longer than previous models and sported convex rather than concave side panels. The fastback body version was named SportsRoof in Ford's literature.[52]", "Mustang. The mustang is a free-roaming horse of the American west that first descended from horses brought to the Americas by the Spanish. Mustangs are often referred to as wild horses, but because they are descended from once-domesticated horses, they are properly defined as feral horses. The original mustangs were Colonial Spanish horses, but many other breeds and types of horses contributed to the modern mustang, resulting in varying phenotypes. In the 21st century, mustang herds vary in the degree to which they can be traced to original Iberian horses. Some contain a greater genetic mixture of ranch stock and more recent breed releases, while others are relatively unchanged from the original Iberian stock, most strongly represented in the most isolated populations.", "Ford Mustang. Starting in 1969, to aid sales and continue the winning formula of the Mustang, a variety of new performance and decorative options became available, including functional (and non-functional) air scoops, cable and pin hood tie downs, and both wing and chin spoilers. Additionally, a variety of performance packages were introduced that included the Mach 1, the Boss 302, and Boss 429. The two Boss models were to homologate the engines for racing. The 1969 Mustang was the last year for the GT option (although it did return on the 3rd Generation Mustang for the 1982 Model Year). A fourth model available only as a hardtop, the Grande, saw success starting in 1969 with its soft ride, \"luxurious\" trim, 55 pounds (24.9 kg) of extra sound deadening, and simulated wood trim.", "Ford Fox platform. During the mid-1980s, Ford reduced its usage of the Fox platform as mid-size sedans and station wagons were transitioned to front-wheel drive. After the 1988 model year, only the Ford Mustang and Lincoln Mark VII coupes remained. The 2005 Ford D2C platform underpinning the fifth-generation Ford Mustang would become the fifth and final vehicle architecture to serve as a Fox-platform replacement (the second under the Mustang nameplate).", "Ford Mustang (first generation). It was initially introduced on April 17, 1964, as a hardtop and convertible with the fastback version put on sale in August 1964. At the time of its introduction, the Mustang, sharing its underpinnings with the Falcon, was slotted into a compact car segment.", "Ford Mustang. Iacocca wanted the new car, which returned the Mustang to its 1964 predecessor in size, shape, and overall styling,[38] to be finished to a high standard, saying it should be \"a little jewel.\"[39] Not only was it smaller than the original car, but it was also heavier, owing to the addition of equipment needed to meet new U.S. emission and safety regulations. Performance was reduced, and despite the car's new handling and engineering features the galloping mustang emblem \"became a less muscular steed that seemed to be cantering.[40]", "Ford Bronco. The idea behind the Bronco began with Ford product manager Donald N. Frey, who also conceived the Ford Mustang; Lee Iacocca pushed the idea through to production. In many ways, the Bronco was a more original concept than the Mustang; whereas the Mustang was based upon the Ford Falcon, the Bronco had a frame, suspension, and body that were not shared with any other vehicle.", "Ford Fox platform. Due to the use of strut front suspension, the Fox platform was designed with a wider engine bay than its Falcon-chassis predecessor. As a result, the chassis was flexible in its use of longitudinal engines, accommodating a wide variety of powertrains, including four-cylinder (naturally-aspirated and turbocharged), inline-6, V6, and V8 engines,[1] ranging from a 2.3L inline-4 to a 5.8L V8 (the most powerful Fox-platform car is the 2003-2004 Mustang SVT Cobra with a 390 hp supercharged 4.6L V8). To further improve the fuel economy of Lincoln Fox-platform vehicles in the 1980s, the platform was adapted for the use of BMW diesel inline-6 engines.[2]", "Ford Fox platform. During the early 1980s, the Fox platform would be involved in major changes to many Ford nameplates. In the marketplace, redesigns of the Ford Granada, Ford Thunderbird, and Mercury Cougar had been poorly received by consumers, leading to a collapse in sales for all three nameplates from 1980 to 1982. In addition, fuel prices had stabilized to the point where consumers had shifted back to full-size cars, leading the company to postpone its planned discontinuation of the full-size Panther-platform vehicles. To rectify the sales collapse and capitalize on the move to full-size vehicles, Ford began a major model shift of many of its best-selling vehicle nameplates in all three divisions.", "Ford Mustang (third generation). While most of the Mustang was carried over in late 1982 for 1983, there were some changes and improvements on the then five-year-old \"Fox-platform\" model. The front fascia was restyled with a more rounded nose and reshaped grill. New, wider horizontal taillights with dedicated amber turn signals replaced the vertical sectioned units. Ford added a convertible to the Mustang line for 1983, after a nine-year absence. The majority of the convertibles were equipped with the new 3.8 L V6 in GLX trim, though 993 GT models were also produced. The Mustang GT received a four-barrel carburetor and a new intake manifold, bringing power to 175 hp (130 kW). The turbocharged 2.3 L four-cylinder also returned, now fuel-injected, and producing 145 hp (108 kW). Turbo GT sales were hurt a higher base price than the 5.0, the lower performance, and the lack of available air conditioning with that powertrain. The 3.8 L Essex V6 replaced the 3.3 L I6, as the 3.3 L engine had little demand and was dropped after 1982.", "Ford Mustang (first generation). The 1966 Mustang debuted with moderate trim changes including a new grille, side ornamentation, wheel covers and gas cap. Ford's new C-4 \"cruise-o-matic\" three-speed auto transmission became available for the 225 hp V8. The 289 \"HiPo\" K-code engine was also offered with a c4 transmission, but it had stronger internals and can be identified by the outer casing of the servo which is marked with a 'C'. The long duration solid-lifter camshaft that allowed the high revving 289 to make the horsepower it was known for, was not friendly for a low stall speed automatic torque converter. The \"HiPo\" could be spotted very easily by the 1-inch-thick (25 mm) vibration damper, (as compared to 1/2 inch on the 225-hp version) and the absence of a vacuum advance unit on the dual point distributor. With the valve covers off, there is a large letter \"K\" stamped between the valve springs, along with screw in studs (vs. a pressed in stud for other 289s) for the adjustable rocker arms. A large number of new paint and interior color options, an AM/eight-track sound system, and one of the first AM/FM mono automobile radios were also offered. It also removed the Falcon instrument cluster; the previously optional features, including the round gauges and padded sun visors, became standard equipment. The Mustang would be the best-selling convertible in 1966, with 72,119 sold, beating the number two Impala by almost 2:1.[29]", "Ford Fox platform. For 1983, the Ford and Mercury product ranges saw a number of extensive changes. To move its full-size nameplates upmarket, the Ford LTD Crown Victoria and Mercury Grand Marquis became the sole full-size sedans, with the restyled Ford LTD and Mercury Marquis replacing the Granada and Cougar sedan/station wagon. To reverse the sales collapse of the Ford Thunderbird and Mercury Cougar (now solely a coupe), Ford redesigned the two coupes with streamlined aerodynamic bodystyling.", "Ford Mustang (third generation). By the mid-1980s, Mustang sales were slumping. Sales were over 100,000 units a year, but were minimal compared to previous numbers. Ford believed that the Mustang had lost its place in the market. They subsequently announced that they would replace the rear-wheel drive Mustang with a Mazda-derived front-wheel-drive version. Mustang fans quickly responded and sent Ford hundreds of thousands of letters, asking them to save the rear-wheel drive Mustang. Ford responded by continuing production of the rear-wheel drive Mustang, and proceeded to rename the front-wheel-drive version as the Probe, which ended up being a replacement for the Escort-based Ford EXP.[8]", "Freeze brand. Since April 1978, all free-ranging mustangs and burros rounded up by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the U.S. Forest Service have been identified with a freeze brand on the left hand side of their neck. Since then it has become extremely rare to find a mustang without a freeze brand.[3] The brand first denotes the registering organization, which is the US Government, as it is the BLM that brands the mustangs. This is followed by the year of birth, which is the two numbers following the registration symbol, stacked vertically, showing only the last two digits of the birth year. The last section is the registration number. This consists of six numbers that indicates the area where the animal originated.[7]" ]

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[ "Small intestine. The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place. The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine and is where preparation for absorption begins. It also receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct, controlled by the sphincter of Oddi. The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food, using small finger-like protrusions called villi.[2]", "Digestion. The major part of digestion takes place in the small intestine. The large intestine primarily serves as a site for fermentation of indigestible matter by gut bacteria and for resorption of water from digests before excretion.", "Small intestine. The small intestine is where most chemical digestion takes place. Many of the digestive enzymes that act in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas and liver and enter the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. Pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder enter the small intestine in response to the hormone cholecystokinin, which is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of nutrients. Secretin, another hormone produced in the small intestine, causes additional effects on the pancreas, where it promotes the release of bicarbonate into the duodenum in order to neutralize the potentially harmful acid coming from the stomach.", "Fish physiology. The small intestine is the part of the digestive tract following the stomach and followed by the large intestine, and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not clear, and the terms anterior or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum.[18] The small intestine is found in all teleosts, although its form and length vary enormously between species. In teleosts, it is relatively short, typically around one and a half times the length of the fish's body. It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca, small pouch-like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of the organ for digesting food. There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts, with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epithelium.[8]", "Human digestive system. Most food digestion takes place in the small intestine. Segmentation contractions act to mix and move the chyme more slowly in the small intestine allowing more time for absorption (and these continue in the large intestine). In the duodenum, pancreatic lipase is secreted together with a co-enzyme, colipase to further digest the fat content of the chyme. From this breakdown, smaller particles of emulsified fats called chylomicrons are produced. There are also digestive cells called enterocytes lining the intestines (the majority being in the small intestine). They are unusual cells in that they have villi on their surface which in turn have innumerable microvilli on their surface. All these villi make for a greater surface area, not only for the absorption of chyme but also for its further digestion by large numbers of digestive enzymes present on the microvilli.", "Small intestine. Digested food is now able to pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine through either diffusion or active transport. The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed. The inner wall, or mucosa, of the small intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue. Structurally, the mucosa is covered in wrinkles or folds called plicae circulares, which are considered permanent features in the wall of the organ. They are distinct from rugae which are considered non-permanent or temporary allowing for distention and contraction. From the plicae circulares project microscopic finger-like pieces of tissue called villi (Latin for \"shaggy hair\"). The individual epithelial cells also have finger-like projections known as microvilli. The functions of the plicae circulares, the villi, and the microvilli are to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients, and to limit the loss of said nutrients to intestinal fauna.", "Gastrointestinal tract. The small intestine begins at the duodenum and is a tubular structure, usually between 6 and 7 m long.[15] Its mucosal area in an adult human is about 30 m2.[16] Its main function is to absorb the products of digestion (including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins) into the bloodstream. There are three major divisions:", "Small intestine. The small intestine is divided into three structural parts.", "Small intestine. The three major classes of nutrients that undergo digestion are proteins, lipids (fats) and carbohydrates:", "Small intestine. The small intestine is a complex organ, and as such, there are a very large number of possible conditions that may affect the function of the small bowel. A few of them are listed below, some of which are common, with up to 10% of people being affected at some time in their lives, while others are vanishingly rare.", "Digestion. In the small intestines, the duodenum provides critical pH balancing to activate digestive enzymes. The liver secretes bile into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic conditions from the stomach, and the pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum, adding bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, thus creating a neutral environment. The mucosal tissue of the small intestines is alkaline with a pH of about 8.5.[citation needed]", "Human digestive system. When the digested food particles are reduced enough in size and composition, they can be absorbed by the intestinal wall and carried to the bloodstream. The first receptacle for this chyme is the duodenal bulb. From here it passes into the first of the three sections of the small intestine, the duodenum. (The next section is the jejunum and the third is the ileum). The duodenum is the first and shortest section of the small intestine. It is a hollow, jointed C-shaped tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. It starts at the duodenal bulb and ends at the suspensory muscle of duodenum. The attachment of the suspensory muscle to the diaphragm is thought to help the passage of food by making a wider angle at its attachment.", "Human digestive system. Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine.", "Small intestine. The small intestine supports the body's immune system.[16] The presence of gut flora appears to contribute positively to the host's immune system. Peyer's patches, located within the ileum of the small intestine, are an important part of the digestive tract's local immune system. They are part of the lymphatic system, and provide a site for antigens from potentially harmful bacteria or other microorganisms in the digestive tract to be sampled, and subsequently presented to the immune system.[17]", "Ruminant. After this, the digesta is moved to the true stomach, the abomasum. This is the gastric compartment of the ruminant stomach. The abomasum is the direct equivalent of the monogastric stomach, and digesta is digested here in much the same way. This compartment releases acids and enzymes that further digest the material passing through. This is also where the ruminant digests the microbes produced in the rumen.[8] Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. The small intestine is the main site of nutrient absorption. the surface area of the digesta is greatly increased here because of the villi that are in the small intestine. This increased surface area allows for greater nutrient absorption. Microbes produced in the reticulorumen are also digested in the small intestine. After the small intestine is the large intestine. The major roles here are breaking down mainly fiber by fermentation with microbes, absorption of water (ions and minerals) and other fermented products, and also expelling waste.[10] Fermentation continues in the large intestine in the same way as in the reticulorumen.", "Stomach. In humans and many other animals, the stomach is located between the oesophagus and the small intestine. It secretes digestive enzymes and gastric acid to aid in food digestion. The pyloric sphincter controls the passage of partially digested food (chyme) from the stomach into the duodenum where peristalsis takes over to move this through the rest of the intestines.", "Small intestine. There is no small intestine as such in non-teleost fish, such as sharks, sturgeons, and lungfish. Instead, the digestive part of the gut forms a spiral intestine, connecting the stomach to the rectum. In this type of gut, the intestine itself is relatively straight but has a long fold running along the inner surface in a spiral fashion, sometimes for dozens of turns. This valve greatly increases both the surface area and the effective length of the intestine. The lining of the spiral intestine is similar to that of the small intestine in teleosts and non-mammalian tetrapods.[21]", "Human digestive system. The lower gastrointestinal tract (GI), includes the small intestine and all of the large intestine.[26] The intestine is also called the bowel or the gut. The lower GI starts at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and finishes at the anus. The small intestine is subdivided into the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The cecum marks the division between the small and large intestine. The large intestine includes the rectum and anal canal.[1]", "Intestinal gland. The enterocytes in the small intestinal mucosa contain digestive enzymes that digest specific foods while they are being absorbed through the epithelium. These enzymes include peptidase, sucrase, maltase, lactase and intestinal lipase. This is in contrast to the gastric glands of the stomach where chief cells secrete pepsinogen.", "Small intestine. In traditional Chinese medicine, the small intestine is a yang organ.[22]", "Microvillus. Microvilli function as the primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Because of this vital function, the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compounds that are more easily absorbed. For example, enzymes that digest carbohydrates called glycosidases are present at high concentrations on the surface of enterocyte microvilli. Thus, microvilli not only increase the cellular surface area for absorption, they also increase the number of digestive enzymes that can be present on the cell surface.", "Human digestive system. The last part of the small intestine is the ileum. This also contains villi and vitamin B12; bile acids and any residue nutrients are absorbed here. When the chyme is exhausted of its nutrients the remaining waste material changes into the semi-solids called feces, which pass to the large intestine, where bacteria in the gut flora further break down residual proteins and starches.[27]", "Insect. Once food leaves the crop, it passes to the midgut (element 13 in numbered diagram), also known as the mesenteron, where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections from the midgut wall, called microvilli, increase the surface area of the wall and allow more nutrients to be absorbed; they tend to be close to the origin of the midgut. In some insects, the role of the microvilli and where they are located may vary. For example, specialized microvilli producing digestive enzymes may more likely be near the end of the midgut, and absorption near the origin or beginning of the midgut.[56]:32", "Human digestive system. The suspensory muscle marks the end of the duodenum and the division between the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower GI tract. The digestive tract continues as the jejunum which continues as the ileum. The jejunum, the midsection of the small intestine contains circular folds, flaps of doubled mucosal membrane which partially encircle and sometimes completely encircle the lumen of the intestine. These folds together with villi serve to increase the surface area of the jejunum enabling an increased absorption of digested sugars, amino acids and fatty acids into the bloodstream. The circular folds also slow the passage of food giving more time for nutrients to be absorbed.", "Small intestine. The small intestine is found in all tetrapods and also in teleosts, although its form and length vary enormously between species. In teleosts, it is relatively short, typically around one and a half times the length of the fish's body. It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca, small pouch-like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of the organ for digesting food. There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts, with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epitheliu [21]", "Insect morphology. Once food leaves the crop, it passes to the midgut (element 13 in numbered diagram), also known as the mesenteron, where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections from the midgut wall, called microvilli, increase the surface area of the wall and allow more nutrients to be absorbed; they tend to be close to the origin of the midgut. In some insects, the role of the microvilli and where they are located may vary. For example, specialized microvilli producing digestive enzymes may more likely be near the end of the midgut, and absorption near the origin or beginning of the midgut.[47]:32", "Cat anatomy. Food then moves on to the jejunum. This is the most nutrient absorptive section of the small intestine. The liver regulates the level of nutrients absorbed into the blood system from the small intestine. From the jejunum, whatever food that has not been absorbed is sent to the ileum which connects to the large intestine.[24] The first part of the large intestine is the cecum and the second portion is the colon. The large intestine reabsorbs water and forms fecal matter.", "Stomach. Although the absorption in the human digestive system is mainly a function of the small intestine, some absorption of certain small molecules nevertheless does occur in the stomach through its lining. This includes:", "Small intestine. Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum, with the following notable exceptions:", "Small intestine. The three sections of the small intestine look similar to each other at a microscopic level, but there are some important differences. The parts of the intestine are as follows:", "Duodenum. The duodenum is largely responsible for the breakdown of food in the small intestine, using enzymes. The duodenum also regulates the rate of emptying of the stomach via hormonal pathways. Secretin and cholecystokinin are released from cells in the duodenal epithelium in response to acidic and fatty stimuli present there when the pylorus opens and releases gastric chyme into the duodenum for further digestion. These cause the liver and gall bladder to release bile, and the pancreas to release bicarbonate and digestive enzymes such as trypsin, lipase and amylase into the duodenum as they are needed.", "Digestion. The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine." ]

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[ "History of the Argentina national football team. In 1969, Argentina began qualifying for the 1970 World Cup under Pedernera. The national squad shared its group with Bolivia and Peru, losing the first two games played as the away team. Although Argentina won the next game (over Bolivia, 1–0), the 2–2 draw against Peru in the last fixture (played at La Bombonera) allowed the Peruvian squad to be one of the South American representatives in the World Cup, eliminating Argentina.[19][20] To date, this remains the only time that Argentina has failed to qualify for a World Cup in which it entered a team. This poor performance that caused the absence of a national representative in the 1970 World Cup is still regarded as one of Argentina's biggest frustrations in its history.[21]", "2018 FIFA World Cup Group D. Argentina failed to win their opening match at a World Cup tournament for the first time since losing to Cameroon in 1990, and it was the first time they drew their opener in the competition. Argentina have missed their last two penalties taken at a World Cup finals (excluding shootouts), with Ariel Ortega failing to convert against Sweden in 2002 before Messi's effort against Iceland in 2018. Finnbogason's goal after 23 minutes was the earliest scored for a nation playing in their first World Cup match since Rashidi Yekini netted after 21 minutes for Nigeria against Bulgaria on 21 June 1994.[6]", "History of the Argentina national football team. Argentina went to the 1990 World Cup with no qualifiers needed as being the previous champion. Prior to the World Cup, the national team played some several matches with no good results: Argentina lost to Mexico (0–2) and Scotland (0–2), winning just one of the five games played (to Israel, chosen again to be the last rival before the tournament as it had been four years before). In addition, Jorge Valdano (one of the most important players during the 1986 World Cup) trained hard in order to be in good physical condition for the Cup, but Bilardo decided not to include him in the definitive list of players. To that, Valdano said, \"I swam through the ocean but I drowned at the shore.\"[44]", "History of the Argentina national football team. Argentina played only one game at the next World Cup in Italy in 1934. The tournament format was a knockout tournament, and Argentina lost its only match 3–2 to Sweden. Argentina would not participate in the 1938 World Cup in France, the last before World War II. The first World Cup after the War was the 1950 World Cup held in Brazil, but Argentina did not enter the competition due to a conflict with the Brazilian Football Confederation. For the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland, Argentina refused to participate.", "History of the Argentina national football team. Argentina had been eliminated at the group stage at Korea/Japan 2002 FIFA World Cup, although they had been among the pre-tournament favorites. There was a high expectation of a better performance in the 2006 World Cup in Germany. Argentina qualified for the knockout stages with wins over the Ivory Coast (2–1) and Serbia and Montenegro (6–0), and a 0–0 draw with the Netherlands.", "Argentina at the FIFA World Cup. This is a record of Argentina's results at the FIFA World Cup. Argentina is one of the most successful national football teams in the world, having won two World Cups in 1978 and 1986. Argentina has been runners up three times in 1930, 1990 and 2014. The team was present in all but four of the World Cups, being behind only Brazil, Italy and Germany in number of appearances. Argentina has also won the Copa América 14 times, one less than Uruguay. Moreover, Argentina has also won the Confederations Cup and the gold medal at the 2004 and 2008 Olympic football tournament. Prior to that, Argentina won two silver medals in the 1928 and 1996 editions. On other levels of international competition, Argentina has won the FIFA U-20 World Cup a record six times. The FIFA U-17 World Cup is the only FIFA international competition yet to be won by Argentina.", "Argentina national football team. La Selección (national team), also known as the Albicelestes, has appeared in five World Cup finals, including the first final in 1930, which they lost 4–2 to Uruguay. Argentina won in their next final appearance in 1978, beating the Netherlands at extra time, 3–1. Argentina, led by Diego Maradona won again in 1986, a 3–2 victory over West Germany. They again made the World Cup finals in 1990, and lost 1–0 to West Germany following a controversial penalty call in the 87th minute. Argentina, led by Lionel Messi made their fifth appearance in a World Cup final in 2014, again losing to Germany, 1–0 during extra-time. Argentina's World Cup winning managers are César Luis Menotti in 1978, and Carlos Bilardo in 1986.", "History of the Argentina national football team. Once more, Argentina made a poor performance in a World Cup. They were defeated by Poland in their opening game by 3–2, followed by a 1–1 draw with Italy. In the last game of the first round, Argentina defeated Haiti 4–1, granting qualification to the second round of the tournament, where the team lost to the Netherlands, Brazil, ending with a 1–1 draw to East Germany. Argentina finished last in the group table and eighth in the overall table.", "Argentina national football team. La Selección (national team), also known as the Albicelestes (sky blue and whites), has appeared in five World Cup finals, including the first final in 1930, which they lost, 4–2, to Uruguay. Argentina won in their next final in 1978, beating the Netherlands, 3–1. Argentina, led by Diego Maradona won again in 1986, a 3–2 victory over West Germany.\nTheir most recent World Cup final was in 2014, which they lost 1–0 to Germany.\nPrevious to this their last World Cup final was in 1990, which they lost, 1–0, to West Germany by a much disputed penalty. Argentina's World Cup winning managers are César Luis Menotti in 1978, and Carlos Bilardo in 1986.", "Argentina national football team. In 2006 they met in the quarter-finals; Argentina lost on penalties after a 1–1 draw. They met again at the same stage in 2010, this time ending with a 4–0 victory for Germany. They played each other for the third consecutive World Cup in the Brazil 2014 event's final, where Argentina were defeated in extra time by a score of 1–0.", "History of the Argentina national football team. Argentina qualified for the 2014 World Cup and were drawn into Group F alongside Nigeria, Iran and debutants Herzegovina. Argentina had beaten all three of those teams, easily making it through to the next round. In the next round, they beat Switzerland 1–0 after a goalless 90 minutes. In the quarter-finals, they beat Belgium, also 1–0 through an early goal. They then beat the Netherlands]] 4–2 from a penalty shootout in São Paulo, but lost to eventual winners Germany in the final at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, concluding the World Cup runners-up.", "Argentina at the FIFA World Cup. The Dutch side was missing a superstar of their own: Johann Cruyff did not join the 1978 World Cup squads due to the aftermath of a kidnapping attempt which occurred in 1977. He only disclosed this information 30 years later.", "History of the Argentina national football team. Argentina returned to a World Cup competition after 24 years, more precisely to the 1958 held in Sweden. The team suffered the absence of Maschio, Angelillo and Sívori (playing in the Italian first division but not called by Stábile for the tournament[14]), who had made outstanding performances in Lima one year before. Although the squad was formed with valued players, the lack of experience facing European squads was evidenced once the tournament finished. Argentina lost to West Germany 3-1 in the first game, though they came back to defeat Northern Ireland in the second match. Argentina was finally thrashed by Czechoslovakia 6–1, one of the worst defeats of a national team in a World Cup and being eliminated from the competition. The poor performance was called \"El desastre de Suecia\" (\"The Sweden disaster\"). After the team arrived in Buenos Aires, 10,000 people were expecting in the Ezeiza International Airport to insult them.[15]", "History of the Argentina national football team. Immediately after the Copa América, Argentina had to play the qualifiers for the 1994 World Cup, held in the United States. The team shared group with Colombia, Paraguay and Peru. Argentina won the first two as visitor to Peru (1–0 in Lima) and Paraguay (3–1 in Asunción) but lost to Colombia 2–1 in Barranquilla. In Buenos Aires, Argentina defeated Peru 2–1, drew with Paraguay 0–0 and suffered a catastrophic loss to Colombia 5–0 on 5 September 1993 in the Estadio Monumental. It became the largest defeat to a national team since a 1–6 result in the 1958 World Cup. Colombia (with great players such as Carlos Valderrama, Freddy Rincón, Faustino Asprilla and Leonel Álvarez) not only won the qualifiers unbeaten, but sent Argentina to play against the representative of Oceania to get a place for the World Cup.[60]", "History of the Argentina national football team. Since its establishment, the Argentina national team has appeared in five FIFA World Cup finals, including the first final in 1930, 1978 (when the team won its first World Cup) beating the Netherlands), the 1986 (winning its second World Cup after defeating West Germany), 1990 and 2014.", "History of the Argentina national football team. Although Argentina did not contest any World Cups from 1934 to 1954, the team won the 1937, 1941, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1955 and 1957 South American championships, all squads coached by Guillermo Stábile.", "History of the Argentina national football team. Back to Argentina, the team started its preparation for the 1989 Copa América, held in Brazil. Argentina qualified to the second round after beating Chile and Uruguay (both 1–0) and two draws with Ecuador and Bolivia (both 0–0). In the second stage, Argentina lost to Brazil and Uruguay (both 2–0) and only drew with Paraguay (0–0). Argentina was eliminated without winning a game and with no goals scored on this round. Some players of the team were Pumpido, Brown, Ruggeri, Clausen, Cuciuffo, Burruchaga, Maradona, Enrique, Giusti (all of them world champions in 1986), Claudio Caniggia, Abel Balbo, Luis Islas, Roberto Sensini, Gabriel Calderón, Néstor Gorosito and Pedro Troglio.", "History of the Argentina national football team. After the World Cup, Bilardo resigned, considering that his era had finished, as did Diego Maradona, announcing that the 1990 World Cup had been his last tournament.[54]", "History of the Argentina national football team. Argentina entered the 1986 World Cup with hope because of one player, Diego Maradona. Argentina was placed in Group A alongside Italy, Bulgaria, and South Korea. In the first game, Argentina was able to beat South Korea 3–1. The second match was against Italy, a tougher opponent. Italy took the lead in the sixth minute but Diego Maradona responded with a goal in the 34th minute. The game later ended with a 1–1 draw. The last group game was against Bulgaria, which resulted in a 2–0 Argentina win; therefore Argentina passed to the next round being the first in the group.", "Argentina at the FIFA World Cup. In 1990, Argentina faced West Germany in a repeat of the 1986 edition. Pedro Monzón became the first player ever to be sent off in a World Cup final, but was later joined by team mate Gustavo Dezotti. The match was decided by a penalty kick in favour of Germany.", "History of the Argentina national football team. After having qualified for the 1974 World Cup, Sívori left and was replaced by Vladislao Cap. With its new coach on the bench, Argentina played only four matches before the competition, facing European teams. Argentina defeated Romania and France and drew England before suffering a defeat to the Netherlands by 4–1.", "Argentina at the FIFA World Cup. Argentina hosted the 1978 edition of the World Cup and reached the final. The Netherlands had already played the previous final in West Germany 1974 - and also lost to the hosts.", "Diego Maradona. Maradona captained Argentina again in the 1990 World Cup in Italy to yet another World Cup final. An ankle injury affected his overall performance, and he was much less dominant than four years earlier. After losing their opening game to Cameroon at the San Siro in Milan, Argentina were almost eliminated in the first round, only qualifying in third position from their group. In the round of 16 match against Brazil in Turin, Claudio Caniggia scored the only goal after being set up by Maradona.[76]", "Argentina national football team. Argentina have played Germany in three FIFA World Cup finals: In 1986 Argentina won 3–2, but in 1990 it was the Germans who were the victors by a 1–0 scoreline.", "History of the Argentina national football team. Argentina finally debuted on 2 June 1978 against Hungary, winning 2–1. Argentina defeated France by 2–1 in the second game and qualifying for the second stage, although the team lost to Italy by 1–0, finishing second in Group A. In the second round Argentina was placed in Group 1 sharing it with Brazil, Poland and Peru. In the first game, Argentina beat Poland 2–0, with both goals from Mario Kempes. Next game was against South American powerhouse Brazil in which the game ended with a 0–0 draw. The last game was against Peru, a rival that Argentina easily defeated with a 6–0 win. Argentina was able to edge out Brazil in the group and went on to the final. Argentina had to beat Peru by four goals or more to progress. The nature of Argentina's victory has fueled rumors that the match was fixed.[29]", "History of the Argentina national football team. Prior to the 2010 World Cup, Diego Maradona was appointed head coach. Argentina was placed in Group B, winning all their games. Their first game was against Nigeria, where Argentina netted a goal in the sixth minute to ensure a 1–0 victory. In the second match, against South Korea, a Gonzalo Higuaín hat-trick and a Korean own goal finished the score at 4–1. Argentina's last group game was against Greece, a 2–0 victory.", "History of the Argentina national football team. Argentina entered the subsequent tournament, the 2015 Copa América as heavy favorites to take home the trophy. They began their group stage against Paraguay, where after leading 2–0 for most of the match ultimately settled for a 2–2 draw. Despite doubts in defence, they overcame the difficulties to beat fellow tournament favorites Uruguay and Jamaica. Their quarter-final opponent was Colombia, whose sturdy defense was impossible to break through and goalkeeper David Ospina making impressive saves to keep the game tied at 0–0. In penalties, Argentina missed several chances until Carlos Tevez, who was the sole player to miss his spot kick during the previous tournament, netted his attempt to send la Albiceleste through to the semi-finals to face Paraguay. The game was evenly played until half-time, when the score was 2–1 to Argentina, but four more goals during the second half allowed Argentina to cruise to the final, where they met host nation Chile.", "History of the Argentina national football team. Qualifying for the 1974 World Cup began in September 1973, where Argentina shared its group with Bolivia and Paraguay. Bolivia used to play its home venues at La Paz, where Argentine players suffered the lack of oxygen and other effects caused by altitude sickness. To avoid complications, Sívori decide to prepare a team to play in altitude. Following his instructions, Miguel Ignomiriello took many players to Tilcara so they could become acclimatized to altitude.[22][23]", "History of the Argentina national football team. In 1978, the final preparations for the World Cup began, playing several matches against South American and European teams. Although Maradona was considered one of the best players in the world, Menotti did not include him in the definitive list for the tournament. Some sources state that the Argentine military junta that ruled Argentina by then pushed Menotti to include River Plate's midfielder Norberto Alonso instead of Maradona, and that Menotti almost certainly knew that the prodigiously talented 17-year old would not be able to handle the immense pressure and attention in the biggest sporting event in Argentina's history. Nevertheless, other journalists assert that there were too many offensive midfielders.[28]", "History of the Argentina national football team. Argentina had to play two knockout games against Australia to earn a place at the World Cup. Basile asked Maradona to return to the national squad so the team needed him to qualify to the Cup. Maradona agreed and he flew to Sydney with the rest of the team.[63] Argentina played the first game on 31 October 1993 which ended 1–1. The second match was in Buenos Aires, where the national team won 1–0 (Batistuta) qualifying for the World Cup.[64]", "2018 FIFA World Cup Group D. This was Croatia's first victory in five attempts against a South American team at the World Cup, having lost the previous four.[18] This was Argentina's heaviest defeat in the first-round group stage of a World Cup since losing 6–1 to Czechoslovakia in 1958. Argentina have failed to win either of their opening two group stage matches for the first time since 1974.[19]", "Argentina national football team. The following players were called up for the 2018 FIFA World Cup and preceding warm-up matches.[22][23]\nCaps and goals correct as of: 30 June 2018, after the match against France" ]

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[ "Major League Baseball. The current MLB regular season, consisting of 162 games per team, typically begins on the first Sunday in April and ends on the first Sunday in October. Each team's schedule is typically organized into three-game series, with occasional two- or four-game series.[117] Postponed games or continuations of suspended games can result in an ad hoc one-game or five-game series. A team's series are organized into homestands and road trips that group multiple series together. Teams generally play games five to seven days per week, commonly having Monday or Thursday as an off day. Frequently, games are scheduled at night. Sunday games are generally played during the afternoon, allowing teams to travel to their next destination prior to a Monday night game. In addition, teams will play day games frequently on Opening Day, holidays, and getaway days.", "Major League Baseball schedule. The Major League Baseball (MLB) season schedule consists of 162 games for each of the 30 teams in the American League (AL) and National League (NL), played over approximately six months—a total of 2,430 games, plus the postseason. The regular season runs from late March/early April to late September/early October, followed by the postseason which can run to early November. The season begins with the official Opening Day, and, as of 2018, runs 26½ weeks through the last Sunday of September or first Sunday of October. One or more International Opener games may be scheduled outside the United States before the official Opening Day.[1][2] It is possible for a given team to play a maximum of 20 games in the postseason in a given year, provided the team is a wild card and advances to each of the Division Series, Championship Series, and World Series with each series going the distance (5 games in the Division Series, 7 games each in the League Championship Series/World Series).", "Opening Day. Opening Day is the day on which professional baseball leagues begin their regular season. For Major League Baseball and most of the minor leagues, this day typically falls during the first week of April.", "2017 Major League Baseball season. The 2017 Major League Baseball season began on April 2, 2017 with three games, including the 2016 World Series champions Chicago Cubs facing off against the St. Louis Cardinals, and ended on October 1. The postseason began on October 3. The 2017 World Series began October 24 and Game 7 was played on November 1, in which the Houston Astros defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers, 5-1, to capture their first World Series championship in franchise history.", "2018 Major League Baseball season. The 2018 Major League Baseball season began on March 29, 2018, and is scheduled to end on September 30. The postseason will begin on October 2. The 2018 World Series is set to begin on October 23, and a potential Game 7 is scheduled on October 31.[2]", "Opening Day. Major League Baseball had most of its teams open the 2011 season on a Thursday (March 31) or Friday (April 1) rather than the traditional Monday, in order to prevent the World Series from extending into November.[23] Similarly, most teams opened the 2012 season on Thursday (April 5) or Friday (April 6). However, subsequent seasons through 2017 returned to Monday openers for most teams. For the 2018 season, all 30 teams were scheduled to open the season on Thursday, March 29 (the earliest domestic start for a regular season in MLB history, and the first time since 1968 that all major league teams were scheduled to start the season on the same day, although two games were subsequently rained out and postponed to Friday, March 30).[24]", "2018 Major League Baseball season. Under the new collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016, the regular season has been extended to 187 days in order to add four additional off-days for all teams. All teams were scheduled to play Opening Day, March 29–the earliest domestic start of a regular season in MLB history. There will no longer be a Sunday-night game on the final Sunday before the All-Star Game. A single, nationally televised afternoon game will be played on the Thursday after the All-Star Game (which for 2018, will be played between the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs), before all other teams return from break the next day.[3][4][5]", "Opening Day. Opening Day festivities extend throughout the sport of baseball, from hundreds of Minor League Baseball franchises to college, high school, and youth leagues in North America and beyond. Since Major League Baseball generally starts their season first among professional leagues, their Opening Day is the one most commonly recognized by the general public. Most of the minor leagues start a few days later, but within the same week; the short season Class A and Rookie leagues are exceptions, since they begin play in June. (College, high school and youth baseball seasons vary widely depending on location and weather conditions.) Opening Day ignores the exhibition games played during spring training in the month leading up to Opening Day.", "Spring training. Spring training typically starts in mid-February and continues until just before Opening Day of the regular season, traditionally the first week of April. In some years, teams not scheduled to play on Opening Day will play spring training games that day. Pitchers and catchers report to spring training first because pitchers benefit from a longer training period. A few days later, position players arrive and team practice begins.", "Opening Day. Since 1994 ESPN has televised a regular-season game the night before \"Opening Day\" and recent years have seen the staging of season-opening series in Mexico, Puerto Rico, Japan, and Australia. While these are technically \"opening games\", Major League Baseball still reserves the title \"Opening Day\" for the first day in which multiple games are played. (For the first time ever, three televised games were played on Sunday, April 3, 2016, before the traditional \"Opening Day\" slate of games on Monday, April 4.)[5][6][7]", "Major League Baseball. Spring training typically lasts almost two months, starting in mid February and running until just before the season opening day, traditionally the first week of April. As pitchers benefit from a longer training period, pitchers and catchers begin spring training several days before the rest of the team.[116]", "Major League Baseball schedule. The regular season is constructed from series. Due to travel concerns and the sheer number of games, pairs of teams are never scheduled to play single games against each other (except in the instance of making up a postponed game); instead they play games on several consecutive days in the same ballpark. Most often the series are of three or four games, but two-game series are also scheduled. Teams play one mid-week series and one weekend series per week. Depending on the length of the series, mid-week series games are usually scheduled between Monday and Thursday, while weekend games are scheduled between Thursday and Monday. Beginning in 2018, teams start and end their season on a weekend for a total of 26½ weeks. Due to the mid-week all-star break in July, teams are scheduled to play 27 weekend series and 25 mid-week series for a total of 52 series (24 divisional series, 20 inter-divisional series, 8 inter-league series). A team's road games are usually grouped into a multi-series road trip; home series are grouped into homestands.", "Major League Baseball schedule. Under the new collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016, several changes were done to the scheduling pattern for the 2018 season. The overall length of the season has been extended to 187 days with the addition of four off-days for all teams. All teams will play on Opening Day, which for 2018 will be held on March 29. Sunday Night Baseball will no longer be played on the final Sunday before the All-Star Game, in order to ease travel time for those who are participating in the Home Run Derby. A single, nationally televised afternoon game will be played the following Thursday, with all other teams returning to play on Friday.[4][5]", "Opening Day. Opening Day is a state of mind as well, with countless baseball fans known to recognize this unofficial holiday as a good reason to call in sick at work or be truant from school (as most teams typically play their home opener in the afternoon) and go out to the ballpark for the first of 162 regular season games. Teams' home openers serve as the only regular season games during the year in which the entire rosters of both teams as well as coaches and clubhouse staff are introduced to the crowd prior to the games; for the rest of the year, ballparks only introduce the starting lineups (including the designated hitter in American League ballparks) and the team's manager. Some teams, among them the New York Mets, have had their broadcasters as the master of pre-game ceremonies for their home openers, which also typically feature appearances by retired players, local celebrities or media personalities, politicians, and other dignitaries.", "Major League Baseball. When the regular season ends after the first Sunday in October (or the last Sunday in September), ten teams enter the postseason playoffs. These ten teams consist of six teams that are division champions by earning the best regular season overall win-loss record for their respective divisions, and four who are \"wild-card\" teams that are each one of two teams in their respective leagues who have earned the best regular season win-loss record, but are not division champions. Four rounds of series of games are played to determine the champion:", "2011 Major League Baseball season. The 2011 Major League Baseball season began on Thursday, March 31, and ended on Wednesday, September 28.[1] This marked the first time a season began on a Thursday since 1976, and the first time a regular season ended on a Wednesday since 1990. The 82nd edition of the Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played at Chase Field in Phoenix, Arizona, on July 12 with the National League defeating the American League for the second straight year, by a score of 5–1. As has been the case since 2003, the league winning that game has home field advantage in the World Series. Accordingly, the 2011 World Series began on October 19, and ended on October 28, with the St. Louis Cardinals winning in seven games over the Texas Rangers.[1]", "Minor League Baseball. Short season leagues, as the name implies, play a shortened season of 76 games, starting in mid-June and ending in early September, with only a few off-days during the season. The late start of the season is designed to allow college players to complete their college seasons in the spring, then be drafted, signed, and immediately placed in a competitive league (The MLB First Year Player Draft begins on the first Monday in June).", "2018 Major League Baseball season. Nine regular season games will be broadcast exclusively in the United States on Facebook Watch, beginning with the April 4 game between the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies.[60]", "Major League Baseball schedule. Start of Major League Baseball games depends on days of the week, game number in series, holidays, and other factors. Most games start at 7pm in the local time zone, so there are more night games than day games even though baseball is traditionally played during the day. The reason why there are more night baseball games is to attract more fans to ballparks as well as viewers from home because most fans would be at work or school during the day. On Mondays (excluding Opening Day and holidays), Tuesdays, and Fridays, games are almost exclusively played at night except for Cubs home games. Getaway days, days on which teams play their last game of the series before departing for another series in another city the next day, are usually day games, mainly Sundays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays. On Sundays, usually all but one are day games, with the final game reserved for ESPN's Sunday Night Baseball.", "2018 Major League Baseball season. Updated through April 26", "Cape Cod Baseball League. The Cape Cod League regular season starts in mid-June and runs through mid-August.[6] The playoffs determine the East and West Division Champions, who then compete for the League Championship.", "Major League Baseball schedule. For all six early seasons, prior to the first league schedule in 1877, member clubs scheduled their own matches by mutual arrangement, including championship games necessarily with member clubs, other games with members, and games with non-member clubs. Some may have practically dictated their arrangements with some others, but there was no central control or coordination.", "Spring training. In Major League Baseball (MLB), spring training is a series of practices and exhibition games preceding the start of the regular season. Spring training allows new players to try out for roster and position spots, and gives established players practice time prior to competitive play. Spring training has always attracted fan attention, drawing crowds who travel to the warmer climates to enjoy the weather and watch their favorite teams play, and spring training usually coincides with spring break for many US college students.", "2017 Major League Baseball season. In March 2017, Major League Baseball and the Major League Baseball Players Association agreed to seven rule changes.[11]", "Dominican Professional Baseball League. Each team plays a fifty-game round-robin schedule that begins at the middle of October and runs to the end of December. The top four teams engage in another round-robin schedule with 18 games per team from the end of December to the end of January; the top two teams in those standings then play a best-of-nine series for the national title. The league's champion advances to the Caribbean Series to play against the representatives from Mexico, Venezuela, Cuba and Puerto Rico.[1]", "Opening Day. In the beginning, there was no baseball. But ever since, there have been few beginnings as good as the start of a new baseball season. It is the most splendid time in sport, in part because baseball is about the only sport left—now that football players report to training camp before the Fourth of July, and hockey players start skating in Indian summer—that still has a time and is true to it.", "Major League Baseball All-Star Game. The game usually occurs on either the second or third Tuesday in July, and is meant to mark a symbolic halfway-point in the MLB season (though not the mathematical halfway-point which, for most seasons, is usually found within the previous calendar week). Both of the major leagues share an All-Star break, with no regular-season games scheduled on the day before or two days[1] after the All-Star Game itself. Some additional events and festivities associated with the game take place each year close to and during this break in the regular season.", "2017 NCAA Division I baseball season. The 2017 NCAA Division I baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I level, began in February 2017. The season progressed through the regular season, many conference tournaments and championship series, and concluded with the 2017 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament and 2017 College World Series. The College World Series, consisted of the eight remaining teams in the NCAA Tournament and held annually in Omaha, Nebraska at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha, ended June 27, 2017.", "2018 NCAA Division I baseball season. The 2018 NCAA Division I Baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I level, began in February 2018. The season is progressing through the regular season, many conference tournaments and championship series, and will conclude with the 2018 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament and 2018 College World Series. The College World Series, consisting of the eight remaining teams in the NCAA Tournament and held annually in Omaha, Nebraska at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha, will end in June 2018.", "College baseball. For 2008 and succeeding seasons, the NCAA mandated the first ever start date for Division I baseball, thirteen weeks before the selection of the NCAA tournament field, which takes place on Memorial Day.[citation needed]", "Autumn. American football is played almost exclusively in the autumn months; at the high school level, seasons run through September and October, with some playoff games and holiday rivalry contests being played as late as Thanksgiving. College football's regular season runs from September through November, while the main professional circuit, the National Football League, plays from September through December. Summer sports, such as stock car racing and Major League Baseball, wrap up their seasons in early autumn; MLB's championship World Series is known popularly as the \"Fall Classic\".[21] (Amateur baseball is usually finished by August.) Likewise, professional winter sports, such as professional ice hockey, basketball and most leagues of soccer football in Europe, are in the early stages of their seasons during autumn; American college basketball and college ice hockey play teams outside their athletic conferences during the late autumn before their in-conference schedules begin in winter.", "Major League Baseball schedule. This account gives the length of the major league \"championship season\" schedule by league and year. It does not cover the curtailment of play by war (1918) or by strikes and lockouts (1972, 1981, 1994). The schedules for 1995 were revised and shortened from 162 to 144 games, after late resolution of the strike that had begun in 1994 required a delay in the season to accommodate limited spring training." ]

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[ "Knob-and-tube wiring. Knob-and-tube wiring can be made with high current carrying capacity. However, most existing residential knob-and-tube installations, dating to before 1940, have fewer branch circuits than is desired today. While these installations were adequate for the electrical loads at the time of installation, modern households use a range and intensity of electrical equipment unforeseen at the time. Household power use increased dramatically following World War II, due to the wide availability of new electrical appliances and devices.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Knob and tube wiring was eventually displaced from interior wiring systems because of the high cost of installation compared with use of power cables, which combined both power conductors of a circuit in one run (and which later included grounding conductors).", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Knob-and-tube wiring (sometimes abbreviated K&T) is an early standardized method of electrical wiring in buildings, in common use in North America from about 1880 to the 1930s.[1][2] It consisted of single-insulated copper conductors run within wall or ceiling cavities, passing through joist and stud drill-holes via protective porcelain insulating tubes, and supported along their length on nailed-down porcelain knob insulators. Where conductors entered a wiring device such as a lamp or switch, or were pulled into a wall, they were protected by flexible cloth insulating sleeving called loom. The first insulation was asphalt-saturated cotton cloth, then rubber became common. Wire splices in such installations were twisted together for good mechanical strength, then soldered and wrapped with rubber insulating tape and friction tape (asphalt saturated cloth), or made inside metal junction boxes.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Under the US electrical code, Carter system wiring layouts have now been banned, even for permissible new installations of K&T wiring. However, electricians must be aware of this older system, which is still present in many existing older electrical installations.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Wiring running through tubes, and turning a corner supported by a knob. Notice the direct splice with more modern (1950s-era) non-metallic sheathed cable. This type of connection is forbidden by the National Electrical Code, and a junction box should have been used.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. At present, new knob and tube installations are permitted in the US only in a few very specific situations listed in the National Electrical Code, such as certain industrial and agricultural environments.[citation needed]", "Electrical wiring. By the 1940s, the labour cost of installing two conductors rather than one cable resulted in a decline in new knob-and-tube installations. However, the US code still allows new K&T wiring installations in special situations (some rural and industrial applications).", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Historically, wiring installation requirements were less demanding in the age of knob-and-tube wiring than today. Compared to modern electrical wiring standards, these are the main technical shortcomings of knob-and-tube wiring methods:", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Over time, the price of electrician labor grew faster than the cost of materials. This removed the price advantage of K&T methods, especially since they required time-consuming skillful soldering of in-line splices and junctions, and careful hand-wrapping of connections in layers of insulating tape.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. In the early 1900s, K&T wiring was less expensive to install than other wiring methods. For several decades, electricians could choose between K&T wiring, conduit, armored cable, and metal junction boxes. The conduit methods were known to be of better quality, but cost significantly more than K&T.[2] In 1909, flexible armored cable cost about twice as much as K&T, and conduit cost about three times the price of K&T.[3] Knob and tube wiring persisted since it allowed owners to wire a building for electricity at lower cost.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Ceramic cleats, which were block-shaped pieces, served a purpose similar to that of the knobs. Not all knob and tube installations utilized cleats.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. But with old K&T, a past electrician might have reasoned as follows: \"I have a 20 amp circuit on one phase over here, and another 20 amp circuit on an opposite phase over there. Rather than run an entirely new set of wires for this one device, I will just tap off the supply wires of those two circuits and bring them together for this one device.\" This method of wiring does work and it reduces the amount of wire used, but it makes electrical problems very hard to find and fix, with (possibly undocumented) wires going all over the place within the walls and ceilings, to whatever was the most expedient supply or return wire at the time of installation.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. In short, K&T wiring that was installed correctly, and not damaged or incorrectly modified since then, is fairly safe when used within the original current-carrying limits.[4][5][6][7]", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Knob supporting a wire change in direction.", "Multiway switching. The Carter system was a method of wiring 3-way switches in the era of early knob-and-tube wiring. This now-obsolete wiring method has been prohibited by the USA National Electrical Code since 1923,[2] even in new knob-and-tube installations which are still permitted under certain circumstances. This wiring system may still be encountered in older \"grandfathered\" electrical installations.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Wiring devices such as light switches, receptacle outlets, and lamp sockets were either surface-mounted, suspended, or flush-mounted within walls and ceilings. Only in the last case were metal boxes always used to enclose the wiring and device.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Modern home buyers often find that existing K&T systems lack the capacity for today's levels of power use. First-generation wiring systems became susceptible to abuse by homeowners who would replace blown fuses with fuses rated for higher current. This overfusing of the circuits subjects wiring to higher levels of current and risks heat damage or fire.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Knobs supporting long runs of wire", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Splice with more modern power outlet, a probable code violation as seen here.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Currently, the United States National Electrical Code forbids the use of loose, blown-in, or expanding foam insulation over K&T wiring.[9] This is because K&T is designed to let heat dissipate to the surrounding air. As a result, energy efficiency upgrades that involve insulating previously uninsulated walls usually also require replacement of the wiring in affected homes. However, California, Washington, Nebraska, and Oregon have modified the NEC to conditionally allow insulation around K&T. They did not find a single fire that was attributed to K&T, and permit insulation provided the home first passes inspection by an electrician.[10][11]", "Knob-and-tube wiring. In many older K&T installations, the supply and return wires were routed separately from each other, rather than being located parallel to and near each other. This direct routing method has the advantage of reduced cost by allowing use of the shortest possible lengths of wire, but the major disadvantage is that a detailed building wiring diagram is needed for other electricians to understand multiple interwoven circuits, especially if the wiring is not fully visible throughout its length. By contrast, modern electrical codes now require that all residential wiring connections be made only inside protective enclosures, such as junction boxes, and that all connections must remain accessible for inspection, troubleshooting, repair, or modification.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Knob supporting a splice", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Knobs serving multiple functions", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Modern electrical codes generally do not require a neutral fuse. Instead, they explicitly forbid configurations that might break continuity of the neutral conductor, unless all associated hot conductors are also simultaneously disconnected (for example, with ganged or \"tied\" circuit breakers).", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Knob-and-tube wiring may also be damaged by building renovations.[8] Its cloth and rubber insulation can dry out and turn brittle.[7] It may also be damaged by rodents and careless activities such as hanging objects from wiring running in accessible areas like basements.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Another practice that was common (or even required) in some older K&T designs was the installation of separate fuses in both the hot wire and the neutral (return) wire of an electrical circuit. The failure of a neutral fuse would cut off power flow through the affected circuit, but the hot conductor could still remain hot relative to ground, an unexpected and potentially hazardous situation. Because of the presence of a neutral fuse, the neutral conductor could not be relied on to remain near ground potential, and could in fact be at full line potential instead (via transmission of voltage through a switched-on light bulb, for example).", "Knob-and-tube wiring. K&T wiring was commonly insulated with cotton cloth and soft rubber, in addition to the porcelain standoffs. Although the actual wire covering may have degraded over the decades, the porcelain standoffs have a nearly unlimited lifespan and will keep any bare wires safely insulated. Today, porcelain standoffs are still commonly used with bare-wire electric fencing for livestock, and such porcelain standoffs carry far higher voltage surges without risk of shorting to ground.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. By wrapping electrical wires around the knob, and securing them with tie wires, the knob could be used to securely and permanently anchor the wire. The knobs separated the wire from potentially combustible framework, facilitated changes in direction, and ensured that wires were not subject to excessive tension. Because the wires were suspended in air, they could dissipate heat well.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Ceramic tubes were inserted into holes bored in wall studs or floor joists, and the wires were directed through them. This kept the wires from coming into contact with the wood framing members and from being compressed by the wood as the house settled. Ceramic tubes were sometimes also used when wires crossed over each other, for protection in case the upper wire were to break and fall on the lower conductor.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Ceramic junction for suspended light socket. Note deteriorated wire insulation.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. For older K&T installations, the supply and return wires were not necessarily installed as a pair, and did not necessarily have to be near each other at all. From the fusebox, a single supply wire would go to the first switch. From there, it would divide into two switching wires. At the second, remote switch the two wires would come together to be a single supply wire again. Finally this supply wire would be routed from the second switch to the light fixture, and then a single return wire would take the shortest path through the building back to the fusebox. The foregoing is an example of the so-called Carter system wire layout.", "Knob-and-tube wiring. Ceramic tubes protecting wires passing through ceiling joists." ]

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[ "Information system. The six components that must come together in order to produce an information system are: (Information systems are organizational procedures and do not need a computer or software, this data is erroneous) (IE, an accounting system in the 1400s using ledger and ink utilizes an information system)", "Information system. The first four components (hardware, software, database, and network) make up what is known as the information technology platform. Information technology workers could then use these components to create information systems that watch over safety measures, risk and the management of data. These actions are known as information technology services.[19]", "Information system. A computer(-based) information system is essentially an IS using computer technology to carry out some or all of its planned tasks. The basic components of computer-based information systems are:", "Information system. \"An information system (IS) is a group of components that interact to produce information.\"[1]", "System. In computer science and information science, system is a software system which has components as its structure and observable inter-process communications as its behavior. Again, an example will illustrate: There are systems of counting, as with Roman numerals, and various systems for filing papers, or catalogues, and various library systems, of which the Dewey Decimal System is an example. This still fits with the definition of components which are connected together (in this case in order to facilitate the flow of information).", "Information system. There are various types of information systems, for example: transaction processing systems, decision support systems, knowledge management systems, learning management systems, database management systems, and office information systems. Critical to most information systems are information technologies, which are typically designed to enable humans to perform tasks for which the human brain is not well suited, such as: handling large amounts of information, performing complex calculations, and controlling many simultaneous processes.", "Information system. Several IS scholars have debated the nature and foundations of Information Systems which have its roots in other reference disciplines such as Computer Science, Engineering, Mathematics, Management Science, Cybernetics, and others.[45][46][47][48] Information systems also can be defined as a collection of hardware, software, data, people and procedures that work together to produce quality information.", "Information system. An information system (IS) is an organized system for the collection, organization, storage and communication of information. More specifically, it is the study of complementary networks that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and distribute data.[according to whom?]", "Information system. A computer information system is a system composed of people and computers that processes or interprets information.[2][3][4][5] The term is also sometimes used in more restricted senses to refer to only the software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a computer system.", "Information needs. There are variables within a system that influence the question and its formation. Taylor divided them into five groups: general aspects (physical and geographical factors); system input (What type of material is put into the system, and what is the unit item?); internal organization (classification, indexing, subject heading, and similar access schemes); question input (what part do human operators play in the total system?); output (interim feedback).", "Information system. Information Systems is an academic study of systems with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data. An emphasis is placed on an information system having a definitive boundary, users, processors, storage, inputs, outputs and the aforementioned communication networks.[6]", "Information system. As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action.", "Marketing information system. According to Robert Jamon (2003), MkIS systems are decomposed on four components: (1) user interfaces, (2) application software, (3) databases, and (4) system support. The following is a description of each one of these components.", "Information cascade. The two-step process of an informational cascade can be broken down into five basic components:", "Information system. Certain information systems support parts of organizations, others support entire organizations, and still others, support groups of organizations. Recall that each department or functional area within an organization has its own collection of application programs or information systems. These functional area information systems (FAIS) are supporting pillars for more general IS namely, business intelligence systems and dashboards[citation needed]. As the name suggest, each FAIS support a particular function within the organization, e.g.: accounting IS, finance IS, production / operation management (POM) IS, marketing IS, and human resources IS. In finance and accounting, managers use IT systems to forecast revenues and business activity, to determine the best sources and uses of funds, and to perform audits to ensure that the organization is fundamentally sound and that all financial reports and documents are accurate. Other types of organizational information systems are FAIS, Transaction processing systems, enterprise resource planning, office automation system, management information system, decision support system, expert system, executive dashboard, supply chain management system, and electronic commerce system. Dashboards are a special form of IS that support all managers of the organization. They provide rapid access to timely information and direct access to structured information in the form of reports. Expert systems attempt to duplicate the work of human experts by applying reasoning capabilities, knowledge, and expertise within a specific domain.", "Information system. Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision-making.[7][8] An information system is the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, and also the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.[9]", "Information system. Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.[10]", "Executive information system. Choosing the appropriate software is vital to an effective EIS.[citation needed] Therefore, the software components and how they integrate the data into one system are important. A typical EIS includes four software components:", "Information system. Silver et al. (1995) provided two views on IS that includes software, hardware, data, people, and procedures.[15] Zheng provided another system view of information system which also adds processes and essential system elements like environment, boundary, purpose, and interactions. The Association for Computing Machinery defines \"Information systems specialists [as] focus[ing] on integrating information technology solutions and business processes to meet the information needs of businesses and other enterprises.\"[16]", "Marketing information system. According to Philip Kotler, the four components that comprise the MkIS system are Internal Reports (Records) System, Marketing Research System, Marketing Intelligence System, and Marketing Decision Support System.", "Information system. The field of study called information systems encompasses a variety of topics including systems analysis and design, computer networking, information security, database management and decision support systems. Information management deals with the practical and theoretical problems of collecting and analyzing information in a business function area including business productivity tools, applications programming and implementation, electronic commerce, digital media production, data mining, and decision support. Communications and networking deals with the telecommunication technologies. Information systems bridges business and computer science using the theoretical foundations of information and computation to study various business models and related algorithmic processes [25] on building the IT systems [26][27] within a computer science discipline.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] Computer information system(s) (CIS) is a field studying computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society,[41][42][43] whereas IS emphasizes functionality over design.[44]", "Information system. Alter[11][12] argues for advantages of viewing an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans or machines perform processes and activities using resources to produce specific products or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying information.[13]", "Information system. In a broad scope, the term Information Systems is a scientific field of study that addresses the range of strategic, managerial, and operational activities involved in the gathering, processing, storing, distributing, and use of information and its associated technologies in society and organizations.[50] The term information systems is also used to describe an organizational function that applies IS knowledge in industry, government agencies, and not-for-profit organizations.[50] Information Systems often refers to the interaction between algorithmic processes and technology. This interaction can occur within or across organizational boundaries. An information system is the technology an organization uses and also the way in which the organizations interact with the technology and the way in which the technology works with the organization’s business processes. Information systems are distinct from information technology (IT) in that an information system has an information technology component that interacts with the processes' components.", "Strategic information system. There is no question that there is considerable overlap between conventional information systems and strategic information systems. Systems are complex and a great deal of data is involved. The idea is to look at this complexity in a new light, and see where competitive advantage might possibly be gained. Note that Wiseman takes Porter’s three generic categories: low cost producer, differentiation, and focus, and extends them to five categories: differentiation, cost, innovations, growth, and alliance.", "Strategic information system. In the strategic view of IS opportunities, there are five strategic information thrusts and three strategic targets. This gives fifteen generic opportunity areas. This opens up the range and perspective of management vision.", "Executive information system. EIS components can typically be classified as:", "Information. Beynon-Davies[19][20] explains the multi-faceted concept of information in terms of signs and signal-sign systems. Signs themselves can be considered in terms of four inter-dependent levels, layers or branches of semiotics: pragmatics, semantics, syntax, and empirics. These four layers serve to connect the social world on the one hand with the physical or technical world on the other.", "Management information system. The terms management information system (MIS), information system, enterprise resource planning (ERP), and information technology management (IT) are often confused. Information systems and MIS are broader categories that include ERP. Information technology management concerns the operation and company of information technology resources independent of their purpose.", "Computing. \"Information systems (IS)\" is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software (see information technology) that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.[18][19][20][21][22] Computing Careers says on their website that \"A majority of IS programs are located in business schools; however, they may have different names such as management information systems, computer information systems, or business information systems. All IS degrees combine business and computing topics, but the emphasis between technical and organizational issues varies among programs. For example, programs differ substantially in the amount of programming required.\"[23] The study bridges business and computer science using the theoretical foundations of information and computation to study various business models and related algorithmic processes within a computer science discipline.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Computer Information System(s) (CIS) is a field studying computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society[34][35][36] while IS emphasizes functionality over design.[37]", "Management information system. Management information system (MIS) refers to the processing of information through computers and other intelligent devices to manage and support managerial decisions within an organization. The concept may include systems termed transaction processing system, decision support system, expert system, or executive information system. The term is often used in the academic study of businesses and has connections with other areas, such as information systems, information technology, informatics, e-commerce and computer science; as a result, the term is used interchangeably with some of these fresh cut areas.", "Computer. A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by buses, often made of groups of wires. Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a \"1\", and when off it represents a \"0\" (in positive logic representation). The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits.", "Strategic information system. In the conventional view, there are two information system thrusts: to automate the basic processes of the firm, or to satisfy the information needs of managers, professionals, or others. There are three generic targets: strategic planning, management control, and operational control. In this perspective, there are, thus, six generic opportunity areas." ]

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[ "History of the hamburger. Many different variants of the hamburger have been created over the years, some of which have become very popular. Much of this diversity has been the product of other restaurant chains that have tried to reproduce the success of McDonald's and White Castle, while others served to influence McDonald's. An example of a restaurant that influenced McDonald's and its imitators is Big Boy, which was first opened in 1936 by Bob Wian in Glendale, California and became known in that locale as Bob's Big Boy.[62] It was at this restaurant that a major hamburger variant, the double deck cheeseburger, with two beef patties, was first made. Wian's creation was distinctively served by Big Boy restaurants with the bun sliced twice, the center slice—known as the club section—separating the two patties. The chain also popularized the drive-in restaurant format, taken and simplified by McDonald's type fast food operators. By the 1960s, Big Boy had expanded throughout the United States and Canada. Despite the benefits it provided to Wian, the chain was sold along with the rights to their signature Big Boy hamburger to the Marriott Corporation in 1967. This same year McDonald's franchisee Jim Delligatti, created an imitation of the Big Boy — the Big Mac.[63] An example of the many McDonald's and White Castle imitators is Kewpee Hamburgers, a fast-food chain founded in 1923 in Flint, Michigan by Samuel V. Blair as \"Kewpee Hotel Hamburgs.\"[53]", "Fast food restaurant. Some historians concur that A&W, which opened in 1921 and began franchising in 1923, was the first fast food restaurant (E. Tavares). Thus, the American company White Castle is sometimes considered the second fast-food outlet in Wichita, Kansas in 1921, selling hamburgers for five cents apiece from its inception and spawning numerous competitors and emulators. What is certain, however, is that White Castle made the first significant effort to standardize the food production in, look of, and operation of fast-food hamburger restaurants. William Ingram's and Walter Anderson's White Castle System created the first fast food supply chain to provide meat, buns, paper goods, and other supplies to their restaurants, pioneered the concept of the multi-state hamburger restaurant chain, standardized the look and construction of the restaurants themselves, and even developed a construction division that manufactured and built the chain's prefabricated restaurant buildings. The McDonald's Speedee Service System and, much later, Ray Kroc's McDonald's outlets and Hamburger University all built on principles, systems and practices that White Castle had already established between 1923 and 1932.", "White Castle (restaurant). White Castle is an American regional hamburger restaurant chain in the Midwestern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States and a location in Shanghai, China. It has been generally credited as the country's first fast-food chain.[2] It is known for its small, square hamburgers. Sometimes referred to as \"sliders\", the burgers were initially priced at five cents until 1929 and remained at ten cents until 1949.[4] In the 1940s, White Castle periodically ran promotional ads in local newspapers which contained coupons offering five burgers for ten cents, takeout only.[5][6]", "Fast food restaurant. The hamburger restaurant most associated by the public with the term \"fast food\" was created by two brothers originally from Nashua, New Hampshire. Richard and Maurice McDonald opened a barbecue drive-in in 1940 in the city of San Bernardino, California. After discovering that most of their profits came from hamburgers, the brothers closed their restaurant for three months and reopened it in 1948 as a walk-up stand offering a simple menu of hamburgers, french fries, shakes, coffee, and Coca-Cola, served in disposable paper wrapping. As a result, they could produce hamburgers and fries constantly, without waiting for customer orders, and could serve them immediately; hamburgers cost 15 cents, about half the price at a typical diner. Their streamlined production method, which they named the \"Speedee Service System\" was influenced by the production line innovations of Henry Ford.", "History of the hamburger in the United States. The Library of Congress credits Danish immigrant Louis Lassen of Louis' Lunch, a small lunch wagon in New Haven, Connecticut, with selling the first hamburger and steak sandwich in the U.S. in 1895.[13][14]", "History of the hamburger. By the 1960s, American society had become highly motorized, largely due to the 1956 Federal Highway Act passed by President Dwight Eisenhower and inspired by the German Autobahn, as well as the impressive growth rates of American automobile manufacturers at the time.[2] Due to the extensive use of cars at the time, hamburgers were often served at drive-ins, often by waiters known as carhops. Drive-in restaurants first appeared in the United States in the early 1930s, and gradually become a common sight across the country. The ability to serve hamburgers to customers in their cars was seen as a business opportunity by countless fast-food chains, especially McDonald's.[9] The popularity of the hamburger grew rapidly among the American population during this period, and statistics indicate that the average American was eating three burgers per week.[5]", "History of the hamburger. In 1937, Patrick McDonald and his two sons Richard and Maurice inaugurated the simple restaurant \"Airdrome\" on Huntington Drive (Route 66) near the airport in the American city of Monrovia, California. The success of its sales eventually led to the May 15, 1940, opening of a restaurant named McDonald's along U.S. Route 66 in San Bernardino, California. After analyzing their sales, the brothers discovered that, to their surprise, 80% of their revenue was coming from selling hamburgers.[58] The menu initially featured 25 different dishes, the majority of which were barbecued. Through their new restaurant, the McDonald brothers introduced the notion of fast food to parts of the Western United States by 1948. From the beginning, McDonald's focused on making hot dogs and hamburgers as efficiently and quickly as possible.[9][58] During the 1940s, simple and formative concepts took root at McDonald's, including the preparation and service of burgers in just one minute and the ability for customers to eat in their own cars in a drive-in style. All the while, the restaurant was trying to further develop a hamburger that was inexpensive enough to be within the economic reach of most Americans. By the 1950s, the concept of drive-in style service had become firmly established and hamburgers and cars had become closely connected in the minds of many Americans. It was now not only possible for a customer to purchase a hamburger without getting out of a car, and a customer also no longer needed to wait to be served.[9] The McDonald brothers built upon the achievements of their original San Bernardino restaurant when in 1953 they began franchising their now famous chain restaurants, starting in Phoenix, Arizona and Downey, California (the latter of which is still in operation). Later, Ray Kroc opened one in the northwest Chicago suburb of Des Plaines, Illinois on April 15, 1955, which has now been converted into the McDonald's Museum.[9] It is noteworthy that the original McDonald's mascot was a hamburger faced cook called \"Speedee\" that would serve as the iconographic identity of the company until being replaced by the clown Ronald McDonald in 1963.", "History of the hamburger. After World War II, a number of hamburger restaurants known as InstaBurger King (later Burger King) began emerging, the first of which was opened on December 4, 1954 in a suburb of Miami, Florida. It was established by James McLamore and David Edgerton, both of whom were students at the Cornell University School of Hotel Administration.[66] McLamore had visited the original McDonald's in San Bernardino, California when it was still owned by the McDonald brothers, and saw the potential that existed for the mass production of hamburgers. He was so inspired by this visit that he decided to create a similar burger chain himself. By 1959, Burger King already had five restaurants in metropolitan Miami, and its early success prompted McLamore and Edgerton to expand throughout the United States by using a franchise system that allowed them to grow the business at a relatively low cost. They formed Burger King Corporation as a parent company to the franchises they were selling throughout the United States.[67] [62] The Burger King Corporation was acquired by the Pillsbury Company in 1967, and during the 1970s, it began to expand outside the United States, principally in South America and Europe. Burger King's core product has long been the Whopper, which was created in 1957 by founder James McLamore and initially sold for 37 cents.[68]", "History of the hamburger in the United States. Standard toppings on hamburgers may vary depending upon location, particularly at restaurants that are not national or regional franchises. A \"Texas burger\" uses mustard as the only sauce, and comes with or without vegetables, jalapeno slices, and cheese.[citation needed] In New Mexico and parts of the Southwest, green chile burgers are very common. In the Upper Midwest, particularly Wisconsin, burgers are often made with a buttered bun, butter as one of the ingredients of the patty, or with a pat of butter on top of the burger patty. This is called a \"Butter Burger\". In the Carolinas, a Carolina-style hamburger \"with everything\" may be served with cheese, chili, onions, mustard, and coleslaw. National hamburger chain Wendy's sells a \"Carolina Classic\" burger with these toppings in these areas. In Hawaii, hamburgers are often topped with teriyaki sauce, derived from the Japanese-American culture, and locally grown pineapple. The Waffle House claims on its menus and website to offer 70,778,880 different ways of serving a hamburger. In areas of the Midwest and East Coast, a hamburger served with lettuce, tomato, and onion is called a \"California burger\". This usage is sufficiently widespread to appear on the menus of Dairy Queen. In the Western U.S., a \"California\" burger often denotes a cheeseburger with guacamole and bacon added. Pastrami burgers are particularly popular in Salt Lake City, Utah.[23]", "Hamburger. Various non-specific claims of invention relate to the term \"hamburger steak\" without mention of its being a sandwich. The first printed American menu which listed hamburger is said to be an 1834 menu from Delmonico's in New York.[26] However, the printer of the original menu was not in business in 1834.[23] In 1889, a menu from Walla Walla Union in Washington offered hamburger steak as a menu item.[9]", "History of the hamburger. On November 16, 1916, chef and entrepreneur Walter \"Walt\" Anderson opened a hamburger stand in Wichita, Kansas that used hygienic cooking methods, including grills and spatulas, and impressed his Wichita customers so much that many would become regular patrons. At this time, the hamburger was still not widely known by the American public. Anderson added onion rings to the burgers while they grilled, giving them a distinctive flavor.[48] As demand increased, customers often bought his hamburgers by the dozen, giving rise to the company's subsequently popular slogan: \"buy 'em by the sack\". Despite some growth, Anderson had opened only four stands in the busiest areas of the city. In 1926, Edgar Waldo \"Billy\" Ingram collaborated with Anderson to open the first White Castle restaurant in Wichita. The restaurant was founded on the idea of cooking a hamburger quickly, giving it the honor of being the first fast food restaurant.", "History of the hamburger in the United States. There is good evidence that the first hamburger served on a bun was made by Oscar Bilby of Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1891.[9][10][11]", "History of the hamburger. Ingram soon realized that the word burger evoked connotations of circus performances at livestock markets and greasy pieces of meat eaten in the poorest districts of the city in the collective mind of the American public. He tried to change those connotations from White Castle's earliest days. At the same time, he became known to some as the Henry Ford of the hamburger,[26] while inventing a restaurant concept he called the \"White Castle System\", which helped the hamburger achieve fame.[53] Between 1923 and 1931, the \"White Castle System\" established almost a hundred restaurants in cities throughout the Midwestern United States. In order to raise awareness among White Castle employees, a newsletter entitled \"The hot hamburger\" was circulated throughout the company, which challenged the employees to improve the sale of the burgers with a simple idea: to be able to prepare burgers rapidly so anyone could purchase and eat them anytime and anywhere. Instead of waiting for half an hour to be served at a traditional restaurant, the White Castle System provided rapid service and a menu centered around the hamburger. At the time, the hamburger was typically served with coffee.[53] Upton Sinclair's The Jungle had already caused public outrage over the safety of processed meat, so by the 1920s, the general public had come to expect a clean and hygienic hamburger. In addition to offering clean and safe food, White Castle offered regularity and standardization, ensuring that each patty was served in the same manner in each restaurant. At the time, this was an entirely novel idea that would revolutionize the sale of food itself with a style that would come to be known as fast food.[53] During its early years, White Castle emphasized providing quality coffee, and collaborated with universities to publish studies on the nutritional quality of their hamburgers.", "History of the hamburger in the United States. The following restaurants have either played a part in the creation of the hamburger sandwich, developed a unique cooking method, or were the first to sell them nationwide:", "History of the hamburger in the United States. In April 1995, the Dallas Morning News reported on an Oklahoma author who said that Tulsa beat out Texas as the birthplace of the delicacy. Michael Wallis, author of \"Route 66, The Mother Road\", was quoted by the newspaper as saying that he had discovered Tulsa's place in culinary history, which he made while researching the state’s tastiest hamburgers. He started at the restaurant that has been voted Tulsa's best burger more often than any other restaurant since 1933, Weber’s Root Beer Stand. Wallis’ research revealed that Oscar Weber Bilby was the first person to serve a real hamburger when, on July 4, 1891, ground beef was served on his wife’s homemade buns at a Fourth of July party on his farm, just west of present-day Tulsa. Until then, ground beef had been served in Athens, Texas, on simple slices of bread, known then and presently as a \"patty melt\". According to the Tulsa-based author, the bun is essential. Therefore, in 1995, Governor Frank Keating cited Athens, Texas' serving of ground beef between two slices of bread as a minor accomplishment. The governor's April 1995 proclamation also cites the first true hamburger on the bun, after meticulous research, was created and consumed in Tulsa in 1891. The Governor's Proclamation cites April 13, 1995, in Tulsa as \"The Real Birthplace of the Hamburger.\" [12]", "History of the hamburger. During the first half of the 19th century, most of the northern European emigrants who traveled to the New World embarked on their transatlantic voyages from Hamburg. The German shipping company Hamburg America Line, also known as the Hamburg Amerikanische Packetfahrt Actien-Gesellschaft (HAPAG), was involved in Atlantic transport for almost a century.[24] The company began operations in 1847 and employed many German immigrants, many of them fleeing the revolutions of 1848–9. The vast majority of settlers and emigrants from various parts of northern Europe also began their voyages to the United States from Hamburg, introducing their culinary customs to their host country.[24] New York City was the most common destination for ships traveling from Hamburg, and various restaurants in the city began offering the Hamburg-style steak in order to attract German sailors. The steak frequently appeared on the menu as a Hamburg-style American fillet,[25][26] or even beefsteak à Hambourgeoise. Early American preparations of minced beef were therefore made to fit the tastes of European immigrants, evoking memories of the port of Hamburg and the world they left behind.[24]", "History of the hamburger. The modern hamburger was developed in the United States, but by the end of World War II, around the middle of the 20th century, it began to spread to other countries as fast food became globalized.[6] The main cause of this gradual globalization was the successes of the large restaurant chains. Their desires to expand their businesses and increase their profits resulted in them creating franchises around the world.[6] McDonald's was among the very first of the burger chains to take the global establishment of its brand seriously,[7] but it was not the only one. Wimpy began operating in the United Kingdom in 1954, 20 years before McDonald's began operation in the country, and by 1970 it had expanded to over a thousand restaurants in 23 countries.[75] On August 21, 1971, in Zaandam, near Amsterdam in the Netherlands, Ahold opened its first European franchise. In the 1970s, McDonald's began to expand into Europe and Australia. In Asia, Japan saw the establishment of its own fast food chain in 1972: MOS Burger (モスバーガー, Mosu bāgā), an abbreviation of \"Mountain, Ocean, Sun\", which eventually became a direct competitor to McDonald's. All of its products, however, were variations on the burger adapted to the Asian world, including the teriyaki burger, takumi burger, and riceburger.[10] In Hong Kong, Aji Ichiban competed with large chains before it spread quickly throughout Asia.[61] One of the first hamburger vending machines debuted in Amsterdam in 1941 under the brand FEBO, its name derived from its original place of creation, the Ferdinand Bolstraat.", "History of the hamburger. White Castle had a very large progression of sales, and its success was such, that by 1926, it had already generated competitors and imitators in the emerging hamburger business. One of these imitators also had a highly similar name, White Tower Hamburgers of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, founded by the father and son tandem of John E. and Thomas E. Saxe. The creation of White Tower led to numerous legal battles between it and White Castle during the 1930s. By 1930, White Castle already had 116 restaurants spread over a distance of 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi), all of which were located within the United States. [1] The company eventually became a large restaurant chain, however, there has never been a restaurant outside of the United States.[55] The American shortage of beef during World War II had little effect on sales across White Castle, due to the effect of vertical integration along with the appearance of fast food chains that operated on a franchise model that emphasized horizontal integration.[53]", "History of the hamburger. The success of the White Castle chain was rooted largely in the power of propaganda, something that was both an original innovation and necessary to change the public's negative perception of the hamburger.[53] In 1931, it became the first restaurant to advertise in newspapers, using its old \"buy 'em by the sack\" slogan. White Castle also pioneered the concept of take-out service, and the restaurant is further known for being the first to market square burgers, called \"sliders\", which were sold for five cents into the 1940s.[53] White Castle was founded in March 1921 in Wichita, Kansas by Billy Ingram and his business partner, the cook Walter Anderson, and they opened a second restaurant in Kansas City in 1924. In 1932, White Castle created its first subsidiary: Paperlynen Company, which provided the cartons and wrapping paper that the food was served in, as well as the hats worn by the kitchen staff. It acquired porcelain companies in a similar fashion, placing them in charge of building small White Castle restaurants using white porcelain facades.", "History of the hamburger. The first automobile production line was created by Karl Benz in Germany in 1888. The widespread appearance of telephones occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, along with other modern means of communication, including radio. For the average American who had not eaten in a restaurant in his or her entire life,[54] the fast food chains that appeared in the cities offered an alternative form of restaurant in which eating was very much a public activity. The concept of a \"greasy spoon\" was thus born with these restaurants[citation needed], in which hygiene suffered in exchange for more inexpensive food. On the other hand, there was a growing interconnected world in which trips by car, bus, and rail became increasingly available. All these means of transport were improving at the time, and soon it was necessary to feed a growing population that was \"in permanent transit\", frequently moving through different cities on business.[55][56] George Pullman invented the sleeping car and the dining car in response to the needs of these people in the 1870s. Similarly, the English immigrant Frederick Henry Harvey was the first to use \"dynamic mass movement\" in restoring the Fred Harvey Company, which catered to the patrons of a chain of hotels located near railway stations, as well as offering catering, services, and high quality products on the trains themselves.[53]", "History of the hamburger in the United States. In the United States, hamburgers may be classified into one of two primary categories: fast food hamburgers or individually prepared burgers made in homes and restaurants. The latter are traditionally prepared \"with everything\" (or \"all the way\", \"deluxe\", \"the works\", \"dragged through the garden\", or, in some regions, \"all dressed\"), which includes lettuce, tomato, onion, and sliced pickles (or pickle relish). Cheese (usually processed cheese slices, but often Cheddar, Swiss, pepper jack, or blue cheese), either melted on the meat patty or crumbled on top, is a popular option. In the Carolinas a time-honored popular style for hamburgers (and hot dogs) served in diners and homes (but not fast food chains) is \"all the way\" meaning mustard, slaw, chili and onions.", "History of the hamburger. As with the invention of the hamburger, the exact origins of the cheeseburger are unknown. Several chefs claim to have been the first to add a slice of cheese to a hamburger. Lionel Sternberger of Rite Spot in Pasadena, California takes credit for the cheeseburger, claiming that he invented it between 1924 and 1926.[45] A description from a 1928 menu from the O'Dell Restaurant in Los Angeles reveals that it was serving burgers with slices of cheese at the time.[4] Luis Ballast, owner of the Humpty Dumpty drive-in restaurant in Denver, Colorado, made an attempt to create a cheeseburger with a registered trademark known as a \"yellowburger\" in 1935. J.C. Reynolds, the operator of a bar in Southern California from 1932 to 1984, popularized a pimento burger.[4] Processed cheese, the type of cheese most used in cheeseburgers, was invented in 1911 by Walter Gerber of Thun, Switzerland, although the first U.S. patent awarded for it was given to James L. Kraft in 1916.[64][65] Kraft Foods went on to create the first commercial version of sliced processed cheese, which was first introduced to the market in 1950.", "History of the hamburger. Wendy's was founded by Dave Thomas and John T. Schuessler on November 15, 1969 in Columbus, Ohio. By the late 1970s, it had become the third largest hamburger company in the United States.[69][70] Wendy's has consistently tried to differentiate itself from other hamburger restaurants by its claim that it makes its burgers using fresh, not frozen, beef. Wendy's sparked a controversy and entered into American pop culture in the 1980s with its \"Where's the beef?\" advertising slogan and an accompanying campaign stressing the primacy of the beef patty over the hamburger's other ingredients.", "History of the hamburger. The hamburger was very popular among Americans during the postwar period following World War I,[56] even in popular culture. An example of this was the prominent appearance of hamburgers in E. C. Segar's Thimble Theatre comic strip, which prominently featured a cartoon character named Popeye the Sailor who ate spinach to sustain his superhuman strength. Popeye's first appearance was as a supporting character on January 17, 1929 alongside many other characters. One of these characters was J. Wellington Wimpy (often shortened to just \"Wimpy\"), a lover of hamburgers who was both polite and gluttonous. His signature phrase, \"I will gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today\", became popular and widely known. During the height of his popularity in the 1930s, Wimpy introduced the hamburger to the youth of the time as a healthy food. It also resulted in the creation of a chain of fast food restaurants called Wimpy's in his honor, which sold hamburgers for ten cents.[50] In a similar fashion, the fictional character Jughead Jones, who first appeared in Archie Comics in 1941, was passionate about food generally, and hamburgers specifically.", "History of McDonald's. In the mid-1980s, McDonald's, like other traditional employers of teenagers, was faced with a shortage of labor in the United States. The company met this challenge by being the first to entice retirees back into the workforce. Focusing on off-site training, it opened its Hamburger University in 1961 to train franchisees and corporate decision-makers. By 1990, more than 40,000 people had received \"Bachelor of Hamburgerology\" degrees from the 80-acre (320,000 m2) Oak Brook, Illinois, facility. The corporation opened a Hamburger University in Tokyo in 1971, in Munich in 1975, and in London in 1982.", "History of the hamburger in the United States. The Texas historian Frank X. Tolbert attributes the invention of the hamburger to Fletcher Davis of Athens, Texas. Davis is believed to have sold hamburgers at his café at 115 Tyler Street in Athens, Texas, in the late 1880s, before bringing them to the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair.[2][3]", "History of the hamburger. During the Cold War, the hamburger became a national symbol of the United States. As private outdoor social events, often held in backyards and featuring a barbecue, became more widespread during the mid-1950s, the hamburger gained a new culinary and social relevance in the country.[74][35] By the late 1960s, hamburgers began to grow in size as various burger chains competed with each other, resulting in Burger King launching the Whopper and McDonald's launching the Quarter Pounder. As the race between the major chains grew more intense, the prices of their burgers increased, and the days when a hamburger could be bought for just a few cents were numbered.", "Hamburger. Louis Lassen of Louis' Lunch, a small lunch wagon in New Haven, Connecticut, is said to have sold the first hamburger and steak sandwich in the U.S. in 1900.[12][13][14] New York magazine states that \"The dish actually had no name until some rowdy sailors from Hamburg named the meat on a bun after themselves years later\", noting also that this claim is subject to dispute.[15] A customer ordered a quick hot meal and Louis was out of steaks. Taking ground beef trimmings, Louis made a patty and grilled it, putting it between two slices of toast.[9] Some critics like Josh Ozersky, a food editor for New York Magazine, claim that this sandwich was not a hamburger because the bread was toasted.[16]", "History of the hamburger. Hamburg steak, once served between two loaves of bread, began to be prepared with a variety of different ingredients that were included either in the sandwich itself or as a side dish accompanying it on a plate. One of these accompaniments, which is still common with today's burger, is ketchup, a type of tomato sauce with a blend of flavors between sweet and sour that was first produced commercially in 1869 by entrepreneur and chef Henry John Heinz in Sharpsburg, Pennsylvania. His company was originally called the Anchor Pickle and Vinegar Works, but in 1888 it was renamed F. & J. Heinz.[44] The use of ketchup by American consumers grew quickly after this date, and it was not long before hamburgers were almost universally accompanied by ketchup by the end of the nineteenth and into the early 20th century.[1][45] Mustard is a significantly older condiment, as it is thought that the ancient Romans used a dressing made with non-fermented grapes and grape seeds known as \"mustum ardens\".[46] Another ingredient incorporated into the burger, mayonnaise, appears to have been present in 18th century France, after the naval victory of Louis-François-Armand du Plessis de Richelieu in the port of Mahón in Menorca around 1756.[47]", "History of the hamburger in the United States. A hamburger (or burger) is a sandwich that consists of a cooked ground meat patty, usually beef, placed between halves of a sliced bun or between slices of bread or toast. Hamburgers are often served with various condiments, such as mustard, mayonnaise, and ketchup, and other options including lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, and cheese.[1]", "Burger King. When the predecessor of Burger King first opened in Jacksonville in 1953, its menu consisted predominantly of basic hamburgers, French fries, soft drinks, milkshakes, and desserts. After being acquired by its Miami, Florida, franchisees and renamed to its current moniker in 1954, BK began expanding the breadth of its menu by adding the Whopper sandwich in 1957. This quarter-pound (4 oz (110 g)) hamburger was created by Burger King's new owners James McLamore and David Edgerton as a way to differentiate BK from other burger outlets at the time.[130] Since its inception, the Whopper has become synonymous with Burger King and has become the focus of much of its advertising.[131] The company even named its new kiosk-style restaurants Whopper Bars.[132]", "History of the hamburger. Many recipes and dishes traveled along with transatlantic immigrants to their destinations in the New World. Some authors question whether the Hamburg America Line was part of this, arguing that the hamburger was created to meet needs that arose amongst immigrants already in the New World.[26][34] Others, however, support the thesis that the Hamburg America Line brought the first Hamburger steaks from Europe to the Americas.[28][35] The hamburger as it is known today has multiple invention claims ranging between 1885 and 1904, but it is clearly the product of the early 20th century.[8] During the following 100 years, the hamburger spread throughout the world as a result of the emerging concept of fast food and a new business model: the franchise." ]

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[ "Dead Poets Society. In the autumn of 1959, shy Todd Anderson begins his senior year of high school at Welton Academy, an all-male, elite prep school. He is assigned one of Welton's most promising students, Neil Perry, as his roommate and is quickly accepted by Neil's friends: Knox Overstreet, Richard Cameron, Steven Meeks, Gerard Pitts, and Charlie Dalton.", "Dead Poets Society. Dead Poets Society is a 1989 American drama film directed by Peter Weir, written by Tom Schulman, and starring Robin Williams. Set in 1959 at the fictional elite conservative Vermont boarding school Welton Academy,[4] it tells the story of an English teacher who inspires his students through his teaching of poetry.", "Dead Poets Society. A theatrical adaptation written by Tom Schulman and directed by John Doyle opened Off-Broadway on October 27, 2016, and running through December 11, 2016.[28] Jason Sudeikis stars as John Keating[29] with Thomas Mann as Neil Perry, David Garrison as Gale Nolan, Zane Pais as Todd Anderson, Francesca Carpanini as Chris, Stephen Barker Turner as Mr. Perry, William Hochman as Knox Overstreet, Cody Kostro as Charlie Dalton, Yaron Lotan as Richard Cameron and Bubba Weiler as Steven Meeks.[30][31]", "Dead Poets Society. Upon learning that Keating was a member of the unsanctioned Dead Poets Society while he was at Welton, Neil restarts the club and he and his friends sneak off campus to a cave where they read poetry and verse, including their own compositions. As the school year progresses, Keating's lessons and their involvement with the club encourage them to live their lives on their own terms. Knox pursues Chris Noel, a girl who is dating a football player from a public school and whose family is friends with his. Neil discovers his love of acting and gets the role as Puck in a local production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, despite the fact that his domineering father wants him in the Ivy League (and ultimately medical school). Keating helps Todd come out of his shell and realize his potential when he takes him through an exercise in self-expression, resulting in his composing a poem spontaneously in front of the class.", "Dead Poets Society. Nolan investigates Neil's death at the request of the Perry family. Richard blames Neil's death on Keating to escape punishment for his own participation in the Dead Poets Society, and names the other members. Confronted by Charlie, Richard urges the rest of them to let Keating take the fall. Charlie punches Richard and is expelled. Each of the boys is called to Nolan's office to sign a letter attesting to the truth of Richard's allegations, even though they know they are false. When Todd's turn comes, he is reluctant to sign, but does so after seeing that the others have complied.", "W. B. Yeats. The family returned to London in 1887. In March 1890 Yeats joined the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, and with Ernest Rhys[22] co-founded the Rhymers' Club, a group of London-based poets who met regularly in a Fleet Street tavern to recite their verse. Yeats later sought to mythologize the collective, calling it the \"Tragic Generation\" in his autobiography,[23] and published two anthologies of the Rhymers' work, the first one in 1892 and the second one in 1894. He collaborated with Edwin Ellis on the first complete edition of William Blake's works, in the process rediscovering a forgotten poem, \"Vala, or, the Four Zoas\".[24][25]", "Dead Poets Society. The script was written by Tom Schulman, based on his experiences at the Montgomery Bell Academy in Nashville, Tennessee, particularly with his inspirational teacher Samuel Pickering.[6][7] A scene in the original script showing Keating dying in a hospital was removed by film director Peter Weir.[8] Filming took place at St. Andrew's School in Middletown, Delaware, and at locations in New Castle, Delaware, and in nearby Wilmington, Delaware.[9]", "Dead Poets Society. The worldwide box office was reported as $235,860,116, which includes domestic grosses of $95,860,116.[3] The film's global receipts were the fifth-highest for 1989, and the highest for dramas.[10]", "Dead Poets Society. Neil's father discovers Neil's involvement in the play and forces him to quit on the eve of the opening performance. Devastated, Neil goes to Keating, who advises him to stand his ground and prove to his father that his love of acting is something he takes seriously. Neil's father unexpectedly shows up at the performance. He takes Neil home and says he has been withdrawn from Welton, only to be enrolled in a military academy to prepare him for Harvard. Unable to find the courage to stand up to his father, a distraught Neil commits suicide.", "Dead Poets Society. N. H. Kleinbaum's novel, Dead Poets Society (1989), is based on the movie.[27]", "Dead Poets Society. On the first day of classes, they are surprised by the unorthodox teaching methods of the new English teacher John Keating, a Welton alumnus who encourages his students to \"make your lives extraordinary\", a sentiment he summarizes with the Latin expression carpe diem. Subsequent lessons include having them take turns standing on his desk to teach the boys how they must look at life in a different way, telling them to rip out the introduction of their poetry books which explains a mathematical formula used for rating poetry, and inviting them to make up their own style of walking in a courtyard to encourage them to be individuals. His methods attract the attention of strict headmaster Gale Nolan.", "Dead Poets Society. Dead Poets Society holds an 86% approval rating and average rating of 7.3/10 on Rotten Tomatoes based on 56 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Affecting performances from the young cast and a genuinely inspirational turn from Robin Williams grant Peter Weir's prep school drama top honors.\"[11] The film also holds a score of 79 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 14 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews.\"[12]", "A Change of Seasons. The title track was recorded at BearTracks Studios in New York and was originally slated to be released on the 1992 album Images and Words, but was instead re-recorded and released as an EP.[2] Although the song includes audio samples from the 1989 film Dead Poets Society (as well as quotes from the 1648 Robert Herrick poem, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time),[3] the lyrics, written by drummer Mike Portnoy, were not inspired by the film. Instead, \"it's about the cycle of life. Basically, I took a lot of personal incidents, like losing my mother and a couple of things that happened in my life, and I wrote them into the lyrics.\"[4] A Change of Seasons was also the first Dream Theater release featuring Derek Sherinian on keyboards.", "Dead Poets Society. However, Charlie takes things too far when he publishes an article in the school newspaper in the club's name demanding that girls be admitted to Welton. Nolan uses corporal punishment to coerce Charlie into revealing who else is in the Dead Poets Society, but he resists. Nolan also speaks with Keating, warning him that he should discourage his students from questioning authority.", "British literature. In the second half of the century, English poets began to take an interest in French Symbolism. Two groups of poets emerged in the 1890s, the Yellow Book poets who adhered to the tenets of Aestheticism, including Algernon Charles Swinburne, Oscar Wilde and Arthur Symons and the Rhymers' Club group, that included Ernest Dowson, Lionel Johnson and Irishman William Butler Yeats. Irishman Yeats went on to become an important modernist in the 20th century. Also in the 1890s A. E. Housman (1859–1936) published at his own expense A Shropshire Lad,. The poems' wistful evocation of doomed youth in the English countryside, in spare language and distinctive imagery, appealed strongly to late Victorian and Edwardian taste.[114]", "Bluestocking. The Blue Stockings Society was a literary society led by Elizabeth Montagu and others in the 1750s in England. Elizabeth Montagu was an anomaly in this society because she took possession of her husband's property when he died. This allowed her to have impact in her world.[6] This society was founded by women, and included many prominent members of English society, both male and female, including Harriet Bowdler, Edmund Burke, Sarah Fielding, Samuel Johnson, and Frances Pulteney.[7] M.P., an 1811 comic opera by Thomas Moore and Charles Edward Horn, was subtitled The Blue Stocking. It contained a character Lady Bab Blue who was a parody of bluestockings.", "British literature. The Poetry Society publishes and promotes poetry, notably through an annual National Poetry Day. World Book Day is observed in Britain and the Crown Dependencies on the first Thursday in March annually.", "Dead Poets Society. Dead Poets Society won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay (Tom Schulman). Peter Weir received a nomination for Best Director and the film itself was nominated for Best Picture of 1989. Robin Williams received his second Best Actor in a Leading Role nomination and it has since been widely recognized as one of the actor/comedian's best roles. The movie also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film.", "Suddenly Last Summer. 1936, in the Garden District of New Orleans.[4] Mrs. Violet Venable, an elderly widow from a prominent local family, has invited a doctor to her home. She talks nostalgically about her son Sebastian, a poet who died under mysterious circumstances in Spain the previous summer.[5] During the course of their conversation, she offers to make a generous donation to support the doctor's psychiatric research if he will perform a lobotomy on Catharine, her niece, who has been confined to a private mental asylum at her expense since returning to America.[6] Mrs. Venable is eager to \"shut her up\" once and for all, as she continues to \"babble\" about Sebastian's violent death and \"smash\" her son's reputation by hinting at his homosexuality.[7]", "English poetry. Towards the end of the century, English poets began to take an interest in French symbolism and Victorian poetry entered a decadent fin-de-siecle phase. Two groups of poets emerged, the Yellow Book poets who adhered to the tenets of Aestheticism, including Algernon Charles Swinburne, Oscar Wilde and Arthur Symons and the Rhymers' Club group that included Ernest Dowson, Lionel Johnson and William Butler Yeats.", "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies. The story takes place in 19th century England where a zombie plague has spread across the country. Those affected are called the \"stricken\", \"sorry stricken\", \"un-dead\", \"unmentionables\", or \"zombies\".", "American literature. American poetry arguably reached its peak in the early-to-mid-20th century, with such noted writers as Wallace Stevens and his Harmonium (1923) and The Auroras of Autumn (1950), T. S. Eliot and his The Waste Land (1922), Robert Frost and his North of Boston (1914) and New Hampshire (1923), Hart Crane and his White Buildings (1926) and the epic cycle, The Bridge (1930), Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams and his epic poem about his New Jersey hometown, Paterson, Marianne Moore, E. E. Cummings, Edna St. Vincent Millay and Langston Hughes, in addition to many others.", "History of modern literature. In 1862 Victor Hugo published Les Misérables. Ivan Turgenev published Fathers and Sons. Henry David Thoreau died. Edith Wharton was born. Dostoyevsky published The House of the Dead and A Nasty Story. Christina Rossetti published Goblin Market and Other Poems.", "English literature. Towards the end of the 19th century, English poets began to take an interest in French Symbolism and Victorian poetry entered a decadent fin-de-siècle phase.[127] Two groups of poets emerged in the 1890s, the Yellow Book poets who adhered to the tenets of Aestheticism, including Algernon Charles Swinburne, Oscar Wilde and Arthur Symons and the Rhymers' Club group, that included Ernest Dowson, Lionel Johnson and Irishman William Butler Yeats. Yeats went on to become an important modernist in the 20th century.[128] Also in 1896 A. E. Housman published at his own expense A Shropshire Lad.[129]", "Walden. The 1989 film Dead Poets Society heavily features an excerpt from Walden as a motif in the plot.", "Dead Poets Society. The film was voted #52 on the AFI's 100 Years…100 Cheers list, a list of the top 100 most inspiring films of all time.[23]", "Calavera. Poetry written for the Day of the Dead are known as literary calaveras, and are intended to humorously criticize the living while reminding them of their mortality.[8][9] Literary calaveras appeared during the second half of the nineteenth century, when drawings critical of important politicians began to be published in the press. Living personalities were depicted as skeletons exhibiting recognizable traits, making them easily identifiable. Additionally, drawings of dead personalities often contained text elements providing details of the deaths of various individuals.", "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction. Mary Shelley's The Last Man, published in 1826, is set in the end of the twenty-first century. It chronicles a group of friends, based on Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and others, moving through Europe as a plague kills most of the world's population. The Scarlet Plague by Jack London, published in 1912, is set in San Francisco in the year 2073, sixty years after a plague has largely depopulated the planet. Written in 1949 by George R. Stewart, Earth Abides is the story of a man who finds most of civilization has been destroyed by a disease. Slowly a small community forms around him as he struggles to start a new civilization and to preserve knowledge and learning.", "British literature. Free verse and other stylistic innovations came to the forefront in this era, with which T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound were especially associated. T. S. Eliot (1888–1965) was born American, migrated to England in 1914, and he was \"arguably the most important English-language poet of the 20th century.\"[118] He produced some of the best-known poems in the English language, including \"The Waste Land\" (1922) and Four Quartets (1935–1942).[119]", "Dead Poets Society. After Robin Williams' death in August 2014, fans of his work used social media to pay tribute to him with photo and video reenactments of the film's final \"O Captain! My Captain!\" scene.[25][26]", "Greece. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games.[38] The Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC.[39][40] With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, which spread to the shores of the Black Sea, Southern Italy (\"Magna Graecia\") and Asia Minor. These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy. In 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens.[41][42]", "Thomas Hardy. Thomas Hardy, OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. A Victorian realist in the tradition of George Eliot, he was influenced both in his novels and in his poetry by Romanticism, especially William Wordsworth.[1] He was highly critical of much in Victorian society, especially on the declining status of rural people in Britain, such as those from his native South West England." ]

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[ "WrestleMania 34. In the next match, The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The New Day's Big E and Kofi Kingston and The Bludgeon Brothers (Harper and Rowan) in a triple threat tag team match. In the end, Harper pinned Kingston after an Assisted Superbomb for the win and the titles.[6]", "WrestleMania 34. After defeating The Revival (Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson), Raw Tag Team Champions Cesaro and Sheamus said they had defeated every tag team on Raw and issued an open challenge to any tag team to face them for the titles at WrestleMania.[39] On the March 12 episode, General Manager Kurt Angle scheduled a tag team battle royal with the winning team receiving a championship match at WrestleMania. Braun Strowman interjected himself into the match and won by last eliminating Karl Anderson.[35] The following week, Angle decided that Strowman would receive a Raw Tag Team Championship match at WrestleMania as long as he found a partner. Strowman said that he did not need a partner, but would have one. He defeated Cesaro,[36] and, a week later, Sheamus in singles matches, but did not reveal his partner.[37]", "WrestleMania 34. Backstage, Braun Strowman and Nicholas informed Raw General Manager Kurt Angle that they were relinquishing the Raw Tag Team Championship due to Nicholas's schedule as a fourth grader, but vowed to come back for the title when Nicholas was done with school. When Cesaro and Sheamus demanded their titles back, Angle said they could regain them at the Greatest Royal Rumble. A four-team tournament to determine their opponents, called the Tag Team Eliminator, was won by André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal winner \"Woken\" Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt.[76][77]", "WWE Greatest Royal Rumble. At WrestleMania 34, The Bludgeon Brothers (Harper and Rowan) defeated The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso) and The New Day's Big E and Kofi Kingston in a triple threat tag team match to win the SmackDown Tag Team Championship.[26] On the following SmackDown, The Usos defeated The New Day to earn a title match at Greatest Royal Rumble.[29]", "WrestleMania 34. In the penultimate match, Cesaro and Sheamus defended the Raw Tag Team Championship against Braun Strowman and a partner of his choosing. After all three men were in the ring, Strowman said he waited until then to reveal his partner, which would be a random fan from the live audience. Strowman went out into the crowd and chose 10-year-old Nicholas (who in real life is the sun of referee John Cone). Strowman and Nicholas won the titles after Strowman performed a Running Powerslam on Cesaro. With this win, Nicholas became the youngest WWE champion in history.[6]", "WrestleMania 34. New Raw Women's Champion Nia Jax had a tag team match against Alexa Bliss and Mickie James. Nia's partner was NXT call-up Ember Moon. The team won after Moon performed the Eclipse on Alexa for the pin. Also in the women's division, Sasha Banks lost to Absolution's Mandy Rose, when interference by Bayley backfired.[76] A match between Sasha and Bayley the following week ended in a no-contest when the two were attacked by The Riott Squad, who were traded to Raw.[77]", "WrestleMania. WrestleMania 34 was held on April 8, 2018, at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. In the main event, Brock Lesnar retained the Universal Championship against Roman Reigns. In another main event promoted match, AJ Styles retained the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura. Other marquee matches saw Kurt Angle and Ronda Rousey defeat Triple H and Stephanie McMahon in a mixed tag team match, which was Rousey's WWE debut match, and Daniel Bryan had his in-ring return after three years, teaming with Shane McMahon to defeat Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn. Also, The Undertaker defeated John Cena in an impromptu match. In another prominent match, Charlotte Flair retained the SmackDown Women's Championship against Asuka, ending Asuka's two-year undefeated streak, and a 10-year old fan became the youngest WWE champion when he teamed with Braun Strowman to defeat Cesaro and Sheamus for the Raw Tag Team Championship, The SmackDown Tag Team Championship was also defended for the first time at WrestleMania, where The Bludgeon Brothers defeated The Usos and The New Day to win the titles, Matt Hardy last eliminated Baron Corbin to win fifth Andre the Giant memorial battle royal as well as first ever WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal contested where Naomi won by last eliminating Bayley.", "WrestleMania 34. The Usos earned a SmackDown Tag Team Championship match against The Bludgeon Brothers at Greatest Royal Rumble by defeating The New Day. Also, Randy Orton defeated Bobby Roode and Rusev in a triple threat match to earn a United States Championship match.[79] Following this, new United States Champion Jinder Mahal was traded to Raw, but lost the title to Jeff Hardy, who moved to SmackDown. The winner of the championship match between Mahal and Hardy at Greatest Royal Rumble would face Orton at Backlash.[77][80]", "WWE Greatest Royal Rumble. On March 26, Cesaro and Sheamus were scheduled to defend the Raw Tag Team Championship against The Hardy Boyz (Jeff and Matt Hardy).[25] At WrestleMania 34, however, Cesaro and Sheamus lost the titles to Braun Strowman and 10-year-old Nicholas.[26] The following night on Raw, Strowman and Nicholas relinquished the titles due to Nicholas being a fourth grader. Cesaro and Sheamus demanded their titles back, but Raw General Manager Kurt Angle instead scheduled them to face the winner of the four-team Tag Team Eliminator tournament for the vacant titles at the Greatest Royal Rumble.[24] \"Woken\" Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt won the tournament by defeating Titus Worldwide (Apollo Crews and Titus O'Neil) and The Revival (Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson).[27] Cesaro and Sheamus were then traded to SmackDown during the Superstar Shake-up.[28]", "WrestleMania 34. Charlotte Flair retained the SmackDown Women's Championship against Asuka, ending Asuka's undefeated streak. A 10-year-old fan became the youngest WWE champion in history when he teamed with Braun Strowman to defeat Cesaro and Sheamus for the Raw Tag Team Championship. It was also the first time that the SmackDown Tag Team Championship was defended at WrestleMania.", "WrestleMania 34. The card comprised fourteen matches, including three on the pre-show. In the main event, Brock Lesnar retained the Universal Championship against Roman Reigns. In another main event match, AJ Styles retained the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura. Other matches saw Ronda Rousey make her WWE debut and Daniel Bryan return to the ring after nearly three years of absence. Ronda Rousey teamed with Kurt Angle to defeat Triple H and Stephanie McMahon in a mixed tag team match, while Daniel Bryan teamed with Shane McMahon to defeat Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn. Also, The Undertaker defeated John Cena in an impromptu match.", "WrestleMania 34. At Fastlane, Randy Orton won the United States Championship from Bobby Roode. Following the match, Jinder Mahal, who felt that he should have been in the match, attacked both men, but he and Orton received a Glorious DDT from Roode.[28] On the following episode of SmackDown, Roode confronted Orton and invoked his rematch clause for WrestleMania 34. Mahal interrupted and defeated Roode in a match, but suffered an RKO from Orton.[29] The following week, Orton was scheduled to defend the United States Championship in a triple threat match against Roode and Mahal at WrestleMania.[52] On the March 27 episode, after losing to Mahal and Rusev, Orton attacked Roode with an RKO. Backstage, Rusev demanded to be added to the title match since he pinned Orton. The match was subsequently made a fatal four-way.[30] The following week, Rusev defeated Mahal, but received an RKO from Orton, who had a staredown with Roode.[31]", "WrestleMania 34. Throughout 2017, The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso) and The New Day (Big E, Kofi Kingston, and Xavier Woods) fought at various events over the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. The original feud ended at Hell in a Cell with The Usos victorious.[45] The New Day earned another shot at the titles at Fastlane, but both teams were attacked by The Bludgeon Brothers (Harper and Rowan), injuring Jey Uso, Kingston, and Woods.[28] On the following episode of SmackDown, Big E and Jimmy Uso teamed up to take revenge, but were defeated.[29] On the March 27 episode, New Day lost to The Bludgeon Brothers by disqualification after The Usos attacked the latter. A triple threat tag team match for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship was scheduled for WrestleMania 34.[30]", "WrestleMania XX. The next match was another four-way tag team match for the WWE Tag Team Championship involving Rikishi and Scotty 2 Hotty, versus the APA (Bradshaw and Faarooq), the Basham Brothers (Doug Basham and Danny Basham) and the World's Greatest Tag Team (Shelton Benjamin and Charlie Haas). Rikishi and Scotty retained after Rikishi pinned Danny with a Bonzai Drop.[22]", "WrestleMania 34. At the Royal Rumble, SmackDown's Shinsuke Nakamura won the men's Royal Rumble match by last eliminating Roman Reigns, earning a world championship match of his choosing at WrestleMania. Nakamura chose WWE Champion AJ Styles.[27] At Fastlane, Styles retained the WWE Championship in a six-pack challenge, confirming the Styles-Nakamura match at WrestleMania.[28] On the post-Fastlane episode of SmackDown, Styles and Nakamura expressed respect for each other, but Nakamura promised to deliver a Kinshasa to Styles at WrestleMania and become WWE Champion,[29] and teased a Kinshasa on Styles after saving him from an attack the following week.[30] Styles warned Nakamura to not take him lightly and mentioned their previous encounter in New Japan. Styles then teased a Phenomenal Forearm on Nakamura after the two had won a tag team match on the April 3 episode.[31]", "WrestleMania 34. After this, Randy Orton defended the United States Championship against Bobby Roode, Jinder Mahal, and Rusev in a fatal four-way match. In the climax, Sunil Singh distracted Rusev which allowed Mahal to perform the Khallas on Rusev to win the title.[6]", "Primo and Epico. At a Raw live event on January 15, 2012, Primo and Epico defeated Air Boom to win the WWE Tag Team Championship.[16] The following night on Raw, Primo and Epico successfully defended their titles in a rematch.[17] Primo and Epico would go on to earn victories in non-title matches, defeating various teams such as Jim Duggan and Santino Marella, Mason Ryan and Alex Riley and The Usos; however, Primo and Epico would suffer non-title losses against the team of Kofi Kingston and R-Truth.[18] On the February 27 edition of Raw, Primo and Epico successfully defended their titles in a Triple Threat tag team match against the teams of Kingston and R-Truth & Dolph Ziggler and Jack Swagger.[19] In the pre-show of WrestleMania XXVIII, Primo and Epico successfully defended their titles in a triple threat tag team match against the Usos and Justin Gabriel & Tyson Kidd.[20] After WrestleMania, Primo and Epico suffered non-title losses to the teams of Big Show & The Great Khali and Santino Marella & Zack Ryder. Also, A.W. began offering his managerial services to the team, pointing out that the tag champions had been treated like jokes, being left off WrestleMania and Extreme Rules.[21] At the April 30 Raw, Primo and Epico lost the tag titles to Kingston & R-Truth.[22]", "WrestleMania 34. Next, Kurt Angle and Ronda Rousey faced Triple H and Stephanie McMahon in a mixed tag team match, which was Rousey's in-ring debut and Stephanie's first match at WrestleMania. Angle and Triple H started the match, while Stephanie distracted the referee to attack Rousey. Rousey eventually tagged in and faced off with Stephanie. She also faced off against Triple H. Angle performed an Angle-slam on Triple H for a nearfall, Triple H then executed a Pedigree on Angle, but Ronda broke up the pin. In the end, Rousey forced Stephanie to submit to an armbar for the win.[6]", "WrestleMania 34. The actual pay-per-view opened with The Miz defending the Intercontinental Championship against Seth Rollins and Finn Bálor in a triple threat match. In the end, Bálor performed a Coup de Gráce on Miz, only for Rollins to perform a Curb Stomp on Bálor on top of Miz. Rollins then performed another Curb Stomp on Miz to win the title, becoming the 19th Grand Slam Champion in the process.[6]", "WrestleMania 34. The WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal culminated in Sasha Banks and Bayley teaming up to eliminate Natalya and The Riott Squad (Ruby Riott, Sarah Logan, and Liv Morgan). Banks and Bayley then shook hands only for Bayley to quickly eliminate Banks. Thinking she had won the match, Bayley began celebrating, not realizing that Naomi had not actually been eliminated. Naomi then performed a Rear View on Bayley and eliminated her to win the match.[67]", "WrestleMania XXVIII. A non-televised Triple Threat tag team match for the Tag Team Championship pitted champions Primo & Epico, The Usos (Jimmy Uso and Jey Uso), and Justin Gabriel and Tyson Kidd against each other. The match began with multiple aerial tactics and many pin attempts. In the midst of the match, Justin Gabriel botched a dive outside resulting in an elbow injury. The match ended when Epico hit Jey Uso with a Backstabber and pinned him to retain the titles.[47]", "WrestleMania 34. On 205 Live, Cedric Alexander celebrated becoming WWE Cruiserweight Champion, with Mustafa Ali showing his respect. Buddy Murphy then attacked the new champion from behind and performed Murphy's Law on him.[78]", "Elimination Chamber (2018). Titus Worldwide (Apollo and Titus O'Neil) had a rematch against Cesaro and Sheamus for the Raw Tag Team Championship in a two-out-of-three falls match where Cesaro and Sheamus again retained.[26] The Revival (Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson) then had a non-title match with the champions where had they won, they would have received a championship match at WrestleMania 34, but the champions were victorious.[27] Braun Strowman, who settled his differences with Elias, then won a tag team battle royal by himself to determine Cesaro and Sheamus' challengers at WrestleMania.[29] Angle declared that Strowman had to find a partner, and Strowman said he would.[30]", "WrestleMania 34. WrestleMania 34 was the thirty-fourth annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event and WWE Network event produced by WWE for their Raw and SmackDown brands. It took place on April 8, 2018, at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "WrestleMania 34. The three official theme songs for the event were \"Celebrate\", \"New Orleans\" (both by Kid Rock), and \"Let the Good Times Roll\" (by Freddie King).[1][2][3] On April 8, prior to the start of WrestleMania, WWE and Snickers held the WrestleMania Block Party at the Champions Square plaza. The tailgate event included appearances from WWE Hall of Famers Alundra Blayze and Ric Flair as well from active competitors Tamina and R-Truth.[12] American duo Chloe x Halle performed \"America the Beautiful\" to kick off the main card of WrestleMania.[13]", "History of WWE. At WrestleMania 34, former UFC fighter Ronda Rousey made her WWE in ring debut, teaming with Kurt Angle to defeat Triple H and Stephanie McMahon in a mixed tag team match. Daniel Bryan returned to in ring competition at WrestleMania 34, teaming with Shane McMahon to defeat Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn in a tag team match.[66] Bobby Lashley made his return to the WWE on the following episode of Raw. At the Greatest Royal Rumble, Braun Strowman won the first-ever 50-men Royal Rumble match, the largest royal rumble match in history, where he would receive the inaugural Greatest Royal Rumble Championship belt and a trophy.", "WrestleMania XXVIII. On March 30, a Triple Threat tag team match for the Tag Team Championship was scheduled between the defending champions Primo & Epico, The Usos (Jimmy Uso and Jey Uso), and the newly formed team of Justin Gabriel and Tyson Kidd. This match would be streamed online free before the pay-per-view on both WWE.com and the official WWE YouTube channel.[47]", "Owen Hart. Owen rebounded from the loss to Bret by winning the WWF Tag Team Championship from The Smoking Gunns at WrestleMania XI.[17] Owen, who was joined by a \"Mystery Partner\", had challenged the Gunns to a title match; the partner turned out to be former world champion Yokozuna.[35][36] After the victory Owen took Jim Cornette and Mr. Fuji as his managers, who already managed Yokozuna. The team defended the title for five months until they lost them to Shawn Michaels and Diesel at In Your House 3. They would briefly hold the title a second time when the belts were handed back to them[37] before the Smoking Gunns regained the title.[17] Owen and Yokozuna would continue to team off and on until the end of the year.", "WrestleMania 34. At WrestleMania 33, Brock Lesnar won the Universal Championship,[18] and retained it in various title defenses over the following year. Lesnar's WrestleMania 34 challenger was determined through the Elimination Chamber match, which was won by Roman Reigns;[32] Lesnar's advocate Paul Heyman had previously teased this match since they were the only two to have defeated The Undertaker at WrestleMania.[33] The two had also previously fought at WrestleMania 31 over Lesnar's WWE World Heavyweight Championship (now WWE Championship), but without a decisive winner as Seth Rollins cashed in his Money in the Bank contract and pinned Reigns.[16] Despite being advertised, Lesnar did not appear for various episodes of Raw.[34][35] Reigns repeatedly criticized Lesnar's absence as disrespectful[34] and also questioned WWE Chairman Vince McMahon, for which he was temporarily suspended.[35] When Reigns nevertheless appeared on Raw to confront Lesnar, he was arrested by U.S. Marshals. The handcuffed Reigns assaulted the Marshals, but was then brutally attacked by Lesnar and taken out on a stretcher.[36] The following week, Reigns suffered an F-5 from Lesnar on steel steps.[37] On the final Raw before WrestleMania, Heyman said that if Lesnar were to lose, they would not re-sign with WWE.[38]", "WrestleMania 34. Next, Daniel Bryan teamed with Shane McMahon to face Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn with the stipulation that if Owens and Zayn won, they would be rehired to SmackDown. Before the match began, Owens and Zayn attacked Bryan and Shane. Owens powerbombed Bryan onto the ring apron, temporarily taking Bryan out of the match. Shane decided to face Owens and Zayn alone and the match officially started. Owens and Zayn dominated the match until Bryan recovered. Zayn performed a Blue Thunder Bomb on Shane for a nearfall. In the climax, Zayn performed a Helluva Kick on Bryan for a nearfall. As Owens tagged in, Owens performed a Pop-Up Powerbomb but Bryan kicked out again. In the end, Bryan forced Zayn to submit to the Yes Lock to win the match. Per the match's stipulation, Owens and Zayn remained fired from SmackDown.[6]", "Jeff Hardy. On April 2 at WrestleMania 33, Jeff made his surprise return to WWE, along with his brother Matt, being added as last-minute participants in the ladder match for the Raw Tag Team Championship against the teams of Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson, Cesaro and Sheamus, and Enzo Amore and Big Cass. The Hardy Boyz emerged victorious, marking it their seventh tag team title reign in WWE, their first win as a team at WrestleMania as well as Jeff's first victory at WrestleMania. The next night on Raw, The Hardy Boyz successfully defended the Raw Tag Team Championship against Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson. At Payback, the Hardy Boyz retained their championships against Cesaro and Sheamus. After the match, they were attacked by Cesaro and Sheamus. The next night on Raw, the villainous Cesaro and Sheamus would explain their actions, claiming the fans were more supportive of 'novelty acts' from the past like The Hardy Boyz, who they feel didn't deserve to be in the match at WrestleMania.[259] Subsequently, at Extreme Rules, the Hardy Boyz lost the titles in a steel cage match against Cesaro and Sheamus,[260] and failed to regain it back the following month at the inaugural Great Balls of Fire event. On August 20 at the SummerSlam pre-show, The Hardy Boyz teamed with Jason Jordan against The Miz and The Miztourage (Curtis Axel and Bo Dallas) in a losing effort.", "WrestleMania 34. SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair commented on her WrestleMania match and future challengers, but was interrupted and attacked by NXT's The IIconics (Peyton Royce and Billie Kay). After this, Carmella cashed in her Money in the Bank contract and won the title. Also in the women's division, Natalya confronted Naomi, calling her victory in the WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal a disappointment. Naomi then defeated Natalya in a match.[79]" ]

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[ "Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is an upcoming American 2D-animated action-comedy science fiction television series. It is based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise, originally created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird, and is set to debut in September 2018.[1] The series was announced by Nickelodeon in a press release on March 2, 2017 and is initially scheduled to run for at least 26 episodes.[2] This re-imagined series will have the Turtles go on new adventures as they seek to unlock the mystical secrets of New York City.[3]", "Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. On March 23, 2018, the first trailer for the series was released by Nickelodeon.[22]", "Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. On February 16, 2018, the first toys based on the series were presented during the New York City Toy Fair.[25] The first Rise of the Teenage Muant Ninja Turtles toys are expected to be released on October 1, 2018.[26]", "Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. On March 2, 2017, Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles was announced as a re-imagining of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise. Cyma Zarghami, President of the Nickelodeon Group, stated in a press release:", "Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. In April 2018, it was announced that IDW would publish a comic based on the series, beginning in July 2018.[24]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows was released on Digital HD on September 6, 2016,[79] and on 4K Ultra HD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and DVD on September 20, 2016.[80][81][82] The film debuted in first place on the overall home video sales chart and in second place on the Blu-ray sales chart for the week ending on September 25, 2016.[83]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film). Following the huge success of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at the box office, several sequels were created. A year later, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze was released in theaters, and was a commercial success. In 1993, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III was released in theaters, to a smaller box office take. After a 14-year absence from theaters, a fourth film, TMNT, was released in 2007, though unlike the first three, this was a CGI animated film. Seven years later, a reboot, also with the title Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, was released in 2014, and a sequel titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows was released in theaters on June 3, 2016.[21]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows. The film premiered in New York City on May 22, 2016,[50] and was released in the United Kingdom on May 30, 2016, and the United States on June 3, 2016.[51]", "Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. On February 1, 2018, major main-characters art designs were announced and revealed by Nickelodeon.[20] This occurred during a Facebook event, which was broadcast live that day.[21]", "Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. In mid-May 2018, it was announced that each episode will consist of two 11-minute carts. Each of them will tell self-contained, standalone stories with hints of a larger plot.[23]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. A reboot, titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles produced by Platinum Dunes, Nickelodeon Movies, and Paramount Pictures, directed by Jonathan Liebesman, and produced by Michael Bay, was released on August 8, 2014.[8] A sequel, Out of the Shadows was released on June 3, 2016.[25]", "Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. The series logotype was revealed to public in mid-October 2017.[17] On November 2, 2017, Nickelodeon announced the official voice actor cast for the main characters on the turtles' side. In addition to these news, voice actor Rob Paulsen, who previously voiced Raphael in the 1987–1996 TV series as well as Donatello in the 2012–2017 TV series, will now serve as the voice director for this TV series.[4] John Cena was later cast as the villain Baron Draxum.[18] Besides voice directing, Rob Paulsen will also be providing voice work alongside fellow voice actor and co-star Maurice LaMarche.[19]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film). The film was released on August 8, 2014,[5] and received generally negative reviews from critics. However, it was a box office success, earning $493.3 million on a $125 million budget and it became the highest grossing film in the series. It was also nominated at the 28th Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Movie, Favorite Movie Actor and Favorite Movie Actress. A sequel, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, was released on June 3, 2016.[6][7]", "Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. In the months leading up to the series' launch, Viacom and Nintendo collaborated to market Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles via a special limited-time online multiplayer event for the 2017 video game Splatoon 2, in which Inklings can participate in a Splatfest tournament, battling over which of the four brothers is the best.[27][28]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows. Principal photography on the film began on April 27, 2015, in New York City. It was released on June 3, 2016, in 3D, RealD 3D, 4DX and in IMAX 3D. It received mixed reviews from critics, being considered by many an improvement over its predecessor, but was not as successful, grossing $245 million against a $135 million budget.[4][5]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. In April 2011, IDW Publishing announced that they had acquired the license to publish new collections of Mirage storylines and a new ongoing series.[12] The first issue of the new series was released on August 24, 2011. Turtles co-creator Kevin Eastman and Tom Waltz write, with Eastman and Dan Duncan handling art chores.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Michael Bay produced a feature film directed by Jonathan Liebesman simply titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and was released on August 8, 2014. A sequel, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, was released on June 3, 2016, with Megan Fox and Will Arnett reprising their roles and debuting Stephen Amell as Casey Jones. Dave Green replaced Liebesman as the director.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows. After the 2014 film exceeded box office expectations, Paramount and Nickelodeon officially announced a sequel was greenlit, and set to be released in theatres on June 3, 2016,[18] with plans to incorporate the characters Casey Jones and Bebop and Rocksteady.[19] Jonathan Liebesman and Bradley Fuller were also interested in doing a storyline that involved Dimension X and Krang.[20] In December 2014, it was revealed Paramount was in early negotiations with Earth to Echo director Dave Green to helm the sequel, also revealing Jonathan Liebesman was no longer a part of the project.[21] Known briefly as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Half Shell,[22] Paramount revealed in December 2015 that the title had officially been changed to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows.[23][24]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Nickelodeon announced a new 2D animated series based on the franchise, which will debut in September 2018.[23][24]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film series). A sequel, Out of the Shadows was announced for June 3, 2016 with Dave Green directing.[4][5] The sequel was announced on August 10, 2014, two days after the first film was released. The original cast (with the exception of Johnny Knoxville) returns with Stephen Amell, Brian Tee, Tyler Perry, and Gary Anthony Williams joining as Casey Jones, Shredder, Baxter Stockman, and Bebop respectively.[6][7][8] WWE wrestler Sheamus was later confirmed to portray Rocksteady.[9]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film). The release date was moved around several times until it was set for August 8, 2014.[5] The film premiered on July 29, 2014, in Mexico City.[1][74][75] Premiere events also occurred in Los Angeles and New York City.[76][77] On September 12, 2014, the film was released in IMAX 3D for a one-week limited engagement.[78]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film). Liebesman and Fuller have confirmed that Casey Jones as well as Bebop and Rocksteady will appear in the sequels.[147][148][149] There are also plans for Krang and Dimension X in the sequels as well.[150] On August 10, 2014, Paramount announced that a sequel will be released on June 3, 2016, with Michael Bay returning as producer and Josh Appelbaum and André Nemec coming back as screenwriters and executive producers.[6][7] Fox and Arnett returned in the sequel along with the character Shredder.[149]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film). Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles was released on Digital HD on November 25, 2014, and was released on DVD and 2D and 3D Blu-ray on December 16, 2014.[107][108] The film topped the home video sales charts in its first week and achieved the highest ratio of disc sales to theatrical tickets sales its first week in stores.[109] It retained the top spot on the home video sales chart in its second weekend.[110]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows. Concept art of Bebop and Rocksteady was shown at Paramount Pictures’ CinemaCon panel on April 22, 2015.[52] A 14-second teaser of the trailer was released by Stephen Amell on December 9, 2015.[53] The full trailer debuted the following day.[54][55] On January 5, 2016, a toy catalog for the film was leaked online. The toys debuted at the 2016 Toy Fair in February. A 30-second TV spot premiered at the 2016 Super Bowl 50 on February 7, 2016.[56] A 7-second sneak preview of the TV spot was released three days prior.[57] On February 12, 2016, a second TV spot was released. On February 17, 2016, Paramount released four character posters featuring the four turtles.[58] On February 25, 2016, Megan Fox and Stephen Amell announced a sweepstakes for the film.[59] On March 2, 2016, Paramount released four more ninja turtle posters.[60]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series). On August 28, 2013, Activision released Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, a downloadable 3D beat 'em up game, for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows.[69] On April 15, 2014, a version was released for the PlayStation 3.[70] The game features an online multiplayer co-op for up to four players.[71]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film series). Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is a film series based on the comic book characters of the same name created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird. The first film in the series, titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, was released in 1990 at the height of the franchise's popularity and was a commercial success. The success of the film garnered two direct sequels, respectively released in 1991 and 1993, and a CGI animated film in 2007 billed as TMNT building on the success of the 2003–09 TV series. The series was rebooted in a new film made by Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies, released on August 8, 2014. The sequel was released on June 3, 2016.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) (season 5). On July 10, 2015, Nickelodeon ordered a fifth season of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.[1] The first four episodes were released to DVD on March 21, 2017,[17] two days after the TV-premiere. On March 2, 2017, Nickelodeon announced that season five would be the show's final season.[18] It was renamed Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles for this last season, and its opening titles were changed.[19]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows. In China the film was granted a rare July release date (along with The Legend of Tarzan,[103] where it grossed an estimated $26.1 million from 6,600 screens in two days. It had a limited opening on Friday, July 1 and opened wide the following day. It faced competition from local film Bounty Hunters which had the advantage of opening wide right from Friday. Yet, Out of the Shadows emerged victorious at the end of the weekend ahead of the latter's $18 million opening. As a result, Out of the Shadows became the ninth consecutive Hollywood import film to debut atop the chart beginning from May 6, 2016. In comparable to Saturday releases, the figure is almost double the launch of Big Hero 6; 41% above the first film; and 18% higher than The Angry Birds Movie.[101][104][105] It fell precipitously in its second weekend by 74%, earning $6.6 million and thereby slipped in to fourth place. It opened in key markets such as Germany and Austria on August 11 as well as Japan on August 26, 2016.[106]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film series). A new feature film, rebooting the film franchise, was originally scheduled to be released in December 2013 as part of the acquisition of the franchise by Viacom. It was announced on May 27, 2010, that Michael Bay's Platinum Dunes production company had landed the rights to the new film. The film is a co-production between Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies.[2] The first film was directed by Jonathan Liebesman and stars Megan Fox as April O'Neil, Will Arnett, William Fichtner, and features motion capture CGI for the Turtles and Splinter, the film was released on August 8, 2014.[3] The film became a box office success.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows. Outside North America, the film was released in about 30 overseas IMAX markets, beginning Wednesday, June 1, with additional markets throughout the summer, including China on July 2.[90] It opened across 40 markets the same weekend as its U.S. release, including big markets like the United Kingdom, Mexico and Russia, which is about 39% of its total international marketplace, and was projected to make around $36 million.[85][88][98] It ended up grossing $33 million, which is down 11% when compared to the first film's same suite of markets, and had No. 1 debuts in 21 markets out of the 40.[99] The top openings were in China ($26.1 million), the UK ($5.1 million), Russia ($4.8 million) and Mexico ($4.5 million).[100][101] In the United Kingdom, it came in second place – behind Warcraft – with a £3.49 million ($5 million) seven-day opening from 513 theaters.[100][102]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series). The series ended on November 12, 2017 and will be succeeded by Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.[7]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series). 4 DVDs containing 3 episodes each based around Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael and Michelango were released on May 19, 2014." ]

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[ "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9, 2017, and was released in the United States on December 15, 2017. It has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film of 2017, the 6th-highest-grossing film in North America and the 9th-highest-grossing film of all time, as well as the second-highest-grossing film of the Star Wars franchise. It received highly positive reviews from critics, who praised its ensemble cast, visual effects, musical score, action sequences and emotional weight; some considered it the best Star Wars film since The Empire Strikes Back.[7][8][9][10][11] The film received four nominations at the 90th Academy Awards, including Best Original Score for Williams and Best Visual Effects, as well two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards. A sequel, provisionally titled Star Wars: Episode IX, is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019.[12]", "Star Wars (film). The film's success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back in 1980 and Return of the Jedi in 1983. Star Wars was reissued multiple times at Lucas' behest, incorporating many changes including modified computer-generated effects, altered dialogue, re-edited shots, remixed soundtracks, and added scenes. A prequel trilogy was released beginning with The Phantom Menace in 1999, continuing with Attack of the Clones in 2002, and concluding with Revenge of the Sith in 2005. The film was followed by a sequel trilogy beginning with The Force Awakens in 2015. A direct prequel, Rogue One, was released in 2016. The film's fourth sequel, The Last Jedi, will be released in December 2017.", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Star Wars: The Force Awakens was widely anticipated, and Disney backed the film with extensive marketing campaigns. It premiered in Los Angeles on December 14, 2015 before its wide release in the United States on December 18. The film received highly positive reviews from critics, with praise aimed at its ensemble cast, Abrams' direction, musical score, visual effects, and action sequences, although it received criticism for being derivative of the original trilogy. The film broke various box office records and became, unadjusted for inflation, the highest-grossing installment in the franchise, the highest-grossing film in North America, the highest-grossing film of 2015, and the third-highest-grossing film of all time, with a worldwide gross of over $2 billion and a net profit of over $780 million.[6][7] It received five Academy Award nominations and four British Academy Film Award nominations, where it won the award for Best Special Visual Effects. It was followed by The Last Jedi in December 2017, with a third film scheduled for release in 2019.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy. Originally, Disney had intended for the film to be released in December, as with the other sequel films The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi, but then chose a release date of May 24, 2019, a time frame more common to Star Wars releases prior to the Disney purchase.[110] However, after Abrams took over the film from Trevorrow, the film's release date was moved back to the winter holiday season. The film is now scheduled to be released on December 20, 2019.[43][111] Principal photography began on August 1, 2018.[112]", "Star Wars (film). On April 7, 2015, Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films. Fox released A New Hope for digital download on April 10, 2015 and Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the other five films.[2][142]", "Mark Hamill. With the acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, it was announced that there would be more Star Wars films starting with Star Wars: The Force Awakens, which was released on December 18, 2015. Hamill appeared in Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[19]", "Star Wars. Star Wars was released on May 25, 1977. It was followed by The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21, 1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25, 1983. The sequels were all self-financed by Lucasfilm.[22]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy. Unlike the previous two trilogies, whose films were released approximately three years apart and released on Memorial Day weekend, the sequel films are planned to be released two years apart in December. Star Wars: The Last Jedi was released in December 2017, with Rian Johnson as screenwriter and director, and most of the cast returning.", "Star Wars. The sequel trilogy began with Episode VII: The Force Awakens, released on December 18, 2015.", "Star Wars (film). Star Wars was released in theatres in the United States on May 25, 1977. It earned $461 million in the U.S. and $314 million overseas, totaling $775 million ($3.132 billion in 2017 dollars, adjusted for inflation). It surpassed Jaws (1975) to become the highest-grossing film of all time until the release of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982). When adjusted for inflation, Star Wars is the second-highest-grossing film in North America, and the third-highest-grossing film in the world. It received ten Academy Award nominations (including Best Picture), winning seven. It was among the first films to be selected as part of the U.S. Library of Congress' National Film Registry as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". At the time, it was the most recent film on the registry and the only one chosen from the 1970s. Its soundtrack was added to the U.S. National Recording Registry in 2004. Today, it is often regarded as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures. It launched an industry of tie-in products, including TV series spinoffs, novels, comic books, and video games, and merchandise including toys, games and clothing.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy. The first two films have grossed a combined $3.4 billion worldwide and were both well-received by critics. The third and final installment, Episode IX, was to be directed by Colin Trevorrow, but he was replaced in September 2017 by Abrams, who is to co-write it with Chris Terrio. The film is scheduled to be released on December 20, 2019.", "Star Wars: Episode IX. The film was announced after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012, with Colin Trevorrow announced as the film's director in August 2015. In September 2017, Trevorrow left the project due to creative differences; he was replaced by Abrams, who previously directed The Force Awakens. Filming began in August 2018 at Pinewood Studios in London. Episode IX is set to be released on December 20, 2019.", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. In January 2015, Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that Episode VIII would be released in 2017,[87] and in March, Lucasfilm announced a release date of May 26, 2017.[88][89] In January 2016, The Last Jedi was rescheduled for December 15, 2017 in 3D and IMAX 3D.[51][90] On January 23, 2017, the film's title was announced as Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[52] Similarly to The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens, \"Episode VIII\" was included in the film's opening crawl, although not in its official title.[91]", "Return of the Jedi. On April 7, 2015, Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Return of the Jedi through the iTunes Store, Amazon Video, Vudu, Google Play, and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10, 2015.[40]", "Return of the Jedi. A sequel, The Force Awakens, was released on December 18, 2015, as part of the new sequel trilogy.[11]", "Star Wars (film). All six Star Wars films were released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu-ray Disc on September 16, 2011 in three different editions, with A New Hope available in both a box set of the original trilogy[135][136] and with the other five films on Star Wars: The Complete Saga, which includes nine discs and over 40 hours of special features.[137] The original theatrical versions of the films were not included in the box set; however, the new 2011 revisions of the trilogy were leaked a month prior to release, inciting controversy the new changes made to these movies and causing an online uproar against Lucas.[138]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Episode IX, the final installment of the sequel trilogy, is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019.[12] Principal photography is set to begin in June 2018.[131] Although Colin Trevorrow had been attached to direct the film, on September 5, 2017, Lucasfilm announced that Trevorrow had stepped down.[132] A week later, Lucasfilm announced that J. J. Abrams would return to direct Episode IX and co-write it with Chris Terrio. Abrams and Terrio stated that Episode IX will bring together all three trilogies, with elements from the previous two films.[133][134]", "Star Wars. The script was written by Star Wars veteran Lawrence Kasdan, and his son Jon Kasdan. The film also stars Alden Ehrenreich as a young Han Solo, Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca (after serving as a double for the character in The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi), Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian, and also Emilia Clarke and Woody Harrelson. Directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller began principal photography on the film, but due to creative differences, the pair left the project in June 2017 with three and a half weeks remaining in principal photography. Academy Award-winning director Ron Howard was announced as their replacement. While his first Star Wars film, Howard had previously collaborated with producing company Lucasfilm as an actor in the George Lucas-directed film American Graffiti (1973) and as director of Willow (1988).[113] Howard was one of the three directors George Lucas asked to direct Episode I: The Phantom Menace, though Howard declined, saying, \"George, you should do it!\".[114] The film is distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and will be released on May 25, 2018.", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. In December 2015, Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy stated that \"we haven't mapped out every single detail [of the sequel trilogy] yet\". She said that Abrams was collaborating with Johnson and that Johnson would in turn work with (then) Episode IX director Colin Trevorrow to ensure a smooth transition.[50] Abrams is an executive producer along with Jason McGatlin and Tom Karnowski.[51] Lucasfilm announced the film's title, Star Wars: The Last Jedi, on January 23, 2017.[52]", "Star Wars expanded to other media. Lucasfilm announced in April 2014 that all previously released expanded universe content would be declared non-canonical to the franchise and rebranded as Star Wars Legends. A new company division, Lucasfilm Story Group, would ensure from then on that all forthcoming comics, books, games and other media were non-contradictory and true to the story of the films, other canonical media, and each other. This restructuring left the Star Wars theatrical films, the Star Wars: The Clone Wars animated film, and the 2008 Star Wars: The Clone Wars animated TV series as the only material embodying the official Star Wars canon. A number of works have subsequently been produced, including the Rebels animated TV series, the 2015 film The Force Awakens and its 2017 sequel The Last Jedi, the 2016 anthology film Rogue One, Star Wars Battlefront II as well as 2018 film Solo: A Star Wars Story and multiple novels and comic book series.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy. The first installment, Star Wars: The Force Awakens, was released in December 2015 in the U.S. It is directed by J. J. Abrams who co-wrote the screenplay with Lawrence Kasdan and Michael Arndt. Harrison Ford, Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, and other cast members from the original trilogy returned to reprise their roles and co-star alongside Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Adam Driver, and Oscar Isaac.", "Star Wars (film). Star Wars debuted on Wednesday, May 25, 1977, in fewer than 32 theaters, and eight more on Thursday and Friday. Kurtz said in 2002, \"That would be laughable today.\" It immediately broke box office records, effectively becoming one of the first blockbuster films, and Fox accelerated plans to broaden its release.[40][104] Lucas himself was not able to predict how successful Star Wars would be. After visiting the set of the Steven Spielberg–directed Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Lucas was sure Close Encounters would outperform the yet-to-be-released Star Wars at the box office. Spielberg disagreed, and felt Lucas's Star Wars would be the bigger hit. Lucas proposed they trade 2.5% of the profit on each other's films; Spielberg took the trade, and still receives 2.5% of the profits from Star Wars.[105]", "Star Wars. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars (later subtitled Episode IV: A New Hope in 1981),[3][4] which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon. It was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983); these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed reactions from both critics and fans. A sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars: The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards (with wins going to the first two films released) and have been commercial successes, with a combined box office revenue of over US$7.5 billion,[5] making Star Wars the third highest-grossing film series.[6] Spin-off films include the animated Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) and Rogue One (2016), the latter of which is the first in a planned series of anthology films.", "The Empire Strikes Back. On April 7, 2015, Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released The Empire Strikes Back through the iTunes Store, Amazon Video, Vudu, Google Play, and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10, 2015.[55]", "Return of the Jedi. In 1997, for the 20th anniversary of the release of Star Wars (retitled Episode IV: A New Hope), Lucas released The Star Wars Trilogy: Special Edition. Along with the two other films in the original trilogy, Return of the Jedi was re-released on March 14, 1997, with a number of changes and additions, which included the insertion of several alien band members in Jabba's throne room, the modification of the Sarlacc to include a beak, the replacement of music at the closing scene, and a montage of different alien worlds celebrating the fall of the Empire.[33] According to Lucas, Return of the Jedi required fewer changes than the previous two films because it is more emotionally driven than the others.[19]", "Star Wars (film). Star Wars was re-released theatrically in 1978, 1979, 1981 and 1982.[112] After ILM used computer-generated effects for Steven Spielberg's 1993 film Jurassic Park, Lucas claimed that digital technology had caught up to his \"original vision\" for Star Wars.[8] For the film's 20th anniversary in 1997, Star Wars was digitally remastered and re-released to movie theaters, along with The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, under the campaign title Star Wars Trilogy: Special Edition. This version of the film runs 124 minutes.", "Star Wars. In April 2015, Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology films.[102][103][104] Rogue One: A Star Wars Story was released on December 16, 2016 as the first in an anthology series of films separate from the main episodic saga.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy. George Lucas was set to provide Abrams with advice as a creative consultant; however, Lucas had no involvement with the film, with his representative stating Lucas \"ideally would love not to see any footage until he walks into the theater next December. He has never been able to be surprised by a Star Wars film before and he said he was looking forward to it.\"[37][55][56][57] The film began pre-production on October 30, 2012. Production began in April 2014;[58] it was released on December 18, 2015.[59] In the US, the film is rated PG-13 \"for sci-fi action violence\" and an M Rating In Australia,[60] the second Star Wars film to receive that rating after Revenge of the Sith (the five other films received a PG rating).[61]", "Star Wars. A third Anthology film will be released in 2020.[115] A writer for the film has been hired as of September 2016.[116]", "Return of the Jedi. The film was released in theaters on May 25, 1983, six years to the day after the release of the first film, receiving mostly positive reviews. The film grossed between $475 million[7][8] and $572 million worldwide.[9] Several home video and theatrical releases and revisions to the film followed over the next 20 years. Star Wars continued with The Phantom Menace as part of the film series' prequel trilogy.", "Solo: A Star Wars Story. Solo: A Star Wars Story had its world premiere on May 10, 2018 in Los Angeles,[92] and also screened on May 15, 2018 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.[93] The film debuted in selected countries on May 23 and had its US release on May 25, 2018, the 41st anniversary of the release of A New Hope, in which Harrison Ford first appeared as Han Solo.[1][2]", "Star Wars. In November 2017, Lucasfilm announced that Rian Johnson, the writer/director of The Last Jedi, would be working on a new trilogy. The films will reportedly differ from the Skywalker-focused films in favor of focusing on new characters.[134] On the same day, Disney announced that a live-action Star Wars television series was also in development exclusively for their upcoming streaming service.[135]" ]

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[ "Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation). Scott first appeared in Parks and Recreation starting in the penultimate second-season episode, \"The Master Plan\", the same episode Rob Lowe joined the regular cast as Chris Traeger.[17][21] The idea of a character trying to rebuild a government career following a humiliating public failure was one of the original ideas for the protagonist of Parks and Recreation. The idea was ultimately abandoned in favor of Leslie Knope's character, but those early ideas were ultimately incorporated into Ben Wyatt.[5][22] Ben's role as a state auditor, and Pawnee's subsequent budget problems, were conceived from global economic crisis and news reports about government services getting shut down around the country.[23] Scott described his character as \"someone who jumped in on a moving train\" in trying to integrate with the other characters.[19] Ben was expected to become a love interest for Leslie Knope from his earliest conception.[17][24] In addition to the growing relationship between Leslie and Ben, one of the biggest story arcs for season three was Ben's growing love of the city of Pawnee, which coincided with his romantic feelings for Leslie. Schur described Ben's character as one who never had a firm sense of home due to the excessive amount of traveling with his job, but who gradually grew to appreciate Pawnee due to the optimism and enthusiasm Leslie has for her job.[25]", "Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation). Ben is very serious, mature and work-oriented, and usually doesn't seem fazed by much of the immature, eccentric behavior from some of the other members of the Pawnee Parks and Recreation Department, primarily Tom Haverford, Leslie Knope, and Andy Dwyer. Ben is often teased by Tom (and, early on, Leslie as well) for his affinity for, references to and vast knowledge in Star Wars, Lord of the Rings, Star Trek, Game of Thrones and other things considered to be \"nerdy\". Ben is also shown to have a hard time socializing, as his main focus is his work. During season six when he was jobless for a week, he created a game called The Cones of Dunshire. The game became very popular, which he realized while visiting San Francisco. He was angry that he didn't copyright it, but later in the show, one of his former coworkers surprises him with the copyright papers.", "List of Parks and Recreation characters. Ben Wyatt (Adam Scott) is Leslie's husband. He joined the show in the penultimate second season episode \"The Master Plan\" as an Indiana state auditor, but eventually took a job at Pawnee working for Chris.[38][50] When he was 18, Ben was elected mayor of his Minnesota hometown, but was impeached after two months because he had no government experience and bankrupted the town.[51][52] He became an auditor as an attempt to redeem himself and prove he can responsibly manage city government.[51] At the start of the show, Ben contrasted Chris' cheery personality by bluntly describing the need for economic cuts in Pawnee, which caused conflicts between Leslie and Ben.[38][52] While Ben never previously established roots in a town due to the constant traveling from his job, Ben gradually came to develop a love of Pawnee, which coincided with his developing romantic interest in Leslie herself.[15] The two start dating in the episode \"Road Trip\", despite Chris' strict policy forbidding workplace romances.[48][53] When he learns Leslie is running for office in the episode \"I'm Leslie Knope\", they break up for fear of jeopardizing Leslie's chance of winning the election in the event they could get caught and create a scandal. However, they decide to get back together in \"Smallest Park\".", "Billy Eichner. On August 5, 2013, Eichner guest starred in the sixth season of Parks and Recreation.[14] Eichner's first episode aired on October 10, 2013. He stars as Donna's Eagleton counterpart, Craig Middlebrooks, who joins the Pawnee Parks and Recreation Department when Pawnee absorbs Eagleton.[15] He became a series regular in episode four of the seventh season of the show.", "Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation). Sir Benjamin \"Ben\" Wyatt KBE is a character portrayed by Adam Scott in the TV series Parks and Recreation. The character guest starred in two episodes of season two and was upgraded to a series regular in season three. Ben is a state auditor who comes into Pawnee with Chris Traeger to evaluate the town's funds at the end of the second season. Ben began dating Leslie Knope in the season three episode \"Road Trip\" and married her in the season five episode \"Leslie and Ben.\" It is implied that he or Leslie or both later become the President of the United States. Ben Wyatt is a lover of all things calzones, sci-fi, and Game of Thrones.", "Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation). After Leslie attacks Sweetums in a press statement, Ben is fired from his job with the company. He then takes on the accountant job he has accepted and declined three times prior. Shortly later though Chris offers him the Job of City Manager of Pawnee because Chris is leaving town and Ben accepts it, becoming the new City Manager of Pawnee and Leslie's boss as she returns to her job in the Parks and Recreation Department. At the end of the episode entitled \"Flu Season 2\" Ben has a fight with his father who sold their family lake house where Ben had many wonderful childhood memories. He realizes he wants to start a family with Leslie, when he returns home to tell Leslie, he discovers that she is pregnant with their first child. When visiting Dr. Saperstein, they realize she's having triplets.", "Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation). When Ben comes to Pawnee, he immediately clashes with Leslie, as she yells at him three consecutive times for his seemingly callous attitude towards firing people and slashing her department's budget. However, when he asks her out for a beer, they begin to show respect for one another. He shares his past as the mayor of Partridge, and that he became a state auditor to prove he can be responsible and eventually run for office again.[2][5] Their new friendship turns sour when Ben and Chris reveal that the town is virtually out of funds and the government will have to be shut down until further notice.[6]", "Road Trip (Parks and Recreation). \"Road Trip\" was written by Harris Wittels and directed by Troy Miller. It was originally broadcast on May 12, 2011, and ran back-to-back with the Parks and Recreation episode \"The Fight\", which aired immediately before.[1] The two are stand-alone episodes that were not originally designed to be shown together.[2] However, because the show premiered late as a mid-season replacement in January,[3][4] the two episodes aired together so the third season could conclude at the end of the television season.[4][5] \"Road Trip\" marks the first time Ben and Leslie kiss and the beginning of their romantic relationship,[4][5] which culminated a developing relationship between the two characters that began when Ben was first introduced at the end of the second season.[6][7]", "Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation). Ben remains city manager, and is planning the Pawnee Bicentennial. This, along with greatly improving the economy of Pawnee, gets him the award for Man of the Year. He and Leslie have triplets, two boys and one girl, whom they have named Stephen, Wesley, and Sonia. In The Johnny Karate Super Awesome Musical Explosion Show, Ben was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire by His Royal Excellence Lord Edgar Darby Covington, 14th Earl of Cornwall-Upon-Thames and 29th Baron of Hertfordshire. After being contacted by Jennifer Barkley, and with Leslie's full support, he decides to run for Congress in 2018. While campaigning, he earns IOW's Woman of the Year award for giving Leslie room to speak her mind instead of reading scripted speeches. Through a series of flash-forwards in the final episode, it is revealed that Ben's congressional campaign was successful and is now a representative from Indiana for the House of Representatives. In 2025, he and Leslie are both given the opportunity to run as Governor of Indiana, Ben ultimately decides to let Leslie run (which she wins). By 2048, it is implied that at least one of them has been elected President of the United States, with Ben wearing a flag lapel pin and being acknowledged first by someone who appeared to be a member of the Secret Service.", "List of Parks and Recreation characters. Derek (Blake Lee) is April Ludgate's openly gay ex-boyfriend, who himself had a gay boyfriend named Ben (Josh Duvendeck) while dating her. Like April, both Derek and Ben are cynical and sarcastic, often mocking others around them. The two first appear together in \"Pawnee Zoo\", where they and April congratulate Leslie for organizing a publicity stunt that married two homosexual penguins at the local zoo.[46] In \"Sweetums\", they begin to notice April is spending more time with Andy Dwyer, and they mock his personality, upsetting and embarrassing April.[95][96] In \"Galentine's Day\", Derek and Ben attend a senior citizen dance party, where they mock the seniors. Tired of their constantly sarcastic behavior, and growing more romantically interested in Andy, April breaks up with them.[97][98] Derek and Ben reappear again, in the episode \"Andy and April's Fancy Party\", making brief cameos as flower-men at Andy's and April's wedding.[43]", "Adam Scott (actor). In 2010, Scott joined the cast of NBC's acclaimed comedy series Parks and Recreation, in which he played Ben Wyatt, a state auditor who arrives in the fictional town of Pawnee, Indiana to evaluate the town's funds.[15] He appeared as a guest star along with Rob Lowe in the second season before becoming a main character for the remainder of the series. The show's seventh and final season concluded in February 2015.", "Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation). Following his termination, Ben takes some time to \"explore his interests\" which consists of him remaining in his house and attempting various hobbies like making calzones and stop motion films. His appearance becomes unkempt and after a visit from Chris, he realizes that despite convincing himself otherwise he's unhappy without some sort of direction in his life. After Leslie's campaign flops at the ice rink, Ann resigns (eagerly) from being Leslie's campaign manager and Leslie asks Ben to run her campaign given his experience with local politics. Ben takes over the duties of running Leslie's campaign for city council and helps turn the campaign around, making it competitive with Bobby Newport's bid for city office. Ben manages to secure the endorsement of Pawnee's retiring police chief and improve Leslie's likability at a bowling event (despite the spectacle of having punched a man who called Leslie 'a bitch'). In \"Dave Returns\", it is revealed that not only is Ben socially awkward around police officers, but he is afraid of them, saying \"I am not afraid of cops. I have no reason to be. I never break any laws ever because I'm deathly afraid of cops.\"", "Parks and Recreation (season 2). Rob Lowe and Adam Scott joined the Parks and Recreation cast starting in the penultimate second-season episode, \"The Master Plan\".[39][40] Scott left his starring role on the Starz comedy series Party Down to join Parks and Recreation,[39][41] and Lowe had recently departed from the ABC drama series Brothers & Sisters.[42] From the beginning, Scott was expected to become a regular cast member and, during the third season, eventual love interest for Leslie Knope,[36][39] while Lowe was originally only intended to make a string of guest appearances in the third season and then depart the series.[42][43] However, Lowe later signed a multi-year contract to become a regular cast member.[43][44][45] Schur said even when the character Ben Wyatt was conceived, Adam Scott was considered the \"dream scenario\" casting choice.[40]", "Ben Roethlisberger. Roethlisberger was among the celebrities lampooned in the 14th-season premiere of the Comedy Central animated series South Park, appearing in a rehabilitation class for \"sex addicts\" along with David Letterman, Bill Clinton, and others. Titled \"Sexual Healing\", the episode aired shortly after the second accusation of sexual assault was made against Roethlisberger.[169]", "Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation). Following the conclusion of the festival, Chris is installed as interim city manager of Pawnee, and offers Ben a job as assistant city manager, which he eventually accepts. It is implied that he made the decision to be closer to Leslie and that he and Leslie are attracted to each other,[13] but a new policy of Chris's forbids city employees to date each other and has halted any potential relationship. But, after being assigned to a road trip that would cause them to be alone, Ben tells Leslie that he likes her. At the end of the episode, Leslie approaches Ben to hand him receipts and he kisses her.[14]", "List of Parks and Recreation characters. While most of the main cast have been with the series since it debuted in April 2009, actors Rob Lowe and Adam Scott joined the cast late in the second season portraying Chris Traeger and Ben Wyatt, two state auditors who later take permanent jobs in Pawnee. Paul Schneider was a permanent cast member during the first two seasons as city planner Mark Brendanawicz, but he departed at the end of season two. Billy Eichner who portrays Craig Middlebrooks, the \"associate administrator\" of the Pawnee parks department, recurred throughout the show's sixth season until he was promoted to the main cast in the fourth episode of the seventh season. The majority of Parks and Recreation episodes are set in Pawnee, and most of the recurring and supporting characters are friends of the main characters or residents of the town.", "List of Parks and Recreation characters. Chris Traeger (Rob Lowe) first appeared in \"The Master Plan\", along with Ben Wyatt, as an Indiana state auditor who visits Pawnee to help solve their crippling financial problems.[38][50] This led to major budget cutbacks and, eventually, a three-month government shutdown.[54][55] In the episode \"Camping\", he took a job as acting city manager after the previous manager, Paul Iaresco, suffered a heart attack.[56][57] Chris is an extremely positive person who is always upbeat and energetic.[55][58] Extremely health-conscious, he exercises constantly and eats only healthy foods,[nb 2] and hopes to be the first human being to live 150 years.[51] He briefly dated Ann Perkins, but the two split up in the third season.[39] Chris imposed a strict policy against workplace dating at city hall, which serves as a detriment to Leslie and Ben.[19] Rob Lowe was originally expected to appear in only eight episodes as a guest star,[61][62] but eventually signed on to remain on the show as a permanent cast member.[63][64]", "Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation). In \"The Bubble\", Leslie and Ben are officially dating, but they are keeping their relationship a secret due to a no-dating policy at work. They are enjoying what Leslie calls \"the bubble\", or the beginning of a relationship when everything is simple and fun. It is suddenly threatened, however, when Ben has a meeting with Leslie's mother Marlene, who wants Ben to approve the purchase of four new school buses despite a difficult budget season. Afraid of ruining the bubble, Leslie initially tells Ben she is not related to Marlene. Right before Ben's meeting, however, Leslie admits Marlene is her mother, making him nervous and causing him to capitulate to all of her demands during the meeting, which makes Marlene consider Ben weak. Leslie trains Ben for his next meeting with her mother. He impresses Marlene so much with his tough negotiation skills that she becomes flirtatious with him. An uncomfortable Ben tells Leslie they should tell her about their relationship, but Leslie does not want to lose the bubble. Fed up, Ben storms into Marlene's office and tells her that he is dating her daughter and asks her to keep it secret. Marlene laughs off the situation and tells Leslie that she approves of Ben.", "Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation). Though their relationship had become rather serious, Ben and Leslie are forced to break up to avoid a scandal which could derail Leslie's city council candidacy. Ben understands, giving Leslie a \"Knope 2012\" button he had made. He then starts helping Tom run his business Entertainment 720, where he's shocked at how much money Tom spends without getting any revenue. He also helps Tom charm Joan Callamezzo to try to get her book club to include Leslie's new book, but Joan gets drunk and hits on them. He and Leslie end up sharing lovelorn looks with each other. Ben is dragged along to Tom and Donna's \"Treat Yo Self\", where he treats himself to a Batman costume and a good cry over his breakup with Leslie.", "Road Trip (Parks and Recreation). Written by Harris Wittels and directed by Troy Miller, \"Road Trip\" originally aired back-to-back along with \"The Fight\". The two are stand-alone episodes not originally meant to run together, but because the third season premiered late, they had to be shown together so the series' season would conclude by the end of the television season. \"Road Trip\" marked the beginning of a romantic relationship between Leslie and Ben, which culminated a growing development between the two characters that began when Ben was first introduced at the end of the second season.", "Parks and Recreation (season 3). One of the biggest story arcs of the third season was the romance between Leslie and Ben,[46] which slowly developed throughout the series until they officially began dating in the episode \"Road Trip\" despite a strict policy against workplace dating at city hall.[73] The development of Ben's feelings for Leslie coincide with his growing appreciation for Pawnee; the character never had a firm sense of home due to the excessive amount of traveling with his job, but throughout the season Ben gradually falls in love with the town due to the optimism and enthusiasm Leslie Knope shows for Pawnee and her job.[46] The no-dating policy, imposed by Chris, stemmed from real life policies in small town governments, which Schur said were considered very important because \"these people are handling taxpayer money, so relationships are even more frowned upon than they are in the private sector\".[36] During the season finale \"Li'l Sebastian\", Leslie is encouraged by political operatives to run for office, but is asked whether there any potential scandals that could risk becoming public. Leslie denies there are any, but it is suggested her secret relationship with Ben could become such a scandal.[74]", "List of Parks and Recreation characters. Dave Sanderson (Louis C.K.) is a former boyfriend of Leslie Knope and ex-police sergeant in Pawnee. Socially awkward, Dave always speaks in an extremely deadpan and technical tone of voice,[85][86] but has a sweet personality despite his serious and sometimes gruff exterior, with one Pawnee cop telling Leslie that Dave had been the crankiest member of the force until he met her.[87] He first appears in \"The Stakeout\", where he arrested Tom after finding him suspiciously lingering in a parked van. Leslie angrily demanded that Dave set Tom free, and Dave immediately found Leslie attractive.[86][88] He asked her on a date in \"Beauty Pageant\" and she accepted, although she initially hesitated when Dave failed to recognize photos of major female political figures hanging in Leslie's office.[89][90] Nervous about the upcoming first date, Leslie became drunk in \"Practice Date\" and visited Dave's house in the middle of the night, acting foolish until Dave brought her home. Leslie was humiliated, but Dave comforted her the next day and they continued dating.[21][87] In \"Greg Pikitis\", Dave helped Leslie monitor her nemesis, high school student Greg Pikitis, on Halloween night and ultimately helped catch him in the middle of committing a prank.[91][92] Dave made what seemed to be his final appearance in \"Christmas Scandal\", when he told Leslie he is in the United States Army Reserve and has been called for maintenance work in San Diego. He invited Leslie to move there with him, but she insisted she could not leave her home of Pawnee, so they amicably split up. In \"Dave Returns\", Dave comes back to Pawnee for the retirement party of the current police chief. On a whim, Leslie invites Dave out to dinner with her and Ben and while Ben is in the bathroom, Dave reveals to Leslie that he still has feelings for her. He then handcuffed Ben in the bathroom, but Ben had access to his cell phone and called Leslie, who then sat down for a friendly but firm chat with Dave where she said she was in love with Ben. Dave apologized for his behavior and accepted the situation, being glad to know that Leslie is happy.[93][94] At the end of the episode, he finally convinced Ben to use the bathroom (Ben has a fear of cops) in the form of a command, which Ben gratefully accepts.", "List of Parks and Recreation characters. George Williams (Biff Yeager) works in the Public Works Department, first seen in the season three episode Jerry's Painting, although he was referred to as \"Lenny\". In Li'l Sebastian, he worked as a maintenance worker for Li'l Sebastian's funeral, as witnessed Ben and Leslie kissing. To keep him from revealing their secret, Ben and Leslie give him a $50 spa gift certificate. He reappears in The Trial of Leslie Knope, where it is revealed he is a NASCAR enthusiast. He testifies against Leslie and provides the key evidence against her.[146]", "Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation). Towards the end of the campaign, Ben is offered a job working for a congressional campaign in Washington, D.C.. Initially conflicted, as it would mean several months away from Pawnee, Ben is ultimately convinced by Leslie to take the job.", "The Master Plan (Parks and Recreation). The next morning, Ann fears she made out with someone at the party but cannot remember. She eventually learns she made out with Chris, who shows a romantic interest in her. Tom returns to the Snakehole Lounge to close his tab, where he meets the bartender, Lucy (Natalie Morales), who makes fun of his efforts to pick up women. The two get along and Lucy gives Tom her phone number, to his immense pleasure. Leslie decides to apologize to Ben, and he invites her out for a beer. As they finally start to get along, Leslie realizes Ben was the mayor of a small town called Partridge, Minnesota. It was national news because he was only 18 when elected, and he promptly drove the entire government into the ground. Ben became a state auditor to prove he can be responsible and restart his political career. Later, at the parks department budget meeting, Chris and Ben reveal Pawnee's budget crisis was far worse than previously thought and that the Pawnee government will shut down until further notice, horrifying Leslie and delighting Ron.", "List of Parks and Recreation characters. Paul Iaresco (Phil Reeves) is the Pawnee city manager, which makes him supervisor of all the departments and staff in city hall. He was first introduced in \"Canvassing\", when he asked Ron to fast-track Leslie's plans to convert a construction pit into a park. This inadvertently led to a disastrous public forum, where most attendees forcefully opposed the project.[170] Paul appeared in several other Parks and Recreation episodes, including \"The Master Plan\", where he announced the pending arrival of state auditors Ben Wyatt and Chris Traeger due to Pawnee's crippling budget problems.[51] In \"Camping\", Paul held a press conference to commend Leslie for her successful relaunch of the city's harvest festival. During the conference, he suffered a massive heart attack and accidentally clutched Leslie's breast as he fell to the ground; one newspaper's story about the incident read, \"Knope Grope is Last Hope!\" Paul took a leave of absence after an octuple bypass, and Chris Traeger took over as interim city manager.[56][57]", "Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation). Later, they confess to Chris about their relationship, and he launches an investigation to check for any possible acts of corruption, as Ben is Leslie's superior. It turns out that in the season three's finale, Ben and Leslie had bribed a maintenance worker to keep quiet about them after the worker witnessed them kissing. As that was a possible reason for termination, Leslie was ready to take full responsibility only to find that Ben resigned from his job in order to save hers.", "List of Parks and Recreation characters. After recurring heavily during the show's sixth season, Eichner was promoted to a main cast member in the seventh season, beginning with the fourth episode \"Leslie and Ron\".", "Chris Traeger. Shortly following his departure from the ABC drama series Brothers & Sisters, Rob Lowe accepted the role of Chris Traeger on Parks and Recreation. He made his first appearance on the show in \"The Master Plan\", the penultimate episode of the second season. The character debuted the same episode that Adam Scott began his role as Ben Wyatt. Originally, Chris Traeger was only meant to be a guest role, with Lowe portraying him in the final two episodes of the second season and the first six episodes of the third season before departing the series.[32][33] However, Lowe instead became a regular cast member starting with the third season,[34][35] and signed a multi-year contract to remain on the show.[2][36] The idea of Chris as a state auditor visiting Pawnee, and the subsequent government shutdown, was inspired by news reports at the time of a number of states that were considering a shut down of schools, parks and other services due to the global financial crisis.[19][37]", "The Master Plan (Parks and Recreation). \"The Master Plan\" marked the first appearance of Adam Scott, who also appeared in the subsequent season finale \"Freddy Spaghetti\" and became a regular cast member during the third season. Scott left the Starz comedy Party Down to join the Parks and Recreation cast,[10][11] a decision he made in part because it was unclear whether Starz would renew the series: \"It was a matter of me asking Starz if it was going to continue, and them saying they weren't ready to make that decision. I couldn't pass up the opportunity on Parks and Rec for a show that could possibly not exist anymore.\"[12] Schur said when the Ben Wyatt character was written, Scott was envisioned as the \"dream scenario\" for casting.[13] Schur described Scott as \"brilliant and funny\" and praised his comedic range: \"There just aren't that many people with a comedic range that spans 'Step Brothers' to 'Party Down.'\".[10] Several commentators said Ben Wyatt closely resembles the character Scott played on Party Down, Henry Pollard. While Ben was a politician who found great success at a young age then suffered a downfall, Henry was an actor who became a caterer after his acting career declined.[14][15] Scott, however, said he feels they are \"vastly different characters and circumstances\".[12] The idea of a character trying to rebuild a government career following a humiliating public failure was one of the original ideas for the series of Parks and Recreation in general, but one that was ultimately not used until the Ben Wyatt character was introduced.[6][16] During the scene when Ben explains his failed mayoral tenure, shots of a newspaper clip with images of the character's prom pictures are shown. Those pictures are the actual high school prom photos of actor Adam Scott.[17]", "Chris Traeger. Chris first appeared in the second season episode \"The Master Plan\". Originally expected to appear in eight episodes as a guest star, Lowe eventually signed on to remain on the show as a permanent cast member. Chris was a romantic interest for Ann Perkins (Rashida Jones) throughout the show's run. Chris imposes a strict policy against workplace dating at city hall, but series protagonist Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler) and Ben Wyatt (Adam Scott) begin secretly dating anyway, which Chris eventually accepts.", "Chris Traeger. Parks and Recreation has traditionally experienced poor Nielsen ratings, and NBC officials hoped the addition of Lowe to the cast would help increase viewership. His premiere on the second season episode \"The Master Plan\" was heavily publicized in commercials with the hopes of drawing new viewers.[20][22] However, ratings continued to be low after he joined the show, and his appearances only resulted in what HitFix writer Daniel Fienberg called \"a statistically irrelevant bump\" in the ratings.[51]" ]

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[ "Tamil Nadu. During the 9th century, the Chola dynasty was once again revived by Vijayalaya Chola, who established Thanjavur as Chola's new capital by conquering central Tamil Nadu from Mutharaiyar and the Pandya king Varagunavarman II. Aditya I and his son Parantaka I expanded the kingdom to the northern parts of Tamil Nadu by defeating the last Pallava king, Aparajitavarman. Parantaka Chola II expanded the Chola empire into what is now interior Andhra Pradesh and coastal Karnataka, while under the great Rajaraja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola, the Cholas rose to a notable power in south east Asia. Now the Chola Empire stretched as far as Bengal and Sri Lanka. At its peak, the empire spanned almost 3,600,000 km2 (1,400,000 sq mi). Rajaraja Chola conquered all of peninsular south India and parts of Sri Lanka. Rajendra Chola's navy went even further, occupying coasts from Burma (now ) to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Sumatra, Java, Malaya, Philippines[38] in South East Asia and Pegu islands. He defeated Mahipala, the king of Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital and named it Gangaikonda Cholapuram.", "History of India. Chola Empire under Rajendra Chola c. 1030 CE.", "Chola dynasty. Vijayalaya was the founder of the Imperial Chola dynasty which was the beginning of one of the most splendid empires in Indian history.[45] Vijayalaya, possibly a feudatory of the Pallava dynasty, took an opportunity arising out of a conflict between the Pandya dynasty and Pallava dynasty in c. 850, captured Thanjavur from Muttarayar, and established the imperial line of the medieval Chola Dynasty.[46][47] Thanjavur became the capital of the Imperial Chola Dynasty.[48]", "Rajendra Chola I. Rajendra Chola I or Rajendra I was a Chola emperor of India who succeeded his father Rajaraja Chola I to the throne in 1014 CE. He is considered as one of the greatest emperors of India. During his reign, he extended the influence of the Chola empire to the banks of the river Ganga in North India and across the Indian ocean to the West, making the Chola Empire one of the most powerful empires of India.[5][6] Rajendra’s conquests included Sri Lanka, Maldives, and he successfully invaded the territories of Srivijaya in Malaysia, Southern Thailand and Indonesia in South East Asia.[5][7] The Cholas exacted tribute from Thailand and the Khmer kingdom of Cambodia. He defeated Mahipala, the Pala king of Bengal and Bihar, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital city called Gangaikonda Cholapuram.[8][9]", "Chola government. The Chola government during the imperial period (850 – 1200 CE) was marked for its uniqueness and innovativeness. Cholas were the first dynasty who tried to bring the entire South India under a common rule and to a great extent succeeded in their efforts. Although the form and protocols of that government cannot be compared to a contemporary form of government, the history of the Chola empire belongs to a happy age in their history and great things were achieved by the government and the people.", "Middle kingdoms of India. By the 9th century, under Rajaraja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola, the Cholas rose as a notable power in south Asia. The Chola Empire stretched as far as Bengal. At its peak, the empire spanned almost 3,600,000 km2 (1,389,968 sq mi). Rajaraja Chola conquered all of peninsular South India and parts of the Sri Lanka. Rajendra Chola's navies went even further, occupying coasts from Burma (now Myanmar) to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Sumatra, Java, Malaya in South East Asia and Pegu islands. He defeated Mahipala, the king of the Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital and named it Gangaikonda Cholapuram.[citation needed]", "Chola dynasty. Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I were the greatest rulers of the Chola dynasty, extending it beyond the traditional limits of a Tamil kingdom.[37] At its peak, the Chola Empire stretched from the island of Sri Lanka in the south to the Godavari-Krishna river basin in the north, up to the Konkan coast in Bhatkal, the entire Malabar Coast in addition to Lakshadweep, Maldives, and vast areas of Chera country. Rajaraja Chola I was a ruler with inexhaustible energy, and he applied himself to the task of governance with the same zeal that he had shown in waging wars. He integrated his empire into a tight administrative grid under royal control, and at the same time strengthened local self-government. Therefore, he conducted a land survey in 1000 CE to effectively marshall the resources of his empire.[51] He also built the Brihadeeswarar Temple in 1010 CE.[52]", "History of India. They dominated the political affairs of Sri Lanka for over two centuries through repeated invasions and occupation. They also had continuing trade contacts with the Arabs in the west and with the Chinese empire in the east.[267] Rajaraja Chola I and his equally distinguished son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power.[268] Under the Cholas, the South India reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature. In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India.[269]", "Chola government. Between 980 CE, and c. 1150 CE, the Chola Empire comprised the entire south Indian peninsula extending east to west between sea to sea, and bounded in the north by an irregular line along the river Tungabhadra and the Vengi frontier. Although Vengi had a separate political existence, it was so closely connected to the Chola Empire, for all practical purposes, the Chola dominion extended up to the banks of the Godavari river. The main conquests took place between the accession of Sundara Chola and of Rajendra Chola I. The bulk of the conquests occurred during Rajaraja, and in his reign the Chola kingdom ceased to be a small state and the character of the Empire took true imperial proportions. The king was referred to as Chakravartigal (Emperor) and the lord of the three worlds (Tribhuvanachakravarti). The crown prince began to take part in active administration from the time of Rajaraja and minor princes were appointed as regional governors.", "Chola government. Rajendra Chola I established the town of Gangaikonda Cholapuram and made it his capital commemorating his successful expedition to the Ganges in 1023 CE. This town, situated south west of the temple town of Chidambaram does not exist anymore. It was extensively sacked and destroyed by the Pandyas during the dying days of the Chola empire. However the great Siva temple Gangaikonda Choleshwara still exists proclaiming the once great city. We also find evidence of the splendour of the royal palaces and great markets that once existed there.", "History of India. Medieval Cholas rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century C.E. and established the greatest empire South India had seen.[262] They successfully united the South India under their rule and through their naval strength extended their influence in the Southeast Asian countries such as Srivijaya.[238] Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia.[263][264] Rajendra Chola I's navies went even further, occupying the sea coasts from Burma to Vietnam,[265] the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep (Laccadive) islands, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the Pegu islands. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China.[266]", "Chola dynasty. The Later Chola dynasty was led by capable rulers such as Kulothunga Chola I, his son Vikrama Chola, other successors like Rajaraja Chola II, Rajadhiraja Chola II, and Kulothunga Chola III, who conquered Kalinga, Ilam, and Kataha. However, the rule of the later Cholas between 1218, starting with Rajaraja Chola II, to the last emperor Rajendra Chola III was not as strong as those of the emperors between 850–1215. Around 1118, they lost control of Vengi to the Western Chalukya and Gangavadi (southern Mysore districts) to the Hoysala Empire. However, these were only temporary setbacks, because immediately following the accession of king Vikrama Chola, the son and successor of Kulothunga Chola I, the Cholas lost no time in recovering the province of Vengi by defeating Chalukya Someshvara III and also recovering Gangavadi from the Hoysalas. The Chola Empire, though not as strong as between 850–1150, was still largely territorially intact under Rajaraja Chola II (1146–1175) a fact attested by the construction and completion of the third grand Chola architectural marvel, the chariot-shaped Airavatesvara Temple at Dharasuram on the outskirts of modern Kumbakonam. Chola administration and territorial integrity until the rule of Kulothunga Chola III was stable and very prosperous up to 1215, but during his rule itself, the decline of the Chola power started following his defeat by Maravarman Sundara Pandiyan II in 1215–16.[77] Subsequently, the Cholas also lost control of the island of Lanka and were driven out by the revival of Sinhala power.[citation needed]", "Chola dynasty. Rajendra Chola I conquered Odisha and his armies continued to march further north and defeated the forces of the Pala Dynasty of Bengal and reached the Ganges river in north India.[53] Rajendra Chola I built a new capital called Gangaikonda Cholapuram to celebrate his victories in northern India.[54] Rajendra Chola I successfully invaded the Srivijaya kingdom in Southeast Asia which led to the decline of the empire there.[55] This expedition had such a great impression to the Malay people of the medieval period that his name was mentioned in the corrupted form as Raja Chulan in the medieval Malay chronicle Sejarah Melayu.[56][57][58] He also completed the conquest of the island of Sri Lanka and took the Sinhala king Mahinda V as a prisoner, in addition to his conquests of Rattapadi (territories of the Rashtrakutas, Chalukya country, Talakkad, and Kolar, where the Kolaramma temple still has his portrait statue) in Kannada country.[59] Rajendra's territories included the area falling on the Ganges-Hooghly-Damodar basin,[60] as well as Sri Lanka and Maldives.[46] The kingdoms along the east coast of India up to the river Ganges acknowledged Chola suzerainty.[61] Three diplomatic missions were sent to China in 1016, 1033, and 1077.[46]", "History of South India. Vijayalaya Chola revived the Chola dynasty in 850 CE by conquering Thanjavur by defeating Ilango Mutharaiyar and making it his capital. His son Aditya defeated the Pallava king Aparajita and extended the Chola territories to Tondaimandalam. The centers of the Chola Kingdom were at Kanchi (Kanchipuram) and Thanjavur. One of the most powerful rulers of the Chola kingdom was Raja Raja Chola, who ruled from 985 to 1014 CE. His army conquered the Navy of the Cheras at Thiruvananthapuram, and annexed Anuradhapura and the northern province of Ceylon. Rajendra Chola I completed the conquest of Sri Lanka, invaded Bengal, and undertook a great naval campaign that occupied parts of Malaya, Burma, and Sumatra. The Chola dynasty began declining by the 13th century and ended in 1279. Cholas were great builders and have left some of the most beautiful examples of early Dravidian temple architecture. Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur is a fine example and has been listed as one of the United Nations sites.", "Rajendra Chola I. In 1018 CE, Rajendra marched across the Pandya and Chera kingdoms referred in the Tamil Copper-plate inscriptions. The territories were already conquered during the reign of Raja Raja I.[10] Rajendra appointed one of his sons as viceroy with the title Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya with Madurai as the headquarters.", "Chola dynasty. The Pandyas steadily routed both the Hoysalas and the Cholas.[84] They also dispossessed the Hoysalas, by defeating them under Jatavarman Sundara Pandiyan at Kannanur Kuppam.[85] At the close of Rajendra's reign, the Pandyan empire was at the height of prosperity and had taken the place of the Chola empire in the eyes of the foreign observers.[86] The last recorded date of Rajendra III is 1279. There is no evidence that Rajendra was followed immediately by another Chola prince.[87][88] The Hoysalas were routed from Kannanur Kuppam around 1279 by Kulasekhara Pandiyan and in the same war the last Chola emperor Rajendra III was routed and the Chola empire ceased to exist thereafter. Thus the Chola empire was completely overshadowed by the Pandyan empire and sank into obscurity and ceased to exist by the end of the 13th century.[81][88]", "Chola dynasty. The Chola dynasty was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of southern India. The earliest datable references to this Tamil dynasty are in inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE left by Ashoka, of the Maurya Empire. As one of the Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam, the dynasty continued to govern over varying territory until the 13th century CE.", "Early Cholas. The names of the three dynasties, Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras, are mentioned in the Pillars of Ashoka (inscribed 273–232 BCE) inscriptions, among the kingdoms, which though not subject to Ashoka, were on friendly terms with him.[4][5] The king of Kalinga, Kharavela, who ruled around 150 BCE, mentioned in the famous Hathigumpha inscription of the confederacy of the Tamil kingdoms that had existed for over 100 years.[6] Karikala Chola was the most famous early Chola. He is mentioned in a number of poems in the Tamil Sangam literature.[7]", "Andaman Islands. From 800 to 1200 CE, the Tamil Chola dynasty created an empire that eventually extended from southeastern peninsular India to parts of Malaysia.[7] Rajendra Chola I (1014 to 1042 CE) took over the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and maintained them as a strategic naval base to launch a naval expedition against the Srivijaya empire (a Buddhist-Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia).[8]", "Portal:India/Today's selected article/December 2006. The Chola dynasty (Tamil: சோழர் குலம்) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled primarily in southern India until the 13th century CE. The dynasty originated in the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. Territories under their domain stretched from the islands of Maldives in the south to as far north as the banks of the river Ganges in Bengal. The dynasty was at the height of its power during the tenth and the eleventh centuries. Under Rajaraja Chola I (Rajaraja the Great) and his son Rajendra Chola, the dynasty rose as a military, economic and cultural power in Asia. The legacy of Chola rule has lasted in the region through modern times. Their patronage of Tamil literature and their zeal in building temples have resulted in some great works of Tamil architecture and poetry. The Chola kings were avid builders and envisioned the temples in their kingdoms not only as places of worship, but also as centres of economic activity, benefiting their entire community. They pioneered a centralised form of government and established a disciplined bureaucracy. (more...)", "Early Cholas. The Cholas of the pre and post Sangam period (400 BCE – 200 CE) were one of the three main kingdoms of the ancient Tamil country. Their early capitals were Urayur and Kaveripattinam. Along with Pandyas and Cheras, Chola history goes back to the period where the history is covered with the mists of time.", "Rajendra Chola I. After his successful campaign to Ganges river in north India he got the title Gangaikonda Chola (The Chola who took the Ganges river). And after his successful Southeast Asian campaign he got the title \"Kadaram Kondan\"(He who took Kedah in Malaysia).[47] He founded a new capital city called Gangaikonda Cholapuram and built a Shiva temple similar to the Thanjavur Brihadisvara temple built by his father Rajaraja Chola. He expanded the Pathirakali Amman Temple and Koneswaram temple of Trincomalee.[44] He inherited the title Mummudi Cholan (Chola with three crowns) from his father with Mummudi, a title used by Tamil kings who ruled the three kingdoms of Cholas, Pandyas and Cheras.[48] To commemorate his conquests, Rajendra assumed other titles such as Mudigonda Cholan and Irattapadikonda Cholan.", "Rajendra Chola I. In 1019 CE, Rajendra’s forces marched through Kalinga towards the river Ganga. In Kalinga the Chola forces defeated Indraratha the ruler of the Somavamsi Dynasty.[15] The Chola army eventually reached the Pala kingdom of Bengal where they defeated Mahipala. The Chola army also defeated the last ruler of the Kamboja Pala dynasty Dharmapala of Dandabhukti.[16][17] The Chola army went on to raid East Bengal and defeated Govindachandra of the Chandra dynasty and invaded Bastar region.[18][19] The territories held the status of tribute paying subordinates and trade partners with the Chola Kingdom, an arrangement that lasted till the times of Kulothunga III.[20] He constructed a new capital at Gangaikondacholapuram and built the Brihadeeswarar Temple similar to the Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur.", "Chola dynasty. The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the Kaveri River, but they ruled a significantly larger area at the height of their power from the later half of the 9th century till the beginning of the 13th century. The whole country south of the Tungabhadra was united and held as one state for a period of two centuries and more.[4] Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia.[5] The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the naval raids on cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya, as well as by the repeated embassies to China.[6] The Chola fleet represented the zenith of ancient Indian sea power.", "Chola dynasty. Before the reign of Rajaraja Chola I huge parts of the Chola territory were ruled by hereditary lords and local princes who were in a loose alliance with the Chola rulers. Thereafter, until the reign of Vikrama Chola in 1133 CE when the Chola power was at its peak, these hereditary lords and local princes virtually vanished from the Chola records and were either replaced or turned into dependent officials. Through these dependent officials the administration was improved and the Chola kings were able to exercise a closer control over the different parts of the empire.[100] There was an expansion of the administrative structure, particularly from the reign of Rajaraja Chola I onwards. The government at this time had a large land revenue department, consisting of several tiers, which was largely concerned with maintaining accounts. The assessment and collection of revenue were undertaken by corporate bodies such as the ur, nadu, sabha, nagaram and sometimes by local chieftains who passed the revenue to the centre. During the reign of Rajaraja Chola I, the state initiated a massive project of land survey and assessment and there was a reorganisation of the empire into units known as valanadus.[101]", "Early Cholas. The trade that flourished between the Chola country and the ancient Roman Empire is given in much detail by Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. 75 CE).", "History of India. The Chola empire emerged as a major power during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I who successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka in the 11th century.[238] Lalitaditya Muktapida (r. 724 CE–760 CE) was an emperor of the Kashmiri Karkoṭa dynasty, which exercised influence in northwestern India from 625 CE until 1003, and was followed by Lohara dynasty. Kalhana in his Rajatarangini credits king Lalitaditya with leading an aggressive military campaign in Northern India and Central Asia.[239][240][241]", "Chola dynasty. The Cholas left a lasting legacy. Their patronage of Tamil literature and their zeal in the building of temples has resulted in some great works of Tamil literature and architecture.[5] The Chola kings were avid builders and envisioned the temples in their kingdoms not only as places of worship but also as centres of economic activity.[11][12] They pioneered a centralised form of government and established a disciplined bureaucracy. The Chola school of art spread to Southeast Asia and influenced the architecture and art of Southeast Asia.[13][14]", "North Sentinel Island. Rajendra Chola I (1014 to 1044 CE), one of the Tamil Chola dynasty kings, conquered the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to use them as a strategic naval base to launch a naval expedition against the Sriwijaya Empire (a Buddhist empire based in the island of Sumatra, Indonesia). They called the islands Tinmaittivu (\"Valour/Truth/Strength islands\" in Tamil).[14]", "Brihadeeswarar Temple. The temple was built to grace the throne of the Chola empire by the Tamil emperor Arulmozhivarman, popularly called Rajaraja Chola I, in compliance to a command given to him in a dream.[5] One of the first great Tamil Chola building projects, the temple's foundations were laid out in 1002 CE.[7] An axial and symmetrical geometry rules the temple layout.[8] Temples from this period and the following two centuries are an expression of the Tamilars (Chola) wealth, power and artistic expertise. The emergence of such features as the multifaceted columns with projecting square capitals signal the arrival of the new Chola style.[9]", "History of Tamil Nadu. The Cholas went into a temporary decline during the next few years due to weak kings, palace intrigues and succession disputes. Despite a number of attempts the Pandya country could not be completely subdued and the Rashtrakutas were still a powerful enemy in the north. However, the Chola revival began with the accession of Rajaraja Chola I in 985. Cholas rose as a notable military, economic and cultural power in Asia under Rajaraja and his son Rajendra Chola I. The Chola territories stretched from the islands of Maldives in the south to as far north as the banks of the river Ganges in Bengal. Rajaraja Chola conquered peninsular South India, annexed parts of Sri Lanka and occupied the islands of Maldives. Rajendra Chola extended the Chola conquests to the Malayan archipelago by defeating the Srivijaya kingdom.[63] He defeated Mahipala, the king of Bihar and Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital called Gangaikonda Cholapuram (the town of Cholas who conquered the Ganges). At its peak the Chola Empire extended from the island of Sri Lanka in the south to the Godavari basin in the north. The kingdoms along the east coast of India up to the river Ganges acknowledged Chola suzerainty. Chola navies invaded and conquered Srivijaya in the Malayan archipelago.[64] Chola armies exacted tribute from Thailand and the Khmer kingdom of Cambodia.[65] During the reign of Rajaraja and Rajendra, the administration of the Chola empire matured considerably. The empire was divided into a number of self-governing local government units, and the officials were selected through a system of popular elections.[66]", "List of ancient great powers. The Cholas left a lasting legacy. Their patronage of Tamil literature and their zeal in building temples has resulted in some great works of Tamil literature and architecture.[24] The Chola kings were avid builders and envisioned the temples in their kingdoms not only as places of worship but also as centres of economic activity.[32][33] They pioneered a centralised form of government and established a disciplined bureaucracy." ]

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[ "Human After All (song). \"Human After All\" is a song by electronic music duo Daft Punk. It is the title track from their third studio album, Human After All, and the third single from the album, released on 21 October 2005. The single release includes remixes of the song which appeared in the album Human After All: Remixes.[1] \"Human After All\" peaked at number 93 on the French Singles Chart.", "Only Human (Calum Scott album). Only Human is the debut studio album, written and conducted by British singer/songwriter Calum Scott, released on 9 March 2018 through Capitol Records.[4][5]", "Human After All (song). \"Human After All\" is the only single from the album released without an accompanying music video. Daft Punk had originally set to make a video, but it eventually became the feature film Daft Punk's Electroma co-written and directed by the duo.[2]", "Only Human (Calum Scott album). David from auspOp gave the album four of out five, and complimented the \"personal\" lyrics, writing: \"Most of the songs here are a great listen and you can appreciate the effort that's gone into creating such a great debut\".[6] Francesca Lamaina of Renowned for Sound gave the album three out of five stars, saying: \"Only Human is a decent debut album... Some tracks lack of spirit and suffocates among incessant repetitions. However, Calum Scott's voice is incredibly wonderful.\"[10] Nick Lavine of Gay Times gave the album four of out five and said that \"Only Human offers a classy assortment of soulful stompers, gospel-tinged ballads and more reflective downtempo moments\", adding: \"This is an impressive and affecting debut that proves there’s much more to Calum Scott than a kinda surprising Robyn cover.\"[8]", "Human After All (song). On the album Alive 2007, \"Human After All\" appears with the track \"Superheroes\" from the album Discovery (2001) and \"Rock 'N Roll\" from Homework (1997). The song also appeared on the encore on the bonus disc of Alive 2007, mixed along with Together's eponymous song, a reprise of \"One More Time\" from Discovery and Stardust's song \"Music Sounds Better with You\".[5]", "Human After All (song). Daft Punk produced the Teriyaki Boyz song \"HeartBreaker\", which features elements of \"Human After All\".[3] MTV Australia used the coda of \"Human After All\" in its \"coming up\" section of their channel format.[citation needed] A remixed version of the song made an appearance in the video game DJ Hero 2.[4]", "Calum Scott. In 2017, he toured the US and released the single \"You Are the Reason\". Also in 2017, he began working on his debut album, Only Human, which was released on 9 March 2018. A new version of \"You Are the Reason\" was released ahead of the album in early 2018 as a collaboration with Leona Lewis, and was performed by the two on The One Show in February 2018. In May, Scott released \"What I Miss Most\" as the fourth single from Only Human.", "Daft Punk. Starting on 13 September and ending on 9 November 2004, Daft Punk devoted six weeks to the creation of new material.[29] The duo later released the resulting album Human After All in March 2005. Reviews were mixed, mostly citing its overly repetitive nature and seemingly hasty recording. The singles taken from this album were \"Robot Rock\", \"Technologic\", \"Human After All\", and \"The Prime Time of Your Life\". The earliest official statement from Daft Punk concerning the album was \"we believe that Human After All speaks for itself.\" A Daft Punk anthology CD/DVD titled Musique Vol. 1 1993–2005 was released on 4 April 2006. It contains music videos for \"Robot Rock (Maximum Overdrive)\" and \"The Prime Time of Your Life\" directed by Daft Punk and Tony Gardner, respectively. Daft Punk also released a remix album of Human After All called Human After All: Remixes. A limited edition included two kubricks of Daft Punk as robots.", "Stay Human (band). In February 2016, the band released an album entitled \"The Late Show EP.\"[6]", "We Sing of Only Blood or Love. The album features, along with Dax Riggs, members of the last incarnation of Deadboy and the Elephantmen: Alex Bergeron (bass), Adam Clement (drums), and Sean Keating (keyboards).", "We Sing of Only Blood or Love. We Sing of Only Blood or Love is dominated by dark neo-blues rock songwriting structures, and also contains heavy metal, folk music, gothic rock, protopunk, and some experimental material. The album is a continuation of Riggs' musical evolution since fronting the Louisiana sludge metal band Acid Bath in the 1990s. Riggs uses a trained, rich vocal style most frequently sung in a blues-influenced baritone rasp. His lyrics contain various stylistic elements of metaphor and imagery, and touch upon personal and poetic subjects such as death, love, Satan, nocturnal hallucinations, mortality, phantoms, and morbidity.", "Human (The Killers song). \"Human\" is a song by American rock band the Killers. Written and produced by the band members and co-produced by Stuart Price, it was released as the first single from their third studio album Day & Age (2008).[1]", "All Is As All Should Be. All Is As All Should Be is an EP by American progressive rock band The Dear Hunter, released on December 1, 2017 via Cave and Canary Goods.", "Jon Batiste. In 2014, Batiste and Stay Human appeared on The Colbert Report to perform the group's single, \"Express Yourself\", co-written and produced with Austin Bis. On June 4, 2015, it was announced that the group would serve as house band of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.[25][26]", "Stay Human (band). Jon Batiste met fellow musicians Joe Saylor and Phil Kuehn in 2004 while attending The Juilliard School. Batiste began performing in New York City in 2005 with Saylor and Kuehn as a trio with Kuehn on bass and Saylor on drums. They were joined by two more musicians: Eddie Barbash on alto saxophone and Ibanda Ruhumbika on tuba. They then became known as Stay Human. In 2013, they released their first full-length album, Social Music, through Razor & Tie along with the single \"Express Yourself,\" co-written and produced with Austin Bis.[1][2]", "Stay Human (band). Stay Human is a band founded and led by American musician Jon Batiste. They are the house band for Stephen Colbert's late-night talk show The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, which premiered on September 8, 2015.", "More Human than Human. The song was remixed in 2004 by The X-Ecutioners on their album Revolutions, and was titled \"(Even) More Human than Human.\"", "Human (Rag'n'Bone Man song). \"Human\" is a song by British singer and songwriter Rag'n'Bone Man. The song was co-written by Rag'n'Bone Man, Jamie Hartman and produced by Two Inch Punch.[1] It was released as a digital download on 21 July 2016, through Sony Music[2] and Columbia Records.[3] The song is included on his debut studio album of the same name, released in February 2017.", "We Sing of Only Blood or Love. We Sing of Only Blood or Love (erroneously titled We Sing Only of Blood or Love on the vinyl format) is the debut solo album released by American singer and songwriter Dax Riggs. It was slated to be the next Deadboy and the Elephantmen album before that band's dissolution. Riggs decided to release it under his own name, on August 21, 2007. Matt Sweeney provided a combination of guitar, bass, piano and backing vocals for all of the tracks, as well as producing the record.", "Michael Socha. Socha was upgraded from a recurring role to the main cast for the fourth series of Being Human, after the previous main cast, including Tovey, left the show. The fourth series started airing in February 2012.[12]\nHe also appeared in the music video to the Jake Bugg song \"Seen It All\" and in the music video to the Lauren Pritchard song \"Stuck\".", "Human (Christina Perri song). Like previous singles \"Jar of Hearts\" and \"Arms\", \"Human\" is largely built around a piano melody and showcases her voice.[6] It is a pop power ballad written in key Ab major, and features a strong build-up towards the chorus.[7][8] The song features a string arrangement by notable arranger David Campbell. Critics have compared Perri's honest, heart-on-her-sleeve songwriting to that of Taylor Swift.[6] Lyrically, \"Human\" uses relatable yet specific details to describe the vulnerability of being human. The verses find Perri musing the things she would do for love, yet as she sings in the chorus, \"I'm only human / And I bleed when I fall down.\"", "All Is As All Should Be. While every single one of you is wholly unique, this EP, and these people, represent the extended family of The Dear Hunter - all of you leaving a fingerprint on these songs, and this project.[1]", "Songs for the Deaf. Rounding out the core recording lineup of Homme, Oliveri, and Grohl, was singer/songwriter Mark Lanegan, formerly of Screaming Trees, a band that Homme had toured with previously. Lanegan joined the band as a full-time member in 2001 after having guested on the band's previous album, Rated R, and provided additional songwriting and lyrics to the group, in addition to lead vocals on several songs.", "Rag'n'Bone Man. The song \"Human\" was used as the theme music to the Amazon Prime series Oasis. The song was also used in the official launch trailer for EA, BioWare's video game Mass Effect: Andromeda[8], as well as in the trailer for the 2017 film Thank You for Your Service and also in the Inhumans television series.[9]. In Brazil this song was also used in the soundtrack of Pega Pega from Rede Globo. The song was also used for the sixth season trailers of Highway Thru Hell.", "Human (Rag'n'Bone Man song). In 2018, the song won a Brit Award for British Single of the Year.[6]", "Feels Like We Only Go Backwards. \"Feels Like We Only Go Backwards\" has been performed by several artists, including Hungry Kids of Hungary[6] and Arctic Monkeys in Triple J, Say Lou Lou and Foster the People.", "I Am Not a Human Being. Drake, Jay Sean, Lil Twist, Nicki Minaj, Jae Millz, Tyga, Gudda Gudda, Lil Chuckee and T-Streets are all guests who are featured on the album.[3][4]", "We Sing of Only Blood or Love. The final track, Dethbryte, was remixed by Andrew W.K.", "Through Art We Are All Equals. Through Art We Are All Equals is the debut album by American post-hardcore band Slaves released June 24, 2014 through Artery Recordings. The lead single \"The Fire Down Below\" was released on April 22, 2014 on YouTube. On May 14, the band released \"The Upgrade, Pt. II\" as the second single from the album. The third single \"Starving for Friends\", featuring Vic Fuentes of Pierce the Veil was released on May 26. The album was produced by Kris Crummett.[1] It's the only album to feature bassist Jason Mays who left the band on May 30 prior to the album's release.[2]", "John Cooper (musician). He sang on the title track of tobyMac's album, Tonight, which peaked at No. 27 on the Christian Songs chart.[4][5] He performed vocals on We as Human's song, on \"Zombie\",[citation needed] which appeared on their debut self-titled album and made a cameo appearance in the music video for \"Strike Back\".[citation needed] He signed them to his record label.[citation needed]", "Human (Christina Perri song). \"Human\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Christina Perri for her second studio album, Head or Heart (2014). The song was written by Perri and Martin Johnson, who also produced the song. It was released on November 18, 2013 as the lead single for the album.[1] Released to generally positive reviews, \"Human\" has since become a Top 10 Adult Pop hit in the United States, as well as her third top 40 entry on the Billboard Hot 100. It was certified Platinum by RIAA in June 2014.[2]", "Human (Rag'n'Bone Man song). One-track single" ]

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[ "Pleurisy. The defining symptom of pleurisy is a sudden sharp, stabbing, burning or dull pain in the right or left side of the chest during breathing, especially when one inhales and exhales.[9] It feels worse with deep breathing, coughing, sneezing, or laughing. The pain may stay in one place, or it may spread to the shoulder or back.[10] Sometimes, it becomes a fairly constant dull ache.[11]", "Thorax. Just like with a heart attack, not all chest pain is suffered because of a condition involving the heart. Chest wall pain can be experienced after an increase in activity. Persons who add exercise to their daily routine generally feel this type of pain at the beginning. It is important to monitor the pain to ensure that it is not a sign of something more serious. Pain can also be experienced in persons who have an upper respiratory infection. This virus is also accompanied by fever and cough. Shingles is another viral infection that can give symptoms of chest or rib pain before a rash develops. Injuries to the rib cage or sternum is also a common cause of chest pain. It is generally felt when deep breaths are taken or during cough.", "Pleurisy. The most common symptom is sudden pain in one side of the lung and shortness of breath. A pneumothorax also can put pressure on the lung and cause it to collapse.", "Pleurisy. Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is inflammation of the membranes (pleurae) that surround the lungs and line the chest cavity.[1] This can result in a sharp chest pain with breathing.[1] Occasionally the pain may be a constant dull ache.[6] Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, cough, fever, or weight loss depending on the underlying cause.[6]", "Pleurisy. The pleural space can be invaded by fluid, air, and particles from different parts of the body which fairly complicates the diagnosis.[12][13] Viral infection (coxsackie B virus, HRSV, CMV, adenovirus, EBV, parainfluenza, influenza) is the most common cause of pleurisy. However, many other different conditions can cause pleuritic chest pain:[11]", "Chest pain. Chest pain may present in different ways depending upon the underlying diagnosis. Chest pain may also vary from person to person based upon age, sex, weight, and other differences.[1] Chest pain may present as a stabbing, burning, aching, sharp, or pressure-like sensation in the chest.[4][1] Chest pain may also radiate, or move, to several other areas of the body. This may include the neck, left or right arms, cervical spine, back, and upper abdomen.[7] Other associated symptoms with chest pain can include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, shortness of breath, anxiety, and sweating.[4][1] The type, severity, duration, and associated symptoms of chest pain can help guide diagnosis and further treatment.", "Pleurisy. Depending on its cause, pleuritic chest pain may be accompanied by other symptoms:[12]", "Precordial catch syndrome. PCS has consistent characteristics. Its symptoms begin with a sudden onset of anterior chest pain on the left side of the chest. The pain is localized and does not radiate like heart attack pain typically does. Breathing in, and sometimes breathing out, often intensifies the pain. Moving also intensifies the pain. Typically this causes the patient to freeze in place and breathe shallowly until the episode passes. Episodes typically last a couple of seconds to three minutes. In some cases it lasts for 1 hour. The frequency of episodes varies by patient, sometimes occurring daily, multiple episodes each day, or more spread out over weeks, months, or years between episodes. PCS is believed to be localized cramping of certain muscle groups. Intensity of pain can vary from a dull minor pain, to intense sharp pain possibly causing momentary vision loss/blurriness and often loss of breath.", "Pleurisy. The most common cause is a viral infection.[2] Other causes include pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, autoimmune disorders, lung cancer, following heart surgery, pancreatitis, chest trauma, and asbestosis.[2] Occasionally the cause remains unknown.[2] The underlying mechanism involves the rubbing together of the pleurae instead of smooth gliding.[1] Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include pericarditis, heart attack, cholecystitis, and pneumothorax.[3] Diagnosis may include a chest X-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG), and blood tests.[3][7]", "Thorax. Another non cardiac cause of chest pain is atelectasis. It is a condition that suffered when a portion of the lung collapses from being airless. When bronchial tubes are blocked, this condition develops and causes patients to feel shortness of breath. The most common cause of atelectasis is when a bronchi that extends from the windpipe is blocked and traps air. The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus, such as a plug of mucus, a tumour, or an inhaled foreign object such as a coin, piece of food, or a toy.[6] It is possible for something outside of the bronchus to cause the blockage.", "Photic sneeze reflex. Uncontrollable fits of sneezing are common in patients under propofol sedation who undergo periocular or retrobulbar injection. A sneeze by a sedated patient often occurs upon insertion of a needle into or around their eye. The violent and uncontrollable movement of the head during a reflexive sneeze has potential to cause damage within the patient's eye if the needle is not removed before the sneeze occurs.[10]", "Respiratory system. Irritation of nerve endings within the nasal passages or airways, can induce a cough reflex and sneezing. These responses cause air to be expelled forcefully from the trachea or nose, respectively. In this manner, irritants caught in the mucus which lines the respiratory tract are expelled or moved to the mouth where they can be swallowed.[6] During coughing, contraction of the smooth muscle in the airway walls narrows the trachea by pulling the ends of the cartilage plates together and by pushing soft tissue into the lumen. This increases the expired airflow rate to dislodge and remove any irritant particle or mucus.", "Chest pain. In adults the most common causes of chest pain include: gastrointestinal (42%), coronary artery disease (31%), musculoskeletal (28%), pericarditis (4%) and pulmonary embolism (2%).[9] Other less common causes include: pneumonia, lung cancer, and aortic aneurysms.[9] Psychogenic causes of chest pain can include panic attacks, however, this is a diagnosis of exclusion.[10]", "Thorax. Chest pain can be the result of multiple issues including respiratory problems, digestive issues, musculoskeletal complications. The pain can trigger cardiac issues as well. Not all pain that is felt is associated with the heart, but it should not be taken lightly either. Symptoms can be different depending on the cause of the pain.[5] While cardiac issues cause feelings of sudden pressure in the chest or a crushing pain in the back, neck and arms, pain that is felt due to non cardiac issues gives a burning feeling along the digestive tract or pain when deep breaths are attempted. Different people feel pains differently for the same condition. Only a patient truly knows if the symptoms are mild or serious.", "Crackles. Crackles can be heard in patients with pneumonia, atelectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, acute bronchitis, bronchiectasis, interstitial lung disease or post thoracotomy or metastasis ablation. Pulmonary edema secondary to left-sided congestive heart failure can also cause rales.", "Asthma. An acute asthma exacerbation is commonly referred to as an asthma attack. The classic symptoms are shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness.[21] The wheezing is most often when breathing out.[97] While these are the primary symptoms of asthma,[98] some people present primarily with coughing, and in severe cases, air motion may be significantly impaired such that no wheezing is heard.[96] In children, chest pain is often present.[99]", "Pneumothorax. A pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space between the lung and the chest wall.[3] Symptoms typically include sudden onset of sharp, one-sided chest pain and shortness of breath.[2] In a minority of cases the amount of air in the chest increases when a one-way valve is formed by an area of damaged tissue, leading to a tension pneumothorax.[3] This condition can cause a steadily worsening oxygen shortage and low blood pressure.[3] Unless reversed by effective treatment, it can result in death.[3] Very rarely both lungs may be affected by a pneumothorax.[6] It is often called a collapsed lung, although that term may also refer to atelectasis.[1]", "Respiratory tract. The bronchi are the main passages to the right and left lungs. These airways carry the oxygen to the bronchioles inside the lungs. Inflammation of the bronchii and bronchioles can cause them to swell up, which could lead to an asthma attack. This results in wheezing, tightness of the chest and severe difficulty in breathing. There are different types of asthma that affect the functions of the bronchial tubes. Allergies can also set off an allergic reaction, causing swelling of the bronchial tubes; as a result, the air passage will swell up, or close up completely.[8][dead link]", "Pneumothorax. The most common findings in people with tension pneumothorax are chest pain and respiratory distress, often with an increased heart rate (tachycardia) and rapid breathing (tachypnea) in the initial stages. Other findings may include quieter breath sounds on one side of the chest, low oxygen levels and blood pressure, and displacement of the trachea away from the affected side. Rarely, there may be cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels), altered level of consciousness, a hyperresonant percussion note on examination of the affected side with reduced expansion and decreased movement, pain in the epigastrium (upper abdomen), displacement of the apex beat (heart impulse), and resonant sound when tapping the sternum.[14] This is a medical emergency and may require immediate treatment without further investigations (see below).[13][14]", "Pleurisy. When the space between the pleurae starts to fill with fluid, as in pleural effusion, the chest pain can be eased but a shortness of breath can result, since the lungs need room to expand during breathing. Some cases of pleuritic chest pain are idiopathic, which means that the exact cause cannot be determined.", "Kaposi's sarcoma. Involvement of the airway can present with shortness of breath, fever, cough, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), or chest pain, or as an incidental finding on chest x-ray.[13] The diagnosis is usually confirmed by bronchoscopy when the lesions are directly seen, and often biopsied.", "Nuss procedure. Other complications which may occur include hemothorax, pleural effusion, pericarditis, wound infection and pneumonia and acquired scoliosis.[3]:340 Vigorous incentive spirometry is used to prevent pneumonia.[3]:341 Some patients are allergic to one of the components of stainless steel.[3]:341 As a result, allergy testing is now routinely done prior to surgery. In the event of an allergy, a titanium bar will be used.", "Rheumatic fever. The disease typically develops two to four weeks after a throat infection.[2] Symptoms include: fever, painful joints with those joints affected changing with time, involuntary muscle movements, and occasionally a characteristic non-itchy rash known as erythema marginatum. The heart is involved in about half of cases. Damage to the heart valves usually occurs only after multiple attacks but may occasionally occur after a single case of RF. The damaged valves may result in heart failure and also increase the risk of atrial fibrillation and infection of the valves.[1]", "Chest pain. Chest pain is pain in any region of the chest. Chest pain may be a symptom of a number of serious disorders and is, in general, considered a medical emergency. Chest pain can be differentiated into heart-related and non heart related chest pain.[1][2][3] Cardiac chest pain is called angina pectoris. Some causes of noncardiac chest pain include gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, or lung issues.[4] Even though chest pain may not be related to a heart problem, noncardiac chest pain can still be due to significant disease.[3] Chest pain can present with different types of pain and associated symptoms which may vary with a person's age, sex, and previous medical conditions.[1] Determining the cause of chest pain is through review of a person's medical history, a physical exam, and other medical tests.[1][4] Management of chest pain is based on the underlying cause.[1][4]", "Chest pain. Hospital care of chest pain begins with initial survey of a person's vital signs, airway and breathing, and level of consciousness.[1][4] This may also include attachment of ECG leads, cardiac monitors, intravenous lines and other medical devices depending on initial evaluation.[4] After evaluation of a person's history, risk factors, physical examination, laboratory testing and imaging, management begins depending on suspected diagnoses.[4] Depending upon the diagnosis, a person may be placed in the intensive care unit, admitted to the hospital, or be treated outpatient.[4] For persons with suspected cardiac chest pain or acute coronary syndrome, or other emergent diagnoses such as pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism, or aortic dissection, admission to the hospital is most often recommended for further treatment.[4]", "Cough. Cough may also be caused by conditions affecting the lung tissue such as bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung diseases and sarcoidosis. Coughing can also be triggered by benign or malignant lung tumors or mediastinal masses. Through irritation of the nerve, diseases of the external auditory canal (wax, for example) can also cause cough. Cardiovascular diseases associated with cough are heart failure, pulmonary infarction and aortic aneurysm. Nocturnal cough is associated with heart failure, as the heart does not compensate for the increased volume shift to the pulmonary circulation, in turn causing pulmonary edema and resultant cough.[11] Other causes of nocturnal cough include asthma, post-nasal drip and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).[12] Another cause of cough occurring preferentially in supine position is recurrent aspiration.[11]", "Anaphylaxis. Respiratory symptoms and signs that may be present include shortness of breath, wheezes, or stridor.[4] The wheezing is typically caused by spasms of the bronchial muscles[16] while stridor is related to upper airway obstruction secondary to swelling.[15] Hoarseness, pain with swallowing, or a cough may also occur.[12]", "Pneumothorax. Chest tubes are used first-line when pneumothorax occurs in people with AIDS, usually due to underlying pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), as this condition is associated with prolonged air leakage. Bilateral pneumothorax (pneumothorax on both sides) is relatively common in people with pneumocystis pneumonia, and surgery is often required.[13]", "Rhinitis. The inflammation is caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants or allergens. The most common kind of rhinitis is allergic rhinitis,[5] which is usually triggered by airborne allergens such as pollen and dander.[6] Allergic rhinitis may cause additional symptoms, such as sneezing and nasal itching, coughing, headache,[7] fatigue, malaise, and cognitive impairment.[8][9] The allergens may also affect the eyes, causing watery, reddened, or itchy eyes and puffiness around the eyes.[7] The inflammation results in the generation of large amounts of mucus, commonly producing a runny nose, as well as a stuffy nose and post-nasal drip. In the case of allergic rhinitis, the inflammation is caused by the degranulation of mast cells in the nose. When mast cells degranulate, they release histamine and other chemicals,[10] starting an inflammatory process that can cause symptoms outside the nose, such as fatigue and malaise.[11] In the case of infectious rhinitis, it may occasionally lead to pneumonia, either viral or bacterial. Sneezing also occurs in infectious rhinitis to expel bacteria and viruses from the respiratory system.", "Marfan syndrome. Pulmonary symptoms are not a major feature of Marfan syndrome,[13] but spontaneous pneumothorax is common.[14] In spontaneous unilateral pneumothorax, air escapes from a lung and occupies the pleural space between the chest wall and a lung. The lung becomes partially compressed or collapsed. This can cause pain, shortness of breath, cyanosis, and, if not treated, it can cause death. Other possible pulmonary manifestations of Marfan syndrome include sleep apnea[15] and idiopathic obstructive lung disease.[16] Pathologic changes in the lungs have been described such as cystic changes, emphysema, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, bullae, apical fibrosis and congenital malformations such as middle lobe hypoplasia.[13]", "Chest pain. In the emergency department the typical approach to chest pain involves ruling out the most dangerous causes: heart attack, pulmonary embolism, thoracic aortic dissection, esophageal rupture, tension pneumothorax, and cardiac tamponade. By elimination or confirmation of the most serious causes, a diagnosis of the origin of the pain may be made. Often, no definite cause will be found and reassurance is then provided.[8]", "Human respiratory syncytial virus. The incubation time (from infection until symptoms arrive) is 4–5 days. For adults, HRSV produces mainly mild symptoms, often indistinguishable from common colds and minor illnesses. The Centers for Disease Control consider HRSV to be the \"most common cause of bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lung) and pneumonia in children under 1 year of age in the United States\".[3] For some children, RSV can cause bronchiolitis, leading to severe respiratory illness requiring hospitalization and, rarely, causing death. This is more likely to occur in patients that are immunocompromised or infants born prematurely. Other HRSV symptoms common among infants include listlessness, poor or diminished appetite, and a possible fever." ]

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[ "Uncle Drew. Uncle Drew is a 2018 American sports comedy film directed by Charles Stone III and written by Jay Longino. It stars Kyrie Irving as the title character from his Pepsi Max advertisements that began airing in 2012, along with former NBA players Shaquille O'Neal, Chris Webber, Reggie Miller, and Nate Robinson, as well as former WNBA player Lisa Leslie; Lil Rel Howery, Erica Ash, J. B. Smoove, Mike Epps, Tiffany Haddish, and Nick Kroll also star.[4] The film was released in the United States on June 29, 2018 and received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the performances of the cast but called the direction and screenplay \"formulaic\".[5]", "Kyrie Irving. In 2012, Irving took on the role of Uncle Drew in a series of Pepsi Max advertisements.[104][105] He wrote and directed episode 2, in which he starred alongside Bill Russell and Kevin Love, and episode 3, in which he starred alongside Nate Robinson and Maya Moore.[106] Irving also wrote and directed episode 4 of \"Uncle Drew\", which was released in November 2015, an episode he starred in alongside Baron Davis, J. B. Smoove, and Ray Allen.[107] In 2017, the Uncle Drew advertisement series became a skit inside an old school diner with featuring Pepsi in its current design, stored in a fridge with the logo in its original design.[108] Irving will star in the movie Uncle Drew, which will also feature former NBA stars and is scheduled to be released on June 29, 2018.[109]", "Uncle Drew. On February 16, 2017, PepsiCo announced that they would partner with Temple Hill Entertainment for the production of the film, featuring the character Uncle Drew from the Pepsi Max advertisements.[6] On September 5, 2017, ESPN's SportsCenter revealed the cast via their Twitter account.[7] Lil Rel Howery stated that Kyrie Irving heard about his trade from the Cleveland Cavaliers to the Boston Celtics while filming.[8]", "Uncle Drew. On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 65% based on 72 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Kyrie Irving's crossover to comedy is amiable enough to score with basketball fans, but Uncle Drew is held back by formulaic direction and too much product placement.\"[13] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on reviews from 25 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews.\"[14] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.[11]", "Uncle Drew. On February 12, 2018, Kyrie Irving announced the release date of June 29, 2018 via his Twitter account.[9]", "Uncle Drew. David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a \"B–\" and wrote: \"At heart, Uncle Drew is a personality-driven film. The plot is spare, and the storytelling gets super janky whenever screenwriter Jay Longino is asked to manufacture a new obstacle. But as wince-inducing as it can be to watch the film stall for time, or use the Rucker prize money to muster up some hollow conflict, the climactic streetball showdown pays off.\"[15] Variety's Peter Debtuge praised the performances of the NBA players and makeup, while saying the film is never that surprising or funny, writing, \"While it won't increase your appetite for zero-calorie sugar water one bit (oddly enough, Nike gets far more prominent on-screen placement), this affectionate basketball-themed comedy from sports-savvy director Charles Stone III comes across as an effective feature-length ad for the game itself.\"[16]", "Kyrie Irving. In 2012, Irving appeared on an episode of the Disney XD series Kickin' It.[110] In June 2017, Irving starred in an episode of the Houzz series My Houzz, in which he surprised his father with a major home renovation.[111]", "Uncle Drew. Uncle Drew is a well remembered basketball legend who years ago was supposed to play at the Rucker Classic with his team, but due to an uncertain conflict, he and his team broke up and disappeared. Dax is the underappreciated coach of Harlem's Money who is broke and has had a longstanding rivalry with Mookie. Dax was an orphan who planned on becoming a basketball player, but was humiliated by Mookie after he had blocked a shot from him in their youth. Dax risks losing his star player, Casper Jones, as he spent his life savings on entering the Rucker and for buying an expensive pair of shoes for him and his team. However, Mookie swoops in and steals his team anyway leading to an incident involving Dax forcibly trying to remove Casper's shoes that is filmed and goes viral. Due to this, Dax's girlfriend Jess breaks up with him and kicks him out of her apartment.", "Kyrie Irving. Kyrie Andrew Irving (/ˈkaɪriː/; born March 23, 1992) is an American professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was named NBA Rookie of the Year after being selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the first overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft. A five-time NBA All-Star, Irving was selected to the All-NBA Third Team in 2015. He won an NBA championship with the Cavaliers in 2016.", "Uncle Drew. In the United States and Canada, Uncle Drew was released alongside Sicario: Day of the Soldado, and was projected to gross $11–15 million from 2,742 theaters in its opening weekend.[10] It made $6.1 million on its first day, including $1.1 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $15.5 million, finishing fourth at the box office, behind Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, Incredibles 2, and Sicario: Day of the Soldado.[11] It fell 56% in its second weekend, to $6.7 million, finishing sixth.[12]", "Kyrie Irving. Irving enjoys reading and keeping a journal.[4] He also likes to sing, dance, and play the baritone sax. His godfather is former NBA player Rod Strickland.[11] His cousin, Isaiah Briscoe, was a highly rated basketball player who played at the University of Kentucky before declaring for the 2017 NBA draft.[112] Irving and his ex-partner have a daughter together, Azurie Elizabeth Irving, who was born on November 23, 2015. Azurie's middle name, Elizabeth, was given to her in honor of Irving's late mother.[113]", "Kyrie Irving. In November 2016, Irving tweeted his support for Standing Rock Sioux tribe protesters who were demonstrating against the Dakota Access Pipeline in North Dakota. Protesters say the pipeline violates sacred tribal land on Standing Rock Sioux tribe’s reservation and poses a direct threat to clean water the tribe uses.[117]", "Nate Robinson. In 2018, he played Boots in the film Uncle Drew.", "Uncle Drew. Making cameo appearances as themselves are Sal Masekela, John Calipari, Jon Hammond, Scoop Jackson, Pee Wee Kirkland, Earl Monroe, Chris Mullin, Bill Walton, George Gervin, Steve Nash, David Robinson, Jerry West, Dikembe Mutombo, NeNe Leakes, Rick Barry, Rick Ross, and Ben Nethongkome.", "Uncle Drew. The cantankerous Angelo eventually approaches Dax about meeting Uncle Drew after he is turned down by other players. Drew turns out to be an exceptional basketball player despite his old age and agrees to join Dax under the condition that they recruit his original team.", "Kyrie Irving. Irving played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils before joining the Cavaliers. He was named the NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 2014. In the 2016 NBA Finals, he made a three-point field goal with 53 seconds remaining in a tied Game 7 to help lead the Cavaliers to a championship over the Golden State Warriors. After losing in the Finals in a rematch against the Warriors in 2017, Irving requested a trade, and he was dealt to Boston. Irving has also played for the United States national team, with whom he has won gold at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics.", "Christopher Lloyd. Christopher Allen Lloyd (born October 22, 1938)[1] is an American actor, voice actor, and comedian. He is best known for his roles as Emmett \"Doc\" Brown in the Back to the Future trilogy, Judge Doom in Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), Merlock the Magician in DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990), Uncle Fester in The Addams Family (1991) and its sequel Addams Family Values (1993), and Grigori Rasputin in Anastasia (1997).", "2018 NBA Finals. Prior to the 2017–18 season, point guard Kyrie Irving demanded to be traded away from the Cavaliers. The Cavaliers agreed to his request, trading Irving to the Boston Celtics in exchange for point guard Isaiah Thomas, small forward Jae Crowder, center Ante Žižić, the first round pick from the Brooklyn Nets in the 2018 NBA Draft and the Miami Heat's 2020 second round pick. Miami's second round pick was added as compensation after Isaiah Thomas failed his physical.[8] Other major changes included shooting guard Dwyane Wade signing with the Cavaliers, thus reuniting with James from their time together on the Big Three-era Miami Heat,[9] and the signing of point guard Derrick Rose to a one-year contract.[10]", "James Avery (actor). Avery began his career in the 1980s with appearances in television series such as Showtime sitcom Brothers as Bubba Dean, Amen, FM and L.A. Law. In the 1990s, he achieved prominence for his role as Phillip Banks (Uncle Phil) in The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, a character that was ranked #34 in TV Guide's \"50 Greatest TV Dads of All Time.\" He played the lead role of Alonzo Sparks in the comedy series Sparks that lasted for two seasons. Other notable roles in television included Dr. Crippen in The Closer, Charles Haysbert in The Division and Michael Kelso's commanding officer at the police academy late in the series run of That '70s Show.", "Kyrie Irving. Irving announced that he would forgo his final three seasons of eligibility and enter the 2011 NBA draft, where he was selected with the first overall pick by the Cleveland Cavaliers.[26][27] Irving signed a contract with the Cleveland Cavaliers alongside rookie teammate Tristan Thompson on December 10, 2011. Both Irving and Thompson were named to the 2012 Rising Stars Challenge. Irving played for Team Chuck while Thompson played for Team Shaq. Irving scored 34 points in the game, including going 8-8 from three-point range, and earned MVP honors.[28] For the season, Irving won the 2012 NBA Rookie of the Year Award, receiving 117 of a possible 120 first-place votes.[29] He was also the only unanimous selection to the NBA All-Rookie First Team.[30] For the season, Irving averaged 18.5 points, 5.4 assists and shot 46.9 percent from the field, including 39.9 percent on three-pointers.[31]", "Uncle Drew. As of July 11, 2018[update], Uncle Drew has grossed $32.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $1.4 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $34.2 million.[3]", "Kyrie Irving. Irving was born on March 23, 1992 in Melbourne, Australia, to American parents.[1] He is the son of Drederick and Elizabeth Irving, and the stepson of Shetellia Irving.[2] He has an older sister, Asia, and a younger sister, London. His father, Drederick, played college basketball at Boston University alongside Shawn Teague and under coach Rick Pitino.[3] After completing his college career, Irving's father moved to Australia to play professionally for the Bulleen Boomers.[4] Irving lived in the Melbourne suburb of Kew before relocating to the United States when he was two years old.[5][6] He holds dual American and Australian citizenship.[5][7] Irving's mother Elizabeth who was Sioux, died from an illness when he was four, so Drederick raised him with the help of Irving's aunts.[6][8]", "Eric Lloyd. In 1996, the Fort Worth Star-Telegram wrote, \"Eric Lloyd is a few years shy of adolescence, but already he has the credentials of a veteran actor,\" stating that at that time his biggest role was in The Santa Clause, but that his role in Dunston Checks In put him \"back in the thick of things\".[2]", "Huey, Dewey, and Louie. In the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Huey, Dewey, and Louie appear in a picture on a newspaper in Eddie Valiant's office. In 1990, the boys also made an appearance in the anti-drug TV special Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue. Furthermore, they also appeared in Duck Tales the movie where they go on a treasure hunt with their Uncle Scrooge and end befriending a kindhearted Genie. As the movie progresses, they make unimaginable wishes and end up having to help Uncle Scrooge face an old enemy. They also make a cameo in Mickey's Christmas Carol.", "Drew Seeley. Seeley grew up in Toronto and fell in love with performing. He was once part of a boy band called NewGround. He was cast in Hal Prince's revival of Showboat and stayed with the production for a year. In 2005, Seeley started working with Ray Cham, an established producer and together they wrote \"Get'cha Head in the Game\", a song that was a nominee in the Creative Arts Primetime Emmy category, Best Original Music and Lyrics. In 2009, Seeley tried his hand at Broadway, taking on the role of Prince Eric in The Little Mermaid. Seeley is represented by the William Morris Agency and TalentWorks.[3]", "Kyrie Irving. In May 2011, Irving made a promise to his father to finish his bachelor's degree at Duke within five years.[114] However, in 2016, having not achieved his degree, he claimed he was putting his plans on hold, stating, \"when I leave the game of basketball, then I'll focus on the next step of my life\".[115] In 2015, he launched his PSD Underwear collection.[116]", "Thomas Ian Nicholas. Nicholas is known for his roles in Rookie of the Year (1993) and American Pie (1999). He appeared in the four theatrical films of the American Pie franchise, as the character Kevin Myers, played Frank Sinatra, Jr. in the Showtime movie Stealing Sinatra, and co-starred in Halloween: Resurrection. In 2009, he played the role of a rookie cop in the drama Life Is Hot in Cracktown.[4] He played Eugene in Nicole Holofcener's Please Give, which won the 2011 Indie Spirit Robert Altman Award.[5] He had the role of Abbie Hoffman in the film entitled The Chicago 8. He also appeared on an episode of ABC's Grey's Anatomy as Jeremiah. \"I started acting when I was 6 years old. I have always enjoyed making people laugh or smile or think,\" he says.[citation needed]", "Kyrie Irving. On August 22, 2017, Irving was traded to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Isaiah Thomas, Jae Crowder, Ante Žižić, and the rights to the Brooklyn Nets' 2018 first-round draft pick.[86] Eight days later, the Celtics agreed to send the Cavaliers a 2020 second-round draft pick via the Miami Heat to complete the trade, as compensation for Thomas' failed physical.[87]", "Bow Wow (rapper). Bow Wow made his first movie appearance in All About the Benjamins, in 2002 as a cameo. In the same year, Bow Wow made his debut as the lead role in Like Mike. He later began to undertake lead roles in movies, such as Johnson Family Vacation in 2004 and Roll Bounce in 2005. He also played a supporting role in the film The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift in 2006. Bow Wow also appeared in five episodes of the television series Entourage, and starred as Brody Nelson in CSI: Cyber until the show's cancelation in 2016.", "Kyrie Irving. Irving was selected by the coaches to play in his first All-Star game. He finished with 15 points, 4 assists, and 3 rebounds.[37] He also participated in the Rising Stars Challenge again, scoring 32 points for Team Shaq in a losing effort.[38] Irving also participated in the NBA NBA Three-Point Shootout and recorded 23 points in the final round to win the event.[39]", "Kyrie Irving. Irving committed to Duke on October 22, 2009, in a television broadcast on ESPNU.[21] Irving played with Duke during the 2010–11 basketball season under the guidance of head coach Mike Krzyzewski. Through the first eight games of the season, he averaged 17.4 points per game on 53.2% shooting, 5.1 assists, 3.8 rebounds and 1.5 steals.", "Drew Seeley. In the summer of 2009 he starred as Prince Eric in the Disney Broadway Musical The Little Mermaid,[6] and had a leading role in the horror movie The Shortcut. In June 2010, Seeley starred in the Hallmark Channel television movie Freshman Father.[7] Drew has recently been touring the US as \"Bob Gaudio\" in Jersey Boys.[8]" ]

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[ "Second Industrial Revolution. The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution,[1] was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the early to mid 1800s, was punctuated by a slowdown in macroinventions[clarification needed] before the Second Industrial Revolution in 1870. Though a number of its characteristic events can be traced to earlier innovations in manufacturing, such as the establishment of a machine tool industry, the development of methods for manufacturing interchangeable parts and the invention of the Bessemer Process to produce steel, the Second Industrial Revolution is generally dated between 1870 and 1914 up to the start of World War I.[2]", "Second Industrial Revolution. The Second Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrial development, primarily in Britain, Germany and the United States, but also in France, the Low Countries, Italy and Japan. It followed on from the First Industrial Revolution that began in Britain in the late 18th century that then spread throughout Western Europe and North America. It was characterized by the build out of railroads, large-scale iron and steel production, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing, greatly increased use of steam power, widespread use of the telegraph, use of petroleum and the beginning of electrification. It also was the period during which modern organizational methods for operating large scale businesses over vast areas came into use.", "Second Industrial Revolution. There have been other times that have been called \"second industrial revolution\". Industrial revolutions may be renumbered by taking earlier developments, such as the rise of medieval technology in the 12th century, or of ancient Chinese technology during the Tang Dynasty, or of ancient Roman technology, as first. \"Second industrial revolution\" has been used in the popular press and by technologists or industrialists to refer to the changes following the spread of new technology after World War I.", "Modern history. The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, the practical commercialization of the automobile, mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone.", "Fourth Industrial Revolution. The Second Industrial Revolution took place between 1870 and 1914, just before World War I.[7] It was a period of growth for pre-existing industries and expansion of new ones, such as steel, oil and electricity, and used electric power to create mass production. Major technological advances during this period included the telephone, light bulb, phonograph and the internal combustion engine.[8]", "Industrialisation. The \"Second Industrial Revolution\" labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the steam engine, the invention of the internal combustion engine, the harnessing of electricity and the construction of canals, railways and electric-power lines. The invention of the assembly line gave this phase a boost. Coal mines, steelworks, and textile factories replaced homes as the place of work. [6][7][8]", "Western culture. The First Industrial Revolution evolved into the Second Industrial Revolution in the transition years between 1840 and 1870, when technological and economic progress continued with the increasing adoption of steam transport (steam-powered railways, boats, and ships), the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the increasing use of machinery in steam-powered factories.[79][80][81]", "History of technology. The period from the last third of the 19th century until World War I is sometimes referred to as the Second Industrial Revolution.", "Second Industrial Revolution. Advancements in manufacturing and production technology enabled the widespread adoption of preexisting technological systems such as telegraph and railroad networks, gas and water supply, and sewage systems, which had earlier been concentrated to a few select cities. The enormous expansion of rail and telegraph lines after 1870 allowed unprecedented movement of people and ideas, which culminated in a new wave of globalization. In the same time period, new technological systems were introduced, most significantly electrical power and telephones. The Second Industrial Revolution continued into the 20th century with early factory electrification and the production line, and ended at the start of World War I.", "Second Industrial Revolution. Like the first industrial revolution, the second supported population growth and saw most governments protect their national economies with tariffs. Britain retained its belief in free trade throughout this period. The wide-ranging social impact of both revolutions included the remaking of the working class as new technologies appeared. The changes resulted in the creation of a larger, increasingly professional, middle class, the decline of child labor and the dramatic growth of a consumer-based, material culture.[91]", "Second Industrial Revolution. The factory system centralized production in separate buildings funded and directed by specialists (as opposed to work at home). The division of labor made both unskilled and skilled labor more productive, and led to a rapid growth of population in industrial centers. The shift away from agriculture toward industry had occurred in Britain by the 1730s, when the percentage of the working population engaged in agriculture fell below 50%, a development that would only happen elsewhere (the Low Countries) in the 1830s and '40s. By 1890, the figure had fallen to under 10% percent and the vast majority of the British population was urbanized. This milestone was reached by the Low Countries and the US in the 1950s.[90]", "Industrial Revolution. This Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals, mainly the chemical industries, petroleum (refining and distribution), and, in the 20th century, the automotive industry, and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany.", "Second Industrial Revolution. Vaclav Smil called the period 1867–1914 \"The Age of Synergy\" during which most of the great innovations were developed. Unlike the First Industrial Revolution, the inventions and innovations were engineering and science-based.[4]", "Second Industrial Revolution. \"The economic changes that have occurred during the last quarter of a century -or during the present generation of living men- have unquestionably been more important and more varied than during any period of the world's history\".[50]", "Second Industrial Revolution. The great inventions and innovations of the Second Industrial Revolution are part of our modern life. They continued to be drivers of the economy until after WWII. Only a few major innovations occurred in the post-war era, some of which are: computers, semiconductors, the fiber optic network and the Internet, cellular telephones, combustion turbines (jet engines) and the Green Revolution.[93] Although commercial aviation existed before WWII, it became a major industry after the war.", "Second Industrial Revolution. The period from 1870 to 1890 saw the greatest increase in economic growth in such a short period as ever in previous history. Living standards improved significantly in the newly industrialized countries as the prices of goods fell dramatically due to the increases in productivity. This caused unemployment and great upheavals in commerce and industry, with many laborers being displaced by machines and many factories, ships and other forms of fixed capital becoming obsolete in a very short time span.[50]", "Fourth Industrial Revolution. The First Industrial Revolution took place from the 18th to 19th centuries in Europe and America. It was a period when mostly agrarian, rural societies became industrial and urban.[6] The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution.[6]", "Second Industrial Revolution. Later in the Second Industrial Revolution, Frederick Winslow Taylor and others in America developed the concept of scientific management or Taylorism. Scientific management initially concentrated on reducing the steps taken in performing work (such as bricklaying or shoveling) by using analysis such as time-and-motion studies, but the concepts evolved into fields such as industrial engineering, manufacturing engineering, and business management that helped to completely restructure[citation needed] the operations of factories, and later entire segments of the economy.", "Second Industrial Revolution. The U.S. had its highest economic growth rate in the last two decades of the Second Industrial Revolution;[95] however, population growth slowed while productivity growth peaked around the mid 20th century. The Gilded Age in America was based on heavy industry such as factories, railroads and coal mining. The iconic event was the opening of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, providing six-day service between the East Coast and San Francisco.[96]", "Second Industrial Revolution. By 1870 the work done by steam engines exceeded that done by animal and human power. Horses and mules remained important in agriculture until the development of the internal combustion tractor near the end of the Second Industrial Revolution.[88]", "Second Industrial Revolution. A synergy between iron and steel, railroads and coal developed at the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution. Railroads allowed cheap transportation of materials and products, which in turn led to cheap rails to build more roads. Railroads also benefited from cheap coal for their steam locomotives. This synergy led to the laying of 75,000 miles of track in the U.S. in the 1880s, the largest amount anywhere in world history.[5]", "Industrial Revolution. Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass-production, which are said to characterise a \"Second Industrial Revolution\", beginning around 1850, although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s, when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert molten pig iron into steel in large quantities. However, it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality.[34][156] Bessemer steel was being displaced by the open hearth furnace near the end of the 19th century.", "Second Industrial Revolution. The concept was introduced by Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution (1910), but David Landes' use of the term in a 1966 essay and in The Unbound Prometheus (1972) standardized scholarly definitions of the term, which was most intensely promoted by Alfred Chandler (1918–2007). However, some continue to express reservations about its use.[3]", "Industrial Revolution. During 1890–1930, Sweden experienced the second industrial revolution. New industries developed with their focus on the domestic market: mechanical engineering, power utilities, papermaking and textile.", "Second Industrial Revolution. By 1890 there was an international telegraph network allowing orders to be placed by merchants in England or the US to suppliers in India and China for goods to be transported in efficient new steamships. This, plus the opening of the Suez Canal, led to the decline of the great warehousing districts in London and elsewhere, and the elimination of many middlemen.[50]", "Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system.", "Industrial Revolution. An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original innovations of the Industrial Revolution, such as mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed and their markets matured. Innovations developed late in the period, such as the increasing adoption of locomotives, steamboats and steamships, hot blast iron smelting and new technologies, such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth. Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution. These new innovations included new steel making processes, the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[1][16][17][18]", "Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income.[113]", "Technology. Starting in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution was a period of great technological discovery, particularly in the areas of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, metallurgy, and transport, driven by the discovery of steam power. Technology took another step in a second industrial revolution with the harnessing of electricity to create such innovations as the electric motor, light bulb, and countless others. Scientific advancement and the discovery of new concepts later allowed for powered flight and advancements in medicine, chemistry, physics, and engineering. The rise in technology has led to skyscrapers and broad urban areas whose inhabitants rely on motors to transport them and their food supply. Communication was also greatly improved with the invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio and television. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a revolution in transportation with the invention of the airplane and automobile.", "History of the United States (1865–1918). Where the First Industrial Revolution shifted production from artisans to factories, the Second Industrial Revolution pioneered an expansion in organization, coordination, and the scale of industry, spurred on by technology and transportation advancements. Railroads opened the West, creating farms, towns, and markets where none had existed. The First Transcontinental Railroad, built by nationally oriented entrepreneurs with British money and Irish and Chinese labor, provided access to previously remote expanses of land. Railway construction boosted opportunities for capital, credit, and would-be farmers.[34]", "Industrial Revolution. The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[11][12][13][14] Eric Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s,[11] while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830.[12] Rapid industrialization first began in Britain, starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s,[15] with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800. Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France.[1]", "Second Industrial Revolution. Excitement and debate over the dangers and benefits of the Atomic Age were more intense and lasting than those over the Space age but both were predicted to lead to another industrial revolution. At the start of the 21st century[105] the term \"second industrial revolution\" has been used to describe the anticipated effects of hypothetical molecular nanotechnology systems upon society. In this more recent scenario, they would render the majority of today's modern manufacturing processes obsolete, transforming all facets of the modern economy." ]

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[ "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the 1969 autobiography about the early years of African-American writer and poet Maya Angelou, features many characters, including Angelou as a child, which she has called \"the Maya character\". The first in a six-volume series, Caged Bird is a coming-of-age story that illustrates how strength of character and a love of literature can help overcome racism and trauma. The book begins when three-year-old Maya and her older brother are sent to Stamps, Arkansas, to live with their grandmother and ends when Maya becomes a mother at the age of 16. In the course of Caged Bird, Maya transforms from a victim of racism into a self-possessed, dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice.", "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a 1969 autobiography about the early years of American writer and poet Maya Angelou. The first in a seven-volume series, it is a coming-of-age story that illustrates how strength of character and a love of literature can help overcome racism and trauma. The book begins when three-year-old Maya and her older brother are sent to Stamps, Arkansas, to live with their grandmother and ends when Maya becomes a mother at the age of 16. In the course of Caged Bird, Maya transforms from a victim of racism with an inferiority complex into a self-possessed, dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice.", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. The main character, \"an unlikely heroine\",[7] from whose perspective the story is told. She has been described as \"a symbolic character for every black girl growing up in America\".[3] The book covers most of her childhood, from the age of three, when she and her older brother Bailey are sent to their grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas, until she was sixteen, when she gives birth to her son Clyde. Through the character of Maya, Angelou uses her own childhood to demonstrate how she was able to survive as a black child in a white-dominated world.[8] Maya is resilient, highly intelligent and loves literature. She goes from feeling shame about her race and appearance to feeling pride, in spite of experiences of racism and trauma. She is raped at the age of eight by her mother's boyfriend and responds by choosing not to speak for five years. She is brought out of her muteness by Mrs. Bertha Flowers, who introduces her to great literature.[9]", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. Caged Bird has been categorized as an autobiography, but Angelou utilizes fiction-writing techniques such as dialogue, thematic development, and characterization.[1] She uses the first-person narrative voice customary with autobiographies, but also includes fiction-like elements, told from the perspective of a child that is \"artfully recreated by an adult narrator\".[2] She uses two distinct voices, the adult writer and the child who is the focus of the book, whom Angelou calls \"the Maya character\". Angelou reports that maintaining the distinction between herself and \"the Maya character\" is \"damned difficult\", but \"very necessary\".[3] Scholar Liliane Arensberg suggests that Angelou \"retaliates for the tongue-tied child's helpless pain\" by using her adult's irony and wit.[4] Angelou recognizes that there are fictional aspects to her books – she tends to \"diverge from the conventional notion of autobiography as truth\".[5] In a 1998 interview with journalist George Plimpton, Angelou discussed \"the sometimes slippery notion of truth in nonfiction\" and memoirs,[6] stating, \"Sometimes I make a diameter from a composite of three or four people, because the essence in only one person is not sufficiently strong to be written about.\"[6]", "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Angelou uses her autobiography to explore subjects such as identity, rape, racism, and literacy. She also writes in new ways about women's lives in a male-dominated society. Maya, the younger version of Angelou and the book's central character, has been called \"a symbolic character for every black girl growing up in America\".[1] Angelou's description of being raped as an eight-year-old child overwhelms the book, although it is presented briefly in the text. Another metaphor, that of a bird struggling to escape its cage, is a central image throughout the work, which consists of \"a sequence of lessons about resisting racist oppression\".[2] Angelou's treatment of racism provides a thematic unity to the book. Literacy and the power of words help young Maya cope with her bewildering world; books become her refuge as she works through her trauma.", "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings follows Marguerite's (called \"My\" or \"Maya\" by her brother) life from the age of three to seventeen and the struggles she faces – particularly with racism – in the Southern United States. Abandoned by their parents, Maya and her older brother Bailey are sent to live with their paternal grandmother (Momma) and crippled uncle (Uncle Willie) in Stamps, Arkansas. Maya and Bailey are haunted by their parents' abandonment throughout the book – they travel alone and are labeled like baggage.[23]", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. Maya and Bailey's paternal grandmother, \"a church-going, God-fearing woman whose store is the heart of black socializing in Stamps\".[10] She is the most important influence in Maya's life. Momma deals with racism by submitting to it without a struggle and by developing \"a strategy of obedience\",[11] believing that to do any differently would be unsafe. Momma is tall, over six feet, and is very strong physically. She is wise, hard-working, and a good businesswoman. She is undemonstrative in her love for Maya but \"uncompromising in that love\".[12] As Angelou writes, \"A deep-brooding love hung over everything she touched\".[13][14]", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. Vivian Baxter's boyfriend, he lives with Vivian and her family in St. Louis when Maya and Bailey are sent there to be with their mother. At first, he is a father substitute for Maya, who is hungry to be accepted by a male. He takes advantage of this by raping her, when she is eight years old, and then threatens to kill Bailey if she told anyone about it. Bailey encourages Maya to disclose what has happened, and Mr. Freeman goes to trial. He is sentenced to one year and one day, but is released, anyway. Four days later he is found murdered, probably by Maya's uncles. Maya is so devastated and traumatized, she chooses to not speak for five years. She gets her voice back when someone asks her to read one of her poems in public.", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. A white man, he is the guest speaker at Maya's eighth grade graduation. He puts a pall over the ceremony and crushes the educational dreams of the audience by insinuating that black students are only capable of becoming athletes.", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. Maya's brother, Bailey is a year older than she is. He has the most influence on Maya's childhood. \"He is bright, clever, and good-spirited\".[15] He was often her strongest supporter and ally. Maya measures others by her small-framed brother, who was her hero and \"Kingdom Come\".[16] Reviewer John McWhorter calls Bailey Maya's \"intense little James Baldwin stand-in of a brother\".[17] Maya and Bailey have an intense bond, and enjoy their private world of jokes. She is strengthened by his love and support; he is the only one able to comfort her after her rape, and becomes her voice when they return to Stamps. When he witnesses the murder of a black man by a group of white men, he is confused and unable to understand their hatred.", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. The valedictorian of Maya's eighth grade class. He makes up for Mr. Donleavy's discouragement by leading the audience in \"Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing\", the \"Negro national anthem\".[30]", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. There are a number of minor characters in Caged Bird, members of the Black and white community in Stamps that fill out Maya's world and inform her influences and early experiences. Among the most notable are:", "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. In the course of Caged Bird, Maya, who has been described as \"a symbolic character for every black girl growing up in America\",[1] goes from being a victim of racism with an inferiority complex to a self-aware individual who responds to racism with dignity and a strong sense of her own identity. Feminist scholar Maria Lauret states that the \"formation of female cultural identity\" is woven into the book's narrative, setting Maya up as \"a role model for Black women\".[47] Scholar Liliane Arensberg calls this presentation Angelou's \"identity theme\" and a major motif in Angelou's narrative. Maya's unsettled life in Caged Bird suggests her sense of self \"as perpetually in the process of becoming, of dying and being reborn, in all its ramifications\".[48] African-American literature scholar Dolly McPherson agrees, stating that Angelou creatively uses Christian mythology and theology to present the Biblical themes of death, regeneration, and rebirth.[49]", "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Caged Bird has been called \"perhaps the most aesthetically satisfying autobiography written in the years immediately following the Civil Rights era\".[69] Critic Pierre A. Walker expresses a similar sentiment, and places it in the African-American literature tradition of political protest.[2] Angelou demonstrates, through her involvement with the Black community of Stamps, as well as her presentation of vivid and realistic racist characters and \"the vulgarity of white Southern attitudes toward African Americans\",[70] her developing understanding of the rules for surviving in a racist society. Angelou's autobiographies, beginning with Caged Bird, contain a sequence of lessons about resisting oppression. The sequence she describes leads Angelou, as the protagonist, from \"helpless rage and indignation to forms of subtle resistance, and finally to outright and active protest\".[2]", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. A white dentist who refuses to treat Maya's tooth pain, in spite of his debt to Momma, incurred during the Great Depression. He states that he would rather put his \"hand in a dog's mouth than in a nigger's\".[28] Momma reacts to this with passivity, while Maya is horrified and dreams up an elaborate fantasy about Momma threatening the racist dentist.", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. When Maya and Bailey are sent to live with her mother when they are eight and nine, they stay with her family in St. Louis. Grandmother Baxter, Vivian's mother, is a neighborhood precinct leader of German/black descent who has connections with the local police. Tutti, Tom, and Ira are Vivian's brothers; they allegedly murder Mr. Freeman after he rapes Maya.", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. Bailey Sr.'s pretentious girlfriend, who becomes jealous of Maya. After a violent argument, Maya runs away from her father's home and is homeless for a short while.", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. Three white rural girls who attempt to humiliate and intimidate Momma in front of her store when they taunt and expose themselves to her. Momma reacts by passively humming a spiritual, while Maya, watching from inside the store, weeps with shame and humiliation.", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. A member of the Black church in Stamps. She is not always able to come to services, but when she does, she shouts as loud as possible to make up for her absences. Many humorous church-related anecdotes focus on her and her behavior. Also, one of the most comical chapters in the book.", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. The \"aristocrat of Stamps\"[24] and the town's \"black intellectual\",[25] Mrs. Flowers is a \"self-supporting, independent, graceful\"[26] Black woman. She is the first person to treat Maya as an individual, and teaches her about the relationship between Blacks and the larger society, as well as \"the beauty and power of language\".[12] She gently nurses Maya out of her mutism by reading to her and by loaning her books that inspire Maya to speak again.", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. Momma's neighbor, and the only black man Maya has seen whose trousers match his jackets. She and Bailey admire him because he does not go to church, which makes him \"courageous\".[27]", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. Maya and Bailey's \"no-account daddy\".[18] He is tall and handsome, with a \"smile as slick as brilliantine\".[18] He attempts to portray importance, but speaks in a halting manner. He is insensitive towards his children. As Lupton states, \"He represents the absent father, the man who is not there for his children, literally and figuratively\".[22] Bailey Sr. \"has respect for neither morals nor money\", but Maya is fascinated by his \"ironic pretentiousness\".[23] He appears twice in Caged Bird, when he shows up in Stamps to drive his children to St. Louis, and when Maya visits him for a summer in San Diego.", "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (film). I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is an American television film based on the autobiography of the same name by Maya Angelou, first aired April 28, 1979 on CBS. Angelou and Leonora Thuna wrote the screenplay, and the movie was directed by Fielder Cook. Constance Good played the young Maya Angelou. Also appearing were Esther Rolle, Roger E. Mosley, Diahann Carroll, Ruby Dee, and Madge Sinclair. Filming took place in Vicksburg, Mississippi.", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. Maya and Bailey's uncle and Annie Henderson's son, he was crippled at the age of three when a babysitter dropped him. He walks with a cane. Early in Caged Bird, Momma hides him in a bin of potatoes and onions to avoid being detected by the Ku Klux Klan. He helps Momma run her store and shows Maya kindness to the point that she wishes that he could be her father. He is just as strict as Momma, however, beating Maya and Bailey after they disrupt a church service and threatening to burn her on a potbelly stove for not learning her multiplication tables.", "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Angelou uses two distinct voices, the adult writer and the child who is the focus of the book, whom Angelou calls \"the Maya character\". Angelou reports that maintaining the distinction between herself and the Maya character is \"damned difficult\", but \"very necessary\".[1] Scholar Liliane Arensberg suggests that Angelou \"retaliates for the tongue-tied child's helpless pain\" by using her adult self's irony and wit.[40] As such, Caged Bird has been called a Bildungsroman or coming-of-age story; critic Mary Jane Lupton compares it to other Bildungsromans like George Eliot's novel The Mill on the Floss. According to Lupton, the two books share the following similarities: a focus on young strong-willed heroines who have solid relationships with their brothers, an examination of the role of literature in life, and an emphasis on the importance of family and community life.[29]", "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Angelou portrays Momma as a realist whose patience, courage, and silence ensured the survival and success of those who came after her.[74] For example, Maya responds assertively when subjected to demeaning treatment by Mrs. Cullinan, her white employer, and, later on in the book, breaks the race barrier to become the first black streetcar operator in San Francisco.[58][75] In addition, Angelou's description of the strong and cohesive black community of Stamps demonstrates how African Americans subvert repressive institutions to withstand racism.[76] Arensberg insists that Angelou demonstrates how she, as a Black child, evolves out of her \"racial hatred\",[77] common in the works of many contemporary Black novelists and autobiographers. At first Maya wishes that she could become white, since growing up Black in white America is dangerous; later she sheds her self-loathing and embraces a strong racial identity.[77]", "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Scholar Joanne M. Braxton sees Caged Bird as \"the fully developed black female autobiographical form that began to emerge in the 1940s and 1950s\".[33] The book presents themes that are common in autobiography by Black American women: a celebration of Black motherhood; a criticism of racism; the importance of family; and the quest for independence, personal dignity, and self-definition.[33] Angelou introduces a unique point of view in American autobiography by revealing her life story through a narrator who is a Black female from the South, at some points a child, and other points a mother.[34] Writer Hilton Als calls Angelou one of the \"pioneers of self-exposure\", willing to focus honestly on the more negative aspects of her personality and choices.[35] For example, Angelou was worried about her readers' reactions to her disclosure in her second autobiography, Gather Together in My Name, that she was a prostitute. She went through with it, anyway, after her husband Paul Du Feu advised her to be honest about it.[36]", "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Angelou uses her many roles, incarnations, and identities throughout her books to illustrate how oppression and personal history are interrelated. For example, in Caged Bird, Angelou demonstrates the \"racist habit\"[47] of renaming African Americans, as shown when her white employer insists on calling her \"Mary\". Angelou describes the employer's renaming as the \"hellish horror of being 'called out of [one's] name'\".[55] Scholar Debra Walker King calls it a racist insult and an assault against Maya's race and self-image.[56] The renaming emphasizes Maya's feelings of inadequacy and denigrates her identity, individuality, and uniqueness. Maya understands that she is being insulted and rebels by breaking Mrs. Cullinan's favorite dish, but feels vindicated when, as she leaves her employer's home, Mrs. Cullinan finally gets her name right.[57][58] Another incident in the book that solidifies Maya's identity is her trip to Mexico with her father, when she has to drive a car for the first time. Contrasted with her experience in Stamps, Maya is finally \"in control of her fate\".[59] This experience is central to Maya's growth, as is the incident that immediately follows it, her short period of homelessness after arguing with her father's girlfriend. These two incidents give Maya a knowledge of self-determination and confirm her self-worth.[59]", "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Many of the problems Maya encounters in her childhood stem from the overt racism of her white neighbors. Although Mamma is relatively wealthy because she owns the general store at the heart of Stamps' Black community, the white children of their town hassle Maya's family relentlessly. One of these \"powhitetrash\" girls, for example, reveals her pubic hair to Momma in a humiliating incident. Early in the book, Momma hides Uncle Willie in a vegetable bin to protect him from Ku Klux Klan raiders. Maya has to endure the insult of her name being changed to Mary by a racist employer. A white speaker at her eighth grade graduation ceremony disparages the Black audience by suggesting that they have limited job opportunities. A white dentist refuses to treat Maya's rotting tooth, even when Momma reminds him that she had loaned him money during the Depression. The Black community of Stamps enjoys a moment of racial victory when they listen to the radio broadcast of Joe Louis's championship fight, but generally, they feel the heavy weight of racist oppression.", "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (film). The movie traces Maya's life from when she and her brother move in with their grandmother to the trauma of being raped as a young girl by one of her mother's boyfriends and the several years of silence that came after the attack.", "List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters. Maya and Bailey's \"glamorous if feckless mother\".[18] Maya is in awe of her beauty:she is \"too beautiful to have children\".[19] Vivian captivates both her children with her worldliness and euphoria, especially Bailey. Maya is emotionally separated from her mother. Angelou stated later in her life that she recognized that her mother had abandoned her and her brother, which meant that Vivian was \"a terrible parent of young children\".[20] Vivian is concerned about providing for her children, but negligent towards them. When Maya becomes pregnant at the end of the book, Vivian accepts Maya and her child; it is the birth of her grandson that causes a connection between mother and daughter.[21]", "Maya Angelou. With the publication of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Angelou publicly discussed aspects of her personal life. She was respected as a spokesperson for black people and women, and her works have been considered a defense of black culture. Her works are widely used in schools and universities worldwide, although attempts have been made to ban her books from some U.S. libraries. Angelou's most celebrated works have been labeled as autobiographical fiction, but many critics consider them to be autobiographies. She made a deliberate attempt to challenge the common structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing and expanding the genre. Her books center on themes such as racism, identity, family and travel." ]

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